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<title>bioRxiv Channel: Columbia University</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org</link>
<description>
This feed contains articles for bioRxiv Channel "Columbia University"
</description>

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<prism:publicationName>bioRxiv</prism:publicationName>
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<title>bioRxiv</title>
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<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/004614v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterizing a collective and dynamic component of chromatin immunoprecipitation enrichment profiles in yeast 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/004614v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiments in fly, mouse, and human have revealed the existence of high-occupancy target (HOT) regions or hotspots that show enrichment across many assayed DNA-binding proteins. Similar co-enrichment observed in yeast so far has been treated as artifactual, and has not been fully characterized. Here we reanalyze ChIP data from both array-based and sequencing-based experiments to show that in the yeast S. cerevisiae, the collective enrichment phenomenon is strongly associated with proximity to noncoding RNA genes and with nucleosome depletion. DNA sequence motifs that confer binding affinity for the proteins are largely absent from these hotspots, suggesting that protein-protein interactions play a prominent role. The hotspots are condition-specific, suggesting that they reflect a chromatin state or protein state, and are not a static feature of underlying sequence. Additionally, only a subset of all assayed factors is associated with these loci, suggesting that the co-enrichment cannot be simply explained by a chromatin state that is universally more prone to immunoprecipitation. Together our results suggest that the co-enrichment patterns observed in yeast represent transcription factor co-occupancy. More generally, they make clear that great caution must be used when interpreting ChIP enrichment profiles for individual factors in isolation, as they will include factor-specific as well as collective contributions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lucas D. Ward</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Junbai Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harmen J. Bussemaker</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/004614</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterizing a collective and dynamic component of chromatin immunoprecipitation enrichment profiles in yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/009175v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-crossover gene conversions show strong GC bias and unexpected clustering in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/009175v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although the past decade has seen tremendous progress in our understanding of fine-scale recombination, little is known about non-crossover (NCO) gene conversion. We report the first genome-wide study of NCO events in humans. Using SNP array data from 98 meioses, we identified 103 sites affected by NCO, of which 50/52 were confirmed in sequence data. Overlap with double strand break (DSB) hotspots indicates that the events are likely of meiotic origin. We estimate that a site is involved in a NCO at a rate of 5.7x10-6/bp/generation, consistent with sperm-typing studies, and infer that tract lengths span at least an order of magnitude. Observed NCO events show strong allelic bias at heterozygous AT/GC SNPs, with 68% (58-78%) transmitting GC alleles (P=5x10-4). Strikingly, in 4 of 15 regions for which there are also resequencing data, multiple disjoint NCO tracts cluster in close proximity (~20-30 kb), a phenomenon not previously seen in mammals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amy L. Williams</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giulio Geneovese</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas Dyer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolas Altemose</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katherine Truax</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goo Jun</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nick Patterson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon R. Myers</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joanne E. Curran</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravi Duggirala</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John Blangero</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David Reich</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molly Przeworski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>the T2D-GENES Consortium</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/009175</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-crossover gene conversions show strong GC bias and unexpected clustering in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/013003v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Imperfect drug penetration leads to spatial monotherapy and rapid evolution of multi-drug resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/013003v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Infections with rapidly evolving pathogens are often treated using combinations of drugs with different mechanisms of action. One of the major goals of combination therapy is to reduce the risk of drug resistance emerging during a patients treatment. While this strategy generally has significant benefits over monotherapy, it may also select for multi-drug resistant strains, which present an important clinical and public health problem. For many antimicrobial treatment regimes, individual drugs have imperfect penetration throughout the body, so there may be regions where only one drug reaches an effective concentration. Here we propose that mismatched drug coverage can greatly speed up the evolution of multi-drug resistance by allowing mutations to accumulate in a stepwise fashion. We develop a mathematical model of within-host pathogen evolution under spatially heterogeneous drug coverage and demonstrate that even very small single-drug compartments lead to dramatically higher resistance risk. We find that it is often better to use drug combinations with matched penetration profiles, although there may be a trade-off between preventing eventual treatment failure due to resistance in this way, and temporarily reducing pathogen levels systemically. Our results show that drugs with the most extensive distribution are likely to be the most vulnerable to resistance. We conclude that optimal combination treatments should be designed to prevent this spatial effective monotherapy. These results are widely applicable to diverse microbial infections including viruses, bacteria and parasites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stefany Moreno-Gamez</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alison L Hill</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel I.S. Rosenbloom</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dmitri A. Petrov</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin A Nowak</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pleuni Pennings</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/013003</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Imperfect drug penetration leads to spatial monotherapy and rapid evolution of multi-drug resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/013227v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scaling probabilistic models of genetic variation to millions of humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/013227v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One of the major goals of population genetics is to quantitatively understand variation of genetic polymorphisms among individuals. To this end, researchers have developed sophisticated statistical methods to capture the complex population structure that underlies observed genotypes in humans, and such methods have been effective for analyzing modestly sized genomic data sets. However, the number of genotyped humans has grown significantly in recent years, and it is accelerating. In aggregate about 1M individuals have been genotyped to date. Analyzing these data will bring us closer to a nearly complete picture of human genetic variation; but existing methods for population genetics analysis do not scale to data of this size. To solve this problem we developed TeraStructure. TeraStructure is a new algorithm to fit Bayesian models of genetic variation in human populations on tera-sample-sized data sets (1012 observed genotypes, e.g., 1M individuals at 1M SNPs). It is a principled approach to Bayesian inference that iterates between subsampling locations of the genome and updating an estimate of the latent population structure of the individuals. On data sets of up to 2K individuals, TeraStructure matches the existing state of the art in terms of both speed and accuracy. On simulated data sets of up to 10K individuals, TeraStructure is twice as fast as existing methods and has higher accuracy in recovering the latent population structure. On genomic data simulated at the tera-sample-size scales, TeraStructure continues to be accurate and is the only method that can complete its analysis.nnSoftwareTeraStructure is available for download at https://github.com/premgopalan/terastructure.nnFundingThis research was supported in part by NIH grant R01 HG006448 and ONR grant N00014-12-1-0764.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prem Gopalan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei Hao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David M. Blei</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John D. Storey</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/013227</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scaling probabilistic models of genetic variation to millions of humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/013318v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-resolution genomic surveillance of 2014 ebolavirus using shared subclonal variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/013318v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viral outbreaks, such as the 2014 ebolavirus, can spread rapidly and have complex evolutionary dynamics, including coinfection and bulk transmission of multiple viral populations. Genomic surveillance can be hindered when the spread of the outbreak exceeds the evolutionary rate, in which case consensus approaches will have limited resolution. Deep sequencing of infected patients can identify genomic variants present in intrahost populations at subclonal frequencies (i.e. < 50%). Shared subclonal variants (SSVs) can provide additional phylogenetic resolution and inform about disease transmission patterns. Here, we use metrics from population genetics to analyze data from the 2014 ebolavirus outbreak in Sierra Leone and identify phylogenetic signal arising from SSVs. We use methods derived from information theory to measure a lower bound on transmission bottleneck size that is larger than one founder population, yet significantly smaller than the intrahost effective population. Our results demonstrate the important role of shared subclonal variants in genomic surveillance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kevin J Emmett</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert K Lee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hossein Khiabanian</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raul Rabadan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/013318</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-resolution genomic surveillance of 2014 ebolavirus using shared subclonal variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/016097v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tools and best practices for allelic expression analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/016097v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Allelic expression (AE) analysis has become an important tool for integrating genome and transcriptome data to characterize various biological phenomena such as cis-regulatory variation and nonsense-mediated decay. In this paper, we systematically analyze the properties of AE read count data and technical sources of error, such as low-quality or double-counted RNA-seq reads, genotyping errors, allelic mapping bias, and technical covariates due to sample preparation and sequencing, and variation in total read depth. We provide guidelines for correcting and filtering for such errors, and show that the resulting AE data has extremely low technical noise. Finally, we introduce novel software for high-throughput production of AE data from RNA-sequencing data, implemented in the GATK framework. These improved tools and best practices for AE analysis yield higher quality AE data by reducing technical bias. This provides a practical framework for wider adoption of AE analysis by the genomics community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stephane E Castel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ami Levy-Moonshine</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pejman Mohammadi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric Banks</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuuli Lappalainen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/016097</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tools and best practices for allelic expression analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/016949v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Variation in rural African gut microbiota is strongly correlated with colonization by Entamoeba and subsistence 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/016949v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human gut microbiota is impacted by host nutrition and health status and therefore represents a potentially adaptive phenotype influenced by metabolic and immune constraints. Previous studies contrasting rural populations in developing countries to urban industrialized ones have shown that industrialization is strongly correlated with patterns in human gut microbiota; however, we know little about the relative contribution of factors such as climate, diet, medicine, hygiene practices, host genetics, and parasitism. Here, we focus on fine-scale comparisons of African rural populations in order to (i) contrast the gut microbiota of populations inhabiting similar environments but having different traditional subsistence modes and either shared or distinct genetic ancestry, and (ii) examine the relationship between gut parasites and bacterial communities. Characterizing the fecal microbiota of Pygmy hunter-gatherers as well as Bantu individuals from both farming and fishing populations in Southwest Cameroon, we found that the gut parasite Entamoeba is significantly correlated with microbiome composition and diversity. We show that across populations, colonization by this protozoa can be predicted with 79% accuracy based on the composition of an individual's gut microbiota, and that several of the taxa most important for distinguishing Entamoeba absence or presence are signature taxa for autoimmune disorders. We also found gut communities to vary significantly with subsistence mode, notably with some taxa previously shown to be enriched in other hunter-gatherers groups (in Tanzania and Peru) also discriminating hunter-gatherers from neighboring farming or fishing populations in Cameroon.nnAuthor SummaryThe community of microorganisms inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract plays a critical role in determining human health. Its been hypothesized that the industrialized lifestyle, marked by a diet rich in processed foods, higher use of antibiotics, increased hygiene, and exposure to various chemicals, has altered microbiota in ways that are harmful. Studies have addressed this by comparing rural and industrialized populations, and have found that they systematically vary in their gut microbiome composition. Nevertheless, the relative influence of host genetics, diet, climate, medication, hygiene practices, and parasitism is still not clear. In addition, microbial variation between nearby human populations has not been explored in depth. Moreover, The World Health Organization estimates that 24% of the worlds population, concentrated in developing countries, is infected with gut parasites. Despite this, and evidence for direct interactions between the immune system and both gut parasites and bacteria, we know relatively little about the relationship between gut helminths, protozoa, and bacteria. In our study, we aimed to address some of this complexity. To do so, we characterized the gut microbial communities and parasites from Pygmy hunter-gatherer and Bantu farming and fishing populations from seven locations in the rainforest of Southwest Cameroon. We found that both subsistence mode and the presence of the gut protozoa, Entamoeba, were significantly correlated with microbiome composition. These findings support previous studies demonstrating diet is an important determinant of gut microbiota, and further show that this pattern holds true at a local scale, in traditional societies inhabiting a similar environment. Additionally, we show a significant relationship between a common human parasite (Entamoeba) and gut bacterial community composition, suggesting potential important interactions between the immune system, gut bacteria, and gut parasites, highlighting the need for more hierarchical cross population studies that include parasitism as potential factor influencing gut microbiota dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elise R Morton</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshua Lynch</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alain Froment</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sophie Lafosse</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evelyne Heyer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molly Przeworski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ran Blekhman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laure Segurel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/016949</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Variation in rural African gut microbiota is strongly correlated with colonization by Entamoeba and subsistence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/018911v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Designing and interpreting limiting dilution assays: general principles and applications to the latent reservoir for HIV-1 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/018911v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Limiting dilution assays are commonly used to measure the extent of infection, and in the context of HIV they represent an essential tool for studying latency and potential curative strategies. To assist investigators using dilution assays, we illustrate the major statistical method for estimating the frequency of infected cells (or other infectious units) from assay results, and we offer an online tool for computing this estimate. We then recommend a procedure for optimizing assay design to achieve any desired set of sensitivity and precision goals, subject to experimental constraints. We discuss challenges involved in interpreting experiments in which no viral growth is observed and explain how using alternative measures for viral outgrowth may make measurement of HIV latency more efficient. Finally, we discuss how biological complications - such as probabilistic growth of a small infection in culture - alter interpretations of experimental results.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daniel I S Rosenbloom</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver Elliott</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alison L Hill</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timothy J Henrich</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janet M Siliciano</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert F Siliciano</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/018911</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Designing and interpreting limiting dilution assays: general principles and applications to the latent reservoir for HIV-1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/019018v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A vision for ubiquitous sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/019018v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomics has recently celebrated reaching the $1000 genome milestone, making affordable DNA sequencing a reality. With this goal successfully completed, the next goal of the sequencing revolution can be sequencing sensors miniaturized sequencing devices that are manufactured for real time applications and deployed in large quantities at low costs. The first part of this manuscript envisions applications that will benefit from moving the sequencers to the samples in a range of domains. In the second part, the manuscript outlines the critical barriers that need to be addressed in order to reach the goal of ubiquitous sequencing sensors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yaniv Erlich</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/019018</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A vision for ubiquitous sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/020255v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Approximately independent linkage disequilibrium blocks in human populations 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/020255v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present a method to identify approximately independent blocks of linkage disequilibrium (LD) in the human genome. These blocks enable automated analysis of multiple genome-wide association studies.nnAvailability (code) http://bitbucket.org/nygcresearch/ldetectnnAvailability (data): http://bitbucket.org/nygcresearch/ldetect-data
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tomaz Berisa</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph K. Pickrell</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/020255</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Approximately independent linkage disequilibrium blocks in human populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/023101v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stable recombination hotspots in birds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/023101v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although the DNA-binding protein PRDM9 plays a critical role in the specification of meiotic recombination hotspots in mice and apes, it appears to be absent from many vertebrate species, including birds. To learn about the determinants of fine-scale recombination rates and their evolution in natural populations lacking PRDM9, we inferred fine-scale recombination maps from population resequencing data for two bird species, the zebra finch Taeniopygia guttata, and the long-tailed finch, Poephila acuticauda, whose divergence is on par with that between human and chimpanzee. We find that both bird species have hotspots, and these are enriched near CpG islands and transcription start sites. In sharp contrast to what is seen in mice and apes, the hotspots are largely shared between the two species, with indirect evidence of conservation extending across bird species tens of millions of years diverged. These observations link the evolution of hotspots to their genetic architecture, suggesting that in the absence of PRDM9 binding specificity, accessibility of the genome to the cellular recombination machinery, particularly around functional genomic elements, both enables increased recombination and constrains its evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sonal Singhal</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellen Leffler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keerthi Sannareddy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isaac Turner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver Venn</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel Hooper</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alva Strand</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiye Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brian Raney</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopher Balakrishnan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon Griffith</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gil McVean</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molly Przeworski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/023101</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stable recombination hotspots in birds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/023341v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dating ancient human samples using the recombination clock 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/023341v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The study of human evolution has been revolutionized by inferences from ancient DNA analyses. Key to these is the reliable estimation of the age of ancient specimens. The current best practice is radiocarbon dating, which relies on characterizing the decay of radioactive carbon isotope (14C), and is applicable for dating up to 50,000-year-old samples. Here, we introduce a new genetic method that uses recombination clock for dating. The key idea is that an ancient genome has evolved less than the genomes of extant individuals. Thus, given a molecular clock provided by the steady accumulation of recombination events, one can infer the age of the ancient genome based on the number of missing years of evolution. To implement this idea, we take advantage of the shared history of Neanderthal gene flow into non-Africans that occurred around 50,000 years ago. Using the Neanderthal ancestry decay patterns, we estimate the Neanderthal admixture time for both ancient and extant samples. The difference in these admixture dates then provides an estimate of the age of the ancient genome. We show that our method provides reliable results in simulations. We apply our method to date five ancient Eurasian genomes with radiocarbon dates ranging between 12,000 to 45,000 years and recover consistent age estimates. Our method provides a complementary approach for dating ancient human samples and is applicable to ancient non-African genomes with Neanderthal ancestry. Extensions of this methodology that use older shared events may be able to date ancient genomes that fall beyond the radiocarbon frontier.nnSignificanceWe introduce a new genetic method for dating ancient human samples that uses the recombination clock. The main idea relies on the insight that an ancient genome lacks several thousand years of evolution compared to genomes of living individuals. To infer the age of ancient genomes, we take advantage of the shared history of Neanderthal gene flow into non-Africans that occurred around 50,000 years ago. By characterizing the dates of Neanderthal gene flow in ancient and extant genomes and quantifying the difference in these dates, we estimate the age of the ancient specimen. Our method is applicable for dating ancient samples more recent than the Neanderthal mixture event, so on par with radiocarbon dating, providing a complementary approach for dating.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Priya Moorjani</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sriram Sankararaman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiaomei Fu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molly Przeworski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nick J Patterson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David E. Reich</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/023341</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dating ancient human samples using the recombination clock]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/024117v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of the X chromosome and sex on regulatory variation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/024117v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The X chromosome, with its unique mode of inheritance, contributes to differences between the sexes at a molecular level, including sex-specific gene expression and sex-specific impact of genetic variation. We have conducted an analysis of the impact of both sex and the X chromosome on patterns of gene expression identified through transcriptome sequencing of whole blood from 922 individuals. We identified that genes on the X chromosome are more likely to have sex-specific expression compared to the autosomal genes. Furthermore, we identified a depletion of regulatory variants on the X chromosome, especially among genes under high selective constraint. In contrast, we discovered an enrichment of sex-specific regulatory variants on the X chromosome. To resolve the molecular mechanisms underlying such effects, we generated and connected sex-specific chromatin accessibility to sex-specific expression and regulatory variation. As sex-specific regulatory variants can inform sex differences in genetic disease prevalence, we have integrated our data with genome-wide association study data for multiple immune traits and to identify traits with significant sex biases. Together, our study provides genome-wide insight into how the X chromosome and sex shape human gene regulation and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kimberly R Kukurba</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Princy Parsana</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kevin S Smith</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zachary Zappala</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David A Knowles</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marie-Julie Favé</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xin Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiaowei Zhu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James B Potash</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myrna M Weissman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jianxin Shi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anshul Kundaje</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas F Levinson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philip Awadalla</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sara Mostafavi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexis Battle</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephen B Montgomery</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/024117</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of the X chromosome and sex on regulatory variation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/024281v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Life history effects on the molecular clock of autosomes and sex chromosomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/024281v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One of the foundational results of molecular evolution is that the rate at which neutral substitutions accumulate on a lineage equals the rate at which mutations arise. Traits that affect rates of mutation therefore also affect the phylogenetic "molecular clock". We consider the effects of sex-specific generation times and mutation rates in species with two sexes. In particular, we focus on the effects that the age of onset of male puberty and rates of spermatogenesis have likely had in extant hominines (i.e., human, chimpanzee and gorilla), considering a model that approximates features of the mutational process in most mammals and birds and some other vertebrates. As we show, this model helps explain and reconcile a number of seemingly puzzling observations. In hominines, it can explain the puzzlingly low X-to-autosome ratios of substitution rates and how the ratios and rates of autosomal substitutions differ among lineages. Importantly, it suggests how to translate pedigree-based estimates of human mutation rates into split times among apes, given sex-specific life histories. In so doing, it helps bridge the gap between estimates of split times of apes based on fossil and molecular evidence. Finally, considering these effects can help to reconcile recent evidence that changes in generation times should have small effects on mutation rates in humans with classic studies suggesting that they have had major effects on rates of evolution in the mammalian phylogeny.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guy Amster</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guy Sella</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/024281</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Life history effects on the molecular clock of autosomes and sex chromosomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/024745v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Data science identifies novel drug interactions that prolong the QT interval 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/024745v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drug-induced prolongation of the QT interval on the electrocardiogram (long QT syndrome, LQTS) can lead to a potentially fatal ventricular arrhythmia called torsades de pointes (TdP). 180 drugs with both cardiac and non-cardiac indications have been found to increase risk for TdP, but drug-drug interactions contributing to LQTS (QT-DDIs) remain poorly characterized. Traditional methods for mining observational healthcare data are poorly equipped to detect QT- DDI signals due to low reporting numbers and a lack of direct evidence for LQTS. In this study we present an integrative data science pipeline that addresses these limitations by identifying latent signals for QT-DDIs in the FDAs Adverse Event Reporting System and retrospectively validating these predictions using electrocardiogram data in electronic health records. We present 26 novel QT-DDIs flagged using this method that warrant further investigation.nnKey Points- Drug-induced long QT syndrome (LQTS) can lead to potentially fatal arrhythmias (torsades de pointes, TdP). Drug-drug interactions that prolong the QT interval (QT- DDIs) can be clinically significant but remain poorly characterized.n- Observational health data (such as adverse event spontaneous reporting systems and electronic health records) offer an opportunity to mine for new QT-DDIs, but when used individually these datasets have a number of limitations that prevent identification of true signals.n- We present an integrative data science approach that combines mining for latent QT- DDI signals in the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System and retrospective analysis of electrocardiogram lab results in electronic health records at Columbia University Medical Center to identify 26 novel QT-DDIs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tal Lorberbaum</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kevin J Sampson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raymond L Woosley</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert S Kass</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholas P Tatonetti</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/024745</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Data science identifies novel drug interactions that prolong the QT interval]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/025874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Allele-specific expression reveals interactions between genetic variation and environment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/025874v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction Introduction Main text Methods References The impact of environment on human health is dramatic, with major risk factors including substance use1, diet2 and exercise3. However, identifying interactions between the environment and an individuals genetic background (GxE) has been hampered by statistical and computational challenges4,5. By combining RNA sequencing of whole blood and extensive environmental annotations collected from 922 individuals6, we have evaluated GxE interactions at a cellular level. We have developed EAGLE, a hierarchical Bayesian model for identifying GxE interactions based on association between environment and allele-specific expression (ASE). EAGLE inc ...
]]></description>
<dc:creator>David A Knowles</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joe R Davis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anil Raj</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiaowei Zhu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James B Potash</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myrna M Weissman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jianxin Shi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas F Levinson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sara Mostafavi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephen B Montgomery</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexis Battle</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/025874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Allele-specific expression reveals interactions between genetic variation and environment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/029058v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Frequency-dependent representation of reinforcement-related information in the human medial and lateral prefrontal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/029058v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The feedback-related negativity (FRN) is a commonly observed potential in scalp electroencephalography (EEG) studies related to the valence of feedback about a subjects performance. This potential classically manifests as a negative deflection in medial frontocentral EEG contacts following negative feedback. Recent work has shown prominence of theta power in the spectral composition of the FRN, placing it within the larger class of "frontal midline theta" cognitive control signals. Although the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) is thought to be the cortical generator of the FRN, conclusive data regarding its origin and propagation are lacking. Here we examine intracranial electrophysiology from the human medial and lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) in order to better understand the anatomical localization and communication patterns of the FRN. We show that the FRN is evident in both low- and high-frequency local field potentials (LFPs) recorded on electrocorticography. The FRN is larger in medial compared to lateral PFC, and coupling between theta band phase and high frequency LFP power is also greater in medial PFC. Using Granger causality and conditional mutual information analyses, we provide evidence that feedback-related information propagates from medial to lateral PFC, and that this information transfer oscillates with theta-range periodicity. These results provide evidence for the dACC as the cortical source of the FRN, provide insight into the local computation of frontal midline theta, and have implications for reinforcement learning models of cognitive control.nnSignificance Statement: Using intracranial electrophysiology in humans, this work addresses questions about a frequently studied feedback-related electroencephalographic signal, illuminating anatomical and functional properties of the representation of feedback-related reinforcement during decision-making across the medial to lateral extent of the human prefrontal cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elliot Smith</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrett Banks</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charles Mikell</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaun Patel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sydney Cash</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emad Eskandar</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sameer Sheth</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/029058</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Frequency-dependent representation of reinforcement-related information in the human medial and lateral prefrontal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/031419v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A unified analytic framework for prioritization of non-coding variants of uncertain significance in heritable breast and ovarian cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/031419v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSequencing of both healthy and disease singletons yields many novel and low frequency variants of uncertain significance (VUS). Complete gene and genome sequencing by next generation sequencing (NGS) significantly increases the number of VUS detected. While prior studies have emphasized protein coding variants, non-coding sequence variants have also been proven to significantly contribute to high penetrance disorders, such as hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC). We present a strategy for analyzing different functional classes of non-coding variants based on information theory (IT).nnMethodsWe captured and enriched for coding and non-coding variants in genes known to harbor mutations that increase HBOC risk. Custom oligonucleotide baits spanning the complete coding, non-coding, and intergenic regions 10 kb up- and downstream of ATM, BRCA1, BRCA2, CDH1, CHEK2, PALB2, and TP53 were synthesized for solution hybridization enrichment. Unique and divergent repetitive sequences were sequenced in 102 high-risk patients without identified mutations in BRCA1/2. Aside from protein coding changes, IT-based sequence analysis was used to identify and prioritize pathogenic non-coding variants that occurred within sequence elements predicted to be recognized by proteins or protein complexes involved in mRNA splicing, transcription, and untranslated region (UTR) binding and structure. This approach was supplemented by in silico and laboratory analysis of UTR structure.nnResults15,311 unique variants were identified, of which 245 occurred in coding regions. With the unified IT-framework, 132 variants were identified and 87 functionally significant VUS were further prioritized. We also identified 4 stop-gain variants and 3 reading-frame altering exonic insertions/deletions (indels).nnConclusionsWe have presented a strategy for complete gene sequence analysis followed by a unified framework for interpreting non-coding variants that may affect gene expression. This approach distills large numbers of variants detected by NGS to a limited set of variants prioritized as potential deleterious changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eliseos J Mucaki</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natasha G Caminsky</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ami M Perri</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruipeng Lu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alain Laederach</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthew Halvorsen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joan H.M. Knoll</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter K Rogan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/031419</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A unified analytic framework for prioritization of non-coding variants of uncertain significance in heritable breast and ovarian cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/033910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
What’s past is present: Reminders of past choices bias decisions for reward in humans 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/033910v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We provide evidence that decisions are made by consulting memories for individual past experiences, and that this process can be biased in favor of past choices using incidental reminders. First, in a standard rewarded choice task, we show that a model that estimates value at decision-time using individual samples of past outcomes fits choices and decision-related neural activity better than a canonical incremental learning model. In a second experiment, we bias this sampling process by incidentally reminding participants of individual past decisions. The next decision after a reminder shows a strong influence of the action taken and value received on the reminded trial. These results provide new empirical support for a decision architecture that relies on samples of individual past choice episodes rather than incrementally averaged rewards in evaluating options, and has suggestive implications for the underlying cognitive and neural mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aaron M Bornstein</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mel W Khaw</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daphna Shohamy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathaniel D Daw</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/033910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[What’s past is present: Reminders of past choices bias decisions for reward in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/035303v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integration of mobile sequencers in an academic classroom 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/035303v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rapid development of DNA sequencing technologies creates new educational opportunities for hands-on training. We report our experience in integrating handheld DNA sequencers (Oxford Nanopore Technologies MinION) as part of an academic class. This manuscript describes lessons learned to facilitate successful integration and provides educational resources for the benefit of the community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sophie Zaaijer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaniv Erlich</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/035303</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integration of mobile sequencers in an academic classroom]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/036434v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Variation in the molecular clock of primates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/036434v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Events in primate evolution are often dated by assuming a "molecular clock", i.e., a constant rate of substitution per unit time, but the validity of this assumption remains unclear. Among mammals, it is well known that there exists substantial variation in yearly substitution rates. Such variation is to be expected from differences in life-history traits, suggesting that it should also be found among primates. Motivated by these considerations, we analyze whole genomes from ten primate species, including Old World Monkeys (OWMs), New World Monkeys (NWMs) and apes, focusing on putatively neutral autosomal sites and controlling for possible effects of biased gene conversion and methylation at CpG sites. We find that substitution rates are {small tilde}65% higher in lineages leading from the hominoid-NWM ancestor to NWMs than to apes. Within apes, rates are {small tilde}2% higher in chimpanzees and {small tilde}7% higher in the gorilla than in humans. Substitution types subject to biased gene conversion show no more variation among species than those not subject to it. Not all mutation types behave similarly, however: in particular, transitions at CpG sites exhibit a more clock-like behavior than do other types, presumably due to their non-replicative origin. Thus, not only the total rate, but also the mutational spectrum varies among primates. This finding suggests that events in primate evolution are most reliably dated using CpG transitions. Taking this approach, we estimate that the average time to the most recent common ancestor of human and chimpanzee is 12.1 million years and their split time 7.9 million years.nnSignificance statementMuch of our understanding of the chronology of human evolution relies on the "molecular clock", i.e., a constant rate of substitutions per unit time. To evaluate the validity of this assumption, we analyze whole genome sequences from ten primate species. We find that there is substantial variation in the molecular clock between apes and monkeys, and rates even differ within hominoids. Importantly, not all mutation types behave similarly: notably, transitions at CpG sites exhibit a more clock-like behavior than other substitutions, presumably due to their non-replicative origin. Thus, the mutation spectra, and not just the overall substitution rates, are changing across primates. This finding further suggests that events in primate evolution are most reliably dated using CpG transitions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Priya Moorjani</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlos Eduardo G. Amorim</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter F. Arndt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molly Przeworski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/036434</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Variation in the molecular clock of primates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/037465v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Quantitative Analysis of Localized Robustness of MYCN in Neuroblastoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/037465v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The amplification of the gene MYCN (V-myc mye-locytomatosis viral-valeted oncogene, neuroblastoma derived) has been a well-documented indicator for poor prognosis in neuroblastoma, a childhood cancer. Unfortunately, there has been limited success in understanding MYCN functionality in the landscape of neuroblastoma and more importantly given that MYCN has been deemed "undruggable," the need to potentially illuminate key opportunities that indirectly target MYCN is of great interest. To this end, this work employs an emerging quantitative technique from network science, namely network curvature, to quantify the biological robustness of MYCN and its surrounding neighborhood. In particular, when amplified in Stage IV cancer, MYCN exhibits higher curvature (more robust) than those samples with under expressed MYCN levels. When examining the surrounding neighborhood, the above argument still holds for network curvature, but is lost when only analyzing differential expression - a common technique amongst oncologists and computational/molecular biologists. This finding points to the problem (and possible solution) of drug targeting in the context ofcomplexity and indirect cell signaling affects that have often been obfuscated through traditional techniques.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Romeil Sandhu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>sarah Tannenbaum</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel Diolaiti</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alberto Ambesi-Impiombato</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew Kung</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen Tannenbaum</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/037465</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Quantitative Analysis of Localized Robustness of MYCN in Neuroblastoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/038091v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Real-time predictions of reservoir size and rebound time during antiretroviral therapy interruption trials for HIV 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/038091v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Monitoring the efficacy of novel reservoir-reducing treatments for HIV is challenging. The limited ability to sample and quantify latent infection means that supervised antiretroviral therapy (ART) interruption studies are generally required. Here we introduce a set of mathematical and statistical modeling tools to aid in the design and interpretation of ART-interruption trials. We show how the likely size of the remaining reservoir can be updated in real-time as patients continue off treatment, by combining the output of laboratory assays with insights from models of reservoir dynamics and rebound. We design an optimal schedule for viral load sampling during interruption, whereby the frequency of follow-up can be decreased as patients continue off ART without rebound. While this scheme can minimize costs when the chance of rebound between visits is low, we find that the reservoir will be almost completely reseeded before rebound is detected unless sampling occurs at least every two weeks and the most sensitive viral load assays are used. We use simulated data to predict the clinical trial size needed to estimate treatment effects in the face of highly variable patient outcomes and imperfect reservoir assays. Our findings suggest that large numbers of patients - between 40 and 150 - will be necessary to reliably estimate the reservoir-reducing potential of a new therapy and to compare this across interventions. As an example, we apply these methods to the two "Boston patients", recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplants who experienced large reductions in latent infection and underwent ART-interruption. We argue that the timing of viral rebound was not particularly surprising given the information available before treatment cessation. Additionally, we show how other clinical data can be used to estimate the relative contribution that remaining HIV+ cells in the recipient versus newly infected cells from the donor made to the residual reservoir that eventually caused rebound. Together, these tools will aid HIV researchers in the evaluating new potentially-curative strategies that target the latent reservoir.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alison L Hill</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel Scholes Rosenbloom</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edward Goldstein</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emily Hanhauser</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel R Kuritzkes</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert F Siliciano</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timothy J Henrich</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/038091</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Real-time predictions of reservoir size and rebound time during antiretroviral therapy interruption trials for HIV]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/039529v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rare variant phasing and haplotypic expression from RNA-sequencing with phASER 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/039529v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Haplotype phasing of genetic variants is important for clinical interpretation of the genome, population genetic analysis, and functional genomic analysis of allelic activity. Here we present phASER, a fast and accurate approach for phasing variants that are overlapped by sequencing reads, including those from RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq), which often span multiple exons due to splicing. This provides 1) dramatically more accurate phasing of rare and de novo variants compared to population-based phasing; 2) phasing of variants in the same gene up to hundreds of kilobases away which cannot be obtained from DNA-sequencing reads; 3) high confidence measures of haplotypic expression, greatly improving power for allelic expression studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stephane E Castel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pejman Mohammadi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wendy K Chung</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yufeng Shen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuuli Lappalainen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/039529</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rare variant phasing and haplotypic expression from RNA-sequencing with phASER]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040337v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
C. elegans paraoxonase-like proteins control the functional expression of DEG/ENaC mechanosensory proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040337v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Caenorhabditis elegans senses gentle touch via a mechanotransduction channel formed from the DEG/ENaC proteins MEC-4 and MEC-10. An additional protein, the paraoxonase-like protein MEC-6, is essential for transduction, and previous work suggested that MEC-6 was part of the transduction complex. We found that MEC-6 and a similar protein, POML-1, reside primarily in the endoplasmic reticulum and do not colocalize with MEC-4 on the plasma membrane in vivo. As with MEC-6, POML-1 is needed for touch sensitivity, for the neurodegeneration caused by the mec-4(d) mutation, and for the expression and distribution of MEC-4 in vivo. Both proteins are likely needed for the proper folding or assembly of MEC-4 channels in vivo as measured by FRET. MEC-6 detectably increases the rate of MEC-4 accumulation on the Xenopus oocyte plasma membrane. These results suggest that MEC-6 and POML-1 interact with MEC-4 to facilitate expression and localization of MEC-4 on the cell surface. Thus, MEC-6 and POML-1 act more like chaperones for MEC-4 than channel components.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yushu Chen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shashank Bharill</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeynep Altun</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert O'Hagan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brian Coblitz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehud I. Isacoff</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin Chalfie</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/040337</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[C. elegans paraoxonase-like proteins control the functional expression of DEG/ENaC mechanosensory proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040493v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A contribution of novel CNVs to schizophrenia from a genome-wide study of 41,321 subjects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040493v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomic copy number variants (CNVs) have been strongly implicated in the etiology of schizophrenia (SCZ). However, apart from a small number of risk variants, elucidation of the CNV contribution to risk has been difficult due to the rarity of risk alleles, all occurring in less than 1% of cases. We sought to address this obstacle through a collaborative effort in which we applied a centralized analysis pipeline to a SCZ cohort of 21,094 cases and 20,227 controls. We observed a global enrichment of CNV burden in cases (OR=1.11, P=5.7e-15), which persisted after excluding loci implicated in previous studies (OR=1.07, P=1.7e-6). CNV burden is also enriched for genes associated with synaptic function (OR = 1.68, P = 2.8e-11) and neurobehavioral phenotypes in mouse (OR = 1.18, P=7.3e-5). We identified genome-wide significant support for eight loci, including 1q21.1, 2p16.3 (NRXN1), 3q29, 7q11.2, 15q13.3, distal 16p11.2, proximal 16p11.2 and 22q11.2. We find support at a suggestive level for nine additional candidate susceptibility and protective loci, which consist predominantly of CNVs mediated by non-allelic homologous recombination (NAHR).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Christian Marshall</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel Howrigan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniele Merico</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhooma Thiruvahindrapuram</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wenting Wu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas Greer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel Antaki</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aniket Shetty</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter Holmans</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalila Pinto</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madhusudan Gujral</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William Brandler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dheeraj Malholtra</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhouzhi Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karin Fuentes Fajarado</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephan Ripke</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingrid Agartz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esben Agerbo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margot Albus</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madeline Alexander</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farooq Amin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshua Atkins</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silviu Bacanu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard Belliveau</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarah Bergen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcelo Bertalan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elizabeth Bevilacqua</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tim Bigdeli</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donald Black</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard Bruggeman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nancy Buccola</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randy Buckner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brendan Bulik-Sullivan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William Byerley</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiepke Cahn</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guiqing Cai</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray Cairns</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominique Campion</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rita Ca</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/040493</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A contribution of novel CNVs to schizophrenia from a genome-wide study of 41,321 subjects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/041152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Focused Ultrasound Enhances Decision-Making in Monkeys 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/041152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Noninvasive brain stimulation using focused ultrasound has many potential applications as a research and clinical tool. Here, we investigated the effect of focused ultrasound (FUS) combined with systemically administered microbubbles on visual-motor decision-making behavior in monkeys. We applied FUS to the putamen in one hemisphere to open the blood-brain barrier, and then tested behavioral performance 3-4 hours later. On days when the monkeys were treated with FUS, their decisions were faster and more accurate than days without sonication. The performance improvement suggested both a shift in the decision criterion and an enhancement of the use of sensory evidence in the decision process. FUS also interacted with the effect of a low dose of haloperidol. The results suggest that a two-minute application of FUS can have a sustained impact on performance of complex cognitive tasks, and may increase the efficacy of psychoactive medications. The results lend further support to the idea that the dorsal striatum plays an integral role in evidence- and reward-based decision-making.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matthew Downs</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amanda Buch</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maria Eleni Karakatsani</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobias Teichert</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlos Sierra</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shangshang Chen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elisa E Konofagou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincent P Ferrera</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/041152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Focused Ultrasound Enhances Decision-Making in Monkeys]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/041301v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning In Spike Trains: Estimating Within-Session Changes In Firing Rate Using Weighted Interpolation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/041301v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The electrophysiological study of learning is hampered by modern procedures for estimating firing rates: Such procedures usually require large datasets, and also require that included trials be functionally identical. Unless a method can track the real-time dynamics of how firing rates evolve, learning can only be examined in the past tense. We propose a quantitative procedure, called ARRIS, that can uncover trial-by-trial firing dynamics. ARRIS provides reliable estimates of firing rates based on small samples using the reversible-jump Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm. Using weighted interpolation, ARRIS can also provide estimates that evolve over time. As a result, both real-time estimates of changing activity, and of task-dependent tuning, can be obtained during the initial stages of learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Greg Jensen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabian Munoz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincent P Ferrera</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/041301</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning In Spike Trains: Estimating Within-Session Changes In Firing Rate Using Weighted Interpolation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/042051v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fast imaging of DNA motion reveals distinct sub-diffusion regimes at the site of DNA damage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/042051v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dynamic organization of genes inside the nucleus is an important determinant for their function. Using ultra-fast microscopy in S. cerevisiae cells and improved analysis of mean square displacements, we quantified DNA motion at time scales ranging from 10 milliseconds to minutes and found that following DNA damage, DNA exhibits distinct sub-diffusive regimes. In response to double-strand breaks, chromatin is more mobile at large time scales but, surprisingly, its mobility is dramatically reduced at short time scales. This effect is even more pronounced at the break. Such pattern of dynamics is consistent with a global increase in chromatin persistence length following DNA damage. Scale-dependent nuclear exploration is regulated by the Rad51 repair protein, both at the break and throughout the genome. We propose a model in which stiffening of the damaged ends by the repair complex, combined with global increased stiffness, act like a "needle in a decompacted ball of yarn", enhancing the ability of the break to traverse the chromatin meshwork.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Judith Mine-Hattab</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincent Recamier</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ignacio Izeddin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodney Rothstein</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xavier Darzacq</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/042051</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fast imaging of DNA motion reveals distinct sub-diffusion regimes at the site of DNA damage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/045534v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanical signals inhibit growth of a grafted tumor in vivo: Proof of Concept 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/045534v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the past ten years, many studies have shown that malignant tissue has been "normalized" in vitro using mechanical signals. We apply the principles of physical oncology (or mechanobiology) in vivo to show the effect of a "constraint field" on tumor growth. The human breast cancer cell line, MDA MB 231, admixed with ferric nanoparticles was grafted subcutaneously in Nude mice. The magnetizable particles rapidly surrounded the growing tumor. Two permanent magnets located on either side of the tumor created a gradient of magnetic field. Magnetic energy is transformed into mechanical energy by the particles acting as "bioactuators", applying a constraint field and, by consequence, biomechanical stress to the tumor. This biomechanical treatment was applied 2 hours/day during 21 days, from Day 18 to Day 39 following tumor implantation. The study lasted 74 days. Palpable tumor was measured two times a week. There was a significant in vivo difference between the median volume of treated tumors and untreated controls in the mice measured up to D 74 (D 59 + population): (529 [346; 966] mm3 vs 1334 [256; 2106] mm3; p=0.015), treated mice having smaller tumors. The difference was not statistically significant in the group of mice measured at least to D 59 (D 59 population). On ex vivo examination, the surface of the tumor mass, measured on histologic sections, was less in the treated group, G1, than in the control groups: G2 (nanoparticles, no magnetic field), G3 (magnetic field, no nanoparticles), G4 (no nanoparticles, no magnetic field) in the D 59 population (Median left surface was significantly lower in G1 (5.6 [3.0; 42.4] mm2, p=0.005) than in G2 (20.8 [4.9; 34.3]), G3 (16.5 [13.2; 23.2]) and G4 (14.8 [1.8; 55.5]); Median right surface was significantly lower in G1 (4.7 [1.9; 29.2] mm2, p=0.015) than in G2 (25.0 [5.2; 55.0]), G3 (18.0 [14.6; 35.2]) and G4 (12.5 [1.5; 51.8]). There was no statistically significant difference in the day 59+ population. This is the first demonstration of the effect of stress on tumor growth in vivo suggesting that biomechanical intervention may have a high translational potential as a therapy in locally advanced tumors like pancreatic cancer or primary hepatic carcinoma for which no effective therapy is currently available.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Remy BROSSEL</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandre YAHI</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephane DAVID</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laura MORENO VELASQUEZ</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean-Marc GUINEBRETIERE</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/045534</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanical signals inhibit growth of a grafted tumor in vivo: Proof of Concept]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/045856v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prevalent Presence of Periodic Actin-spectrin-based Membrane Skeleton in a Broad Range of Neuronal Cell Types and Animal Species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/045856v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Actin, spectrin and associated molecules form a periodic, sub-membrane cytoskeleton in the axons of neurons. For a better understanding of this membrane-associated periodic skeleton (MPS), it is important to address how prevalent this structure is in different neuronal types, different subcellular compartments, and across different animal species. Here, we investigated the organization of spectrin in a variety of neuronal and glial-cell types. We observed the presence of MPS in all of the tested neuronal types cultured from mouse central and peripheral nervous systems, including excitatory and inhibitory neurons from several brain regions, as well as sensory and motor neurons. Quantitative analyses show that MPS is preferentially formed in axons in all neuronal types tested here: spectrin shows a long-range, periodic distribution throughout all axons, but only appears periodic in a small fraction of dendrites, typically in the form of isolated patches in sub-regions of these dendrites. As in dendrites, we also observed patches of periodic spectrin structures in a small fraction of glial-cell processes in four types of glial cells cultured from rodent tissues. Interestingly, despite its strong presence in the axonal shaft, MPS is absent in most presynaptic boutons, but is present in a substantial fraction of dendritic spine necks, including some projecting from dendrites where such a periodic structure is not observed in the shaft. Finally, we found that spectrin is capable of adopting a similar periodic organization in neurons of a variety of animal species, including Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila, Gallus gallus, Mus musculus and Homo sapiens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang He</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruobo Zhou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuhao Wu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monica Carrasco</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peri Kurshan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonathan Farley</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David Simon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guiping Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boran Han</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Junjie Hao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evan Heller</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marc Freeman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang Shen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tom Maniatis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marc Tessier-Lavigne</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiaowei Zhuang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/045856</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prevalent Presence of Periodic Actin-spectrin-based Membrane Skeleton in a Broad Range of Neuronal Cell Types and Animal Species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/046052v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NQO1 C609T (Pro187Ser) increases risk of carcinogenesis of Oral Submucous Fibrosis by interacting with phosphorylated p53 and cyclin D1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/046052v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a debilitating disease mainly attributed to chewing areca nut with a 7.4-13% malignant transformation rate. Present study explores the role of NADPH quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) C609T (Pro187Ser) polymorphism in susceptibility to OSF among habitual areca nut chewers in an eastern Indian population. Overall, about 18% of the total OSF cases were detected carrying minor TT allele (Ser/Ser) p=0.026. When categorized by age, both CT (Pro/Ser) and TT (Ser/Ser) alleles were significantly higher (p= 0.003 & 0.004 respectively) in cases above 40years of age. NQO1 protein was 42% reduced in buccal tissues of heterozygous (Pro/Ser) carriers, whereas a 70% reduction was observed in TT (Ser/Ser) OSF cases. Our study suggests that the NQO1 C609T polymorphism confers increased risk for OSF in habitual chewers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanjit Mukherjee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jay Gopal Ray</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atul Katarkar</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keya Chaudhuri</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/046052</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NQO1 C609T (Pro187Ser) increases risk of carcinogenesis of Oral Submucous Fibrosis by interacting with phosphorylated p53 and cyclin D1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/047035v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The promise of disease gene discovery in South Asia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/047035v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The more than 1.5 billion people who live in South Asia are correctly viewed not as a single large population, but as many small endogamous groups. We assembled genome-wide data from over 2,800 individuals from over 260 distinct South Asian groups. We identify 81 unique groups, of which 14 have estimated census sizes of more than a million, that descend from founder events more extreme than those in Ashkenazi Jews and Finns, both of which have high rates of recessive disease due to founder events. We identify multiple examples of recessive diseases in South Asia that are the result of such founder events. This study highlights an under-appreciated opportunity for reducing disease burden among South Asians through the discovery of and testing for recessive disease genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nathan Joel Nakatsuka</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priya Moorjani</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niraj Rai</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswanath Sarkar</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arti Tandon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nick Patterson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lalji Singh</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David Reich</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumarasamy Thangaraj</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/047035</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The promise of disease gene discovery in South Asia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/049437v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Curvature Analysis of Estrogen Receptor Positive Breast Cancer Under PI3K Inhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/049437v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this note, we re-examine the work of Bosch et al. from a network point of view. In particular, we employ an extended defintion of Ollivier-Ricci curvature that allows us to study graphs with both positive and negative weights. This is done by utilizing a dual formulation of the Wasserstein 1-metric, allowing us to extend the Earth Movers Distance to signed measures. The resulting curvature may be applied study the robustness properties of general networks modelled as weighted graphs. In this note, we apply the theory to elucidate the robustness and therefore possible mechanisms of resistance of estrogen receptor positive breast cancer under PI3K inhibition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Romeil Sandhu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eneda Toska</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maurizio Scaltriti</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jose Baselga</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph Deasy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung Hun Oh</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarah Tannenbaum</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen Tannenbaum</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/049437</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Curvature Analysis of Estrogen Receptor Positive Breast Cancer Under PI3K Inhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/050856v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Imaging decision-related neural cascades in the human brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/050856v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Perceptual decisions depend on coordinated patterns of neural activity cascading across the brain, running in time from stimulus to response and in space from primary sensory regions to the frontal lobe. Measuring this cascade and how it flows through the brain is key to developing an understanding of how our brains function. However observing, let alone understanding, this cascade, particularly in humans, is challenging. Here, we report a significant methodological advance allowing this observation in humans at unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution. We use a novel encoding model to link simultaneously measured electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signals to infer the high-resolution spatiotemporal brain dynamics taking place during rapid visual perceptual decision-making. After demonstrating the methodology replicates past results, we show that it uncovers a previously unobserved sequential reactivation of a substantial fraction of the pre-response network whose magnitude correlates with decision confidence. Our results illustrate that a temporally coordinated and spatially distributed neural cascade underlies perceptual decision-making, with our methodology illuminating complex brain dynamics that would otherwise be unobservable using conventional fMRI or EEG separately. We expect this methodology to be useful in observing brain dynamics in a wide range of other mental processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jordan Muraskin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Truman Brown</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennifer Walz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryan Conroy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robin I Goldman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul Sajda</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/050856</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Imaging decision-related neural cascades in the human brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/051318v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generating an Executable Model of the Drosophila Central Complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/051318v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The central complex (CX) is a set of neuropils in the center of the fly brain that have been implicated as playing an important role in vision-mediated behavior and integration of spatial information for locomotor control. In contrast to currently available data regarding the neural circuitry of neuropils in the fly's vision and olfactory systems, comparable data for the CX neuropils is relatively incomplete; many categories of neurons remain only partly characterized, and the synaptic connectivity between CX neurons has yet to be experimentally determined. Successful modeling of the information processing functions of the CX neuropils therefore requires a means of easily constructing and testing a range of hypotheses regarding both the high-level structure of their neural circuitry and the properties of their constituent neurons and synapses. This document demonstrates how NeuroArch and Neurokernel may be used to algorithmically construct and evaluate executable neural circuit models of the CX neuropils and their interconnects based upon currently available information regarding the geometry and polarity of the arborizations of identified local and projection neurons in the CX.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lev E Givon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aurel A Lazar</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/051318</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generating an Executable Model of the Drosophila Central Complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/052019v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GEFs and Rac GTPases control directional specificity of neurite extension along the anterior-posterior axis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/052019v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although previous studies have identified many extracellular guidance molecules and intracellular signaling proteins that regulate axonal outgrowth and extension, most were conducted in the context of unidirectional neurite growth, in which the guidance cues either attract or repel growth cones. Very few studies addressed how intracellular signaling molecules differentially specify bidirectional outgrowth. Here, using the bipolar PLM neurons in C. elegans, we show that the guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) UNC-73/Trio and TIAM-1 promote anterior and posterior neurite extension, respectively. The Rac subfamily GTPases act downstream of the GEFs; CED-10/Rac1 is activated by TIAM-1, whereas CED-10 and MIG-2/RhoG act redundantly downstream of UNC-73. Moreover, these two pathways antagonize each other and, thus, regulate the directional bias of neuritogenesis. Our study suggests that directional specificity of neurite extension is conferred through the intracellular activation of distinct GEFs and Rac GTPases.nnSignificance StatementMost previous studies on intracellular signaling during neurite guidance were performed in the context of unidirectional neurite growth. They could not address the molecular basis of directional outgrowth of multiple neurites mainly because of the lack of a good model system. Using a pair of bipolar neurons in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, we found that distinct sets of intracellular molecules are required for neurite extension towards the anterior and the posterior. Moreover, signaling pathways that promote neurite extension in different directions antagonize each other to achieve balanced growth. Therefore, our study offers an in vivo example for a long-standing concept that spatially selective activation of intracellular signaling molecules could enable a diverse range of neuronal growth patterns.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martin Chalfie</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaogu Zheng</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margarete Diaz-Cuadros</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/052019</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GEFs and Rac GTPases control directional specificity of neurite extension along the anterior-posterior axis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/052431v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A cellular and regulatory map of the GABAergic nervous system of C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/052431v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurotransmitter maps are important complements to anatomical maps and represent an invaluable resource to understand how signals are transmitted throughout the nervous system and how a nervous system is developmentally patterned. We report here a comprehensive map of neurons in the C. elegans nervous system that contain the neurotransmitter GABA, revealing twice as many GABA-positive neuron classes as previously reported. We define previously unknown glia-like cells that reuptake GABA, as well as "GABA reuptake neurons" which do not synthesize GABA but take it up from the extracellular environment. We used the map of GABA-positive neurons for a comprehensive analysis of transcriptional regulators that define the GABA phenotype. We synthesize our findings of specification of GABAergic neurons with previous reports on the specification of glutamatergic and cholinergic neurons into a nervous system-wide regulatory map which defines neurotransmitter specification mechanisms for more than half of all neuron classes in C. elegans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marie Gendrel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emily G Atlas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver Hobert</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/052431</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A cellular and regulatory map of the GABAergic nervous system of C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/052878v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic Reconstruction of Autism Biology with Multi-Level Whole Exome Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/052878v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whole exome/genome studies on autism spectrum disorder (ASD) identified thousands of variants, yet not a coherent and systematic disease mechanism. We conduct novel integrated analyses across multiple levels on ASD exomes. These mutations do not recur or replicate at variant level, but significantly and increasingly so at gene and pathway level. Genetic association reveals a novel gene+pathway dual-hit model, better explaining ASD risk than the well-accepted mutation burden model.nnIn multiple analyses with independent datasets, hundreds of variants or genes consistently converge to several canonical pathways. Unlike the reported gene groups or networks, these pathways define novel, relevant, recurrent and systematic ASD biology. At sub-pathway level, most variants disrupt the pathway-related gene functions, and multiple interacting variants spotlight key modules, e.g. cAMP second-messenger system and mGluR signaling regulation by GRK in synapses. At super-pathway level, these distinct pathways are highly interconnected, and further converge to a few biology themes, i.e. synaptic function, morphology and plasticity. Therefore, ASD is a not just multi-genic but a multi-pathway disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weijun Luo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaolin Zhang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cory Brouwer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/052878</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic Reconstruction of Autism Biology with Multi-Level Whole Exome Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/054064v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combining complex networks and data mining: why and how 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/054064v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The increasing power of computer technology does not dispense with the need to extract meaningful in-formation out of data sets of ever growing size, and indeed typically exacerbates the complexity of this task. To tackle this general problem, two methods have emerged, at chronologically different times, that are now commonly used in the scientific community: data mining and complex network theory. Not only do complex network analysis and data mining share the same general goal, that of extracting information from complex systems to ultimately create a new compact quantifiable representation, but they also often address similar problems too. In the face of that, a surprisingly low number of researchers turn out to resort to both methodologies. One may then be tempted to conclude that these two fields are either largely redundant or totally antithetic. The starting point of this review is that this state of affairs should be put down to contingent rather than conceptual differences, and that these two fields can in fact advantageously be used in a synergistic manner. An overview of both fields is first provided, some fundamental concepts of which are illustrated. A variety of contexts in which complex network theory and data mining have been used in a synergistic manner are then presented. Contexts in which the appropriate integration of complex network metrics can lead to improved classification rates with respect to classical data mining algorithms and, conversely, contexts in which data mining can be used to tackle important issues in complex network theory applications are illustrated. Finally, ways to achieve a tighter integration between complex networks and data mining, and open lines of research are discussed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Massimiliano Zanin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David Papo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedro A. Sousa</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernestina Menasalvas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrea Nicchi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elaine Kubik</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefano Boccaletti</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/054064</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combining complex networks and data mining: why and how]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/054080v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PackIO and EphysViewer: software tools for acquisition and analysis of neuroscience data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/054080v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present an open-source synchronization software package, PackIO, that can record and generate voltage signals to enable complex experimental paradigms across multiple devices. This general purpose package is built on National Instruments data acquisition and generation hardware and has temporal precision up to the limit of the hardware. PackIO acts as a flexibly programmable master clock that can record experimental data (e.g. voltage traces), timing data (e.g. event times such as imaging frame times) while generating stimuli (e.g. voltage waveforms, voltage triggers to drive other devices, etc.). PackIO is particularly useful to record from and synchronize multiple devices, for example when simultaneously acquiring electrophysiology while generating and recording imaging timing data. Experimental control is easily enabled by an intuitive graphical user interface. We also release an open-source data visualisation and analysis tool, EphysViewer, written in MATLAB, as well as a module to import data into Python. These flexible and programmable tools allow experimenters to configure and set up customised input and output protocols in a synchronized fashion for controlling, recording, and analysing experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brendon O Watson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafael Yuste</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam M Packer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/054080</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PackIO and EphysViewer: software tools for acquisition and analysis of neuroscience data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/055335v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transitive inference in humans and rhesus macaques after massed training of the last two list items 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/055335v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transitive inference (TI) is a classic learning paradigm for which the relative contributions of experienced rewards and representation-driven inference have been vigorously debated, particularly with regard to the notion that animals are capable of logic and reasoning. Rhesus macaque subjects and human participants performed a TI task in which, prior to learning a seven-item list ABCDEFG, a block of trials presented exclusively the pair FG. Contrary to the expectation of associative models, the high prior rate of reward for F did not disrupt learning of the entire list. Monkeys (who each completed many sessions) learned to anticipate that novel stimuli should be preferred over F. We interpret this as evidence of a general task representation of TI that generalizes beyond learning about specific stimuli. Humans (who were task-naive) showed a transitory bias to F when it was paired with novel stimuli, but very rapidly unlearned that bias. Performance with respect to the remaining stimuli was consistent with past reports of TI in both species. These results are difficult to reconcile with any account that seeks to assign the strength of association between individual stimuli and rewards. Instead, they support both sophisticated cognitive processes in both species, albeit with some species differences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Greg Jensen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yelda Alkan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabian Munoz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincent P Ferrera</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbert S Terrace</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/055335</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transitive inference in humans and rhesus macaques after massed training of the last two list items]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/058024v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human germline mutation and the erratic evolutionary clock 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/058024v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our understanding of the chronology of human evolution relies on the "molecular clock" provided by the steady accumulation of substitutions on an evolutionary lineage. Recent analyses of human pedigrees have called this understanding into question, by revealing unexpectedly low germline mutation rates, which imply that substitutions accrue more slowly than previously believed. Translating mutation rates estimated from pedigrees into substitution rates is not as straightforward as it may seem, however. We dissect the steps involved, emphasizing that dating evolutionary events requires not "a mutation rate," but a precise characterization of how mutations accumulate in development, in males and females--knowledge that remains elusive.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Priya Moorjani</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziyue Gao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molly Przeworski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/058024</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human germline mutation and the erratic evolutionary clock]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/058826v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A cell type-specific expression signature predicts haploinsufficient autism-susceptibility genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/058826v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies have identified many genes with rare de novo mutations in autism, but a limited number of these have been conclusively established as disease-susceptibility genes due to lack of recurrence and confounding background mutations. Such extreme genetic heterogeneity severely limits recurrence-based statistical power even in studies with a large sample size. In addition, the cellular contexts in which these genomic lesions confer disease risks remain poorly understood. Here we investigate the use of cell-type specific expression profiles to differentiate mutations in autism patients or unaffected siblings. Using 24 distinct cell types isolated from the mouse central nervous system, we identified an expression signature shared by genes with likely gene disrupting (LGD) mutations detected by exome-sequencing in autism cases. The signature reflects haploinsufficiency of risk genes enriched in transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulators, with the strongest positive associations with specific types of neurons in different brain regions, including cortical neurons, cerebellar granule cells, and striatal medium spiny neurons. Based on this signature, we assigned a D score to all human genes to prioritize candidate autism-susceptibility genes. When applied to genes with only a single LGD mutation in cases, the D score achieved a precision of 40% as compared to the 15% baseline with a minimal loss in sensitivity. Further improvement was made by combining D score and mutation intolerance metrics from ExAC which were derived from orthogonal data sources. The ensemble model achieved precision of 60% and predicted 117 high-priority candidates. These prioritized lists can facilitate identification of additional autism-susceptibility genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chaolin Zhang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yufeng Shen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/058826</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A cell type-specific expression signature predicts haploinsufficient autism-susceptibility genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/059808v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analyzing climate variations on multiple timescales can guide Zika virus response measures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/059808v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) as a public health emergency in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) occurred during a period of severe drought and unusually high temperatures. Speculation in the literature exists that these climate conditions were associated with the 2015/2016 El Nino event and/or climate change but to date no quantitative assessment has been made. Analysis of related flaviviruses -such as dengue and chikungunya, which are transmitted by the same vectors- suggests that ZIKV dynamics is sensitive to climate seasonality and longer-term variability and trends. A better understanding the climate conditions conducive to the 2014-2016 epidemic may permit the development of climate-informed short- and long-term strategies for ZIKV prevention and control.nnResultsUsing a novel timescale-decomposition methodology, we demonstrate that extreme climate anomalies observed in most parts of South America during the current epidemic are not caused exclusively by El Nino or climate change -as speculated-, but are the result of a particular combination of climate signals acting at multiple timescales. In Brazil, the heart of the epidemic, we find that dry conditions present during 2013-2015 are explained primarily by year-to-year variability superimposed on decadal variability, but with little contribution of long-term trends. In contrast, the extreme warm temperatures of 2014-2015 resulted from the compound effect of climate change, decadal and year-to-year climate variability.nnConclusionsZIKV response strategies adapted for a drought context in Brazil during El Nino 2015/2016 may need to be revised to accommodate the likely return of heavy rainfall associated with the probable 2016/2017 La Nina. Temperatures are likely to remain warm given the importance of long term and decadal scale climate signals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Angel G Munoz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madeleine C Thomson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisa Goddard</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sylvain Aldighieri</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/059808</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analyzing climate variations on multiple timescales can guide Zika virus response measures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/061515v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detection of statistically significant network changes in complex biological networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/061515v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1 MotivationBiological networks contribute effectively to unveil the complex structure of molecular interactions and to discover driver genes especially in cancer context. It can happen that due to gene mutations, as for example when cancer progresses, the gene expression network undergoes some amount of localised re-wiring. The ability to detect statistical relevant changes in the interaction patterns induced by the progression of the disease can lead to discovery of novel relevant signatures.nn2 ResultsSeveral procedures have been recently proposed to detect sub-network differences in pairwise labeled weighted networks. In this paper, we propose an improvement over the state-of-the-art based on the Generalized Hamming Distance adopted for evaluating the topological difference between two networks and estimating its statistical significance. The proposed procedure exploits a more effective model selection criteria to generate p-values for statistical significance and is more efficient in terms of computational time and prediction accuracy than literature methods. Moreover, the structure of the proposed algorithm allows for a faster parallelized implementation. In the case of dense random geometric networks the proposed approach is 10-15x faster and achieves 5-10% higher AUC, Precision/Recall, and Kappa value than the state-of-the-art. We also report the application of the method to dissect the difference between the regulatory networks of IDH-mutant versus IDH-wild-type glioma cancer. In such a case our method is able to identify some recently reported master regulators as well as novel important candidates.nn3 AvailabilityThe scripts implementing the proposed algorithms are available in R at https://sites.google.com/site/raghvendramallmlresearcher/codes.nn4 Contactrmall@qf.org.qa
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raghvendra Mall</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luigi Cerulo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halima Bensmail</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonio Iavarone</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michele Ceccarelli</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/061515</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detection of statistically significant network changes in complex biological networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/064204v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of tDCS on motor learning and memory formation: a consensus and critical position paper 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/064204v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Motor skills are required for activities of daily living. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) applied in association with motor skill learning has been investigated as a tool for enhancing training effects in health and disease. Here, we review the published literature investigating whether tDCS can facilitate the acquisition and retention of motor skills and adaptation. A majority of reports focused on the application of tDCS with the anode placed over the primary motor cortex (M1) during motor skill acquisition, while some evaluated tDCS applied over the cerebellum during adaptation of existing motor skills. Work in multiple laboratories is under way to develop a mechanistic understanding of tDCS effects on different forms of learning and to optimize stimulation protocols. Efforts are required to improve reproducibility and standardization. Overall, reproducibility remains to be fully tested, effect sizes with present techniques are moderate (up to d= 0.5) (Hashemirad, Zoghi, Fitzgerald, & Jaberzadeh, 2016) and the basis of inter-individual variability in tDCS effects is incompletely understood. It is recommended that future studies explicitly state in the Methods the exploratory (hypothesis-generating) or hypothesis-driven (confirmatory) nature of the experimental designs. General research practices could be improved with prospective pre-registration of hypothesis-based investigations, more emphasis on the detailed description of methods (including all pertinent details to enable future modeling of induced current and experimental replication) and use of post-publication open data repositories. A checklist is proposed for reporting tDCS investigations in a way that can improve efforts to assess reproducibility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ethan R Buch</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emiliano Santarnecchi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrea Antal</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jan Born</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pablo A Celnik</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph Classen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christian Gerloff</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark Hallett</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedhelm C Hummel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael A Nitsche</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvaro Pascual-Leone</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter J Paulus</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janine Reis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwin M Robertson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John C Rothwell</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marco Sandrini</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heidi M Schambra</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric M Wassermann</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulf Ziemann</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonardo G Cohen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/064204</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of tDCS on motor learning and memory formation: a consensus and critical position paper]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/065839v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chaotic propagation of spatial cytoskeletal instability modulates integrity of podocyte foot processes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/065839v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The kidney podocytes function depends on its distinctive morphology. Each podocyte has fingerlike projections, called foot processes, that interdigitate with the processes of neighboring cells to form the glomerular filtration barrier. The integrity of foot process interactions depends on tight spatial control of the dynamics of the underlying actin cytoskeleton, which is regulated by the GTPases, Rac1 and RhoA. To understand how spatially-specific regulation of actin filament dynamics within foot processes controls local morphology, we used a combination of 3-D microscopy and dynamical models. We experimentally determined cell-cell interactions using serial blockface scanning electron microscopy and reconstructed a 3-D spatial representation of a podocyte. We developed a minimal dynamical system for regulation of the actin cytoskeleton; using this 3-D model, we determined how spatial reaction-diffusion dynamics can dysregulate actin bundling, leading to propagation of chaotic foot process effacement. Consistent with experimental observations, our simulations predicted that hyperactive RhoA could destabilize the cytoskeleton. Our simulations showed that deleterious mechanochemical stimuli could lead to local heterogeneity of cytoskeletal dynamics resulting in the emergence of progressive and chaotic loss of foot processes. While global enhancement of Rac1 may result in stronger bundles, the spatial simulations showed that even transient local heterogeneities in polymerization could have dramatic consequences in the stability of multiple foot processes. We conclude that the podocyte morphology optimized for filtration contains intrinsic fragility whereby local imbalances in biochemical and biophysical reactions lead to morphological changes associated with glomerular pathophysiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cibele V Falkenberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evren U Azeloglu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark Stothers</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas J Deerinck</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yibang Chen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John C He</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark H. Ellisman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James C. Hone</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravi Iyengar</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leslie M. Loew</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/065839</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chaotic propagation of spatial cytoskeletal instability modulates integrity of podocyte foot processes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/066068v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimate of disease heritability using 4.7 million familial relationships inferred from electronic health records 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/066068v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heritability is essential for understanding the biological causes of disease, but requires laborious patient recruitment and phenotype ascertainment. Electronic health records (EHR) passively capture a wide range of clinically relevant data and provide a novel resource for studying the heritability of traits that are not typically accessible. EHRs contain next-of-kin information collected via patient emergency contact forms, but until now, these data have gone unused in research. We mined emergency contact data at three academic medical centers and identified millions of familial relationships while maintaining patient privacy. Identified relationships were consistent with genetically-derived relatedness. We used EHR data to compute heritability estimates for 500 disease phenotypes. Overall, estimates were consistent with literature and between sites. Inconsistencies were indicative of limitations and opportunities unique to EHR research. These analyses provide a novel validation of the use of EHRs for genetics and disease research.nnOne Sentence SummaryWe demonstrate that next-of-kin information can be used to identify familial relationships in the EHR, providing unique opportunities for precision medicine studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fernanda Polubriaginof</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kayla Quinnies</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rami Vanguri</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandre Yahi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mary Simmerling</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iuliana Ionita-Laza</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hojjat Salmasian</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzanne Bakken</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George Hripcsak</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David Goldstein</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krzysztof Kiryluk</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David K Vawdrey</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholas P Tatonetti</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/066068</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimate of disease heritability using 4.7 million familial relationships inferred from electronic health records]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/067454v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutations in EBF3 disturb transcriptional profiles and underlie a novel syndrome of intellectual disability, ataxia and facial dysmorphism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/067454v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
From a GeneMatcher-enabled international collaboration, we identified ten individuals with intellectual disability, speech delay, ataxia and facial dysmorphism and a mutation in EBF3, encoding a transcription factor required for neuronal differentiation. Structural assessments, transactivation assays, in situ fractionation, RNA-seq and ChlP-seq experiments collectively show that the mutations are deleterious and impair EBF3 transcriptional regulation. These findings demonstrate that EBF3-mediated dysregulation of gene expression has profound effects on neuronal development in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Frederike Leonie Harms</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katta Mohan Girisha</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew Alexander Hardigan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fanny Kortum</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anju Shukla</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malik Alawi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashwin Dalal</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauren Brady</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark Tarnopolsky</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynne M. Bird</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sophia Ceulemans</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martina Bebin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kevin M. Bowling</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Susan M. Hiatt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edward J. Lose</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michelle Primiano</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wendy K. Chung</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jane Juusola</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeynep C. Akdemir</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthew Bainbridge</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu-Lin Charng</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margaret Drummond-Borg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammad K. Eldomery</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayman W. El-Hattab</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammed A.M. Saleh</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephane Bezieau</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin Cogne</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertrand Isidor</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebastien Kury</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James R. Lupski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard M. Myers</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregory M. Cooper</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerstin Kutsche</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/067454</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutations in EBF3 disturb transcriptional profiles and underlie a novel syndrome of intellectual disability, ataxia and facial dysmorphism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/067942v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recombination-driven genome evolution and stability of bacterial species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/067942v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While bacteria divide clonally, horizontal gene transfer followed by homologous recombination is now recognized as an important and sometimes even dominant contributor to their evolution. However, the details of how the competition between clonal inheritance and recombination shapes genome diversity, population structure, and species stability remains poorly understood. Using a computational model, we find two principal regimes in bacterial evolution and identify two composite parameters that dictate the evolutionary fate of bacterial species. In the divergent regime, characterized by either a low recombination frequency or strict barriers to recombination, cohesion due to recombination is not sufficient to overcome the mutational drift. As a consequence, the divergence between any pair of genomes in the population steadily increases in the course of their evolution. The species as a whole lacks genetic coherence with sexually isolated clonal sub-populations continuously formed and dissolved. In contrast, in the metastable regime, characterized by a high recombination frequency combined with low barriers to recombination, genomes continuously recombine with the rest of the population. The population remains genetically cohesive and stable over time. The transition between these two regimes can be affected by relatively small changes in evolutionary parameters. Using the Multi Locus Sequence Typing (MLST) data we classify a number of well-studied bacterial species to be either the divergent or the metastable type. Generalizations of our framework to include fitness and selection, ecologically structured populations, and horizontal gene transfer of non-homologous regions are discussed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Purushottam Dixit</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tin Y Pang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sergei Maslov</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/067942</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recombination-driven genome evolution and stability of bacterial species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/069229v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tissue-specific functional effect prediction of genetic variation and applications to complex trait genetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/069229v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPCAPBSTRACTC_SCPCAPWe describe here a new method based on a latent Dirichlet allocation model for predicting functional effects of noncoding genetic variants in a cell type and tissue specific way (FUN-LDA) by integrating diverse epigenetic annotations for specific cell types and tissues from large scale epige-nomics projects such as ENCODE and Roadmap Epigenomics. Using this unsupervised approach we predict tissue-specific functional effects for every position in the human genome. We demonstrate the usefulness of our predictions using several validation experiments. Using eQTL data from several sources, including the Genotype-Tissue Expression project, the Geuvadis project and Twin-sUK cohort, we show that eQTLs in specific tissues tend to be most enriched among the predicted functional variants in relevant tissues in Roadmap. We further show how these integrated functional scores can be used to derive the most likely cell/tissue type causally implicated for a complex trait using summary statistics from genome-wide association studies, and estimate a tissue-based correlation matrix of various complex traits. We find large enrichment of heritability in functional components of relevant tissues for various complex traits, with FUN-LDA yielding the highest enrichment estimates relative to existing methods. Finally, using experimentally validated functional variants from the literature and variants possibly implicated in disease by previous studies, we rigorously compare FUN-LDA to state-of-the-art functional annotation methods such as GenoSky-line, ChromHMM, Segway, and IDEAS, and show that FUN-LDA has better prediction accuracy and higher resolution compared to these methods. In summary, we describe a new approach and perform rigorous comparisons with the most commonly used functional annotation methods, providing a valuable resource for the community interested in the functional annotation of noncoding variants. Scores for each position in the human genome and for each ENCODE/Roadmap tissue are available from http://www.columbia.edu/~ii2135/funlda.html.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daniel Backenroth</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krzysztof Kiryluk</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bin Xu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynn Pethukova</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badri Vardarajan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ekta Khurana</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angela Christiano</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph Buxbaum</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iuliana Ionita-Laza</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/069229</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tissue-specific functional effect prediction of genetic variation and applications to complex trait genetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/069781v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Understanding the contributions of visual stimuli to contextual fear conditioning: a proof-of-concept study using LCD screens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/069781v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The precise contribution of visual information to contextual fear-learning and discrimination has remained elusive. To better understand this contribution, we coupled the context pre-exposure facilitation effect (CPFE) fear conditioning paradigm with presentations of distinct visual scenes displayed on 4 LCD screens surrounding a conditioning chamber. Adult male Long-Evans rats received non-reinforced context pre-exposure on Day 1, an immediate 1.5 mA foot shock on Day 2, and a non-reinforced context test on Day 3. Rats were pre-exposed to either digital Context (dCtx) A, dCtx B, a distinct Context C, or no context on Day 1. Context A and B were identical except for the visual image displayed on the LCD monitors. Immediate shock and retention testing occurred in dCtx A. Rats pre-exposed dCtx A showed the CPFE with significantly higher levels of freezing compared to learning controls. Rats pre-exposed to Context B failed to show the CPFE, with freezing that did not differ significantly from any group. The results suggest that 1) visual information contributes to contextual fear learning in rats and that 2) visual components of the context can be parametrically controlled via LCD screens. Our approach offers a simple modification to contextual fear conditioning whereby the visual features of a context can be precisely controlled to better understand how rodents discriminate and generalize fear across environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nathen J. Murawski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arun Asok</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/069781</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Understanding the contributions of visual stimuli to contextual fear conditioning: a proof-of-concept study using LCD screens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/069997v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Orientation tuning depends on spatial frequency in mouse visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/069997v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The response properties of neurons to sensory stimuli have been used to identify their receptive fields and functionally map sensory systems. In primary visual cortex, most neurons are selective to a particular orientation and spatial frequency of the visual stimulus. Using two-photon calcium imaging of neuronal populations from the primary visual cortex of mice, we have characterized the response properties of neurons to various orientations and spatial frequencies. Surprisingly, we found that the orientation selectivity of neurons actually depends on the spatial frequency of the stimulus. This dependence can be easily explained if one assumed spatially asymmetric Gabor-type receptive fields. We propose that receptive fields of neurons in layer 2/3 of visual cortex are indeed spatially asymmetric, and that this asymmetry could be used effectively by the visual system to encode natural scenes.nnSignificance StatementIn this manuscript we demonstrate that the orientation selectivity of neurons in primary visual cortex of mouse is highly dependent on the stimulus SF. This dependence is realized quantitatively in a decrease in the selectivity strength of cells in non-optimum SF, and more importantly, it is also evident qualitatively in a shift in the preferred orientation of cells in non-optimum SF. We show that a receptive-field model of a 2D asymmetric Gabor, rather than a symmetric one, can explain this surprising observation. Therefore, we propose that the receptive fields of neurons in layer 2/3 of mouse visual cortex are spatially asymmetric and this asymmetry could be used effectively by the visual system to encode natural scenes.nnHighlights- Orientation selectivity is dependent on spatial frequency.n- Asymmetric Gabor model can explain this dependence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Inbal Ayzenshtat</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jesse Jackson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafael Yuste</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/069997</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Orientation tuning depends on spatial frequency in mouse visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/070052v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel quantile regression approach for eQTL discovery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/070052v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the past decade, there has been a remarkable improvement in our understanding of the role of genetic variation in complex human diseases, especially via genome-wide association studies. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still poorly characterized, impending the development of therapeutic interventions. Identifying genetic variants that influence the expression level of a gene, i.e. expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs), can help us understand how genetic variants influence traits at the molecular level. While most eQTL studies focus on identifying mean effects on gene expression using linear regression, evidence suggests that genetic variation can impact the entire distribution of the expression level. Indeed, several studies have already investigated higher order associations with a special focus on detecting heteroskedasticity. In this paper, we develop a Quantile Rank-score Based Test (QRBT) to identify eQTLs that are associated with the conditional quantile functions of gene expression. We have applied the proposed QRBT to the Genotype-Tissue Expression project, an international tissue bank for studying the relationship between genetic variation and gene expression in human tissues, and found that the proposed QRBT complements the existing methods, and identifies new eQTLs with heterogeneous effects genome-wideacross different quantile levels. Notably, we show that the eQTLs identified by QRBT but missed by linear regression are more likely to be tissue specific, and also associated with greater enrichment in genome-wide significant SNPs from the GWAS catalog. An R package implementing QRBT is available on our website.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiaoyu Song</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gen Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iuliana Ionita-Laza</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ying Wei</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/070052</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel quantile regression approach for eQTL discovery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/070193v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Automated Microwell Platform for Large-Scale Single Cell RNA-Seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/070193v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent developments have enabled rapid, inexpensive RNA sequencing of thousands of individual cells from a single specimen, raising the possibility of unbiased and comprehensive expression profiling from complex tissues. Microwell arrays are a particularly attractive microfluidic platform for single cell analysis due to their scalability, cell capture efficiency, and compatibility with imaging. We report an automated microwell array platform for single cell RNA-Seq with significantly improved performance over previous implementations. We demonstrate cell capture efficiencies of >50%, compatibility with commercially available barcoded mRNA capture beads, and parallel expression profiling from thousands of individual cells. We evaluate the level of cross-contamination in our platform by both tracking fluorescent cell lysate in sealed microwells and with a human-mouse mixed species RNA-Seq experiment. Finally, we apply our system to comprehensively assess heterogeneity in gene expression of patient-derived glioma neurospheres and uncover subpopulations similar to those observed in human glioma tissue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jinzhou Yuan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter A. Sims</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/070193</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Automated Microwell Platform for Large-Scale Single Cell RNA-Seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/070417v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assembly of Radically Recoded E. coli Genome Segments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/070417v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The large potential of radically recoded organisms (RROs) in medicine and industry depends on improved technologies for efficient assembly and testing of recoded genomes for biosafety and functionality. Here we describe a next generation platform for conjugative assembly genome engineering, termed CAGE 2.0, that enables the scarless integration of large synthetically recoded E. coli segments at isogenic and adjacent genomic loci. A stable tdk dual selective marker is employed to facilitate cyclical assembly and removal of attachment sites used for targeted segment delivery by sitespecific recombination. Bypassing the need for vector transformation harnesses the multi Mb capacity of CAGE, while minimizing artifacts associated with RecA-mediated homologous recombination. Our method expands the genome engineering toolkit for radical modification across many organisms and recombinase-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Julie E. Norville</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cameron L. Gardner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eduardo Aponte</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conor K. Camplisson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandra Gonzales</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David K. Barclay</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katerina A. Turner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Victoria Longe</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maria Mincheva</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jun Teramoto</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kento Tominaga</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryota Sugimoto</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James E. DiCarlo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marc Guell</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eriona Hysolli</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John Aach</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopher J. Gregg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barry L. Wanner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George M. Church</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/070417</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assembly of Radically Recoded E. coli Genome Segments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/073635v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The impact of recent population history on the deleterious mutation load in humans and close evolutionary relatives 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/073635v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the past decade, there has been both great interest and confusion about whether recent demographic events--notably the Out-of-Africa-bottleneck and recent population growth--have led to differences in mutation load among human populations. The confusion can be traced to the use of different summary statistics to measure load, which lead to apparently conflicting results. We argue, however, that when statistics more directly related to load are used, the results of different studies and data sets consistently reveal little or no difference in the load of non-synonymous mutations among human populations. Theory helps to understand why no such differences are seen, as well as to predict in what settings they are to be expected. In particular, as predicted by modeling, there is evidence for changes in the load of recessive loss of function mutations in founder and inbred human populations. Also as predicted, eastern subspecies of gorilla, Neanderthals and Denisovans, who are thought to have undergone reductions in population sizes that exceed the human Out-of-Africa bottleneck in duration and severity, show evidence for increased load of non-synonymous mutations (relative to western subspecies of gorillas and modern humans, respectively). A coherent picture is thus starting to emerge about the effects of demographic history on the mutation load in populations of humans and close evolutionary relatives.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuval B Simons</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guy Sella</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/073635</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The impact of recent population history on the deleterious mutation load in humans and close evolutionary relatives]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/074237v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Capacity-approaching DNA storage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/074237v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA is an attractive medium to store digital information. Here, we report a storage strategy, called DNA Fountain, that is highly robust and approaches the information capacity per nucleotide. Using our approach, we stored a full computer operating system, movie, and other files with a total of 2.14 x 106 bytes in DNA oligos and perfectly retrieved the information from a sequencing coverage equivalent of a single tile of Illumina sequencing. We also tested a process that can allow 2.18 x 1015 retrievals using the original DNA sample and were able to perfectly decode the data. Finally, we explored the limit of our architecture in terms of bytes per molecules and obtained a perfect retrieval from a density of 215Petabyte/gram of DNA, orders of magnitudes higher than previous techniques.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yaniv Erlich</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dina Zielinski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/074237</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Capacity-approaching DNA storage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/074286v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Directed Network Discovery with Dynamic Network Modeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/074286v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cognitive tasks recruit multiple brain regions. Understanding how these regions influence each other (the network structure) is an important step to characterize the neural basis of cognitive processes. Often, limited evidence is available to restrict the range of hypotheses a priori, and techniques that sift efficiently through a large number of possible network structures are needed (network discovery). This article introduces a novel modeling technique for network discovery (Dynamic Network Modeling or DNM) that builds on ideas from Granger Causality and Dynamic Causal Modeling introducing three key changes: 1) regularization is exploited for efficient network discovery, 2) the magnitude and sign of each influence are tested with a random effects model across participants, and 3) variance explained in independent data is used as an absolute (rather than relative) measure of the quality of the network model. In this article, we outline the functioning of DNM and we report an example of its application to the investigation of influences between regions during emotion recognition. Across two experiments, DNM individuates a stable set of influences between face-selective regions during emotion recognition.nnNew and NoteworthyIn this article we introduce a new analysis method (Dynamic Network Mod- elling or DNM) which exploits{ell} 1 regularization to perform efficient for network discovery. DNM provides information about the direction and sign (inhibitory vs excitatory) of influences between brain regions, and generates measures of variance explained in independent data to evaluate quality of fit. The method is applied to brain regions engaged in emotion recognition, individuating a similar network structure across two separate experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stefano Anzellotti</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorit Kliemann</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nir Jacoby</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rebecca Saxe</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/074286</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Directed Network Discovery with Dynamic Network Modeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/074450v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local genetic effects on gene expression across 44 human tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/074450v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) mapping provides a powerful means to identify functional variants influencing gene expression and disease pathogenesis. We report the identification of cis-eQTLs from 7,051 post-mortem samples representing 44 tissues and 449 individuals as part of the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project. We find a cis-eQTL for 88% of all annotated protein-coding genes, with one-third having multiple independent effects. We identify numerous tissue-specific cis-eQTLs, highlighting the unique functional impact of regulatory variation in diverse tissues. By integrating large-scale functional genomics data and state-of-the-art fine-mapping algorithms, we identify multiple features predictive of tissue-specific and shared regulatory effects. We improve estimates of cis-eQTL sharing and effect sizes using allele specific expression across tissues. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of this large compendium of cis-eQTLs for understanding the tissue-specific etiology of complex traits, including coronary artery disease. The GTEx project provides an exceptional resource that has improved our understanding of gene regulation across tissues and the role of regulatory variation in human genetic diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Francois Aguet</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew A Brown</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephane Castel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joe R Davis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pejman Mohammadi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayellet V Segre</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zachary Zappala</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathan S Abell</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laure Fresard</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric R Gamazon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellen Gelfand</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machael J Gloudemans</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan He</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farhad Hormozdiari</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xin Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boxiang Liu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diego Garrido-Martin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halit Ongen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John J Palowitch</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>YoSon Park</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christine B Peterson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerald Quon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephan Ripke</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrey A Shabalin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyler C Shimko</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin J Strober</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timothy J Sullivan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicole A Teran</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emily K Tsang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hailei Zhang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi-Hui Zhou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexis Battle</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlos D Bustamonte</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nancy J Cox</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbara E Engelhardt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eleazar Eskin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gad Getz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manolis Kellis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gen Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel G MacArt</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/074450</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local genetic effects on gene expression across 44 human tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/075655v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Length control of filamentous structures in cells by the limiting pool mechanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/075655v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How the size of organelles in cells is controlled despite a constant turnover of their constituent parts is a central problem in cell biology. A general mechanism has been proposed based on the idea that an organelle grows by self-assembly of molecular subunits that freely diffuse in the cytoplasm. Assembly continues until the available pool of subunits is depleted to the point when the stochastic addition and removal of subunits is balanced, leading to a structure of well-defined size. Here we focus on length control of multiple filamentous structures in cells, such as actin cables and flagella. Using queueing theory and computation we show that the limiting pool mechanism leads to three different phases of assembly, starting with a rapid growth phase when all filaments quickly accumulate a large number of available subunits. Then, the slower growing filamentous structures enter a disassembly phase as they gradually lose all of their subunits to the faster growing structures. Finally, when multiple, equivalent fast-growing filaments are present, their lengths undergo protracted diffusive dynamics due to the stochastic swapping of subunits between them. This eventually leads to a broad, power-law distribution of filament lengths in steady state. Our findings demonstrate that the limiting-pool mechanism is incapable of controlling lengths of multiple filamentous structures that are assembled from a common pool of subunits, and at best, can produce only one filament of a well-defined size. Overall, our theoretical results reveal physical limitations of the limiting-pool mechanism of organelle size control.nnSignificance StatementWhat determines the size of organelles in cells is a classic problem in cell biology. Recent experiments on mitotic spindles, and nucleolus have singled out the limiting-pool mechanism of size control. As these structures assemble, they deplete a finite pool of subunits present in the cell, thereby reducing the rate of subunit addition. Eventually the stochastic addition and removal of subunits are balanced and a well-defined size is achieved. We find that, while the limiting-pool mechanism does control the size of an individual structure, it fails when multiple structures are competing for the same pool of subunits. In that case we predict large size fluctuations and that the fastest growing structure takes up practically all the subunits from the pool.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lishibanya Mohapatra</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thibaut J. Lagny</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David Harbage</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Predrag R. Jelenkovic</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jane Kondev</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/075655</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Length control of filamentous structures in cells by the limiting pool mechanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/076315v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep-time parallel evolution of myrmecoid syndrome in rove beetle symbionts of army ants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/076315v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent adaptive radiations provide striking examples of convergence, but the predictability of evolution over much deeper timescales is controversial, due to a scarcity of ancient clades exhibiting repetitive patterns of phenotypic evolution. Army ants are ecologically dominant arthropod predators of the world's tropics, with large nomadic colonies housing diverse communities of socially parasitic myrmecophiles. Remarkable among these are many species of rove beetle (Staphylinidae) that exhibit ant-mimicking "myrmecoid" body forms and are behaviorally accepted into their aggressive hosts' societies: emigrating with colonies and inhabiting temporary nest bivouacs, grooming and feeding with workers, but also consuming the brood. Here we demonstrate that myrmecoid rove beetles are strongly polyphyletic, with this novel adaptive morphological and behavioral syndrome having evolved at least twelve times during the evolution of a single staphylinid subfamily, Aleocharinae. Each independent myrmecoid clade is restricted to one zoogeographic region and highly host-specific on a single army ant genus. Dating estimates reveal that myrmecoid clades are separated by substantial phylogenetic distances--as much as 105 million years (My). All such groups arose in parallel during the Cenozoic, as army ants are proposed to have risen to ecological dominance. This work uncovers a rare example of an ancient system of complex morphological and behavioral convergence, with replicate beetle lineages following a predictable phenotypic trajectory during their parasitic coevolution with army ants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Munetoshi Maruyama</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph Parker</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/076315</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep-time parallel evolution of myrmecoid syndrome in rove beetle symbionts of army ants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/076414v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GWAS for serum galactose-deficient IgA1 implicates critical genes of the O-glycosylation pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/076414v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aberrant O-glycosylation of serum immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1) represents a heritable pathogenic defect in IgA nephropathy, the most common form of glomerulonephritis worldwide, but specific genetic factors involved in its determination are not known. We performed a quantitative GWAS for serum levels of galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) in 2,633 subjects of European and East Asian ancestry and discovered two genome-wide significant loci, in C1GALT1 (rs13226913, P = 3.2 x 10-11) and C1GALT1C1 (rs5910940, P = 2.7 x 10-8). These genes encode molecular partners essential for enzymatic O-glycosylation of IgA1. We demonstrated that these two loci explain approximately 7% of variability in circulating Gd-IgA1 in Europeans, but only 2% in East Asians. Notably, the Gd-IgA1-increasing allele of rs13226913 is common in Europeans, but rare in East Asians. Moreover, rs13226913 represents a strong cis-eQTL for C1GALT1, which encodes the key enzyme responsible for the transfer of galactose to O-linked glycans on IgA1. By in vitro siRNA knock-down studies, we confirmed that mRNA levels of both C1GALT1 and C1GALT1C1 determine the rate of secretion of Gd-IgA1 in IgA1-producing cells. Our findings provide novel insights into the genetic regulation of O-glycosylation and are relevant not only to IgA nephropathy, but also to other complex traits associated with O-glycosylation defects, including inflammatory bowel disease, hematologic disease, and cancer.nnAuthor SummaryO-glycosylation is a common type of post-translational modification of proteins; specific abnormalities in the mechanism of O-glycosylation have been implicated in cancer, inflammatory and blood diseases. However, the molecular basis of abnormal O-glycosylation in these complex disorders is not known. We studied the genetic basis of defective O-glycosylation of serum Immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1), which represents the key pathogenic defect in IgA nephropathy, the most common form of primary glomerulonephritis worldwide. We report our results of the first genome-wide association study for this trait using serum assays in 2,633 individuals of European and East Asian ancestry. In our genome scan, we observed two significant signals with large effects, on chromosomes 7p21.3 and Xq24, jointly explaining about 7% of trait variability. These signals implicate two genes that encode molecular partners essential for enzymatic O-glycosylation of IgA1 and mucins, and represent potential new targets for therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krzysztof Kiryluk</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yifu Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zina Moldoveanu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hitoshi Suzuki</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colin Reily</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ping Hou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jingyuan Xie</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikol Mladkova</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sindhuri Prakash</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clara Fischman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samantha Shapiro</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert A. LeDesma</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drew Bradbury</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iuliana Ionita-Laza</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank Eitner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas Rauen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolas Maillard</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francois Berthoux</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jurgen Floege</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nan Chen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong Zhang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francesco Scolari</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert J. Wyatt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruce A. Julian</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali G. Gharavi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jan Novak</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/076414</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GWAS for serum galactose-deficient IgA1 implicates critical genes of the O-glycosylation pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/077230v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multidimensional stimulus-response correlation reveals supramodal neural responses to naturalistic stimuli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/077230v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In neuroscience, stimulus-response relationships have traditionally been analyzed using either encoding or decoding models. Here we combined both techniques by decomposing neural activity into multiple components, each representing a portion of the stimulus. We tested this hybrid approach on encephalographic responses to auditory and audiovisual narratives identically experienced across subjects, as well as uniquely experienced video game play. The highest stimulus-response correlations (SRC) were detected for dynamic visual features. During narratives both auditory and visual SRC were modulated by attention and tracked correlations between subjects. During video game play, SRC was modulated by task difficulty and attentional state. Importantly, the strongest component extracted for visual and auditory features had nearly identical spatial distributions, suggesting that the predominant encephalographic response to naturalistic stimuli is supramodal. The variety of novel findings demonstrates the utility of measuring multidimensional stimulus-response correlations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jacek Dmochowski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jason Ki</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul De Guzman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul Sajda</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas C Parra</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/077230</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multidimensional stimulus-response correlation reveals supramodal neural responses to naturalistic stimuli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/077578v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contribution of de novo non-coding mutations to autism and identification of risk genes from whole-genome sequencing of affected families 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/077578v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Analysis of de novo mutations (DNMs) from sequencing data of nuclear families has identified risk genes for many complex diseases, including multiple neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. Most of these efforts have focused on mutations in protein-coding sequences. Evidence from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) strongly suggests that variants important to human diseases often lie in non-coding regions. Extending DNM-based approaches to non-coding sequences is, however, challenging because the functional significance of non-coding mutations is difficult to predict. We propose a new statistical framework for analyzing DNMs from whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data. This method, TADA-Annotations (TADA-A), is a major advance of the TADA method we developed earlier for DNM analysis in coding regions. TADA-A is able to incorporate many functional annotations such as conservation and enhancer marks, learn from data which annotations are informative of pathogenic mutations and combine both coding and non-coding mutations at the gene level to detect risk genes. It also supports meta-analysis of multiple DNM studies, while adjusting for study-specific technical effects. We applied TADA-A to WGS data of [~]300 autism family trios across five studies, and discovered several new autism risk genes. The software is freely available for all research uses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuwen Liu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>A. Ercument Cicek</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanyu Liang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jinchen Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rebecca A Muhle</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholas Knoblauch</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martina Krenzer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue Mei</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi Jiang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Even Geller</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhongshan Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iuliana Ionita-Laza</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jinyu Wu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kun Xia</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James P Noonan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong Sheng Sun</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xin He</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/077578</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contribution of de novo non-coding mutations to autism and identification of risk genes from whole-genome sequencing of affected families]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/077867v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA Compass: a secure, client-side site for navigating personal genetic information 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/077867v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationMillions of individuals have access to raw genomic data using direct-to-consumer companies. The advent of large-scale sequencing projects, such as the Precision Medicine Initiative, will further increase the number of individuals with access to their own genomic information. However, querying genomic data requires a computer terminal - an impediment for the general public.nnResultsDNA Compass is a website designed to empower the public by enabling simple navigation of personal genomic data. Users can query the status of their genomic variants for over 400 conditions or tens of millions of documented SNPs. DNA Compass presents the relevant genotypes of the user side-by-side with explanatory scientific resources. The genotypes data never leaves the users computer, a feature that provides improved security and performance. Nearly 2500 unique users have used our tool, mainly from the general genetic genealogy community, demonstrating its utility.nnAvailabilityDNA Compass is freely available on https://compass.dna.land.nnContactyaniv@cs.columbia.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Charles Curnin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assaf Gordon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaniv Erlich</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/077867</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA Compass: a secure, client-side site for navigating personal genetic information]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/078717v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifying the regulatory effect size of cis-acting genetic variation using allelic fold change 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/078717v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mapping cis-acting expression quantitative trait loci (cis-eQTL) has become a popular approach for characterizing proximal genetic regulatory variants. However, measures used for quantifying the effect size of cis-eQTLs have been inconsistent and poorly defined. In this paper, we describe log allelic fold change (aFC) as a biologically interpretable and mathematically convenient unit that represents the magnitude of expression change associated with a given genetic variant. This measure is mathematically independent from expression level and allele frequency, applicable to multi-allelic variants, and generalizable to multiple independent variants. We provide tools and guidelines for estimating aFC from eQTL and allelic expression data sets, and apply it to GTEx data. We show that aFC estimates independently derived from eQTL and allelic expression data are highly consistent, and identify technical and biological correlates of eQTL effect size. We generalize aFC to analyze genes with two eQTLs in GTEx, and show that in nearly all cases these eQTLs are independent in their regulatory activity. In summary, aFC is a solid measure of cis-regulatory effect size that allows quantitative interpretation of cellular regulatory events from population data, and it is a valuable approach for investigating novel aspects of eQTL data sets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pejman Mohammadi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephane E Castel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew A Brown</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuuli Lappalainen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/078717</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifying the regulatory effect size of cis-acting genetic variation using allelic fold change]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/079202v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Commentary: BRAIN NETWORKS. Correlated gene expression supports synchronous activity in brain networks. Science 348, 1241-4. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/079202v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A recent report claims that functional brain networks defined with resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) can be recapitulated with correlated gene expression (i.e. high within-network tissue-tissue "strength fraction", SF) (Richiardi et al., 2015). However, the authors do not adequately control for spatial proximity. We replicated their main analysis, performed a more effective adjustment for spatial proximity, and tested whether "null networks" (i.e. clusters with center coordinates randomly placed throughout cortex) also exhibit high SF. Removing proximal tissue-tissue correlations by Euclidean distance, as opposed to removing correlations within arbitrary tissue labels as in (Richiardi et al., 2015), reduces within-network SF to no greater than null. Moreover, randomly placed clusters also have significantly high SF, indicating that high within-network SF is entirely attributable to proximity and is unrelated to functional brain networks defined by resting-state fMRI. We discuss why additional validations in the original article are invalid and/or misleading and suggest future directions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spiro P. Pantazatos</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xinyi Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/079202</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Commentary: BRAIN NETWORKS. Correlated gene expression supports synchronous activity in brain networks. Science 348, 1241-4.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/079269v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recovery of hand function after stroke: separable systems for finger strength and control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/079269v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Loss of hand function after stroke is a major cause of long-term disability. Hand function can be partitioned into strength and independent control of fingers (individuation). Here we developed a novel paradigm, which independently quantifies these two aspects of hand function, to track hand recovery in 54 patients with hemiparesis over the first year after their stroke. Most recovery of both strength and individuation occurred in the first three months after stroke. Improvement in strength and individuation were tightly correlated up to a strength level of approximately 60% of the unaffected side. Beyond this threshold, further gains in strength were not accompanied by improvements in individuation. Any observed improvements in individuation beyond the 60% threshold were attributable instead to a second independent stable factor. Lesion analysis revealed that damage to the hand area in motor cortex and the corticospinal tract (CST) correlated more with individuation than with strength. CST involvement correlated with individuation even after factoring out the strength-individuation correlation. The most parsimonious explanation for these behavioral and lesion-based findings is that most strength recovery, along with some individuation, can be attributed to descending systems other than the CST, whereas further recovery of individuation is CST dependent.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jing Xu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naveed Ejaz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin Hertler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meret Branscheidt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mario Widmer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreia V Faria</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michelle Harran</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juan C Cortes</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathan Kim</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pablo A Celnik</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomoko Kitago</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreas Luft</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John W Krakauer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jörn Diedrichsen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/079269</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recovery of hand function after stroke: separable systems for finger strength and control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/079913v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using Machine Learning to Parse Breast Pathology Reports 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/079913v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1PurposeExtracting information from Electronic Medical Record is a time-consuming and expensive process when done manually. Rule-based and machine learning techniques are two approaches to solving this problem. In this study, we trained a machine learning model on pathology reports to extract pertinent tumor characteristics, which enabled us to create a large database of attribute searchable pathology reports. This database can be used to identify cohorts of patients with characteristics of interest.nnMethodsWe collected a total of 91,505 breast pathology reports from three Partners hospitals: Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Brigham and Womens Hospital (BWH), and Newton-Wellesley Hospital (NWH), covering the period from 1978 to 2016. We trained our system with annotations from two datasets, consisting of 6,295 and 10,841 manually annotated reports. The system extracts 20 separate categories of information, including atypia types and various tumor characteristics such as receptors. We also report a learning curve analysis to show how much annotation our model needs to perform reasonably.nnResultsThe model accuracy was tested on 500 reports that did not overlap with the training set. The model achieved accuracy of 90% for correctly parsing all carcinoma and atypia categories for a given patient. The average accuracy for individual categories was 97%. Using this classifier, we created a database of 91,505 parsed pathology reports.nnConclusionsOur learning curve analysis shows that the model can achieve reasonable results even when trained on a few annotations. We developed a user-friendly interface to the database that allows physicians to easily identify patients with target characteristics and export the matching cohort. This model has the potential to reduce the effort required for analyzing large amounts of data from medical records, and to minimize the cost and time required to glean scientific insight from this data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adam Yala</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regina Barzilay</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laura Salama</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molly Griffin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grace Sollender</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aditya Bardia</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constance Lehman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julliette M Buckley</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzanne B Coopey</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernanda Polubriaginof</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Judy E Garber</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbara L Smith</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michele A Gadd</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michelle C Specht</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas M Gudewicz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anthony Guidi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alphonse Taghian</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kevin S Hughes</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/079913</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using Machine Learning to Parse Breast Pathology Reports]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/081083v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sexually dimorphic differentiation of a C. elegans hub neuron is cell-autonomously controlled by a conserved transcription factor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/081083v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional and anatomical sexual dimorphisms in the brain are either the result of cells that are generated only in one sex, or a manifestation of sex-specific differentiation of neurons present in both sexes. The PHC neurons of the nematode C. elegans differentiate in a strikingly sex-specific manner. While in hermaphrodites the PHC neurons display a canonical pattern of synaptic connectivity similar to that of other sensory neurons, PHC differentiates into a densely connected hub sensory/interneuron in males, integrating a large number of male-specific synaptic inputs and conveying them to both male-specific and sex-shared circuitry. We describe that the differentiation into such a hub neuron involves the sex-specific scaling of several components of the synaptic vesicle machinery, including the vesicular glutamate transporter eat-4/VGLUT, induction of neuropeptide expression, changes in axonal projection morphology and a switch in neuronal function. We demonstrate that these molecular and anatomical remodeling events are controlled cell-autonomously by the phylogenetically conserved Doublesex homolog dmd-3, which is both required and sufficient for sex-specific PHC differentiation. Cellular specificity of dmd-3 action is ensured by its collaboration with non-sex specific terminal selector-type transcription factors whereas sex-specificity of dmd-3 action is ensured by the hermaphrodite-specific master regulator of hermaphroditic cell identity, the Gli-like transcription factor tra-1, which transcriptionally represses dmd-3 in hermaphrodite PHC. Taken together, our studies provide mechanistic insights into how neurons are specified in a sexually dimorphic manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Serrano Saiz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oren-Suissa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayer, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/081083</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sexually dimorphic differentiation of a C. elegans hub neuron is cell-autonomously controlled by a conserved transcription factor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/081703v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scalable variational inference for super resolution microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/081703v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Super-resolution microscopy methods (e.g. STORM or PALM imaging) have become essential tools in biology, opening up a variety of new questions that were previously inaccessible with standard light microscopy methods. In this paper we develop new Bayesian image processing methods that extend the reach of super-resolution microscopy even further. Our method couples variational inference techniques with a data summarization based on Laplace approximation to ensure computational scalability. Our formulation makes it straightforward to incorporate prior information about the underlying sample to further improve accuracy. The proposed method obtains dramatic resolution improvements over previous methods while retaining computational tractability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/081703</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scalable variational inference for super resolution microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/083741v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analytical and Clinical Validity Study of FirstStepDx PLUS: A Chromosomal Microarray Optimized for Patients with Neurodevelopmental Conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/083741v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionChromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) is recognized as the first-tier test in the genetic evaluation of children with developmental delays, intellectual disabilities, congenital anomalies and autism spectrum disorders of unknown etiology.nnArray DesignTo optimize detection of clinically relevant copy number variants associated with these conditions, we designed a whole-genome microarray, FirstStepDx PLUS (FSDX). A set of 88,435 custom probes was added to the Affymetrix CytoScanHD platform targeting genomic regions strongly associated with these conditions. This combination of 2,784,985 total probes results in the highest probe coverage and clinical yield for these disorders.nnResults and DiscussionClinical testing of this patient population is validated on DNA from either non-invasive buccal swabs or traditional blood samples. In this report we provide data demonstrating the analytic and clinical validity of FSDX and provide an overview of results from the first 7,570 consecutive patients tested clinically. We further demonstrate that buccal sampling is an effective method of obtaining DNA samples, which may provide improved results compared to traditional blood sampling for patients with neurodevelopmental disorders who exhibit somatic mosaicism.nnClinical scenarioNeurodevelopmental disabilities, including developmental delays (DD), intellectual disabilities (ID), and autism spectrum disorders (ASD), affect up to 15% of children (1). In the majority of cases, a childs clinical presentation does not allow for a definitive etiological diagnosis. In such cases, CMA is recommended as the first-tier test that should be used to evaluate for a potential genetic etiology (2-7). A definitive genetic diagnosis allows patients to more often receive appropriate medical care tailored to their condition, as reflected by medical management changes and improved access to necessary support and educational services (8-13).nnTest descriptionFirstStepDx PLUS (FSDX) is an optimized clinical microarray test provided in the context of a comprehensive clinical service. Testing starts with either a non-invasive buccal swab sample or traditional blood sample from which DNA extraction using a Gentra Puregene(R) kit specific to the sample type (Qiagen, Inc., Valencia, CA) is performed in one of several contracted CLIA/CAP credentialed laboratories according to manufacturers protocols. High quality genomic DNA is fragmented, labeled and hybridized to FSDX arrays using reagents, equipment and methodology as specified by by the manufacturer (Affymetrix, Inc., Santa Clara, CA)(14). Washed arrays are scanned and raw data files are processed to CYCHP files using a reference file comprising at least 100 samples with normal array findings. Data analysis is performed using Chromosome Analysis Suite software version 2.0.1 (Affymetrix). Hybridization of patient DNA to oligonucleotide and SNP probes is independently compared against a previously analyzed cohort of normal samples to call CNVs and allele genotypes. The percentage mosaicism of whole-chromosome aneuploidies is determined using the average log2 ratio of the entire chromosome (14).nnMicroarray designFSDX was optimized by the addition of 88,435 custom probes targeting genomic regions strongly associated with ID/DD/ASD (15-24). This was effected, under GMP by Affymetrix, to the CytoScanHD platform using their microarray design process specifications which have been previously described (14). This is consistent with the ACMG recommendation of "enrichment of probes targeting dosage-sensitive genes known to result in phenotypes consistent with common indications for a genomic screen" (25). Critical regions that did not meet a desired probe density [&ge;]1 probe/1000 bp on the CytoScanHD were supplemented with additional probe content to allow for improved detection of smaller deletions and duplications in these critical regions. Finally, additional probes were added to improve detection of CNVs encompassing genes involved in other well-characterized neurodevelopmental disorders, for example GAMT (26) and GATM (27). All incremental probes were added in substitution for probes deemed sub-optimal by Affymetrix and previously masked, bringing FSDX to a grand total of 2,784,985 probes. Custom SNP probes (n =416) on FSDX are targeted by 12 oligonucleotides, three for each strand of each allele, which is approximately double the typical probe coverage for SNPs.nnTest interpretationCYCHP files are evaluated by ABMG certified cytogeneticists. Determination of CNVs is consistent with established cytogenetic standards. A minimum of 25-consecutive impacted probes is the baseline determinant for deletions and 50 probes for duplications independent of variant size. Rare CNVs are determined to be "pathogenic" if there is sufficient evidence published (at least two independent publications) to indicate that haploinsufficiency or triplosensitivity of the region or gene(s) involved is causative of clinical features or of sufficient overall size (28). If however, there is insufficient but at least preliminary evidence for a causative role for the region or gene(s) therein they are classified as variants of unknown significance (VOUS) independent of CNV size. Areas of absence of heterozygosity (AOH) are also classed as VOUS if of sufficient size and location to increase the risk for conditions with autosomal recessive inheritance or conditions with parent-of-origin/imprinting effects. Other CNVs are typically not reported after determination that they most likely represent normal common population variants and are contained in databases documenting presumptively benign CNVs, e.g., the Database of Genomic Variants (DGV) (29). These parameters were standard independent of the microarray used for analysis in comparative studies.nnPublic health importanceA definitive genetic diagnosis facilitates patient access to appropriate and necessary medical and support services. Defining the underlying genetic cause of DD/ID/ASD and/or multiple congenital anomalies (MCA) in each unique patient is vital to understanding etiology, prognosis, and course. It informs physicians of potential comorbid conditions for which a patient should be evaluated and treated proactively and optimally. Improved understandings of the appropriate therapeutic and behavioral approaches to that patient are also enabled. Genetic testing is best provided in the context of an integrated service (30), so FSDX provides comprehensive, clear, readable, and personalized reports for the healthcare provider and a family-friendly section to facilitate understanding of the often-complex results. The report is complemented by availability of pre- and post-test genetic counseling and technical support to providers. Moreover, FSDX includes personalized insurance pre-authorization and appeals assistance to overcome barriers encountered by both providers and families that, in many circumstances, prevent access to crucial genetic testing services (10-11).nnPublished reviews, recommendations and guidelinesThe American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG) (2,3), the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (4,7), the American Academy of Pediatrics (5), and the American Academy of Neurology/Child Neurology Society (6) recommend CMA as the first-tier test in the genetic evaluation of children with unexplained DD, ID, or ASD. Considerable data supporting these guidelines are documented in numerous reviews and publications (31-36). The ACMG has also published guidelines on both array design (25) and the validation of arrays, including validation of a new version of a platform in use by the laboratory from the same manufacturer, and of additional sample types (28).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hensel, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanzo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambert, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peiffer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mowery-Rushton, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serrano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>South, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wassman, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/083741</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analytical and Clinical Validity Study of FirstStepDx PLUS: A Chromosomal Microarray Optimized for Patients with Neurodevelopmental Conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/085886v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cause for pause before leaping to conclusions about stepping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/085886v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many neurons in parietal and prefrontal association cortex undergo gradual changes in firing rate during the formation of some perceptual decisions. These dynamics are often ramp-like increases or decreases depending on the sign and strength of the sensory evidence and are thus hypothesized to represent the accumulation of noisy samples of evidence, analogous to biased diffusion. This idea was challenged recently. An analysis of sequences of action potentials recorded from neurons in the lateral intraparietal cortex (area LIP) suggests that the spikes on single trials are explained by rates that undergo a discrete step from an intermediate rate to either a low or high rate at a random time during deliberation. The average of such steps, like the average of biased diffusion, is consistent with the ramp-like firing rates observed in LIP, but a Bayesian model comparison deemed stepping superior. Here we show that a shortcoming in the mathematical depiction of drift-diffusion led to a severe bias in the model comparison. We conclude that at present there is no compelling evidence that favors the stepping account.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zylberberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadlen, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/085886</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cause for pause before leaping to conclusions about stepping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/085969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying genetic variants that affect viability in large cohorts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/085969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A number of open questions in human evolutionary genetics would become tractable if we were able to directly measure evolutionary fitness. As a step towards this goal, we developed a method to examine whether individual genetic variants, or sets of genetic variants, currently influence viability. The approach consists in testing whether the frequency of an allele varies across ages, accounting for variation in ancestry. We applied it to the Genetic Epidemiology Research on Aging (GERA) cohort and to the parents of participants in the UK Biobank. Across the genome, we find only a few common variants with large effects on age-specific mortality: tagging the APOE {varepsilon}4 allele and near CHRNA3. These results suggest that when large, even late onset effects are kept at low frequency by purifying selection. Testing viability effects of sets of genetic variants that jointly influence one of 42 traits, we detect a number of strong signals. In participants of the UK Biobank study of British ancestry, we find that variants that delay puberty timing are enriched in longer-lived parents (P~6x10-6 for fathers and P~2x10-3 for mothers), consistent with epidemiological studies. Similarly, in mothers, variants associated with later age at first birth are associated with a longer lifespan (P~1x10-3). Signals are also observed for variants influencing cholesterol levels, risk of coronary artery disease, body mass index, as well as risk of asthma. These signals exhibit consistent effects in the GERA cohort and among participants of the UK Biobank of non-British ancestry. Moreover, we see marked differences between males and females, most notably at the CHRNA3 locus, and variants associated with risk of coronary artery disease and cholesterol levels. Beyond our findings, the analysis serves as a proof of principle for how upcoming biomedical datasets can be used to learn about selection effects in contemporary humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mostafavi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berisa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przeworski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickrell, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/085969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying genetic variants that affect viability in large cohorts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/089912v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electrical Stimulus Artifact Cancellation and Neural Spike Detection on Large Multi-Electrode Arrays 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/089912v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Simultaneous electrical stimulation and recording using multi-electrode arrays can provide a valuable technique for studying circuit connectivity and engineering neural interfaces. However, interpreting these measurements is challenging because the spike sorting process (identifying and segregating action potentials arising from different neurons) is greatly complicated by electrical stimulation artifacts across the array, which can exhibit complex and nonlinear waveforms, and overlap temporarily with evoked spikes. Here we develop a scalable algorithm based on a structured Gaussian Process model to estimate the artifact and identify evoked spikes. The effectiveness of our methods is demonstrated in both real and simulated 512-electrode recordings in the peripheral primate retina with single-electrode and several types of multi-electrode stimulation. We establish small error rates in the identification of evoked spikes, with a computational complexity that is compatible with real-time data analysis. This technology may be helpful in the design of future high-resolution sensory prostheses based on tailored stimulation (e.g., retinal prostheses), and for closed-loop neural stimulation at a much larger scale than currently possible.nnAuthor SummarySimultaneous electrical stimulation and recording using multi-electrode arrays can provide a valuable technique for studying circuit connectivity and engineering neural interfaces. However, interpreting these recordings is challenging because the spike sorting process (identifying and segregating action potentials arising from different neurons) is largely stymied by electrical stimulation artifacts across the array, which are typically larger than the signals of interest. We develop a novel computational framework to estimate and subtract away this contaminating artifact, enabling the large-scale analysis of responses of possibly hundreds of cells to tailored stimulation. Importantly, we suggest that this technology may also be helpful for the development of future high-resolution neural prosthetic devices (e.g., retinal prostheses).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mena, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grosberg, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hottowy, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chichilnisky, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/089912</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electrical Stimulus Artifact Cancellation and Neural Spike Detection on Large Multi-Electrode Arrays]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/090217v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimation of time-varying decision thresholds from the choice and reaction times without assumptions on the shape 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/090217v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When a decision is made based on a series of samples of evidence, the threshold for decision may change over time. Here we propose a fast heuristic algorithm that estimates the time-varying thresholds without making an assumption on their shape. The algorithm gives an approximate best estimate of the time-varying thresholds for all time considered when all other parameters are fixed. The algorithm outperforms conventional methods that gradually adjust the threshold estimates during fitting, when fitting time is limited.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kang, Y. H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/090217</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimation of time-varying decision thresholds from the choice and reaction times without assumptions on the shape]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/091132v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-scale approaches for high-speed imaging and analysis of large neural populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/091132v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Progress in modern neuroscience critically depends on our ability to observe the activity of large neuronal populations with cellular spatial and high temporal resolution. However, two bottlenecks constrain efforts towards fast imaging of large populations. First, the resulting large video data is challenging to analyze. Second, there is an explicit tradeoff between imaging speed, signal-to-noise, and field of view: with current recording technology we cannot image very large neuronal populations with simultaneously high spatial and temporal resolution.nnHere we describe multi-scale approaches for alleviating both of these bottlenecks. First, we show that spatial and temporal decimation techniques provide order-of-magnitude speedups in spatiotemporally demixing calcium video data into estimates of single-cell neural activity. Second, once the shapes of individual neurons have been identified (e.g., after an initial phase of conventional imaging with standard temporal and spatial resolution), we find that the spatial/temporal resolution tradeoff shifts dramatically: after demixing we can accurately recover neural activity from data that has been spatially decimated by an order of magnitude. This offers a cheap method for compressing this large video data, and also implies that it is possible to either speed up imaging significantly, or to "zoom out" by a corresponding factor to image order-of-magnitude larger neuronal populations with minimal loss in accuracy or temporal resolution.nnAuthor SummaryThe voxel rate of imaging systems ultimately sets the limit on the speed of data acquisition. These limits often mean that only a small fraction of the activity of large neuronal populations can be observed at high spatio-temporal resolution. For imaging of very large populations with single cell resolution, temporal resolution is typically sacrificed. Here we propose a multi-scale approach to achieve single cell precision using fast imaging at reduced spatial resolution. In the first phase the spatial location and shape of each neuron is obtained at standard spatial resolution; in the second phase imaging is performed at much lower spatial resolution. We show that we can apply a demixing algorithm to accurately recover each neurons activity from the low-resolution data by exploiting the high-resolution cellular maps estimated in the first imaging phase. Thus by decreasing the spatial resolution in the second phase, we can compress the video data significantly, and potentially acquire images over an order-of-magnitude larger area, or image at significantly higher temporal resolution, with minimal loss in accuracy of the recovered neuronal activity. We evaluate this approach on real data from light-sheet and 2-photon calcium imaging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Friedrich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soudry, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahrens, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuste, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterka, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/091132</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-scale approaches for high-speed imaging and analysis of large neural populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/091322v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mindboggling morphometry of human brains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/091322v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mindboggle (http://mindboggle.info) is an open source brain morphometry platform that takes in preprocessed T1-weighted MRI data and outputs volume, surface, and tabular data containing label, feature, and shape information for further analysis. In this article, we document the software and demonstrate its use in studies of shape variation in healthy and diseased humans. The number of different shape measures and the size of the populations make this the largest and most detailed shape analysis of human brains every conducted. Brain image morphometry shows great potential for providing much-needed biological markers for diagnosing, tracking, and predicting progression of mental health disorders. Very few software algorithms provide more than measures of volume and cortical thickness, and more subtle shape measures may provide more sensitive and specific biomarkers. Mindboggle computes a variety of (primarily surface-based) shapes: area, volume, thickness, curvature, depth, Laplace-Beltrami spectra, Zernike moments, etc. We evaluate Mindboggles algorithms using the largest set of manually labeled, publicly available brain images in the world and compare them against state-of-the-art algorithms where they exist. All data, code, and results of these evaluations are publicly available.nnAuthor SummaryBrains vary in many ways, including their shape. Analysing differences in shape between brains or changes in brain shape over time has been used to characterize morphology of diseased brains, but these analyses conventionally rely on simple volumetric shape measures. We believe that access to a greater variety of shape measures could provide greater sensitivity and specificity to morphological disturbances, and could aid in diagnosis, tracking, and prediction of the progression of mental health disorders. Mindboggle is open source software that provides neuroscientists (and indeed, anyone interested in computing shapes) tools for computing a variety of shape measures, including area, volume, thickness, curvature, geodesic depth, travel depth, Laplace-Beltrami spectra, and Zernike moments. In addition to algorithmic contributions, we conducted evaluations and applied Mindboggle to conduct the most detailed shape analysis of human brains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Klein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hame, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stavsky, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossa, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reuter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaibub Neto, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keshavan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/091322</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mindboggling morphometry of human brains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/091579v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The population genetics of human disease: the case of recessive, lethal mutations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/091579v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Do the frequencies of disease mutations in human populations reflect a simple balance between mutation and purifying selection? What other factors shape the prevalence of disease mutations? To begin to answer these questions, we focused on one of the simplest cases: recessive mutations that alone cause lethal diseases or complete sterility. To this end, we generated a hand-curated set of 417 Mendelian mutations in 32 genes, reported to cause a recessive, lethal Mendelian disease. We then considered analytic models of mutation-selection balance in infinite and finite populations of constant sizes and simulations of purifying selection in a more realistic demographic setting, and tested how well these models fit allele frequencies estimated from 33,370 individuals of European ancestry. In doing so, we distinguished between CpG transitions, which occur at a substantially elevated rate, and three other mutation types. The observed frequency for CpG transitions is slightly higher than expectation but close, whereas the frequencies observed for the three other mutation types are an order of magnitude higher than expected. This discrepancy is even larger when subtle fitness effects in heterozygotes or lethal compound heterozygotes are taken into account. In principle, higher than expected frequencies of disease mutations could be due to widespread errors in reporting causal variants, compensation by other mutations, or balancing selection. It is unclear why these factors would have a greater impact on variants with lower mutation rates, however. We argue instead that the unexpectedly high frequency of disease mutations and the relationship to the mutation rate likely reflect an ascertainment bias: of all the mutations that cause recessive lethal diseases, those that by chance have reached higher frequencies are more likely to have been identified and thus to have been included in this study. Beyond the specific application, this study highlights the parameters likely to be important in shaping the frequencies of Mendelian disease alleles.nnAuthor SummaryWhat determines the frequencies of disease mutations in human populations? To begin to answer this question, we focus on one of the simplest cases: mutations that cause completely recessive, lethal Mendelian diseases. We first review theory about what to expect from mutation and selection in a population of finite size and further generate predictions based on simulations using a realistic demographic scenario of human evolution. For a highly mutable type of mutations, such as transitions at CpG sites, we find that the predictions are close to the observed frequencies of recessive lethal disease mutations. For less mutable types, however, predictions substantially under-estimate the observed frequency. We discuss possible explanations for the discrepancy and point to a complication that, to our knowledge, is not widely appreciated: that there exists ascertainment bias in disease mutation discovery. Specifically, we suggest that alleles that have been identified to date are likely the ones that by chance have reached higher frequencies and are thus more likely to have been mapped. More generally, our study highlights the factors that influence the frequencies of Mendelian disease alleles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guerra Amorim, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diesel, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simons, Y. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haque, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickrell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przeworski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/091579</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The population genetics of human disease: the case of recessive, lethal mutations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/091918v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A new law of human perception 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/091918v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Perception is a subjective experience that depends on the expectations and beliefs of an observer1. Psychophysical measures provide an objective yet indirect characterization of this experience by describing the dependency between the physical properties of a stimulus and the corresponding perceptually guided behavior2. Two fundamental psychophysical measures characterize an observers perception of a stimulus: how well the observer can discriminate the stimulus from similar ones (discrimination threshold) and how strongly the observers perceived stimulus value deviates from the true stimulus value (perceptual bias). It has long been thought that these two perceptual characteristics are independent3. Here we demonstrate that discrimination threshold and perceptual bias show a surprisingly simple mathematical relation. The relation, which we derived from assumptions of optimal sensory encoding and decoding4, is well supported by a wide range of reported psychophysical data5-16 including perceptual changes induced by spatial17,18 and temporal19-23 context, and attention24. The large empirical support suggests that the proposed relation represents a new law of human perception. Our results imply that universal rules govern the computational processes underlying human perception.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wei, X.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stocker, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/091918</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A new law of human perception]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/092288v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Fruit Fly Brain Observatory: from structure to function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/092288v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Fruit Fly Brain Observatory (FFBO) is a collaborative effort between experimentalists, theorists and computational neuroscientists at Columbia University, National Tsing Hua University and Sheffield University with the goal to (i) create an open platform for the emulation and biological validation of fruit fly brain models in health and disease, (ii) standardize tools and methods for graphical rendering, representation and manipulation of brain circuits, (iii) standardize tools for representation of fruit fly brain data and its abstractions and support for natural language queries, (iv) create a focus for the neuroscience community with interests in the fruit fly brain and encourage the sharing of fruit fly brain structural data and executable code worldwide. NeuroNLP and NeuroGFX, two key FFBO applications, aim to address two major challenges, respectively: i) seamlessly integrate structural and genetic data from multiple sources that can be intuitively queried, effectively visualized and extensively manipulated, ii) devise executable brain circuit models anchored in structural data for understanding and developing novel hypotheses about brain function. NeuroNLP enables researchers to use plain English (or other languages) to probe biological data that are integrated into a novel database system, called NeuroArch, that we developed for integrating biological and abstract data models of the fruit fly brain. With powerful 3D graphical visualization, NeuroNLP presents a highly accessible portal for the fruit fly brain data. NeuroGFX provides users highly intuitive tools to execute neural circuit models with Neurokernel, an open-source platform for emulating the fruit fly brain, with full data support from the NeuroArch database and visualization support from an interactive graphical interface. Brain circuits can be configured with high flexibility and investigated on multiple levels, e.g., whole brain, neuropil, and local circuit levels. The FFBO is publicly available and accessible at http://fruitflybrain.org from any modern web browsers, including those running on smartphones.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ukani, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomkins, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florescu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortiz, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richmond, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coca, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, A.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazar, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/092288</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Fruit Fly Brain Observatory: from structure to function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/092429v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NeuroNLP: a natural language portal for aggregated fruit fly brain data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/092429v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
NeuroNLP, is a key application on the Fruit Fly Brain Observatory platform (FFBO, http://fruitflybrain.org), that provides a modern web-based portal for navigating fruit fly brain circuit data. Increases in the availability and scale of fruit fly connectome data, demand new, scalable and accessible methods to facilitate investigation into the functions of the latest complex circuits being uncovered. NeuroNLP enables in-depth exploration and investigation of the structure of brain circuits, using intuitive natural language queries that are capable of revealing the latent structure and information, obscured due to expansive yet independent data sources. NeuroNLP is built on top of a database system call NeuroArch that codifies knowledge about the fruit fly brain circuits, spanning multiple sources. Users can probe biological circuits in the NeuroArch database with plain English queries, such as "show glutamatergic local neurons in the left antennal lobe" and "show neurons with dendrites in the left mushroom body and axons in the fan-shaped body". This simple yet powerful interface replaces the usual, cumbersome checkboxes and dropdown menus prevalent in todays neurobiological databases. Equipped with powerful 3D visualization, NeuroNLP standardizes tools and methods for graphical rendering, representation, and manipulation of brain circuits, while integrating with existing databases such as the FlyCircuit. The userfriendly graphical user interface complements the natural language queries with additional controls for exploring the connectivity of neurons and neural circuits. Designed with an open-source, modular structure, it is highly scalable/flexible/extensible to additional databases or to switch between databases and supports the creation of additional parsers for other languages. By supporting access through a web browser from any modern laptop or smartphone, NeuroNLP significantly increases the accessibility of fruit fly brain data and improves the impact of the data in both scientific and educational exploration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ukani, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomkins, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruning, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenichel, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florescu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortiz, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richmond, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coca, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, A.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazar, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/092429</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NeuroNLP: a natural language portal for aggregated fruit fly brain data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/092437v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NeuroGFX: a graphical functional explorer for fruit fly brain circuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/092437v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recently, multiple focused efforts have resulted in substantial increase in the availability of connectome data in the fruit fly brain. Elucidating neural circuit function from such structural data calls for a scalable computational modeling methodology. We propose such a methodology that includes i) a brain emulation engine, with an architecture that can tackle the complexity of whole brain modeling, ii) a database that supports tight integration of biological and modeling data along with support for domain specific queries and circuit transformations, and iii) a graphical interface that allows for total flexibility in configuring neural circuits and visualizing run-time results, both anchored on model abstractions closely reflecting biological structure. Towards the realization of such a methodology, we have developed NeuroGFX and integrated it into the architecture of the Fruit Fly Brain Observatory (http://fruitflybrain.org). The computational infrastructure in NeuroGFX is provided by Neurokernel, an open source platform for the emulation of the fruit fly brain, and NeuroArch, a database for querying and executing fruit fly brain circuits. The integration of the two enables the algorithmic construction/manipulation/revision of executable circuits on multiple levels of abstraction of the same model organism. The power of this computational infrastructure can be leveraged through an intuitive graphical interface that allows visualizing execution results in the context of biological structure. This provides an environment where computational researchers can present configurable, executable neural circuits, and experimental scientists can easily explore circuit structure and function ultimately leading to biological validation. With these capabilities, NeuroGFX enables the exploration of function from circuit structure at whole brain, neuropil, and local circuit level of abstraction. By allowing for independently developed models to be integrated at the architectural level, NeuroGFX provides an open plug and play, collaborative environment for whole brain computational modeling of the fruit fly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yeh, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ukani, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazar, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/092437</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NeuroGFX: a graphical functional explorer for fruit fly brain circuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/092551v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evidence that the ventral stream codes the errors used in hierarchical inference and learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/092551v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ventral visual stream neural responses are dynamic, even for static image presentations. However, dynamical neural models of visual cortex are lacking as most progress has been made modeling static, time-averaged responses. Here, we studied population neural dynamics during face detection across three cortical processing stages. Remarkably, ~30 milliseconds after the initially evoked response, we found that neurons in intermediate level areas decreased their preference for faces, becoming anti-face preferring on average even while neurons in higher level areas achieved and maintained a face preference. This pattern of hierarchical neural dynamics was inconsistent with extensions of standard feedforward circuits that implemented recurrence within a cortical stage. Rather, recurrent models computing errors between stages captured the observed temporal signatures. Without additional parameter fitting, this model of neural dynamics, which simply augments the standard feedforward model of online vision to encode errors, also explained seemingly disparate dynamical phenomena in the ventral stream.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Issa, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cadieu, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiCarlo, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/092551</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evidence that the ventral stream codes the errors used in hierarchical inference and learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/093096v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Repeated losses of PRDM9-directed recombination despite the conservation of PRDM9 across vertebrates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/093096v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studies of highly diverged species have revealed two mechanisms by which meiotic recombination is directed to the genome--through PRDM9 binding or by targeting promoter-like features--that lead to dramatically different evolutionary dynamics of hotspots. Here, we identify PRDM9 orthologs from genome and transcriptome data in 225 species. We find the complete PRDM9 ortholog across distantly related vertebrates but, despite this broad conservation, infer a minimum of six partial and three complete losses. Strikingly, taxa carrying the complete ortholog of PRDM9 are precisely those with rapid evolution of its predicted binding affinity, suggesting that all domains are necessary for directing recombination. Indeed, as we show, swordtail fish carrying only a partial but conserved ortholog share recombination properties with PRDM9 knock-outs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baker, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haba, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holland, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenthal, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przeworski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/093096</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Repeated losses of PRDM9-directed recombination despite the conservation of PRDM9 across vertebrates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/093237v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Correcting Chimeric Crosstalk in Single Cell RNA-seq Experiments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/093237v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As part of the process of preparing sequencing libraries that include unique molecular identifiers (UMIs) such as many single cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) libraries, a diverse template must be amplified. During amplification, spurious chimeric molecules can be formed between molecules originating in different cells. While several computational and experimental strategies have been suggested to mitigate the impact of chimeric molecules, suitable approaches for scRNA-seq experiments do not exist. We demonstrate that chimeras become increasingly problematic as samples are sequenced deeply and propose both supervised and unsupervised computational solutions. These solutions are validated in the context of a deeply sequenced species mixing experiment, and, orthogonally, using replicate PCR amplifications of the same scRNA-seq library. Our code is publicly available at https://github.com/asncd/schimera.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dixit, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/093237</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Correcting Chimeric Crosstalk in Single Cell RNA-seq Experiments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/093831v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detection of long repeat expansions from PCR-free whole-genome sequence data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/093831v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying large repeat expansions such as those that cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Fragile X syndrome is challenging for short-read (100-150 bp) whole genome sequencing (WGS) data. A solution to this problem is an important step towards integrating WGS into precision medicine. We have developed a software tool called ExpansionHunter that, using PCR-free WGS short-read data, can genotype repeats at the locus of interest, even if the expanded repeat is larger than the read length. We applied our algorithm to WGS data from 3,001 ALS patients who have been tested for the presence of the C9orf72 repeat expansion with repeat-primed PCR (RP-PCR). Taking the RP-PCR calls as the ground truth, our WGS-based method identified pathogenic repeat expansions with 98.1% sensitivity and 99.7% specificity. Further inspection identified that all 11 conflicts were resolved as errors in the original RP-PCR results. Compared against this updated result, ExpansionHunter correctly classified all (212/212) of the expanded samples as either expansions (208) or potential expansions (4). Additionally, 99.9% (2,786/2,789) of the wild type samples were correctly classified as wild type by this method with the remaining two identified as possible expansions. We further applied our algorithm to a set of 144 samples where every sample had one of eight different pathogenic repeat expansions including examples associated with fragile X syndrome, Friedreichs ataxia and Huntingtons disease and correctly flagged all of the known repeat expansions. Finally, we tested the accuracy of our method for short repeats by comparing our genotypes with results from 860 samples sized using fragment length analysis and determined that our calls were >95% accurate. ExpansionHunter can be used to accurately detect known pathogenic repeat expansions and provides researchers with a tool that can be used to identify new pathogenic repeat expansions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dolzhenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Vugt, J. J. F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bekritsky, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Blitterswijk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsbury, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphray, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schellevis, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brands, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rademakers, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooyman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tazelaar, G. H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Es, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLaughlin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sproviero, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shatunov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al Khleifat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pittman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardiman, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Chalabi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Berg, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bentley, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eberle, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veldink, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/093831</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detection of long repeat expansions from PCR-free whole-genome sequence data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/093948v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Benefits of siderophore release lie in mediating diffusion limitation at low iron solubility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/093948v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Siderophores are chelators released by many bacteria to take up iron. In contrast to iron receptors located at the cell surface, released siderophores are at risk of being lost to environmental sinks. Here, we asked the question whether the release itself is essential for the function of siderophores, which could explain why such a risky strategy is widespread. We developed a reaction-diffusion model to determine the impact of siderophore release on overcoming iron limitation caused by poor solubility in aerobic, pH-neutral environments. We found that secretion of siderophores can efficiently accelerate iron uptake at low solubility, since secreted siderophores solubilize slowly diffusing large iron aggregates to small, quickly diffusing iron-siderophore complexes. At high iron solubility, however, when the iron-siderophore complex is no longer considerably smaller than the iron source itself, siderophore secretion can also slow down iron uptake. In addition, we found that cells can synergistically share their siderophores, depending on their distance and the level of iron aggregation. Overall, our study helps understand why siderophore secretion is so widespread: Even though a large fraction of secreted siderophores is lost, the solubilization of iron through secreted siderophores can efficiently increase iron uptake, especially if siderophores are produced cooperatively by several cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leventhal, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ackermann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiessl, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/093948</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Benefits of siderophore release lie in mediating diffusion limitation at low iron solubility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/094086v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Individual- versus group-optimality in the production of secreted bacterial compounds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/094086v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How unicellular organisms optimize the production of compounds is a fundamental biological question. While it is typically thought that production is optimized at the individual-cell level, secreted compounds could also allow for optimization at the group level, leading to a division of labor where a subset of cells produces and shares the compound with everyone. Using mathematical modelling, we show that the evolution of such division of labor depends on the cost function of compound production. Specifically, for any trait with saturating benefits, linear costs promote the evolution of uniform production levels across cells. Conversely, production costs that diminish with higher output levels favor the evolution of specialization - especially when compound shareability is high. When experimentally testing these predictions with pyoverdine, a secreted iron-scavenging compound produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, we found linear costs and, consistent with our model, detected uniform pyoverdine production levels across cells. We conclude that for shared compounds with saturating benefits, the evolution of division of labor is facilitated by a diminishing cost function. More generally, we note that shifts in the level of selection from individuals to groups do not solely require cooperation, but critically depend on mechanistic factors, including the distribution of compound synthesis costs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schiessl, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross-Gillespie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornforth, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weigert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bigosch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ackermann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kümmerli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/094086</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Individual- versus group-optimality in the production of secreted bacterial compounds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/094094v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Magnitude and mechanism of siderophore-mediated competition in bacterial interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/094094v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whether microbial interactions are predominantly cooperative or competitive is a central question in microbial ecology, and determines the composition and stability of microbial communities. The secretion of iron chelators called siderophores is a model system for cooperative interactions, even though these chelators can also mediate competition by depriving competitors of iron. Using a genetically engineered experimental system based on the Pseudomonas aeruginosa siderophore pyochelin, we found that secreting siderophores to inhibit a competitor can lead to higher benefits than secreting siderophores to make iron available. Based on thermodynamic modeling, we propose that competitive inhibition by siderophores is efficient in kinetically controlled saturated systems, where dissolution of precipitated iron phases is slow. Under these conditions, met in many natural environments, secreted siderophores temporarily reduce the concentration of available iron and can thus induce growth inhibition in a competing strain, even at high iron concentrations. These findings give insight into the function of siderophores: In addition to its cooperative nature, siderophore secretion could also be a widespread mechanism for mediating competitive interactions. Our functional investigation reveals a complexity in microbial interaction networks that would remain hidden when focusing on genomic information alone.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schiessl, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janssen, E. M.- L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraemer, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNeill, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ackermann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/094094</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Magnitude and mechanism of siderophore-mediated competition in bacterial interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/094334v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stabilized supralinear network dynamics account for stimulus-induced changes of noise variability in the cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/094334v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Variability and correlations in cortical activity are ubiquitously modulated by stimuli. Correlated variability is quenched following stimulus onset across multiple cortical areas, suppressing low-frequency components of the LFP and of Vm-LFP coherence. Modulation of Fano factors and correlations in area MT is tuned for stimulus direction. What circuit mechanisms underly these behaviors? We show that a simple model circuit, the stochastic Stabilized Supralinear Network (SSN), robustly explains these results. Stimuli modulate variability by modifying two forms of effective connectivity between activity patterns that characterize excitatory-inhibitory (E/I) circuits. Increases in the strength with which activity patterns inhibit themselves reduce correlated variability, while increases in feedforward connections between patterns (transforming E/I imbalance into balanced fluctuations) increase variability. These results suggest an operating regime of cortical dynamics that involves fast fluctuations and fast responses to stimulus changes, unlike previous models of variability suppression through suppression of chaos or networks with multiple attractors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hennequin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmadian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lengyel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/094334</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stabilized supralinear network dynamics account for stimulus-induced changes of noise variability in the cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/094383v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic flexibility in striatal-cortical circuits supports reinforcement learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/094383v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Complex learned behaviors must involve the integrated action of distributed brain circuits. While the contributions of individual regions to learning have been extensively investigated, understanding how distributed brain networks orchestrate their activity over the course of learning remains elusive. To address this gap, we used fMRI combined with tools from dynamic network neuroscience to obtain time-resolved descriptions of network coordination during reinforcement learning. We found that learning to associate visual cues with reward involves dynamic changes in network coupling between the striatum and distributed brain regions, including visual, orbitofrontal, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Moreover, we found that flexibility in striatal network dynamics correlates with participants learning rate and inverse temperature, two parameters derived from reinforcement learning models. Finally, we found that not all forms of learning relate to this circuit: episodic memory, measured in the same participants at the same time, was related to dynamic connectivity in distinct brain networks. These results suggest that dynamic changes in striatal-centered networks provide a mechanism for information integration during reinforcement learning.nnSignificance StatementLearning from the outcomes of actions-referred to as reinforcement learning-is an essential part of life. The roles of individual brain regions in reinforcement learning have been well characterized in terms of the updating of values for actions or sensory stimuli. Missing from this account, however, is a description of the manner in which different brain areas interact during learning to integrate sensory and value information. Here we characterize flexible striatal-cortical network dynamics that relate to reinforcement learning behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gerraty, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidow, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foerde, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galvan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassett, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shohamy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/094383</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic flexibility in striatal-cortical circuits supports reinforcement learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/096735v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
K-mer Motif Multinomial Mixtures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/096735v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1MotivationThe advent of inexpensive high-throughput sequencing (HTS) places new demands on motif discovery algorithms. To confront the challenges and embrace the opportunities presented by the growing wealth of information tied up in HTS datasets, we developed K-mer motif multinomial mixtures (KMMMs), a flexible class of Bayesian models for identifying multiple motifs in sequence sets using K-mer tables. Advantages of this framework are inference with time and space complexities that only scale with K, and the ability to be incorporated into larger Bayesian models.nnResultsWe derived a class of probabilistic models of K-mer tables generated from sequence containing multiple motifs. KMMMs model the K-mer table as a multinomial mixture, with motif and background components, which are distributions over K-mers overlapping with each of the latent motifs and over K-mers that do not overlap with any motif, respectively. The framework casts motif discovery as a posterior inference problem, and we present several approximate inference methods that provide accurate reconstructions of motifs in synthetic data. Finally we apply the method to discover motifs in DNAse hypersensitive sites and ChIP-seq peaks obtained from the ENCODE project.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trippe, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prabhakaran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bussemaker, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/096735</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[K-mer Motif Multinomial Mixtures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/096875v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Creating a National Vector Surveillance System: Integrated mosquito trap data and digital epidemiology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/096875v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
According to the World Health Organization, every year more than a billion people are infected with vector-borne diseases worldwide. There are no vaccines for most vector-borne diseases. Vector control, therefore, is often the only way to prevent outbreaks. Despite the major impact of vectors on human health, knowledge gaps exist regarding their natural population dynamics. Even the most basic information--such as spatiotemporal abundance-- is not available. Mosquitoes transmit malaria and the viruses causing Yellow Fever, West Nile, Dengue, Chikungunya, and Zika in the Americas. The Americas have a long history of mosquito control efforts, including the unsustained but successful Aedes aegypti eradication initiative. In the US, municipalities have independently created agencies for mosquito control and monitoring. We propose that the ensemble of US mosquito control agencies can, and should, be used to develop a national--and potentially international--system for Cross-Scale Vector Monitoring and Control (CSVMaC), in which local level monitoring and control efforts are cross-linked by unified real-time data streaming to build the data capital needed to gain a mechanistic understanding of vector population dynamics. Vectors, and the pathogens they transmit, know no jurisdictions. The vision of CSVMaC is, therefore, to provide data for (i) the general study of mosquito ecology and (ii) to inform vector control during epidemics/outbreaks that impact multiple jurisdictions (i.e., counties, states, etc.). We reveal >1000 mosquito control agencies in the US with enormous troves of data that are hidden among many data silos. For CSVMaC, we propose the creation of a nationally-coordinated open-access database to collate mosquito data. The database would provide scientific and public health communities with highly resolved spatiotemporal data on arboviral disease vectors, empowering new interventions and insights while leveraging pre-existing human efforts, operational infrastructure, and investments already funded by taxpayers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rund, S. S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/096875</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Creating a National Vector Surveillance System: Integrated mosquito trap data and digital epidemiology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/097253v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fast Assembling of Neuron Fragments in Serial 3D Sections 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/097253v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractReconstructing neurons from 3D image-stacks of serial sections of thick brain tissue is very time-consuming and often becomes a bottleneck in high-throughput brain mapping projects. We developed NeuronStitcher, a software suite for stitching non-overlapping neuron fragments reconstructed in serial 3D image sections. With its efficient algorithm and user-friendly interface, NeuronStitcher has been used successfully to reconstruct very large and complex human and mouse neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iascone, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>da Costa, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/097253</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fast Assembling of Neuron Fragments in Serial 3D Sections]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/097394v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dopamine Negatively Regulates the NCA Ion Channels in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/097394v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The NALCN/NCA ion channel is a cation channel related to voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels. NALCN has been reported to be a sodium leak channel with a conserved role in establishing neuronal resting membrane potential, but its precise cellular role and regulation are unclear. The Caenorhabditis elegans orthologs of NALCN, NCA-1 and NCA-2, act in premotor interneurons to regulate motor circuit activity that sustains locomotion. Recently we found that NCA-1 and NCA-2 are activated by a signal transduction pathway acting downstream of the heterotrimeric G protein Gq and the small GTPase Rho. Through a forward genetic screen, here we identify the GPCR kinase GRK-2 as a new player affecting signaling through the Gq-Rho-NCA pathway. Using structure-function analysis, we find that the GPCR phosphorylation and membrane association domains of GRK-2 are required for its function. Genetic epistasis experiments suggest that GRK-2 acts on the D2-like dopamine receptor DOP-3 to inhibit Go signaling and positively modulate NCA-1 and NCA-2 activity. Through cell-specific rescuing experiments, we find that GRK-2 and DOP-3 act in premotor interneurons to modulate NCA channel function. Finally, we demonstrate that dopamine, through DOP-3, negatively regulates NCA activity. Thus, this study identifies a pathway by which dopamine modulates the activity of the NCA channels.nnAuthor summaryDopamine is a neurotransmitter that acts in the brain by binding seven transmembrane receptors that are coupled to heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins (G proteins). Neuronal G proteins often function by modulating ion channels that control membrane excitability. Here we identify a molecular cascade downstream of dopamine in the nematode C. elegans that involves activation of the dopamine receptor DOP-3, activation of the G protein GOA-1, and inactivation of the NCA-1 and NCA-2 ion channels. We also identify a G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK-2) that inactivates the dopamine receptor DOP-3, thus leading to inactivation of GOA-1 and activation of the NCA channels. Thus, this study connects dopamine signaling to activity of the NCA channels through G protein signaling pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Topalidou, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ailion, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/097394</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dopamine Negatively Regulates the NCA Ion Channels in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/099234v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
JDINAC: joint density-based non-parametric differential interaction network analysis and classification using high-dimensional sparse omics data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/099234v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationA complex disease is usually driven by a number of genes interwoven into networks, rather than a single gene product. Network comparison or differential network analysis has become an important means of revealing the underlying mechanism of pathogenesis and identifying clinical biomarkers for disease classification. Most studies, however, are limited to network correlations that mainly capture the linear relationship among genes, or rely on the assumption of a parametric probability distribution of gene measurements. They are restrictive in real application.nnResultsWe propose a new Joint density based non-parametric Differential Interaction Network Analysis and Classification (JDINAC) method to identify differential interaction patterns of network activation between two groups. At the same time, JDINAC uses the network biomarkers to build a classification model. The novelty of JDINAC lies in its potential to capture non-linear relations between molecular interactions using high-dimensional sparse data as well as to adjust confounding factors, without the need of the assumption of a parametric probability distribution of gene measurements. Simulation studies demonstrate that JDINAC provides more accurate differential network estimation and lower classification error than that achieved by other state-of-the-art methods. We apply JDINAC to a Breast Invasive Carcinoma dataset, which includes 114 patients who have both tumor and matched normal samples. The hub genes and differential interaction patterns identified were consistent with existing experimental studies. Furthermore, JDINAC discriminated the tumor and normal sample with high accuracy by virtue of the identified biomarkers. JDINAC provides a general framework for feature selection and classification using high-dimensional sparse omics data.nnAvailabilityR scripts available at https://github.com/jijiadong/JDINACnnContactlxie@iscb.orgnnSupplementary informationSupplementary data are available at bioRxiv online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ji, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/099234</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[JDINAC: joint density-based non-parametric differential interaction network analysis and classification using high-dimensional sparse omics data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/099648v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal super-resolution in single-molecule experiments 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/099648v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many time-resolved, single-molecule biophysics experiments seek to characterize the kinetics of biomolecular systems exhibiting dynamics that challenge the time resolution of the given technique. Here we present a general, computational approach to this problem that employs Bayesian inference to learn the underlying dynamics of such systems, even when they are much faster than the time resolution of the experimental technique being used. By accurately and precisely inferring rate constants, our Bayesian Inference for the Analysis of Sub-temporal-resolution Data (BIASD) approach effectively enables the experimenter to super-resolve the poorly resolved dynamics that are present in their data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kinz-Thompson, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/099648</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal super-resolution in single-molecule experiments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/102897v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inferential Learning of Serial Order of Perceptual Categories by Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta) 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/102897v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Category learning in animals is typically trained explicitly, in most instances by varying the exemplars of a single category in a matching-to-sample task. Here, we show that rhesus macaques can learn categories by a transitive inference paradigm in which novel exemplars of five categories were presented throughout each training session. Instead of requiring decisions about a constant set of repetitively presented stimuli, we studied the macaques ability to determine the relative order of multiple exemplars of particular stimuli that were rarely repeated. Ordinal decisions generalized both to novel stimuli and, as a consequence, to novel pairings. Thus, we showed that rhesus monkeys could learn to categorize on the basis of implied ordinal position, and that they could then make inferences about category order. Our results challenge the plausibility of association models of category learning and broaden the scope of the transitive inference paradigm.nnSignificance StatementThe cognitive abilities of non-human animals are of enduring interest to scientists and the general public because they blur the dividing line between human and non-human intelligence. Categorization and sequence learning are highly abstract cognitive abilities each in their own right. This study is the first to provide evidence that visual categories can be ordered serially by macaque monkeys using a behavioral paradigm that provides no explicit feedback about category or serial order. These results strongly challenge accounts of learning based on stimulus-outcome associations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tanner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrera, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terrace, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/102897</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inferential Learning of Serial Order of Perceptual Categories by Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/103499v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The 4D Nucleome Project 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/103499v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary Summary Background Overview of the goals... Structure of the 4D... Research Plans References The spatial organization of the genome and its dynamics contribute to gene expression and cellular function in normal development as well as in disease. Although we are increasingly well equipped to determine a genomes sequence and linear chromatin composition, studying the three-dimensional organization of the genome with high spatial and temporal resolution remains challenging. The 4D Nucleome Network aims to develop and apply approaches to map the structure and dynamics of the human and mouse genomes in space and time with the long term goal of gaining deeper mechanistic understanding of how the nucleus is organized. The project will develop and benchmark experimental and computational approaches for meas ...
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belmont, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guttman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leshyk, V. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lis, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lomvardas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirny, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Shea, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritland, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shendure, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The 4D Nucleome Network,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/103499</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The 4D Nucleome Project]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/103515v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Health Information Needs and Health Seeking Behavior during the 2014-2016 Ebola Outbreak: A Twitter Content Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/103515v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionFor effective public communication during major disease outbreaks like the 2014-2016 Ebola epidemic, health information needs of the population must be adequately assessed. Through content analysis of social media data, like tweets, public health information needs can be effectively assessed and in turn provide appropriate health information to effectively address such needs. The aim of the current study was to assess health information needs about Ebola, at distinct epidemic time points, through longitudinal tracking.nnMethodsNatural language processing was applied to explore public response to Ebola over time from the beginning of the outbreak (July 2014) to six month post outbreak (March 2015). A total 155,647 tweets (unique 68,736, retweet 86,911) mentioning Ebola were analyzed and visualized with infographics.nnResultsPublic fear, frustration, and health information seeking regarding Ebola-related global priorities were observed across time. Our longitudinal content analysis revealed that due to ongoing health information deficiencies, resulting in fear and frustration, social media was at times an impediment and not a vehicle to support health information needs.nnDiscussionContent analysis of tweets effectively assessed Ebola information needs. Our study also demonstrates the use of Twitter as a method for capturing real-time data to assess ongoing information needs, fear, and frustration over time.nnAll authors have seen and approved the manuscript.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Odlum, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/103515</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Health Information Needs and Health Seeking Behavior during the 2014-2016 Ebola Outbreak: A Twitter Content Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/103622v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Higher genetic risk of schizophrenia is associated with lower cognitive performance in healthy individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/103622v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Psychotic disorders including schizophrenia are commonly accompanied by cognitive deficits. Recent studies have reported negative genetic correlations between schizophrenia and indicators of cognitive ability such as general intelligence and processing speed. Here we compare the effect of the genetic risk of schizophrenia (PRSSCZ) on measures that differ in their relationships with psychosis onset: a measure of current cognitive abilities (the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia, BACS) that is greatly reduced in psychosis patients; a measure of premorbid intelligence that is minimally affected by psychosis (the Wide-Range Achievement Test, WRAT); and educational attainment (EY), which covaries with both BACS and WRAT. Using genome-wide SNP data from 314 psychotic and 423 healthy research participants in the Bipolar-Schizophrenia Network for Intermediate Phenotypes (B-SNIP) Consortium, we investigated the association of PRSSCZ with BACS, WRAT and EY. Among apparently healthy individuals, greater genetic risk for schizophrenia (PRSSCZ) was associated with lower BACS scores (r = -0.19, p = 1 x 10-4 at PT = 1 x 10-4) but did not associate with WRAT or EY, suggesting that these areas of cognition vary in their etiologic relationships with schizophrenia. Among individuals with psychosis, PRSSCZ did not associate with variation in cognitive performance. These findings suggest that the same cognitive abilities that are disrupted in psychotic disorders are also associated with schizophrenia genetic risk in the general population. Specific cognitive phenotypes, independent of education or general intelligence, could be more deeply studied for insight into the specific processes affected by the genetic influences on psychosis.nnSignificancePsychotic disorders such as schizophrenia often involve profound cognitive deficits, the genetic underpinnings of which remain to be elucidated. Poor educational performance early in life is a well-known risk factor for future psychotic illness, potentially reflecting either shared genetic influences or other risk factors that are epidemiologically correlated. Here we show that, in apparently healthy individuals, common genetic risk factors for schizophrenia associate with lower performance in areas of cognition that are impaired in psychotic disorders but do not associate independently with educational attainment or more general measures of intelligence. These results suggest that specific cognitive phenotypes - independent of education or general intelligence - could be more deeply studied for insight into the processes affected by the genetic influences on psychosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shafee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nanda, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padmanabhan, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tandon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alliey-Rodriguez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keefe, R. S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clementz, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamminga, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershon, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearlson, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keshavan, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweeney, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarroll, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/103622</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Higher genetic risk of schizophrenia is associated with lower cognitive performance in healthy individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/104737v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using computational theory to constrain statistical models of neural data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/104737v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Computational neuroscience is, to first order, dominated by two approaches: the "bottom-up" approach, which searches for statistical patterns in large-scale neural recordings, and the "top-down" approach, which begins with a theory of computation and considers plausible neural implementations. While this division is not clear-cut, we argue that these approaches should be much more intimately linked. From a Bayesian perspective, computational theories provide constrained prior distributions on neural data--albeit highly sophisticated ones. By connecting theory to observation via a probabilistic model, we provide the link necessary to test, evaluate, and revise our theories in a data-driven and statistically rigorous fashion. This review highlights examples of this theory-driven pipeline for neural data analysis in recent literature and illustrates it with a worked example based on the temporal difference learning model of dopamine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Linderman, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershman, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/104737</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using computational theory to constrain statistical models of neural data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/104786v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Statistical Correction of the Winner’s Curse Explains Replication Variability in Quantitative Trait Genome-Wide Association Studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/104786v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified hundreds of SNPs responsible for variation in human quantitative traits. However, genome-wide-significant associations often fail to replicate across independent cohorts, in apparent inconsistency with their apparent strong effects in discovery cohorts. This limited success of replication raises pervasive questions about the utility of the GWAS field. We identify all 332 studies of quantitative traits from the NHGRI-EBI GWAS Database with attempted replication. We find that the majority of studies provide insufficient data to evaluate replication rates. The remaining papers replicate significantly worse than expected (p < 10-14), even when adjusting for regression-to-the-mean of effect size between discovery- and replication-cohorts termed the Winners Curse (p < 10-16). We show this is due in part to misreporting replication cohort-size as a maximum number, rather than per-locus one. In 39 studies accurately reporting per-locus cohort-size for attempted replication of 707 loci in samples with similar ancestry, replication rate matched expectation (predicted 458, observed 457, p = 0.94). In contrast, ancestry differences between replication and discovery (13 studies, 385 loci) cause the most highly-powered decile of loci to replicate worse than expected, due to difference in linkage disequilibrium.nnAuthor SummaryThe majority of associations between common genetic variation and human traits come from genome-wide association studies, which have analyzed millions of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in millions of samples. These kinds of studies pose serious statistical challenges to discovering new associations. Finite resources restrict the number of candidate associations that can brought forward into validation samples, introducing the need for a significance threshold. This threshold creates a phenomenon called the Winners Curse, in which candidate associations close to the discovery threshold are more likely to have biased overestimates of the variants true association in the sampled population. We survey all human quantitative trait association studies that validated at least one signal. We find the majority of these studies do not publish sufficient information to actually support their claims of replication. For studies that did, we computationally correct the Winners Curse and evaluate replication performance. While all variants combined replicate significantly less than expected, we find that the subset of studies that (1) perform both discovery and replication in samples of the same ancestry; and (2) report accurate per-variant sample sizes, replicate as expected. This study provides strong, rigorous evidence for the broad reliability of genome-wide association studies. We furthermore provide a model for more efficient selection of variants as candidates for replication, as selecting variants using cursed discovery data enriches for variants with little real evidence for trait association.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Palmer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe'er, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/104786</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Statistical Correction of the Winner’s Curse Explains Replication Variability in Quantitative Trait Genome-Wide Association Studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/106427v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative analysis of population-scale family trees using millions of relatives 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/106427v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Family trees have vast applications in multiple fields from genetics to anthropology and economics. However, the collection of extended family trees is tedious and usually relies on resources with limited geographical scope and complex data usage restrictions. Here, we collected 86 million profiles from publicly-available online data from genealogy enthusiasts. After extensive cleaning and validation, we obtained population-scale family trees, including a single pedigree of 13 million individuals. We leveraged the data to partition the genetic architecture of longevity by inspecting millions of relative pairs and to provide insights to population genetics theories on the dispersion of families. We also report a simple digital procedure to overlay other datasets with our resource in order to empower studies with population-scale genealogical data.nnOne Sentence SummaryUsing massive crowd-sourced genealogy data, we created a population-scale family tree resource for scientific studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaplanis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wahl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershovits, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markus, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheikh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gymrek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MarArthur, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erlich, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/106427</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative analysis of population-scale family trees using millions of relatives]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/106690v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A probabilistic approach to discovering dynamic full-brain functional connectivity patterns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/106690v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent research shows that the covariance structure of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data - commonly described as functional connectivity - can change as a function of the participants cognitive state (for review see [35]). Here we present a Bayesian hierarchical matrix factorization model, termed hierarchical topographic factor analysis (HTFA), for efficiently discovering full-brain networks in large multi-subject neuroimaging datasets. HTFA approximates each subjects network by first re-representing each brain image in terms of the activities of a set of localized nodes, and then computing the covariance of the activity time series of these nodes. The number of nodes, along with their locations, sizes, and activities (over time) are learned from the data. Because the number of nodes is typically substantially smaller than the number of fMRI voxels, HTFA can be orders of magnitude more efficient than traditional voxel-based functional connectivity approaches. In one case study, we show that HTFA recovers the known connectivity patterns underlying a collection of synthetic datasets. In a second case study, we illustrate how HTFA may be used to discover dynamic full-brain activity and connectivity patterns in real fMRI data, collected as participants listened to a story. In a third case study, we carried out a similar series of analyses on fMRI data collected as participants viewed an episode of a television show. In these latter case studies, we found that the HTFA-derived activity and connectivity patterns can be used to reliably decode which moments in the story or show the participants were experiencing. Further, we found that these two classes of patterns contained partially non-overlapping information, such that decoders trained on combinations of activity-based and dynamic connectivity-based features performed better than decoders trained on activity or connectivity patterns alone. We replicated this latter result with two additional (previously developed) methods for efficiently characterizing full-brain activity and connectivity patterns.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manning, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willke, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranganath, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stachenfeld, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasson, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blei, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/106690</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A probabilistic approach to discovering dynamic full-brain functional connectivity patterns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/107730v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inferring intracellular signal transduction circuitry from molecular perturbation experiments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/107730v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The development of network inference methodologies that accurately predict connectivity in dysregulated pathways may enable the rational selection of patient therapies. Accurately inferring an intracellular network from data remains a very challenging problem in molecular systems biology. Living cells integrate extremely robust circuits that exhibit significant heterogeneity, but still respond to external stimuli in predictable ways. This phenomenon allows us to introduce a network inference methodology that integrates measurements of protein activation from perturbation experiments. The methodology relies on logic-based networks to provide a predictive approximation of the transfer of signals in a network. The approach presented was validated in silico with a set of test networks and applied to investigate the epidermal growth factor receptor signaling of a breast epithelial cell line, MFC10A. In our analysis, we predict the potential signaling circuitry most likely responsible for the experimental readouts of several proteins in the mitogen activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase pathways. The approach can also be used to identify additional necessary perturbation experiments to distinguish between a set of possible candidate networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wynn, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Consul, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meravjer, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/107730</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inferring intracellular signal transduction circuitry from molecular perturbation experiments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/110072v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recurrent inhibition in striatum enables transfer of time-flexible skills to basal ganglia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/110072v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sparse, sequential patterns of neural activity have been observed in numerous brain areas during time-keeping and motor sequence tasks. Inspired by such observations, we construct a model of the striatum, an all-inhibitory circuit where sequential activity patterns are prominent, addressing the following key challenges: (i) obtaining control over temporal rescaling of the sequence speed, with the ability to generalize to new speeds; (ii) facilitating flexible expression of distinct sequences via selective activation, concatenation, and recycling of specific subsequences; and (iii) enabling the biologically plausible learning of sequences, consistent with the decoupling of learning and execution suggested by lesion studies showing that cortical circuits are necessary for learning, but that subcortical circuits are sufficient to drive learned behaviors. The same mechanisms that we describe can also be applied to circuits with both excitatory and inhibitory populations, and hence may underlie general features of sequential neural activity pattern generation in the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escola, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/110072</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recurrent inhibition in striatum enables transfer of time-flexible skills to basal ganglia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/110957v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A common haplotype lowers SPI1 (PU.1) expression in myeloid cells and delays age at onset for Alzheimer’s disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/110957v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this study we used age at onset of Alzheimers disease (AD), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers, and cis-expression quantitative trait loci (cis-eQTL) datasets to identify candidate causal genes and mechanisms underlying AD GWAS loci. In a genome-wide survival analysis of 40,255 samples, eight of the previously reported AD risk loci are significantly (P < 5x10-8) or suggestively (P < 1x10-5) associated with age at onset-defined survival (AAOS) and a further fourteen novel loci reached suggestive significance. Using stratified LD score regression we demonstrated a significant enrichment of AD heritability in hematopoietic cells of the myeloid and B-lymphoid lineage. We then investigated the impact of these 22 AAOS-associated variants on CSF biomarkers and gene expression in cells of the myeloid lineage. In particular, the minor allele of rs1057233 (G), within the previously reported CELF1 AD risk locus, shows association with higher age at onset of AD (P=8.40x10-6), higher CSF levels of A{beta}42 (P=1.2x10-4), and lower expression of SPI1 in monocytes (P=1.50x10-105) and macrophages (P=6.41x10-87). SPI1 encodes PU.1, a transcription factor critical for myeloid cell development and function. AD heritability is enriched within the SPI1 cistromes of monocytes and macrophages, implicating a myeloid PU.1 target gene network in the etiology of AD. Finally, experimentally altered PU.1 levels are correlated with phagocytic activity of BV2 mouse microglial cells and specific changes in the expression of multiple myeloid-expressed genes, including the mouse orthologs of AD-associated genes, APOE, CLU/APOJ, CD33, MS4A4A/MS4A6A, and TYROBP. Our results collectively suggest that lower SPI1 expression reduces AD risk by modulating myeloid cell gene expression and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, K.-l.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcora, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pimenova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Narzo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapoor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harari, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertelsen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fairfax, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czajkowski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chouraki, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grenier-Boley, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellenguez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deming, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenzie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raj, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budde, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzpatrick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeStefano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikram, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del-Aguila, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibanez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The International Genomics of Alzheimer's Project,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sims, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escott-Price, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayeux, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haines, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pericak-Vance, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambert, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Duijn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>L</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/110957</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A common haplotype lowers SPI1 (PU.1) expression in myeloid cells and delays age at onset for Alzheimer’s disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/111591v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MAGIC: A diffusion-based imputation method reveals gene-gene interactions in single-cell RNA-sequencing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/111591v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA-sequencing is fast becoming a major technology that is revolutionizing biological discovery in fields such as development, immunology and cancer. The ability to simultaneously measure thousands of genes at single cell resolution allows, among other prospects, for the possibility of learning gene regulatory networks at large scales. However, scRNA-seq technologies suffer from many sources of significant technical noise, the most prominent of which is  dropout due to inefficient mRNA capture. This results in data that has a high degree of sparsity, with typically only ~10% non-zero values. To address this, we developed MAGIC (Markov Affinity-based Graph Imputation of Cells), a method for imputing missing values, and restoring the structure of the data. After MAGIC, we find that two- and three-dimensional gene interactions are restored and that MAGIC is able to impute complex and non-linear shapes of interactions. MAGIC also retains cluster structure, enhances cluster-specific gene interactions and restores trajectories, as demonstrated in mouse retinal bipolar cells, hematopoiesis, and our newly generated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition dataset.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van Dijk, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nainys, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kathail, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazutis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnaswamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe'er, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/111591</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MAGIC: A diffusion-based imputation method reveals gene-gene interactions in single-cell RNA-sequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/113670v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Statistical Model of Shared Variability in the Songbird Auditory System 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/113670v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vocal communication evokes robust responses in primary auditory cortex (A1) of songbirds, and single neurons from superficial and deep regions of A1 have been shown to respond selectively to songs over complex, synthetic sounds. However, little is known about how this song selectivity arises and manifests itself on the level of networks of neurons in songbird A1. Here, we examined the network-level coding of song and synthetic sounds in A1 by simultaneously recording the responses of multiple neurons in unanesthetized zebra finches. We developed a latent factor model of the joint simultaneous activity of these neural populations, and found that the shared variability in the activity has a surprisingly simple structure; it is dominated by an unobserved latent source with one degree-of-freedom. This simple model captures the structure of the correlated activity in these populations in both spontaneous and stimulus-driven conditions, and given both song and synthetic stimuli. The inferred latent variability is strongly suppressed under stimulation, consistent with similar observations in a range of mammalian cortical regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Buesing, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabrese, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woolley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/113670</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Statistical Model of Shared Variability in the Songbird Auditory System]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/116376v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic regulatory effects modified by immune activation contribute to autoimmune disease associations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/116376v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The immune system plays a major role in human health and disease, and understanding genetic causes of interindividual variability of immune responses is vital. We isolated monocytes from 134 genotyped individuals, stimulated the cells with three defined microbe-associated molecular patterns (LPS, MDP, and ppp-dsRNA), and profiled the transcriptome at three time points. After mapping expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL), we identified 417 response eQTLs (reQTLs) with differing effect between the conditions. We characterized the dynamics of genetic regulation on early and late immune response, and observed an enrichment of reQTLs in distal cis-regulatory elements. Response eQTLs are also enriched for recent positive selection with an evolutionary trend towards enhanced immune response. Finally, we uncover novel reQTL effects in multiple GWAS loci, and show a stronger enrichment of response than constant eQTLs in GWAS signals of several autoimmune diseases. This demonstrates the importance of infectious stimuli modifying genetic predisposition to disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim-Hellmuth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bechheim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puetz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammadi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nedelec, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giangreco, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaiser, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fricker, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boor, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noethen, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreiro, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickrell, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller-Myhsok, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lappalainen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumacher, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hornung, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/116376</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic regulatory effects modified by immune activation contribute to autoimmune disease associations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/116384v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pediatric Sarcoma Data Forms a Unique Cluster Measured via the Earth Mover’s Distance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/116384v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this note, we combined pediatric sarcoma data from Columbia University with adult sarcoma data collected from TCGA, in order to see if one can automatically discern a unique pediatric cluster in the combined data set. Using a novel clustering pipeline based on optimal transport theory, this turned out to be the case. The overall methodology may find uses for the classification of data from other biological networking problems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dela Cruz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandhu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mundi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deasy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tannenbaum, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/116384</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pediatric Sarcoma Data Forms a Unique Cluster Measured via the Earth Mover’s Distance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/117325v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contrasting determinants of mutation rates in germline and soma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/117325v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies of somatic and germline mutations have led to the identification of a number of factors that influence point mutation rates, including CpG methylation, expression levels, replication timing and GC content. Intriguingly, some of the effects appear to differ between soma and germline: in particular, whereas mutation rates have been reported to decrease with expression levels in tumors, no clear effect has been detected in the germline. Distinct approaches were taken to analyze the data, however, so it is hard to know whether these apparent differences are real. To enable a cleaner comparison, we considered a statistical model in which the mutation rate of a coding region is predicted by GC content, expression levels, replication timing, and two histone repressive marks. We applied this model to both a set of germline mutations identified in exomes and to exonic somatic mutations in four types of tumors. Germline and soma share most determinants of mutations; notably, we detected an effect of expression levels on germline mutations as well as on somatic ones. However, whereas in somatic tissues, increased expression levels are associated with greater strand asymmetry and decreased mutation rates, in ovaries and testes, increased expression leads to greater strand asymmetry but increased mutation rates. This contrast points to differences in damage or repair rates during transcription in soma and germline.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickrell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przeworski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/117325</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contrasting determinants of mutation rates in germline and soma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/118364v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Transformation From Latency To Ensemble Coding In A Model Of Piriform Cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/118364v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Different coding strategies are used to represent odor information at various stages of the mammalian olfactory system. A temporal latency code represents odor identity in olfactory bulb (OB), but this temporal information is discarded in piriform cortex (PCx) where odor identity is instead encoded through ensemble membership. We developed a spiking PCx network model to understand how this transformation is implemented. In the model, the impact of OB inputs activated earliest after inhalation is amplified within PCx by diffuse recurrent collateral excitation, which then recruits strong, sustained feedback inhibition that suppresses the impact of later-responding glomeruli. Simultaneous OB-PCx recordings indicate that indeed, over a single sniff, the earliest-active OB inputs are most effective at driving PCx activity. We model increasing odor concentrations by decreasing glomerulus onset latencies while preserving their activation sequences. This produces a multiplexed cortical odor code in which activated ensembles are robust to concentration changes while concentration information is encoded through population synchrony. Our model demonstrates how PCx circuitry can implement multiplexed ensemble-identity/temporal-concentration odor coding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stern, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolding, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franks, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/118364</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Transformation From Latency To Ensemble Coding In A Model Of Piriform Cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/119289v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Light Sheet Theta Microscopy for High-resolution Quantitative Imaging of Large Biological Systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/119289v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in tissue clearing and molecular labelling methods are enabling unprecedented optical access to large intact biological systems. These advances fuel the need for high-speed microscopy approaches to image large samples quantitatively and at high resolution. While Light Sheet Microscopy (LSM), with its high planar imaging speed and low photo-bleaching, can be effective, scaling up to larger imaging volumes has been hindered by the use of orthogonal light-sheet illumination. To address this fundamental limitation, we have developed Light Sheet Theta Microscopy (LSTM), which uniformly illuminates samples from same side as the detection objective, thereby eliminating limits on lateral dimensions without sacrificing imaging resolution, depth and speed. We present detailed characterization of LSTM, and show that this approach achieves rapid high-resolution imaging of large intact samples with superior uniform high-resolution than LSM. LSTM is a significant step in high-resolution quantitative mapping of structure and function of large intact biological systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Migliori, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Datta, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apak, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/119289</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Light Sheet Theta Microscopy for High-resolution Quantitative Imaging of Large Biological Systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/120543v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo BK channel mutation causes epilepsy by regulating voltage-dependent, but not calcium-dependent, activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/120543v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological diseases. Here we report the first de novo mutation in the BK channel (p.N995S) that causes epilepsy in two independent families. The p.N995S mutant channel showed a markedly increased macroscopic potassium current mediated by increases in both channel open probability and channel open dwell time. Mutation p.N995S affects the voltage-activation pathway of BK channel, but does not affect the calcium sensitivity. Paxilline blocks potassium currents from both WT and mutant BK channels. We also identified two variants of unknown significance, p.E656A and p.N1159S in epilepsy patients. However, they do not affect BK channel functions, therefore, are unlikely to be a cause of disease. These results expand the BK channelopathy to a more common disease of epilepsy, suggest that the BK channel is a drug target for treatment of epilepsy, and highlight the importance of functional studies in the era of precision medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willemsen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poschmann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oundjian, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snoeijen-Schouwenaars, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamsteeg, E.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/120543</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo BK channel mutation causes epilepsy by regulating voltage-dependent, but not calcium-dependent, activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/122952v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Systematic Nomenclature for the Drosophila Ventral Nervous System 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/122952v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is an established and powerful model system for neuroscience research with wide relevance in biology and medicine. Until recently, research on the Drosophila brain was hindered by the lack of a complete and uniform nomenclature. Recognising this problem, the Insect Brain Name Working Group produced an authoritative hierarchical nomenclature system for the adult insect brain, using Drosophila melanogaster as the reference framework, with other taxa considered to ensure greater consistency and expandability (Ito et al., 2014). Here, we extend this nomenclature system to the sub-gnathal regions of the adult Drosophila nervous system, thus providing a systematic anatomical description of the ventral nervous system (VNS). This portion of the nervous system includes the thoracic and abdominal neuromeres that were not included in the original work and contains the motor circuits that play essential roles in most fly behaviours.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Court, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Card, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickinson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korff, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merritt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphey, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Namiki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seeds, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shepherd, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirangi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Truman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuthill, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/122952</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Systematic Nomenclature for the Drosophila Ventral Nervous System]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/124339v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HadoopCNV: A Dynamic Programming Imputation Algorithm To Detect Copy Number Variants From Sequencing Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/124339v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDWhole-genome sequencing (WGS) data may be used to identify copy number variations (CNVs). Existing CNV detection methods mostly rely on read depth or alignment characteristics (paired-end distance and split reads) to infer gains/losses, while neglecting allelic intensity ratios and cannot quantify copy numbers. Additionally, most CNV callers are not scalable to handle a large number of WGS samples.nnMETHODSTo facilitate large-scale and rapid CNV detection from WGS data, we developed a Dynamic Programming Imputation (DPI) based algorithm called HadoopCNV, which infers copy number changes through both allelic frequency and read depth information. Our implementation is built on the Hadoop framework, enabling multiple compute nodes to work in parallel.nnRESULTSCompared to two widely used tools - CNVnator and LUMPY, HadoopCNV has similar or better performance on both simulated data sets and real data on the NA12878 individual. Additionally, analysis on a 10-member pedigree showed that HadoopCNV has a Mendelian precision that is similar or better than other tools. Furthermore, HadoopCNV can accurately infer loss of heterozygosity (LOH), while other tools cannot. HadoopCNV requires only 1.6 hours for a human genome with 30X coverage, on a 32-node cluster, with a linear relationship between speed improvement and the number of nodes. We further developed a method to combine HadoopCNV and LUMPY result, and demonstrated that the combination resulted in better performance than any individual tools.nnCONCLUSIONSThe combination of high-resolution, allele-specific read depth from WGS data and Hadoop framework can result in efficient and accurate detection of CNVs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lima, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyon, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/124339</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HadoopCNV: A Dynamic Programming Imputation Algorithm To Detect Copy Number Variants From Sequencing Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/124867v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Increasing Suppression Of Saccade-Related Transients Along The Human Visual Hierarchy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/124867v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A key hallmark of visual perceptual awareness is robustness to instabilities arising from unnoticeable eye and eyelid movements. In previous human intracranial (iEEG) work (Golan et al., 2016) we found that excitatory broadband high-frequency activity transients, driven by eye blinks, are suppressed in higher-level but not early visual cortex. Here, we utilized the broad anatomical coverage of iEEG recordings in 12 eye-tracked neurosurgical patients to test whether a similar stabilizing mechanism operates following small saccades. We compared saccades (1.3{degrees}-3.7{degrees}) initiated during inspection of large individual visual objects with similarly-sized external stimulus displacements. Early visual cortex sites responded with positive transients to both conditions. In contrast, in both dorsal and ventral higher-level sites the response to saccades (but not to external displacements) was suppressed. These findings indicate that early visual cortex is highly unstable compared to higher-level visual regions which apparently constitute the main target of stabilizing extra-retinal oculomotor influences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Golan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidesco, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meshulam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groppe, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Megevand, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeagle, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldfinger, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melloni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deouell, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malach, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/124867</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Increasing Suppression Of Saccade-Related Transients Along The Human Visual Hierarchy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/126649v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The central amygdala controls learning in the lateral amygdala 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/126649v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Both the lateral and the central nuclei of the amygdala are required for adaptive behavioral responses to environmental cues predicting threats. While experience-driven synaptic plasticity in the lateral amygdala is thought to underlie the formation of association between a sensory stimulus and an ensuing threat, how the central amygdala participates in such learning process remains unclear. Here we show that a specific class of central amygdala neurons, the protein kinase C-{delta}-expressing neurons, is essential for the synaptic plasticity underlying learning in the lateral amygdala, as it is required for lateral amygdala neurons to respond to unconditioned stimulus, and furthermore carries information about the unconditioned stimulus to instruct learning. Our results uncover an amygdala functional organization that may play a key role in diverse learning processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahrens, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiff, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramakrishnan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenno, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deisseroth, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/126649</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The central amygdala controls learning in the lateral amygdala]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/128587v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Highly sensitive detection of small variants in multi-sample ultra-deep tumor sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/128587v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One cause of cancer mortality is tumor evolution to therapy-resistant disease. First line therapy often targets the dominant clone, and drug resistance can emerges from preexisting clones that gain fitness through therapy-induced natural selection. Such mutations may be identified using targeted sequencing assays by analysis of noise in high-depth data. Here, we develop a comprehensive, unbiased model for sequencing error background. We find that noise in sufficiently deep DNA sequencing data can be approximated by aggregating negative binomial distributions. Mutations with frequencies above noise may have prognostic value. We evaluate our model with simulated exponentially expanded populations as well as data from cell line and patient sample dilution experiments, demonstrating its utility in prognosticating tumor progression. Our results may have the potential to identify significant mutations that can cause recurrence. These results are relevant in the pretreatment clinical setting to determine appropriate therapy and prepare for potential recurrence pretreatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rabadan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsilio, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiorazzi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasqualucci, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khiabanian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/128587</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Highly sensitive detection of small variants in multi-sample ultra-deep tumor sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/129510v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Finger recruitment patterns during mirror movements suggest two systems for hand recovery after stroke 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/129510v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accumulating behavioural and neurophysiological evidence suggests that upper-limb control relies on contributions from both cortical and subcortical motor circuits, with cortical inputs providing fine-finger function and subcortical inputs providing the ability for gross movements, respectively. During recovery of function after stroke, the relative contributions from these pathways may shift. Here we propose that mirror movements that appear after stroke provide a non-invasive assay through which relative contributions from cortical and subcortical pathways towards hand recovery can be studied. We hypothesized that mirror movements, like hand function, are generated by summed contributions from cortical and subcortical pathways, and suggest that subcortical contributions should be characterized by a broad recruitment of fingers, while cortical contributions primarily recruit the homologous finger in the passive hand. In a longitudinal stroke recovery study (Xu et al., 2016), we quantified mirror movements and paretic hand function in 53 stroke patients in the year following unilateral stroke. Mirror movements in the non-paretic hand were exaggerated early after damage (week 2), with paretic finger presses broadly recruiting multiple fingers in the non-paretic hand. On average, however, mirroring in homologous fingers was 1.76 times larger than in non-homologous fingers. Over the year, mirroring in the non-paretic hand progressively normalized with a time-course that mimicked that for the fine-finger deficits in the paretic hand. In comparison, during non-paretic finger presses, the homologous component of mirroring in the paretic hand was reduced early after stroke (week 2) but progressively normalized. Altogether, we conclude that the pattern of mirror movements across homologous and non-homologous fingers reflect the summed contributions of both cortical and subcortical systems, and we discuss the implications of our results towards hand recovery after stroke.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ejaz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Branscheidt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hertler, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schambra, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Widmer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faria, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harran, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortes, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitago, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celnik, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luft, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krakauer, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diedrichsen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/129510</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Finger recruitment patterns during mirror movements suggest two systems for hand recovery after stroke]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/131318v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure-based analysis of CysZ-mediated cellular uptake of sulfate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/131318v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sulfur, most abundantly found in the environment as sulfate (SO42-), is an essential element in metabolites required by all living cells, including amino acids, co-factors and vitamins. Current understanding of the cellular delivery of SO42- at the molecular level is limited however. CysZ has been described as a SO42- permease, but its sequence family is without known structural precedent. Based on crystallographic structure information, SO42- binding and uptake experiments in cells and proteoliposomes, and single-channel conductance measurements, we provide insight into the molecular mechanism of CysZ-mediated translocation of SO42- across membranes. CysZ properties differ markedly from those of known transporters and ion channels. The structures display a hitherto unknown fold with dual topology, assembling in CysZ from Pseudomonas denitrificans as a trimer of antiparallel dimers in the membrane. CysZ structures from two other species recapitulate dimers from this assembly. Mutational studies highlight the functional relevance of conserved CysZ residues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, O. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leal Pinto, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kloss, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabuso, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Love, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Punta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajashankar, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rost, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logothetis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quick, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendrickson, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancia, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assur Sanghai, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/131318</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure-based analysis of CysZ-mediated cellular uptake of sulfate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/131326v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct effects of tubulin isotype mutations on neurite growth in Caenorhabditis elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/131326v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tubulins, the building block of microtubules (MTs), play a critical role in both supporting and regulating neurite growth. Eukaryotic genomes contain multiple tubulin isotypes, and their missense mutations cause a range of neurodevelopmental defects. Using the C. elegans touch receptor neurons, we analyzed the effects of 67 tubulin missense mutations on neurite growth. Three types of mutations emerged: 1) loss-of-function mutations, which cause mild defects in neurite growth; 2) antimorphic mutations, which map to the GTP binding site and intradimer and interdimer interfaces, significantly reduce MT stability, and cause severe neurite growth defects; and 3) neomorphic mutations, which map to the exterior surface, increase MT stability, and cause ectopic neurite growth. Structure-function analysis reveals a causal relationship between tubulin structure and MT stability. This stability affects neuronal morphogenesis. As part of this analysis, we engineered several disease-associated human tubulin mutations into C. elegans genes and examined their impact on neuronal development at the cellular level. We also discovered an -tubulin (TBA-7) that appears to destabilize MTs. Loss of TBA-7 led to the formation of hyperstable MTs and the generation of ectopic neurites; the lack of potential sites for polyamination and polyglutamination on TBA-7 may be responsible for this destabilization.nnTable of Content (TOC) Highlight SummaryDifferent tubulin isotypes perform different functions in the regulation of MT structure and neurite growth, and missense mutations of tubulin genes have three types of distinct effects on MT stability and neurite growth. One -tubulin isotype appears to induce relative instability due to the lack of potential post-translational modification sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zheng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Cuadros, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jao, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalfie, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/131326</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct effects of tubulin isotype mutations on neurite growth in Caenorhabditis elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/131367v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting clinical outcomes from large scale cancer genomic profiles with deep survival models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/131367v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Translating the vast data generated by genomic platforms into accurate predictions of clinical outcomes is a fundamental challenge in genomic medicine. Many prediction methods face limitations in learning from the high-dimensional profiles generated by these platforms, and rely on experts to hand-select a small number of features for training prediction models. In this paper, we demonstrate how deep learning and Bayesian optimization methods that have been remarkably successful in general high-dimensional prediction tasks can be adapted to the problem of predicting cancer outcomes. We perform an extensive comparison of Bayesian optimized deep survival models and other state of the art machine learning methods for survival analysis, and describe a framework for interpreting deep survival models using a risk backpropagation technique. Finally, we illustrate that deep survival models can successfully transfer information across diseases to improve prognostic accuracy. We provide an open-source software implementation of this framework called SurvivalNet that enables automatic training, evaluation and interpretation of deep survival models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yousefi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amrollahi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amgad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutman, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halani, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enrique Velazquez Vega, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brat, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/131367</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting clinical outcomes from large scale cancer genomic profiles with deep survival models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/132381v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid DNA Re-Identification for Cell Line Authentication and Forensics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/132381v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA re-identification is used for a broad range of applications, ranging from cell line authentication to crime scene sample identification. However, current re-identification schemes suffer from high latency. Here, we describe a rapid, inexpensive, and portable strategy to re-identify human DNA called MinION sketching. Using data from Oxford Nanopore Technologies sequencer, MinION sketching requires only 3min of sequencing and [~]91 random SNPs to identify a sample, enabling near real-time applications of DNA re-identification. This method capitalizes on the vastly growing availability of genomic reference data for individuals and cancer cell lines. Hands-on preparation of the samples can be reduced to <1 hour. This empowers the application of MinION sketching in research settings for routine cell line authentication or in forensics.nnSoftware is available at https://github.com/TeamErlich/personal-identification-pipeline
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zaaijer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erlich, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Speyer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piccone, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/132381</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid DNA Re-Identification for Cell Line Authentication and Forensics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/132506v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Three-Dimensional Two-Photon Optogenetics And Imaging Of Neural Circuits In Vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/132506v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We demonstrate a holographic system for simultaneous three-dimensional (3D) two-photon stimulation and imaging of neural activity in the mouse neocortex in vivo with cellular resolution. Dual two-photon excitation paths are implemented with independent 3D targeting for calcium imaging and precision optogenetics. We validate the usefulness of the microscope by photoactivating local pools of interneurons in awake mice visual cortex in 3D, which suppress the nearby pyramidal neurons response to visual stimuli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrillo-Reid, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bando, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterka, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuste, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/132506</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Three-Dimensional Two-Photon Optogenetics And Imaging Of Neural Circuits In Vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/132670v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RGBM: Regularized Gradient Boosting Machines For The Identification of Transcriptional Regulators Of Discrete Glioma Subtypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/132670v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The transcription factors (TF) which regulate gene expressions are key determinants of cellular phenotypes. Reconstructing large-scale genome-wide networks which capture the influence of TFs on target genes are essential for understanding and accurate modelling of living cells. We propose RGBM: a gene regulatory network (GRN) inference algorithm, which can handle data from heterogeneous information sources including dynamic time-series, gene knockout, gene knockdown, DNA microarrays and RNA-Seq expression profiles. RGBM allows to use an a priori mechanistic of active biding network consisting of TFs and corresponding target genes. RGBM is evaluated on the DREAM challenge datasets where it surpasses the winners of the competitions and other established methods for two evaluation metrics by about 10-15%.nnWe use RGBM to identify the main regulators of the molecular subtypes of brain tumors. Our analysis reveals the identity and corresponding biological activities of the master regulators driving transformation of the G-CIMP-high into the G-CIMP-low subtype of glioma and PA-like into LGm6-GBM, thus, providing a clue to the yet undetermined nature of the transcriptional events driving the evolution among these novel glioma subtypes.nnRGBM is available for download on CRAN at https://cran.rproject.org/web/packages/RGBM/index.html
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mall, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerulo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunji, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bensmail, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabedot, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noushmehr, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iavarone, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceccarelli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/132670</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RGBM: Regularized Gradient Boosting Machines For The Identification of Transcriptional Regulators Of Discrete Glioma Subtypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/133025v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hebbian Learning in a Random Network Captures Selectivity Properties of Prefrontal Cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/133025v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Complex cognitive behaviors, such as context-switching and rule-following, are thought to be supported by prefrontal cortex (PFC). Neural activity in PFC must thus be specialized to specific tasks while retaining flexibility. Nonlinear  mixed selectivity is an important neurophysiological trait for enabling complex and context-dependent behaviors. Here we investigate (1) the extent to which PFC exhibits computationally relevant properties such as mixed selectivity and (2) how such properties could arise via circuit mechanisms. We show that PFC cells recorded from male and female rhesus macaques during a complex task show a moderate level of specialization and structure that is not replicated by a model wherein cells receive random feedforward inputs. While random connectivity can be effective at generating mixed selectivity, the data shows significantly more mixed selectivity than predicted by a model with otherwise matched parameters. A simple Hebbian learning rule applied to the random connectivity, however, increases mixed selectivity and allows the model to match the data more accurately. To explain how learning achieves this, we provide analysis along with a clear geometric interpretation of the impact of learning on selectivity. After learning, the model also matches the data on measures of noise, response density, clustering, and the distribution of selectivities. Of two styles of Hebbian learning tested, the simpler and more biologically plausible option better matches the data. These modeling results give intuition about how neural properties important for cognition can arise in a circuit and make clear experimental predictions regarding how various measures of selectivity would evolve during animal training.nnSignificance StatementPrefrontal cortex (PFC) is a brain region believed to support the ability of animals to engage in complex behavior. How neurons in this area respond to stimuli--and in particular, to combinations of stimuli ("mixed selectivity")--is a topic of interest. Despite the fact that models with random feedforward connectivity are capable of creating computationally-relevant mixed selectivity, such a model does not match the levels of mixed selectivity seen in the data analyzed in this study. Adding simple Hebbian learning to the model increases mixed selectivity to the correct level and makes the model match the data on several other relevant measures. This study thus offers predictions on how mixed selectivity and other properties evolve with training.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lindsay, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rigotti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warden, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fusi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/133025</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hebbian Learning in a Random Network Captures Selectivity Properties of Prefrontal Cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/133504v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep Neural Networks In Computational Neuroscience 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/133504v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The goal of computational neuroscience is to find mechanistic explanations of how the nervous system processes information to give rise to cognitive function and behaviour. At the heart of the field are its models, i.e. mathematical and computational descriptions of the system being studied, which map sensory stimuli to neural responses and/or neural to behavioural responses. These models range from simple to complex. Recently, deep neural networks (DNNs) have come to dominate several domains of artificial intelligence (AI). As the term "neural network" suggests, these models are inspired by biological brains. However, current DNNs neglect many details of biological neural networks. These simplifications contribute to their computational efficiency, enabling them to perform complex feats of intelligence, ranging from perceptual (e.g. visual object and auditory speech recognition) to cognitive tasks (e.g. machine translation), and on to motor control (e.g. playing computer games or controlling a robot arm). In addition to their ability to model complex intelligent behaviours, DNNs excel at predicting neural responses to novel sensory stimuli with accuracies well beyond any other currently available model type. DNNs can have millions of parameters, which are required to capture the domain knowledge needed for successful task performance. Contrary to the intuition that this renders them into impenetrable black boxes, the computational properties of the network units are the result of four directly manipulable elements: input statistics, network structure, functional objective, and learning algorithm. With full access to the activity and connectivity of all units, advanced visualization techniques, and analytic tools to map network representations to neural data, DNNs represent a powerful framework for building task-performing models and will drive substantial insights in computational neuroscience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kietzmann, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McClure, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriegeskorte, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/133504</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep Neural Networks In Computational Neuroscience]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/134197v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic Instrumental Variable (GIV) Regression: Explaining Socioeconomic And Health Outcomes In Non-Experimental Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/134197v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying causal effects in non-experimental data is an enduring challenge. One proposed solution that recently gained popularity is the idea to use genes as instrumental variables (i.e. Mendelian Randomization - MR). However, this approach is problematic because many variables of interest are genetically correlated, which implies the possibility that many genes could affect both the exposure and the outcome directly or via unobserved confounding factors. Thus, pleiotropic effects of genes are themselves a source of bias in non-experimental data that would also undermine the ability of MR to correct for endogeneity bias from non-genetic sources. Here, we propose an alternative approach, GIV regression, that provides estimates for the effect of an exposure on an outcome in the presence of pleiotropy. As a valuable byproduct, GIV regression also provides accurate estimates of the chip heritability of the outcome variable. GIV regression uses polygenic scores (PGS) for the outcome of interest which can be constructed from genome-wide association study (GWAS) results. By splitting the GWAS sample for the outcome into non-overlapping subsamples, we obtain multiple indicators of the outcome PGS that can be used as instruments for each other, and, in combination with other methods such as sibling fixed effects, can address endogeneity bias from both pleiotropy and the environment. In two empirical applications, we demonstrate that our approach produces reasonable estimates of the chip heritability of educational attainment (EA) and show that standard regression and MR provide upwardly biased estimates of the effect of body height on EA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DiPrete, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burik, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koellinger, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/134197</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic Instrumental Variable (GIV) Regression: Explaining Socioeconomic And Health Outcomes In Non-Experimental Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/135715v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA.Land: A Digital Biobank Using A Massive Crowdsourcing Approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/135715v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precision medicine necessitates large scale collections of genomes and phenomes. Despite decreases in the costs of genomic technologies, collecting these types of information at scale is still a daunting task that poses logistical challenges and requires consortium-scale resources. Here, we describe DNA.Land, a digital biobank to collect genome and phenomes with a fraction of the resources of traditional studies at the same scale. Our approach relies on crowd-sourcing data from the rapidly growing number of individuals that have access to their own genomic datasets through Direct-to-Consumer (DTC) companies. To recruit participants, we developed a series of automatic return-of-results features in DNA.Land that increase users engagement while stratifying human subject research protection. So far, DNA.Land has collected over 43,000 genomes in 20 months of operation, orders of magnitude higher than previous digital attempts by academic groups. We report lessons learned in running a digital biobank, our technical framework, and our approach regarding ethical, legal, and social implications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Speyer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aufrichtig, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zielinski, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickrell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erlich, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/135715</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA.Land: A Digital Biobank Using A Massive Crowdsourcing Approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/136432v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fetal death certificate data quality: A tale of two US counties 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/136432v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeDescribe the relative frequency and joint effect of missing and misreported fetal death certificate (FDC) data and identify variations by key characteristics.nnMethodsStillbirths were prospectively identified during 2006-2008 for a multi-site population-based case-control study. For this study, eligible mothers of stillbirths were not incarcerated residents of DeKalb County, Georgia, or Salt Lake County, Utah, aged > 13 years, with an identifiable FDC. We identified the frequency of missing and misreported (any departure from the study value) FDC data by county, race/ethnicity, gestational age, and whether the stillbirth was antepartum or intrapartum.nnResultsData quality varied by item, and was highest in Salt Lake County. Reporting was generally not associated with maternal or delivery characteristics. Reasons for poor data quality varied by item in DeKalb County: some items were frequently missing and misreported; however, others were of poor quality due to either missing or misreported data.nnConclusionsFDC data suffer from missing and inaccurate data, with variations by item and county. Salt Lake County data illustrate that high quality reporting is attainable. The overall quality of reporting must be improved to support consequential epidemiologic analyses for stillbirth, and improvement efforts should be tailored to the needs of each jurisdiction.nnAbbreviations and Acronyms
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Christiansen-Lindquist, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silver, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudley, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, U. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saade, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldenberg, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogue, C. J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/136432</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fetal death certificate data quality: A tale of two US counties]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/137513v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Maximum Entropy Framework For Inference Of Cell Population Heterogeneity In Signaling Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/137513v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predictive models of signaling networks are essential tools for understanding cell population heterogeneity and designing rational interventions in disease. However, using network models to predict signaling dynamics heterogeneity is often challenging due to the extensive variability of signaling parameters across cell populations. Here, we describe a Maximum Entropy-based fRamework for Inference of heterogeneity in Dynamics of sIgAling Networks (MERIDIAN). MERIDIAN allows us to estimate the joint probability distribution over signaling parameters that is consistent with experimentally observed cell-to-cell variability in abundances of network species. We apply the developed approach to investigate the heterogeneity in the signaling network activated by the epidermal growth factor (EGF) and leading to phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt). Using the inferred parameter distribution, we also predict heterogeneity of phosphorylated Akt levels and the distribution of EGF receptor abundance hours after EGF stimulation. We discuss how MERIDIAN can be generalized and applied to problems beyond modeling of heterogeneous signaling dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dixit, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyashenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niepel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitkup, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/137513</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Maximum Entropy Framework For Inference Of Cell Population Heterogeneity In Signaling Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/137711v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Condensin Complex Is A Mechanochemical Motor That Translocates Along DNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/137711v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One Sentence SummarySingle-molecule imaging reveals that eukaryotic condensin is a highly processive DNA-translocating motor complex.nnAbstractCondensin plays crucial roles in chromosome organization and compaction, but the mechanistic basis for its functions remains obscure. Here, we use single-molecule imaging to demonstrate that Saccharomyces cerevisiae condensin is a molecular motor capable of ATP hydrolysis-dependent translocation along double-stranded DNA. Condensins translocation activity is rapid and highly processive, with individual complexes traveling an average distance of [&ge;]10 kilobases at a velocity of [~]60 base pairs per second. Our results suggest that condensin may take steps comparable in length to its [~]50-nanometer coiled-coil subunits, suggestive of a translocation mechanism that is distinct from any reported DNA motor protein. The finding that condensin is a mechanochemical motor has important implications for understanding the mechanisms of chromosome organization and condensation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Terekawa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bisht, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eeftens, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haering, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/137711</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Condensin Complex Is A Mechanochemical Motor That Translocates Along DNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/137810v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cellular Adaptation Through Fitness-Directed Transcriptional Tuning 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/137810v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells adapt to changes in their environment through transcriptional responses that are hard-coded in their regulatory networks. Such dedicated pathways, however, may be inadequate for adaptation to novel or extreme environments. We propose the existence of a fitness optimization mechanism that tunes the global transcriptional output of a genome to match arbitrary external conditions in the absence of dedicated gene-regulatory networks. We provide evidence for the proposed tuning mechanism in the adaptation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to laboratory-engineered environments that are foreign to its native gene-regulatory network. We show that transcriptional tuning operates locally at individual gene promoters and its efficacy is modulated by genetic perturbations to chromatin modification machinery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Freddolino, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavazoie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/137810</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cellular Adaptation Through Fitness-Directed Transcriptional Tuning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/138099v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bifunctionality Of A Biofilm Matrix Protein Controlled By Redox State 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/138099v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biofilms are communities of microbial cells that are encapsulated within a self-produced polymeric matrix. The matrix is critical to the success of biofilms in diverse habitats, but despite this many details of the composition, structure, and function remain enigmatic. Biofilms formed by the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis depend on the production of the secreted film-forming protein BslA. Here we show that a gradient of electron acceptor availability through the depth of the biofilm gives rise to two distinct functional roles for BslA and that these can be genetically separated through targeted amino acid substitutions. We establish that monomeric BslA is necessary and sufficient to give rise to complex biofilm architecture, while dimerization of BslA is required to render the community hydrophobic. Dimerization of BslA, mediated by disulfide bond formation, depends on two conserved cysteine residues located in the C-terminal region. Our findings demonstrate that bacteria have evolved multiple uses for limited elements in the matrix, allowing for alternative responses in a complex, changing environment.nnSignificanceThe biofilm matrix is a critical target in the hunt for novel strategies to destabilise or stabilise biofilms. Knowledge of the processes controlling matrix assembly is therefore an essential prerequisite to exploitation. Here we highlight that the complexity of the biofilm matrix is even higher than anticipated with one matrix component making two independent functional contributions to the community. The influence the protein exerts is dependent on the local environmental properties, providing another dimension to consider during analysis. These findings add to the evidence that bacteria can evolve multifunctional uses for the extracellular matrix components.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arnaouteli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bromley, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jo, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortez, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sukhodub, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prescott, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dietrich, L. E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacPhee, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley-Wall, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/138099</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bifunctionality Of A Biofilm Matrix Protein Controlled By Redox State]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/139253v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Could The Recent Zika Epidemic Have Been Predicted? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/139253v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Given knowledge at the time, the recent 2015-2016 zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic probably could not have been predicted. Without the prior knowledge of ZIKV being already present in South America, and given the lack of understanding of key epidemiologic processes and long-term records of ZIKV cases in the continent, the best related prediction was for potential risk of an Aedes-borne disease epidemic. Here we use a recently published two-vector capacity model to assess the predictability of the conditions conducive to epidemics of diseases like zika, chikungunya or dengue, transmitted by the independent or concurrent presence of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. We compare the potential risk of transmission forcing the model with the observed climate and with state-of-the-art operational forecasts from the North American Multi Model Ensemble (NMME), finding that the predictive skill of this new seasonal forecast system is highest for multiple countries in Latin America and the Caribbean during the December-February and March-May seasons, and slightly lower -but still of potential use to decision-makers- for the rest of the year. In particular, we find that above-normal suitable conditions for the occurrence of the zika epidemic at the beginning of 2015 could have been successfully predicted for several zika hotspots, and in particular for Northeast Brazil: the heart of the epidemic. Nonetheless, the initiation and spread of an epidemic depends on the effect of multiple factors beyond climate conditions, and thus this type of approach must be considered as a guide and not as a formal predictive tool of vector-borne epidemics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Munoz, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomson, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart-Ibarra, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vecchi, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chourio, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Najera, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/139253</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Could The Recent Zika Epidemic Have Been Predicted?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/139337v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Cerebellum Does More Than Sensory-Prediction-Error-Based Learning In Sensorimotor Adaptation Tasks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/139337v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Individuals with damage to the cerebellum perform poorly in sensorimotor adaptation paradigms. This deficit has been attributed to impairment in sensory-prediction-error-based updating of an internal forward model, a form of implicit learning. These individuals can, however, successfully counter a perturbation when instructed with an explicit aiming strategy. This successful use of an instructed aiming strategy presents a paradox: In adaptation tasks, why dont individuals with cerebellar damage come up with an aiming solution on their own to compensate for their implicit learning deficit? To explore this question, we employed a variant of a visuomotor rotation task in which, prior to executing a movement on each trial, the participants verbally reported their intended aiming location. Compared to healthy controls, participants with spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) displayed impairments in both implicit learning and aiming. This was observed when the visuomotor rotation was introduced abruptly (Exp. 1) or gradually (Exp. 2). This dual deficit does not appear to be related to the increased movement variance associated with ataxia: Healthy undergraduates showed little change in implicit learning or aiming when their movement feedback was artificially manipulated to produce similar levels of variability (Exp. 3). Taken together the results indicate that a consequence of cerebellar dysfunction is not only impaired sensory-prediction-error-based learning, but also a difficulty in developing and/or maintaining an aiming solution in response to a visuomotor perturbation. We suggest that this dual deficit can be explained by the cerebellum forming part of a network that learns and maintains action-outcome associations across trials.nnNew and noteworthyIndividuals with cerebellar pathology are impaired in sensorimotor adaptation. This deficit has been attributed to an impairment in error-based learning, specifically, from a deficit in using sensory prediction errors to update an internal model. Here, we show that these individuals also have difficulty in discovering an aiming solution to overcome their adaptation deficit, suggesting a new role for the cerebellum in sensorimotor adaptation tasks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Butcher, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rydz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krakauer, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/139337</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Cerebellum Does More Than Sensory-Prediction-Error-Based Learning In Sensorimotor Adaptation Tasks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/139386v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping The Malaria Parasite Drug-Able Genome Using In Vitro Evolution And Chemogenomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/139386v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chemogenetic characterization through in vitro evolution combined with whole genome analysis is a powerful tool to discover novel antimalarial drug targets and identify drug resistance genes. Our comprehensive genome analysis of 262 Plasmodium falciparum parasites treated with 37 diverse compounds reveals how the parasite evolves to evade the action of small molecule growth inhibitors. This detailed data set revealed 159 gene amplifications and 148 nonsynonymous changes in 83 genes which developed during resistance acquisition. Using a new algorithm, we show that gene amplifications contribute to 1/3 of drug resistance acquisition events. In addition to confirming known multidrug resistance mechanisms, we discovered novel multidrug resistance genes. Furthermore, we identified promising new drug target-inhibitor pairs to advance the malaria elimination campaign, including: thymidylate synthase and a benzoquinazolinone, farnesyltransferase and a pyrimidinedione, and a dipeptidylpeptidase and an arylurea. This deep exploration of the P. falciparum resistome and drug-able genome will guide future drug discovery and structural biology efforts, while also advancing our understanding of resistance mechanisms of the deadliest malaria parasite.nnOne Sentence SummaryWhole genome sequencing reveals how Plasmodium falciparum evolves resistance to diverse compounds and identifies new antimalarial drug targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cowell, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Istvan, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lukens, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Lorenzo, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanaerschot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakata-Kato, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flannery, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magistrado, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamonte, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franco, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arriago, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linares, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bopp, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corey, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gnadig, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coburn-Flynn, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reimer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murithi, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuchs, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasaki, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaseichuk, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otillie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamo, F.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M. C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fidock, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirth, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winzeler, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/139386</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping The Malaria Parasite Drug-Able Genome Using In Vitro Evolution And Chemogenomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/140731v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Re-Evaluating Evolution In The HIV Reservoir 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/140731v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite antiretroviral therapy (ART), a latent reservoir of replication-competent HIV-1 persists in resting memory CD4+ T-cells and precludes cure1-6. Lorenzo-Redondo et al.7 analyzed HIV-1 sequences collected from three individuals during the first six months of ART, discovered specific patterns of sequence evolution, and concluded that viral replication persists during therapy. We believe these evolutionary patterns are artifacts of rapidly decaying viral subpopulations present during the first months of therapy and are not characteristic of the long-lived reservoir. The study therefore provides no evidence that ongoing replication is an additional barrier to cure for treated individuals who consistently maintain low viral loads.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosenbloom, D. I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laskey, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siliciano, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/140731</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Re-Evaluating Evolution In The HIV Reservoir]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/140822v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selective Inhibitory Control Of Pyramidal Neuron Ensembles And Cortical Subnetworks By Chandelier Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/140822v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neocortex comprises multiple information processing streams mediated by subsets of glutamatergic pyramidal cells (PCs) that receive diverse inputs and project to distinct targets. How GABAergic interneurons regulate the segregation and communication among intermingled PC subsets that contribute to separate brain networks remains unclear. Here we demonstrate that a subset of GABAergic chandelier cells (ChCs) in the prelimbic cortex (PL), which innervate PCs at spike initiation site, selectively control PCs projecting to the basolateral amygdala (BLAPC) compared to those projecting to contralateral cortex (ccPC). These ChCs in turn receive preferential input from local and contralateral CCPCs as opposed to BLAPCs and BLA neurons (the PL-BLA network). Accordingly, optogenetic activation of ChCs rapidly suppresses BLAPCs and BLA activity in freely behaving mice. Thus, the exquisite connectivity of ChCs not only mediates directional inhibition between local PC ensembles but may also shape communication hierarchies between global networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucciarone, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padilla-Coreano, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/140822</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selective Inhibitory Control Of Pyramidal Neuron Ensembles And Cortical Subnetworks By Chandelier Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/141309v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning Fast And Slow: Deviations From The Matching Law Can Reflect An Optimal Strategy Under Uncertainty 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/141309v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Behavior which deviates from our normative expectations often appears irrational. A classic example concerns the question of how choice should be distributed among multiple alternatives. The so-called matching law predicts that the fraction of choices made to any option should match the fraction of total rewards earned from the option. This choice strategy can maximize reward in a stationary reward schedule. Empirically, however, behavior often deviates from this ideal. While such deviations have often been interpreted as reflecting  noisy, suboptimal, decision-making, here we instead suggest that they reflect a strategy which is adaptive in nonstationary and uncertain environments. We analyze the results of a dynamic foraging task. Animals exhibited significant deviations from matching, and animals turned out to be able to collect more rewards when deviation was larger. We show that this behavior can be understood if one considers that animals had incomplete information about the environments dynamics. In particular, using computational models, we show that in such nonstationary environments, learning on both fast and slow timescales is beneficial. Learning on fast timescales means that an animal can react to sudden changes in the environment, though this inevitably introduces large fluctuations (variance) in value estimates. Concurrently, learning on slow timescales reduces the amplitude of these fluctuations at the price of introducing a bias that causes systematic deviations. We confirm this prediction in data - monkeys indeed solved the bias-variance tradeoff by combining learning on both fast and slow timescales. Our work suggests that multi-timescale learning could be a biologically plausible mechanism for optimizing decisions under uncertainty.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>IIgaya, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmadian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugrue, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corrado, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loewenstein, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newsome, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fusi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/141309</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning Fast And Slow: Deviations From The Matching Law Can Reflect An Optimal Strategy Under Uncertainty]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/141523v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Swapping Of Transmembrane Domains In The Epithelial Calcium Channel TRPV6 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/141523v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tetrameric ion channels have either swapped or non-swapped arrangements of the S1-S4 and pore domains. Here we show that mutations in the transmembrane domain of TRPV6 can result in conversion from a domain-swapped to non-swapped fold. These results reveal structural determinants of domain swapping and raise the possibility that a single ion channel subtype can fold into either arrangement in vivo, affecting its function in normal or disease states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saotome, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobolevsky, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/141523</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Swapping Of Transmembrane Domains In The Epithelial Calcium Channel TRPV6]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/141762v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Complete Connectome Of A Learning And Memory Center In An Insect Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/141762v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Associating stimuli with positive or negative reinforcement is essential for survival, but a complete wiring diagram of a higherorder circuit supporting associative memory has not been previously available. We reconstructed one such circuit at synaptic resolution, the Drosophila larval mushroom body, and found that most Kenyon cells integrate random combinations of inputs but a subset receives stereotyped inputs from single projection neurons. This organization maximizes performance of a model output neuron on a stimulus discrimination task. We also report a novel canonical circuit in each mushroom body compartment with previously unidentified connections: reciprocal Kenyon cell to modulatory neuron connections, modulatory neuron to output neuron connections, and a surprisingly high number of recurrent connections between Kenyon cells. Stereotyped connections between output neurons could enhance the selection of learned responses. The complete circuit map of the mushroom body should guide future functional studies of this learning and memory center.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eichler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litwin-Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrade, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider-Mizell, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saumweber, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huser, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eschbach, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerber, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fetter, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Truman, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priebe, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thum, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zlatic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardona, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/141762</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Complete Connectome Of A Learning And Memory Center In An Insect Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/142224v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequential Eviction Of Crowded Nucleoprotein Complexes By The RecBCD Molecular Motor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/142224v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In physiological settings, all nucleic acids motor proteins must travel along substrates that are crowded with other proteins. However, the physical basis for how motor proteins behave in these highly crowded environments remains unknown. Here we use real-time single molecule imaging, kinetic Monte Carlo simulations, and Molecular dynamics simulations to determine how the ATP-dependent translocase RecBCD travels along DNA occupied by tandem arrays of high affinity DNA-binding proteins. We demonstrate that RecBCD forces each protein into its nearest adjacent neighbor, causing rapid disruption of the underlying protein-nucleic acid interface. This mechanism is not simply the same way that RecBCD disrupts isolated nucleoprotein complexes on otherwise naked DNA. Instead, molecular crowding itself completely alters the mechanism by which RecBCD removes tightly bound protein obstacles from DNA.nnSignificance statementChromosomes are crowded places, and any nucleic acid motor proteins that act upon DNA must function within these crowded environments. How crowded environments affect motor protein behaviors remains largely unexplored. Here, we use single molecule fluorescence microscopy visualize the ATP-dependent motor protein RecBCD as it travels along crowded DNA molecules bearing long tandem arrays of DNA-binding proteins. Our findings show that RecBCD can push through highly crowded protein arrays while evicting the proteins from DNA. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that RecBCD forces the proteins into once another, causing rapid disruption of the protein-DNA interface. These findings may provide insights into how other types of motor proteins travel along crowded nucleic acids.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Terakawa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redding, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverstein, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/142224</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequential Eviction Of Crowded Nucleoprotein Complexes By The RecBCD Molecular Motor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/142489v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cooperative Interactions Enable Singular Olfactory Receptor Expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/142489v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The monogenic and monoallelic expression of only one out of > 1000 olfactory receptor (ORs) genes requires the formation of large heterochromatic chromatin domains that sequester the OR gene clusters. Within these domains, intergenic transcriptional enhancers evade heterochromatic silencing and converge into interchromosomal hubs that assemble over the transcriptionally active OR. The significance of this nuclear organization in OR choice remains elusive. Here, we show that transcription factors Lhx2 and Ebf specify OR enhancers by binding in a functionally cooperative fashion to stereotypically spaced motifs that defy heterochromatin. Specific displacement of Lhx2 and Ebf from OR enhancers resulted in pervasive, long-range, and trans downregulation of OR transcription, whereas pre-assembly of a multi-enhancer hub increased the frequency of OR choice in cis. Our data provide genetic support for the requirement and sufficiency of interchromosomal interactions in singular OR choice and generate general regulatory principles for stochastic, mutually exclusive gene expression programs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lomvardas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schieren, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monahan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mumbey-Wafula, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monuki, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/142489</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cooperative Interactions Enable Singular Olfactory Receptor Expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/143933v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Multiple Sclerosis Genomic Map: Role of peripheral immune cells and resident microglia in susceptibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/143933v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractWe assembled and analyzed genetic data of 47,351 multiple sclerosis (MS) subjects and 68,284 control subjects and establish a reference map of the genetic architecture of MS that includes 200 autosomal susceptibility variants outside the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), one chromosome X variant, and 32 independent associations within the extended MHC. We used an ensemble of methods to prioritize up to 551 potentially associated MS susceptibility genes, that implicate multiple innate and adaptive pathways distributed across the cellular components of the immune system. Using expression profiles from purified human microglia, we do find enrichment for MS genes in these brain - resident immune cells. Thus, while MS is most likely initially triggered by perturbation of peripheral immune responses the functional responses of microglia and other brain cells are also altered and may have a role in targeting an autoimmune process to the central nervous system.nnOne Sentence SummaryWe report a detailed genetic and genomic map of multiple sclerosis, and describe the role of putatively affected genes in the peripheral immune system and brain resident microglia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>- International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consorti,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patsopoulos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baranzini, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santaniello, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoostari, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cotsapas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beecham, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Replogle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vlachos, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCabe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pers, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keenan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cimpean, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winn, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panteliadis, I.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robbins, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andlauer, T. F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarzycki, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubois, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goris, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bach Sondergaard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sellebjerg, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soelberg Sorensen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ullum, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wegner Thoerner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saarela, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cournu-Rebeix, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damotte, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontaine, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillot-Noel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lathrop, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vukusik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berthele, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biberacher, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>B</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/143933</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Multiple Sclerosis Genomic Map: Role of peripheral immune cells and resident microglia in susceptibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/144717v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large Meta-Analysis Provides Evidence For An Association Of Serum Vitamin D With Pulmonary Function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/144717v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The role that vitamin D plays in pulmonary function remains uncertain. Epidemiological studies reported mixed findings for the association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and pulmonary function. We conducted the largest cross-sectional meta-analysis of the 25(OH)D- pulmonary function association to date, based on nine European ancestry (EA) cohorts (n=22,838) and five African ancestry (AA) cohorts (n=4,290) in the CHARGE Consortium. Data were analyzed using linear models by cohort and ancestry. Effect modification by smoking status (current/former/never) was tested. Results were combined using fixed-effects meta-analysis. Mean (SD) serum 25(OH)D was 68 (29) nmol/L for EAs and 49 (21) nmol/L for AAs. For each 1 nmol/L higher 25(OH)D, forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) was higher by 1.1 mL in EAs (95% CI: 0.9,1.3; P=2.5x10-21) and 1.8 mL (95% CI: 1.1,2.5; P=1.6x10-7) in Aas (Prace difference=0.06), and forced vital capacity (FVC) was higher by 1.3 mL in EAs (95% CI: 1.0,1.6; P=1.1x10-20) and 1.5 mL (95% CI: 0.8,2.3; P=1.2x10-4) in AAs (Prace difference=0.56). Among EAs, the 25(OH)D-FVC association was stronger in smokers: per 1nmol/L higher 25(OH)D, FVC was higher by 1.7 mL (95% CI: 1.1,2.3) for current smokers and 1.7 mL (95% CI: 1.2,2.1) for former smokers, compared to 0.8 mL (95% CI: 0.4,1.2) for never smokers. In summary, the 25(OH)D associations with FEV1 and FVC were positive in both ancestries. In EAs, a stronger association was observed for smokers compared to never smokers, which supports the importance of vitamin D in vulnerable populations.nnCohort FundingThis work was supported by National Institutes of Health (NIH) grant number R21 HL125574 funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) and the NIH Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) (co-Principal Investigators [co-PIs]: DBH and PAC). The corresponding author (PAC) had full access to the data for the meta-analysis, and had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication. No funding source had any role in the analysis of the data, the writing of the manuscript, or the decision to submit it. This work was also supported in part by R01HL077612 (PI: RGB) and by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (ZO1 ES043012, PI: SJL). SJL is supported by the Intramural Research Program of NIH, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. Infrastructure for the CHARGE Consortium is supported in part by the NHLBI grant R01HL105756.nnThe Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility (AGES)-Reykjavik Study has been funded by NIH contracts N01-AG-1-2100 and 271201200022C, the National Institute on Aging (NIA) Intramural Research Program, Hjartavernd (the Icelandic Heart Association), and the Althingi (the Icelandic Parliament). The study is approved by the Icelandic National Bioethics Committee, VSN: 00-063. The researchers are indebted to the participants for their willingness to participate in the study.nnThe Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study is carried out as a collaborative study supported by NHLBI contracts HHSN268201100005C, HHSN268201100006C, HHSN268201100007C, HHSN268201100008C, HHSN268201100009C, HHSN268201100010C, HHSN268201100011C, and HHSN268201100012C. 25(OH)D measurements were conducted with the support of R01 HL103706 from the NHLBI and R01 HL103706-S1 from the NIH ODS. The authors thank the staff and participants of the ARIC study for their important contributions.nnThis Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) research was supported by NHLBI contracts HHSN268201200036C, HHSN268200800007C, N01HC55222, N01HC85079, N01HC85080, N01HC85081, N01HC85082, N01HC85083, N01HC85086; and NHLBI grants U01HL080295, R01HL085251, R01HL087652, R01HL105756, R01HL103612, R01HL120393, and R01HL130114 with additional contribution from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). Additional support was provided through R01AG023629 from NIA. A full list of principal CHS investigators and institutions can be found at CHS-NHLBI.org. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. Vitamin D measurements were made possible by NHLBI (R01HL084443-01A2).nnThis work in Framingham Heart Study was supported by NHLBIs Framingham Heart Study contract (N01-HC-25195 and HHSN268201500001I). Vitamin D measurements in the Framingham study were made possible by NIA (R01 AG14759 to SLB.).nnThe Health Aging and Body Composition cohort study was supported by NIA contracts N01AG62101, N01AG2103, and N01AG62106, NIA grant R01-AG028050, NINR grant R01-NR012459, and in part by the Intramural Research Program of the NIA, NIH. This research was further supported by RC1AG035835, and the serum vitamin D assays were supported by R01AG029364.nnThe Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) study is conducted and supported by NHLBI in collaboration with MESA investigators. Support for MESA is provided by contracts HHSN268201500003I, N01-HC-95159, N01-HC-95160, N01-HC-95161, N01-HC-95162, N01-HC-95163, N01-HC-95164, N01-HC-95165, N01-HC-95166, N01-HC-95167, N01-HC-95168, and N01-HC-95169 from NHLBI, UL1-TR-000040, UL1-TR-001079, and UL1-TR-001881 from NCRR, and DK063491 from the NIDDK. The MESA Lung study was supported by grants R01 HL077612, RC1 HL100543 and R01 HL093081 from NHLBI. Support for the Mineral Metabolite dataset was provided by grant HL096875.nnThe Rotterdam Study is funded by Erasmus Medical Center and Erasmus University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; the Organization for the Health Research and Development (ZonMw); the Research Institute for Diseases in the Elderly (RIDE); the Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture, and Science; the Dutch Ministry for Health, Welfare, and Sports; the European Commission (DG XII), and the Municipality of Rotterdam. LL was a postdoctoral fellow of the Research Foundation--Flanders (FWO) in Brussels, Belgium. Part of this work was supported by a FWO-grant G035014N. DSM Nutritional Products AG, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland, sponsored the Vitamin D serum analyses. The authors are grateful to the study participants, the staff from the Rotterdam Study, and the participating general practitioners and pharmacists.nnThe Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study (CARDIA) is supported by contracts HHSN268201300025C, HHSN268201300026C, HHSN268201300027C, HHSN268201300028C, HHSN268201300029C, and HHSN268200900041C from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), the Intramural Research Program of the National Institute on Aging (NIA), and an intra-agency agreement between NIA and NHLBI (AG0005).nnAuthor DisclosureDr. Psaty serves on the DSMB of a clinical trial funded by the manufacturer (Zoll LifeCor) and on the Steering Committee of the Yale Open Data Access Project funded by Johnson & Johnson.nnAll other authors have no conflicts of interest. There is no commercial support or financial interest from the tobacco industry for the research presented.nnThe study sponsors were not involved in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, report writing, or decisions to submit the paper for publication. PAC and DBH had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication.nnOnline Supporting MaterialSupplemental table, figures, and methods are available.nnAbbreviation Footnote
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartz, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chittoor, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eiriksdottir, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manichaikul, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terzikhan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booth, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brusselle, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Boer, I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fornage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frazier-Wood, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudnason, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houston, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kritchevsky, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latourelle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemaitre, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutsey, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oelsner, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pankow, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Psaty, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohde, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotter, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stricker, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voruganti, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zillikens, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupuis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gharib, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahousse, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>London, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/144717</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large Meta-Analysis Provides Evidence For An Association Of Serum Vitamin D With Pulmonary Function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/145094v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
pals-22, A Member Of An Expanded C. elegans Gene Family, Controls Silencing Of Repetitive DNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/145094v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Repetitive DNA sequences are subject to gene silencing in various animal species. Under specific circumstances repetitive DNA sequences can escape such silencing. For example, when exogenously added, extrachromosomal DNA sequences that are stably inherited in multicopy repetitive arrays in the nematode C. elegans are frequently silenced in the germline, whereas such silencing often does not occur in the soma. This indicates that somatic cells might utilize factors that prevent repetitive DNA silencing. Indeed, such "anti-silencing" factors have been revealed through genetic screens that identified mutant loci in which repetitive transgenic arrays are aberrantly silenced in the soma. We describe here a novel locus, pals-22 (for protein containing ALS2CR12 domain), required to prevent silencing of repetitive transgenes in neurons and other somatic tissue types. pals-22 deficiency also severely impacts animal vigor and confers phenotypes reminiscent of accelerated aging. We find that pals-22 is a member of a large family of divergent genes (39 members), defined by the presence of an ALS2CR12 domain. While gene family members are highly divergent, they show striking patterns of genomic clustering. The family expansion appears C. elegans-specific and has not occurred to the same extent in other nematode species. Previous transcriptome analysis has revealed that most of the pals genes are induced under stress conditions or upon infection by intracellular parasites. The transgene silencing phenotype observed upon loss of cytoplasmically localized PALS-22 protein depends on the biogenesis of small RNAs, since silencing is abolished in the RNAi defective mutant rde-4, suggesting that pals-22 might regulate RNAi dependent silencing in the cytoplasm of neurons and other tissues. We speculate that the pals gene family may be part of a species-specific cellular defense mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leyva-Diaz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefanakis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrera, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glenwinkel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Driscoll, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/145094</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[pals-22, A Member Of An Expanded C. elegans Gene Family, Controls Silencing Of Repetitive DNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/146043v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detecting polygenic adaptation in admixture graphs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/146043v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An open question in human evolution is the importance of polygenic adaptation: adaptive changes in the mean of a multifactorial trait due to shifts in allele frequencies across many loci. In recent years, several methods have been developed to detect polygenic adaptation using loci identified in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Though powerful, these methods suffer from limited interpretability: they can detect which sets of populations have evidence for polygenic adaptation, but are unable to reveal where in the history of multiple populations these processes occurred. To address this, we created a method to detect polygenic adaptation in an admixture graph, which is a representation of the historical divergences and admixture events relating different populations through time. We developed a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm to infer branch-specific parameters reflecting the strength of selection in each branch of a graph. Additionally, we developed a set of summary statistics that are fast to compute and can indicate which branches are most likely to have experienced polygenic adaptation. We show via simulations that this method - which we call PolyGraph - has good power to detect polygenic adaptation, and applied it to human population genomic data from around the world. We also provide evidence that variants associated with several traits, including height, educational attainment, and self-reported unibrow, have been influenced by polygenic adaptation in different populations during human evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Racimo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berg, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickrell, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/146043</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detecting polygenic adaptation in admixture graphs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/146407v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Role of inhibitory control in modulating spread of focal ictal activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/146407v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Focal seizure propagation is classically thought to be spatially contiguous. However, distribution of seizures through a large-scale epileptic network has been theorized. Here, we used a multielectrode array, wide field calcium imaging, and two-photon calcium imaging to study focal seizure propagation pathways in an acute rodent neocortical 4-aminopyridine model. Although ictal neuronal bursts did not propagate beyond a 2-3 mm region, they were associated with hemisphere-wide field potential fluctuations and parvalbumin-positive interneuron activity outside the seizure focus. While bicuculline surface application enhanced contiguous seizure propagation, focal bicuculline microinjection at sites distant to the 4-aminopyridine focus resulted in epileptic network formation with maximal activity at the two foci. Our study suggests that both classical and epileptic network propagation can arise from localized inhibition defects, and that the network appearance can arise in the context of normal brain structure without requirement for pathological connectivity changes between sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liou, J.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wenzel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baird-Daniel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emerson, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuste, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schevon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/146407</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Role of inhibitory control in modulating spread of focal ictal activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/148155v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diabetes and dementia incidence in Latin America; a 10/66 population-based cohort study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/148155v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDiabetes prevalence is already high in middle income countries, particularly among older people. Current evidence on diabetes as a risk factor for dementia is limited to cohort studies in high income countries. Few studies carried out fasting glucose assessments to identify undiagnosed cases, and assess diabetes control. We aimed to determine the association between both diagnosed diabetes and total diabetes (including undiagnosed cases) and incident dementia, examining also the impact of glycaemic control on dementia risk.nnMethodsPopulation-based cohort studies of those aged 65 years and over in sites in Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Peru, Venezuela, and Mexico. Diagnosed diabetes was assessed through self-reported diagnosis, and undiagnosed diabetes through fasting blood samples (glucose >= 7mmol/L). Blood pressure, smoking, underactivity and waist circumference were assessed from questionnaires and physical examination. Incident 10/66 dementia (and subtypes), and mortality, were ascertained three to five years later.nnResults12,297 interviews were completed at baseline, with 80-95% responding by site. The  at risk cohort comprised 10,945 dementia-free individuals, of whom 8,171 (75%) provided blood samples. Mean age varied from 72.0 to 75.1 years by site. Total diabetes prevalence was 43.5% in Puerto Rico, ranging from 11.5% to 27.0% in other sites. Most diabetes cases (50.2% to 68.4%) were not controlled (fasting glucose >7.0 mmol/L). 7,000 participants were followed up for 26,423 person-years with 659 incident dementia cases, and 905 dementia free deaths. Total diabetes was associated with incident 10/66 dementia (pooled meta-analysed adjusted sub-hazard ratio [pASHR] 1.25, 95% CI, 1.05-1.49, I2=48.6%), with a stronger association for uncontrolled (pASHR 1.47, 95% CI 1.19-1.81, I2=49.6%) than controlled cases (pASHR 1.29, 95% CI 0.95-1.74, I2=13.3%). Total diabetes was strongly associated with the incidence of vascular dementia (pASHR 2.25, 95% CI 1.24-4.08, I2=23.7%), but not Alzheimers Disease (pASHR 0.99, 95% CI 0.70-1.42, I2=49.0%).nnConclusionsDiabetes, particularly when poorly controlled, may increase dementia risk. There is considerable scope for improved detection and control of diabetes among older people in these settings, and hence an opportunity to carry out proof of concept prevention trials. Overlapping epidemics of these age dependent disorders will challenge poorly-resourced health systems in the future.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Salas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acosta, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerra, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez-Velazquez, I. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llibre Rodriguez, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sosa, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dewey, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaona, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerchet, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luchsinger, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez Medina, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salinas, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prince, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/148155</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diabetes and dementia incidence in Latin America; a 10/66 population-based cohort study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/148502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Harmonization of cortical thickness measurements across scanners and sites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/148502v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With the proliferation of multi-site neuroimaging studies, there is a greater need for handling non-biological variance introduced by differences in MRI scanners and acquisition protocols. Such unwanted sources of variation, which we refer to as "scanner effects", can hinder the detection of imaging features associated with clinical covariates of interest and cause spurious findings. In this paper, we investigate scanner effects in two large multi-site studies on cortical thickness measurements, across a total of 11 scanners. We propose a set of general tools for visualizing and identifying scanner effects that are generalizable to other modalities. We then propose to use ComBat, a technique adopted from the genomics literature and recently applied to diffusion tensor imaging data, to combine and harmonize cortical thickness values across scanners. We show that ComBat removes unwanted sources of scan variability while simultaneously increasing the power and reproducibility of subsequent statistical analyses. We also show that ComBat is useful for combining imaging data with the goal of studying life-span trajectories in the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fortin, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cullen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheline, Y. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aselcioglu, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fava, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGrath, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McInnis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parsey, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trivedi, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinohara, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/148502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Harmonization of cortical thickness measurements across scanners and sites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/148585v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Correlated Light-Serial Scanning Electron Microscopy (CoLSSEM) for ultrastructural visualization of single neurons in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/148585v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A challenging aspect of neuroscience revolves around mapping the synaptic connections within neural circuits (connectomics) over scales spanning several orders of magnitude (nanometers to meters). Despite significant improvements in serial section electron microscopy (SSEM) technologies, several major roadblocks have impaired its general applicability to mammalian neural circuits. In the present study, we introduce a new approach that circumvents these roadblocks by adapting a genetically-encoded ascorbate peroxidase (APEX2) as a fusion protein to a membrane-targeted fluorescent reporter (CAAX-Venus), and introduce it in single pyramidal neurons in vivo using extremely sparse in utero cortical electroporation (IUCE). This approach allows to perform Correlated Light-SSEM (CoLSSEM) on individual neurons, reconstructing their dendritic and axonal arborization in a targeted way via combination of high-resolution confocal microscopy, and subsequently imaging of its ultrastuctural features and synaptic connections with the ATUM-SEM (automated tape-collecting ultramicrotome - scanning electron microscopy) technology. Our method significantly improves the the feasibility of large-scale reconstructions of neurons within a circuit, and bridges the description of ultrastructural features of genetically-identified neurons with their functional and/or structural connectivity, one of the main goal of connectomics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hirabayashi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapia, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polleux, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/148585</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Correlated Light-Serial Scanning Electron Microscopy (CoLSSEM) for ultrastructural visualization of single neurons in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/149229v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differing strategies used by motor neurons and glia to achieve robust development of an adult neuropil in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/149229v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In both vertebrates and invertebrates, neurons and glia are generated in a stereotyped order from dedicated progenitors called neural stem cells, but the purpose of invariant lineages is not understood. Here we show that three of the stem cells that produce leg motor neurons in Drosophila also generate a specialized subset of glia, the neuropil glia, which wrap and send processes into the neuropil where motor neuron dendrites arborize. The development of the neuropil glia and leg motor neurons is highly coordinated. However, although individual motor neurons have a stereotyped birth order and transcription factor code, both the number and individual morphologies of the glia born from these lineages are highly plastic, even though the final structure they contribute to is highly stereotyped. We suggest that the shared lineages of these two cell types facilitates the assembly of complex neural circuits, and that the two different birth order strategies - hardwired for motor neurons and flexible for glia - are important for robust nervous system development and homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Enriquez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quintana Rio, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blazeski, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/149229</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differing strategies used by motor neurons and glia to achieve robust development of an adult neuropil in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/149369v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Healthy Brain Network Biobank: An open resource for transdiagnostic research in pediatric mental health and learning disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/149369v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Technological and methodological innovations are equipping researchers with unprecedented capabilities for detecting and characterizing pathologic processes in the developing human brain. As a result, ambitions to achieve clinically useful tools to assist in the diagnosis and management of mental health and learning disorders are gaining momentum. To this end, it is critical to accrue large-scale multimodal datasets that capture a broad range of commonly encountered clinical psychopathology. The Child Mind Institute has launched the Healthy Brain Network (HBN), an ongoing initiative focused on creating and sharing a biobank of data from 10,000 New York area participants (ages 5-21). The HBN Biobank houses data about psychiatric, behavioral, cognitive, and lifestyle phenotypes, as well as multimodal brain imaging (resting and naturalistic viewing fMRI, diffusion MRI, morphometric MRI), electroencephalography, eye-tracking, voice and video recordings, genetics, and actigraphy. Here, we present the rationale, design and implementation of HBN protocols. We describe the first data release (n = 664) and the potential of the biobank to advance related areas (e.g., biophysical modeling, voice analysis).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alexander, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escalera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreotti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Febre, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangone, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vega Potler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovacs, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Hagan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bronstein, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bui, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bushey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castagna, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camacho, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Citera, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clucas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eaves, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fradera, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant-Villegas, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregory, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lord, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahn, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabotyanski, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margolis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merikangas, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milham, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minniti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neuhaus, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nussbaum, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parra, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pugh, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Racanello, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Restrepo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saltzman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Septimus, B</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/149369</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Healthy Brain Network Biobank: An open resource for transdiagnostic research in pediatric mental health and learning disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/151928v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
YASS: Yet Another Spike Sorter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/151928v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spike sorting is a critical first step in extracting neural signals from large-scale electrophysiological data. This manuscript describes an efficient, reliable pipeline for spike sorting on dense multi-electrode arrays (MEAs), where neural signals appear across many electrodes and spike sorting currently represents a major computational bottleneck. We present several new techniques that make dense MEA spike sorting more robust and scalable. Our pipeline is based on an efficient multi-stage "triage-then-cluster-then-pursuit" approach that initially extracts only clean, high-quality waveforms from the electrophysiological time series by temporarily skipping noisy or "collided" events (representing two neurons firing synchronously). This is accomplished by developing a neural network detection method followed by efficient outlier triaging. The clean waveforms are then used to infer the set of neural spike waveform templates through nonparametric Bayesian clustering. Our clustering approach adapts a "coreset" approach for data reduction and uses efficient inference methods in a Dirichlet process mixture model framework to dramatically improve the scalability and reliability of the entire pipeline. The "triaged" waveforms are then finally recovered with matching-pursuit deconvolution techniques. The proposed methods improve on the state-of-the-art in terms of accuracy and stability on both real and biophysically-realistic simulated MEA data. Furthermore, the proposed pipeline is efficient, learning templates and clustering much faster than real-time for a [~=] 500-electrode dataset, using primarily a single CPU core.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shokri, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goetz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batty, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chichilnisky, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Einevoll, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/151928</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[YASS: Yet Another Spike Sorter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/152884v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inferring single-trial neural population dynamics using sequential auto-encoders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/152884v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuroscience is experiencing a data revolution in which simultaneous recording of many hundreds or thousands of neurons is revealing structure in population activity that is not apparent from single-neuron responses. This structure is typically extracted from trial-averaged data. Single-trial analyses are challenging due to incomplete sampling of the neural population, trial-to-trial variability, and fluctuations in action potential timing. Here we introduce Latent Factor Analysis via Dynamical Systems (LFADS), a deep learning method to infer latent dynamics from single-trial neural spiking data. LFADS uses a nonlinear dynamical system (a recurrent neural network) to infer the dynamics underlying observed population activity and to extract  de-noised single-trial firing rates from neural spiking data. We apply LFADS to a variety of monkey and human motor cortical datasets, demonstrating its ability to predict observed behavioral variables with unprecedented accuracy, extract precise estimates of neural dynamics on single trials, infer perturbations to those dynamics that correlate with behavioral choices, and combine data from non-overlapping recording sessions (spanning months) to improve inference of underlying dynamics. In summary, LFADS leverages all observations of a neural populations activity to accurately model its dynamics on single trials, opening the door to a detailed understanding of the role of dynamics in performing computation and ultimately driving behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pandarinath, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Shea, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jozefowicz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stavisky, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kao, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trautmann, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryu, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hochberg, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenoy, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sussillo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/152884</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inferring single-trial neural population dynamics using sequential auto-encoders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/153759v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural Networks for Efficient Bayesian Decoding of Natural Images from Retinal Neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/153759v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Decoding sensory stimuli from neural signals can be used to reveal how we sense our physical environment, and is valuable for the design of brain-machine interfaces. However, existing linear techniques for neural decoding may not fully reveal or exploit the fidelity of the neural signal. Here we develop a new approximate Bayesian method for decoding natural images from the spiking activity of populations of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). We sidestep known computational challenges with Bayesian inference by exploiting artificial neural networks developed for computer vision, enabling fast nonlinear decoding that incorporates natural scene statistics implicitly. We use a decoder architecture that first linearly reconstructs an image from RGC spikes, then applies a convolutional autoencoder to enhance the image. The resulting decoder, trained on natural images and simulated neural responses, significantly outperforms linear decoding, as well as simple point-wise nonlinear decoding. These results provide a tool for the assessment and optimization of retinal prosthesis technologies, and reveal that the retina may provide a more accurate representation of the visual scene than previously appreciated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parthasarathy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batty, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falcon, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutten, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajpal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chichilnisky, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/153759</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural Networks for Efficient Bayesian Decoding of Natural Images from Retinal Neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/154450v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Response to Editas: Unexpected mutations after CRISPR-Cas9 editing in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/154450v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our previous publication suggested CRISPR-Cas9 editing at the zygotic stage might unexpectedly introduce a multitude of subtle but unintended mutations, an interpretation that not surprisingly raised numerous questions. The key issue is that since parental lines were not available, might the reported variants have been inherited? To expand upon the limited available whole genome data on whether CRISPR-edited mice show more genetic variation, whole-genome sequencing was performed on two other mouse lines that had undergone a CRISPR-editing procedure. Again, parents were not available for either the Capn5 nor Fblim1 CRISPR-edited mouse lines, so strain controls were examined. Additionally, we also include verification of variants detected in the initial mouse line. Taken together, these whole-genome-sequencing-level results support the idea that in specific cases, CRISPR-Cas9 editing can precisely edit the genome at the organismal level and may not introduce numerous, unintended, off-target mutations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schaefer, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, W.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colgan, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsang, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassuk, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/154450</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Response to Editas: Unexpected mutations after CRISPR-Cas9 editing in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/154864v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dopamine neuron dependent behaviors mediated by glutamate cotransmission 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/154864v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area use glutamate as a cotransmitter. To elucidate the behavioral role of the cotransmission, we targeted the glutamate-recycling enzyme glutaminase (gene GLS1). In mice with a DAT-driven conditional heterozygous (cHET) reduction of GLS1 in their dopamine neurons, dopamine neuron survival and transmission were unaffected, while glutamate cotransmission at phasic firing frequencies was reduced, enabling focusing the cotransmission. DAT GLS1 cHET mice showed normal emotional and motor behaviors, and an unaffected response to acute amphetamine. Strikingly, amphetamine sensitization was reduced and latent inhibition potentiated. These behavioral effects, also seen in global GLS1 HETs with a schizophrenia resilience phenotype, were not seen in mice with an Emx1-driven forebrain reduction affecting most brain glutamatergic neurons. Thus, a reduction in dopamine neuron glutamate cotransmission appears to mediate significant components of the GLS1 HET schizophrenia resilience phenotype, and glutamate cotransmission appears to be important in attribution of motivational salience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mingote, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuhma, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalmbach, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomsen, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mihali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sferrazza, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zucker-Scharff, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siena, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lizardi-Ortiz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulzer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaisler-Salomon, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rayport, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/154864</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dopamine neuron dependent behaviors mediated by glutamate cotransmission]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/155028v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning Edge Rewiring in EMT from Single Cell Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/155028v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular regulatory networks are not static, but continuously reconfigure in response to stimuli via alterations in gene expression and protein confirmations. However, typical computational approaches treat them as static interaction networks derived from a single experimental time point. Here, we provide a method for learning the dynamic modulation, or rewiring of pairwise relationships (edges) from a static single-cell data. We use the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in murine breast cancer cells as a model system, and measure mass cytometry data three days after induction of the transition by TGF{beta}. We take advantage of transitional rate variability between cells in the data by deriving a pseudo-time EMT trajectory. Then we propose methods for visualizing and quantifying time-varying edge behavior over the trajectory and use these methods: TIDES (Trajectory Imputed DREMI scores), and measure of edge dynamism (3DDREMI) to predict and validate the effect of drug perturbations on EMT.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krishnaswamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zivanovic, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe'er, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodenmiller, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/155028</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning Edge Rewiring in EMT from Single Cell Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/155085v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatiotemporal organization of whole-body muscle activity during upright reaching movements in various directions: modularity or not modularity? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/155085v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The modular control hypothesis suggests that motor commands are built from precoded modules whose specific combined recruitment can allow the performance of virtually any motor task. Despite considerable experimental support, this hypothesis remains tentative as classical findings of reduced dimensionality in muscle activity may also result from other constraints (biomechanical couplings, data averaging or low dimensionality of motor tasks). Here we assessed the effectiveness of modularity in describing muscle activity in a comprehensive experiment comprising 72 distinct point-to-point whole-body movements during which the activity of 30 muscles was recorded. To identify invariant modules of a temporal and spatial nature, we used a space-by-time decomposition of muscle activity that has been shown to encompass classical modularity models. To examine the decompositions, we focused not only on the amount of variance they explained but also on whether the task performed on each trial could be decoded from the single-trial activations of modules. For the sake of comparison, we confronted these scores to the scores obtained from alternative non-modular descriptions of the muscle data. We found that the space-by-time decomposition was effective in terms of data approximation and task discrimination at comparable reduction of dimensionality. These findings show that few spatial and temporal modules give a compact yet approximate representation of muscle patterns carrying nearly all task-relevant information for a variety of whole-body reaching movements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hilt, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pozzo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berret, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/155085</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatiotemporal organization of whole-body muscle activity during upright reaching movements in various directions: modularity or not modularity?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/155929v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combined social and spatial coding in a descending projection from the prefrontal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/155929v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Social interactions are crucial to the survival and well-being of all mammals, including humans. Although the prelimbic cortex (PL, part of medial prefrontal cortex) has been implicated in social behavior, it is not clear which neurons are relevant, nor how they contribute. We found that the PL contains anatomically and molecularly distinct subpopulations of neurons that target 3 downstream regions that have been implicated in social behavior: the nucleus accumbens (NAc), the amygdala, and the ventral tegmental area. Activation of NAc-projecting PL neurons (PL-NAc), but not the other subpopulations, decreased preference for a social target, suggesting an unique contribution of this population to social behavior. To determine what information PL-NAc neurons convey, we recorded selectively from them, and found that individual neurons were active during social investigation, but only in specific spatial locations. Spatially-specific inhibition of these neurons prevented the formation of a social-spatial association at the inhibited location. In contrast, spatially nonspecific inhibition did not affect social behavior. Thus, the unexpected combination of social and spatial information within the PL-NAc population appears to support socially motivated behavior by enabling the formation of social-spatial associations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murugan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taliaferro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhave, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nectow, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillow, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witten, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/155929</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combined social and spatial coding in a descending projection from the prefrontal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/155952v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Delineating the macroscale areal organization of the macaque cortex in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/155952v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Complementing longstanding traditions centered around histology, fMRI approaches are rapidly maturing in delineating brain areal organization at the macroscale. The non-human primate (NHP) provides the opportunity to overcome critical barriers in translational research. Here, we establish the data and scanning conditions for achieving reproducible, stable and internally valid areal parcellations in individuals. We demonstrate that these functional boundaries serve as a functional fingerprint of the individual animals, and can be achieved under anesthesia or awake conditions (rest, naturalistic viewing), though differences between awake and anesthetized states precluded the detection of individual differences across states. Comparison of awake and anesthetized states suggested a more nuanced picture of changes in connectivity for higher order association areas, as well as visual and motor cortex. These results establish feasibility and data requirements for the generation of reproducible individual-specific parcellations in NHP, as well as provide insights into the impact of scan state and motivate efforts toward harmonizing protocols.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falchier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linn, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feczko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opitz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturgeon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Earl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miranda-Domingue, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrone, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craddock, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colcombe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fair, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milham, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/155952</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Delineating the macroscale areal organization of the macaque cortex in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/156646v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct epigenetic shift in a subset of Glioma CpG island methylator phenotype (G-CIMP) during tumor recurrence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/156646v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Histomorphology and current grading schemes are unable to predict glioma relapse and malignant tumor progression. We reported that the IDH-mutant associated Glioma-CpG Island Methylator Phenotype (G-CIMP) can be further divided into two clinically distinct subtypes independent of histopathological grading (G-CIMP-high and -low) with evidence of correlation with tumor progression. Here we performed a comprehensive epigenomic analysis of 74 longitudinally collected glioma samples (grade II-IV) to understand malignant recurrence from G-CIMP-high to G-CIMP-low. G-CIMP-low recurrence appeared in 12% of all gliomas and resemble IDH-wildtype primary glioblastoma. G-CIMP-low recurrence can be characterized by distinct epigenetic changes at candidate functional tissue enhancers with AP-1/SOX binding elements, stem cell-like epigenomic phenotype, and genomic instability. Finally, we defined a set of candidate biomarker signatures that predict recurrence of G-CIMP-low with clinically relevance on patient outcomes. Our study provides opportunity for refined clinical trial designs and therapeutic targets that limit progression to more aggressive G-CIMP-low phenotype.nnHIGHLIGHTSO_LIIndolent G-CIMP-high progresses to aggressive G-CIMP-low phenotypenC_LIO_LIIncidence of G-CIMP-low recurrent tumors are 3 times greater than G-CIMP-low primarynC_LIO_LIG-CIMP-low recurrent tumors share epigenomic features with IDH-wildtype primary GBMnC_LIO_LIPredictive biomarkers of G-CIMP-low progression at primary diagnosisnC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Souza, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabedot, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malta, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stetson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morozova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokolov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laird, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiznerowicz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iavarone, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>deCarvalho, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanborn, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tirapelli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poisson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikkelsen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlotti, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalkanis, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zenklusen, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salama, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnholtz-Sloan, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noushmehr, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/156646</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct epigenetic shift in a subset of Glioma CpG island methylator phenotype (G-CIMP) during tumor recurrence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/157198v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Genome-wide Association and Admixture Mapping Study of Bronchodilator Drug Response in African Americans with Asthma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/157198v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundShort-acting B2-adrenergic receptor agonists (SABAs) are the most commonly prescribed asthma medications worldwide. Response to SABAs is measured as bronchodilator drug response (BDR), which varies among racial/ethnic groups in the U.S 1, 2. However, the genetic variation that contributes to BDR is largely undefined in African Americans with asthma3nnObjectiveTo identify genetic variants that may contribute to differences in BDR in African Americans with asthma.nnMethodsWe performed a genome-wide association study of BDR in 949 African American children with asthma, genotyped with the Axiom World Array 4 (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA) followed by imputation using 1000 Genomes phase 3 genotypes. We used linear regression models adjusting for age, sex, body mass index and genetic ancestry to test for an association between BDR and genotype at single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). To increase power and distinguish between shared vs. population-specific associations with BDR in children with asthma, we performed a meta-analysis across 949 African Americans and 1,830 Latinos (Total=2,779). Lastly, we performed genome-wide admixture mapping to identify regions whereby local African or European ancestry is associated with BDR in African Americans. Two additional populations of 416 Latinos and 1,325 African Americans were used to replicate significant associations.nnResultsWe identified a population-specific association with an intergenic SNP on chromosome 9q21 that was significantly associated with BDR (rs73650726, p=7.69 x 10-9). A trans-ethnic meta-analysis across African Americans and Latinos identified three additional SNPs within the intron of PRKG1 that were significantly associated with BDR (rs7903366, rs7070958, and rs7081864, p[&le;]5 x 10-8).nnConclusionsOur findings indicate that both population specific and shared genetic variation contributes to differences in BDR in minority children with asthma, and that the genetic underpinnings of BDR may differ between racial/ethnic groups.nnKey messagesO_LIA GWAS for BDR in African American children with asthma identified an intergenic population specific variant at 9q21 to be associated with increased bronchodilator drug response (BDR).nC_LIO_LIA meta-analysis of GWAS across African Americans and Latinos identified shared genetic variants at 10q21 in the intron of PRKG1 to be associated with differences in BDR.nC_LIO_LIFurther genetic studies need to be performed in diverse populations to identify the full set of genetic variants that contribute to BDR.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spear, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pino-Yanes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huntsman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGarry, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thakur, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galanter, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mak, A. C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farber, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meade, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avila, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serebrisky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenoir, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brigino-Buenaventura, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriquez Cintron, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thyne, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Santana, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapela, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno Estrada, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandoval, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seibold, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkler, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torgerson, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burchard, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/157198</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Genome-wide Association and Admixture Mapping Study of Bronchodilator Drug Response in African Americans with Asthma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/157289v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Classifiers with limited connectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/157289v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For many neural network models in which neurons are trained to classify inputs like perceptrons, the number of inputs that can be classified is limited by the connectivity of each neuron, even when the total number of neurons is very large. This poses the problem of how the biological brain can take advantage of its huge number of neurons given that the connectivity is sparse. One solution is to combine multiple perceptrons together, as in committee machines. The number of classifiable random patterns would then grow linearly with the number of perceptrons, even when each perceptron has limited connectivity. However, the problem is moved to the downstream readout neurons, which would need a number of connections that is as large as the number of perceptrons. Here we propose a different approach in which the readout is implemented by connecting multiple perceptrons in a recurrent attractor neural network. We prove analytically that the number of classifiable random patterns can grow unboundedly with the number of perceptrons, even when the connectivity of each perceptron remains finite. Most importantly, both the recurrent connectivity and the connectivity of downstream readouts also remain finite. Our study shows that feed-forward neural classifiers with numerous long range afferent connections can be replaced by recurrent networks with sparse long range connectivity without sacrificing the classification performance. Our strategy could be used to design more general scalable network architectures with limited connectivity, which resemble more closely the brain neural circuits which are dominated by recurrent connectivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kushnir, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fusi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/157289</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Classifiers with limited connectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/157776v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GWAS of epigenetic ageing rates in blood reveals a critical role for TERT 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/157776v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA methylation age is an accurate biomarker of chronological age and predicts lifespan, but its underlying molecular mechanisms are unknown. In this genome-wide association study of 9,907 individuals, we found gene variants mapping to five loci associated with intrinsic epigenetic age acceleration (IEAA) and gene variants in 3 loci associated extrinsic epigenetic age acceleration (EEAA). Mendelian randomization analysis suggested causal influences of menarche and menopause on IEAA and lipid levels on IEAA and EEAA. Variants associated with longer leukocyte telomere length (LTL) in the telomerase reverse transcriptase gene (TERT) locus at 5p15.33 confer higher IEAA (P<2.7x10-11). Causal modelling indicates TERT-specific and independent effects on LTL and IEAA. Experimental hTERT expression in primary human fibroblasts engenders a linear increase in DNA methylation age with cell population doubling number. Together, these findings indicate a critical role for hTERT in regulating the DNA methylation clock, in addition to its established role of compensating for cell replication-dependent telomere shortening.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salfati, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrucci, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joehanes, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murabito, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiel, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, P.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yet, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McRae, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marioni, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visscher, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wray, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deary, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quach, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assimes, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsao, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Absher, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiner, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baccarelli, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitsel, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aviv, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardona, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, J. R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ong, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raj, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lunetta, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/157776</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GWAS of epigenetic ageing rates in blood reveals a critical role for TERT]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/158774v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Receptor-Based Mechanism of Relative Sensing in Mammalian Signaling Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/158774v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Detecting relative rather than absolute changes in external signals enables cells to make decisions in fluctuating environments and diverse biological contexts. However, how mammalian signaling networks store the memories of past stimuli and use them to compute relative signals is not well understood. Using the growth factor-activated PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, we develop computational and analytical models, and experimentally validate a novel mechanism of relative sensing in mammalian cells. This non-transcriptional mechanism relies on a new form of cellular memory, where cells effectively encode past stimulation levels in the abundance of cognate receptors on the cell surface. We show the robustness and specificity of the relative sensing for two physiologically important ligands, epidermal growth factor (EGF) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and across wide ranges of background stimuli. The described memory and sensing mechanism could play a role in multiple other sensory cascades where stimulation leads to a proportional reduction in the abundance of cell surface receptors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lyashenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niepel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixit, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorger, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitkup, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/158774</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Receptor-Based Mechanism of Relative Sensing in Mammalian Signaling Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/160424v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortical area and subcortical volume mediate the effect of parental education and adverse experiences on cognitive performance in youth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/160424v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Early adversity and socioeconomic disadvantage are risk factors associated with diminished cognitive outcomes during development. Recent studies also provide evidence that upbringings characterized by stressful experiences and markers of disadvantage during childhood, such as lower parental education or household income, are associated with variation in brain structure. Although disadvantage often confers adversity, these are distinct risk factors whose differential influences on neurodevelopment and neurocognitive outcomes are not well characterized. We examined pathways linking parental education, adverse experiences, brain structure, and cognitive performances through an analysis of 1,413 typically-developing youth, ages 8 through 21, in the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort. Parental education and adverse experiences had unique associations with cortical surface area and subcortical volume as well as cognitive performance across several domains. Associations between parental education and several cognitive tasks were explained, in part, by variation in cortical surface area. In contrast, associations between adversity and cognitive tasks were explained primarily by variation in subcortical volume. A composite neurodevelopmental factor derived from principal component analysis of cortical thickness, cortical surface area, and subcortical volume mediated independent associations between both parental education and adverse experiences with reading, geometric reasoning, verbal reasoning, attention, and emotional differentiation tasks. Our analysis provides novel evidence that socioeconomic disadvantage and adversity influence neurodevelopmental pathways associated with cognitive outcomes through independent mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mehta, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malins, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noble, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruen, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/160424</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortical area and subcortical volume mediate the effect of parental education and adverse experiences on cognitive performance in youth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/160499v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole Genome Sequencing in Psychiatric Disorders: the WGSPD Consortium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/160499v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As technology advances, whole genome sequencing (WGS) is likely to supersede other genotyping technologies. The rate of this change depends on its relative cost and utility. Variants identified uniquely through WGS may reveal novel biological pathways underlying complex disorders and provide high-resolution insight into when, where, and in which cell type these pathways are affected. Alternatively, cheaper and less computationally intensive approaches may yield equivalent insights. Understanding the role of rare variants in the noncoding gene-regulating genome, through pilot WGS projects, will be critical to determine which of these two extremes best represents reality. With large cohorts, well-defined risk loci, and a compelling need to understand the underlying biology, psychiatric disorders have a role to play in this preliminary WGS assessment. The WGSPD consortium will integrate data for 18,000 individuals with psychiatric disorders, beginning with autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder, along with over 150,000 controls.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanders, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neale, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werling, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>- Whole Genome Sequencing for Psychiatric Disorders,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abecasis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arguello, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blangero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boehnke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eggan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geschwind, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glahn, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handsaker, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarroll, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ophoff, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palotie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pato, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabatti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>State, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willsey, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyman, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Addington, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freimer, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/160499</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole Genome Sequencing in Psychiatric Disorders: the WGSPD Consortium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/161778v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neurotropism of enterovirus D68 isolates is independent of sialic acid and is not a recently acquired phenotype 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/161778v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acute flaccid myelitis /acute flaccid paralysis (AFM/AFP) is a rare but serious illness of the nervous system, specifically affecting the grey matter of the spinal cord, motor controlling regions of the brain and the cranial nerve. Most cases of AFM/AFP are pathogen associated, typically with poliovirus and enterovirus infections, and occur in children under the age of 6 years old. Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) was first isolated from children with pneumonia in 1962, but an association with AFM/AFP was not observed until the 2014 outbreak. Organotypic mouse brain slice cultures generated from postnatal day 1 to 10 mice were used to determine if neurotropism of EV-D68 is shared among virus isolates. Six of the seven EV-D68 isolates examined, including two from 1962 and four from the 2014 outbreak, replicated in neurons, and all replicated in astrocytes. Furthermore, a putative viral receptor, sialic acid, is not required for neurotropism of EV-D68, as both sialic acid dependent and independent viruses replicated within neurons. These observations demonstrate that EV-D68 is neurotropic independent of its genetic lineage, can infect both neurons and astrocytes, and that neurotropism is not a recently acquired characteristic as has been suggested.nnSignificanceRecently there has been an increase in the number of children infected with enterovirus D68 (EV-D68). Most infections are associated with mild flu-like symptoms, but neurological dysfunction may develop in a small number of children. How the biochemical and genetic differences among EV-D68 isolates relates to development of neurological disease remains an unanswered question. Assessing infection of multiple viral isolates in organotypic brain slice cultures from postnatal day 1 to 10 mice revealed that multiple isolates are neurotropic. Both neuraminidase sensitive and resistant viruses infected neurons, indicating that sialic acid binding does not play a role in EV-D68 neuropathogenesis. Establishment of a genetically and pharmacologically amenable system using organotypic brain slice cultures will provide insight into how EV-D68 neuropathologies develop.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosenfeld, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Racaniello, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/161778</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neurotropism of enterovirus D68 isolates is independent of sialic acid and is not a recently acquired phenotype]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/161885v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A naturalistic assay for measuring behavioral responses to aversive stimuli at millisecond timescale 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/161885v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We have designed a Virtual Burrow Assay (VBA) to detect the behavioral responses of head-fixed mice to aversive stimuli. We demonstrate its suitability for measuring novelty detection as well as aversion to both conditioned and innately aversive cues. The VBA simulates a scenario in which a mouse, poised at the threshold of its burrow, evaluates whether to remain exposed to potential threats outside or to retreat inside an enclosure. When presented with aversive stimuli, mice exhibit a stereotyped retreat whose onset is determined by measuring the position of a moveable burrow. This withdrawal, which requires no training, is characterized by an abrupt transition that unfolds within milliseconds--a timescale similar to that of neuronal dynamics, permitting direct comparison between the two. The assay is compatible with standard electrophysiological and optical methods for measuring and perturbing neuronal activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schoonover, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fink, A. J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Axel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/161885</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A naturalistic assay for measuring behavioral responses to aversive stimuli at millisecond timescale]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/161935v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
2-Way k-Means as a Model for Microbiome Samples 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/161935v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationMicrobiome sequencing allows defining clusters of samples with shared composition. However, this paradigm poorly accounts for samples whose composition is a mixture of cluster-characterizing ones, and therefore lie in-between them in cluster space. This paper addresses unsupervised learning of 2-way clusters. It defines a mixture model that allows 2-way cluster assignment and describes a variant of generalized k-means for learning such a model. We demonstrate applicability to microbial 16S rDNA sequencing data from the Human Vaginal Microbiome Project.nnContactwjj2106@columbia.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jackson, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe'er, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/161935</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[2-Way k-Means as a Model for Microbiome Samples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/162800v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polioviruses that bind a chimeric Pvr-nectin-2 protein identify capsid residues involved in receptor interaction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/162800v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Amino acid changes in the CC"D region in poliovirus receptor domain 1 disrupt poliovirus binding. To examine further the role of the CC"D region in poliovirus infection, we substituted this region of Pvr into the corresponding region of a murine homolog, nectin-2. The chimeric receptor, nectin-2Pvr(c'c"d), rendered transformed L cells susceptible to infection with poliovirus P1/Mahoney, but not with polioviruses P2/Lansing and P3/Leon, due to lack of binding. Twenty-four variants of P2/Lansing were selected that replicate in nectin-2Pvr(c'c"d) producing cell lines. Sequence analysis revealed 30 amino acid changes at 28 capsid residues. One change, K1103R, is found in nearly all isolates and is located at one end of the VP1 BC loop. Other alterations are located on the canyon surface, at the protomer interface, and along the perimeter of the canyon south wall. Unlike poliovirus-Pvr binding, the VP1 BC loop is required for infection of cells producing nectin-2Pvr(c'c"d).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Racaniello, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/162800</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polioviruses that bind a chimeric Pvr-nectin-2 protein identify capsid residues involved in receptor interaction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/164426v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Meta-analysis of exome array data identifies six novel genetic loci for lung function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/164426v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over 90 regions of the genome have been associated with lung function to date, many of which have also been implicated in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We carried out meta-analyses of exome array data and three lung function measures: forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC) and the ratio of FEV1 to FVC (FEV1/FVC). These analyses by the SpiroMeta and CHARGE consortia included 60,749 individuals of European ancestry from 23 studies, and 7,721 individuals of African Ancestry from 5 studies in the discovery stage, with follow-up in up to 111,556 independent individuals. We identified significant (P<2{middle dot}8x10-7) associations with six SNPs: a nonsynonymous variant in RPAP1, which is predicted to be damaging, three intronic SNPs (SEC24C, CASC17 and UQCC1) and two intergenic SNPs near to LY86 and FGF10. eQTL analyses found evidence for regulation of gene expression at three signals and implicated several genes including TYRO3 and PLAU. Further interrogation of these loci could provide greater understanding of the determinants of lung function and pulmonary disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jackson, V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latourelle, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wain, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grove, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartz, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obeidat, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Province, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qaiser, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porteous, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassano, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahluwalia, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grarup, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altmaier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manichaikul, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pottinger, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li-Gao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lind-Thomsen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahousse, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imboden, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teumer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prins, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyytikäinen, L.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eiriksdottir, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franceschini, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sitlani, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosse, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timens, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraja, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loukola, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bork-Jensen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Justesen, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linneberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/164426</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Meta-analysis of exome array data identifies six novel genetic loci for lung function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/165209v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polygenic Risk Score of Sporadic Late Onset Alzheimer Disease Reveals a Shared Architecture with the Familial and Early Onset Forms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/165209v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveTo determine whether the genetic architecture of sporadic late-onset Alzheimers Disease (sLOAD) has an effect on familial late-onset AD (fLOAD), sporadic early-onset (sEOAD) and autosomal dominant early-onset (eADAD).nnMethodsPolygenic risk scores (PRS) were constructed using previously identified 21 genome-wide significant loci for LOAD risk.nnResultsWe found that there is an overlap in the genetic architecture among sEOAD, fLOAD, and sLOAD. sEOAD showed the highest odds for the PRS (OR=2.27; p=1.29x10-7), followed by fLOAD (OR=1.75; p=1.12x10-7) and sLOAD (OR=1.40; p=1.21x10-3). PRS is associated with cerebrospinal fluid ptau181-A{beta}42 on eADAD.nnConclusionOur analysis confirms that the genetic factors identified for sLOAD also modulate risk in fLOAD and sEOAD cohorts. Furthermore, our results suggest that the burden of these risk variants is associated with familial clustering and earlier-onset of AD. Although these variants are not associated with risk in the eADAD, they may be modulating age at onset.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Del Aguila, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saef, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Black, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, M.-V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John Budde, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibanez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapoor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tosto, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayeux, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holtzman, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fagan, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bateman, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goate, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruchaga, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harari, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/165209</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polygenic Risk Score of Sporadic Late Onset Alzheimer Disease Reveals a Shared Architecture with the Familial and Early Onset Forms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/166165v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SOD1A4V aggregation alters ubiquitin homeostasis in ALS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/166165v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease involving the selective death of upper and lower motor neurons in the primary motor cortex and spinal cord. A hallmark of ALS pathology is the accumulation of ubiquitinated protein inclusions within motor neurons. Previous studies suggest the sequestration of ubiquitin (Ub) into inclusions reduces the availability of free Ub, which is essential for cellular function and survival. However, the dynamics of the Ub landscape in ALS have not yet been described. Here we show that Ub homeostasis is altered in a SOD1 cell model of ALS. Utilising fluorescently tagged Ub, we followed the distribution of Ub in living cells expressing SOD1 and show that Ub is present at the earliest stages of SOD1 aggregation. We also report that cells containing aggregates of mutant SOD1 have greater ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) dysfunction as measured by the accumulation of the fluorescent proteasome reporter tdTomatoCL1. Furthermore, SOD1 aggregation is associated with the redistribution of Ub and depletion of the free Ub pool. Ubiquitomics analysis indicates that mutant SOD1 is associated with a shift of Ub to a pool of supersaturated proteins including those associated with oxidative phosphorylation and metabolism, corresponding with altered mitochondrial morphology and function. Taken together, these results suggest misfolded SOD1 contributes to UPS dysfunction and that Ub homeostasis is an important target for monitoring pathological changes in ALS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Farrawell, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambert-Smith, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenna, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAlary, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciryam, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vine, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yerbury, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/166165</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SOD1A4V aggregation alters ubiquitin homeostasis in ALS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/166561v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automated analysis of internally programmed grooming behavior in Drosophila using a k-nearest neighbors classifier 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/166561v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite being pervasive, the control of programmed grooming is poorly understood. We have addressed this gap in knowledge by developing a high-throughput platform that allows long-term detection of grooming in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Automatic classification of daily behavior shows flies spend 30% of their active time grooming. We show that a large proportion of this behavior is driven by two major internal programs. One of these programs is the circadian clock that modulates rhythms in daily grooming. The second program depends on cycle and clock and regulates the amount of time flies spend grooming. This emerging dual control model of programmed grooming in which one regulator controls the timing and another controls the duration, resembles the well-established two-process regulatory model of fly sleep. Together, our quantitative approach in Drosophila has revealed that grooming is an important internally driven behavior under the control of two regulatory programs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qiao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirasu-Hiza, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Syed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/166561</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automated analysis of internally programmed grooming behavior in Drosophila using a k-nearest neighbors classifier]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/167080v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conformational Dynamics and Energy Landscapes of Ligand Binding in RyR1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/167080v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Using experimental single-particle cryo-EM snapshots of ryanodine receptor (RyR1), a Ca2+-channel involved in skeletal muscle excitation/contraction coupling, we present quantitative free-energy landscapes, reaction coordinates, and three-dimensional movies of the continuous conformational changes associated with the binding of activating ligands. Our results show multiple routes to ligand binding with comparable branching ratios. All high-probability routes involve significant conformational changes before and after the binding of ligands. We also present new insights into the local structural changes along the ligand-binding route, including accommodations at the calcium, ATP, and caffeine binding sites. These observations shed new light on the mechanisms and conformational routes to ligand binding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dashti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Hail, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mashayekhi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwander, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>des Georges, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ourmazd, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/167080</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conformational Dynamics and Energy Landscapes of Ligand Binding in RyR1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/167924v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-depth whole genome sequencing of a large population-specific reference panel: Enhancing sensitivity, accuracy, and imputation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/167924v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundWhile increasingly large reference panels for genome-wide imputation have been recently made available, the degree to which imputation accuracy can be enhanced by population-specific reference panels remains an open question. In the present study, we sequenced at full-depth ([&ge;]30x) a moderately large (n=738) cohort of samples drawn from the Ashkenazi Jewish population across two platforms (Illumina X Ten and Complete Genomics, Inc.). We developed and refined a series of quality control steps to optimize sensitivity, specificity, and comprehensiveness of variant calls in the reference panel, and then tested the accuracy of imputation against target cohorts drawn from the same population.nnResultsFor samples sequenced on the Illumina X Ten platform, quality thresholds were identified that permitted highly accurate calling of single nucleotide variants across 94% of the genome. The Complete Genomics, Inc. platform was more conservative (fewer variants called) compared to the Illumina platform, but also demonstrated relatively greater numbers of false positives that needed to be filtered. Quality control procedures also permitted detection of novel genome reads that are not mapped to current reference or alternate assemblies. After stringent quality control, the population-specific reference panel produced more accurate and comprehensive imputation results relative to publicly available, large cosmopolitan reference panels. The population-specific reference panel also permitted enhanced filtering of clinically irrelevant variants from personal genomes.nnConclusionsOur primary results demonstrate enhanced accuracy of a population-specific imputation panel relative to cosmopolitan panels, especially in the range of infrequent (<5% non-reference allele frequency) and rare (<1% non-reference allele frequency) variants that may be most critical to further progress in mapping of complex phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lencz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Avraham, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barzilai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bressman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darvasi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gumus, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipkin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Offit, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostrer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozelius, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atzmon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe'er, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/167924</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-depth whole genome sequencing of a large population-specific reference panel: Enhancing sensitivity, accuracy, and imputation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/168476v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conjunction of Factors Triggering Waves of Seasonal Influenza 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/168476v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the subtle confluence of factors triggering pan-continental, seasonal epidemics of influenza-like illness is an extremely important problem, with the potential to save tens of thousands of lives and billions of dollars every year in the US alone. Beginning with several large, longitudinal datasets on putative factors and clinical data on the disease and health status of over 150 million human subjects observed over a decade, we investigated the source and the mechanistic triggers of epidemics. Our analysis included insurance claims for a significant cross-section of the US population in the past decade, human movement patterns inferred from billions of tweets, whole-US weekly weather data covering the same time span as the medical records, data on vaccination coverage over the same period, and sequence variations of key viral proteins. We also explicitly accounted for the spatio-temporal auto-correlations of infectious waves, and a host of socioeconomic and demographic factors. We carried out multiple orthogonal statistical analyses on these diverse, large geo-temporal datasets to bolster and corroborate our findings. We conclude that the initiation of a pan-continental influenza wave emerges from the simultaneous realization of a complex set of conditions, the strongest predictor groups are as follows, ranked by importance: (1) the host populations socio- and ethno-demographic properties; (2) weather variables pertaining to relevant area specific humidity, temperature, and solar radiation; (3) the virus antigenic drift over time; (4) the host populations land-based travel habits, and; (5) the spatio-temporal dynamics immediate history, as reflected in the influenza wave autocorrelation. The models we infer are demonstrably predictive (area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve {approx} 80%) when tested with out-of-sample data, opening the door to the potential formulation of new population-level intervention and mitigation policies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chattopadhyay, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiciman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elliott, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rzhetsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/168476</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conjunction of Factors Triggering Waves of Seasonal Influenza]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/168963v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Avoidance of toxic misfolding does not explain the sequence constrains of highly expressed proteins across organisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/168963v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The avoidance of cytotoxic effects associated with protein misfolding has been proposed as a dominant constraint on the sequence evolution and molecular clock of highly expressed proteins. Recently, Leuenberger et al. developed an elegant experimental approach to measure protein thermal stability at the proteome scale. The collected data allow us to rigorously test the predictions of the misfolding avoidance hypothesis that highly expressed proteins have evolved to be more stable, and that maintaining thermodynamic stability significantly constrains their evolution. Notably, careful re-analysis of the Leuenberger et al. data across four different organisms reveals no substantial correlation between protein stability and protein abundance. Therefore, the key predictions of the misfolding toxicity and related hypotheses are not supported by available empirical data. The data also suggest that, regardless of protein expression, protein stability does not substantially affect the protein molecular clock across organisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Plata, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitkup, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/168963</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Avoidance of toxic misfolding does not explain the sequence constrains of highly expressed proteins across organisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/169219v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparison of decision-related signals in sensory and motor preparatory responses of neurons in Area LIP 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/169219v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons in the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) of Macaques exhibit both sensory and oculomotor preparatory responses. During perceptual decision making, the preparatory responses have been shown to track the state of the evolving evidence leading to the decision. The sensory responses are known to reflect categorical properties of visual stimuli, but it is not known if these responses also track evolving evidence. We compared sensory and oculomotor-preparatory responses in the same neurons during a direction discrimination task when either the discriminandum (random dot motion) or an eye movement choice-target was in the neurons response field. Both configurations elicited task related activity, but only the motor preparatory responses reflected evidence accumulation. The results are consistent with the proposal that evolving decision processes are supported by persistent neural activity in the service of actions or intentions, as opposed to high order representations of stimulus properties.nnSIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTPerceptual decision making is the process of choosing an appropriate motor action based on perceived sensory information. Association areas of the cortex play an important role in this sensory-motor transformation. The neurons in these areas show both sensory- and motor-related activity. We show here that, in the macaque parietal association area LIP, signatures of the process of evidence accumulation that underlies the decisions are predominantly reflected in the motor-related activity. This finding supports the proposal that perceptual decision making is implemented in the brain as a process of choosing between available motor actions rather than as a process of representing the properties of the sensory stimulus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shushruth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazurek, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadlen, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/169219</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparison of decision-related signals in sensory and motor preparatory responses of neurons in Area LIP]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/169771v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HPCDb: an integrated database of pancreatic cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/169771v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We have established a database of Human Pancreatic Cancer (HPCDb) through effectively mining, extracting, analyzing, and integrating PC-related genes, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and microRNAs (miRNAs), now available online at http://www.pancancer.org/. Data were extracted from established databases, [&ge;]5 published literature (PubMed), and microarray chips (screening of differentially expressed genes using limma package in R, |log2 fold change (FC)| > 1). Further, protein-protein interactions (PPIs) were investigated through the Human Protein Reference Database. miRNA-target relationships were also identified using the online software TargetScan. Currently, HPCDb contains 3284 genes, 120 miRNAs, 589 SNPs, 10,139 PPIs, and 3904 miRNA-target pairs. The detailed information on PC-related genes (e.g., gene identifier (ID), symbol, synonyms, full name, chip sets, expression alteration, PubMed ID, and PPIs), miRNAs (e.g., accession number, chromosome location, related disease, PubMed ID, and miRNA-target interactions), and SNPs (e.g., SNP ID, allele, gene, PubMed ID, chromosome location, and disease) is presented through user-friendly query interfaces or convenient links to NCBI GEO, NCBI PubMed, NCBI Gene, NCBI dbSNP, and miRBase. Overall, HPCDb provides biologists with relevant information on human PC-related molecules at multiple levels, helping to generate new hypotheses or identify candidate markers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/169771</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HPCDb: an integrated database of pancreatic cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/170795v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Both DNA Polymerases δ and ε Contact Active and Stalled Replication Forks Differently 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/170795v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Three DNA polymerases (Pol , Pol {delta}, and Pol {varepsilon}) are responsible for eukaryotic genome duplication. When DNA replication stress is encountered, DNA synthesis stalls until the stress is ameliorated. However, it is not known whether there is a difference in the association of each polymerase with active and stalled replication forks. Here, we show that each DNA polymerase has distinct patterns of association with active and stalled replication forks. Pol  is enriched at extending Okazaki fragments of active and stalled forks. In contrast, although Pol {delta} contacts the nascent lagging strands of active and stalled forks, it binds to only the matured (and not elongating) Okazaki fragments of stalled forks. Pol {varepsilon} has a greater contact with the nascent ssDNA of leading strand on active forks compared with stalled forks. We propose that the configuration of DNA polymerases at stalled forks facilitate resumption of DNA synthesis after stress removal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/170795</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Both DNA Polymerases δ and ε Contact Active and Stalled Replication Forks Differently]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/170969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Forgot what you like? Evidence for hippocampal dependence of value-based decisions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/170969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Consistent decisions are intuitively desirable and theoretically important for utility maximization. Neuroeconomics has established the neurobiological substrate of value representation, but brain regions that provide input to the value-processing network is less explored. The constructed-preference tradition within behavioral decision research gives a critical role to cognitive processes that rely on associations, suggesting a role for the hippocampus in making decisions and to do so consistently. We compared the performance of 31 patients with mediotemporal lobe (MTL) epilepsy and hippocampal lesions, 30 patients with extratemporal lobe epilepsy, and 30 healthy controls on two tasks: binary choices between candy bars based on their preferences and a number-comparison control task where the larger number is chosen. MTL patients make more inconsistent choices than the other two groups for the value-based choice but not the number-comparison task. These inconsistencies increase with the volume of compromised hippocampal tissue. These results suggest a critical involvement of the MTL in preference construction and value-based choices.nnSignificanceOur days are full of choices that reflect our preferences. Economics lays out models of how to optimally make these decisions. Neuroeconomics has identified a cortical value-processing network whose activity correlates with constructs related to valuation and choice in economic models. However open questions remain: How are these value signals formed, and what regions might be necessary for retrieving and computing these value signals? Inspired by cognitive models calling on associative processes in value-based decisions, this paper uses unique neuropsychological data to establish the critical role of the medial temporal lobe in making consistent choices and further informs our understanding of the value-processing network.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Enkavi, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zweyer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elger, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, E. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/170969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Forgot what you like? Evidence for hippocampal dependence of value-based decisions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/171538v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An orphan cbb3-type cytochrome oxidase subunit supports Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm growth and virulence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/171538v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hypoxia is a common challenge faced by bacteria during associations with hosts due in part to the formation of densely packed communities (biofilms). cbb3-type cytochrome c oxidases, which catalyze the terminal step in respiration and have a high affinity for oxygen, have been linked to bacterial pathogenesis. The pseudomonads are unusual in that they often contain multiple full and partial (i.e., "orphan") operons for cbb3-type oxidases and oxidase subunits. Here, we describe a unique role for the orphan catalytic subunit CcoN4 in colony biofilm development and respiration in the opportunistic pathogen P. aeruginosa PA14. We also show that CcoN4 contributes to the reduction of phenazines, antibiotics that support redox balancing for cells in biofilms, and to virulence in a Caenorhabditis elegans model of infection. These results highlight the relevance of the colony biofilm model to pathogenicity and underscore the potential of cbb3-type oxidases as therapeutic targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortez, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornell, W.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price-Whelan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dietrich, L. E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/171538</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An orphan cbb3-type cytochrome oxidase subunit supports Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm growth and virulence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/171660v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Serial representation of items during working memory maintenance at letter-selective cortical sites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/171660v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We used intracranial recordings to study brain oscillations during a working memory task. To analyze sites involved in working memory, we focused on sites at which the elevation of the broadband gamma signal depended on which letter was presented. We tested a previously proposed model according to which different items are active at different phases of the theta cycle (in different gamma cycles within the theta cycle). Consistent with this model, the theta phase of letter-induced gamma elevation during maintenance reflected the order of letter presentation. These results suggest that working memory is organized by a theta-gamma code and provide strong support for the serial representation of items held in working memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bahramisharif, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/171660</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Serial representation of items during working memory maintenance at letter-selective cortical sites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/172445v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Domain-Specific Patterns of Activity Support Metacognition in Human Prefrontal Cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/172445v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWMetacognition is the capacity to evaluate the success of ones own cognitive processes in various domains, e.g. memory and perception. It remains controversial whether metacognition relies on a domain-general resource that is applied to different tasks, or whether self-evaluative processes are domain-specific. Here we directly investigated this issue by examining the neural substrates engaged when metacognitive judgments were made by human participants during perceptual and memory tasks matched for stimulus and performance characteristics. By comparing patterns of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activity while subjects evaluated their performance, we revealed both domain-specific and domain-general metacognitive representations. Multi-voxel activity patterns in anterior prefrontal cortex predicted levels of confidence in a domain-specific fashion, whereas domain-general signals predicting confidence and accuracy were found in a widespread network in the frontal and posterior midline. The demonstration of domain-specific metacognitive representations suggests the presence of a content-rich mechanism available to introspection and cognitive control.nnSO_SCPLOWIGNIFICANCEC_SCPLOW O_SCPLOWSTATEMENTC_SCPLOWWe use human neuroimaging to investigate processes supporting memory and perceptual metacognition. It remains controversial whether metacognition relies on a global resource that is applied to different tasks, or whether self-evaluative processes are specific to particular tasks. Using multivariate decoding methods, we provide evidence that perceptual- and memory-specific metacognitive representations cortex co-exist with generic confidence signals. Our findings reconcile previously conflicting results on the domain-specificity/generality of metacognition, and lay the groundwork for a mechanistic understanding of metacognitive judgments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morales, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/172445</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Domain-Specific Patterns of Activity Support Metacognition in Human Prefrontal Cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/172825v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GTP Hydrolysis by eIF5B in the Last Step of Translation Initiation Is Activated by a Rotation of the Small Ribosomal Subunit. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/172825v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Placement of an initiator aminoacyl-tRNA [(f)Met-tRNA[Formula]] base paired with the AUG initiation codon of a messenger RNA (mRNA) is the first step of translation. The eukaryotic translation factor eIF5B or its bacerial homologue IF2 facilitate the correct positioning of initiator tRNA in the P site of the ribosome. We report the electron cryomicroscopy (cryoEM) structure of a stabilized intermediate state of a yeast 80S/tRNAiMet/eIF5B complex at 3.6 [A] resolution. The structure shows how a universally conserved tyrosine couples the rotational state of the small ribosomal subunit with GTP hydrolysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramakrishnan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/172825</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GTP Hydrolysis by eIF5B in the Last Step of Translation Initiation Is Activated by a Rotation of the Small Ribosomal Subunit.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/173245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A spatial memory signal shows that the parietal cortex has access to a craniotopic representation of space 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/173245v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans effortlessly establish a gist-like memory of their environment whenever they enter a new place. They can then use this memory to guide action even in the absence of vision. Neurons in the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) of the monkey exhibit a form of this environmental memory, responding when a monkey makes a saccade that brings the spatial location of a stimulus that appeared on a number of prior trials, but not on the present trial into their receptive fields. The stimulus need never have appeared in the receptive field of the neuron. This response is usually weaker with a longer latency than the neuron's visual response. We suggest that these results demonstrate that LIP has access to a craniotopic memory of space, which is activated when the spatial location of the vanished stimulus can be described by a retinotopic vector from the center of gaze to the stimulus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Semework, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steenrod, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/173245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A spatial memory signal shows that the parietal cortex has access to a craniotopic representation of space]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/174565v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative analyses of splicing in the aging brain: role in susceptibility to Alzheimer’s Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/174565v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We use deep sequencing to identify sources of variation in mRNA splicing in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLFPC) of 450 subjects from two prospective cohort studies of aging. Hundreds of aberrant pre-mRNA splicing events are reproducibly associated with Alzheimers Disease (AD). We also generate a catalog of splicing quantitative trait loci (sQTL) effects in the human cortex: splicing of 3,198 genes is influenced by genetic variation. sQTLs are enriched among those variants influencing DNA methylation and histone acetylation. In assessing known AD loci, we report that altered splicing is the mechanism for the effects of the PICALM, CLU, and PTK2B susceptibility alleles. Further, we leverage our sQTL catalog to identify genes whose aberrant splicing is associated with AD and mediated by genetics. This transcriptome-wide association study identified 21 genes with significant associations, many of which are found in AD GWAS loci, but 8 are in novel AD loci, including FUS, which is a known amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) gene. This highlights an intriguing shared genetic architecture that is further elaborated by the convergence of old and new AD genes in autophagy-lysosomal-related pathways already implicated in AD and other neurodegenerative diseases. Overall, this study of the aging brains transcriptome provides evidence that dysregulation of mRNA splicing is a feature of AD and is, in some genetically-driven cases, causal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raj, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramdhani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.-c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haroutunian, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schadt, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young-Pearse, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostafavi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sklar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/174565</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative analyses of splicing in the aging brain: role in susceptibility to Alzheimer’s Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/175992v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparing colours using visual models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/175992v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lay SummaryAn outstanding challenge for the study of colour traits is how best to use "colour spaces" to represent their visual perception, particularly when asking questions of colour-difference (e.g. the (dis)similarity of males and females, mimics and models, or sister species, to a given viewer). We use simulations to show that existing methods fail to statistically and biologically estimate the separation of groups in colour space, and we suggest a flexible, robust, alternative that avoids those pitfalls.nnAbstractColour in nature presents a striking dimension of variation, though understanding its function and evolution largely depends on our ability to capture the perspective of relevant viewers. This goal has been radically advanced by the development and widespread adoption of colour spaces, which allow for the viewer-subjective estimation of colour appearance. Most studies of colour in camouflage, aposematism, sexual selection, and other signalling contexts draw on these models, with the shared analytical objective of estimating how similar (or dissimilar) colour samples are to a given viewer. We summarise popular approaches for estimating the separation of samples in colour space, and use a simulation-based approach to test their efficacy with common data structures. We show that these methods largely fail to estimate the separation of colour samples by neglecting (i) the statistical distribution and within-group variation of the data, and/or (ii) the discriminability of groups relative to the observers visual capabilities. Instead, we formalize the two questions that must be answered to establish both the statistical presence and theoretical magnitude of colour differences, and propose a two-step, permutation-based approach that achieves this goal. Unlike previous methods, our suggested approach accounts for the multidimensional nature of visual model data, and is robust against common colour-data features such as heterogeneity and outliers. We demonstrate the pitfalls of current methods and the flexibility of our suggested framework using an example from the literature, with recommendations for future inquiry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/175992</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparing colours using visual models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176057v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prestimulus Activity in the Cingulo-Opercular Network Predicts Memory for Naturalistic Episodic Experience 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176057v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human memory is strongly influenced by brain states occurring before an event, yet we know little about the underlying mechanisms. We found that activity in the cingulo-opercular network (including bilateral anterior insula and anterior prefrontal cortex) seconds before an event begins can predict whether this event will subsequently be remembered. We then tested how activity in the cingulo-opercular network shapes memory performance. Our findings indicate that prestimulus cingulo-opercular activity affects memory performance by opposingly modulating subsequent activity in two sets of regions previously linked to encoding and retrieval of episodic information. Specifically, higher prestimulus cingulo-opercular activity was associated with a subsequent increase in activity in temporal regions previously linked to encoding and with a subsequent reduction in activity within a set of regions thought to play a role in retrieval and self-referential processing. Together, these findings suggest that prestimulus attentional states modulate memory for real-life events by enhancing encoding and possibly by dampening interference from competing memory substrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Yakov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edelson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/176057</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prestimulus Activity in the Cingulo-Opercular Network Predicts Memory for Naturalistic Episodic Experience]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176073v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SelexGLM differentiates androgen and glucocorticoid receptor DNA-binding preference over an extended binding site 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176073v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The DNA-binding interfaces of the androgen (AR) and glucocorticoid (GR) receptors are virtually identical, yet these transcription factors share only about a third of their genomic binding sites and regulate similarly distinct sets of target genes. To address this paradox, we determined the intrinsic specificities of the AR and GR DNA binding domains using a refined version of SELEX-seq. We developed an algorithm, SelexGLM, that quantifies binding specificity over a large (31 bp) binding-site by iteratively fitting a feature-based generalized linear model to SELEX probe counts. This analysis revealed that the DNA binding preferences of AR and GR homodimers differ significantly, both within and outside the 15bp core binding site. The relative preference between the two factors can be tuned over a wide range by changing the DNA sequence, with AR more sensitive to sequence changes than GR. The specificity of AR extends to the regions flanking the core 15bp site, where isothermal calorimetry measurements reveal that affinity is augmented by enthalpy-driven readout of poly-A sequences associated with narrowed minor groove width. We conclude that the increased specificity of AR is correlated with more enthalpy-driven binding than GR. The binding models help explain differences in AR and GR genomic binding, and provide a biophysical rationale for how promiscuous binding by GR allows functional substitution for AR in some castration-resistant prostate cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martini, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rube, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kribelbauer, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rastogi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>FitzPatrick, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houtman, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bussemaker, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pufall, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/176073</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SelexGLM differentiates androgen and glucocorticoid receptor DNA-binding preference over an extended binding site]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176255v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The effect of sequence mismatches on binding affinity and endonuclease activity are decoupled throughout the Cas9 binding site 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176255v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The CRISPR-Cas9 system is a powerful genomic tool. Although targeted to complementary genomic sequences by a guide RNA (gRNA), Cas9 tolerates gRNA:DNA mismatches and cleaves off-target sites. How mismatches quantitatively affect Cas9 binding and cutting is not understood. Using SelexGLM to construct a comprehensive model for DNA-binding specificity, we observed that 13-bp of complementarity in the PAM-proximal DNA contributes to affinity. We then adapted Spec-seq and developed SEAM-seq to systematically compare the impact of gRNA:DNA mismatches on affinity and endonuclease activity, respectively. Though most often coupled, these simple and accessible experiments identified sometimes opposing effects for mismatches on DNA-binding and cutting. In the PAM-distal region mismatches decreased activity but not affinity, whereas in the PAM-proximal region some reduced-affinity mismatches enhanced activity. This mismatch-activation was particularly evident where the gRNA:DNA duplex bends. We developed integrative models from these measurements that estimate catalytic efficiency and can be used to predict off-target cleavage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rube, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bussemaker, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pufall, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/176255</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The effect of sequence mismatches on binding affinity and endonuclease activity are decoupled throughout the Cas9 binding site]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176511v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ninety-nine independent genetic loci influencing general cognitive function include genes associated with brain health and structure (N = 280,360) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176511v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
General cognitive function is a prominent human trait associated with many important life outcomes1,2, including longevity3. The substantial heritability of general cognitive function is known to be polygenic, but it has had little explication in terms of the contributing genetic variants4,5,6. Here, we combined cognitive and genetic data from the CHARGE and COGENT consortia, and UK Biobank (total N=280,360; age range = 16 to 102). We found 9,714 genome-wide significant SNPs (P<5 x 10-8) in 99 independent loci. Most showed clear evidence of functional importance. Among many novel genes associated with general cognitive function were SGCZ, ATXN1, MAPT, AUTS2, and P2RY6. Within the novel genetic loci were variants associated with neurodegenerative disorders, neurodevelopmental disorders, physical and psychiatric illnesses, brain structure, and BMI. Gene-based analyses found 536 genes significantly associated with general cognitive function; many were highly expressed in the brain, and associated with neurogenesis and dendrite gene sets. Genetic association results predicted up to 4% of general cognitive function variance in independent samples. There was significant genetic overlap between general cognitive function and information processing speed, as well as many health variables including longevity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davies, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trampush, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luciano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagenaars, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritchie, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marioni, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fawns-Ritchie, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liewald, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okely, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahola-Olli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, C. L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertram, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bis, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burdick, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christoforou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRosse, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Djurovic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espeseth, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giakoumaki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giddaluru, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gustavson, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayward, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikram, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlsson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahti, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mather, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melle, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oldmeadow, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palviainen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pazoki, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrovic, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sargurupremraj, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholz</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/176511</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ninety-nine independent genetic loci influencing general cognitive function include genes associated with brain health and structure (N = 280,360)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176958v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
N6-Methyladenine DNA Modification in Human Genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176958v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA N6-methyladenine (6mA) modification is the most prevalent DNA modification in prokaryotes, but whether it exists in human cells and whether it plays a role in human diseases remain enigmatic. Here, we showed that 6mA is extensively present in human genome, and we cataloged 881,240 6mA sites accounting for [~]0.051% of the total adenines. [G/C]AGG[C/T] was the most significantly associated motif with 6mA modification. 6mA sites were enriched in the coding regions and mark actively transcribed genes in human cells. We further found that DNA N6-methyladenine and N6-demethyladenine modification in human genome were mediated by methyltransferase N6AMT1 and demethylase ALKBH1, respectively. The abundance of 6mA was significantly lower in cancers, accompaning with decreased N6AMT1 and increased ALKBH1 levels, and down-regulation of 6mA modification levels promoted tumorigenesis. Collectively, our results demonstrate that DNA 6mA modification is extensively present in human cells and the decrease of genomic DNA 6mA promotes human tumorigenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiao, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, M.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, G.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, S.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, X.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, G.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/176958</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[N6-Methyladenine DNA Modification in Human Genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/177204v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomics of Natural Populations: Evolutionary Forces that Establish and Maintain Gene Arrangements in Drosophila pseudoosbscura 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/177204v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolution of complex traits in heterogeneous environments may shape the order of genes within chromosomes. Drosophila pseudoobscura has a rich gene arrangement polymorphism that allows one to test evolutionary genetic hypotheses about how chromosomal inversions are established in populations. D. pseudoobscura has >30 gene arrangements on a single chromosome that were generated through a series of overlapping inversion mutations with > 10 inversions with appreciable frequencies and wide geographic distributions. This study analyzes the genomic sequences of 54 strains of Drosophila pseudoobscura that carry one of six different chromosomal arrangements to test whether (1) genetic drift, (2) hitchhiking with an adaptive allele, (3) direct effects of inversions to create gene disruptions caused by breakpoints, or (4) indirect effects of inversions in limiting the formation of recombinant gametes are responsible for the establishment of new gene arrangements. We found that the inversion events do not disrupt the structure of protein coding genes at the breakpoints. Population genetic analyses of 2,669 protein coding genes identified 277 outlier loci harboring elevated frequencies of arrangement-specific derived alleles. Significant linkage disequilibrium occurs among distant loci interspersed between regions with low levels of association indicating that distant allelic combinations are held together despite shared polymorphism among arrangements. Outlier genes showing evidence of genetic differentiation between arrangements are enriched for sensory perception and detoxification genes. The data presented here support the indirect effect of inversion hypothesis where chromosomal inversions are favored because they maintain linked associations among multi-locus allelic combinations among different arrangements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fuller, Z. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haynes, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richards, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaeffer, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/177204</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomics of Natural Populations: Evolutionary Forces that Establish and Maintain Gene Arrangements in Drosophila pseudoosbscura]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/177816v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Replication of early and recent Zika virus isolates throughout mouse brain development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/177816v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fetal infection with Zika virus (ZIKV) can lead to congenital Zika virus syndrome (cZVS), which includes cortical malformations and microcephaly. The aspects of cortical development that are affected during virus infection are unknown. Using organotypic brain slice cultures generated from embryonic mice of various ages, sites of ZIKV replication including the neocortical proliferative zone and radial columns, as well as the developing midbrain, were identified. The infected radial units are surrounded by uninfected cells undergoing apoptosis, suggesting that programmed cell death may limit viral dissemination in the brain and may constrain virus associated injury. Therefore, a critical aspect of ZIKV induced neuropathology may be defined by death of uninfected cells. All ZIKV isolates assayed replicated efficiently in early and mid-gestation cultures, and two isolates examined replicated in late-gestation tissue. Alteration of neocortical cytoarchitecture, such as disruption of the highly-elongated basal processes of the radial glial progenitor cells, and impairment of postmitotic neuronal migration were also observed. These data suggest that all lineages of ZIKV tested are neurotropic, and that ZIKV infection interferes with multiple aspects of neurodevelopment that contribute to the complexity of cZVS.nnSignificanceZika virus infection has been associated with multiple pathologies of the central nervous system (CNS) including microcephaly, Guillain-Barre syndrome, lissencephaly, the loss of white and grey matter volume and acute myelitis. Using organotypic brain slice cultures, we determined that ZIKV replicates across different embryonic developmental stages, and viral infection can disrupt proper brain development leading to congenital CNS complications. These data illustrate that all lineages of ZIKV tested are neurotropic, and that infection may disrupt neuronal migration during brain development. The results expand our understanding of neuropathologies associated with congenital Zika virus syndrome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosenfeld, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doobin, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Racaniello, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vallee, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/177816</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Replication of early and recent Zika virus isolates throughout mouse brain development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/177956v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Community-based benchmarking improves spike inference from two-photon calcium imaging data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/177956v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In recent years, two-photon calcium imaging has become a standard tool to probe the function of neural circuits and to study computations in neuronal populations1, 2. However, the acquired signal is only an indirect measurement of neural activity due to the comparatively slow dynamics of fluorescent calcium indicators3. Different algorithms for estimating spike trains from noisy calcium measurements have been proposed in the past4-8, but it is an open question how far performance can be improved. Here, we report the results of the spikefinder challenge, launched to catalyze the development of new spike inference algorithms through crowd-sourcing. We present ten of the submitted algorithms which show improved performance compared to previously evaluated methods. Interestingly, the top-performing algorithms are based on a wide range of principles from deep neural networks to generative models, yet provide highly correlated estimates of the neural activity. The competition shows that benchmark challenges can drive algorithmic developments in neuroscience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berens, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deneux, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chenkov, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McColgan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Speiser, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macke, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turaga, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mineault, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rupprecht, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerhard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedrich, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedrich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachitariu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolte, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machado, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ringach, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reimer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Froudarakis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Euler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roman-Roson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolias, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bethge, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/177956</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Community-based benchmarking improves spike inference from two-photon calcium imaging data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/180125v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A unifying motif for spatial and directional surround suppression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/180125v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the visual system, the response to a stimulus in a neurons receptive field can be modulated by stimulus context, and the strength of these contextual influences vary with stimulus intensity. Recent work has shown how a theoretical model, the stabilized supralinear network (SSN), can account for such modulatory influences, using a small set of computational mechanisms. While the predictions of the SSN have been confirmed in primary visual cortex (V1), its computational principles apply with equal validity to any cortical structure. We have therefore tested the generality of the SSN by examining modulatory influences in the middle temporal area (MT) of the macaque visual cortex, using electrophysiological recordings and pharmacological manipulations. We developed a novel stimulus that can be adjusted parametrically to be larger or smaller in the space of all possible motion directions. We found, as predicted by the SSN, that MT neurons integrate across motion directions for low-contrast stimuli, but that they exhibit suppression by the same stimuli when they are high in contrast. These results are analogous to those found in visual cortex when stimulus size is varied in the space domain. We further tested the mechanisms of inhibition using pharmacologically manipulations of inhibitory efficacy. As predicted by the SSN, local manipulation of inhibitory strength altered firing rates, but did not change the strength of surround suppression. These results are consistent with the idea that the SSN can account for modulatory influences along different stimulus dimensions and in different cortical areas.nnSignificance StatementVisual neurons are selective for specific stimulus features in a region of visual space known as the receptive field, but can be modulated by stimuli outside of the receptive field. The SSN model has been proposed to account for these and other modulatory influences, and tested in V1. As this model is not specific to any particular stimulus feature or brain region, we wondered whether similar modulatory influences might be observed for other stimulus dimensions and other regions. We tested for specific patterns of modulatory influences in the domain of motion direction, using electrophysiological recordings from MT. Our data confirm the predictions of the SSN in MT, suggesting that the SSN computations might be a generic feature of sensory cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pack, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/180125</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A unifying motif for spatial and directional surround suppression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/180166v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alpha activity in the ventral and dorsal visual stream controls information flow during working memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/180166v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The electrophysiological mechanisms underlying working memory maintenance of information in the ventral and dorsal visual stream (VVS, DVS) remain elusive. Here we used electrocorticography recordings covering VVS, DVS and prefrontal cortex (PFC) in epilepsy patients while they were performing a delayed match-to-sample task. The experimental conditions (face identity, orientation) were designed to engage either the VVS or DVS. Alpha power was reduced in the VVS during maintenance of face identity and in the DVS during maintenance of spatial orientation of the very same stimuli. The phase of alpha oscillations modulated broadband high-frequency activity (BHA) in both regions. Interestingly, BHA occurred across broader alpha phase ranges when task-relevant information was maintained, putatively reflecting longer excitable "duty cycles". Our findings support a model in which the VVS and DVS are recruited by the PFC via selective reduction of alpha power. As a result, excitable duty cycles in the relevant area are extended.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leszczynski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Axmacher, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/180166</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alpha activity in the ventral and dorsal visual stream controls information flow during working memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/180646v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systemic post-translational control of bacterial metabolism regulates adaptation in dynamic environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/180646v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Across all domains of life, elaborate control mechanisms regulate proteins, pathways, and cell phenotypes as organisms adapt to ever-changing environments. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) allow cells to rapidly and reversibly regulate molecular pathways, but it remains unclear how individual PTMs regulate fitness. Here, we studied >130 PTM sites in Escherichia coli to unravel how PTMs regulate cell metabolism and fitness in response to environmental changes, such as the glucose-acetate diauxie. Using a new metabolic modeling approach, we found a significant fraction of post-translationally modified enzymes are predicted to control shifts in pathway usage following evolutionarily-important environmental changes. Genetic screens using Multiplex Automated Genome Engineering confirmed that these PTMs impact cellular fitness, especially under dynamically changing environments. Finally, mechanisms of how individual PTMs impact protein function were detailed using molecular dynamics simulations and enzyme assays for enolase, transaldolase, and serine hydroxymethyltransferase. Thus, by integrating whole-cell data and pathway modeling with detailed biochemical analysis, we unraveled how individual PTMs regulate enzymes, pathways, and phenotypes to adapt to sudden environmental changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brunk, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hefzi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yurkovich, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckmiller, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Church, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/180646</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systemic post-translational control of bacterial metabolism regulates adaptation in dynamic environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/181255v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inter-homologue repair in fertilized human eggs? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/181255v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many human diseases have an underlying genetic component. The development and application of methods to prevent the inheritance of damaging mutations through the human germline could have significant health benefits, and currently include preimplantation genetic diagnosis and carrier screening. Ma et al. take this a step further by attempting to remove a disease mutation from the human germline through gene editing1. They assert the following advances: (i) the correction of a pathogenic gene mutation responsible for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in human embryos using CRISPR-Cas9 and (ii) the avoidance of mosaicism in edited embryos. In the case of correction, the authors conclude that repair using the homologous chromosome was as or more frequent than mutagenic nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ). Their conclusion is significant, if validated, because such a "self-repair" mechanism would allow gene correction without the introduction of a repair template. While the authors analyses relied on the failure to detect mutant alleles, here we suggest approaches to provide direct evidence for inter-homologue recombination and discuss other events consistent with the data. We also review the biological constraints on inter-homologue recombination in the early embryo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Egli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuccaro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosicki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Church, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jasin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/181255</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inter-homologue repair in fertilized human eggs?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/184929v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synthesis of a eukaryotic chromosome reveals a role for N6-methyladenine in nucleosome organization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/184929v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biochemical studies of chromatin have typically used either artificial DNA templates with unnaturally high affinity for histones, or small genomic DNA fragments deprived of their cognate physical environment. It has thus been difficult to dissect chromatin structure and function within fully native DNA substrates. Here, we circumvent these limitations by exploiting the minimalist genome of the eukaryote Oxytricha trifallax, whose notably small ~3kb chromosomes mainly encode single genes. Guided by high-resolution epigenomic maps of nucleosome organization, transcription, and DNA N6-methyladenine (m6dA) locations, we reconstruct full-length Oxytricha chromosomes in vitro and use these synthetic facsimiles to dissect the influence of m6dA and histone post-translational modifications on nucleosome organization. We show that m6dA directly disfavors nucleosomes in a quantitative manner, leading to local decreases in nucleosome occupancy that are synergistic with histone acetylation. The effect of m6dA can be partially reversed by the action of an ATP-dependent chromatin remodeler. Furthermore, erasing m6dA marks from Oxytricha chromosomes leads to proportional increases in nucleosome occupancy across the genome. This work showcases Oxytricha chromosomes as powerful yet practical models for studying eukaryotic chromatin and transcription in the context of biologically relevant DNA substrates.nnHighlightsO_LIDe novo synthesis of complete, epigenetically defined Oxytricha chromosomesnC_LIO_LIEpigenomic profiles of chromatin organization in Oxytrichas miniature chromosomesnC_LIO_LIm6dA directly disfavors nucleosome occupancy in natural and synthetic chromosomesnC_LIO_LIHistone acetylation and chromatin remodelers temper the impact of m6dA on chromatinnC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beh, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debelouchina, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindblad, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulej, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutton, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bracht, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebra, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muir, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landweber, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/184929</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synthesis of a eukaryotic chromosome reveals a role for N6-methyladenine in nucleosome organization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/188698v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell size and growth rate are modulated by TORC2-dependent signals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/188698v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The size of all cells, from bacteria to vertebrates, is proportional to the growth rate set by nutrient availability, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Here, we show that nutrients modulate TORC2 signaling, and that cell size is proportional to TORC2 signaling in budding yeast. The TORC2 network controls production of ceramide lipids, which play roles in signaling. We discovered that ceramide-dependent signals control both growth rate and cell size. Thus, cells that can not make ceramides fail to modulate their growth rate or size in response to changes in nutrients. PP2A associated with the Rts1 regulatory subunit (PP2ARts1) is embedded in a feedback loop that controls TORC2 signaling and plays an important role in mechanisms that modulate TORC2 signaling in response to nutrients. Together, the data suggest a model in which growth rate and cell size are mechanistically linked by ceramide-dependent signals arising from the TORC2 network.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lucena, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcaide-Gavilan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schubert, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domnauer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marquer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellogg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/188698</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell size and growth rate are modulated by TORC2-dependent signals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/189035v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conservation of preparatory neural events regardless of how movement is initiated 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/189035v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Voluntary movement is believed to be preceded by a preparatory stage. Evidence arises from experiments where a delay separates instruction and execution cues. While this sequence emulates some real-world situations (e.g., swatting a fly upon landing) movements are commonly made at a moment of ones choosing (reaching for a coffee cup) or are made reactively (intercepting a falling cup). To ascertain whether neural events are conserved across such contexts, we examined motor cortex population-level responses in monkeys when reaches were initiated either after an imposed delay, at a self-chosen time, or reactively with very low latency. We found that the same preparatory and movement-related events were conserved. However, preparation was temporally flexible and could be remarkably brief. Our findings support the existing hypothesis that preparation is an obligatory stage that achieves a consistent state prior to movement. Yet our results reveal that preparation can unfold more rapidly than previously supposed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lara, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elsayed, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchland, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/189035</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conservation of preparatory neural events regardless of how movement is initiated]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/193383v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OnACID: Online Analysis of Calcium Imaging Data in Real Time 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/193383v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Optical imaging methods using calcium indicators are critical for monitoring the activity of large neuronal populations in vivo. Imaging experiments typically generate a large amount of data that needs to be processed to extract the activity of the imaged neuronal sources. While deriving such processing algorithms is an active area of research, most existing methods require the processing of large amounts of data at a time, rendering them vulnerable to the volume of the recorded data, and preventing realtime experimental interrogation. Here we introduce OnACID, an Online framework for the Analysis of streaming Calcium Imaging Data, including i) motion artifact correction, ii) neuronal source extraction, and iii) activity denoising and deconvolution. Our approach combines and extends previous work on online dictionary learning and calcium imaging data analysis, to deliver an automated pipeline that can discover and track the activity of hundreds of cells in real time, thereby enabling new types of closed-loop experiments. We apply our algorithm on two large scale experimental datasets, benchmark its performance on manually annotated data, and show that it outperforms a popular offline approach.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giovannucci, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedrich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchland, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chklovskii, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pnevmatikakis, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/193383</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OnACID: Online Analysis of Calcium Imaging Data in Real Time]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/195420v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Force dependence of filopodia adhesion: involvement of myosin II and formins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/195420v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Filopodia are dynamic membrane protrusions driven by polymerization of an actin filament core, mediated by formin molecules at the filopodia tips. Filopodia can adhere to the extracellular matrix and experience both external and cell generated pulling forces. The role of such forces in filopodia adhesion is however insufficiently understood. Here, we induced sustained growth of filopodia by applying pulling force to their tips via attached fibronectin-coated beads trapped by optical tweezers. Strikingly, pharmacological inhibition or knockdown of myosin IIA, which localized to the base of filopodia, resulted in weakening of filopodia adherence strength. Inhibition of formins, which caused detachment of actin filaments from formin molecules, produced similar effect. Thus, myosin IIA-generated centripetal force transmitted to the filopodia tips through interactions between formins and actin filaments are required for filopodia adhesion. Force-dependent adhesion led to preferential attachment of filopodia to rigid versus fluid substrates, which may underlie cell orientation and polarization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alieva, N. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Efremov, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natarajan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ong, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jegou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romet-Lemonne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groves, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheetz, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bershadsky, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/195420</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Force dependence of filopodia adhesion: involvement of myosin II and formins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196048v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiethnic Meta-analysis Identifies New Loci for Pulmonary Function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196048v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nearly 100 loci have been identified for pulmonary function, almost exclusively in studies of European ancestry populations. We extend previous research by meta-analyzing genome-wide association studies of 1000 Genomes imputed variants in relation to pulmonary function in a multiethnic population of 90,715 individuals of European (N=60,552), African (N=8,429), Asian (N=9,959), and Hispanic/Latino (N=11,775) ethnicities. We identified over 50 novel loci at genome-wide significance in ancestry-specific and/or multiethnic meta-analyses. Recent fine mapping methods incorporating functional annotation, gene expression, and/or differences in linkage disequilibrium between ethnicities identified potential causal variants and genes at known and newly identified loci. Sixteen of the novel genes encode proteins with predicted or established drug targets, including KCNK2 and CDK12.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wyss, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sofer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terzikhan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahousse, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latourelle, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartz, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feitosa, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahluwalia, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oldmeadow, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Jong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojczynski, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noordam, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartwig, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obeidat, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobbs, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kichaev, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalhan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heckbert, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paternoster, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkart, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holliday, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vonk, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Mutsert, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baptista Menezes, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, H. H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Be</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/196048</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiethnic Meta-analysis Identifies New Loci for Pulmonary Function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196287v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning naturalistic temporal structure in the posterior medial network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196287v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The posterior medial network is at the apex of a temporal integration hierarchy in the brain, integrating information over many seconds of viewing intact, but not scrambled, movies. This has been interpreted as an effect of temporal structure. Such structure in movies depends on pre-existing event schemas, but temporal structure can also arise de novo from learning. Here we examined the relative role of schema-consistent temporal structure and arbitrary but consistent temporal structure on the human posterior medial network. We tested whether, with repeated viewing, the network becomes engaged by scrambled movies with temporal structure. Replicating prior studies, posterior medial regions were immediately locked to stimulus structure upon exposure to intact but not scrambled movies. However, for temporally structured scrambled movies, functional coupling within the network increased across stimulus repetitions, rising to the level of intact movies. Thus, temporal structure is a key determinant of network dynamics and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk-Browne, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasson, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/196287</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning naturalistic temporal structure in the posterior medial network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196386v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic characterization of MRI contrast, focused on the T1-w/T2-w ratio in the cerebral cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196386v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Magnetic resonance (MR) images of the brain are of immense clinical and research utility. At the atomic and subatomic levels, the sources of MR signals are well understood. However, at the macromolecular scale, we lack a comprehensive understanding of what determines MR signal contrast. To address this gap, we used genome-wide measurements to correlate gene expression with MR signal intensity across the cortex in the Allen Human Brain Atlas. We focused on the ratio of T1-weighted and T2-weighted intensities (T1-w/T2-w) which is considered to be a useful proxy for myelin content. Positive correlations between myelin-associated genes and the ratio supported its use as a myelin marker. However, stronger correlations were observed for neurofilaments, and genes linked to the production of formaldehyde (which cross-links protein to create larger molecules). There was also an association with protein mass, with genes coding for heavier proteins expressed in regions with high T1-w/T2-w values. Oligodendrocyte gene markers were strongly correlated but this was not driven by myelin-associated genes, suggesting this signal is from non-myelinating satellite oligodendrocytes. We find the strongest support for the previous finding of high aerobic glycolysis in regions with low T1-w/T2-w ratio. Specifically, many mitochondrial genes were negatively correlated with T1-w/T2-w ratio. Genes up-regulated by pH in the brain were also highly correlated with the ratio, suggesting the pH gradient in mitochondria may explain the aerobic glycolysis association. Expression of protease subunit genes was also inversely associated with the ratio, in agreement with the protein mass correlation. While we corroborate associations with myelin and synaptic plasticity, differences in the T1-w/T2-w ratio appear to be more attributable to molecule size, satellite oligodendrocyte proportion, mitochondrial number, alkalinity, and axon caliber. Using disease-associated gene lists, we observed an enrichment of negative T1-w/T2-w ratio correlations with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) associated genes. Expanding our analysis to the whole brain results in strong positive T1-w/T2-w associations for immune system, inflammatory disease, and microglial genes. In contrast, neuron markers and synaptic plasticity genes are negatively enriched. Lastly, our results vary little when our analysis is performed on T1-w or inverted T2-w intensities alone, possibly because the noise reduction properties of the ratio are not needed for postmortem brain scans. These results provide a molecular characterization of MR contrast that will aid interpretation of future MR studies of the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ritchie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pantazatos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>French, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/196386</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic characterization of MRI contrast, focused on the T1-w/T2-w ratio in the cerebral cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196949v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural data science: accelerating the experiment-analysis-theory cycle in large-scale neuroscience 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196949v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modern large - scale multineuronal recording methodologies, including multielectrode arrays, calcium imaging, and optogenetic techniques, produce single - neuron resolution data of a magnitude and precision that were the realm of science fiction twenty years ago. The major bottlenecks in systems and circuit neuroscience no longer lie in simply collecting data from large neural populations, but also in understanding this data: developing novel scientific questions, with corresponding analysis techniques and experimental designs to fully harness these new capabilities and meaningfully interrogate these questions. Advances in methods for signal processing, network analysis, dimensionality reduction, and optimal control - developed in lockstep with advances in experimental neurotechnology - - promise major breakthroughs in multiple fundamental neuroscience problems. These trends are clear in a broad array of subfields of modern neuroscience; this review focuses on recent advances in methods for analyzing neural time - series data with single - neuronal precision.nnO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=46 SRC="FIGDIR/small/196949_fig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">nView larger version (13K):norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@16fff01org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ceacd4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1b49960org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c1ad13_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOFigure 1.C_FLOATNO The central role of data science in modern large - scale neuroscience.Topics reviewed herein are indicated in black.nnC_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/196949</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural data science: accelerating the experiment-analysis-theory cycle in large-scale neuroscience]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/198234v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic analysis of over one million people identifies 535 novel loci for blood pressure. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/198234v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High blood pressure is the foremost heritable global risk factor for cardiovascular disease. We report the largest genetic association study of blood pressure traits to date (systolic, diastolic, pulse pressure) in over one million people of European ancestry. We identify 535 novel blood pressure loci that not only offer new biological insights into blood pressure regulation but also reveal shared loci influencing lifestyle exposures. Our findings offer the potential for a precision medicine strategy for future cardiovascular disease prevention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Evangelou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosen-Ansorena, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mifsud, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pazoki, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ntritsos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimou, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabrera, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karaman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evangelou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witkowska, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzanis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hellwege, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velez Edwards, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaziano, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, P. W. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsao, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovesdy, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esko, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milani, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almgren, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boutin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debette, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giulianini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holliday, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, A. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li-Gao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, W.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oldmeadow, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prins, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sargurupremraj, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surendran, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theriault, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verwe</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/198234</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic analysis of over one million people identifies 535 novel loci for blood pressure.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/198663v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular function limits divergent protein evolution on planetary timescales 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/198663v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional conservation is known to constrain protein evolution. Nevertheless, the long-term divergence patterns of proteins maintaining the same molecular function and the possible limits of this divergence have not been explored in detail. We investigate these fundamental questions by characterizing the divergence between ancient protein orthologs with conserved molecular function. Our results demonstrate that the decline of sequence and structural similarities between such orthologs significantly slows down after ~1-2 billion years of independent evolution. As a result, their sequence and structural similarities have not substantially decreased for the past billion years. The effective divergence limit (>25% sequence identity) is not primarily due to protein sites universally conserved in all linages. Instead, less than four amino acid types are accepted, on average, per site in orthologs strictly conserving their molecular function. Our analysis also reveals different divergence patterns for protein sites with experimentally determined small and large fitness effects of mutations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Konate, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plata, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitkup, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/198663</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular function limits divergent protein evolution on planetary timescales]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/198697v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Introducing prescribed biases in out of equilibrium Markov models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/198697v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Markov models are often used in modeling complex out of equilibrium chemical and biochemical systems. However, many times their predictions do not agree with experiments. We need a systematic framework to update Markov models to make them consistent with constraints that are derived from experiments. Here, we present a framework based on the principle of maximum path entropy to update Markov models using stationary state and dynamical trajectory-based constraints. We illustrate the framework using a biochemical model network of growth factors-based signaling. We also show how to find the closest detailed balanced Markov model to a given Markov model. Further applications and generalizations are discussed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dixit, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/198697</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Introducing prescribed biases in out of equilibrium Markov models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/198945v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hox-logic of preadaptations for social insect symbiosis in rove beetles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/198945v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How symbiotic lifestyles evolve from free-living ecologies is poorly understood. In Metazoas largest family, Staphylinidae (rove beetles), numerous lineages have evolved obligate behavioral symbioses with ants or termites. Widespread convergence of this lifestyle is thought to stem from a novel, chemically defended body plan that enables free-living species to infiltrate colonies and undergo extreme evolutionary specialization. Here we show how this innovative body plan evolved, via new Hox functions in staphylinids that remodeled the coleopteran groundplan. Using a model staphylinid, Dalotia coriaria, we reveal the Hox basis for changes in thoracic appendage morphology that shortened the beetle elytron and left the abdomen physically unprotected, selecting for an abdominal defense gland that was likely key to unlocking ant and termite societies. We present evidence that the gland evolved through a novel, combinatorial role of the abdominal Hox proteins AbdA and AbdB. These proteins function together to specify distinct gland cell types in neighboring segmental compartments, each cell type synthesizing a different class of compound--irritant, ester and solvent. Only when secreted together do these compounds constitute a bioactive secretion, providing an example of emergent chemical functionality that arises from synergy between individual gland cell types. Hox-controlled specification of glandular diversity implies a modularity in compound biosynthesis that likely catalyzed the evolvability of rove beetle chemistry, including the capacity of symbiotic taxa to produce potent compounds for host deception. This study reveals how Hox-controlled body axis modifications predispose a major animal to convergently evolve into symbionts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eldredge, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/198945</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hox-logic of preadaptations for social insect symbiosis in rove beetles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.09.869412v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Towards establishing internal validity for correlated gene expression measures in imaging genomics of functional networks: why distance corrections and external face validity alone fall short. Reply to "Distance is not everything in imaging genomics of functional networks: reply to a commentary on Correlated gene expression supports synchronous activity in brain networks" 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.09.869412v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The primary claim of the Richiardi et. al. 2015 Science article1 is that a measure of correlated gene expression, significant strength fraction (SSF), is related to resting state fMRI (rsfMRI) networks. However, there is still debate about this claim and whether spatial proximity, in the form of contiguous clusters, accounts entirely, or only partially, for SSF2,3. Here, thirteen distributed networks were simulated by combining 34 contiguous clusters randomly placed throughout cortex, with resulting edge distance distributions similar to rsfMRI networks. Cluster size was modulated (6-15mm radius) to test its influence on SSF false positive rate (SSF-FPR) among the simulated  noise networks. The contribution of rsfMRI networks on SSF-FPR was examined by comparing simulations using: 1) all cortical samples 2) all samples with non-rsfMRI cluster centers and 3) only non-rsfMRI samples. Results show that SSF-FPR is influenced only by cluster size (r>0.9, p<0.001), not by rsfMRI samples. Simulations using 14mm radius clusters most resembled rsfMRI networks. When thresholding at p<10-4, the SSF-FPR was 0.47. Genes that maximize SF have high global spatial autocorrelation. In conclusion, SSF is unrelated to rsfMRI networks. The main conclusion of Richiardi et. al. 2015 is based on a finding that is [~]50% likely to be a false positive, not less than 0.01% as originally reported in the article1. We discuss why distance corrections alone and external face validity are insufficient to establish a trustworthy relationship between correlated gene expression measures and rsfMRI networks, and propose more rigorous approaches to preclude common pitfalls in related studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pantazatos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.09.869412</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Towards establishing internal validity for correlated gene expression measures in imaging genomics of functional networks: why distance corrections and external face validity alone fall short. Reply to "Distance is not everything in imaging genomics of functional networks: reply to a commentary on Correlated gene expression supports synchronous activity in brain networks"]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.11.860585v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Population structure and clonal prevalence of scleractinian corals (Montipora capitata and Porites compressa) in Kaneohe Bay, Oahu 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.11.860585v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As the effects of anthropogenic climate change grow, mass coral bleaching events are expected to increase in severity and extent. Much research has focused on the environmental stressors themselves, symbiotic community compositions, and transcriptomics of the coral host. Globally, fine-scale population structure of corals is understudied. This study reports patterns of population structure and clonal prevalence found in Montipora capitata and Porites compressa in Kaneohe Bay, Oahu. Generated using ddRAD methods, genetic data reveals different patterns in each taxa despite them being exposed to the same environmental conditions. STRUCTURE and site-level pairwise FST analyses suggest population structure in M. capitata resembling isolation by distance. Mantel tests show strong, significant FST correlations in M. capitata in relation to geographic distance, water residence time, and salinity and temperature variability (range) at different time scales. STRUCTURE did not reveal strong population structure in P. compressa. FST correlation was found in P. compressa in relation to yearly average sea surface height. We also report high prevalence of clonal colonies in P. compressa in outer bay sites exposed to storms and high energy swells. Amongst only outer bay sites, 7 out of 23 sequenced individuals were clones of other colonies. Amongst all 47 sequenced P. compressa individuals, 8 were clones. Only one clone was detected in M. capitata. Moving forward, it is crucial to consider these preexisting patterns relating to genetic diversity when planning and executing conservation and restoration initiatives. Recognizing that there are differences in population structure and diversity between coral taxa, even on such small-scales, is important as it suggests that small-scale reefs must be managed by species rather than by geography.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Locatelli, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drew, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.11.860585</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Population structure and clonal prevalence of scleractinian corals (Montipora capitata and Porites compressa) in Kaneohe Bay, Oahu]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.11.871210v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reduced transfer coefficient of carbon monoxide in pulmonary arterial hypertension implicates rare protein-truncating variants in KDR 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.11.871210v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundApproximately 25% of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) have been found to harbor rare mutations in disease-causing genes. To identify missing heritability in PAH we integrated deep phenotyping with whole-genome sequencing data using Bayesian statistics.

MethodsWe analyzed 13,037 participants enrolled in the NIHR BioResource - Rare Diseases (NBR) study, of which 1,148 were recruited to the PAH domain. To test for genetic associations between genes and selected phenotypes of pulmonary hypertension (PH), we used the Bayesian rare-variant association method BeviMed.

ResultsHeterozygous, high impact, likely loss-of-function variants in the Kinase Insert Domain Receptor (KDR) gene were strongly associated with significantly reduced transfer coefficient for carbon monoxide (KCO, posterior probability (PP)=0.989) and older age at diagnosis (PP=0.912). We also provide evidence for familial segregation of a rare nonsense KDR variant with these phenotypes. On computed tomographic imaging of the lungs, a range of parenchymal abnormalities were observed in the five patients harboring these predicted deleterious variants in KDR. Four additional PAH cases with rare likely loss-of-function variants in KDR were independently identified in the US PAH Biobank cohort with similar phenotypic characteristics.

ConclusionsThe Bayesian inference approach allowed us to independently validate KDR, which encodes for the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2 (VEGFR2), as a novel PAH candidate gene. Furthermore, this approach specifically associated high impact likely loss-of-function variants in the genetically constrained gene with distinct phenotypes. These findings provide evidence for KDR being a clinically actionable PAH gene and further support the central role of the vascular endothelium in the pathobiology of PAH.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Swietlik, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Megy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cogliano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajaram, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tilly, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutz, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, C. C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pauciulo, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Southgate, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Treacy, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>UK National Cohort Study of Idiopathic and Heritable PAH,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>NIHR Bioresource for Translational Research - Rare Diseases,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>US PAH Biobank Enrolling Centers' Investigators,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawrie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkins, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trembath, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wendy, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swift, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrell, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gräf, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.11.871210</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reduced transfer coefficient of carbon monoxide in pulmonary arterial hypertension implicates rare protein-truncating variants in KDR]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.12.871756v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Holistic Analysis of the Intestinal Stem Cell Niche Network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.12.871756v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although many studies into the intestinal stem cell (ISC) niche have been carried out, they have focused on the role of a single cell type or molecular signal. However, no holistic comparisons of the predominant cell types and signals present within the intestinal mucosa have been conducted to date. We utilize bulk RNA sequencing to profile 20 different mucosal cell types covering four major cell categories: epithelial, stromal, endothelial and immune. We further examined the stromal signaling environment using scRNAseq to provide a more comprehensive view of the signaling microenvironment within the intestinal mucosa. We identified the primary signals for the major ISC regulatory pathways and their respective cellular sources. Our analysis suggests that a  niche network exists, with no single cell type being responsible for ISC self-renewal, proliferation, or differentiation; rather, each cell type within the network carries out specific functions in a highly cooperative and coordinated manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hansen, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meneses Giles, P. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekaney, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatraman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaddis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olack, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, J. C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henning, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanash, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houchen, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niland, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stelzner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.12.871756</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Holistic Analysis of the Intestinal Stem Cell Niche Network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.12.874586v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Natural hybridization reveals incompatible alleles that cause melanoma in swordtail fish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.12.874586v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The establishment of reproductive barriers between populations is the key process that fuels the evolution of new species. A genetic framework for this process was proposed over 80 years ago, which posits "incompatible" interactions between genes that result in reduced survival or reproduction in hybrids. Despite this foundational work, progress has been slow in identifying individual genes that underlie hybrid incompatibilities, with only a handful known to date. Here, we use a combination of approaches to precisely map the genes that drive the development of a melanoma incompatibility in swordtail fish hybrids. We find that one of the genes involved in this incompatibility also causes melanoma in hybrids between distantly related species. Moreover, we show that this melanoma reduces survival in the wild, likely due to progressive degradation of the fin. Together, this work represents only the second case where the genes underlying a vertebrate hybrid incompatibility have been identified and provides the first glimpse into the action of these genes in natural hybrid populations.

One sentence summaryUsing a combination of mapping approaches, we identify interacting genes that lead to melanoma in hybrids and characterize their effects in natural hybrid populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Powell, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keegan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Loyo, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blakkan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andolfatto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenthal, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schartl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.12.874586</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Natural hybridization reveals incompatible alleles that cause melanoma in swordtail fish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.13.862532v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robust neural control of virtual locomotion enabled by a novel decoding strategy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.13.862532v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) for reaching have enjoyed continued performance improvements, yet there remains significant need for BMIs that control other movement classes. Recent scientific findings suggest that the intrinsic covariance structure of neural activity depends strongly on movement class, potentially necessitating different decode algorithms across classes. To address this, we developed a self-motion BMI based on cortical activity as monkeys performed non-reaching arm movements: cycling a hand-held pedal to progress along a virtual track. Unlike during reaching, we found no high-variance dimensions that directly correlated with to-be-decoded variables. Yet we could decode a single variable - self-motion - by non-linearly leveraging structure that spanned many high-variance neural dimensions. Resulting online BMI-control success rates approached those during manual control. These findings make two broad points regarding how to build decode algorithms that harmonize with the empirical structure of neural activity in motor cortex. First, even when decoding from the same cortical region (e.g., arm-related motor cortex) different movement classes may need to employ very different strategies. Although correlations between neural activity and hand velocity are prominent during reaching tasks, they are not a fundamental property of motor cortex and cannot be counted on to be present in general. Second, although one generally desires a low-dimensional readout, it can be beneficial to leverage a multi-dimensional high-variance subspace. Fully embracing this approach requires highly non-linear approaches tailored to the task at hand, but can produce near-native levels of performance.

Significance StatementMany BMI decoders have been constructed for controlling movements normally performed with the arm. Yet it is unclear how these will function beyond the reach-like scenarios where they were developed. Existing decoders implicitly assume that neural covariance structure, and correlations with to-be-decoded kinematic variables, will be largely preserved across tasks. We find that the correlation between neural activity and hand kinematics, a feature typically exploited when decoding reach-like movements, is essentially absent during another task performed with the arm: cycling through a virtual environment. Nevertheless, the use of a different strategy, one focused on leveraging the highest-variance neural signals, supported high performance real-time BMI control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perkins, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchland, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.13.862532</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robust neural control of virtual locomotion enabled by a novel decoding strategy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.13.875534v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A simple circuit model of visual cortex explains neural and behavioral aspects of attention 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.13.875534v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Selective visual attention modulates neural activity in the visual system in complex ways and leads to enhanced performance on difficult visual tasks. Here, we show that a simple circuit model, the stabilized supralinear network, gives a unified account of a wide variety of effects of attention on neural responses. We replicate results from studies of both feature and spatial attention, addressing findings in a variety of experimental paradigms on changes both in firing rates and in correlated neural variability. Finally, we expand this circuit model into an architecture that can perform visual tasks--a convolutional neural network--in order to show that these neural effects can enhance detection performance. This work provides the first unified mechanistic account of the effects of attention on neural and behavioral responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lindsay, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.13.875534</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A simple circuit model of visual cortex explains neural and behavioral aspects of attention]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.16.878231v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
L-type voltage-gated calcium channel agonists improve hearing loss and modify ribbon synapse morphology in the zebrafish model of Usher Syndrome Type 1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.16.878231v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Usher Syndrome (USH) is the most common cause of human deaf/blindness. The zebrafish myo7aa-/- mutant, faithfully models USH1; homozygous zebrafish are deaf and exhibit circular swimming. We hypothesized that hair cell morphology would differ in myo7aa-/- mutants compared to wild type. We also tested the hypothesis that agonists of L-type voltage-gated calcium channels would alter ribbon synapse morphology and behavior of zebrafish myo7aa-/- mutants. We discovered that myo7aa-/- zebrafish have fewer glutamatergic vesicles tethered to hair cell ribbon synapses, yet maintain a comparable ribbon area. We identified that myo7aa-/- mutants have fewer total active hair cells, fewer total CTBP2 expressing puncta, and an altered distribution of CTBP2 puncta compared to wildtype. We also identified that myo7aa-/- mutants have fewer active post-synaptic cells and fewer total MAGUK puncta, compared to wildtype. Behaviorally, myo7aa-/- mutant fish have abnormal swimming as measured by larger absolute smooth orientations and have little to no acoustic startle. Treatment with L-type voltage-gated calcium channel agonists altered the abnormal cell and behavioral phenotypes toward wildtype. Our data supports that L-type voltage-gated calcium channel agonists induce morphological changes at the ribbon synapse--in both the number of tethered vesicles and the distribution of CTBP2 puncta, shifts swimming behavior towards wildtype swimming and improves acoustic startle response.

Summary StatementWe identified that the hair cell biology and behavior of the myo7aa-/- mutant differs from wildtype and this difference can be rescued using L-type voltage-gated calcium channel agonists.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koleilat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugdale, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christenson, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellah, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambert, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masino, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ekker, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schimmenti, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.16.878231</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[L-type voltage-gated calcium channel agonists improve hearing loss and modify ribbon synapse morphology in the zebrafish model of Usher Syndrome Type 1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.17.879262v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct signatures of reward value and variance on spiking activity and functional interactions in monkey fronto-parietal areas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.17.879262v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Theories of executive function propose that controlled information processing is costly and is allocated according to the behavioral benefits it brings. Computational theories predict that the benefits of new information depend on prior uncertainty, but the cellular effects of uncertainty on the executive network are incompletely understood. Using simultaneous recordings in monkeys, we reveal several mechanisms by which the fronto-parietal network reacts to uncertainty independently of average reward gains. We show that the variance of expected rewards, independently of the value of the rewards, was represented in single neuron and population spiking activity and local field potential (LFP) oscillations. Moreover, uncertainty asymmetrically affected the coherence between spikes and LFPs, selectively suppressing information transmission from the frontal to the parietal lobe but enhancing transmission from the parietal to the frontal lobe, consistent with Bayesian principles of optimal inference under uncertainty.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taghizadeh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karimimehr, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foley, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohanpour, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semework, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheth, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lashgari, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottlieb, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.17.879262</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct signatures of reward value and variance on spiking activity and functional interactions in monkey fronto-parietal areas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.17.880153v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A model of flexible motor sequencing through thalamic control of cortical dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.17.880153v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanisms by which neural circuits generate an extensible library of motor motifs and flexibly string them into arbitrary sequences are unclear. We developed a model in which inhibitory basal ganglia output neurons project to thalamic units that are themselves bidirectionally connected to a recurrent cortical network. During movement sequences, electrophysiological recordings of basal ganglia output neurons show sustained activity patterns that switch at the boundaries between motifs. Thus, we model these inhibitory patterns as silencing some thalamic neurons while leaving others disinhibited and free to interact with cortex during specific motifs. We show that a small number of disinhibited thalamic neurons can control cortical dynamics to generate specific motor output in a noise robust way. If the thalamic units associated with each motif are segregated, many motor outputs can be learned without interference and then combined in arbitrary orders for the flexible production of long and complex motor sequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Logiaco, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escola, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.17.880153</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A model of flexible motor sequencing through thalamic control of cortical dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.19.882985v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tuft cells restrain pancreatic tumorigenesis through paracrine eicosanoid signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.19.882985v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite numerous advances in our understanding of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) genetics and biology, this disease is expected to become the second leading cause of cancer-related U.S. deaths within the next few years. Incomplete understanding of how it arises precludes development of early detection and interception strategies to improve therapeutic outcomes. Acinar to ductal metaplasia involving genesis of tuft cells is one early step in PDA formation, but their functional significance has remained obscure due to their rarity and a lack of methods and relevant animal models for their molecular and functional analysis. Here, we show that deletion of tuft cell master regulator Pou2f3 eliminates pancreatic tuft cells and increases fibrosis, alters immune cell activation, and accelerates disease progression. We demonstrate that tuft cell expression of the prostaglandin D2 synthase Hpgds restrains pancreatic disease progression in early stages by inhibiting stromal activation. Analyses of human data sets are consistent with mouse studies. We propose that tuft cells and, by inference, the associated metaplastic lesions, play a protective role early in pancreatic tumorigenesis.

SignificanceWe find that tuft cell formation in response to oncogenic Kras is protective and restrains tumorigenesis through local production of anti-inflammatory substances, including paracrine prostaglandin D2 signaling to the stroma. Our findings establish tuft cells as a metaplasia-induced tumor suppressive cell type.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DelGiorno, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maurer, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiser Novak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giraddi, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naeem, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrade, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lytle, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsui, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gubbala, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ridinger-Saison, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohmoto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erikson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shokhirev, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urade, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsumoto, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vavinskaya, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manor, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olive, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wahl, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.19.882985</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tuft cells restrain pancreatic tumorigenesis through paracrine eicosanoid signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.20.883835v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole-body imaging of neural and muscle activity during behavior in Hydra: bidirectional effects of osmolarity on contraction bursts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.20.883835v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neural code relates the activity of the nervous system to the activity of the muscles to the generation of behavior. To decipher it, it would be ideal to comprehensively measure the activity of the entire nervous system and musculature in a behaving animal. As a step in this direction, we used the cnidarian Hydra vulgaris to explore how physiological and environmental conditions alter the activity of the entire neural and muscle tissue and affect behavior. We used whole-body calcium imaging of neurons and muscle cells and studied the effect of temperature, media osmolarity, nutritional state and body size on body contractions.

In mounted Hydra, changes in temperature, nutrition or body size did not have a major effect on neural or muscle activity, or on behavior. But changes in media osmolarity altered body contractions, increasing them in hipo-osmolar media solutions and decreasing them in hyperosmolar media. Similar effects were seen in ectodermal, but not in endodermal muscle. Osmolarity also bidirectionally changed the activity of contraction bursts neurons, but not of rhythmic potential neurons.

These findings show osmolarity-dependent changes in neuronal activity, muscle activity, and contractions, consistent with the hypothesis that contraction burst neurons respond to media osmolarity, activating ectodermal muscle to generate contraction bursts. This dedicated circuit could serve as an excretory system to prevent osmotic injury. This work demonstrates the feasibility of studying the entire neuronal and muscle activity of behaving animals.

Significance StatementWe imaged whole-body muscle and neuronal activity in Hydra in response to different physiological and environmental conditions. Osmolarity bidirectionally altered Hydra contractile behavior. These changes were accompanied by corresponding changes in the activity of one neuronal circuit and one set of muscles. This work is a step toward comprehensive deciphering of the mechanisms of animal behavior by measuring the activity of all neurons and muscle cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yamamoto, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuste, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.20.883835</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole-body imaging of neural and muscle activity during behavior in Hydra: bidirectional effects of osmolarity on contraction bursts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.20.884262v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Is the rat prefrontal cortex crucial for cognitive control during spatial cognition? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.20.884262v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cognitive control tasks require using one class of information while ignoring competing classes of information. The central role of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in cognitive control is well established in the primate literature, and largely accepted in the rodent literature because mPFC damage causes deficits in tasks that may require cognitive control, as inferred, typically from the task design. In prior work, we used an active place avoidance task where a rat or mouse on a rotating arena is required to avoid the stationary task-relevant locations of a mild shock and ignore the rotating task-irrelevant locations of those shocks. The task is impaired by hippocampal manipulations, and the discharge of hippocampal place cell populations judiciously alternates between representing stationary locations near the shock zone and rotating locations far from the shock zone, demonstrating cognitive control concurrently in behavior and the hippocampal representation of spatial information. Here we test whether rat mPFC lesion impairs the active place avoidance task to evaluate two competing hypotheses, a "central-computation" hypothesis that the mPFC is essential for the computations required for cognitive control and an alternative "local-computation" hypothesis that other brain areas can perform the computations required for cognitive control, independent of mPFC. Ibotenic acid lesion of the mPFC was effective, damaging the cingulate, prelimbic and infralimbic cortices. The lesion also altered the normal coordination of metabolic activity across remaining structures. The lesion did not impair learning to avoid the initial location of shock or long-term place avoidance memory, but impaired avoidance after the shock was relocated. The lesion also did not impair the alternation between task-relevant and task-irrelevant hippocampal representations of place information. These findings support the local-computation hypothesis that computations required for cognitive control can occur locally in brain networks independently of the mPFC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Reilly, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taborga, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholas, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.20.884262</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Is the rat prefrontal cortex crucial for cognitive control during spatial cognition?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.20.885129v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A community-maintained standard library of population genetic models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.20.885129v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The explosion in population genomic data demands ever more complex modes of analysis, and increasingly these analyses depend on sophisticated simulations. Recent advances in population genetic simulation have made it possible to simulate large and complex models, but specifying such models for a particular simulation engine remains a difficult and error-prone task. Computational genetics researchers currently re-implement simulation models independently, leading to inconsistency and duplication of effort. This situation presents a major barrier to empirical researchers seeking to use simulations for power analyses of upcoming studies or sanity checks on existing genomic data. Population genetics, as a field, also lacks standard benchmarks by which new tools for inference might be measured. Here we describe a new resource, stdpopsim, that attempts to rectify this situation. Stdpopsim is a community-driven open source project, which provides easy access to a growing catalog of published simulation models from a range of organisms and supports multiple simulation engine backends. This resource is available as a well-documented python library with a simple command-line interface. We share some examples demonstrating how stdpopsim can be used to systematically compare demographic inference methods, and we encourage a broader community of developers to contribute to this growing resource.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adrion, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dukler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galloway, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gladstein, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gower, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyriazis, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ragsdale, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsambos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumdicker, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cartwright, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durvasula, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, B. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenzie, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Messer, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noskova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortega-Del Vecchyo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Struck, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gravel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutenkunst, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ralph, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schrider, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siepel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelleher, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kern, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.20.885129</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A community-maintained standard library of population genetic models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.22.885152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-EM Structures and Regulation of Arabinofuranosyltransferase AftD from Mycobacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.22.885152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis, a disease that kills over one million people each year. Its cell envelope is a common antibiotic target and has a unique structure due, in part, to two lipidated polysaccharides - arabinogalactan and lipoarabinomannan. Arabinofuranosyltransferase D (AftD) is an essential enzyme involved in assembling these glycolipids. We present the 2.9 [A] resolution structure of M. abscessus AftD determined by single particle cryo-electron microscopy. AftD has a conserved GT-C glycosyltransferase fold and three carbohydrate binding modules. Glycan array analysis shows that AftD binds complex arabinose glycans. Additionally, AftD is non-covalently complexed with an acyl carrier protein (ACP). 3.4 and 3.5 [A] structures of a mutant with impaired ACP binding reveal a conformational change that suggests the ACP may regulate AftD function. Using a conditional knock-out constructed in M. smegmatis, mutagenesis experiments confirm the essentiality of the putative active site and the ACP binding for AftD function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tan, Y. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giacometti, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosario, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kloss, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dandey, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raczkowski, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Athayde, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catalao, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pimentel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, O. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowary, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niederweis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potter, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carragher, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancia, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.22.885152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-EM Structures and Regulation of Arabinofuranosyltransferase AftD from Mycobacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.23.887497v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of the Glutamate-Like Receptor GLR3.2 ligand-binding domain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.23.887497v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glutamate-like receptors (GLRs) in plants play an important role in a number of physiological processes, including wound response, stomatal aperture control, seed germination, root development, innate immune responses, pollen tube growth and morphogenesis. GLRs share amino acid sequence similarity with ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) that mediate neurotransmission in the nervous system of vertebrates. In contrast to iGluRs, however, for which numerous full-length structures are available, the structural information about the plant GLRs has been missing. Here we determine crystal structures of Arabidopsis thaliana GLR3.2 ligand-binding domain (LBD) in complex with glycine and methionine to 1.57 and 1.86 [A] resolution, respectively. Our structures show a fold similar to iGluRs, with several secondary structure elements either missing or different. The closed clamshell conformation of GLR3.2 LBD suggests that both glycine and methionine act as agonists. The structures reveal molecular determinants of ligand binding and explain the promiscuity of GLRs ligand activation compared to iGluRs. Structural similarities of LBDs confirm an evolutionary relationship between GLRs and iGluRs and predict common molecular principles of their gating mechanisms that are driven by the bilobed clamshell-like LBDs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gangwar, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobolevsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.23.887497</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of the Glutamate-Like Receptor GLR3.2 ligand-binding domain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.24.887968v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transposon mutagenesis identifies cooperating genetic drivers during keratinocyte transformation and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.24.887968v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The systematic identification of genetic events driving cellular transformation and tumor progression in the absence of a highly recurrent oncogenic driver mutation is a challenge in cutaneous oncology. In cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cuSCC), the high UV-induced mutational burden poses a hurdle to achieve a complete molecular landscape of this disease. Here, we utilized the Sleeping Beauty transposon mutagenesis system to statistically define drivers of keratinocyte transformation and cuSCC progression in vivo in the absence of UV-IR, and identified both known tumor suppressor genes and novel oncogenic drivers of cuSCC. Functional analysis confirms an oncogenic role for the ZMIZ genes, and tumor suppressive roles for KMT2C, CREBBP and NCOA2, in the initiation or progression of human cuSCC. Taken together, our in vivo screen demonstrates an extremely heterogeneous genetic landscape of cuSCC initiation and progression, which can be harnessed to better understand skin oncogenic etiology and prioritize therapeutic candidates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aiderus, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newberg, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guzman-Rojas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contreras-Sandoval, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meshey, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaya-Manzanares, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ban, K. H.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selvanesan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNoe, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Copeland, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Black, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.24.887968</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transposon mutagenesis identifies cooperating genetic drivers during keratinocyte transformation and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.29.890335v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hox binding specificity is directed by DNA sequence preferences and differential abilities to engage inaccessible chromatin. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.29.890335v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While Hox genes encode for conserved transcription factors (TFs), they are further divided into anterior, central, and posterior groups based on their DNA-binding domain similarity. The posterior Hox group expanded in the deuterostome clade and patterns caudal and distal structures. We aim to address how similar HOX TFs diverge to induce different positional identities. We studied HOX TF DNA-binding and regulatory activity during an in vitro motor neuron differentiation system that recapitulates embryonic development. We find diversity in the genomic binding profiles of different HOX TFs, even among the posterior group paralogs that share similar DNA binding domains. These differences in genomic binding are explained by differing abilities to bind to previously inaccessible sites. For example, the posterior group HOXC9 has a greater ability to bind occluded sites than the posterior HOXC10, producing different binding patterns and driving differential gene expression programs. From these results, we propose that the differential abilities of posterior HOX TFs to bind to previously inaccessible chromatin drive patterning diversification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bulajic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dasen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wichterle, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahony, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazzoni, E. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.29.890335</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hox binding specificity is directed by DNA sequence preferences and differential abilities to engage inaccessible chromatin.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.31.892109v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Value and choice as separable, stable representations in orbitofrontal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.31.892109v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Value-based decision-making operates on multiple variables--including offer value, choice, expected outcome, and recent history--each functioning at different times in the decision process. Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) has long been implicated in value-based decision-making, but it is unclear how downstream circuits might read out complex OFC responses into separate representations of the relevant variables to support different cognitive functions at specific times. We recorded from single neurons in OFC while macaque monkeys made cost-benefit decisions to juice offers. Using a novel analysis--optimal targeted dimensionality reduction--we discovered orthogonal, static dimensions (i.e. linear combinations of neurons) that selectively represented the value, choice, and expected reward of the present and, separately, previous offers. The neural composition of most representations was stable over discrete time periods that aligned to concurrent cognitive demands. We applied a new set of statistical methods to determine that the sensitivity, specificity and stability of the representations were greater than expected from the low-level features--dimensionality and temporal smoothness--of the responses alone. The separability and stability of OFC representations suggest a mechanism by which downstream circuits can read out specific task-relevant variables at appropriate times.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kimmel, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elsayed, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newsome, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.31.892109</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Value and choice as separable, stable representations in orbitofrontal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.03.882431v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Programmable and portable CRISPR-Cas transcriptional activation in bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.03.882431v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Programmable gene activation enables fine-tuned regulation of endogenous and synthetic gene circuits to control cellular behavior. While CRISPR-Cas-mediated gene activation have been extensively developed for eukaryotic systems, similar strategies have been difficult to implement in bacteria. Here, we present a generalizable platform for screening and selection of functional bacterial CRISPR-Cas transcription activators. Using this platform, we identified a novel CRISPR activator, dCas9-AsiA, that could activate gene expression by up to 200-fold across genomic and plasmid targets with diverse promoters after directed evolution. The evolved dCas9-AsiA can simultaneously mediate activation and repression of bacterial regulons in E. coli. We further identified hundreds of promoters with varying basal expression that could be induced by dCas9-AsiA, which provides a rich resource of genetic parts for inducible gene activation. Finally, we show that dCas9-AsiA can be ported to other bacteria of clinical and bioindustrial relevance, thus enabling bacterial CRISPRa in more application areas. This work expands the toolbox for programmable gene regulation in bacteria and provides a useful resource for future engineering of other bacterial CRISPR-based gene regulators.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ho, H.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.03.882431</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Programmable and portable CRISPR-Cas transcriptional activation in bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.06.894840v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anti-tumor effects of an Id antagonist with no acquired resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.06.894840v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Id proteins are helix-loop-helix (HLH) transcriptional regulators frequently overexpressed in cancer. Id proteins inhibit basic HLH transcription factors through protein-protein interactions, often inhibiting differentiation and sustaining proliferation. We recently identified a small-molecule, AGX51, which targets Id proteins for degradation and impairs ocular neovascularization in mouse models. Here we show that AGX51 treatment of cancer cell lines impaired cell growth and viability that results from a dramatic increase in ROS production upon Id degradation. In mouse models, AGX51 treatment suppressed breast cancer colonization in the lung, regressed the growth of paclitaxel-resistant breast tumors when combined with paclitaxel and reduced tumor burden in a model of sporadic colorectal neoplasia. Furthermore, in cells and mice, we failed to observe acquired resistance to AGX51 likely the result of the immutability of the binding pocket and efficient degradation of the Id proteins. Thus, AGX51 is a first-in-class compound that antagonizes Id proteins, shows strong anti-tumor effects and may be further developed for the management of multiple cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wojnarowicz, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escalono, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouerfelli, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soni, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philip, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montrose, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Healey, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajasekhar, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garland, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norton, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendrickson, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iavarone, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massague, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dannenberg, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasorella, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benezra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.06.894840</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anti-tumor effects of an Id antagonist with no acquired resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.06.896423v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A latent variable approach to decoding neural population activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.06.896423v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Decoding is a powerful approach for measuring the information contained in the activity of neural populations. As a result, decoding analyses are now used across a wide range of model organisms and experimental paradigms. However, typical analyses employ general purpose decoding algorithms that do not explicitly take advantage of the structure of neural variability, which is often low-dimensional and can thus be effectively characterized using latent variables. Here we propose a new decoding framework that exploits the low-dimensional structure of neural population variability by removing correlated variability that is unrelated to the decoded variable, then decoding the resulting denoised activity. We demonstrate the efficacy of this framework using simulated data, where the true upper bounds for decoding performance are known. A linear version of our decoder provides an estimator for the decoded variable that can be more efficient than other commonly used linear estimators such as linear discriminant analysis. In addition, our proposed decoding framework admits a simple extension to nonlinear decoding that compares favorably to standard feed-forward neural networks. By explicitly modeling shared population variability, the success of the resulting linear and nonlinear decoders also offers a new perspective on the relationship between shared variability and information contained in large neural populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Whiteway, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Averbeck, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butts, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.06.896423</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A latent variable approach to decoding neural population activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.06.896571v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying strategies to target the metabolic flexibility of tumours. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.06.896571v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plasticity of cancer metabolism can be a major obstacle for efficient targeting of tumour-specific metabolic vulnerabilities. Here, we identify and quantify the compensatory mechanisms following the inhibition of major pathways of central carbon metabolism in c-MYC-induced liver tumours. We find that glutaminase isoform Gls2, expressed in normal liver, compensates for the deletion of Gls1 isoform expressed in tumours. Inhibiting both glutaminases significantly delays tumourigenesis but does not completely block glutamine catabolism through the Krebs cycle. We reveal that glutamine catabolism is then driven by amidotransferases. Consistently, the synergistic effect of glutaminase and amidotransferase inhibitors on proliferation of mouse and human tumour cells is observed in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, when Gls1 is deleted the Krebs cycle activity and tumour formation can also be significantly affected if glycolysis is co-inhibited (Gls1KO/Hk2KO). Finally, the inhibition of either serine (Psat1KO) or fatty acid (FasnKO) biosynthesis can be compensated by uptake of circulating nutrients. Thus, removing these nutrients from the diet produces synergistic effects on suppression of tumourigenesis. These results highlight the high flexibility of tumour metabolism and demonstrate how targeting compensatory mechanisms can improve a therapeutic outcome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuneva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendez-Lucas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Driscoll, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legrave, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novellasdemunt Vilaseca, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charles, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rayport, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Justo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, V. S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacRae, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hay, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.06.896571</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying strategies to target the metabolic flexibility of tumours.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.06.896670v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Depletion of the AD risk gene SORL1 selectively impairs neuronal endosomal traffic independent of amyloidogenic APP processing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.06.896670v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SORL1 gene encodes for the protein SorLA, a sorting receptor involved in retromer-related endosomal traffic. Many SORL1 genetic variants increase Alzheimers disease (AD) risk, and rare loss-of-function truncation mutations have been found to be causal of late-onset AD. SORL1 is expressed in neurons and glia of the central nervous system and loss of SORL1 has been reported in AD tissue. To model the causal loss-of-function mutations, we used CRISPR/Cas9 technology to deplete SORL1 in human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) to test the hypothesis that loss of SORL1 contributes to AD pathogenesis by leading to endosome dysfunction. We report that loss of SORL1 in hiPSC-derived neurons leads to early endosome enlargement, a cellular phenotype that is indicative of  traffic jams and is now considered a hallmark cytopathology AD. We validate defects in neuronal endosomal traffic by showing decreased localization of amyloid-precursor protein (APP) in the trans-Golgi network (TGN), and increased localization of APP in early endosomes, a site of APP cleavage by the {beta} secretase BACE1. Microglia, immune cells of the CNS, which play a role in AD pathology also express SORL1. We therefore tested and found no effect of SORL1 depletion on endosome size or morphology in hiPSC-derived microglia, suggesting a selective effect on neuronal endosomal trafficking. Finally, because BACE1 dependent APP fragments can cause endosome enlargement, we treated SORL1 deficient hiPSC-derived neurons with BACE1 inhibitors and demonstrate that endosome enlargement occurs independent of amyloidogenic APP fragments. Collectively, these findings clarify where and how SORL1 links to AD. Moreover, our data, together with recent findings, underscores how sporadic AD pathways that regulate endosomal trafficking, and autosomal-dominant AD pathways that regulate APP cleavage, independently converge on the defining cytopathology of AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Knupp, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braggin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szabo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hailey, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Small, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayadev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.06.896670</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Depletion of the AD risk gene SORL1 selectively impairs neuronal endosomal traffic independent of amyloidogenic APP processing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.07.897371v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel genetic features of human and mouse Purkinje cell differentiation defined by comparative transcriptomics. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.07.897371v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Comparative transcriptomics between differentiating human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) and developing mouse neurons offers a powerful approach to compare genetic and epigenetic pathways in human and mouse neurons. To analyze human Purkinje cell (PC) differentiation, we optimized a protocol to generate hPSC-PCs that formed synapses when cultured with mouse cerebellar glia and granule cells and fired large calcium currents, measured with the genetically encoded calcium indicator jRGECO1a. To directly compare global gene expression of hPSC-PCs with developing mouse PCs, we used translating ribosomal affinity purification (TRAP). As a first step, we used Tg(Pcp2-L10a-Egfp) TRAP mice to profile actively transcribed genes in developing postnatal mouse PCs, and used metagene projection to identify the most salient patterns of PC gene expression over time. We then created a transgenic Pcp2-L10a-Egfp TRAP hESC line to profile gene expression in differentiating hPSC-PCs, finding that the key gene expression pathways of differentiated hPSC-PCs most closely matched those of late juvenile, mouse PCs (P21). Comparative bioinformatics identified classical PC gene signatures as well as novel mitochondrial and autophagy gene pathways during the differentiation of both mouse and human PCs. In addition, we identified genes expressed in hPSC-PCs but not mouse PCs and confirmed protein expression of a novel human PC gene, CD40LG, expressed in both hPSC-PCs and native human cerebellar tissue. This study therefore provides the first direct comparison of hPSC-PC and mouse PC gene expression and a robust method for generating differentiated hPSC-PCs with human-specific gene expression for modeling developmental and degenerative cerebellar disorders.

Significance StatementTo compare global gene expression features of differentiating human pluripotent stem cell-derived Purkinje cells (hPSC-PC) and developing mouse Purkinje cells (PC) we derived hPSC-PCs and compared gene expression datasets from human and mouse PCs. We optimized a differentiation protocol that generated hPSC-PCs most similar in gene expression to mouse P21 PCs. Metagene projection analysis of mouse PC gene expression over postnatal development identified both classical PC marker genes as well as novel mitochondrial and autophagy gene pathways. These key gene expression patterns were conserved in differentiating hPSC-PCs. We further identified differences in timing and expression of key gene sets between mouse and hPSC-PCs and confirmed expression of a novel human PC marker, CD40LG, in human cerebellar tissue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Buchholz, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kocabas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behesti, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faust, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stalbow, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatten, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.07.897371</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel genetic features of human and mouse Purkinje cell differentiation defined by comparative transcriptomics.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.08.898288v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Individual differences among deep neural network models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.08.898288v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep neural networks (DNNs) excel at visual recognition tasks and are increasingly used as a modelling framework for neural computations in the primate brain. However, each DNN instance, just like each individual brain, has a unique connectivity and representational profile. Here, we investigate individual differences among DNN instances that arise from varying only the random initialization of the network weights. Using representational similarity analysis, we demonstrate that this minimal change in initial conditions prior to training leads to substantial differences in intermediate and higher-level network representations, despite achieving indistinguishable network-level classification performance. We locate the origins of the effects in an under-constrained alignment of category exemplars, rather than a misalignment of category centroids. Furthermore, while network regularization can increase the consistency of learned representations, considerable differences remain. These results suggest that computational neuroscientists working with DNNs should base their inferences on multiple networks instances instead of single off-the-shelf networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mehrer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spoerer, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriegeskorte, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kietzmann, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.08.898288</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Individual differences among deep neural network models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.09.900407v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ECSIT prevents Alzheimer's disease pathology by regulating neuronal mitochondrial ROS and mitophagy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.09.900407v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Altered mitochondrial fitness is a potential triggering factor in Alzheimers disease (AD). Mitochondrial quality control pathways are dysfunctional and mitochondrially-derived reactive oxygen species (mROS) levels are increased in AD patient brains. However, the pathways responsible for dysregulated mROS accumulation have remained relatively unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that levels of ECSIT, a mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) complex I (CI)-associated protein, are reduced in AD-affected brains. Neuronal ECSIT downregulation increased mROS generation and impaired mitophagy of defective mitochondria. Consequently, decreasing neuronal ECSIT caused AD-like changes, including memory loss and neuropathology. In contrast, augmented neuronal expression of ECSIT protected against the development of an AD-like phenotype. Decreased levels of ECSIT in AD patient brains therefore likely contribute to oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and AD pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lepelley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaughn, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staniszewski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koppensteiner, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomljanovic, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carneiro, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teich, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ninan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Postler, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayden, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arancio, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.09.900407</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ECSIT prevents Alzheimer's disease pathology by regulating neuronal mitochondrial ROS and mitophagy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.10.901991v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Talin Folding; the Tuning Fork of Cellular Mechanotransduction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.10.901991v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells continually sample their mechanical environment using exquisite force sensors such as talin, whose folding status triggers mechanotransduction pathways by recruiting binding partners. Mechanical signals in biology change quickly over time and are often embedded in noise; however, the mechanics of force-sensing proteins have only been tested using simple force protocols, such as constant or ramped forces. Here, using our magnetic tape head tweezers design, we measure the folding dynamics of single talin proteins in response to external mechanical noise and cyclic force perturbations. Our experiments demonstrate that talin filters out external mechanical noise but detects periodic force signals over a finely-tuned frequency range. Hence, talin operates as a mechanical bandpass filter, able to read and interpret frequency-dependent mechanical information through its folding dynamics. We describe our observations in the context of stochastic resonance, which we propose as a mechanism by which mechanosensing proteins could respond accurately to force signals in the naturally noisy biological environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tapia-Rojo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.10.901991</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Talin Folding; the Tuning Fork of Cellular Mechanotransduction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.10.902163v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficient and accurate inference of microbial trajectories from longitudinal count data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.10.902163v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The recently completed second phase of the Human Microbiome Project has highlighted the relationship between dynamic changes in the microbiome and disease, motivating new microbiome study designs based on longitudinal sampling. Yet, analysis of such data is hindered by presence of technical noise, high dimensionality, and data sparsity. To address these challenges, we propose LUMINATE (LongitUdinal Microbiome INference And zero deTEction), a fast and accurate method for inferring relative abundances from noisy read count data. We demonstrate on synthetic data that LUMINATE is orders of magnitude faster than current approaches, with better or similar accuracy. This translates to feasibility of analyzing data at the requisite dimensionality for current studies. We further show that LUMINATE can accurately distinguish biological zeros, when a taxon is absent from the community, from technical zeros, when a taxon is below the detection threshold. We conclude by demonstrating the utility of LUMINATE for downstream analysis by using estimates of latent relative abundances to fit the parameters of a dynamical system, leading to more accurate predictions of community dynamics.

Code availabilityhttps://github.com/tyjo/luminate
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joseph, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasarkar, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe'er, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.10.902163</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficient and accurate inference of microbial trajectories from longitudinal count data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.10.902171v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scaling of information in large neural populations reveals signatures of information-limiting correlations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.10.902171v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How is information distributed across large neuronal populations within a given brain area? One possibility is that information is distributed roughly evenly across neurons, so that total information scales linearly with the number of recorded neurons. Alternatively, the neural code might be highly redundant, meaning that total information saturates. Here we investigated how information about the direction of a moving visual stimulus is distributed across hundreds of simultaneously recorded neurons in mouse primary visual cortex (V1). We found that information scales sublinearly, due to the presence of correlated noise in these populations. Using recent theoretical advances, we compartmentalized noise correlations into information-limiting and nonlimiting components, and then extrapolated to predict how information grows when neural populations are even larger. We predict that tens of thousands of neurons are required to encode 95% of the information about visual stimulus direction, a number much smaller than the number of neurons in V1. Overall, these findings suggest that the brain uses a widely distributed, but nonetheless redundant code that supports recovering most information from smaller subpopulations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kafashan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chettih, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogueira, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arandia-Romero, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno-Bote, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drugowitsch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.10.902171</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scaling of information in large neural populations reveals signatures of information-limiting correlations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.10.902189v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortical music selectivity does not require musical training 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.10.902189v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent work has shown that human auditory cortex contains neural populations anterior and posterior to primary auditory cortex that respond selectively to music. However, it is unknown how this selectivity for music arises. To test whether musical training is necessary, we measured fMRI responses to 192 natural sounds in 10 people with almost no musical training. When voxel responses were decomposed into underlying components, this group exhibited a music-selective component that was very similar in response profile and anatomical distribution to that previously seen in individuals with moderate musical training. We also found that musical genres that were less familiar to our participants (e.g., Balinese gamelan) produced strong responses within the music component, as did drum clips with rhythm but little melody, suggesting that these neural populations are broadly responsive to music as a whole. Our findings demonstrate that the signature properties of neural music selectivity do not require musical training to develop, showing that the music-selective neural populations are a fundamental and widespread property of the human brain.

NEW & NOTEWORTHYWe show that music-selective neural populations are clearly present in people without musical training, demonstrating that they are a fundamental and widespread property of the human brain. Additionally, we show music-selective neural populations respond strongly to music from unfamiliar genres as well as music with rhythm but little pitch information, suggesting that they are broadly responsive to music as a whole.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boebinger, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman-Haignere, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDermott, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanwisher, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.10.902189</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortical music selectivity does not require musical training]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.11.902817v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal firing and waveform alterations through ictal recruitment in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.11.902817v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWClinical analyses of neuronal activity during seizures, invariably using extracellular recordings, is greatly hindered by various phenomena that are well established in animal studies: changes in local ionic concentration, changes in ionic conductance, and intense, hypersynchronous firing. The first two alter the action potential waveform, whereas the third increases the "noise"; all three factors confound attempts to detect and classify single neurons (units). To address these analytical difficulties, we developed a novel template-matching based spike sorting method, which enabled identification of 1,239 single units in 27 patients with intractable focal epilepsy, that were tracked throughout multiple seizures. These new analyses showed continued neuronal firing through the ictal transition, which was defined as a transient period of intense tonic firing consistent with previous descriptions of the ictal wavefront. After the ictal transition, neurons displayed increased spike duration (p < 0.001) and reduced spike amplitude (p < 0.001), in keeping with prior animal studies; units in non-recruited territories, by contrast, showed more stable waveforms. All units returned to their pre-ictal waveforms after seizure termination. Waveshape changes were stereotyped across seizures within patients. Our analyses of single neuron firing patterns, at the ictal wavefront, showed widespread intense activation, and commonly involving marked waveshape alteration. We conclude that the distinction between tissue that has been recruited to the seizure versus non-recruited territories is evident at the level of single neurons, and that increased waveform duration and decreased waveform amplitude are hallmarks of seizure invasion that could be used as defining characteristics of local recruitment.

SO_SCPLOWIGNIFICANCEC_SCPLOW SO_SCPLOWTATEMENTC_SCPLOWAnimal studies consistently show marked changes in action potential waveform during epileptic discharges, but acquiring similar evidence in humans has proved difficult. Assessing neuronal involvement in ictal events is pivotal to understanding seizure dynamics and in defining clinical localization of epileptic pathology. Using a novel method to track neuronal firing, we analyzed microelectrode array recordings of spontaneously occurring human seizures, and here report two dichotomous activity patterns. In cortex that is recruited to the seizure, neuronal firing rates increase and waveforms become longer in duration and shorter in amplitude, while penumbral tissue shows stable action potentials, in keeping with the "dual territory" model of seizure dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Merricks, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emerson, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bateman, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKhann, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheth, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>House, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trevelyan, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schevon, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.11.902817</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal firing and waveform alterations through ictal recruitment in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.11.902858v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential contributions of synaptic and intrinsic inhibitory currents to parsing via flexible phase-locking in neural oscillators 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.11.902858v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current hypotheses suggest that speech segmentation - the initial division and grouping of the speech stream into candidate phrases, syllables, and phonemes for further linguistic processing - is executed by a hierarchy of oscillators in auditory cortex. Theta (~3-12 Hz) rhythms play a key role by phase-locking to recurring acoustic features marking syllable boundaries. Reliable synchronization to quasi-rhythmic inputs, whose variable frequency can dip below cortical theta frequencies (down to ~1 Hz), requires "flexible" theta oscillators whose underlying neuronal mechanisms remain unknown. Using biophysical computational models, we found that the flexibility of phase-locking in neural oscillators depended on the types of hyperpolarizing currents that paced them. Simulated cortical theta oscillators flexibly phase-locked to slow inputs when these inputs caused both (i) spiking and (ii) the subsequent buildup of outward current sufficient to delay further spiking until the next input. The greatest flexibility in phase-locking arose from a synergistic interaction between intrinsic currents that was not replicated by synaptic currents at similar timescales. Flexibility in phase-locking enabled improved entrainment to speech input, optimal at mid-vocalic channels, which in turn supported syllabic-timescale segmentation through identification of vocalic nuclei. Our results suggest that synaptic and intrinsic inhibition contribute to frequency-restricted and -flexible phase-locking in neural oscillators, respectively. Their differential deployment may enable neural oscillators to play diverse roles, from reliable internal clocking to adaptive segmentation of quasi-regular sensory inputs like speech.

Author summaryOscillatory activity in auditory cortex is believed to play an important role in auditory and speech processing. One suggested function of these rhythms is to divide the speech stream into candidate phonemes, syllables, words, and phrases, to be matched with learned linguistic templates. This requires brain rhythms to flexibly synchronize with regular acoustic features of the speech stream. How neuronal circuits implement this task remains unknown. In this study, we explored the contribution of inhibitory currents to flexible phase-locking in neuronal theta oscillators, believed to perform initial syllabic segmentation. We found that a combination of specific intrinsic inhibitory currents at multiple timescales, present in a large class of cortical neurons, enabled exceptionally flexible phase-locking, which could be used to precisely segment speech by identifying vowels at mid-syllable. This suggests that the cells exhibiting these currents are a key component in the brains auditory and speech processing architecture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pittman-Polletta, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whittington, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopell, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.11.902858</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential contributions of synaptic and intrinsic inhibitory currents to parsing via flexible phase-locking in neural oscillators]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.13.899120v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DIP/Dpr interactions and the evolutionary design of specificity in protein families 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.13.899120v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Differential binding affinities among closely related protein family members underlie many biological phenomena, including cell-cell recognition. Drosophila DIP and Dpr proteins mediate neuronal targeting in the fly through highly specific protein-protein interactions. We show here that DIPs/Dprs segregate into seven specificity subgroups defined by binding preferences between their DIP and Dpr members. We then describe a novel sequence-, structure- and energy-based computational approach, combined with experimental binding affinity measurements, to reveal how specificity is coded on the canonical DIP/Dpr interface. We show that binding specificity of DIP/Dpr subgroups is controlled by "negative constraints", which interfere with binding. To achieve specificity, each subgroup utilizes a different combination of negative constraints, which are broadly distributed and cover the majority of the protein-protein interface. We discuss the structural origins of negative constraints, and potential general implications for the evolutionary origins of binding specificity in multi-protein families.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sergeeva, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katsamba, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cosmanescu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brewer, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahlsen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mannepalli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honig, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.13.899120</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DIP/Dpr interactions and the evolutionary design of specificity in protein families]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.13.904722v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Crowdsourcing digital health measures to predict Parkinson's disease severity: the Parkinson's Disease Digital Biomarker DREAM Challenge 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.13.904722v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mobile health, the collection of data using wearables and sensors, is a rapidly growing field in health research with many applications. Deriving validated measures of disease and severity that can be used clinically or as outcome measures in clinical trials, referred to as digital biomarkers, has proven difficult. In part due to the complicated analytical approaches necessary to develop these metrics. Here we describe the use of crowdsourcing to specifically evaluate and benchmark features derived from accelerometer and gyroscope data in two different datasets to predict the presence of Parkinsons Disease (PD) and severity of three PD symptoms: tremor, dyskinesia and bradykinesia. Forty teams from around the world submitted features, and achieved drastically improved predictive performance for PD status (best AUROC=0.87), as well as tremor (best AUPR=0.75), dyskinesia (best AUPR=0.48) and bradykinesia (best AUPR=0.95) severity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sieberts, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pataki, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daneault, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parisi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costante, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banda, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chae, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neto, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorsey, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aydın, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elo, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espino, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaab, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golabchi, F. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Görmez, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaakkola, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonnagaddala, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>KLEn, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDaniel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rad, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rainaldi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sapienza, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwab, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shokhirev, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venäläinen, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vergara-Diaz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parkinson's Disease Digital Biomarker Challenge Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonato, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangravite, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omberg</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.13.904722</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Crowdsourcing digital health measures to predict Parkinson's disease severity: the Parkinson's Disease Digital Biomarker DREAM Challenge]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.14.905794v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Investigating the Genetic Architecture of Non-Cognitive Skills Using GWAS-by-Subtraction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.14.905794v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Educational attainment (EA) is influenced by cognitive abilities and by other characteristics and traits. However little is known about the genetic architecture of these "non-cognitive" contributions to EA. Here, we use Genomic Structural Equation Modelling and results of prior genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of EA (N = 1,131,881) and cognitive test performance (N = 257,841) to estimate SNP associations with variation in EA that is independent of cognitive ability. We identified 157 genome-wide significant loci and a polygenic architecture accounting for 57% of genetic variance in EA. Phenotypic and biological annotation revealed that (1) both cognitive and non-cognitive contributions to EA were genetically correlated with socioeconomic success and longevity; and (2) non-cognitive contributions to EA were related to personality, decision making, risk-behavior, and increased risk for psychiatric disorders; (3) non-cognitive and cognitive contributions to EA were enriched in the same tissues and cell types, but (4) showed different associations with gray-matter neuroimaging phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Demange, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malanchini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallard, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biroli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grotzinger, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker-Drob, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdellaoui, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arseneault, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caspi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corcoran, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domingue, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Bergen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boomsma, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ip, H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moffitt, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prinz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugden, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wertz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Zeeuw, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belsky, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harden, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nivard, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.14.905794</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Investigating the Genetic Architecture of Non-Cognitive Skills Using GWAS-by-Subtraction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.14.906875v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bioluminescence dynamics in single germinating bacterial spores reveal metabolic heterogeneity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.14.906875v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spore-forming bacteria modulate their metabolic rate by over 5 orders of magnitude as they transition between dormant spores and vegetative cells, and thus represent an extreme case of phenotypic variation. During environmental changes in nutrient availability, clonal populations of spore-forming bacteria exhibit individual differences in cell fate, timing of phenotypic transitions, and gene expression. One potential source of this variability is metabolic heterogeneity, but this has not yet been measured, as existing single-cell methods are not easily applicable to spores due to their small size and strong autofluorescence. Here, we use the bacterial bioluminescence system and a highly sensitive microscope to measure metabolic dynamics in thousands of B. subtilis spores as they germinate. We observe and quantitate large variations in the bioluminescence dynamics across individual spores that can be decomposed into contributions from variability in germination timing, the amount of endogenously produced luminescence substrate, and the intracellular reducing power. This work shows that quantitative measurement of spore metabolism is possible and thus it opens venues for future study of the thermodynamic nature of dormant states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Frentz, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dworkin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.14.906875</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bioluminescence dynamics in single germinating bacterial spores reveal metabolic heterogeneity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.14.906941v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clustered γ-Protocadherins Regulate Cortical Interneuron Programmed Cell Death. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.14.906941v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cortical function critically depends on inhibitory/excitatory balance. GABAergic cortical inhibitory interneurons (cINs) are born in the ventral forebrain. After completing their migration into cortex, their final numbers are adjusted-during a period of postnatal development - by programmed cell death (PCD). The mechanisms that regulate cIN elimination remain controversial. Here we show that genes in the protocadherin (Pcdh)-{gamma} gene cluster, but not in the Pcdh- or Pcdh-{beta} clusters, are required for survival of cINs through a BAX-dependent mechanism. Surprisingly, the physiological and morphological properties of Pcdh-{gamma} deficient and wild type cINs during PCD were indistinguishable. Co-transplantation of wild type and Pcdh-{gamma} deficient interneuron precursor cells demonstrate that: 1) the number of mutant cINs eliminated was much higher than that of wild type cells, but the proportion of mutant or WT cells undergoing cell death was not affected by their density; 2) the presence of mutant cINs increases cell death among wild-type counterparts, and 3) cIN survival is dependent on the expression of Pcdh-{gamma} C3, C4, and C5. We conclude that Pcdh-{gamma}, and specifically {gamma}C3, {gamma}C4, and {gamma}C5, play a critical role in regulating cIN survival during the endogenous period of PCD.

SignificanceGABAergic cortical inhibitory interneurons (cINs) in the cerebral cortex originate from the ventral embryonic forebrain. After a long migration, they come together with local excitatory neurons to form cortical circuits. These circuits are responsible for higher brain functions, and the improper balance of excitation/inhibition in the cortex can result in mental diseases. Therefore, an understanding of how the final number of cINs is determined is both biologically and, likely, therapeutically significant. Here we show that cell surface homophilic binding proteins belonging to the clustered protocadherin gene family, specifically three isoforms in the Pcdh-{gamma} cluster, play a key role in the regulation cIN programmed cell death. Co-transplantation of mutant and wild-type cINs shows that Pcdh-{gamma} genes have cell-autonomous and non-cell autonomous roles in the regulation of cIN cell death. This work will help identify the molecular mechanisms and cell-cell interactions that determine how the proper ratio of excitatory to inhibitory neurons is determined in the cerebral cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mancia Leon, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spatazza, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rakela, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pande, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maniatis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasenstaub, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stryker, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez-Buylla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.14.906941</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clustered γ-Protocadherins Regulate Cortical Interneuron Programmed Cell Death.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.15.907782v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
fMRI-guided white matter connectivity in fluid and crystallized cognitive abilities in healthy adults 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.15.907782v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This study examined within-subject differences among three fluid abilities that decline with age: reasoning, episodic memory and processing speed, compared with vocabulary, a crystallized ability that is maintained with age. The data were obtained from the Reference Ability Neural Network (RANN) study from which 221 participants had complete behavioral data for all 12 cognitive tasks, three per ability, along with fMRI and diffusion weighted imaging data. We used fMRI task activation to guide white matter tractography, and generated mean percent signal change in the regions associated with the processing of each ability along with diffusion tensor imaging measures, fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD), for each cognitive ability. Qualitatively brain regions associated with vocabulary were more localized and lateralized to the left hemisphere whereas the fluid abilities were associated with brain activations that were more distributed across the brain and bilaterally situated. Using continuous age, we observed smaller correlations between MD and age for white matter tracts connecting brain regions associated with the vocabulary ability than that for the fluid abilities, suggesting that vocabulary white matter tracts were better maintained with age. Furthermore, after multiple comparisons correction, the mean percent signal change for the episodic memory showed positive associations with behavioral performance, and the associations between MD and percent signal change differed by age such that, when divided into three age groups to further explore this interaction, only the oldest age group show a significant negative correlation between the two brain measures. Overall, the vocabulary ability may be better maintained with age due to the more localized brain regions involved, which places smaller reliance on long distance white matter tracts for signal transduction. These results support the hypothesis that functional activation and white matter structures underlying the vocabulary ability contribute to the abilitys greater resistance against aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gazes, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakhardande, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mensing, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razlighi, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohkawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pleshkevich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habeck, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.15.907782</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[fMRI-guided white matter connectivity in fluid and crystallized cognitive abilities in healthy adults]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.15.908236v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ipcoal: An interactive Python package for simulating and analyzing genealogies and sequences on a species tree or network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.15.908236v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summaryipcoal is a free and open source Python package for simulating and analyzing genealogies and sequences. It automates the task of describing complex demographic models (e.g., with divergence times, effective population sizes, migration events) to the msprime coalescent simulator by parsing a user-supplied species tree or network. Genealogies, sequences, and metadata are returned in tabular format allowing for easy downstream analyses. ipcoal includes phylogenetic inference tools to automate gene tree inference from simulated sequence data, and visualization tools for analyzing results and verifying model accuracy. The ipcoal package is a powerful tool for posterior predictive data analysis, for methods validation, and for teaching coalescent methods in an interactive and visual environment.

Availability and implementationSource code is available from the GitHub repository (https://github.com/pmckenz1/ipcoal/) and is distributed for packaged installation with conda. Complete documentation and interactive notebooks prepared for teaching purposes are available at https://ipcoal.readthedocs.io/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McKenzie, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eaton, D. A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.15.908236</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ipcoal: An interactive Python package for simulating and analyzing genealogies and sequences on a species tree or network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.16.908731v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Relating the past with the present: Information integration and segregation during ongoing narrative processing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.16.908731v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This study examined how the brain dynamically updates event representations by integrating new information over multiple minutes while segregating irrelevant input. A professional writer custom-designed a narrative with two independent storylines, interleaving across minute-long segments (ABAB). In the last (C) part, characters from the two storylines meet and their shared history is revealed. Part C is designed to induce the spontaneous recall of past events, upon the recurrence of narrative motifs from A/B, and to shed new light on them. Our fMRI results showed storyline-specific neural patterns, which were reinstated (i.e. became more active) during storyline transitions. This effect increased along the processing timescale hierarchy, peaking in the default mode network. Similarly, the neural reinstatement of motifs was found during part C. Furthermore, participants showing stronger motif reinstatement performed better in integrating A/B and C events, demonstrating the role of memory reactivation in information integration over intervening irrelevant events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chang, C. H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazaridi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeshurun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasson, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.16.908731</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Relating the past with the present: Information integration and segregation during ongoing narrative processing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.17.909838v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A standardized and reproducible method to measure decision-making in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.17.909838v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Progress in science requires standardized assays whose results can be readily shared, compared, and reproduced across laboratories. Reproducibility, however, has been a concern in neuroscience, particularly for measurements of mouse behavior. Here we show that a standardized task to probe decision-making in mice produces reproducible results across multiple laboratories. We designed a task for head-fixed mice that combines established assays of perceptual and value-based decision making, and we standardized training protocol and experimental hardware, software, and procedures. We trained 140 mice across seven laboratories in three countries, and we collected 5 million mouse choices into a publicly available database. Learning speed was variable across mice and laboratories, but once training was complete there were no significant differences in behavior across laboratories. Mice in different laboratories adopted similar reliance on visual stimuli, on past successes and failures, and on estimates of stimulus prior probability to guide their choices. These results reveal that a complex mouse behavior can be successfully reproduced across multiple laboratories. They establish a standard for reproducible rodent behavior, and provide an unprecedented dataset and open-access tools to study decision-making in mice. More generally, they indicate a path towards achieving reproducibility in neuroscience through collaborative open-science approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>The International Brain Laboratory</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguillon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angelaki, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayer, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonacchi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carandini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cazettes, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchland, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapuis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dewitt, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faulkner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamish, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haetzel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hausser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khanal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasniak, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laranjeira, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mainen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meijer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miska, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mrsic-Flogel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noel, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan Vazquez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Socha, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terry, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vergara, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witten, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wool, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zador, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.17.909838</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A standardized and reproducible method to measure decision-making in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.17.910778v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A role for reward sensitivity in the serotonergic modulation of impulsivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.17.910778v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Impulsive behavior is a deleterious component of a number of mental health disorders but has few targeted pharmacotherapies. One contributing factor to the difficulty in understanding the neural substrates of disordered impulsivity is the diverse presentations of impulsive behavior. Defining the behavioral and cognitive processes which contribute to different subtypes of impulsivity is integral to understanding and treating disorders with dysregulated impulsive behavior. Our approach was to first determine what behavioral and cognitive phenotypes are associated with increased impulsive behavior, and then probe if they could causally contribute to increasing impulsivity. We used a mouse model for disordered impulsivity - mice lacking the serotonin 1B receptor (5-HT1BR) which have deficits specific to impulsive action, and not other components of impulsive behavior. Here we report, that in addition to increased impulsive action, mice lacking expression of 5-HT1BR also have increased goal-directed responding and motivation, with no differences in extinction, development of habitual behavior, delay discounting, or effort-based discounting. Interestingly, mice lacking 5-HT1BR expression did show an overall increase in the choice of higher value rewards, increased hedonic responses to sweet rewards, and responded more to cues that predict reward, compared to controls. We developed a novel paradigm to demonstrate that increasing anticipated reward value could directly increase impulsive action. Furthermore, we found that 5-HT1BR KO-induced impulsivity could be ameliorated by decreasing the reward value relative to controls, suggesting that the increased 5-HT1BR-associated impulsive action is a result of increased reward valuation. Taken together, these data show that the effects of serotonin on impulsive action are mediated through the modulation of hedonic value, which may alter the reward representations that motivate action. Additionally this work supports a role for reward valuation as an important substrate in impulsive action which may drive clinically-relevant increases in impulsivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Desrochers, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesko, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magalong, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balsam, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nautiyal, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.17.910778</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A role for reward sensitivity in the serotonergic modulation of impulsivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.17.910885v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Network Insights into Improving Drug Target Inference Algorithms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.17.910885v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To improve the efficacy of drug research and development (R&D), a better understanding of drug mechanisms of action (MoA) is needed to improve drug discovery. Computational algorithms, such as ProTINA, that integrate protein-protein interactions (PPIs), protein-gene interactions (PGIs) and gene expression data have shown promising performance on drug target inference. In this work, we evaluated how network and gene expression data affect ProTINAs accuracy. Network data predominantly determines the accuracy of ProTINA instead of gene expression, while the size of an interaction network or selecting cell/tissue-specific networks have limited effects on the accuracy. However, we found that protein network betweenness values showed high accuracy in predicting drug targets. Therefore, we suggested a new algorithm, TREAP (https://github.com/ImmuSystems-Lab/TREAP), that combines betweenness values and adjusted p-values for target inference. This algorithm has resulted in higher accuracy than ProTINA using the same datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mochan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoemaker, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.17.910885</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Network Insights into Improving Drug Target Inference Algorithms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.17.910943v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Simultaneous Methylome and Proteome Quantitative Workflow for Complex Samples 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.17.910943v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteoforms containing post-translational modifications (PTMs) represent a degree of functional diversity only harnessed through analytically precise simultaneous quantification of multiple PTMs. Here we present a method to accurately differentiate an unmodified peptide from its PTM-containing counterpart through data-independent acquisition-mass spectrometry, leveraging small precursor mass windows to physically separate modified peptidoforms from each other during MS2 acquisition. We utilize a lysine and arginine PTM-enriched peptide assay library and site localization algorithm to simultaneously localize and quantify seven PTMs including mono-, di-, and tri-methylation, acetylation, and succinylation in addition to total protein quantification in a single MS run without the need to enrich experimental samples. To evaluate biological relevance, this method was applied to liver lysate from differentially methylated non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) mouse models. We report altered methylation and acetylation together with total protein changes drive the novel hypothesis of a regulatory function of PTMs in protein synthesis and mRNA stability in NASH.

Graphical Abstract O_FIG_DISPLAY_L [Figure 1] M_FIG_DISPLAY C_FIG_DISPLAY
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Robinson, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binek, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holewinski, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatraman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basisty, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lund, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saxena, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mato, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schilling, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Eyk, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.17.910943</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Simultaneous Methylome and Proteome Quantitative Workflow for Complex Samples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.19.911701v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Surveying Brain Tumor Heterogeneity by Single-Cell RNA Sequencing of Multi-sector Biopsies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.19.911701v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain tumors are among the most challenging human tumors for which the mechanisms driving progression and heterogeneity remain poorly understood. We combined single-cell RNA-seq with multisector biopsies to sample and analyze single-cell expression profiles of gliomas from 13 Chinese patients. After classifying individual cells, we generated a spatial and temporal landscape of glioma that revealed the patterns of invasion between the different sub-regions of gliomas. We also used single-cell inferred CNVs and pseudotime trajectories to inform on the crucial branches that dominate tumor progression. The dynamic cell components of the multi-region biopsy analysis allowed us to spatially deconvolute with unprecedented accuracy the transcriptomic features of the core and those of the periphery of glioma at single cell level. Through this rich and geographically detailed dataset, we were also able to characterize and construct the chemokine and chemokine receptor interactions that exist among different tumor and non-tumor cells. This study provides the first spatial-level analysis of the cellular states that characterize human gliomas. It also presents an initial molecular map of the crosstalks between glioma cells and the surrounding microenvironment with single cell resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasko, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iavarone, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, X.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.19.911701</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Surveying Brain Tumor Heterogeneity by Single-Cell RNA Sequencing of Multi-sector Biopsies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.21.914135v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GPCR-mediated clearance of tau in post-synaptic compartments attenuates tau pathology in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.21.914135v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accumulation of pathological tau in synapses has been identified as an early pathogenic event in Alzheimers disease (AD) and correlates strongly with cognitive decline in patients with AD. Tau is a cytosolic, axonal protein. However, in the disease condition, tau accumulates in post-synaptic compartments and pre-synaptic terminals, either due to missorting within neurons, trans-synaptic transfer between neurons or due to failure of clearance systems in synapses. Using a sub-cellular fractionation assay, we show that progressive deposition of seed competent tau occurs predominantly in post-synaptic compartments in a tau transgenic mouse and in AD patient brain, making these neuronal structures particularly vulnerable to tau toxicity. Tau-mediated post-synaptic toxicity could be further exacerbated by impaired proteasome activity which we detected by measuring the levels of polyubiquitin chains that target proteins to proteasomal degradation. To combat the accumulation of tau and proteasome impairment at the subcellular level, we devised a therapeutic strategy of proteasome-mediated clearance of tau restricted to the post-synaptic compartment. Utilizing the pharmacology of GPCRs, we show that in vivo stimulation of the PAC1R receptor by its ligand can propagate intracellular PKA signaling leading to enhanced synaptic proteasome activity and reduced tau in the post-synaptic compartment. Over time, clearance of post-synaptic tau led to reduced tauopathy and cognitive decline in rTg4510 mice. Together, these results highlight a novel therapeutic strategy of targeting GPCRs that propagate cAMP/PKA signaling as a tool to activate proteolysis restricted to synapses to prevent the accumulation of tau in the early stages of AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Myeku, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaler, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Runyan, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fowler, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figueroa, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shioda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santa Maria, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duff, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.21.914135</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GPCR-mediated clearance of tau in post-synaptic compartments attenuates tau pathology in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.22.915397v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Medical data and machine learning improve power of stroke genome-wide association studies. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.22.915397v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) may require enrollment of up to millions of participants to power variant discovery. This requires manual curation of cases and controls with large-scale collaborations. Biobanks connected to electronic health records (EHR) can facilitate these studies by using data from clinical care systems, like billing diagnosis codes, as phenotypes. These systems, however, do not define adjudicated cases and controls. We developed QTPhenProxy, a machine learning model that adds nuance to cohort classification by assigning everyone in a cohort a probability of having the study disease. We then ran a GWAS using the probabilities as a quantitative trait. With an order of magnitude fewer cases than the largest stroke GWAS, our method outperformed previous methods at replicating known variants in stroke and discovered a novel variant in ABCG8 associated with intracerebral hemorrhage in the UK Biobank that replicated in the MEGASTROKE GWA meta-analysis. QTPhenProxy expands traditional phenotyping to improve the power of GWAS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thangaraj, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tatonetti, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.22.915397</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Medical data and machine learning improve power of stroke genome-wide association studies.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.24.918169v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differentiating between integration and non-integration strategies in perceptual decision making 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.24.918169v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many tasks used to study decision-making encourage subjects to integrate evidence over time. Such tasks are useful to understand how the brain operates on multiple samples of information over prolonged timescales, but only if subjects actually integrate evidence to form their decisions. We explored the behavioral observations that corroborate evidence-integration in a number of task-designs. Several commonly accepted signs of integration were also predicted by non-integration strategies. Furthermore, an integration model could fit data generated by non-integration models. We identified the features of non-integration models that allowed them to mimic integration and used these insights to design a motion discrimination task that disentangled the models. In human subjects performing the task, we falsified a non-integration strategy in each and confirmed prolonged integration in all but one subject. The findings illustrate the difficulty of identifying a decision-makers strategy and support solutions to achieve this goal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stine, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zylberberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ditterich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadlen, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.24.918169</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differentiating between integration and non-integration strategies in perceptual decision making]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.24.919241v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
From SARS-CoV to Wuhan 2019-nCoV: Will History Repeat Itself? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.24.919241v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This manuscript has been withdrawn as it was submitted without the full consent of all the authors. Therefore, the authors do not wish this work to be cited as reference for the project. If you have any questions, please contact the corresponding author.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipkin, W. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.24.919241</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[From SARS-CoV to Wuhan 2019-nCoV: Will History Repeat Itself?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.26.920116v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generation of cell-free matrices that support human NK cell migration and differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.26.920116v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human natural killer cells are effectors of the innate immune system that originate from hematopoietic precursors in the bone marrow. While feeder cell lines that support NK cell development from hematopoietic precursors are often used to generate mature NK cells from lymphoid precursors in vitro, the nature of contributing factors of these stromal cells to the generation of functionally mature NK cells has been poorly described. Previous studies have shown that developing NK cells adhere to, and migrate on, developmentally supportive stroma. Here, we describe the generation of cell-derived matrices (CDMs) from a commonly used murine fetal liver stromal cell line. These CDMs are derived directly from the same EL08.1D2 stromal cell line known to support NK cell differentiation and contain ECM structural components fibronectin and collagen. We demonstrate that CDMs support NK cell adhesion and migration with similar properties as intact cells. Further, we show that CDMs support NK cell maturation from lymphoid precursors in vitro, albeit with reduced cell survival compared to intact cell-based differentiation. Together, these results describe a cell-free system that supports NK cell development and that can serve as a useful model for studying the nature of the biochemical interactions between NK cell developmental intermediates and developmentally supportive substrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mace, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.26.920116</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generation of cell-free matrices that support human NK cell migration and differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.26.920256v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High fidelity estimates of spikes and subthreshold waveforms from 1-photon voltage imaging in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.26.920256v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to probe the membrane potential of multiple genetically defined neurons simultaneously would have a profound impact on neuroscience research. Genetically encoded voltage indicators are a promising tool for this purpose, and recent developments have achieved high signal to noise ratio in vivo with 1-photon fluorescence imaging. However, these recordings exhibit several sources of noise that present analysis challenges, namely light scattering, out-of-focus sources, motion, and blood flow. We present a novel signal extraction methodology, Spike-Guided Penalized Matrix Decomposition-Nonnegative Matrix Factorization (SGPMD-NMF), which resolves supra- and sub-threshold voltages with high fidelity, even in the presence of correlated noise. The method incorporates biophysical constraints (shared soma profiles for spiking and subthreshold dynamics) and optical constraints (smoother spatial profiles from defocused vs. in-focus sources) to cleave signal from background. We validated the pipeline using simulated and composite datasets with realistic noise properties. We demonstrate applications to mouse hippocampus expressing paQuasAr3-s or SomArchon, mouse cortex expressing SomArchon or Voltron, and zebrafish spine expressing zArchon1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xie, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boehm, U. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinsella, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.26.920256</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High fidelity estimates of spikes and subthreshold waveforms from 1-photon voltage imaging in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.27.919555v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid event-related, BOLD, NHP: choose two out of three 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.27.919555v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) typically employs the blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) contrast mechanism. In non-human primates (NHP), contrast enhancement is possible using monocrystalline iron-oxide nanoparticles (MION) contrast agent, which has a more temporally extended response function. However, using BOLD fMRI in NHP is desirable for interspecies comparison, and the faster response of the BOLD signal promises to be beneficial to rapid event-related (rER) designs. Here, we used rER BOLD fMRI in macaque monkeys while viewing real-world images, and found visual responses and category-selectivity consistent with previous studies. However, activity estimates were very noisy, suggesting that the lower contrast-to-noise ratio of BOLD, suboptimal behavioural performance, and motion artefacts, in combination, render rER BOLD fMRI challenging in NHP. Previous studies have shown that rER monkey fMRI is possible with MION, despite its prolonged response function. To understand this, we conducted simulations of the BOLD and MION response during rER designs, and found that no matter how fast the design, the greater amplitude of the MION response outweighs the contrast loss caused by greater temporal smoothing. We conclude that although any two of the three elements (rER, BOLD, NHP) have been shown to work well, the combination of all three is particularly challenging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pelekanos, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mok, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joly, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ainsworth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyriazis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriegeskorte, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.27.919555</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid event-related, BOLD, NHP: choose two out of three]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.27.922112v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Injectable therapeutic organoids using sacrificial hydrogels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.27.922112v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Organoids, by promoting self-organization of cells into native-like structures, are becoming widespread in drug-screening technologies, but have so far been used sparingly for cell therapy as current approaches for producing self-organized cell clusters lack scalability or reproducibility in size and cellular organization. We introduce a method of using hydrogels as sacrificial scaffolds, which allow cells to form self-organized clusters followed by gentle release, resulting in highly reproducible multicellular structures on a large scale. We demonstrated this strategy for endothelial cells and mesenchymal stem cells to self-organize into blood-vessel units, which were injected into mice using hypodermic needles, and observed in real time to rapidly form perfusing vasculature. As cell therapy transforms into a new class of therapeutic modality, this simple method - by making use of the dynamic nature of hydrogels - could offer high yields of self-organized multicellular aggregates with reproducible sizes and cellular architectures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rossen, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anandakumaran, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>zur Nieden, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huyan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh-Moon, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldenberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sampat, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harimoto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bajakian, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillette, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sia, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.27.922112</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Injectable therapeutic organoids using sacrificial hydrogels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.28.923821v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct Predictive Patterns of Antidepressant Response to Sertraline, Placebo and Bupropion using Pre-Treatment Reward Processing as examined through Functional MRI and Deep Learning: Key Results from the EMBARC Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.28.923821v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ImportanceThe lack of antidepressant-specific biomarkers to inform treatment selection is a key obstacle in the treatment of Major Depressive Disorder. Quantitative measurements of reward processing neural activity with task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) may allow prediction of individual outcomes for specific antidepressants.

ObjectiveTo build and validate predictors of individual outcomes for sertraline, bupropion, and placebo using reward processing task-based fMRI, clinical assessments, and deep learning.

DesignThis is a secondary analysis of data from the Establishing Moderators and Biosignatures of Antidepressant Response in Clinical Care (EMBARC) study, a placebo-controlled, double-blind randomized clinical trial. The study ran from July 2011 to December 2015 and this analysis was performed between December 2018 and July 2019.

SettingThe EMBARC study was conducted at 4 academic medical centers.

ParticipantsA random sample of 296 un-medicated participants meeting DSIM-IV criteria for depression was enrolled.

InterventionSubjects were randomized to sertraline or placebo during phase 1. In phase 2, non-responders to placebo were treated with sertraline and non-responders to sertraline were treated with bupropion. Each phase lasted for 8 weeks.

Main outcomes and measuresThe primary outcome was the change in the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression ({Delta}HAMD) after 8 weeks of treatment. Task-related brain activation measures, computed from pre-treatment reward processing task fMRI, and clinical measurements were used to train deep learning predictive models for each treatment group.

ResultsThe current analysis includes 222 participants with complete imaging, clinical, and treatment outcome data (146 female, mean age 16.4 {+/-} 13.4 years). The predictive model for sertraline, trained on 106 participants, achieved an R2 of 35% (95% CI 20-50%, p < 10-3) in predicting {Delta}HAMD and a number-needed-to-treat (NNT) of 4.31 in predicting remission. The placebo model, trained on 116 participants, achieved an R2 of 23% (95% confidence interval of 11-37%, p < 10-3) and an NNT of 2.78. The bupropion model achieved an R2 of 37% (95% CI 12-61%, p < 10-3) and an NNT of 2.35. Reward processing activity in regions such as the medial frontal cortex, insula, and thalamus were important predictors of sertraline outcome, while the anterior cingulate cortex, striatum, insula, and thalamus were important regions for predicting bupropion outcome. These are consistent with previously reported findings, while regions not previously implicated such as the temporal pole and paracentral lobule were also found to be predictive.

Conclusions and relevanceThese findings demonstrate the utility of reward processing measurements and deep learning in predicting individual antidepressant outcomes with high accuracy. They also present potential composite biomarkers for these treatments based on neuroimaging and clinical features.

Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01407094

KEY POINTSO_ST_ABSQuestionC_ST_ABSCan pre-treatment fMRI measurements of reward processing, in combination with multi-dimensional clinical assessments, be used to form personalized predictions of antidepressant outcomes?

FindingsDeep learning predictive models trained on pre-treatment reward processing task-based neuroimaging and clinical data from a randomized clinical trial were able to explain up to 37% of the variance in individual treatment outcomes and predict remission with NNT of 2-4. Specific clinical variables and brain regions with reward processing activity important for the model predictions were identified, which may form composite biomarkers of antidepressant response.

MeaningQuantitative measures of reward processing, as identified through deep learning, may move us closer to a precision medicine approach that enables clinicians to select the appropriate antidepressant for each patient with greater certainty.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin Fatt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Treacher, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mellema, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jha, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurian, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fava, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGrath, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trivedi, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montillo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.28.923821</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct Predictive Patterns of Antidepressant Response to Sertraline, Placebo and Bupropion using Pre-Treatment Reward Processing as examined through Functional MRI and Deep Learning: Key Results from the EMBARC Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.29.924811v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic landscape of protein occupancy across the Escherichia coli chromosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.29.924811v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Free-living bacteria adapt to environmental change by reprogramming gene expression through precise interactions of hundreds of DNA-binding proteins. A predictive understanding of bacterial physiology requires us to globally monitor all such protein-DNA interactions across a range of environmental and genetic perturbations. Here, we show that such global observations are possible using an optimized version of in vivo protein occupancy display technology (IPOD-HR), and present a pilot application to E. coli. We observe that the E. coli protein-DNA interactome organizes into two distinct prototypic features: (1) highly dynamic condition-dependent transcription factor occupancy, and (2) robust kilobase scale occupancy by nucleoid factors, forming silencing domains analogous to eukaryotic heterochromatin. We show that occupancy dynamics across a range of conditions can rapidly reveal the global transcriptional regulatory organization of a bacterium. Beyond discovery of previously hidden regulatory logic, we show that these observations can be utilized to computationally determine sequence-specificity models for the majority of active transcription factors. Our study demonstrates that global observations of protein occupancy combined with statistical inference can rapidly and systematically reveal the transcriptional regulatory and structural features of a bacterial genome. This capacity is particularly crucial for non-model bacteria which are not amenable to routine genetic manipulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Freddolino, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goss, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amemiya, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavazoie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.29.924811</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic landscape of protein occupancy across the Escherichia coli chromosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.30.919894v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Skill-specific changes in cortical preparatory activity during motor learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.30.919894v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals have a remarkable capacity to learn new motor skills, but it remains an open question as to how learning changes neural population dynamics underlying movement1. Specifically, we asked whether changes in neural population dynamics relate purely to newly learned movements or if additional patterns are generated that facilitate learning without matching motor output. We trained rhesus monkeys to learn a curl force field2 task that elicited new arm-movement kinetics for some but not all reach directions3,4. We found that along certain neural dimensions, preparatory activity in motor cortex reassociated existing activity patterns with new movements. These systematic changes were observed only for learning-altered reaches. Surprisingly, we also found prominent shifts of preparatory activity along a nearly orthogonal neural dimension. These changes in preparatory activity were observed uniformly for all reaches including those unaltered by learning. This uniform shift during learning implies formation of new neural activity patterns, which was not observed in other short-term learning contexts5-8. During a washout period when the curl field was removed, movement kinetics gradually reverted, but the learning-induced uniform shift of preparatory activity persisted and a second, orthogonal uniform shift occurred. This persistent shift may retain a motor memory of the learned field9-11, consistent with faster relearning of the same curl field observed behaviorally and neurally. When multiple different curl fields were learned sequentially, we found distinct uniform shifts, each reflecting the identity of the field applied and potentially separating the associated motor memories12,13. The neural geometry of these shifts in preparatory activity could serve to organize skill-specific changes in movement production, facilitating the acquisition and retention of a broad motor repertoire.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Shea, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golub, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trautmann, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vyas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryu, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenoy, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.30.919894</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Skill-specific changes in cortical preparatory activity during motor learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.30.922310v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of Relevant Genetic Alterations in Cancer using Topological Data Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.30.922310v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large-scale cancer genomic studies enable the systematic identification of mutations that lead to the genesis and progression of tumors, uncovering the underlying molecular mechanisms and potential therapies. While some such mutations are recurrently found in many tumors, many others exist solely within a few samples, precluding detection by conventional recurrence-based statistical approaches. Integrated analysis of somatic mutations and RNA expression data across 12 tumor types reveals that mutations of cancer genes are usually accompanied by substantial changes in expression. We use topological data analysis to leverage this observation and uncover 38 elusive candidate cancer-associated genes, including inactivating mutations of the metalloproteinase ADAMTS12 in lung adenocarcinoma. We show that ADAMTS12-/- mice have a five-fold increase in the susceptibility to develop lung tumors, confirming the role of ADAMTS12 as a tumor suppressor gene. Our results demonstrate that data integration through topological techniques can increase our ability to identify previously unreported cancer-related alterations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rabadan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohamedi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elliott, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obaya, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camara, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.30.922310</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of Relevant Genetic Alterations in Cancer using Topological Data Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.30.927574v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nucleotide Analogues as Inhibitors of Viral Polymerases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.30.927574v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coronaviruses such as the newly discovered virus from Wuhan, China, 2019-nCoV, and the viruses that cause SARS and MERS, have resulted in regional and global public health emergencies. Based on our molecular insight that the hepatitis C virus and the coronavirus use a similar viral genome replication mechanism, we reasoned that the FDA-approved drug EPCLUSA (Sofosbuvir/Velpatasvir) for the treatment of hepatitis C will also inhibit the above coronaviruses, including 2019-nCoV. To develop broad spectrum anti-viral agents, we further describe a novel strategy to design and synthesize viral polymerase inhibitors, by combining the ProTide Prodrug approach used in the development of Sofosbuvir with the use of 3-blocking groups that we have previously built into nucleotide analogues that function as polymerase terminators.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ju, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jockusch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.30.927574</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nucleotide Analogues as Inhibitors of Viral Polymerases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.31.929166v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Disinhibitory Circuit for Contextual Modulation in Primary Visual Cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.31.929166v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Context guides perception by influencing the saliency of sensory stimuli. Accordingly, in visual cortex, responses to a stimulus are modulated by context, the visual scene surrounding the stimulus. Responses are suppressed when stimulus and surround are similar but not when they differ. The mechanisms that remove suppression when stimulus and surround differ remain unclear. Here we use optical recordings, manipulations, and computational modelling to show that a disinhibitory circuit consisting of vasoactive-intestinal-peptide-expressing (VIP) and somatostatin-expressing (SOM) inhibitory neurons modulates responses in mouse visual cortex depending on the similarity between stimulus and surround. When the stimulus and the surround are similar, VIP neurons are inactive and SOM neurons suppress excitatory neurons. However, when the stimulus and the surround differ, VIP neurons are active, thereby inhibiting SOM neurons and relieving excitatory neurons from suppression. We have identified a canonical cortical disinhibitory circuit which contributes to contextual modulation and may regulate perceptual saliency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Keller, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caudill, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dipoppa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scanziani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.31.929166</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Disinhibitory Circuit for Contextual Modulation in Primary Visual Cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.03.932749v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Time cells in the human hippocampus and entorhinal cortex support episodic memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.03.932749v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The organization of temporal information is critical for the encoding and retrieval of episodic memories. In the rodent hippocampus and entorhinal cortex, recent evidence suggests that temporal information is encoded by a population of "time cells." We identify time cells in humans using intracranial microelectrode recordings obtained from 27 human epilepsy patients who performed an episodic memory task. We show that time cell activity predicts the temporal organization of episodic memories. A significant portion of these cells exhibits phase precession, a key phenomenon not previously seen in human recordings. These findings establish a cellular mechanism for the representation of temporal information in the human brain needed to form episodic memories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Umbach, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kantak, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahana, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfeiffer, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sperling, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lega, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.03.932749</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Time cells in the human hippocampus and entorhinal cortex support episodic memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.05.927434v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantification of the pace of biological aging in humans through a blood test: a DNA methylation algorithm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.05.927434v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biological aging is the gradual, progressive decline in system integrity that occurs with advancing chronological age, causing morbidity and disability. Measurements of the pace of aging are needed to serve as surrogate endpoints in trials of therapies designed to prevent disease by slowing biological aging. We report a blood DNA-methylation measure that is sensitive to variation in the pace of biological aging among individuals born the same year. We first modeled longitudinal change in 18 biomarkers tracking organ-system integrity across 12 years of follow-up in the Dunedin birth cohort. Rates of change in each biomarker were composited to form a measure of aging-related decline, termed Pace of Aging. Elastic-net regression was used to develop a DNA-methylation predictor of Pace of Aging, called DunedinPoAm for Dunedin (P)ace (o)f (A)ging (m)ethylation. Validation analyses showed DunedinPoAm was associated with functional decline in the Dunedin Study and more advanced biological age in the Understanding Society Study, predicted chronic disease and mortality in the Normative Aging Study, was accelerated by early-life adversity in the E-risk Study, and DunedinPoAm prediction was disrupted by caloric restriction in the CALERIE trial. DunedinPoAm generally outperformed epigenetic clocks. Findings provide proof-of-principle for DunedinPoAm as a single-time-point measure of a persons pace of biological aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Belsky, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caspi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arseneault, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corcoran, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hannon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrington, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartmann-Rasmussen, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houts, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huffman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraus, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mill, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pieper, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prinz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugden, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moffitt, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.05.927434</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantification of the pace of biological aging in humans through a blood test: a DNA methylation algorithm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.05.936146v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PKMζ traces hippocampal LTP maintenance and spatial long-term memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.05.936146v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PKM{zeta} is an autonomously active PKC isoform crucial for the maintenance of synaptic long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term memory. Unlike other protein kinases that are transiently stimulated by second messengers, PKM{zeta} is persistently activated through sustained increases in kinase protein expression. Therefore, visualizing increases in PKM{zeta} expression during long-term memory storage might reveal the sites of its persistent action and thus the location of memory-associated LTP maintenance in the brain. Using quantitative immunohistochemistry validated by the lack of staining in PKM{zeta}-null mice, we examined the amount and distribution of PKM{zeta} in subregions of the hippocampal formation of wild-type mice during LTP maintenance and spatial long-term memory storage. During LTP maintenance in hippocampal slices, PKM{zeta} increases in the pyramidal cell body and stimulated dendritic layers of CA1 for at least 2 h. During spatial memory storage, PKM{zeta} increases in CA1 pyramidal cells for at least 1 month, paralleling the persistence of the memory. The subset of CA1 pyramidal cells that are tagged by immediate early gene Arc-driven transcription of fluorescent proteins, whose expression increases during initial memory formation, also expresses the persistent increase of PKM{zeta} during memory storage. In the memory-tagged cells, the increased PKM{zeta} expression persists in dendritic compartments within stratum radiatum for 1 month, indicating the long-term storage of information in the CA3-to-CA1 pathway during remote spatial memory. We conclude that persistent increases in PKM{zeta} trace the molecular mechanism of LTP maintenance and thus the sites of information storage within brain circuitry during long-term memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsokas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Jou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesburgueres, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burghardt, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denny, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores-Obando, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valencia, L. M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergold, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cottrell, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenton, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sacktor, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.05.936146</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PKMζ traces hippocampal LTP maintenance and spatial long-term memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.06.937151v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visual mental imagery engages the left fusiform gyrus, but not the early visual cortex: a meta-analysis of neuroimaging evidence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.06.937151v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dominant neural model of visual mental imagery (VMI) stipulates that memories from the medial temporal lobe acquire sensory features in early visual areas. However, neurological patients with damage restricted to the occipital cortex typically show perfectly vivid VMI, while more anterior damages extending into the temporal lobe, especially in the left hemisphere, often cause VMI impairments. Here we present two major results reconciling neuroimaging findings in neurotypical subjects with the performance of brain-damaged patients: (1) a large-scale metaanalysis of 46 fMRI studies, of which 27 investigated specifically visual mental imagery, revealed that VMI engages fronto-parietal networks and a well-delimited region in the left fusiform gyrus. (2) A Bayesian analysis showing no evidence for imagery-related activity in early visual cortices. We propose a revised neural model of VMI that draws inspiration from recent cytoarchitectonic and lesion studies, whereby fronto-parietal networks initiate, modulate, and maintain activity in a core temporal network centered on the fusiform imagery node, a high-level visual region in the left fusiform gyrus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spagna, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hajhajate, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartolomeo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.06.937151</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visual mental imagery engages the left fusiform gyrus, but not the early visual cortex: a meta-analysis of neuroimaging evidence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.07.938969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic Adaptation in New York City Rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.07.938969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) thrive in urban environments by navigating the anthropocentric environment and taking advantage of human resources and by-products. From the human perspective, rats are a chronic problem that causes billions of dollars in damage to agriculture, health and infrastructure. Did genetic adaptation play a role in the spread of rats in cities? To approach this question, we collected whole-genome sequences from 29 brown rats from New York City (NYC) and scanned for genetic signatures of adaptation. We tested for (i) high-frequency, extended haplotypes that could indicate selective sweeps and (ii) loci of extreme genetic differentiation between the NYC sample and a sample from the presumed ancestral range of brown rats in northeast China. We found candidate selective sweeps near or inside genes associated with metabolism, diet, the nervous system and locomotory behavior. Patterns of differentiation between NYC and Chinese rats at putative sweep loci suggests that many sweeps began after the split from the ancestral population. Together, our results suggest several hypotheses on adaptation in rats living in close proximity to humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harpak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garud, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrov, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Combs, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pennings, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munshi-South, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.07.938969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic Adaptation in New York City Rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.07.939298v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vascular-Derived SPARC and SerpinE1 Regulate Interneuron Tangential Migration and Accelerate Functional Maturation of Human Stem Cell-Derived Interneurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.07.939298v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cortical interneurons establish inhibitory microcircuits throughout the neocortex and their dysfunction has been implicated in epilepsy and neuropsychiatric diseases. Developmentally, interneurons migrate from a distal progenitor domain in order to populate the neocortex - a process that occurs at a slower rate in humans than in mice. In this study, we sought to identify factors that regulate the rate of interneuron maturation across the two species. Using embryonic mouse development as a model system, we found that the process of initiating interneuron migration is regulated by blood vessels of the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE), an interneuron progenitor domain. We identified two endothelial cell-derived paracrine factors, SPARC and SerpinE1, that enhance interneuron migration in mouse MGE explants and organotypic cultures. Moreover, pre-treatment of human stem cell-derived interneurons (hSC-interneurons) with SPARC and SerpinE1 prior to transplantation into neonatal mouse cortex enhanced their migration and morphological elaboration in the host cortex. Further, SPARC and SerpinE1-treated hSC-interneurons also exhibited more mature electrophysiological characteristics compared to controls. Overall, our studies suggest a critical role for CNS vasculature in regulating interneuron developmental maturation in both mice and humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Genestine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambriz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crabtree, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molotkova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quintero, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mela, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canoll, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hargus, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agalliu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogos, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Au, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.07.939298</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vascular-Derived SPARC and SerpinE1 Regulate Interneuron Tangential Migration and Accelerate Functional Maturation of Human Stem Cell-Derived Interneurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.07.939520v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct Hierarchical Alterations of Intrinsic Neural Timescales Account for Different Manifestations of Psychosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.07.939520v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hierarchical perceptual-inference models of psychosis may provide a holistic framework for understanding psychosis in schizophrenia including heterogeneity in clinical presentations. Particularly, hypothesized alterations at distinct levels of the perceptual-inference hierarchy may explain why hallucinations and delusions tend to cluster together yet sometimes manifest in isolation. To test this, we used a recently developed resting-state fMRI measure of intrinsic neural timescale (INT), which reflects the time window of neural integration and captures hierarchical brain gradients. In analyses examining extended sensory hierarchies that we first validated, we found distinct hierarchical INT alterations for hallucinations versus delusions in the auditory and somatosensory systems, thus providing support for hierarchical perceptual-inference models of psychosis. Simulations using a large-scale biophysical model suggested local elevations of excitation-inhibition ratio at different hierarchical levels as a potential mechanism. More generally, our work highlights the robustness and utility of INT for studying hierarchical processes relevant to basic and clinical neuroscience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wengler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chahine, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horga, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.07.939520</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct Hierarchical Alterations of Intrinsic Neural Timescales Account for Different Manifestations of Psychosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.07.939645v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNase L amplifies Interferon signaling by inducing PKR-mediated antiviral stress granules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.07.939645v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Virus infection leads to activation of the interferon-induced endoribonuclease, RNase L, which results in degradation of viral and cellular RNAs. Both cellular and viral RNA cleavage products of RNase L bind pattern recognition receptors (PRR) like Retinoic acid-inducible I (Rig-I) and or melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) to further amplify interferon (IFN) production and antiviral response. Although much is known about the mechanics of ligand binding and PRR activation, how the cells coordinate RNA sensing to signaling response and interferon production remains unclear. We show that RNA cleavage products of RNase L activity induce formation of antiviral stress granule (avSG) by regulating activation of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-dependent protein kinase R (PKR), and recruit antiviral proteins Rig-I, PKR, OAS and RNase L to avSG. Biochemical analysis of purified avSG showed interaction of key stress granule protein, G3BP1, with only PKR and Rig-I and not with OAS or RNase L. AvSG assembly during RNase L activation is required for IRF3-mediated IFN production and not IFN signaling or proinflammatory cytokine induction. Consequently, cells lacking avSG formation or RNase L signaling produced less IFN and showed higher susceptibility during Sendai virus infection demonstrating the importance of avSG in RNase L-mediated host defense. During viral infection, we propose a role for RNase L-cleaved RNAs in inducing avSG containing antiviral proteins to provide a platform for efficient interaction of RNA ligands with pattern recognition receptors to enhance IFN production to effectively mount antiviral response.

IMPORTANCEDouble-stranded RNAs produced during viral infections serve as pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and bind pattern recognition receptors to stimulate IFN production. RNase L is an IFN-regulated endoribonuclease that is activated in virus-infected cells and cleaves single-stranded viral and cellular RNAs. The RNase L-cleaved dsRNAs signal to Rig-like helicases to amplify IFN production. This study identifies a novel role of antiviral stress granules induced by RNase L as an antiviral signaling hub to coordinate the RNA ligands with cognate receptors to mount effective host response during viral infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manivannan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siddiqui, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malathi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.07.939645</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNase L amplifies Interferon signaling by inducing PKR-mediated antiviral stress granules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.10.942748v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recombination and convergent evolution led to the emergence of 2019 Wuhan coronavirus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.10.942748v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 underscores the need to better understand the evolutionary processes that drive the emergence and adaptation of zoonotic viruses in humans. In the betacoronavirus genus, which also includes SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, recombination frequently encompasses the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) of the Spike protein, which, in turn, is responsible for viral binding to host cell receptors. Here, we find evidence of a recombination event in the RBD involving ancestral linages to both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. Although we cannot specify the recombinant nor the parental strains, likely due to the ancestry of the event and potential undersampling, our statistical analyses in the space of phylogenetic trees support such an ancestral recombination. Consequently, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 share an RBD sequence that includes two insertions (positions 432-436 and 460-472), as well as the variants 427N and 436Y. Both 427N and 436Y belong to a helix that interacts directly with the human ACE2 (hACE2) receptor. Reconstruction of ancestral states, combined with protein-binding affinity analyses using the physics-based trRosetta algorithm, reveal that the recombination event involving ancestral strains of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 led to an increased affinity for hACE2 binding, and that alleles 427N and 436Y significantly enhanced affinity as well. Structural modeling indicates that ancestors of SARS-CoV-2 may have acquired the ability to infect humans decades ago. The binding affinity with the human receptor was subsequently boosted in SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 through further mutations in RBD. In sum, we report an ancestral recombination event affecting the RBD of both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 that was associated with an increased binding affinity to hACE2.

ImportanceThis paper addresses critical questions about the origin of the SARS-CoV-2 virus: what are the evolutionary mechanisms that led to the emergence of the virus, and how can we leverage such knowledge to assess the potential of SARS-like viruses to become pandemic strains? In this work, we demonstrate common mechanisms involved in the emergence of human-infecting SARS-like viruses: first, by acquiring a common haplotype in the RBD through recombination, and further, through increased specificity to the human ACE2 receptor through lineage specific mutations. We also show that the ancestors of SARS-CoV-2 already had the potential to infect humans at least a decade ago, suggesting that SARS-like viruses currently circulating in wild animal species constitute a source of potential pandemic re-emergence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patino-Galindo, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filip, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>AlQuraishi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabadan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.10.942748</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recombination and convergent evolution led to the emergence of 2019 Wuhan coronavirus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.11.941351v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A multilayered post-GWAS assessment on genetic susceptibility to pancreatic cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.11.941351v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a complex disease in which both non-genetic and genetic factors interplay. To-date, 40 GWAS hits have been associated with PC risk in individuals of European descent, explaining 4.1% of the phenotypic variance. Here, we complemented a classical new PC GWAS (1D) with spatial autocorrelation analysis (2D) and Hi-C maps (3D) to gain additional insight into the inherited basis of PC. In-silico functional analysis of public genomic information allowed prioritization of potentially relevant candidate variants. We replicated 17/40 previous PC-GWAS hits and identified novel variants with potential biological functions. The spatial autocorrelation approach prioritized low MAF variants not detected by GWAS. These were further expanded via 3D interactions to 54 target regions with high functional relevance. This multi-step strategy, combined with an in-depth in-silico functional analysis, offers a comprehensive approach to advance the study of PC genetic susceptibility and could be applied to other diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lopez de Maturana, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonso, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lao, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molina-Montes, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin-Antoniano, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Rubio, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawlor, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrato, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hidalgo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iglesias, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molero, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lohr, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michalski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perea, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Rorke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbera, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tardon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz-Bellvis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crnogorac-Jurcevic, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominguez-Munoz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gress, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenhaf, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharp, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cecchini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balsells, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costello, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilzarbe, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleeff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marquez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mora, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Driscoll, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scarpa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Investigators, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Closas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kogevinas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.11.941351</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A multilayered post-GWAS assessment on genetic susceptibility to pancreatic cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.11.944124v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bile acid composition regulates the manganese transporter Slc30a10 in intestine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.11.944124v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bile acids (BAs) comprise heterogenous amphipathic cholesterol-derived molecules that carry out physicochemical and signaling functions. A major site of BA action is the terminal ileum, where enterocytes actively reuptake BAs and express high levels of BA-sensitive nuclear receptors. BA pool size and composition are affected by changes in metabolic health, and vice versa. One of several factors that differentiate BAs is the presence of a hydroxyl group on C12 of the steroid ring. 12a-hydroxylated BAs (12HBAs) are altered in multiple disease settings, but the consequences of 12HBA abundance are incompletely understood. We employed mouse primary ileum organoids to investigate the transcriptional effects of varying 12HBA abundance in BA pools. We identified Slc30a10 as one of the top genes differentially induced by BA pools with varying 12HBA abundance. SLC30A10 is a manganese (Mn) efflux transporter critical for whole-body manganese excretion. We found that BA pools, especially those low in 12HBAs, induce cellular manganese efflux, and that Slc30a10 induction by BA pools is driven primarily by lithocholic acid signaling via the vitamin D receptor. Administration of lithocholic acid or a vitamin D receptor agonist resulted in increased Slc30a10 expression in mouse ileum epithelia. These data demonstrate a previously unknown role for BAs in intestinal control of Mn homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahmad, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higuchi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertaggia, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shanmugarajah, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guilz, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamarra, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haeusler, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.11.944124</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bile acid composition regulates the manganese transporter Slc30a10 in intestine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.944967v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
F-box protein MEC-15 promotes microtubule stability and neurite growth by antagonizing the HSP90 chaperone network in Caenorhabditis elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.944967v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Molecular chaperones often work collaboratively with the ubiquitination-proteasome system (UPS) to facilitate the degradation of misfolded proteins, which typically safeguards cellular differentiation and protects cells from stress. In this study, however, we report that the Hsp70/Hsp90 chaperone machinery and an F-box protein, MEC-15, have opposing effects on neuronal differentiation and that the chaperones negatively regulate neuronal morphogenesis and functions. Using the touch receptor neurons (TRNs) of Caenorhabditis elegans, we find that mec-15(-) mutants display defects in microtubule formation, neurite growth, synaptic development, and neuronal functions, and these defects can be rescued by the loss of Hsp70/Hsp90 chaperones and cochaperones. MEC-15 likely functions in a SCF complex to degrade DLK-1, which is an Hsp90 client protein stabilized by the chaperones. The abundance of DLK-1, and likely other Hsp90 substrates, is fine-tuned by the antagonism between MEC-15 and chaperones; this antagonism regulates TRN development as well as synaptic functions of GABAergic motor neurons. Therefore, a balance between UPS and chaperones tightly controls neuronal differentiation.

Summary statementMolecular chaperones are known to protect cells from stress. However, in this study the authors showed that the Hsp90 chaperone negatively regulates neuronal differentiation when the ubiquitination-proteasome system is compromised.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zheng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atlas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H. M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jao, S. L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, K. C. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalfie, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.13.944967</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[F-box protein MEC-15 promotes microtubule stability and neurite growth by antagonizing the HSP90 chaperone network in Caenorhabditis elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.947903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parallel processing of sensory cue and spatial information in the Dentate Gyrus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.947903v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During exploration, animals form an internal map of an environment by combining information about specific sensory cues or landmarks with the animals motion through space, a process which critically depends on the mammalian hippocampus. The dentate gyrus (DG) is the first stage of the hippocampal trisynaptic circuit where self-motion and sensory cue information are integrated, yet it remains unknown how neurons within the DG encode both cue related ("what") and spatial ("where") information during cognitive map formation. Using two photon calcium imaging in head fixed mice running on a treadmill, along with on-line sensory cue manipulation at specific track locations, we have identified robust sensory cue responses in DG granule cells largely independent of spatial location. Granule cell cue responses are stable for long periods of time, selective for the modality of the stimulus and accompanied by strong inhibition of the firing of other active neurons. At the same time, there is a smaller fraction of neurons whose firing is spatially tuned but insensitive to the presentation of nearby cues, similar to traditional place cells. These results demonstrate the existence of "cue cells" in addition to the better characterized "place cells" in the DG, an important heterogeneity that has been previously overlooked. We hypothesize that the granule cell population may support multiple channels of spatial and non-spatial information that contribute distinctly to local and down-stream computations and impact the role of the dentate gyrus in spatial navigation and episodic memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tuncdemir, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grosmark, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shank, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ordek, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Losonczy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacefield, C. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.13.947903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parallel processing of sensory cue and spatial information in the Dentate Gyrus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.14.948075v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glycation and Serum Albumin Infiltration Contribute to the Structural Degeneration of Bioprosthetic Heart Valves 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.14.948075v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundBioprosthetic heart valves (BHV) are widely used to treat heart valve disease but are fundamentally limited by structural valve degeneration (SVD). Non-calcific mechanisms of SVD entirely account for approximately 30% of SVD cases and contribute to calcific SVD but remain understudied. Glycation mechanisms have not been previously associated with SVD, despite being established as degenerative in collagenous native tissues.

ObjectivesTo determine whether blood component infiltration-based glycation and concomitant human serum albumin (HSA) deposition contribute mechanistically to SVD.

MethodsImmunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to identify advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and serum albumin accumulation in 45 aortic valve BHV explanted due to SVD, glutaraldehyde-treated bovine pericardium (BP) incubated in vitro in glyoxal and HSA, and rat subcutaneous BP implants. Structural impacts of glycation-related mechanisms were evaluated by second harmonic generation (SHG) collagen imaging. Hydrodynamic effects of valve glycation and concomitant HSA exposure were studied with an ISO-5840-compliant pulse duplicator system using surgical grade BHV.

ResultsAll 45 clinical explants and in vitro-incubated BP demonstrated accumulated AGE and HSA compared to un-implanted, un-exposed BHV. SHG revealed instigation of collagen malalignment similar to that in SVD explants by glycation and HSA infiltration. Rat subdermal explants also showed AGE and serum albumin accumulation. Pulse duplication demonstrated significantly reduced orifice area and increased pressure gradient and peak fluid velocity following glyoxal and HSA incubations.

ConclusionsGlycation and concomitant HSA infiltration occur in clinical BHV and contribute to structural and functional degeneration of leaflet tissue, thus representing novel, interacting mechanisms of BHV SVD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Frasca, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kossar, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keeney, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rock, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zakharchenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streeter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorman, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grau, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bavaria, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krieger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiegel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrari, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.14.948075</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glycation and Serum Albumin Infiltration Contribute to the Structural Degeneration of Bioprosthetic Heart Valves]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.14.950022v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alterations in the intrinsic properties of striatal cholinergic interneurons after dopamine lesion and chronic L-DOPA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.14.950022v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SO_SCPLOWUMMARYC_SCPLOWChanges in striatal cholinergic interneuron (ChI) activity are thought to contribute to Parkinsons disease pathophysiology and dyskinesia from chronic L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) treatment, but the physiological basis of these changes are unknown. We find that dopamine lesion decreases the spontaneous firing rate of ChIs, whereas chronic treatment with L-DOPA of lesioned mice increases baseline ChI firing rates to levels beyond normal activity. The effect of dopamine loss on ChIs was due to decreased currents of both hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) and small conductance calcium-activated potassium (SK) channels. L-DOPA reinstatement of dopamine normalized HCN activity, but SK current remained depressed. Pharmacological blockade of HCN and SK activities mimicked changes in firing, confirming that these channels are responsible for the molecular adaptation of ChIs to dopamine loss and chronic L-DOPA treatment. These findings suggest that targeting ChIs with channel-specific modulators may provide therapeutic approaches for alleviating L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in PD patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choi, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulzer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosharov, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, U. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.14.950022</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alterations in the intrinsic properties of striatal cholinergic interneurons after dopamine lesion and chronic L-DOPA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.15.950873v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Bayesian nonparametric approach to super-resolution single-molecule localization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.15.950873v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We consider the problem of single-molecule identification in super-resolution microscopy. Super-resolution microscopy overcomes the diffraction limit by localizing individual fluorescing molecules in a field of view. This is particularly difficult since each individual molecule appears and disappears randomly across time and because the total number of molecules in the field of view is unknown. Additionally, data sets acquired with super-resolution microscopes can contain a large number of spurious fluorescent fluctuations caused by background noise.

To address these problems, we present a Bayesian nonparametric framework capable of identifying individual emitting molecules in super-resolved time series. We tackle the localization problem in the case in which each individual molecule is already localized in space. First, we collapse observations in time and develop a fast algorithm that builds upon the Dirichlet process. Next, we augment the model to account for the temporal aspect of fluorophore photo-physics. Finally, we assess the performance of our methods with ground-truth data sets having known biological structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gabitto, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marie-Nellie, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pakman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pataki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.15.950873</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Bayesian nonparametric approach to super-resolution single-molecule localization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.16.951608v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MouseCircuits.org: An online repository to guide the circuit era of disordered affect 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.16.951608v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Affective disorders rank amongst the most disruptive and prevalent psychiatric diseases, resulting in enormous societal and economic burden, and immeasurable personal costs. Novel therapies are urgently needed but have remained elusive. The era of circuit-mapping in rodent models of disordered affect, ushered in by recent technological advancements allowing for precise and specific neural control, has reenergized the hope for precision psychiatry. Here, we present a novel whole-brain cumulative network and critically access the progress made to-date on circuits mediating affective-like behaviors in rodents to seek unifying principles of this cumulative data. We identified 106 original manuscripts in which optogenetics or chemogenetics were used to dissect behaviors related to fear-like, depressive-like or anxiety-like behaviors in rodents. Focusing on the 60 manuscripts that investigated pathways rather than regions, we identified emergent themes. We found that while a few pathways have been validated across similar behaviors and multiple labs, the data is mostly disjointed, with evidence of bidirectional effects of several pathways. Additionally, there is a need for analysis informed by observation prior to perturbation. Given the complex nature of brain connectivity, we argue that the compartmentalized viewpoint that develops as a consequence of fragmented pathway-specific manipulations does not readily lend itself to an integrative picture. To address this, we launched an interactive online consortium, MouseCircuits.org, an open-source platform for consolidated circuit data. This tool aims to support the shared vision of informed circuit dissection that ultimately leads to prevention and treatment of human disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anderson, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumitriu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.16.951608</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MouseCircuits.org: An online repository to guide the circuit era of disordered affect]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.942938v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficient coding of numbers explains decision bias and noise 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.942938v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human subjects differentially weight different stimuli in averaging tasks, which has been interpreted as reflecting encoding bias. We examine the alternative hypothesis that stimuli are encoded with noise, then optimally decoded. Under a model of efficient coding, the amount of noise should vary across stimuli, and depend on statistics of the stimuli. We investigate these predictions through a task in which participants are asked to compare the averages of two series of numbers, each sampled from a prior distribution that varies across blocks of trials. Subjects encode numbers with a bias and a noise that both depend on the number. Infrequently occurring numbers are encoded with more noise. We show how an efficient-coding, Bayesian-decoding model accounts for these patterns, and best captures subjects behaviour. Finally, our results suggest that Wei and Stockers "law of human perception", which relates the bias and variability of sensory estimates, also applies to number cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prat-Carrabin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodford, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.18.942938</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficient coding of numbers explains decision bias and noise]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.19.954578v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrated analysis of the aging brain transcriptome and proteome in tauopathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.19.954578v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundTau neurofibrillary tangle pathology characterizes Alzheimers disease and other neurodegenerative tauopathies. Brain gene expression profiles can reveal mechanisms; however, few studies have systematically examined both the transcriptome and proteome or differentiated Tau- versus age-dependent changes.

MethodsPaired, longitudinal RNA-sequencing and mass-spectrometry were performed in a Drosophila model of tauopathy, based on pan-neuronal expression of human wildtype Tau (TauWT) or a mutation causing frontotemporal dementia (TauR406W). Tau-induced, differentially expressed transcripts and proteins were examined cross-sectionally or using linear regression and adjusting for age. Hierarchical clustering was performed to highlight network perturbations, and we examined overlaps with human brain gene expression profiles in tauopathy.

ResultsTauWT induced 1,514 and 213 differentially expressed transcripts and proteins, respectively. TauR406W had a substantially greater impact, causing changes in 5,494 transcripts and 697 proteins. There was a ~70% overlap between age- and Tau-induced changes and our analyses reveal pervasive bi-directional interactions. Strikingly, 42% of Tau-induced transcripts were discordant in the proteome, showing opposite direction of change. Tau-responsive gene expression networks strongly implicate innate immune activation, despite the absence of microglia in flies. Cross-species analyses pinpoint human brain gene perturbations specifically triggered by Tau pathology and/or aging, and further differentiate between disease amplifying and protective changes.

ConclusionsOur results comprise a powerful, cross-species functional genomics resource for tauopathy, revealing Tau-mediated disruption of gene expression, including dynamic, age-dependent interactions between the brain transcriptome and proteome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mangleburg, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yalamanchili, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dammer, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seyfried, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shulman, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.19.954578</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrated analysis of the aging brain transcriptome and proteome in tauopathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.19.954651v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic Variants and Functional Pathways Associated with Resilience to Alzheimer's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.19.954651v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Approximately 30% of older adults exhibit the neuropathologic features of Alzheimers disease (AD) without signs of cognitive impairment. Yet, little is known about the genetic factors that allow these potentially resilient individuals to remain cognitively normal in the face of substantial neuropathology. We performed a large, genome-wide association study (GWAS) of two previously validated metrics of cognitive resilience quantified using a latent variable modeling approach and representing better-than-predicted cognitive performance for a given level of neuropathology. Data were harmonized across 5,108 participants from a clinical trial of AD and three longitudinal cohort studies of cognitive aging. All analyses were run across all participants and repeated restricting the sample to individuals with normal cognition to identify variants at the earliest stages of disease. As expected, all resilience metrics were genetically correlated with cognitive performance and education attainment traits (p-values<2.5x10-20), and we observed novel correlations with neuropsychiatric conditions (p-values<7.9x10-4). Notably, neither resilience metric was genetically correlated with clinical AD (p-values>0.42) nor associated with APOE (p-values>0.13). In single variant analyses, we observed a genome-wide significant locus among participants with normal cognition on chromosome 18 upstream of ATP8B1 (index SNP rs2571244, MAF=0.08, p=2.3x10-8). The top variant at this locus (rs2571244) was significantly associated with methylation in prefrontal cortex tissue at multiple CpG sites, including one just upstream of ATPB81 (cg19596477; p=2x10-13). Overall, this comprehensive genetic analysis of resilience implicates a putative role of vascular risk, metabolism, and mental health in protection from the cognitive consequences of neuropathology, while also providing evidence for a novel resilience gene along the bile acid metabolism pathway.

Furthermore, the genetic architecture of resilience appears to be distinct from that of clinical AD, suggesting that a shift in focus to molecular contributors to resilience may identify novel pathways for therapeutic targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dumitrescu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahoney, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bush, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelman, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fardo, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trittschuh, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaczorowski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez Saucedo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Widaman, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Properzi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mormina, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedden, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nho, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrews, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tommet, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruderfer, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gifford, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cambronero, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raghavan, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardarajan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI),</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Consortium (ADGC),</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>A4 Study Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pericak-Vance, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farre</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.19.954651</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic Variants and Functional Pathways Associated with Resilience to Alzheimer's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.19.955666v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A single gene expressed in fibroblastic reticular cells predicts response to cancer immunotherapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.19.955666v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While the role of CD8+ T cells in mediating response to cancer immunotherapy is well established, the role of B cells remains more controversial (1-3). By conducting a large gene expression study of response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), we show that pre-treatment expression of B cell genes is associated with ICI response independently of CD8+ T cells. However, we discovered that such association can be completely explained by a single gene (FDCSP) expressed outside of the B cell compartment, in fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs), which form the reticular network that facilitates interactions between B cells, T cells and cognate antigens (4-6) and are required to initiate efficient adaptive immune responses in secondary lymphoid organs (SLO) and tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) (4, 7). We validated this finding in three independent cohorts of patients treated with ICI in melanoma and renal cell carcinoma. Taken together, these results suggest that FDCSP is an independent predictor of ICI response, thus opening new avenues to explain the mechanisms of resistance to cancer immunotherapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Biasci, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavare, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thaventhiran, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.19.955666</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A single gene expressed in fibroblastic reticular cells predicts response to cancer immunotherapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.20.955229v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CK1 Delta Is an mRNA Cap-Associated Protein That Drives Translation Initiation and Tumor Growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.20.955229v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whether translation is differentially regulated across liquid and solid tumors remains poorly understood. Here we report the discovery that Casein Kinase 1 delta (CK1{delta}) plays a key role in regulating translation initiation in blood cancers, but interestingly, not in solid tumors. In lymphomas CK1{delta} is a key positive regulator of 4E-BP1 and p70S6K phosphorylation, assembly of eIF4F, and translation initiation. Furthermore, CK1{delta} is pulled down by m7GTP-agarose that mimics the mRNA m7G cap, consistent with the regulatory role of CK1{delta} in translation initiation. Targeting CK1{delta} using a small molecule inhibitor, namely SR-3029, potently kills lymphoma cell lines and primary lymphoma cells across histology subtypes. While SR-3029 shares with mTORC1 inhibitors the overlapping mechanism of repressing 4E-BP1 and p70S6K/RPS6 phosphorylation, the kinetics of repression is slow with SR-3029 and fast with mTORC1 inhibitors such as Torin-1. Remarkably, it is slower-acting SR-3029, but not fast-acting Torin-1, that kills lymphoma cells consistently across multiple histology subtypes. Proteomics and RNA sequencing studies show that SR-3029 represses the expression of many genes preferentially at the translation step, such as genes in the reactome translation initiation pathway. SR-3029 markedly represses the protein level of the C-MYC oncogene without decreasing its mRNA level. In contrast, Torin-1 fails to reduce the protein level of C-MYC in the same lymphoma cells. While SR-3029 also demonstrates potent activity in select solid tumors, its mechanism of action in the solid tumors is different. In breast cancer cells SR-3029 inhibits nuclear localization of {beta}-catenin but at the same concentrations does not inhibit 4E-BP1 and p70S6K phosphorylation or global protein synthesis. Likewise, SR-3029 does not inhibit nuclear localization of {beta}-catenin in lymphoma cells. Our results indicate that CK1{delta} is an mRNA cap-associated protein and an upstream kinase required for 4E-BP1 and p70S6K phosphorylation. CK1{delta} stimulates assembly of eIF4F and translation initiation, and is a critical driver for tumor growth in blood cancers across multiple histology types. CK1{delta} invokes the alternative mechanism of regulating {beta}-catenin in select solid tumors. Our results indicate that CK1{delta} inhibition is a promising therapeutic strategy in both liquid and solid tumors, and the distinct roles of CK1{delta} in these malignancies may serve as biomarkers to enable precision cancer treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pal, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grilo, A. M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berchowitz, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DasSharma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mundi, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scotto, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malkovskiy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.20.955229</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CK1 Delta Is an mRNA Cap-Associated Protein That Drives Translation Initiation and Tumor Growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.20.957969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phe-Gly Motifs Drive Fibrillization of TDP-43's Prion-Like Domain Droplets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.20.957969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TDP-43 assembles various aggregate forms, including biomolecular condensates or functional and pathological amyloids, with roles in disparate scenarios (e.g. muscle regeneration versus neurodegeneration). The link between condensates and fibrils remains unclear, just as the factors controlling conformational transitions within these aggregate species: salt- or RNA-induced droplets may evolve into fibrils or remain in the droplet form, suggesting distinct endpoint species of different aggregation pathways. Using microscopy and NMR methods, we unexpectedly observed in vitro droplet formation in the absence of salts or RNAs, and provided visual evidence for fibrillization at the droplet surface/solvent interface but not the droplet interior. Our NMR analyses unambiguously uncovered a distinct amyloid conformation in which Phe-Gly motifs are key elements of the reconstituted fibril form, suggesting a pivotal role for these residues in creating the fibril core. This contrasts the minor participation of Phe-Gly motifs in initiation of the droplet form. Our results point to an intrinsic (i.e., non-induced) aggregation pathway that may exist over a broad range of conditions, and illustrate structural features that distinguishes between aggregate forms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pantoja-Uceda, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuani, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurents, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDermott, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buratti, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mompean, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.20.957969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phe-Gly Motifs Drive Fibrillization of TDP-43's Prion-Like Domain Droplets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.20.958322v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic defects cause hyperactive mitochondria and Parkinson disease-like traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.20.958322v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metabolic dysfunction is a facet of many age-related neurodegenerative diseases, yet its role in disease etiology remains poorly understood1. We recently discovered a potential causal link between the branched-chain amino acid transferase, BCAT-1, and the neurodegenerative movement disorder, Parkinsons disease (PD)2. Knockdown of C. elegans bcat-1 recapitulates PD-like features, including progressive motor deficits and neurodegeneration with age2. Using transcriptomic, metabolomic, and imaging approaches, we show that bcat-1 knockdown increases mitochondrial activity and induces oxidative damage in neurons through mTOR-independent mechanisms. We recently developed a high-throughput screening platform to identify drugs that may be repurposed for PD, and found that metformin, the leading type 2 diabetes medication, significantly improves motor function in bcat-1(RNAi) worms3. Late-in-life metformin treatment restores normal mitochondrial activity levels and protects against bcat-1-associated neurodegeneration. Our results suggest that PD may originate as a metabolic disorder, and highlight metformin as a promising new drug candidate for PD treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mor, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sohrabi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaletsky, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keyes, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalia, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.20.958322</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic defects cause hyperactive mitochondria and Parkinson disease-like traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.21.959734v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An autoimmune disease risk variant has a trans master regulatory effect mediated by IRF1 under immune stimulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.21.959734v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional mechanisms remain unknown for most genetic loci associated to complex human traits and diseases. In this study, we first mapped trans-eQTLs in a data set of primary monocytes stimulated with LPS, and discovered that a risk variant for autoimmune disease, rs17622517 in an intron of C5ORF56, affects the expression of the transcription factor IRF1 20 kb away. The cis-regulatory effect on IRF1 is active under early immune stimulus, with a large number of trans-eQTL effects across the genome under late LPS response. Using CRISPRi silencing, we showed that the SNP locus indeed functions as an IRF1 enhancer with widespread transcriptional effects. Genome editing by CRISPR further indicated that rs17622517 is indeed a causal variant in this locus, and recapitulated the LPS-specific trans-eQTL signal. Our results suggest that this common genetic variant affects inter-individual response to immune stimuli via regulation of IRF1. For this autoimmune GWAS locus, our work provides evidence of the causal variant, demonstrates a condition-specific enhancer effect, identifies IRF1 as the likely causal gene in cis, and indicates that overactivation of the downstream immune-related pathway may be the cellular mechanism increasing disease risk. This work not only provides rare experimental validation of a master-regulatory trans-eQTL, but also demonstrates the power of eQTL mapping to build mechanistic hypotheses amenable for experimental follow-up using the CRISPR toolkit.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brandt, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim-Hellmuth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziosi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gokden, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Recinos, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hornung, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumacher, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lappalainen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.21.959734</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An autoimmune disease risk variant has a trans master regulatory effect mediated by IRF1 under immune stimulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.25.963546v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Effective CTL Peptide Vaccine for Ebola Zaire Based on Survivors' CD8+ Targeting of a Particular Nucleocapsid Protein Epitope with Potential Implications for COVID-19 Vaccine Design 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.25.963546v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The 2013-2016 West Africa EBOV epidemic was the biggest EBOV outbreak to date. An analysis of virus-specific CD8+ T-cell immunity in 30 survivors showed that 26 of those individuals had a CD8+ response to at least one EBOV protein. The dominant response (25/26 subjects) was specific to the EBOV nucleocapsid protein (NP). It has been suggested that epitopes on the EBOV NP could form an important part of an effective T-cell vaccine for Ebola Zaire. We show that a 9-amino-acid peptide NP44-52 (YQVNNLEEI) located in a conserved region of EBOV NP provides protection against morbidity and mortality after mouse adapted EBOV challenge. A single vaccination in a C57BL/6 mouse using an adjuvanted microsphere peptide vaccine formulation containing NP44-52 is enough to confer immunity in mice. Our work suggests that a peptide vaccine based on CD8+ T-cell immunity in EBOV survivors is conceptually sound and feasible. Nucleocapsid proteins within SARS-CoV-2 contain multiple class I epitopes with predicted HLA restrictions consistent with broad population coverage. A similar approach to a CTL vaccine design may be possible for that virus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herst, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkholz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidney, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sette, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brazel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunha-Neto, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosa, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao, W. C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carback, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodge, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciotlos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubsamen, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.25.963546</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Effective CTL Peptide Vaccine for Ebola Zaire Based on Survivors' CD8+ Targeting of a Particular Nucleocapsid Protein Epitope with Potential Implications for COVID-19 Vaccine Design]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.25.965772v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A virion-based assay for glycoprotein thermostability reveals key determinants of filovirus entry and its inhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.25.965772v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ebola virus (EBOV) entry into cells is mediated by its spike glycoprotein (GP). Following attachment and internalization, virions traffic to late endosomes where GP is cleaved by host cysteine proteases. Cleaved GP then binds its cellular receptor, Niemann-Pick C1. In response to an unknown cellular trigger, GP undergoes conformational rearrangements that drive fusion of viral and endosomal membranes . The temperature-dependent stability (thermostability) of the pre-fusion conformers of  Class I viral fusion glycoproteins, including those of filovirus GPs, has provided insights into their propensity to undergo fusion-related rearrangements. However, previously described assays have relied on soluble glycoprotein ectodomains. Here, we developed a simple ELISA-based assay that uses the temperature-dependent loss of conformational epitopes to measure thermostability of GP embedded in viral membranes. The base and glycan cap subdomains of all filovirus GPs tested suffered a concerted loss of pre-fusion conformation at elevated temperatures, but did so at different temperature ranges, indicating virus-specific differences in thermostability. Despite these differences, all of these GPs displayed reduced thermostability upon cleavage to GPCL. Surprisingly, acid pH enhanced, rather than decreased, GP thermostability, suggesting it could enhance viral survival in hostile endo/lysosomal compartments. Finally, we confirmed and extended previous findings that some small-molecule inhibitors of filovirus entry destabilize EBOV GP and uncovered evidence that the most potent inhibitors act through multiple mechanisms. We establish the epitope-loss ELISA as a useful tool for studies of filovirus entry, engineering of GP variants with enhanced stability for use in vaccine development, and discovery of new stability-modulating antivirals.

ImportanceThough a vaccine for Ebola virus has been approved by the FDA within the past year, no FDA-approved therapeutics are available to treat infections by Ebola virus or other filoviruses. The development of such countermeasures is challenged by our limited understanding of the mechanism by which Ebola virus enters cells, especially at the final step of membrane fusion. The sole surface-exposed viral protein, GP, mediates key steps in virus entry, including membrane fusion, and undergoes major structural rearrangements during this process. The stability of GP at elevated temperatures (thermostability) can provide insights into its capacity to undergo these structural rearrangements. Here, we describe a new assay that uses GP-specific antibodies to measure GP thermostability under a variety of conditions relevant to viral entry. We show that proteolytic cleavage and acid pH have significant effects on GP thermostability that shed light on their respective roles in viral entry. We also show that the assay can be used to study how small-molecule entry inhibitors affect GP stability. This work provides a simple and readily accessible assay to engineer forms of GP with enhanced stability that could be useful as part of an antiviral vaccine and to discover and improve drugs that act by modulating the stability of GP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bortz, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grodus, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Recht, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pulanco, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasso, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anthony, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jangra, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandran, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.25.965772</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A virion-based assay for glycoprotein thermostability reveals key determinants of filovirus entry and its inhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.28.970228v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GOT1 Inhibition Primes Pancreatic Cancer for Ferroptosis through the Autophagic Release of Labile Iron 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.28.970228v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is one of the deadliest solid malignancies, with a 5-year survival rate at ten percent. PDA have unique metabolic adaptations in response to cell-intrinsic and environmental stressors, and identifying new strategies to target these adaptions is an area of active research. We previously described a dependency on a cytosolic aspartate aminotransaminase (GOT1)-dependent pathway for NADPH generation. Here, we sought to identify metabolic dependencies induced by GOT1 inhibition that could be exploited to selectively kill PDA. Using pharmacological methods, we identified cysteine, glutathione, and lipid antioxidant function as metabolic vulnerabilities following GOT1 withdrawal. Targeting any of these pathways was synthetic lethal in GOT1 knockdown cells and triggered ferroptosis, an oxidative, non-apoptotic, iron-dependent form of cell death. Mechanistically, GOT1 inhibition promoted the activation of autophagy in response to metabolic stress. This enhanced the availability of labile iron through ferritinophagy, the autolysosome-mediated degradation of ferritin. In sum, our study identifies a novel biochemical connection between GOT1, iron regulation, and ferroptosis, and suggests the rewired malate-aspartate shuttle plays a role in protecting PDA from severe oxidative challenge.

HighlightsO_LIPDA exhibit varying dependence on GOT1 for in vitro and in vivo growth.
C_LIO_LIExogenous cystine, glutathione synthesis, and lipid antioxidant fidelity are essential under GOT1 suppression.
C_LIO_LIGOT1 inhibition sensitizes pancreatic cancer cell lines to ferroptosis.
C_LIO_LIGOT1 inhibition represses anabolic metabolism and promotes the release of iron through autophagy.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kremer, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarosz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halbrook, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerk, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sajjakulnukit, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thurston, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carpenter, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andren, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nwosu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cusmano, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sastra, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palermo, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badgley, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asara, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasca di Magliano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olive, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyssiotis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.28.970228</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GOT1 Inhibition Primes Pancreatic Cancer for Ferroptosis through the Autophagic Release of Labile Iron]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.02.973909v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional modeling of NMIHBA-causing PRUNE1 variants reveals a requirement for its exopolyphosphatase activity. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.02.973909v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurodevelopmental disorder with microcephaly, hypotonia, and variable brain anomalies (NMIHBA) is an autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorder characterized by global developmental delay and severe intellectual disability. Microcephaly, progressive cortical atrophy, cerebellar hypoplasia and delayed myelination are neurological hallmarks in affected individuals. NMIHBA is caused by biallelic variants in PRUNE1 encoding prune exopolyphosphatase 1. We provide in-depth clinical description of two affected siblings harboring compound heterozygous variant alleles, c.383G>A (p.Arg128Gln), c.520G>T (p.Gly174*) in PRUNE1. To gain insights into disease biology, we biochemically characterized missense variants within the conserved N-terminal aspartic acid-histidine-histidine (DHH) motif and provide evidence that they result in the destabilization of protein structure and/or loss of exopolyphosphatase activity. Genetic ablation of Prune1 results in midgestational lethality in mice, associated with perturbations to embryonic growth and vascular development. Our findings suggest that NMIHBA results from hypomorphic variant alleles in humans and underscore the potential key role of PRUNE1 exopolyphoshatase activity in neurodevelopment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nistala, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dronzek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzaga-Jauregui, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Man Chim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajamani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuwayhid, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgado, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burke, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karaca, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franklin, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarangapani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Podgorski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominguez, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Withers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deckelbaum, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheonherr, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gahl, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malicdan, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zambrowicz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gale, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lupski, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Economides, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.02.973909</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional modeling of NMIHBA-causing PRUNE1 variants reveals a requirement for its exopolyphosphatase activity.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.03.973131v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A neural code of egocentric spatial information in human medial temporal lobe 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.03.973131v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial navigation relies on neural systems that encode information about places, distances, and directions in relation to the external world or relative to the navigating organism. Since the proposal of cognitive maps, the neuroscience of navigation has focused on allocentric (world-referenced) neural representations including place, grid, and head-direction cells. Here, using single-neuron recordings during virtual navigation, we identify "anchor cells" in the human brain as a neural code for egocentric (self-centered) spatial maps: Anchor cells represent egocentric directions towards "anchor points" located in the environmental center or periphery. Anchor cells were abundant in parahippocampal cortex, supported full vectorial representations of egocentric space, and were integrated into a neural memory network. Neurons encoding allocentric direction complemented anchor-cell activity, potentially assisting anchor cells in transforming percepts into allocentric representations. Anchor cells may facilitate egocentric navigation strategies, may support route planning from egocentric viewpoints, and may underlie the first-person perspective in episodic memories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kunz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinacher, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staresina, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reifenstein, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weidemann, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herweg, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsitsiklis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kempter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahana, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulze-Bonhage, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.03.973131</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A neural code of egocentric spatial information in human medial temporal lobe]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.03.975599v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hippocampal CA2 ripples recruit social replay and promote social memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.03.975599v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The consolidation of spatial memory depends on the reactivation ( replay) of hippocampal place cells that were active during recent behavior. These reactivations are observed during sharp wave-ripples (SWRs), synchronous oscillatory events that occur during slow-wave sleep1-9 and whose disruption impairs spatial memory consolidation 4,6,7,9. Although the hippocampus encodes a wide range of non-spatial forms of declarative memory, it is not yet known whether SWRs are necessary for non-spatial memory. Moreover, although SWRs can arise from either the hippocampal CA38 or CA210 regions, the relative importance of these sources for memory consolidation is unknown. Here we examined the role of SWRs during the consolidation of social memory, the ability of an animal to recognize and remember a conspecific, focusing on CA2 because of its critical role in social memory11,12,13. We found that ensembles of CA2 pyramidal neurons that were active during social exploration of novel conspecifics were reactivated during SWRs. Importantly, disruption or enhancement of CA2 SWRs suppressed or prolonged social memory, respectively. Thus, SWR reactivation of hippocampal firing related to recent experience appears to be a general mechanism for binding spatial, temporal and sensory information into high-order memory representations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oliva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Ruiz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leroy, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegelbaum, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.03.975599</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hippocampal CA2 ripples recruit social replay and promote social memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.04.977348v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of arousal and movement on secondary somatosensory and visual thalamus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.04.977348v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
All neocortical sensory areas have an associated primary and secondary thalamic nucleus. While the primary nuclei encode sensory information for transmission to cortex, the nature of information encoded in secondary nuclei is poorly understood. We recorded juxtasomally from neurons in secondary somatosensory (POm) and visual (LP) thalamic nuclei of awake head-fixed mice with simultaneous whisker tracking and pupilometry. POm activity correlated with whether or not a mouse was whisking, but not precise whisking kinematics. This coarse movement modulation persisted after unilateral paralysis of the whisker pad and thus was not due to sensory reafference. POm continued to track whisking even during optogenetic silencing of primary somatosensory and motor cortex and after lesion of superior colliculus, indicating that motor efference copy cannot explain the correlation between movement and POm activity. Whisking and pupil dilation were strongly correlated, raising the possibility that POm may track arousal rather than movement. LP, being part of the visual system, is not expected to encode whisker movement. We discovered, however, that LP and POm track whisking equally well, suggesting a global effect of arousal on both nuclei. We conclude that secondary thalamus is a monitor of behavioral state, rather than movement, and may exist to alter cortical activity accordingly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Petty, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinnischtzke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, Y. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruno, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.04.977348</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of arousal and movement on secondary somatosensory and visual thalamus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.05.978619v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An inducible CRISPR-interference library for genetic interrogation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae biology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.05.978619v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-scale CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) is widely utilized to study cellular processes in a variety of organisms. Despite its dominance as a model eukaryote, a genome-wide CRISPRi library, optimized for targeting the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome, has not been presented to date. We have generated a comprehensive, inducible CRISPRi library, based on spacer design rules optimized for yeast. We have validated this library for genome-wide interrogation of gene function across a variety of applications, including accurate discovery of haploinsufficient genes and identification of enzymatic and regulatory genes involved in adenine and arginine biosynthesis. The comprehensive nature of the library also revealed parameters for optimal transcriptional repression, including upstream distance, nucleosomal occupancy, and strand bias. CRISPRi screens, using this library can identify genes and pathways with high precision and low false discovery rate across a variety of experimental conditions, enabling rapid and reliable genome-wide assessment of gene function and genetic interactions in S.cerevisiae.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Momen-Roknabadi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oikonomou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavazoie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.05.978619</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An inducible CRISPR-interference library for genetic interrogation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae biology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.05.978841v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The paradoxical effects of K+ channel gain-of-function are mediated by GABAergic neuron hypoexcitability and hyperconnectivity. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.05.978841v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gain-of-function (GOF) variants in K+ channels cause severe childhood epilepsies, but there are no mechanisms to explain how increased K+ currents lead to network hyperexcitability. Here, we introduced a human Na+-activated K+ (KNa) channel variant (KCNT1-Y796H) into mice and, using a multiplatform approach, found motor cortex hyperexcitability and early-onset seizures, phenotypes strikingly similar to those of human patients. Although the variant increased KNa currents in cortical excitatory and inhibitory neurons, there was a selective increase in the KNa current across subthreshold voltages in inhibitory neurons, particularly in those with non-fast spiking properties, resulting in impaired excitability and AP generation. We further observed evidence of synaptic rewiring associated with hyperexcitable networks, including increases in homotypic synaptic connectivity and the ratio of excitatory-to-inhibitory synaptic input. These findings support inhibitory neuron-specific mechanisms in mediating the epileptogenic effects of K+ channel GOF, offering cell-type-specific currents and effects as promising targets for therapeutic intervention.

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/978841v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shore, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colombo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobin, W. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cullen, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominguez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bostick, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaumont, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khodagholy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutz, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelinas, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boland, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frankel, W. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weston, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.05.978841</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The paradoxical effects of K+ channel gain-of-function are mediated by GABAergic neuron hypoexcitability and hyperconnectivity.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.05.979187v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel Bayesian transcriptome-wide association study method leveraging both cis- and trans- eQTL information through summary statistics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.05.979187v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) have been widely used to integrate gene expression and genetic data for studying complex traits. Due to the computational burden, existing TWAS methods do not assess distant trans- expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) that are known to explain important expression variation for most genes. We propose a Bayesian Genome-wide TWAS (BGW-TWAS) method which leverages both cis- and trans- eQTL information for TWAS. Our BGW-TWAS method is based on Bayesian variable selection regression, which not only accounts for cis- and trans- eQTL of the target gene but also enables efficient computation by using summary statistics from standard eQTL analyses. Our simulation studies illustrated that BGW-TWAS achieved higher power compared to existing TWAS methods that do not assess trans-eQTL information. We further applied BWG-TWAS to individual-level GWAS data (N=[~]3.3K), which identified significant associations between the genetically regulated gene expression (GReX) of gene ZC3H12B and Alzheimers dementia (AD) (p-value= 5.42 x 10-13), neurofibrillary tangle density (p-value= 1.89 x10-6 ), and global measure of AD pathology (p-value=9.59 x 10-7). These associations for gene ZC3H12B were completely driven by trans-eQTL. Additionally, the GReX of gene KCTD12 was found to be significantly associated with {beta}-amyloid (p-value= 3.44 x10 -8) which was driven by both cis- and trans- eQTL. Four of the top driven trans-eQTL of ZC3H12B are located within gene APOC1, a known major risk gene of AD and blood lipids. Additionally, by applying BGW-TWAS with summary-level GWAS data of AD (N=[~]54K), we identified 13 significant genes including known GWAS risk genes HLA-DRB1 and APOC1, as well as ZC3H12B.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luningham, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchman, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.05.979187</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel Bayesian transcriptome-wide association study method leveraging both cis- and trans- eQTL information through summary statistics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.05.979203v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ancestry adjustment improves genome-wide estimates of regional intolerance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.05.979203v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomic regions subject to purifying selection are more likely to carry disease causing mutations. Cross species conservation is often used to identify such regions but has limited resolution to detect selection on short evolutionary timescales such as that occurring in only one species. In contrast, intolerance looks for depletion of variation relative to expectation within a species, allowing species specific features to be identified. When estimating the intolerance of noncoding sequence methods strongly leverage variant frequency distributions. As the expected distributions depend on demography, if not properly controlled for, ancestral population source may obfuscate signals of selection. We demonstrate that properly incorporating demography in intolerance estimation greatly improved variant classification (13% increase in AUC relative to comparison constraint test, CDTS; and 9% relative to conservation). We provide a genome-wide intolerance map that is conditional on demographic history that is likely to be particularly valuable for variant prioritization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>hayeck, t. j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stong, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baugh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhindsa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malakar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ionita-Laza, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew Allen, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.05.979203</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ancestry adjustment improves genome-wide estimates of regional intolerance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.10.985226v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MGMT genomic rearrangements contribute to chemotherapy resistance in gliomas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.10.985226v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Temozolomide (TMZ) is an oral alkylating agent used for the treatment of glioblastoma and is now becoming a chemotherapeutic option in patients diagnosed with high-risk low-grade gliomas. The O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) is responsible for the direct repair of the main TMZ-induced toxic DNA adduct, the O6-Methylguanine lesion. MGMT promoter hypermethylation is currently the only known biomarker for TMZ response in glioblastoma patients. Here we show that a subset of recurrent gliomas carries MGMT genomic rearrangements that lead to MGMT overexpression, independently from changes in its promoter methylation. By leveraging the CRISPR/Cas9 technology we generated some of these MGMT rearrangements in glioma cells and demonstrated that the MGMT genomic rearrangements contribute to TMZ resistance both in vitro and in vivo. Lastly, we showed that such fusions can be detected in tumor-derived exosomes and could potentially represent an early detection marker of tumor recurrence in a subset of patients treated with TMZ.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oldrini, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaquero-Siguero, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kroon, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galan-Ganga, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sa, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Perales, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nam, D.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verhaak, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabadan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Squatrito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.10.985226</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MGMT genomic rearrangements contribute to chemotherapy resistance in gliomas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.10.985382v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibition and down regulation of the serotonin transporter contribute to the progression of degenerative mitral regurgitation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.10.985382v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AimsHeart valve disease attributed to serotonin (5HT) has been observed with 5HT-secreting carcinoid tumors and in association with medications, such as the diet drug, Dexfenfluoramine, a serotonin transporter (SLC6A4) inhibitor and 5HT receptor (HTR) 2B agonist. HTR2B signaling upregulates TGF{beta}-1 resulting in increased production of extracellular matrix proteins. SLC6A4 internalizes 5HT, limiting HTR signaling. Selective 5HT reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), widely used antidepressants, target SLC6A4, thus enhancing HTR signaling. However, 5HT and SLC6A4 mechanisms have not been previously associated with degenerative mitral regurgitation (MR). The present studies investigated the hypothesis that both dysregulation of SLC6A4 and inhibition of SLC6A4 contribute to the pathophysiology of MR.

Methods and ResultsHere we report SLC6A4 related studies of 225 patients with MR requiring surgery. A multivariate analysis showed that SSRI use in MR patients was associated with surgery at a younger age, indicating more rapidly progressive MR (p=0.0183); this was confirmed in a national dataset (p<0.001). Aspirin use by MR patients was associated with surgery at an older age (p=0.0055). Quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR of MR leaflet RNA from 44 patients, and 20 normal mitral leaflets from heart transplant recipients, demonstrated down regulation in MR of both SLC6A4 and vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (SLC18A2), that packages 5HT (p<0.001). Human mitral valve interstitial cells cultivated with Fluoxetine, a SSRI, demonstrated down regulation of SLC6A4 and upregulation of HTR2B, compared to untreated, in cells from both normal and MR leaflets. Platelet 5HT studies in healthy subjects without heart disease used ADP-induced activation to model MR-associated activation. Fluoxetine significantly increased platelet activation and plasma 5HT levels, while Aspirin inhibited ADP platelet activation.

ConclusionsDown regulation and inhibition of SLC6A4 influences MR through enhanced HTR signaling. SSRI may further influence MR through inhibition and down regulation of SLC6A4, upregulation of HTR2B, and increased platelet release of 5HT.

Translational PerspectiveDegenerative mitral valve regurgitation (MR) affects millions, and there is no medical therapy for this disease. MR becomes progressively worse, and for severe MR, the only option is cardiac surgery. Serotonin (5HT) is best known as a neurotransmitter. However, 5HT secreting carcinoid tumors cause a cardiac valve disorder in many cases, and 5HT related medications, such as the diet drug Fenfluoramine, have been associated with the development of cardiac valve disease. The present paper presents evidence that diminished serotonin transporter (SLC6A4) expression and inhibition, lead to increased 5HT receptor signaling, contributing to the progression of MR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levy, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzpatrick, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillero, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shukla,, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inamdar,, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aghali, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grau, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rioux, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salvati, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keeney, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nissim, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorman, R. C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rauova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stachelek, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krieger, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrari, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.10.985382</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibition and down regulation of the serotonin transporter contribute to the progression of degenerative mitral regurgitation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.11.987792v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perceived ambiguity of social interactions increases coupling between frontal and temporal nodes of the social brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.11.987792v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Social behaviour is coordinated by a network of brain regions, including those involved in the perception of social stimuli and those involved in complex functions like inferring perceptual and mental states and controlling social interactions. The properties and function of many of these regions in isolation is relatively well understood but little is known about how these regions interact whilst processing dynamic social interactions. To investigate whether social network connectivity is modulated by social context we collected fMRI data from monkeys viewing "affiliative", "aggressive", or "ambiguous" social interactions. We show activation relating to the perception of social interactions along both banks of the superior temporal sulcus, parietal, medial and lateral PFC and caudate nucleus. Within this network we demonstrate that fronto-temporal connectivity are significantly modulated by social context. Crucially, we link the observation of specific behaviours to changes in connectivity within our network. Viewing aggressive or affiliative behaviour was associated with a limited increase in temporo-temporal and premotor-temporal connectivity respectively. By contrast, viewing ambiguous interactions was associated with a pronounced increase in cingulate-cingulate, temporo-temporal, and cingulate-temporal connectivity. We hypothesise that this widespread network synchronisation occurs when cingulate and temporal areas coordinate their activity when more difficult social inferences are made.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ainsworth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sallet, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joly, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriegeskorte, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schüffelgen, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rushworth, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.11.987792</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perceived ambiguity of social interactions increases coupling between frontal and temporal nodes of the social brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.12.989186v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nucleotide Analogues as Inhibitors of SARS-CoV Polymerase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.12.989186v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2, a member of the coronavirus family, has caused a global public health emergency.1 Based on our analysis of hepatitis C virus and coronavirus replication, and the molecular structures and activities of viral inhibitors, we previously reasoned that the FDA-approved heptatitis C drug EPCLUSA (Sofosbuvir/Velpatasvir) should inhibit coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2.2 Here, using model polymerase extension experiments, we demonstrate that the activated triphosphate form of Sofosbuvir is incorporated by low-fidelity polymerases and SARS-CoV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), and blocks further incorporation by these polymerases; the activated triphosphate form of Sofosbuvir is not incorporated by a host-like high-fidelity DNA polymerase. Using the same molecular insight, we selected two other anti-viral agents, Alovudine and AZT (an FDA approved HIV/AIDS drug) for evaluation as inhibitors of SARS-CoV RdRp. We demonstrate the ability of two HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors, 3-fluoro-3-deoxythymidine triphosphate and 3-azido-3-deoxythymidine triphosphate (the active triphosphate forms of Alovudine and AZT), to be incorporated by SARS-CoV RdRp where they also terminate further polymerase extension. Given the 98% amino acid similarity of the SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 RdRps, we expect these nucleotide analogues would also inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 polymerase. These results offer guidance to further modify these nucleotide analogues to generate more potent broad-spectrum anti-coronavirus agents.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ju, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jockusch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chien, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morozova, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalachikov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirchdoerfer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.12.989186</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nucleotide Analogues as Inhibitors of SARS-CoV Polymerase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.12.989467v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global impact of phosphorylation on protein endurance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.12.989467v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation can have profound effects on the physicochemical and biological properties of proteins. However, high-throughput and systematic approaches have not yet been developed to assess the effects of specific modification types and sites on protein lifetime, which represents a key parameter for understanding signaling rewiring and drug development. Here we describe a proteomic method, DeltaSILAC, to quantify the impact of site-specific phosphorylation on the endurance of thousands of proteins in live cells. Being configured on the reproducible data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry (DIA-MS), the pulse labeling approach using stable isotope-labeled amino acids in cells (SILAC), together with a novel peptide-level matching strategy, this multiplexed assay revealed the global delaying effect of phosphorylation on protein turnover in growing cancer cells. Further, we identified local sequence and structural features in proximity to the phosphorylated sites that could be associated with protein endurance alterations. We found that phosphorylated sites accelerating protein turnover are functionally selected for cell fitness and evolutionarily conserved. DeltaSILAC provides a generalizable approach for prioritizing the effects of phosphorylation sites on protein lifetime in the context of cell signaling and disease biology, which is highly complementary to existing methods. Finally, DeltaSILAC is widely applicable to diverse post-translational modification types and different cell systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ba, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salovska, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.12.989467</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global impact of phosphorylation on protein endurance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.13.990812v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Establishing cell-intrinsic limitations in cell cycle progression controls graft growth and promotes differentiation of pancreatic endocrine cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.13.990812v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Limitations in cell proliferation are a key barrier to reprogramming differentiated cells to pluripotent stem cells, and conversely, acquiring these limitations may be important to establish the differentiated state. The pancreas, and beta cells in particular have a low proliferative potential, which limits regeneration, but how these limitations are established is largely unknown. Understanding proliferation potential is important for the safty of cell replacement therapy with cell products made from pluripotent stem cell which have unlimited proliferative potential. Here we test a novel hypothesis, that these limitations are established through limitations in S-phase progression. We used a stem cell-based system to expose differentiating stem cells to small molecules that interfere with cell cycle progression either by inducing G1 arrest, impairing S-phase entry, or S-phase completion. Upon release from these molecules, we determined growth potential, differentiation and function of insulin-producing endocrine cells both in vitro and after grafting in vivo. We found that the combination of G1 arrest with a compromised ability to complete DNA replication promoted the differentiation of pancreatic progenitor cells towards insulin-producing cells, improved the stability of the differentiated state, and protected mice from diabetes without the formation of cystic growths. Therefore, a compromised ability to enter S-phase and replicate the genome is a functionally important property of pancreatic endocrine differentiation, and can be exploited to generate insulin-producing organoids with predictable growth potential after transplantation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sui, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egli, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgieva, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diedenhofen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haataja, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuccaro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baum, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arvan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbetti, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleiner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oberholzer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goland, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.13.990812</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Establishing cell-intrinsic limitations in cell cycle progression controls graft growth and promotes differentiation of pancreatic endocrine cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.14.991745v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human dorsal anterior cingulate neurons signal conflict by amplifying task-relevant information 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.14.991745v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hemodynamic activity in dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) correlates with conflict, suggesting it contributes to conflict processing. This correlation could be explained by multiple neural processes that can be disambiguated by population firing rates patterns. We used targeted dimensionality reduction to characterize activity of populations of single dACC neurons as humans performed a task that manipulates two forms of conflict. Although conflict enhanced firing rates, this enhancement did not come from a discrete population of domain-general conflict-encoding neurons, nor from a distinct conflict-encoding response axis. Nor was it the epiphenomenal consequence of simultaneous coactivation of action plans. Instead, conflict amplified the task-relevant information encoded across the neuronal population. Effects of conflict were weaker and more heterogeneous in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), suggesting that dACCs role in conflict processing may be somewhat specialized. Overall, these results support the theory that conflict biases competition between sensorimotor transformation processes occurring in dACC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ebitz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horga, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schevon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKhann, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botvinick, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayden, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.14.991745</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human dorsal anterior cingulate neurons signal conflict by amplifying task-relevant information]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.15.993071v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiplex single-molecule kinetics of nanopore-coupled polymerases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.15.993071v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA polymerases have revolutionized the biotechnology field due to their ability to precisely replicate stored genetic information. Screening variants of these enzymes for unique properties gives the opportunity to identify polymerases with novel features. We have previously developed a single-molecule DNA sequencing platform by coupling a DNA polymerase to a -hemolysin pore on a nanopore array. Here, we use this approach to demonstrate a single-molecule method that enables rapid screening of polymerase variants in a multiplex manner. In this approach, barcoded DNA strands are complexed with polymerase variants and serve as templates for nanopore sequencing. Nanopore sequencing of the barcoded DNA reveals both the barcode identity and kinetic properties of the polymerase variant associated with the cognate barcode, allowing for multiplexed investigation of many polymerase variants in parallel on a single nanopore array. Further, we develop a robust classification algorithm that discriminates kinetic characteristics of the different polymerase mutants. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate the utility of our approach by screening a library of ~100 polymerases to identify variants for potential applications of biotechnological interest. We anticipate our screening method to be broadly useful for applications that require polymerases with unique or altered physical properties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Palla, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Punthambaker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stranges, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vigneault, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nivala, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiegand, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craig, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gremyachinskiy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franklin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trans, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwab, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mcgaw, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarvabhowman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalal, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thai, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amato, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lederman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taing, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qwan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuller, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roever, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Church, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.15.993071</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiplex single-molecule kinetics of nanopore-coupled polymerases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.18.992784v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
p53 plays a central role in lymphatic anomalies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.18.992784v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Activation of the transcription factor p53 has been associated with several developmental syndromes. In normal tissues, p53 is kept at very low undetectable physiological levels. When triggered by cellular stressors, p53 prompts important anti-proliferative and apoptotic programs part of its tumor suppressor activity or as the guardian of tissue homeostasis.

We generated two murine models that display cutaneous hemorrhaging, severe edema, and distended blood-filled lymphatic vessels at late-gestation due to overactive p53 uniquely affecting lymphatic endothelial cells during development. Overactive p53 operated distinctively through anti-proliferative route in this tissue resulting in a decrease in initial lymphatics that normally absorb interstitial fluid. Remarkably, genetic or pharmacologic normalization of p53 restored lymphatic homeostasis and reversed lymphatic phenotypes. In parallel, several human lymphatic disease tissues exhibited high p53 levels exclusively in the lymphatic endothelium while p53 remained undetectable in surrounding arterial or venous vessels.

We report here, for the first time, an extended role that the p53 pathway plays in the genesis of lymphatic homeostasis deficiencies opening the way for new therapeutic avenues for these rare, poorly understood, and incurable lymphatic maladies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mylavarapu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulikauskas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dierkes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finlon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobhani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangette, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arbab, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Box, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shawber, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lovell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiefer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamburini, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terzian, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.18.992784</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[p53 plays a central role in lymphatic anomalies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.18.997585v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nucleotide Analogues as Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Polymerase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.18.997585v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2, a member of the coronavirus family, is responsible for the current COVID-19 pandemic. Based on our analysis of hepatitis C virus and coronavirus replication, and the molecular structures and activities of viral inhibitors, we previously demonstrated that three nucleotide analogues inhibit the SARS-CoV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). Here, using polymerase extension experiments, we have demonstrated that the active triphosphate form of Sofosbuvir (a key component of the FDA approved hepatitis C drug EPCLUSA), is incorporated by SARS-CoV-2 RdRp, and blocks further incorporation. Using the same molecular insight, we selected the active triphosphate forms of three other anti-viral agents, Alovudine, AZT (an FDA approved HIV/AIDS drug) and Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF, an FDA approved drug for HIV and hepatitis B) for evaluation as inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 RdRp. We demonstrated the ability of these three viral polymerase inhibitors, 3-fluoro-3-deoxythymidine triphosphate, 3-azido-3-deoxythymidine triphosphate and Tenofovir diphosphate (the active triphosphate forms of Alovudine, AZT and TAF, respectively) to be incorporated by SARS-CoV-2 RdRp, where they also terminate further polymerase extension. These results offer a strong molecular basis for these nucleotide analogues to be evaluated as potential therapeutics for COVID-19.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chien, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jockusch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirchdoerfer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ju, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.18.997585</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nucleotide Analogues as Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Polymerase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.18.997924v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
YASS: Yet Another Spike Sorter applied to large-scale multi-electrode array recordings in primate retina 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.18.997924v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spike sorting is a critical first step in extracting neural signals from large-scale multi-electrode array (MEA) data. This manuscript presents several new techniques that make MEA spike sorting more robust and accurate. Our pipeline is based on an efficient multi-stage "triage-then-cluster-then-pursuit" approach that initially extracts only clean, high-quality waveforms from the electrophysiological time series by temporarily skipping noisy or "collided" events (representing two neurons firing synchronously). This is accomplished by developing a neural network detection and denoising method followed by efficient outlier triaging. The denoised spike waveforms are then used to infer the set of spike templates through nonparametric Bayesian clustering. We use a divide-and-conquer strategy to parallelize this clustering step. Finally, we recover collided waveforms with matching-pursuit deconvolution techniques, and perform further split-and-merge steps to estimate additional templates from the pool of recovered waveforms. We apply the new pipeline to data recorded in the primate retina, where high firing rates and highly-overlapping axonal units provide a challenging testbed for the deconvolution approach; in addition, the well-defined mosaic structure of receptive fields in this preparation provides a useful quality check on any spike sorting pipeline. We show that our pipeline improves on the state-of-the-art in spike sorting (and outperforms manual sorting) on both real and semi-simulated MEA data with > 500 electrodes; open source code can be found at https://github.com/paninski-lab/yass.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitelut, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shokri, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinsella, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dethe, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turcu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batty, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brackbill, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kling, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goetz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chichilnisky, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.18.997924</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[YASS: Yet Another Spike Sorter applied to large-scale multi-electrode array recordings in primate retina]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.19.997213v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fine-mapping and QTL tissue-sharing information improve causal gene identification and transcriptome prediction performance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.19.997213v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The integration of transcriptomic studies and GWAS (genome-wide association studies) via imputed expression has seen extensive application in recent years, enabling the functional characterization and causal gene prioritization of GWAS loci. However, the techniques for imputing transcriptomic traits from DNA variation remain underdeveloped. Furthermore, associations found when linking eQTL studies to complex traits through methods like PrediXcan can lead to false positives due to linkage disequilibrium between distinct causal variants. Therefore, the best prediction performance models may not necessarily lead to more reliable causal gene discovery. With the goal of improving discoveries without increasing false positives, we develop and compare multiple transcriptomic imputation approaches using the most recent GTEx release of expression and splicing data on 17,382 RNA-sequencing samples from 948 post-mortem donors in 54 tissues. We find that informing prediction models with posterior causal probability from fine-mapping (dap-g) and borrowing information across tissues (mashr) lead to better performance in terms of number and proportion of significant associations that are colocalized and the proportion of silver standard genes identified as indicated by precision-recall and ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curves. All prediction models are made publicly available at predictdb.org.

Author summaryIntegrating molecular biology information with genome-wide association studies (GWAS) sheds light on the mechanisms tying genetic variation to complex traits. However, associations found when linking eQTL studies to complex traits through methods like PrediXcan can lead to false positives due to linkage disequilibrium of distinct causal variants. By integrating fine-mapping information into the models, and leveraging the widespread tissue-sharing of eQTLs, we improve the proportion of likely causal genes among significant gene-trait associations, as well as the prediction of "ground truth" genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barbeira, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonazzola, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melia, O. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The GTEx Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardlie, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.19.997213</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fine-mapping and QTL tissue-sharing information improve causal gene identification and transcriptome prediction performance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.19.998427v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CD56 regulates human NK cell cytotoxicity through Pyk2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.19.998427v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune cells that control viral infection and tumorigenic cell growth through targeted cell lysis and cytokine secretion. Human NK cells are classically defined as CD56+CD3- in peripheral blood. CD56 is neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM1), and despite its ubiquitous expression on human NK cells, the role of CD56 in human NK cell cytotoxic function has not been fully explored. In non-immune cells, NCAM can induce signaling, mediate adhesion, and promote exocytosis, in part through interactions with focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Here we describe the generation and use of CD56-deficient human NK cell lines to define a novel requirement for CD56 in target cell lysis. Namely, we demonstrate that deletion of CD56 on the NK92 cell line led to impaired cytotoxic function against multiple susceptible target cell lines. Deletion of CD56 in a second NK cell line, YTS cells, led to a less severe cytotoxicity defect but impairment in cytokine secretion. Confocal microscopy of wild-type and CD56-KO NK92 cells conjugated to susceptible targets revealed that CD56-KO cells failed to polarize during immunological synapse (IS) formation and had severely impaired exocytosis of lytic granules at the IS. Phosphorylation of the FAK family member Pyk2 at tyrosine 402 was decreased in NK92 CD56-KO cells, demonstrating a functional link between CD56 and IS formation and signaling in human NK cells. Cytotoxicity, lytic granule exocytosis, and the phosphorylation of Pyk2 were rescued by the reintroduction of NCAM140 (CD56), into NK92 CD56-KO cells. These data highlight a novel functional role for CD56 in stimulating exocytosis and promoting cytotoxicity in human NK cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gunesch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixon, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebrahim, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berrien-Elliott, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tatineni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solloa, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fehniger, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mace, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.19.998427</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CD56 regulates human NK cell cytotoxicity through Pyk2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.19.998450v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional mediators of treatment resistance in lethal prostate cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.19.998450v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) is primarily treated with therapies that prevent transcriptional activity of the androgen receptor (AR), cause DNA damage, or prevent cell division. Clinical resistance to these therapies, including second-generation androgen-targeting compounds such as enzalutamide and abiraterone, is nearly universal. Other treatment modalities, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, have provided minimal benefit except in rare subsets of patients1,2. Both tumour intrinsic and extrinsic cellular programs contributing to therapeutic resistance remain areas of active investigation. Here we use full-length single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) to identify the transcriptional states of cancer and immune cells in the mCRPC microenvironment. Within cancer cells, we identified transcriptional patterns that mediate a significant proportion of inherited risk for prostate cancer, extensive heterogeneity in AR splicing within and between tumours, and vastly divergent regulatory programs between adenocarcinoma and small cell carcinoma. Moreover, upregulation of TGF-{beta} signalling and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were both associated with resistance to enzalutamide. We found that some lymph node metastases, but no bone metastases, were heavily infiltrated by dysfunctional CD8+ T cells, including cells undergoing dramatic clonal expansion during enzalutamide treatment. Our findings suggest avenues for rational therapeutic approaches targeting both tumour-intrinsic and immunological pathways to combat resistance to current treatment options.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, M. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuoco, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowdis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosma-Moody, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanodia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DelloStritto, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burke, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakouny, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tewari, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camp, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vokes, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vigneau, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozenblatt-Rosen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotem, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taplin, M.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Allen, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.19.998450</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional mediators of treatment resistance in lethal prostate cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.20.000190v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The mid-lateral cerebellum is necessary for reinforcement learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.20.000190v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cerebellum has long been considered crucial for supervised motor learning and its optimization1-3. However, new evidence has also implicated the cerebellum in reward based learning4-8, executive function9-12, and frontal-like clinical deficits13. We recently showed that the simple spikes of Purkinje cells (P-cells) in the mid-lateral cerebellar hemisphere (Crus I and II) encode a reinforcement error signal when monkeys learn to associate arbitrary symbols with hand movements4. However, it is unclear if the cerebellum is necessary for any process beyond motor learning. To investigate if the mid-lateral cerebellum is actually necessary for learning visuomotor associations, we reversibly inactivated the mid-lateral cerebellum of two primates with muscimol while they learned to associate arbitrary symbols with hand movements. Here we show that cerebellar inactivation impaired the monkeys ability to learn new associations, although it had no effect on the monkeys performance on a task with overtrained symbols. A computational model corroborates our results. Cerebellar inactivation increased the reaction time, but there were no deficits in any motor kinematics such as the hand movement, licking or eye movement. There was no loss of function when we inactivated a more anterior region of the cerebellum that is implicated in motor control. We suggest that the mid-lateral cerebellum, which provides a reinforcement learning error signal4, is necessary for visuomotor association learning. Our results have implications for the involvement of cerebellum in cognitive control, and add critical constraints to brain models of non-motor learning14,15.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sendhilnathan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.20.000190</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The mid-lateral cerebellum is necessary for reinforcement learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.23.003046v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Noise ceiling on the crossvalidated performance of reweighted models of representational dissimilarity: Addendum to Khaligh-Razavi & Kriegeskorte (2014) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.23.003046v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An error was made in including noise ceilings for human data in Khaligh-Razavi and Kriegeskorte (2014). For comparability with the macaque data, human data were averaged across participants before analysis. Therefore the noise ceilings indicating variability across human participants do not accurately depict the upper bounds of possible model performance and should not have been shown. Creating noise ceilings appropriate for the fitted models is not trivial. Below we present a method for doing this, and the results obtained with this new method. The corrected results differ from the original results in that the best-performing model (weighted combination of AlexNet layers and category readouts) does not reach the lower bound of the noise ceiling. However, the best-performing model is not significantly below the lower bound of the noise ceiling. The claim that the model "fully explains" the human IT data appears overstated. All other claims of the paper are unaffected.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Storrs, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khaligh-Razavi, S.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriegeskorte, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.23.003046</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Noise ceiling on the crossvalidated performance of reweighted models of representational dissimilarity: Addendum to Khaligh-Razavi & Kriegeskorte (2014)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.24.005264v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Methylation Data Processing Protocol & Comparison of Blood and Cerebral Spinal Fluid Following Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.24.005264v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One challenge in conducting DNA methylation-based epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) is the appropriate cleaning and quality-checking of the methylation values to minimize biases and experimental artifacts, while simultaneously retaining potential biological signals. These issues are compounded in studies that include multiple tissue types, and/or tissues for which reference data are unavailable to assist in adjusting for cell-type mixture, for example cerebral spinal fluid (CSF). For our study that evaluated blood and CSF taken from aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) patients, we developed a protocol to clean and quality-check genome-wide methylation levels and compared the methylomic profiles of the two tissues to determine whether blood is a suitable surrogate for CSF. CSF samples were collected from 279 aSAH patients longitudinally during the first 14 days of hospitalization, and a subset of 88 of these patients also provided blood samples within the first two days. Quality control (QC) procedures included identification and exclusion of poor performing samples and low-quality probes, functional normalization, and correction for cell-type heterogeneity via surrogate variable analysis (SVA). Significant differences in rates of poor sample performance was observed between blood (1.1% failing QC) and CSF (9.12% failing QC; p = 0.003). Functional normalization increased the concordance of methylation values among technical replicates in both CSF and blood. Likewise, SVA improved the asymptotic behavior of the test of association in a simulated EWAS under the null hypothesis. To determine the suitability of blood as a surrogate for CSF, we calculated the correlation of adjusted methylation values between blood and CSF globally and by genomic regions. Overall, mean correlation (r < 0.26) was low, suggesting that blood is not a suitable surrogate for global methylation in CSF. However, differences in the magnitude of the correlation were observed by genomic region (CpG island, shore, shelf, open sea; p < 0.001 for all) and orientation with respect to nearby genes (3 UTR, transcription start site, exon, body, 5 UTR; p < 0.01 for all). In conclusion, the correlation analysis and QC pipelines indicated that DNA extracted from blood was not, overall, a suitable surrogate for DNA extracted from CSF in aSAH methylomic studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arockiaraj, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaffer, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koleck, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crago, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weeks, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conley, Y. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.24.005264</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Methylation Data Processing Protocol & Comparison of Blood and Cerebral Spinal Fluid Following Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.24.005330v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unilateral vocal nerve resection alters neurogenesis in the avian song system in a region-specific manner 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.24.005330v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
New neurons undergo a critical period soon after migration during which the behavior of the animal may result in the survival or culling of these cells. In the songbird song system, new neurons may be maintained in the song motor pathway with respect to motor progression toward a target song--during juvenile song learning, seasonal song restructuring, and experimentally manipulated song variability. However, it is not known whether the quality of song per se, without progressive improvement, may also influence new neuron survival. To test this idea, we experimentally altered song acoustic structure by unilateral denervation of the syrinx. We found no effect of aberrant song on numbers of new neurons in the HVC of the song motor pathway, a loss of left-side dominance in new neurons in the auditory region caudomedial nidopallium (NCM), and a bilateral decrease in new neurons in the basal ganglia nucleus Area X. We propose new neuron survival may be determined in response to behavioral feedback in accordance with the function of new neurons within a given brain region. Studying the effects of singing behaviors on new neurons across multiple brain regions that subserve singing may give rise to general rules underlying the regulation of new neuron survival across taxa and brain regions more broadly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aronowitz, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aziz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wasner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ribeiro, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faruk, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pytte, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.24.005330</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unilateral vocal nerve resection alters neurogenesis in the avian song system in a region-specific manner]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.24.994160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole Genome De Novo Variant Identification with FreeBayes and Neural Network Approaches 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.24.994160v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationDe novo variant (DNV) calling typically relies on heuristic filters intrinsic to specific platforms and variant calling algorithms. FreeBayes and neural network approaches have overcome this limitation for variant calling, and we implemented a similar approach for DNV identification.

ResultsWe developed a DNV calling framework that uses Genome Analysis Toolkit (GATK), FreeBayes and a neural network trained on Integrative Genomics Viewer pile-up plots (IGV-bot). We identified DNVs in 2,390 WGS trios and benchmarked results against heuristics based on GATK parameters. Results were validated in silico and with Sanger sequencing, with the latter showing true positive rates of 98.4% and 97.3% for SNVs and indels, respectively. Taken together we describe a scalable framework for DNV identification based on both FreeBayes and neural network methods.

AvailabilitySource code and documentation are available at https://github.com/ShenLab/igv-classifier and https://github.com/frichter/dnv_pipeline under the MIT license.

Contactys2411@cumc.columbia.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Richter, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitaygorodksy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Homsy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DePalma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelb, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidman, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidman, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.24.994160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole Genome De Novo Variant Identification with FreeBayes and Neural Network Approaches]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.25.007468v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EASE: EM-Assisted Source Extraction from calcium imaging data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.25.007468v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Combining two-photon calcium imaging (2PCI) and electron microscopy (EM) provides arguably the most powerful current approach for connecting function to structure in neural circuits. Recent years have seen dramatic advances in obtaining and processing CI and EM data separately. In addition, several joint CI-EM datasets (with CI performed in vivo, followed by EM reconstruction of the same volume) have been collected. However, no automated analysis tools yet exist that can match each signal extracted from the CI data to a cell segment extracted from EM; previous efforts have been largely manual and focused on analyzing calcium activity in cell bodies, neglecting potentially rich functional information from axons and dendrites. There are two major roadblocks to solving this matching problem: first, dense EM reconstruction extracts orders of magnitude more segments than are visible in the corresponding CI field of view, and second, due to optical constraints and non-uniform brightness of the calcium indicator in each cell, direct matching of EM and CI spatial components is nontrivial.

In this work we develop a pipeline for fusing CI and densely-reconstructed EM data. We model the observed CI data using a constrained nonnegative matrix factorization (CNMF) framework, in which segments extracted from the EM reconstruction serve to initialize and constrain the spatial components of the matrix factorization. We develop an efficient iterative procedure for solving the resulting combined matching and matrix factorization problem and apply this procedure to joint CI-EM data from mouse visual cortex. The method recovers hundreds of dendritic components from the CI data, visible across multiple functional scans at different depths, matched with densely-reconstructed three-dimensional neural segments recovered from the EM volume. We publicly release the output of this analysis as a new gold standard dataset that can be used to score algorithms for demixing signals from 2PCI data. Finally, we show that this database can be exploited to (1) learn a mapping from 3d EM segmentations to predict the corresponding 2d spatial components estimated from CI data, and (2) train a neural network to denoise these estimated spatial components. This neural network denoiser is a stand-alone module that can be dropped in to enhance any existing 2PCI analysis pipeline.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reimer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasarkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinsella, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Froudarakis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yatsenko, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fahey, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchanan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bumbarger, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahalingam, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorkenwald, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ih, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macrina, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silversmith, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macarico da Costa, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reid, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolias, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.25.007468</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EASE: EM-Assisted Source Extraction from calcium imaging data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.25.007765v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
POMC neurons functional heterogeneity relies on mTORC1 signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.25.007765v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hypothalamic Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons are classically known to trigger satiety. However, they encompass heterogeneous subpopulations whose functions are unknown. Here we show that POMC neurons releasing GABA, glutamate or both neurotransmitters possess distinct spatial distribution, molecular signatures and functions. Functional specificity of these subpopulations relies on the energy sensor mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (mTORC1), since pharmacological blockade of mTORC1, by mimicking a cellular negative energy state, simultaneously inhibited POMC/glutamatergic and activated POMC/GABAergic neurons. Chemogenetics and conditional deletion of mTORC1 then demonstrated that mTORC1 blockade in POMC neurons causes hyperphagia. This is due to decreased POMC-derived anorexigenic -melanocyte-stimulating hormone and the recruitment of POMC/GABAergic neurotransmission, which is restrained by cannabinoid type 1 receptor signaling. Genetic inhibition of glutamate release from POMC neurons also produced hyperphagia, recapitulating the phenotype caused by mTORC1 blockade. Altogether, these findings pinpoint the molecular mechanisms engaged by POMC neurons to oppositely control feeding, thereby challenging conventional views about their functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saucisse, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazier, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binder, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catania, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellocchio, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romanov, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matias, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zizzari, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quarta, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meece, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzales, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, G. S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merkle, F. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wardlaw, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harkany, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massa, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsicano, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cota, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.25.007765</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[POMC neurons functional heterogeneity relies on mTORC1 signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.27.012724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evidence of Presence and Activation of the two Cell Cycle Kinases Nek6 and Nek7 in the ciliated Neuroretina 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.27.012724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The serine/threonine NIMA kinases are widely found in eukaryotes. They are cell-cycle kinases that are associated with centrosomes and spindle apparatus and cilia. In cilia, NIMA kinases are reported to play a role in cilia length maintenance and deflagelation. Here we focus on the two Nek homologs, Nek6 and Nek7, and their potential role in retina. We report for the first-time expression of nek6 and nek7 mRNA and protein in retinal tissue. In particular, we detect localisation of these kinases to photoreceptors outer segments. Moreover, we are able to show a light-dependent phosphorylation of the activation loop (serine 206) of Nek6/7 in rod outer segments, suggesting activation of these kinases is downstream of the phototransduction pathway. Indeed, we demonstrate that Nek6/7 phosphorylation in the retina is dependent on Grk1 function. Furthermore, Nek6/7 phosphorylation can be stimulated in the brain by opiate drugs, suggesting that activation of Nek6/7 lies downstream of G protein coupled receptors activation, in general. Nek6/7 may couple photoreception with outer segment biogenesis through phosphorylation of downstream substrates, which may affect the microtubules of the axoneme.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Janisch, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasanuki, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsang, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.27.012724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evidence of Presence and Activation of the two Cell Cycle Kinases Nek6 and Nek7 in the ciliated Neuroretina]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.30.015628v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Saccadic modulation of neural activity in the human anterior thalamus during visual active sensing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.30.015628v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans and other primates explore visual scenes by active sensing, using saccadic eye movements to relocate the fovea and sample different bits of information multiple times per second. Saccades induce a phase reset of ongoing neuronal oscillations in primary and higher-order visual cortices and medial temporal lobe. As a result, neuron ensembles are shifted to a common state at the time visual input propagates through the system (i.e., just after fixation). The extent of the brains circuitry modulated by saccades is not yet known. Here, we evaluate the possibility that saccadic phase reset impacts the anterior nuclei of the thalamus (ANT). Using rare recordings in the human thalamus of three surgical patients, we found saccade-related phase concentration, peaking at 3-4 Hz, coincident with suppression of Broadband High-frequency Activity (BHA; 80-180 Hz). Our results provide evidence for saccade-related modulation of neuronal excitability dynamics in the ANT, consistent with the idea that these nuclei are engaged during visual active sensing. These findings show that during real-world active visual exploration neural dynamics in the human ANT, a part of extended hippocampal-diencephalic system for episodic memory, exhibit modulations that might be underestimated in typical passive viewing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leszczynski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staudigl, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaieb, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enkirch, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.30.015628</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Saccadic modulation of neural activity in the human anterior thalamus during visual active sensing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.31.018820v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human cortical expansion involves diversification and specialization of supragranular intratelencephalic-projecting neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.31.018820v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neocortex is disproportionately expanded in human compared to mouse, both in its total volume relative to subcortical structures and in the proportion occupied by supragranular layers that selectively make connections within the cortex and other telencephalic structures. Single-cell transcriptomic analyses of human and mouse cortex show an increased diversity of glutamatergic neuron types in supragranular cortex in human and pronounced gradients as a function of cortical depth. To probe the functional and anatomical correlates of this transcriptomic diversity, we describe a robust Patch-seq platform using neurosurgically-resected human tissues. We characterize the morphological and physiological properties of five transcriptomically defined human glutamatergic supragranular neuron types. Three of these types have properties that are specialized compared to the more homogeneous properties of transcriptomically defined homologous mouse neuron types. The two remaining supragranular neuron types, located exclusively in deep layer 3, do not have clear mouse homologues in supragranular cortex but are transcriptionally most similar to deep layer mouse intratelencephalic-projecting neuron types. Furthermore, we reveal the transcriptomic types in deep layer 3 that express high levels of non-phosphorylated heavy chain neurofilament protein that label long-range neurons known to be selectively depleted in Alzheimers disease. Together, these results demonstrate the power of transcriptomic cell type classification, provide a mechanistic underpinning for increased complexity of cortical function in human cortical evolution, and implicate discrete transcriptomic cell types as selectively vulnerable in disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorensen, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chartrand, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakken, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budzillo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, S.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gouwens, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodge, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalmbach, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alfiler, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beller, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertagnolli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bickley, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bomben, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braun, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brouner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casper, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chong, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crichton, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Frates, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desta, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dingman Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Orazi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dotson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egdorf, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enstrom, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fong, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furdan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galakhova, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamlin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gary, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glandon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorham, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goriounova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.31.018820</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human cortical expansion involves diversification and specialization of supragranular intratelencephalic-projecting neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.01.020438v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Translational neurophysiological biomarkers of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor dysfunction in serine racemase knockout mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.01.020438v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alterations in glutamatergic function are well established in schizophrenia (Sz), but new treatment development is hampered by the lack of translational pathophysiological and target engagement biomarkers as well as by the lack of animal models that recapitulate the pathophysiological features of Sz. Here, we evaluated the rodent auditory steady state response (ASSR) and long-latency auditory event-related potential (aERP) as potential translational markers. These biomarkers were assessed for their sensitivity to both the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist phencyclidine (PCP) and to knock-out (KO) of Serine Racemase (SR), which is known to lead to Sz-like alterations in function of parvalbumin (PV)-type cortical interneurons. Both PCP and SRKO led to significant increases of ASSR, consistent with PV interneuron effects. Similar effects were observed in mice with selective NMDAR KO on PV interneurons. By contrast, PCP but not SRKO reduced the amplitude of the rodent analog of the human N1 potential. Overall, these findings support use of rodent ASSR and long-latency aERP, along with previously described measures such as mismatch negativity (MMN), as translational biomarkers, and support SRKO mice as a potential rodent model for PV interneuron dysfunction in Sz.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Balla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginsberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sershen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javitt, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.01.020438</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Translational neurophysiological biomarkers of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor dysfunction in serine racemase knockout mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.02.021659v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lactobacilli and other gastrointestinal microbiota of Peromyscus leucopus, reservoir host for agents of Lyme disease and other zoonoses in North America 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.02.021659v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cricetine rodent Peromyscus leucopus is an important reservoir for several human zoonoses, including Lyme disease, in North America. Akin to hamsters, the white-footed deermouse has been unevenly characterized in comparison to the murid Mus musculus. To further understanding of P. leucopus total genomic content, we investigated gut microbiomes of an outbred colony of P. leucopus, inbred M. musculus, and a natural population of P. leucopus. Metagenome and whole genome sequencing were combined with microbiology and microscopy approaches. A focus was the genus Lactobacillus, four diverse species of which were isolated from forestomach and feces of colony P. leucopus. Three of the species--L. animalis, L. reuteri, and provisionally-named species "L. peromysci"--were identified in fecal metagenomes of wild P. leucopus but not discernibly in samples from M. musculus. L. johnsonii, the fourth species, was common in M. musculus but absent or sparse in wild P. leucopus. Also identified in both colony and natural populations were a Helicobacter sp. in feces but not stomach, and a Tritrichomonas sp. protozoan in cecum or feces. The gut metagenomes of colony P. leucopus were similar to those of colony M. musculus at the family or higher level and for major subsystems. But there were multiple differences between species and sexes within each species in their gut metagenomes at orthologous gene level. These findings provide a foundation for hypothesis-testing of functions of individual microbial species and for interventions, such as bait vaccines based on an autochthonous bacterium and targeting P. leucopus for transmission-blocking.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barbour, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassam, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatzistamou, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tufts, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diuk-Wasser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.02.021659</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lactobacilli and other gastrointestinal microbiota of Peromyscus leucopus, reservoir host for agents of Lyme disease and other zoonoses in North America]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.02.022152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coordinated postnatal maturation of striatal cholinergic interneurons and dopamine release dynamics in mice. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.02.022152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dynamic changes in motor abilities and motivated behaviors occur during the juvenile and adolescent periods. The striatum is a subcortical nucleus critical for action selection, motor learning and reward processing. Its tonically active cholinergic interneuron (ChI) is an integral regulator of the synaptic activity of other striatal neurons, as well as afferent axonal projections of midbrain dopamine neurons. Thalamic and dopaminergic inputs initiate pauses in ChI firing following salient sensory cues that are extended for several hundred milliseconds by intrinsic regenerative currents. Here, we characterize the electrophysiological and morphological features of ChIs during mouse postnatal development. We demonstrate that ChI spontaneous activity increases with age while the duration of the pause in firing induced by depolarizing inputs decreases during postnatal development. Maturation of ChI activity is driven by two distinct physiological changes: decreased amplitude of the afterhypolarization between P14 and P18 and and increased Ih conductance between the late postnatal period and adulthood. Finally, we uncover postnatal changes in dopamine release properties that are mediated by cholinergic signalling. At P10, striatal dopamine release is diminished compared to the adult, but our data show efficient summation of dopamine relase evoked by multiple grouped stimuli that subsides by P28. Blockade of nictonic acetylcholine receptors enhances release summation in mice older than P28 but has little effect at P10. These data demonstrate a physiological maturation of ChI activity and indicate a reciprocal interaction between the postnatal maturation of striatal ChI and dopamine neurotransmission.

Significance StatementMotor skills and motivated behavior regimes develop rapidly during the postnatal period. The functional development of the striatal cholinergic interneuron (ChI), which contributes to these behaviors in adulthood, remains unexplored. In this study, we tracked the ontogeny of spontaneous ChI activity and cellular morphology, as well as the developmental trajectory of ion conductances characteristic to this population. We further report a developmental link between ChI activity and dopamine release, revealing a change in the frequency-dependence of dopamine release during the early postnatal period that is mediated by cholinergic signaling. This study provides evidence that striatal microcircuits are dynamic during the postnatal period and that they undergo coordinated maturation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McGuirt, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lieberman, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Post, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pigulevskiy, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulzer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.02.022152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coordinated postnatal maturation of striatal cholinergic interneurons and dopamine release dynamics in mice.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.03.022939v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Triphosphates of the Two Components in DESCOVY and TRUVADA are Inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 Polymerase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.03.022939v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2, a member of the coronavirus family, is responsible for the current COVID-19 pandemic. We previously demonstrated that four nucleotide analogues (specifically, the active triphosphate forms of Sofosbuvir, Alovudine, AZT and Tenofovir alafenamide) inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). Tenofovir and emtricitabine are the two components in DESCOVY and TRUVADA, the two FDA-approved medications for use as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to prevent HIV infection. This is a preventative method in which individuals who are HIV negative (but at high-risk of contracting the virus) take the combination drug daily to reduce the chance of becoming infected with HIV. PrEP can stop HIV from replicating and spreading throughout the body. We report here that the triphosphates of tenofovir and emtricitabine, the two components in DESCOVY and TRUVADA, act as terminators for the SARS-CoV-2 RdRp catalyzed reaction. These results provide a molecular basis to evaluate the potential of DESCOVY and TRUVADA as PrEP for COVID-19.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jockusch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chien, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirchdoerfer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ju, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.03.022939</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Triphosphates of the Two Components in DESCOVY and TRUVADA are Inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 Polymerase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.03.022970v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Role of transmembrane helix 6 in substrate recognition of the amino acid transporter MhsT 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.03.022970v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MhsT of Bacillus halodurans is a transporter of hydrophobic amino acids and a homologue of the eukaryotic SLC6 family of Na+-dependent symporters for amino acids, neurotransmitters, osmolytes, or creatine. The broad range of transported amino acids by MhsT prompted the investigation of the substrate recognition mechanism. Here, we report six new substrate-bound structures of MhsT, which, in conjunction with functional studies, reveal how the flexibility of a Gly-Met-Gly (GMG) motif in the unwound region of transmembrane segment 6 (TM6) is central for the recognition of substrates of different size by tailoring the binding site shape and volume. MhsT mutants, harboring substitutions within the unwound GMG loop and substrate binding pocket that mimick the binding sites of eukaryotic SLC6A18/B0AT3 and SLC6A19/B0AT1 transporters of neutral amino acids, exhibited impaired transport of aromatic amino acids that require a large binding site volume. Conservation of a general (G/A/C){Phi}G motif among eukaryotic members of SLC6 family suggests a role for this loop in a common mechanism for substrate recognition and translocation by SLC6 transporters of broad substrate specificity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nissen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quick, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blunck, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyons, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neumann, C. M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Focht, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javitch, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eguskiza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malinauskaite, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwarz, I. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.03.022970</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Role of transmembrane helix 6 in substrate recognition of the amino acid transporter MhsT]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.03.023986v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular development of muscle spindle and Golgi tendon organ sensory afferents revealed by single proprioceptor transcriptome analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.03.023986v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anatomical and physiological analyses have long revealed differences between proprioceptive groups Ia, II, and Ib sensory neurons, yet the molecular correlates of these three muscle afferent subtypes remain unknown. We performed single cell RNA sequencing of genetically identified adult proprioceptors and, using unbiased bioinformatics approaches, detected five molecularly distinct neuronal clusters. Validation of cluster-specific transcripts in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and skeletal muscle provides evidence these clusters correspond to functionally distinct muscle spindle (MS) or Golgi tendon organ (GTO) afferent proprioceptors. Remarkably, while we uncovered just one type of GTO afferents, four of the five clusters represent MS afferents, thus demonstrating a previously unappreciated diversity among these muscle proprioceptors. In vitro electrophysiological recordings reveal just two broadly distinct proprioceptor types, and suggest that the refinement of functional subtype diversity may occur along multiple axes of maturation. Lineage analysis between proprioceptor transcriptomes at different developmental stages show little or no correlation for transcripts that define adult MS or GTO afferents, supporting the idea that proprioceptor subtype identity emerges late in development. Together, our data provide the first comprehensive molecular signature for groups Ia and II MS afferents and group Ib GTO afferents, and offer new strategies for genetic interrogation of the role of these individual proprioceptor subtypes in regulating voluntary motor behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oliver, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florez-Paz, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badea, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mentis, G. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Nooij, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.03.023986</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular development of muscle spindle and Golgi tendon organ sensory afferents revealed by single proprioceptor transcriptome analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.03.024398v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep whole genome sequencing of multiple proband tissues and parental blood reveals the complex genetic etiology of congenital diaphragmatic hernias 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.03.024398v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The diaphragm is a mammalian muscle critical for respiration and separation of the thoracic and abdominal cavities. Defects in the development of the diaphragm are the cause of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), a common birth defect. In CDH, weaknesses in the developing diaphragm allow abdominal contents to herniate into the thoracic cavity and impair lung development, leading to a high neonatal mortality. The genetic etiology of CDH is complex. Single nucleotide variants (SNVs), insertion/deletions (indels), and structural/copy number variants in more than 150 genes have been associated with CDH, although few genes are recurrently mutated in multiple patients and recurrently mutated genes can be incompletely penetrant. This suggests that multiple genetic variants in combination, other not yet investigated classes of variants, and/or nongenetic factors contribute to CDH susceptibility. However, to date no studies have comprehensively investigated the contribution of all possible classes of variants throughout the genome to the etiology of CDH. In our study, we used a unique cohort of four patients with isolated CDH with samples from blood, skin, and diaphragm connective tissue and parental blood samples and deep whole genome sequencing to assess germline and somatic de novo and inherited variants of various sizes (SNVs, indels, and structural variants) in exons, introns, UTRs, and intergenic regions. In each patient we found a different mutational landscape that included germline de novo, and inherited SNVs and indels in multiple genes. We also found in two patients an inherited 343 bp deletion interrupting an annotated enhancer of the CDH associated gene, GATA4, and we hypothesize that this common deletion (found in 1-2% of the population) acts as a sensitizing allele for CDH. Overall, our comprehensive reconstruction of the genetic architecture of four CDH individuals demonstrates that the etiology of CDH is heterogeneous and multifactorial.

AUTHOR SUMMARYDeep whole genome sequencing of family trios shows that etiology of congenital diaphragmatic hernias is heterogeneous and multifactorial.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bogenschutz, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, Z. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wynn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aspelund, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yandell, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kardon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.03.024398</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep whole genome sequencing of multiple proband tissues and parental blood reveals the complex genetic etiology of congenital diaphragmatic hernias]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.06.027102v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The evolution of red colour vision is linked to coordinated rhodopsin tuning in lycaenid butterflies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.06.027102v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Colour vision is largely mediated by changes in number, expression, and spectral properties of rhodopsins, but the genetic mechanisms underlying adaptive shifts in spectral sensitivity remain largely unexplored. Using in vivo photochemistry, optophysiology, and in vitro functional assays, we link variation in eye spectral sensitivity at long wavelengths to species-specific absorbance spectra for LW opsins in lycaenid butterflies. In addition to loci specifying an ancestral green-absorbing rhodopsin with maximum spectral sensitivity ({lambda}max) at 520-530 nm in Callophrys sheridanii and Celastrina ladon, we find a novel form of red-shifted LW rhodopsin at {lambda}max = 565-570 nm in Arhopala japonica and Eumaeus atala. Furthermore, we show that Ca. sheridanii and Ce. ladon exhibit a smaller bathochromic shift at BRh2 (480-489 nm), and with the ancestral LW rhodopsin, cannot perceive visible red light beyond 600 nm. In contrast, molecular variation at the LW opsin in A. japonica and E. atala is coordinated with tuning of the blue opsin that also shifts sensitivity to longer wavelengths enabling colour discrimination up to 617 nm. We then use E. atala as a model to examine the interplay between red and blue spectral sensitivity. Owing to blue duplicate expression, the spatial distribution of opsin mRNAs within an ommatidium defines an expanded retinal stochastic mosaic of at least six opsin-based photoreceptor classes. Our mutagenesis in vitro assays with BRh1 ({lambda}max = 435 nm) chimeric blue rhodopsins reveal four main residues contributing to the 65 nm bathochromic shift towards BRh2 ({lambda}max = 500 nm). Adaptations in this four-opsin visual system are relevant for discrimination of conspecific reflectance spectra in E. atala. Together, these findings illustrate how functional changes at multiple rhodopsins contribute to the evolution of a broader spectral sensitivity and adaptation in visual performance.

Significance StatementRhodopsins are photosensitive protein molecules that absorb specific wavelengths of incoming light and convey colour information in the visual system. We show that molecular evolution in a green insect opsin gene resulted in a shift in its maximal absorbance peak, enabling some lycaenid butterflies to use spectral energy of longer wavelengths (LW) to discriminate colours in the red spectrum better than relatives bearing ancestral green LW rhodopsins. Lycaenids also evolved a duplicate blue opsin gene, and we illustrate an example where species equipped with red LW rhodopsins shifted their blue sensitivity peak to longer wavelengths due to changes in several blue-tuning residues that have evolved repeatedly in different insect lineages. We demonstrate how changes at multiple vision genes in the insect eye effectively create a coordinated mechanism expanding spectral sensitivity for visually guided behaviours such as selecting host plants and mates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lienard, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernard, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lassance, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabideau Childers, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephenson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valencia Montoya, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitaker, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calonje, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierce, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.06.027102</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The evolution of red colour vision is linked to coordinated rhodopsin tuning in lycaenid butterflies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.07.029975v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Harsh Microenvironment in Early Breast Cancer Select for a Warburg Phenotype 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.07.029975v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The harsh microenvironment of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) exerts strong evolutionary selection pressures on cancer cells. We hypothesize that the poor metabolic conditions near the ductal center foment the emergence of a Warburg Effect (WE) phenotype, wherein cells rapidly ferment glucose to lactic acid, even in normoxia. To test this hypothesis, we subjected pre-malignant breast cancer cells to different microenvironmental selection pressures using combinations of hypoxia, acidosis, low glucose, and starvation for many months, and isolated single clones for metabolic and transcriptomic profiling. The two harshest conditions selected for constitutively expressed WE phenotypes. RNA-seq analysis of WE clones identified the transcription factors NF[kcy]B and KLF4 as potential inducers of the WE phenotype. NF[kcy]B was highly phosphorylated in the glycolytic clones. In stained DCIS samples, KLF4 expression was enriched in the area with the harshest microenvironmental conditions. We simulated in vivo DCIS phenotypic evolution using a mathematical model calibrated from the in vitro results. The WE phenotype emerged in the poor metabolic conditions near the necrotic core. We propose that harsh microenvironments within DCIS select for a Warburg phenotype through constitutive transcriptional reprogramming, thus conferring a survival advantage and facilitating further growth and invasion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Damaghi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson-Tessi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrall-Fairbanks, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Persi, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fridley, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altrock, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gatenby, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sims, p. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillies, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.07.029975</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Harsh Microenvironment in Early Breast Cancer Select for a Warburg Phenotype]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.07.030205v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dual mechanisms of ictal high frequency oscillations in human rhythmic onset seizures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.07.030205v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High frequency oscillations (HFOs) recorded from intracranial electrodes during epileptiform discharges are a proposed biomarker of epileptic brain tissue and may also be useful for seizure forecasting, with mixed results. Despite such potential for HFOs, there is limited investigation into the spatial context of HFOs and their relationship to simultaneously recorded neuronal activity. We sought to further understand the biophysical underpinnings of ictal HFOs using unit recordings in the human neocortex and mesial temporal lobe during rhythmic onset seizures. We compare features of ictal discharges in both the seizure core and penumbra (spatial seizure domains defined by multiunit activity patterns). We report differences in spectral features, unit-local field potential coupling, and information theoretic characteristics of HFOs before and after local seizure invasion. Furthermore, we tie these timing-related differences to spatial domains of seizures, showing that penumbral discharges are widely distributed and less useful for seizure localization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merricks, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liou, J.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadei, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melloni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thesen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emerson, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKhann, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolston, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schevon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.07.030205</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dual mechanisms of ictal high frequency oscillations in human rhythmic onset seizures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.09.034520v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel luminescence-based β-arrestin membrane recruitment assay for unmodified GPCRs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.09.034520v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) signal through activation of G proteins and subsequent modulation of downstream effectors. More recently, G protein-independent signaling via the arrestin pathway has also been implicated in important physiological functions. This has led to great interest in the identification of biased ligands that favor either the G protein or arrestin-signaling pathways. Currently available screening techniques that measure arrestin recruitment have required C-terminal receptor modifications that can in principle alter protein interactions and thus signaling. Here, we have developed a novel luminescence-based assay to measure arrestin recruitment to any unmodified receptor.

NanoLuc, an engineered luciferase from ophlorus gracilirostris (deep sea shrimp), is smaller and brighter than other well-established luciferases. Recently, several publications have explored functional NanoLuc split sites for use in complementation assays. Here, we have identified a novel split site and have fused the N-terminal fragment to a membrane tether and the C-terminal fragment to the N-terminus of either {beta}-arrestin 1 or 2. Upon receptor activation, arrestin is recruited to the plasma membrane in an agonist concentration-dependent manner and the two NanoLuc fragments complement to reconstitute functional luciferase, which allows quantification of recruitment with a single luminescence signal. Our assay avoids potential artifacts related to C-terminal receptor modification. The split NanoLuc arrestin recruitment assay has promise as a new generic assay for measuring arrestin recruitment to diverse GPCR types in heterologous or native cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hauge Pedersen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancebo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inoue, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javitch, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.09.034520</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel luminescence-based β-arrestin membrane recruitment assay for unmodified GPCRs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.11.034603v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-Type-Specific Expression of Renin-Angiotensin-System Components in the Human Body and Its Relevance to SARS-CoV-2 Infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.11.034603v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We have analyzed the cell-type-specific expression of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) components across 141 cell types or subtypes as defined by single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) analysis. ACE2, one of the components of RAS, also facilitates SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells in cooperation with its associated protease TMPRSS2. Therefore, our analysis also contributes to the understanding of SARS-CoV-2 infection, spreading of the virus throughout the body, and potential viral interference with RAS in COVID-19 patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Suryawanshi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morozov, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuschl, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muthukumar, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>tenOever, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamaji, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.11.034603</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-Type-Specific Expression of Renin-Angiotensin-System Components in the Human Body and Its Relevance to SARS-CoV-2 Infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.16.021444v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Areas of global importance for terrestrial biodiversity, carbon, and water 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.16.021444v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary paragraphTo meet the ambitious objectives of biodiversity and climate conventions, countries and the international community require clarity on how these objectives can be operationalized spatially, and multiple targets be pursued concurrently1. To support governments and political conventions, spatial guidance is needed to identify which areas should be managed for conservation to generate the greatest synergies between biodiversity and natures contribution to people (NCP). Here we present results from a joint optimization that maximizes improvements in species conservation status, carbon retention and water provisioning and rank terrestrial conservation priorities globally. We found that, selecting the top-ranked 30% (respectively 50%) of areas would conserve 62.4% (86.8%) of the estimated total carbon stock and 67.8% (90.7%) of all clean water provisioning, in addition to improving the conservation status for 69.7% (83.8%) of all species considered. If priority was given to biodiversity only, managing 30% of optimally located land area for conservation may be sufficient to improve the conservation status of 86.3% of plant and vertebrate species on Earth. Our results provide a global baseline on where land could be managed for conservation. We discuss how such a spatial prioritisation framework can support the implementation of the biodiversity and climate conventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jung, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Lamo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Rangel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merow, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miles, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ondo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pironon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravilious, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schepashenko, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tallowin, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Soesbergen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Govaerts, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyle, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enquist, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maitner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulligan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ofer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanson, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jetz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Marco, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGowan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rinnan, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachs, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesiv, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burger, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hannah, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marquet, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morueta-Holme, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newman, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roehrdanz, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svenning, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Violle, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wieringa,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.16.021444</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Areas of global importance for terrestrial biodiversity, carbon, and water]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.16.044818v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
KIF13A mediates the activity-dependent transport of ESCRT-0 proteins in axons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.16.044818v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Turnover of synaptic vesicle (SV) proteins is vital for the maintenance of healthy and functional synapses. SV protein turnover is driven by neuronal activity in an ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport)-dependent manner. Here, we characterize a critical step in this process: axonal transport of ESCRT-0 component Hrs, necessary for sorting proteins into the ESCRT pathway and recruiting downstream ESCRT machinery to catalyze multivesicular body (MVB) formation. We find that neuronal activity stimulates the formation of presynaptic endosomes and MVBs, as well as the motility of Hrs+ vesicles in axons and their delivery to SV pools. Hrs+ vesicles co-transport ESCRT-0 component STAM1 and comprise a subset of Rab5+ vesicles, likely representing pro-degradative early endosomes. Furthermore, we identify kinesin motor protein KIF13A as essential for the activity-dependent transport of Hrs to SV pools and the degradation of SV membrane proteins. Together, these data demonstrate a novel activity- and KIF13A-dependent mechanism for mobilizing axonal transport of ESCRT machinery to facilitate the degradation of SV membrane proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Birdsall, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imoto, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waites, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.16.044818</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[KIF13A mediates the activity-dependent transport of ESCRT-0 proteins in axons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.16.045609v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automatic Landmark-guided Bijective Brain Image Registration by Composing Region-based Locally Diffeomorphic Warpings 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.16.045609v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As the size of the neuroimaging cohorts being increased to address key questions in the field of cognitive neuroscience, cognitive aging, and neurodegenerative diseases, the accuracy of the spatial normalization as an essential pre-processing step becomes extremely important in the neuroimaging processing pipeline. Existing spatial normalization methods have poor accuracy particularly when dealing with the highly convoluted human cerebral cortex and when brain morphology is severely altered (e.g. clinical and aging populations). To address this shortcoming, we propose to implement and evaluate a novel landmark-guided region-based spatial normalization technique that takes advantage of the existing surface-based human brain parcellation to automatically identify and match regional landmarks. To simplify the non-linear whole brain registration, the identified landmarks of each region and their counterparts are registered independently with large diffeomorphic (topology preserving) deformation via geodesic shooting. The regional diffeomorphic warping fields were combined by an inverse distance weighted interpolation technique to have a smooth global warping field for the whole brain. To ensure that the final warping field is diffeomorphic, we used simultaneously forward and reverse maps with certain symmetric constraints to yield bijectivity. We have evaluated our proposed method using both simulated and real (structural and functional) human brain images. Our evaluation shows that our method can enhance structural correspondence up to around 86%, a 67% improvement compared to the existing state-of-the-art method. Such improvement also increases the sensitivity and specificity of the functional imaging studies by about 17%, reducing the required number of subjects and subsequent costs. We conclude that our proposed method can effectively substitute existing substandard spatial normalization methods to deal with the demand of large cohorts and the need for investigating clinical and aging populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razlighi, Q. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.16.045609</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automatic Landmark-guided Bijective Brain Image Registration by Composing Region-based Locally Diffeomorphic Warpings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.17.046052v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dense encoding of developmental regulatory information may constrain evolvability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.17.046052v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene regulatory changes underlie much of phenotypic evolution. However, the evolutionary potential of regulatory evolution is unknown, because most evidence comes from either natural variation or limited experimental perturbations. Surveying an unbiased mutation library for a developmental enhancer in Drosophila melanogaster using an automated robotics pipeline, we found that most mutations alter gene expression. Our results suggest that regulatory information is distributed throughout most of a developmental enhancer and that parameters of gene expression--levels, location, and state--are convolved. The widespread pleiotropic effects of most mutations and the codependency of outputs may constrain the evolvability of developmental enhancers. Consistent with these observations, comparisons of diverse drosophilids reveal mainly stasis and apparent biases in the phenotypes influenced by this enhancer. Developmental enhancers may encode a much higher density of regulatory information than has been appreciated previously, which may impose constraints on regulatory evolution.

Quote"Rock, robot rock

Rock, robot rock

Rock, robot rock"

Daft Punk (2005)
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fuqua, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Breugel, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halavatyi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tischer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polidoro, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abe, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crocker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.17.046052</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dense encoding of developmental regulatory information may constrain evolvability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.20.048066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Host, Viral, and Environmental Transcriptome Profiles of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.20.048066v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused thousands of deaths worldwide, including >18,000 in New York City (NYC) alone. The sudden emergence of this pandemic has highlighted a pressing clinical need for rapid, scalable diagnostics that can detect infection, interrogate strain evolution, and identify novel patient biomarkers. To address these challenges, we designed a fast (30-minute) colorimetric test (LAMP) for SARS-CoV-2 infection from naso/oropharyngeal swabs, plus a large-scale shotgun metatranscriptomics platform (total-RNA-seq) for host, bacterial, and viral profiling. We applied both technologies across 857 SARS-CoV-2 clinical specimens and 86 NYC subway samples, providing a broad molecular portrait of the COVID-19 NYC outbreak. Our results define new features of SARS-CoV-2 evolution, nominate a novel, NYC-enriched viral subclade, reveal specific host responses in interferon, ACE, hematological, and olfaction pathways, and examine risks associated with use of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers. Together, these findings have immediate applications to SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics, public health, and new therapeutic targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Butler, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mozsary, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meydan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danko, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foox, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosiene, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaiber, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afshinnekoo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacKay, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlazeck, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanov, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sierra, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pohle, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeitz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gisladottir, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westover, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruggiero, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langhorst, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanner, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gawrys, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meleshko, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iftner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bezdan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sipley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craney, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melnick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hajirasouliha, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iftner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salvatore, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westblade, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cushing, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tatonetti, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imielinski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rennert, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.20.048066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Host, Viral, and Environmental Transcriptome Profiles of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.20.052142v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antibiotics may influence gut microbiome signaling to the brain in preterm neonates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.20.052142v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibiotic use in neonates can have detrimental effects on the developing gut microbiome, increasing the risk of morbidity. A majority of preterm neonates receive antibiotics after birth without clear evidence to guide this practice. Here microbiome, metabolomic, and immune marker results from the Routine Early Antibiotic use in SymptOmatic preterm Neonates (REASON) study are presented. The REASON study is the first trial to randomize symptomatic preterm neonates to receive or not receive antibiotics in the first 48 hours after birth. Using 16S rRNA sequencing of stool samples collected longitudinally for 91 neonates, the effect of such antibiotic use on microbiome diversity is assessed. The results illustrate that type of nutrition shapes the early infant gut microbiome. By integrating data for the gut microbiome, stool metabolites, stool immune markers, and inferred metabolic pathways, an association was discovered between Veillonella and the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). These results suggest early antibiotic use may impact the gut-brain axis with the potential for consequences in early life development, a finding that needs to be validated in a larger cohort.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Russell, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruoss, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de la Cruz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazacliu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patton, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lobean McKinley, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrett, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polin, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Triplett, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.20.052142</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antibiotics may influence gut microbiome signaling to the brain in preterm neonates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.22.055327v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparison of Cepheid Xpert Xpress and Abbott ID Now to Roche cobas for the Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.22.055327v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has created an urgent and unprecedented need for rapid large-scale diagnostic testing to inform timely patient management. This study compared two recently-authorized rapid tests, Cepheid Xpert Xpress SARS-CoV-2 and Abbott ID Now SARS-CoV-2 to the Roche cobas SARS-CoV-2 assay. A total of 113 nasopharyngeal swabs were tested, including 88 positives spanning the full range of observed Ct values on the cobas assay. Compared to cobas, the overall positive agreement was 73.9% with ID Now and 98.9% with Xpert. Negative agreement was 100% and 92.0% for ID Now and Xpert, respectively. Both ID Now and Xpert showed 100% positive agreement for medium and high viral concentrations (Ct value <30). However, for Ct values >30, positive agreement was 34.3% for ID Now and 97.1% for Xpert. These findings highlight an important limitation of ID Now for specimens collected in viral or universal transport media with low viral concentrations. Further studies are needed to evaluate the performance of ID Now for direct swabs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smithgall, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scherberkova, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whittier, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.22.055327</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparison of Cepheid Xpert Xpress and Abbott ID Now to Roche cobas for the Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.22.056341v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deconvolution of Cell Type-Specific Drug Responses in Human Tumor Tissue with Single-Cell RNA-seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.22.056341v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precision oncology requires the timely selection of effective drugs for individual patients. An ideal platform would enable rapid screening of cell type-specific drug sensitivities directly in patient tumor tissue and reveal strategies to overcome intratumoral heterogeneity. Here we combine multiplexed drug perturbation in acute slice culture from freshly resected tumors with single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to profile transcriptome-wide drug responses. We applied this approach to glioblastoma (GBM) and demonstrated that acute slice cultures from individual patients recapitulate the cellular and molecular features of the originating tumor tissue. Detailed investigation of etoposide, a topoisomerase poison, and the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor panobinostat in acute slice cultures revealed cell type-specific responses across multiple patients, including unexpected effects on the immune microenvironment. We anticipate that this approach will facilitate rapid, personalized drug screening to identify effective therapies for solid tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dovas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spinazzi, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levitin, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhyayula, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudhakar, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marie, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otten, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sisti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruce, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canoll, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sims, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.22.056341</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deconvolution of Cell Type-Specific Drug Responses in Human Tumor Tissue with Single-Cell RNA-seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.23.057877v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA-PKcs phosphorylation at the T2609 cluster alters the repair pathway choice during immunoglobulin class switch recombination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.23.057877v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), composed of the KU heterodimer and the large catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), is a classical non-homologous end-joining (cNHEJ) factor. Naive B cells undergo class switch recombination (CSR) to generate antibodies with different isotypes by joining two DNA double-strand breaks at different switching regions via the cNHEJ pathway. DNA-PK and the cNHEJ pathway play important roles in the DNA repair phase of CSR. To initiate cNHEJ, KU binds to DNA ends, and recruits and activates DNA-PK. DNA-PKcs is the best-characterized substrate of DNA-PK, which phosphorylates DNA-PKcs at both the S2056 and T2609 clusters. Loss of T2609 cluster phosphorylation increases radiation sensitivity, suggesting a role of T2609 phosphorylation in DNA repair. Using the DNA-PKcs5A mouse model carrying an alanine substitution at the T2609 cluster, here we show that loss of T2609 phosphorylation of DNA-PKcs does not affect the CSR efficiency. Yet, the CSR junctions recovered from DNA-PKcs5A/5A B cells reveal increased chromosomal translocation, excess end-resection, and preferential usage of micro-homology - all signs of the alternative end-joining pathway. Thus, these results uncover a role of DNA-PKcs T2609 phosphorylation in promoting cNHEJ repair pathway choice during CSR.

Key pointsLoss of T2069 cluster phosphorylation of DNA-PKcs promotes Alt-EJ-mediated CSR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crowe, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estes, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.23.057877</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA-PKcs phosphorylation at the T2609 cluster alters the repair pathway choice during immunoglobulin class switch recombination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.23.058339v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Circuits for integrating learnt and innate valences in the fly brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.23.058339v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animal behavior is shaped both by evolution and by individual experience. In many species parallel brain pathways are thought to encode innate and learnt behavior drives and as a result may link the same sensory cue to different actions if innate and learnt drives are in opposition. How these opposing drives are integrated into a single coherent action is not well understood. In insects, the Mushroom Body Output Neurons (MBONs) and the Lateral Horn Neurons (LHNs) are thought to provide the learnt and innate drives, respectively. However their patterns of convergence and the mechanisms by which their outputs are used to select actions are not well understood. We used electron microscopy reconstruction to comprehensively map the downstream targets of all MBONs in Drosophila larva and characterise their patterns of convergence with LHNs. We discovered convergence neurons that receive direct input from MBONs and LHNs and compare opposite behaviour drives. Functional imaging and optogenetic manipulation suggest these convergence neurons compute the overall predicted value of approaching or avoiding an odor and mediate action selection. Our study describes the circuit mechanisms allowing integration of opposing drives from parallel olfactory pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eschbach, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fushiki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winding, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afonso, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrade, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cocanougher, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gepner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Si, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdes-Aleman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fetter, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershow, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jefferis, G. S. X. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Truman, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardona, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zlatic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.23.058339</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Circuits for integrating learnt and innate valences in the fly brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.23.058776v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Library of Nucleotide Analogues Terminate RNA Synthesis Catalyzed by Polymerases of Coronaviruses Causing SARS and COVID-19 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.23.058776v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2, a member of the coronavirus family, is responsible for the current COVID-19 worldwide pandemic. We previously demonstrated that five nucleotide analogues inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), including the active triphosphate forms of Sofosbuvir, Alovudine, Zidovudine, Tenofovir alafenamide and Emtricitabine. We report here the evaluation of a library of additional nucleoside triphosphate analogues with a variety of structural and chemical features as inhibitors of the RdRps of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. These features include modifications on the sugar (2 or 3 modifications, carbocyclic, acyclic, or dideoxynucleotides) or on the base. The goal is to identify nucleotide analogues that not only terminate RNA synthesis catalyzed by these coronavirus RdRps, but also have the potential to resist the viruses exonuclease activity. We examined these nucleotide analogues with regard to their ability to be incorporated by the RdRps in the polymerase reaction and then prevent further incorporation. While all 11 molecules tested displayed incorporation, 6 exhibited immediate termination of the polymerase reaction (Carbovir triphosphate, Ganciclovir triphosphate, Stavudine triphosphate, Entecavir triphosphate, 3-O-methyl UTP and Biotin-16-dUTP), 2 showed delayed termination (Cidofovir diphosphate and 2-O-methyl UTP), and 3 did not terminate the polymerase reaction (2-fluoro-dUTP, 2-amino-dUTP and Desthiobiotin-16-UTP). The coronavirus genomes encode an exonuclease that apparently requires a 2 -OH group to excise mismatched bases at the 3-terminus. In this study, all of the nucleoside triphosphate analogues we evaluated form Watson-Cricklike base pairs. All the nucleotide analogues which demonstrated termination either lack a 2-OH, have a blocked 2-OH, or show delayed termination. These nucleotides may thus have the potential to resist exonuclease activity, a property that we will investigate in the future. Furthermore, prodrugs of five of these nucleotide analogues (Brincidofovir/Cidofovir, Abacavir, Valganciclovir/Ganciclovir, Stavudine and Entecavir) are FDA approved for other viral infections, and their safety profile is well known. Thus, they can be evaluated rapidly as potential therapies for COVID-19.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jockusch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chien, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirchdoerfer, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ju, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.23.058776</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Library of Nucleotide Analogues Terminate RNA Synthesis Catalyzed by Polymerases of Coronaviruses Causing SARS and COVID-19]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.24.059980v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DIY-NAMIC behavior: A high-throughput method to measure complex phenotypes in the homecage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.24.059980v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Complex behavioral assessment is becoming increasingly necessary in order to comprehensively assess in vivo manipulations in rodent models. Using operant behavioral paradigms provides rich data sets allowing for the careful analysis of behavioral phenotypes. However, one major limitation in these studies is the expense and work-load that are required using traditional methods. The equipment for commercial operant boxes can be prohibitively expensive, and the daily experimenter effort and mouse costs required for these studies is extensive. Rodents are generally trained on task-specific paradigms for months, tested every day for 5-7 days per week. Additionally, appetitive paradigms usually require food restriction and are also commonly run in the non-active light phase of the rodent circadian rhythm. These limitations make operant behavioral testing especially difficult during adolescence, a time period of interest with regards to the development of adult-like phenotypes and a high-risk period for the development of neuropsychiatric disorders, including those which involve impulsive behavior. In order to address these issues, we developed an automated, inexpensive, open-source method which allows the implementation of most standard operant paradigms in the homecage of rodents in shorter time frames without food restriction, and with much less experimenter effort. All construction and code for the DIY Nautiyal Automated Modular Instrumental Conditioning (DIY-NAMIC) system are open source. We demonstrate their utility here by measuring impulsive behavior in a pharmacology experiment, as well as in adolescent mice.Significance statement Rigorous behavioral assessment is critical to understand the neural basis of neuropsychiatric disorders using animal models. Operant behavioral paradigms provide the ability to measure complex phenotypes, however, traditional methods generally require time-consuming daily training for many weeks. We designed, built, and tested an open-source automated homecage system for appetitive instrumental conditioning that enables testing in shorter timeframes with reduced experimenter effort.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacefield, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shea, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nautiyal, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.24.059980</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DIY-NAMIC behavior: A high-throughput method to measure complex phenotypes in the homecage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.25.060269v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular dynamics simulations of protein aggregation: protocols for simulation setup and analysis with Markov state models and transition networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.25.060269v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein disorder and aggregation play significant roles in the pathogenesis of numerous neuro-degenerative diseases, such as Alzheimers and Parkinsons disease. The end products of the aggregation process in these diseases are {beta}-sheet rich amyloid fibrils. Though in most cases small, soluble oligomers formed during amyloid aggregation are the toxic species. A full understanding of the physicochemical forces behind the protein aggregation process is required if one aims to reveal the molecular basis of the various amyloid diseases. Among a multitude of biophysical and biochemical techniques that are employed for studying protein aggregation, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations at the atomic level provide the highest temporal and spatial resolution of this process, capturing key steps during the formation of amyloid oligomers. Here we provide a step-by-step guide for setting up, running, and analyzing MD simulations of aggregating peptides using GROMACS. For the analysis we provide the scripts that were developed in our lab, which allow to determine the oligomer size and inter-peptide contacts that drive the aggregation process. Moreover, we explain and provide the tools to derive Markov state models and transition networks from MD data of peptide aggregation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Samantray, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumann, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Illig, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strodel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.25.060269</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular dynamics simulations of protein aggregation: protocols for simulation setup and analysis with Markov state models and transition networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.26.061465v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A quantitative model for the regulation of innate immune activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.26.061465v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The immune system employs a wide variety of strategies to protect the body from infection. Cells such as natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages can recognize and eliminate targets with aberrant surface ligand expression in a manner that is not antigen-specific. This innate mechanism of activation must be tightly regulated to prevent autoimmunity. Here we introduce a quantitative model of the regulation of nonspecific activation inspired by Bayesian inference. Our model captures known behaviors of innate immune cells, including adaptation to changing environments and the development of hyposensitivity after prolonged exposure to activating signals. Our analysis also reveals a tradeoff between precision and adaptation. Maintaining the ability to adapt to different environments leads to heterogeneous responses, even for hypothetical populations of immune cells and targets that have identical surface receptor and ligand expression. Collectively, our results describe an adaptive algorithm for self/nonself discrimination that functions even in the absence of antigen restriction. The same model could also apply more broadly to the adaptive regulation of activation for other immune cell types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mace, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barton, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.26.061465</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A quantitative model for the regulation of innate immune activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.27.064170v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Permutation-based Identification of Important Biomarkers for Complex Diseases via Black-box Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.27.064170v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Study of human disease remains challenging due to convoluted disease etiologies and complex molecular mechanisms at genetic, genomic, and proteomic levels. Many machine learning-based methods, including deep learning and random forest, have been developed and widely used to alleviate some analytic challenges in complex human disease studies. While enjoying the modeling flexibility and robustness, these model frameworks suffer from non-transparency and difficulty in interpreting the role of each individual feature due to their intrinsic black-box natures. However, identifying important biomarkers associated with complex human diseases is a critical pursuit towards assisting researchers to establish novel hypotheses regarding prevention, diagnosis and treatment of complex human diseases. Herein, we propose a Permutation-based Feature Importance Test (PermFIT) for estimating and testing the feature importance, and for assisting interpretation of individual feature in various black-box frameworks, including deep neural networks, random forests, and support vector machines. PermFIT (available at https://github.com/SkadiEye/deepTL) is implemented in a computationally efficient manner, without model refitting for each permuted data. We conduct extensive numerical studies under various scenarios, and show that PermFIT not only yields valid statistical inference, but also helps to improve the prediction accuracy of black-box models with top selected features. With the application to the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) kidney tumor data and the HITChip atlas BMI data, PermFIT clearly demonstrates its practical usage in identifying important biomarkers and boosting performance of black-box predictive models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.27.064170</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Permutation-based Identification of Important Biomarkers for Complex Diseases via Black-box Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.28.066670v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dopamine D2R upregulation in nucleus accumbens indirect pathway does not affect Pavlovian and Go/No-Go Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.28.066670v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ventral striatal dopamine is thought to be important for associative learning. Dopamine exerts its role via activation of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in the ventral striatum. Upregulation of dopamine D2R in the indirect pathway of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) impairs incentive motivation via inhibiting synaptic transmission to the ventral pallidum. Here, we determined whether upregulation of D2Rs and the resulting impairment in indirect pathway function modulates associative learning in an auditory Pavlovian reward learning task as well as Go/No-Go learning in an operant based reward driven Go/No-Go task. We found that upregulation of D2Rs in indirect pathway neurons of the NAc did not affect Pavlovian learning or the extinction of Pavlovian responses, and neither did it alter No-Go learning. A delay in the Go component of the task however could indicate a deficit in learning though it may be attributed to locomotor hyperactivity of the mice. In combination with previously published findings our data suggest that D2Rs in the NAc core play a specific role in regulating motivation by balancing cost/benefit computations but do not necessarily affect associative learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martyniuk, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dandeneau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balsam, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellendonk, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.28.066670</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dopamine D2R upregulation in nucleus accumbens indirect pathway does not affect Pavlovian and Go/No-Go Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.28.067025v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Placental microRNA Expression Associates with Birthweight through Control of Adipokines: Results from Two Independent Cohorts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.28.067025v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MicroRNAs are non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. In the placenta, the master regulator of fetal growth and development, microRNAs shape the basic processes of trophoblast biology and specific microRNA have been associated with fetal growth. To comprehensively assess the role of microRNAs in placental function and fetal development, we have performed small RNA sequencing to profile placental microRNAs from two independent mother-infant cohorts: the Rhode Island Child Health Study (n=225) and the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (n=317). We modeled microRNA counts on infant birthweight percentile (BWP) in each cohort, while accounting for race, sex, parity and technical factors, using negative binomial generalized linear models. We identified microRNAs that were differentially expressed (DEmiRs) with BWP at false discovery rate (FDR) less than 0.05 in both cohorts. hsa-miR-532-5p (miR-532) was positively associated with BWP in both cohorts. By integrating parallel whole transcriptome and small RNA sequencing in the RICHS cohort, we identified putative targets of miR-532. These targets are enriched for pathways involved in adipogenesis, adipocytokine signaling, energy metabolism and hypoxia response, and included Leptin, which we further demonstrated to have decreasing expression with increasing BWP, particularly in male infants. Overall, we have shown a robust and reproducible association of miR-532 with BWP, which could influence BWP through regulation of adipocytokines Leptin and Adiponectin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermetz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Everson, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deyssenroth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karagas, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pei, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koestler, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsit, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.28.067025</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Placental microRNA Expression Associates with Birthweight through Control of Adipokines: Results from Two Independent Cohorts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.30.060244v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lab-Based and Self-Reported Indices of Fitness Show Lowered Fitness and Insight into Fitness in Individuals at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.30.060244v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionExercise is a promising intervention for clinical high-risk for psychosis (CHR) populations, who have attenuated positive symptoms, but evidence suggests that these youth may require tailored exercise interventions. Presently, the scope of the problem is unknown, as these youth may not be reliable reporters on fitness. This issue is compounded by the fact that there have been no investigations that utilized a formal fitness assessment in this critical population. The present study aims to determine the level of fitness in CHR youth with lab-based measures, test how effectively self-report measures characterize objective fitness indices, and explore clinical factors that may be interrupting reliable self-report-an important tool if these interventions are to be taken to scale.

MethodsForty CHR individuals completed an exercise survey and lab-based indices of fitness (i.e., VO2max and BMI). Forty healthy volunteers completed lab indices of fitness and a structured clinical interview ruling out the presence of psychiatric illness.

ResultsCHR youth showed greater BMI and lower VO2max compared to healthy volunteers. In the CHR group, abstract self-report items (perceived fitness) did not reflect lab indices of fitness, whereas specific exercise behaviors (intensity of exercise) showed stronger correlations with laboratory-based fitness measurements. Exploratory analyses suggested that positive symptoms involving grandiosity, and negative symptoms such as avolition, correlated with discrepancy between self-perception and laboratory findings of fitness.

DiscussionResults suggest that CHR individuals are less objectively fit than matched controls, and that it will be important to consider unique population characteristics when weighing self-report data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Damme, K. S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sloan, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartels, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozsan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ospina, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimhy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittal, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.30.060244</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lab-Based and Self-Reported Indices of Fitness Show Lowered Fitness and Insight into Fitness in Individuals at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.30.064709v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-type specific gene expression profiling in heterogeneous in vitro cultures using epitope-tagged RPL22 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.30.064709v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic and genomic studies of brain disease increasingly demonstrate disease-associated interactions between the cell types of the brain. Increasingly complex and more physiologically relevant human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-based models better explore the molecular mechanisms underlying disease, but also challenge our ability to resolve cell-type specific perturbations. Here we report an extension of the RiboTag system, first developed to achieve cell-type restricted expression of epitope-tagged ribosomal protein (RPL22) in mouse tissue, to a variety of in vitro applications, including immortalized cell lines, primary mouse astrocytes, and hiPSC-derived neurons. RiboTag expression enables efficient depletion of off-target RNA in mixed species primary co-cultures and in hiPSC-derived neural progenitor cells, motor neurons, and GABAergic neurons. Nonetheless, depletion efficiency varies across independent experimental replicates. The challenges and potential of implementing RiboTags in complex in vitro cultures are discussed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gregory, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoelzli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdelaal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braine, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuevas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halpern, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barretto, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbalik, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schrode, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowles, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goderie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goate, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>temple, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennand, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phatnani, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.30.064709</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-type specific gene expression profiling in heterogeneous in vitro cultures using epitope-tagged RPL22]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.01.072157v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Release sites are positioned to activate NMDA receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.01.072157v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurotransmitter is released synchronously and asynchronously following an action potential. The release sites of these two phases are segregated within an active zone, with asynchronous release sites enriched near the center. Here we demonstrate that synchronous and asynchronous release sites are aligned with AMPA receptor and NMDA receptor clusters, respectively. Computational simulations indicate that this spatial and temporal arrangement of release ensures maximal membrane depolarization through AMPA receptors, alleviating the pore-blocking magnesium leading to greater activation of NMDA receptors. Together, these results suggest that release sites are organized to efficiently activate NMDA receptors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raychaudhuri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kusick, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prater, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Syed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falahati, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartol, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hosy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.01.072157</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Release sites are positioned to activate NMDA receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.01.072173v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adult-born granule cells support pathological microcircuits in the chronically epileptic dentate gyrus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.01.072173v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is characterized by recurrent seizures driven by synchronous neuronal activity. The dentate gyrus (DG) region of the hippocampal formation is highly reorganized in chronic TLE; in particular, pathological remodeling of the "dentate gate" is thought to open up pathological conduction pathways for synchronous discharges and seizures in the mesial temporal lobe. However, this pathophysiological framework lacks a mechanistic explanation of how macroscale synchronous dynamics emerge from alterations of the DG at the microcircuit level. In particular, the relative contribution of developmentally defined subpopulations of adult-born (abGCs) and mature (mGCs) granule cells to epileptiform network events remains unknown. To address this question, we optically recorded activity dynamics of identified populations of abGCs and mGCs during interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) in mice with chronic TLE. We find that disjoint subsets of IEDs differentially recruit abGC and mGC populations. We used these observations to develop a neural topic modeling framework, under which we find that the epileptic DG network organizes into disjoint, cell-type specific pathological ensembles, a subset of which are recruited by each IED. We found that statistics of this ensemble structure are highly conserved across animals, with abGCs disproportionately driving network activity in the epileptic DG during IEDs. Our results provide the first in vivo characterization of activity dynamics of identified GC subpopulations in the epileptic DG, the first microcircuit-level correlates of IEDs in vivo, and reveal a specific contribution of abGCs to interictal epileptic events.

HighlightsO_LIWe relate electrographic signatures of epilepsy to microcircuit dynamics at single-cell resolution
C_LIO_LIThe chronically epileptic dentate gyrus granule cell network is organized in lineage-specific pathological ensembles
C_LIO_LIA novel generative model framework for ensemble recruitment relates local field potential signatures to microcircuit activation during interictal epileptiform discharges
C_LIO_LIAdult-born granule cell-dominated ensembles are disproportionately represented among the inferred ensembles
C_LIO_LIThe most active ensemble during an interictal epileptiform discharge can be decoded directly from the local field potential spectrum
C_LIO_LIThis Latent Ensemble Recruitment model of cell recruitment by interictal events is the first application of Bayesian topic modeling to in vivo two-photon calcium imaging data
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sparks, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soltesz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Losonczy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.01.072173</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adult-born granule cells support pathological microcircuits in the chronically epileptic dentate gyrus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.01.072512v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neurodevelopmental deficits and cell-type-specific transcriptomic perturbations in a mouse model of HNRNPU haploinsufficiency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.01.072512v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heterozygous de novo loss-of-function mutations in the gene expression regulator HNRNPU cause an early-onset developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. To gain insight into pathological mechanisms and lay the potential groundwork for developing targeted therapies, we characterized the neurophysiologic and cell-type-specific transcriptomic consequences of a mouse model of HNRNPU haploinsufficiency. Heterozygous mutants demonstrated neuroanatomical abnormalities, global developmental delay, impaired ultrasonic vocalizations and increased seizure susceptibility, thus modeling aspects of the human disease. Single-cell RNA-sequencing of hippocampal and neocortical cells revealed widespread, yet modest, dysregulation of gene expression across mutant neuronal subtypes. We observed an increased burden of differentially-expressed genes in mutant excitatory neurons of the subiculum--a region of the hippocampus implicated in temporal lobe epilepsy. Evaluation of transcriptomic signature reversal as a therapeutic strategy highlights the potential importance of generating cell-type-specific signatures. Overall, this work provides insight into HNRNPU-mediated disease mechanisms, and provides a framework for using single-cell RNA-sequencing to study transcriptional regulators implicated in disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dugger, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhindsa, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Almeida Sampaio, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafikian, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teoh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colombo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boland, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frankel, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.01.072512</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neurodevelopmental deficits and cell-type-specific transcriptomic perturbations in a mouse model of HNRNPU haploinsufficiency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.02.072215v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oral pyruvate prevents glaucomatous neurodegeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.02.072215v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intraocular pressure-sensitive retinal ganglion cell degeneration is a hallmark of glaucoma, the leading cause of irreversible blindness. Converging evidence indicates that age-related bioenergetic insufficiency increases the vulnerability of retinal ganglion cells to intraocular pressure. To investigate further, we used metabolomics and RNA-sequencing to examine early glaucoma in DBA/2J mice. We demonstrate an intraocular pressure-dependent decline in retinal pyruvate levels coupled to dysregulated glucose metabolism prior to detectable optic nerve degeneration. Oral supplementation of pyruvate strongly protected from neurodegeneration in pre-clinical models of glaucoma. We detected mTOR activation at the mechanistic nexus of neurodegeneration and metabolism. Rapamycin-induced inhibition of mTOR robustly prevented glaucomatous neurodegeneration. Bioenergetic enhancement, in combination with intraocular pressure reduction, therefore provides a readily translatable strategy that warrants investigation in clinical trials.

FundingVetenskapsr[a]det 2018-02124 and StratNeuro StartUp grant (PAW). Pete Williams is supported by the Karolinska Institutet in the form of a Board of Research Faculty Funded Career Position and by St. Erik Eye Hospital philanthropic donations. EY011721 and the Barbra and Joseph Cohen Foundation and startup funds from Columbia University (SWMJ). Simon John is an Investigator of HHMI.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williams, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harder, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guymer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daskalakis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chidlow, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardozo, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foxworth, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cochran, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouellette, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheelock, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casson, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.02.072215</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oral pyruvate prevents glaucomatous neurodegeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.02.072645v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Formation of biomolecular condensates in bacteria by tuning protein electrostatics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.02.072645v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biomolecular condensates provide a strategy for cellular organization without a physical membrane barrier while allowing for dynamic, responsive organization of the cell. To date, very few biomolecular condensates have been identified in prokaryotes, presenting an obstacle to engineering these compartments in bacteria. As a novel strategy for bacterial compartmentalization, protein supercharging and complex coacervation were employed to engineer liquid-like condensates in E. coli. A simple model for the phase separation of supercharged proteins was developed and used to predict intracellular condensate formation. Herein, we demonstrate that GFP-dense condensates formed by expressing GFP variants of sufficient charge in cells are dynamic and enrich specific nucleic acid and protein components. This study provides a fundamental characterization of intracellular phase separation in E. coli driven by protein supercharging and highlights future utility in designing functional synthetic membraneless organelles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yeong, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werth, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obermeyer, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.02.072645</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Formation of biomolecular condensates in bacteria by tuning protein electrostatics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.02.073320v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of Drugs Blocking SARS-CoV-2 Infection using Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Colonic Organoids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.02.073320v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary ParagraphThe current COVID-19 pandemic is caused by SARS-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). There are currently no therapeutic options for mitigating this disease due to lack of a vaccine and limited knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 biology. As a result, there is an urgent need to create new disease models to study SARS-CoV-2 biology and to screen for therapeutics using human disease-relevant tissues. COVID-19 patients typically present with respiratory symptoms including cough, dyspnea, and respiratory distress, but nearly 25% of patients have gastrointestinal indications including anorexia, diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Moreover, these symptoms are associated with worse COVID-19 outcomes1. Here, we report using human pluripotent stem cell-derived colonic organoids (hPSC-COs) to explore the permissiveness of colonic cell types to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Single cell RNA-seq and immunostaining showed that the putative viral entry receptor ACE2 is expressed in multiple hESC-derived colonic cell types, but highly enriched in enterocytes. Multiple cell types in the COs can be infected by a SARS-CoV-2 pseudo-entry virus, which was further validated in vivo using a humanized mouse model. We used hPSC-derived COs in a high throughput platform to screen 1280 FDA-approved drugs against viral infection. Mycophenolic acid and quinacrine dihydrochloride were found to block the infection of SARS-CoV-2 pseudo-entry virus in COs both in vitro and in vivo, and confirmed to block infection of SARS-CoV-2 virus. This study established both in vitro and in vivo organoid models to investigate infection of SARS-CoV-2 disease-relevant human colonic cell types and identified drugs that blocks SARS-CoV-2 infection, suitable for rapid clinical testing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilsson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>uhl, s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>tenOever, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.02.073320</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of Drugs Blocking SARS-CoV-2 Infection using Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Colonic Organoids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.03.075325v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antagonistic Effects of Intraspecific Cooperation and Interspecific Competition on Thermal Performance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.03.075325v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how climate-mediated biotic interactions shape thermal niche width is critical in an era of global change. Yet, most previous work on thermal niches has ignored detailed mechanistic information about the relationship between temperature and organismal performance, which can be described by a thermal performance curve. Here, we develop a model that predicts the width of thermal performance curves will be narrower in the presence of interspecific competitors, causing a species optimal breeding temperature to diverge from that of a competitor. We test this prediction in the Asian burying beetle Nicrophorus nepalensis, confirming that the divergence in actual and optimal breeding temperatures is the result of competition with blowflies. However, we further show that intraspecific cooperation enables beetles to outcompete blowflies by recovering their optimal breeding temperature. Ultimately, linking direct (abiotic factors) and indirect effects (biotic interactions) on niche width will be critical for understanding species-specific responses to climate change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsai, H.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubenstein, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, S.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, D.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, T.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, S.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.03.075325</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antagonistic Effects of Intraspecific Cooperation and Interspecific Competition on Thermal Performance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.04.075895v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PHOSPHO1, a novel skeletal regulator of insulin resistance and obesity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.04.075895v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The skeleton is recognised as a key endocrine regulator of metabolism. Here we show that mice lacking the bone mineralization enzyme PHOSPHO1 (Phospho1-/-) exhibited improved basal glucose homeostasis and resisted high-fat-diet induced weight gain and diabetes. The metabolic protection in Phospho1-/- mice was manifested in the absence of altered levels of osteocalcin. Osteoblasts isolated from Phospho1-/- mice were enriched for genes associated with energy metabolism and diabetes; Phospho1 both directly and indirectly interacted with genes associated with glucose transport and insulin receptor signalling. Canonical thermogenesis via brown adipose tissue did not underlie the metabolic protection observed in adult Phospho1-/- mice. However, the decreased serum choline levels in Phospho1-/- mice were normalized by feeding a 2% choline rich diet resulting in a normalization in insulin sensitivity and fat mass. This study identifies PHOSPHO1 as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity and diabetes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Suchacki, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vary, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huesa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajoanah, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunger, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ball, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrios-Llerena, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guntur, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khavandgar, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cawthorn, W. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferron, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karsenty, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murshed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacRae, V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millan, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farquharson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.04.075895</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PHOSPHO1, a novel skeletal regulator of insulin resistance and obesity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.05.079095v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of Candidate COVID-19 Therapeutics using hPSC-derived Lung Organoids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.05.079095v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary ParagraphThe SARS-CoV-2 virus has caused already over 3.5 million COVID-19 cases and 250,000 deaths globally. There is an urgent need to create novel models to study SARS-CoV-2 using human disease-relevant cells to understand key features of virus biology and facilitate drug screening. As primary SARS-CoV-2 infection is respiratory-based, we developed a lung organoid model using human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) that could be adapted for drug screens. The lung organoids, particularly aveolar type II cells, express ACE2 and are permissive to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Transcriptomic analysis following SARS-CoV-2 infection revealed a robust induction of chemokines and cytokines with little type I/III interferon signaling, similar to that observed amongst human COVID-19 pulmonary infections. We performed a high throughput screen using hPSC-derived lung organoids and identified FDA-approved drug candidates, including imatinib and mycophenolic acid, as inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 entry. Pre- or post-treatment with these drugs at physiologically relevant levels decreased SARS-CoV-2 infection of hPSC-derived lung organoids. Together, these data demonstrate that hPSC-derived lung cells infected by SARS-CoV-2 can model human COVID-19 disease and provide a valuable resource to screen for FDA-approved drugs that might be repurposed and should be considered for COVID-19 clinical trials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilsson-Payant, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaron, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bram, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redmond, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houghton, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uhl, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantley, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>tenOever, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.05.079095</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of Candidate COVID-19 Therapeutics using hPSC-derived Lung Organoids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.05.079426v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SIGAR: Inferring features of genome architecture and DNA rearrangements by split read mapping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.05.079426v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ciliates are microbial eukaryotes with distinct somatic and germline genomes. Post-zygotic development involves extensive remodeling of the germline genome to form somatic chromosomes. Ciliates therefore offer a valuable model for studying the architecture and evolution of programmed genome rearrangements. Current studies usually focus on a few model species, where rearrangement features are annotated by aligning reference germline and somatic genomes. While many high-quality somatic genomes have been assembled, a high quality germline genome assembly is difficult to obtain due to its smaller DNA content and abundance of repetitive sequences. To overcome these hurdles, we propose a new pipeline SIGAR (Splitread Inference of Genome Architecture and Rearrangements) to infer germline genome architecture and rearrangement features without a germline genome assembly, requiring only short germline DNA sequencing reads. As a proof of principle, 93% of rearrangement junctions identified by SIGAR in the ciliate Oxytricha trifallax were validated by the existing germline assembly. We then applied SIGAR to six diverse ciliate species without germline genome assemblies, including Ichthyophthirius multifilii, a fish pathogen. Despite the high level of somatic DNA contamination in each sample, SIGAR successfully inferred rearrangement junctions, short eliminated sequences and potential scrambled genes in each species. This pipeline enables pilot surveys or exploration of DNA rearrangements in species with limited DNA material access, thereby providing new insights into the evolution of chromosome rearrangements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beh, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, W.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landweber, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.05.079426</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SIGAR: Inferring features of genome architecture and DNA rearrangements by split read mapping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.06.079772v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A mouse bio-electronic nose for sensitive and versatile chemical detection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.06.079772v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When it comes to simultaneous versatility, speed, and specificity in detecting volatile chemicals, biological olfactory systems far outperform all artificial chemical detection devices. Consequently, the use of trained animals for chemical detection in security, defense, healthcare, agriculture, and other applications has grown astronomically. However, the use of animals in this capacity requires extensive training and behavior-based communication. Here we propose an alternative strategy, a bio-electronic nose, that capitalizes on the superior capability of the mammalian olfactory system, but bypasses behavioral output by reading olfactory information directly from the brain. We engineered a brain-machine interface that captures neuronal signals from an early stage of olfactory processing in awake mice, and used machine learning techniques to form a sensitive and selective chemical detector. We chronically implanted a grid electrode array on the surface of the mouse olfactory bulb and systematically recorded responses to a large battery of odorants and odorant mixtures across a wide range of concentrations. The bio-electronic nose has a comparable sensitivity to the trained animal and can detect odors on a variable background. We also introduce a novel genetic engineering approach designed to improve the sensitivity of our bio-electronic nose for specific chemical targets. Our bio-electronic nose outperforms current detection methods and unlocks a wide spectrum of civil, medical and environmental applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shor, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrero-Vidal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dewan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uguz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curto, V. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malliaras, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bozza, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rinberg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.06.079772</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A mouse bio-electronic nose for sensitive and versatile chemical detection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.06.080549v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A role for tectorial membrane mechanics in activating the cochlear amplifier 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.06.080549v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanical and electrical responses of the mammalian cochlea to acoustic stimuli are nonlinear and highly tuned in frequency. This is due to the electromechanical properties of cochlear outer hair cells (OHCs). At each location along the cochlear spiral, the OHCs mediate an active process in which the sensory tissue motion is enhanced at frequencies close to the most sensitive frequency (called the characteristic frequency CF). Previous experimental results showing an approximate 0.3 cycle phase shift in the OHC-generated extracellular voltage relative the basilar membrane displacement that is initiated at a frequency approximately one-half octave lower than the CF are repeated in the present paper with similar findings. This shift is significant because it brings the phase of the OHC-derived electromotile force near to that of the basilar membrane velocity at frequencies above the shift, thereby enabling the transfer of electrical to mechanical power at the basilar membrane. In order to seek a candidate physical mechanism for this phenomenon, we used a comprehensive electromechanical mathematical model of the cochlear response to sound. The model predicts the phase shift in the extracellular voltage referenced to the basilar membrane at a frequency approximately one-half octave below CF, in accordance with the experimental data. In the model, this feature arises from a minimum in the radial impedance of the tectorial membrane and its limbal attachment. These experimental and theoretical results are consistent with the hypothesis that a tectorial membrane resonance introduces the correct phasing between mechanical and electrical responses for power generation, effectively turning on the cochlear amplifier.

SIGNIFICANCEThe mechanical and electrical responses of the mammalian cochlea are nonlinear exhibiting up to a thousand-fold difference in gain depending on the frequency and level of sound stimulus. Cochlear outer hair cells (OHC) are broadband electro-mechanical energy converters that mediate this nonlinear active process. However, the mechanism by which the OHC electromotile force acquires the appropriate phase to power this nonlinearity remains unknown. By analyzing new and existing experimental data and using a mathematical model, we address this open issue. We present evidence which suggests that a relatively simple feature, the frequency dependence of the radial impedance of the tectorial membrane, provides requisite mechanics to turn on the frequency-specific nonlinear process essential for healthy hearing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grosh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nankali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strimbu, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.06.080549</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A role for tectorial membrane mechanics in activating the cochlear amplifier]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.07.082743v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diverse deep neural networks all predict human IT well, after training and fitting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.07.082743v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep neural networks (DNNs) trained on object recognition provide the best current models of high-level visual areas in the brain. What remains unclear is how strongly network design choices, such as architecture, task training, and subsequent fitting to brain data contribute to the observed similarities. Here we compare a diverse set of nine DNN architectures on their ability to explain the representational geometry of 62 isolated object images in human inferior temporal (hIT) cortex, as measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging. We compare untrained networks to their task-trained counterparts, and assess the effect of fitting them to hIT using a cross-validation procedure. To best explain hIT, we fit a weighted combination of the principal components of the features within each layer, and subsequently a weighted combination of layers. We test all models across all stages of training and fitting for their correlation with the hIT representational dissimilarity matrix (RDM) using an independent set of images and subjects. We find that trained models significantly outperform untrained models (accounting for 57% more of the explainable variance), suggesting that features representing natural images are important for explaining hIT. Model fitting further improves the alignment of DNN and hIT representations (by 124%), suggesting that the relative prevalence of different features in hIT does not readily emerge from the particular ImageNet object-recognition task used to train the networks. Finally, all DNN architectures tested achieved equivalent high performance once trained and fitted. Similar ability to explain hIT representations appears to be shared among deep feedforward hierarchies of nonlinear features with spatially restricted receptive fields.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Storrs, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kietzmann, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walther, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehrer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriegeskorte, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.07.082743</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diverse deep neural networks all predict human IT well, after training and fitting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.08.085324v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Genetic Architecture of DNA Replication Timing in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.08.085324v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA replication follows a strict spatiotemporal program that intersects with chromatin structure and gene regulation. However, the genetic basis of the mammalian DNA replication timing program is poorly understood1-3. To systematically identify genetic regulators of DNA replication timing, we exploited inter-individual variation in 457 human pluripotent stem cell lines from 349 individuals. We show that the human genomes replication program is broadly encoded in DNA and identify 1,617 cis-acting replication timing quantitative trait loci (rtQTLs4) - base-pair-resolution sequence determinants of replication initiation. rtQTLs function individually, or in combinations of proximal and distal regulators, to affect replication timing. Analysis of rtQTL locations reveals a histone code for replication initiation, composed of bivalent histone H3 trimethylation marks on a background of histone hyperacetylation. The H3 trimethylation marks are individually repressive yet synergize to promote early replication. We further identify novel positive and negative regulators of DNA replication timing, the former comprised of pluripotency-related transcription factors while the latter involve boundary elements. Human replication timing is controlled by a multi-layered mechanism that operates on target DNA sequences, is composed of dozens of effectors working combinatorially, and follows principles analogous to transcription regulation: a histone code, activators and repressors, and a promoter-enhancer logic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ding, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hulke, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bracci, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charvet, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handsaker, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eggan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merkle, F. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerhardt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.08.085324</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Genetic Architecture of DNA Replication Timing in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.09.085902v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bypass of DNA Interstrand crosslinks by a Rev1-DNA polymerase ζ complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.09.085902v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA polymerase {zeta} (Pol {zeta}) and Rev1 are essential for the repair of DNA interstrand crosslink (ICL) damage. We have used yeast DNA polymerases {eta}, {zeta}, and Rev1 to study translesion synthesis (TLS) past a nitrogen mustard-based ICL with an 8-atom linker between the crosslinked bases. The Rev1-Pol {zeta} complex was most efficient in complete bypass synthesis, by 2-3 fold, compared to Pol {zeta} alone or Pol {eta}. Rev1 protein, but not its catalytic activity, was required for efficient TLS. A dCMP residue was faithfully inserted across the ICL-G by Pol {eta}, Pol {zeta}, and Rev1-Pol {zeta}. Rev1-Pol {zeta}, and particularly Pol {zeta} alone showed a tendency to stall before the ICL, whereas Pol {eta} stalled just after insertion across the ICL. The stalling of Pol {eta} directly past the ICL is attributed to its autoinhibitory activity, caused by elongation of the short ICL-unhooked oligonucleotide (a six-mer in our study) by Pol {eta} providing a barrier to further elongation of the correct primer. No stalling by Rev1-Pol {zeta} directly past the ICL was observed, suggesting that the proposed function of Pol {zeta} as an extender DNA polymerase is also required for ICL repair.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Buch, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheun, Y. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schärer, O. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgers, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.09.085902</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bypass of DNA Interstrand crosslinks by a Rev1-DNA polymerase ζ complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.10.087023v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic aging of classical monocytes from healthy individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.10.087023v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The impact of healthy aging on molecular programming of immune cells is poorly understood. Here, we report comprehensive characterization of healthy aging in human classical monocytes, with a focus on epigenomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic alterations, as well as the corresponding proteomic and metabolomic data for plasma, using healthy cohorts of 20 young and 20 older individuals (~27 and ~64 years old on average). For each individual, we performed eRRBS-based DNA methylation profiling, which allowed us to identify a set of age-associated differentially methylated regions (DMRs) - a novel, cell-type specific signature of aging in DNA methylome. Optimized ultra-low-input ChIP-seq (ULI-ChIP-seq) data acquisition and analysis pipelines applied to 5 chromatin marks for each individual revealed lack of large-scale age-associated changes in chromatin modifications and allowed us to link hypo- and hypermethylated DMRs to distinct chromatin modification patterns. Specifically, hypermethylation events were associated with H3K27me3 in the CpG islands near promoters of lowly-expressed genes, while hypomethylated DMRs were enriched in H3K4me1 marked regions and associated with normal pattern of expression. Furthermore, hypo- and hypermethylated DMRs followed distinct functional and genetic association patterns. Hypomethylation events were associated with age-related increase of expression of the corresponding genes, providing a link between DNA methylation and age-associated transcriptional changes in primary human cells. Furthermore, these locations were also enriched in genetic regions associated by GWAS with asthma, total blood protein, hemoglobin levels and MS. On the other side, acceleration of epigenetic age in HIV and asthma stems only from changes in hypermethylated DMRs but not from hypomethylated loci.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shchukina, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagaitkar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shpynov, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loginicheva, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porter, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mogilenko, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demidov, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Artomov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaitsev, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidorov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bambouskova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arthur, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panteleeva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dievskii, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurbatsky, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsurinov, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chernyatchik, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixit, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daly, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dmitriev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oltz, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Artyomov, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.10.087023</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic aging of classical monocytes from healthy individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.11.078915v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recognition memory via repetition suppression in mouse hippocampal dorsal CA2 pyramidal neurons expressing the vasopressin 1b receptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.11.078915v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recognition memory, often compromised in psychiatric disorders, is a major component of declarative memory, which permits the realization that an event, object or social subject has been previously encountered. The CA2 region of the dorsal hippocampus (dCA2) is involved in social memory and responds to novel objects, in time and space. However, it remains unclear how these neurons encode either social or inanimate object recognition. Here, we show that in dCA2, encoding of social recognition memory entails suppression of pyramidal neurons activity leading to a sparse representation of the familiar conspecific. We discuss the neural coding scheme by which dCA2 pyramidal neurons contribute to social memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cymerblit-Sabba, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stackmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams Avram, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granovetter, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cliz, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.11.078915</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recognition memory via repetition suppression in mouse hippocampal dorsal CA2 pyramidal neurons expressing the vasopressin 1b receptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.11.089490v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alteration of menaquinone isoprenoid chain length and antibiotic sensitivity by single amino acid substitution in HepT 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.11.089490v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectivesStaphylococcus aureus Smith strain is a historical strain widely used for research purposes in animal infection models for testing the therapeutic activity of antimicrobial agents. We found that it displayed higher sensitivity towards lysocin E, a menaquinone (MK) targeting antibiotic, compared to other S. aureus strains. Therefore, we further explored the mechanism of this hypersensitivity.

MethodsMK production was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometric analysis. S. aureus Smith genome sequence was completed using a hybrid assembly approach, and the MK biosynthetic genes were compared with other S. aureus strains. The hepT gene was cloned and introduced into S. aureus RN4220 strain using phage mediated recombination, and lysocin E sensitivity was analyzed by the measurement of minimum inhibitory concentration and colony-forming units.

ResultsWe found that Smith strain produced MKs with the length of the side chain ranging between 8 - 10, as opposed to other S. aureus strains that produce MKs 7 - 9. We revealed that Smith strain possessed the classical pathway for MK biosynthesis like the other S. aureus. HepT, a polyprenyl diphosphate synthase involved in chain elongation of isoprenoid, in Smith strain was unique with a Q25P substitution. Introduction of hepT from Smith to RN4220 led to the production of MK-10 and an increased sensitivity towards lysocin E.

ConclusionsWe found that HepT was responsible for the definition of isoprenoid chain length of MKs and antibiotic sensitivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Panthee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paudel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamamoto, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uhlemann, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sekimizu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.11.089490</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alteration of menaquinone isoprenoid chain length and antibiotic sensitivity by single amino acid substitution in HepT]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.11.089789v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Amplification lags nonlinearity in the recovery from reduced endocochlear potential 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.11.089789v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mammalian hearing organ, the cochlea, contains an active amplifier to boost the vibrational response to low level sounds. Hallmarks of this active process are sharp location-dependent frequency tuning and compressive nonlinearity over a wide stimulus range. The amplifier relies on outer hair cell (OHC) generated forces driven in part by the endocochlear potential (EP), the ~ +80 mV potential maintained in scala media, generated by the stria vascularis. We transiently eliminated the EP in vivo by an intravenous injection of furosemide and measured the vibrations of different layers in the cochleas organ of Corti using optical coherence tomography. Distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) were monitored at the same times. Following the injection, the vibrations of the basilar membrane lost the best frequency (BF) peak and showed broad tuning similar to a passive cochlea. The intra-organ of Corti vibrations measured in the region of the OHCs lost their BF peak and showed low-pass responses, but retained nonlinearity, indicating that OHC electromotility was still operational. Thus, while electromotility is presumably necessary for amplification, its presence is not sufficient for amplification. The BF peak recovered nearly fully within 2 hours, along with a non-monotonic DPOAE recovery that suggests that physical shifts in operating condition are a final step in the recovery process.

SIGNIFICANCEThe endocochlear potential, the +80 mV potential difference across the fluid filled compartments of the cochlea, is essential for normal mechanoelectrical transduction, which leads to receptor potentials in the sensory hair cells when they vibrate in response to sound. Intracochlear vibrations are boosted tremendously by an active nonlinear feedback process that endows the cochlea with its healthy sensitivity and frequency resolution. When the endocochlear potential was reduced by an injection of furosemide, the basilar membrane vibrations resembled those of a passive cochlea, with broad tuning and linear scaling. The vibrations in the region of the outer hair cells also lost the tuned peak, but retained nonlinearity at frequencies below the peak, and these sub-BF responses recovered fairly rapidly. Vibration responses at the peak recovered nearly fully over 2 hours. The staged vibration recovery and a similarly staged DPOAE recovery suggests that physical shifts in operating condition are a final step in the process of cochlear recovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Strimbu, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.11.089789</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Amplification lags nonlinearity in the recovery from reduced endocochlear potential]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.12.090878v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FFA and OFA encode distinct types of face identity information 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.12.090878v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Faces of different people elicit distinct functional MRI (fMRI) patterns in several face-selective brain regions. Here we used representational similarity analysis to investigate what type of identity-distinguishing information is encoded in three face-selective regions: fusiform face area (FFA), occipital face area (OFA), and posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS). We used fMRI to measure brain activity patterns elicited by naturalistic videos of famous face identities, and compared their representational distances in each region with models of the differences between identities. Models included low-level to high-level image-computable properties and complex human-rated properties. We found that the FFA representation reflected perceived face similarity, social traits, and gender, and was well accounted for by the OpenFace model (deep neural network, trained to cluster faces by identity). The OFA encoded low-level image-based properties (pixel-wise and Gabor-jet dissimilarities). Our results suggest that, although FFA and OFA can both discriminate between identities, the FFA representation is further removed from the image, encoding higher-level perceptual and social face information.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsantani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriegeskorte, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storrs, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGettigan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrido, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.12.090878</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FFA and OFA encode distinct types of face identity information]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.12.091256v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Host Cell ViroCheckpoint: Identification and Pharmacologic Targeting of Novel Mechanistic Determinants of Coronavirus-Mediated Hijacked Cell States 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.12.091256v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most antiviral agents are designed to target virus-specific proteins and mechanisms rather than the host cell proteins that are critically dysregulated following virus-mediated reprogramming of the host cell transcriptional state. To overcome these limitations, we propose that elucidation and pharmacologic targeting of host cell Master Regulator proteins--whose aberrant activities govern the reprogramed state of infected-coronavirus cells--presents unique opportunities to develop novel mechanism-based therapeutic approaches to antiviral therapy, either as monotherapy or as a complement to established treatments. Specifically, we propose that a small module of host cell Master Regulator proteins (ViroCheckpoint) is hijacked by the virus to support its efficient replication and release. Conventional methodologies are not well suited to elucidate these potentially targetable proteins. By using the VIPER network-based algorithm, we successfully interrogated 12h, 24h, and 48h signatures from Calu-3 lung adenocarcinoma cells infected with SARS-CoV, to elucidate the time-dependent reprogramming of host cells and associated Master Regulator proteins. We used the NYS CLIA-certified Darwin OncoTreat algorithm, with an existing database of RNASeq profiles following cell perturbation with 133 FDA-approved and 195 late-stage experimental compounds, to identify drugs capable of virtually abrogating the virus-induced Master Regulator signature. This approach to drug prioritization and repurposing can be trivially extended to other viral pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2, as soon as the relevant infection signature becomes available.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Laise, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosker, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglass, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Realubit, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pampou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.12.091256</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Host Cell ViroCheckpoint: Identification and Pharmacologic Targeting of Novel Mechanistic Determinants of Coronavirus-Mediated Hijacked Cell States]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.12.091322v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combined pigment and metatranscriptomic analysis reveals synchronized diel patterns of phenotypic light response across domains in the open ocean 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.12.091322v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sunlight is the most important environmental control on diel fluctuations in phytoplankton activity, and understanding diel microbial processes is essential to the study of oceanic biogeochemical cycles. Yet, little is known about the in situ frequency of phytoplankton metabolic activities and their coordination across different populations. We investigated the diel orchestration of phytoplankton activity involved in photosynthesis, photoacclimation, and photoprotection by analyzing the pigment and quinone distribution in combination with metatranscriptomes in the surface waters of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre (NPSG). We found diel cycles in pigment abundances resulting from the balance of their synthesis and consumption. The night represents a metabolic recovery phase to refill cellular pigment stores, while the photosystems are remodeled towards photoprotection during the day. Transcript levels of genes involved in photosynthesis and pigment metabolism had highly synchronized diel expression patterns among all taxa, suggesting that there are similar regulatory mechanisms for light and energy metabolism across domains, and that other environmental factors drive niche differentiation. Observed decoupling of diel oscillations in transcripts and related pigments in the NPSG indicates that pigment abundance is modulated by environmental factors extending beyond gene expression/regulation, showing that metatranscriptomes may provide only limited insights on real-time photophysiological metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Becker, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harke, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mende, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muratore, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitz, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeLong, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyhrman, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Mooy, B. A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.12.091322</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combined pigment and metatranscriptomic analysis reveals synchronized diel patterns of phenotypic light response across domains in the open ocean]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.093237v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fear Conditioning Potentiates the Hippocampal CA1 Commissural Pathway In vivo and Increases Awake Phase Sleep 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.093237v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hippocampus is essential for spatial learning and memory. To assess learning we used contextual fear conditioning (cFC), where animals learn to associate a place with aversive events like foot-shocks. Candidate memory mechanisms for cFC are long-term potentiation and long-term depression, but there is little direct evidence of them operating in the hippocampus in vivo following cFC. Also, little is known about the behavioral state changes induced by cFC. To address these issues, we recorded local field potentials in freely behaving mice by stimulating in the left dorsal CA1 region and recording in the right dorsal CA1 region. Synaptic strength in the commissural pathway was monitored by measuring field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) before and after cFC. After cFC, the commissural pathways synaptic strength was potentiated. Although recordings occurred during the wake phase of the light/dark cycle, the mice slept more in the post-conditioning period than in the pre-conditioning period. Relative to awake periods, in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep the fEPSPs were larger in both pre- and post-conditioning periods. We also found a significant negative correlation between the animals speed and fEPSP size. Therefore, to avoid confounds in the fEFSP potentiation estimates, we controlled for speed-related and sleep-related fEPSP changes and still found that cFC induced long-term potentiation, but no significant long-term depression. Synaptic strength changes were not found in the control group that simply explored the fear-conditioning chamber, indicating that exploration of the novel place did not produce the measurable effects caused by cFC. These results show that following cFC, the CA1 commissural pathway is potentiated, likely contributing to the functional integration of the left and right hippocampi in fear memory consolidation. In addition, the cFC paradigm produces significant changes in an animals behavioral state, which are observable as proximal changes in sleep patterns.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Subramaniyan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manivannan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chelur, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsetsenis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dani, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.13.093237</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fear Conditioning Potentiates the Hippocampal CA1 Commissural Pathway In vivo and Increases Awake Phase Sleep]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.093468v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Establishing a transcriptome-based drug discovery paradigm for neurodevelopmental disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.093468v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in genetic discoveries have created substantial opportunities for precision medicine in neurodevelopmental disorders. Many of the genes implicated in these diseases encode proteins that regulate gene expression, such as chromatin associated proteins, transcription factors, and RNA-binding proteins. The identification of targeted therapeutics for individuals carrying mutations in these genes remains a challenge, as the encoded proteins can theoretically regulate thousands of downstream targets in a considerable number of cell types. Here, we propose the application of a drug discovery approach called "transcriptome reversal" for these disorders. This approach, originally developed for cancer, attempts to identify compounds that reverse gene-expression signatures associated with disease states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dhindsa, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoghbi, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krizay, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasavda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.13.093468</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Establishing a transcriptome-based drug discovery paradigm for neurodevelopmental disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.14.095521v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Eukaryotic cell biology is temporally coordinated to support the energetic demands of protein homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.14.095521v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Every aspect of yeast physiology is subject to robust temporal regulation, this becomes apparent under nutrient-limiting conditions 1-6 and results in biological oscillations whose function and mechanism is poorly resolved7. These yeast metabolic oscillations share features with circadian rhythms and typically interact with, but are independent of, the cell division cycle. Here we show that these cellular rhythms act to minimise energy expenditure by temporally restricting protein synthesis until sufficient cellular resources are present, whilst maintaining osmotic homeostasis and protein quality control. Although nutrient supply is constant, cells initially  sequester and store metabolic resources such as carbohydrates, amino acids, K+ and other osmolytes; which accumulate via increased synthesis, transport, autophagy and biomolecular condensation that is stimulated by low glucose and cytosolic acidification. Replete stores trigger increased H+ export to elevate cytosolic pH, thereby stimulating TORC1 and liberating proteasomes, ribosomes, chaperones and metabolic enzymes from non-membrane bound compartments. This facilitates a burst of increased protein synthesis, the liquidation of storage carbohydrates to sustain higher respiration rates and increased ATP turnover, and the export of osmolytes to maintain osmotic potential. As the duration of translational bursting is determined by cell-intrinsic factors, the period of oscillation is determined by the time cells take to store sufficient resources to license passage through the pH-dependent metabolic checkpoint that initiates translational bursting. We propose that dynamic regulation of ion transport and metabolic plasticity are required to maintain osmotic and protein homeostasis during remodelling of eukaryotic proteomes, and that bioenergetic constraints have selected for temporal organisation that promotes oscillatory behaviour.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Neill, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyle, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edgar, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beale, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peak-Chew, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, A. S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frezza, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Causton, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.14.095521</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Eukaryotic cell biology is temporally coordinated to support the energetic demands of protein homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.15.098020v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Community-scale Synchronization and Temporal Partitioning of Gene Expression, Metabolism, and Lipid Biosynthesis in Oligotrophic Ocean Surface Waters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.15.098020v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sunlight drives daily rhythms of photosynthesis, growth, and division of photoautotrophs throughout the surface oceans. However, the cascading impacts of oscillatory light input on diverse microbial communities and community-scale metabolism remains unclear. Here we use an unsupervised machine learning approach to show that a small number of diel archetypes can explain pervasive periodic dynamics amongst more than 65,000 distinct time series, including transcriptional activity, macromolecules, lipids, and metabolites from the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. Overall, we find evidence for synchronous timing of carbon-cycle gene expression that underlie daily oscillations in the concentrations of particulate organic carbon. In contrast, we find evidence of asynchronous timing in gene transcription related to nitrogen metabolism and related metabolic processes consistent with temporal niche partitioning amongst microorganisms in the bacterial and eukaryotic domains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muratore, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boysen, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harke, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casey, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coesel, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mende, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aylward, F. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eppley, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vislova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Gonzalez, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckett, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armbrust, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeLong, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karl, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zehr, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Mooy, B. A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyhrman, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingalls, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitz, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.15.098020</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Community-scale Synchronization and Temporal Partitioning of Gene Expression, Metabolism, and Lipid Biosynthesis in Oligotrophic Ocean Surface Waters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.15.098848v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct pathways of homologous recombination controlled by the SWS1-SWSAP1-SPIDR complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.15.098848v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Homology-directed repair (HDR), a critical DNA repair pathway in mammalian cells, is complex, leading to multiple outcomes with different impacts on genomic integrity. However, the factors that control these different outcomes are often not well understood. Here we show that SWS1-SWSAP1-SPIDR controls distinct types of HDR. Despite their requirement for stable assembly of RAD51 recombinase at DNA damage sites, these proteins are not essential for intra-chromosomal HDR, providing insight into why patients and mice with mutations are viable. However, SWS1-SWSAP1-SPIDR is critical for inter-homolog HDR, the first mitotic factor identified specifically for this function. Furthermore, SWS1-SWSAP1-SPIDR drives the high level of sister-chromatid exchange, promotes long-range loss of heterozygosity often involved with cancer initiation, and impels the poor growth of BLM helicase-deficient cells. The relevance of these genetic interactions is evident as SWSAP1 loss prolongs Blm-mutant embryo survival, suggesting a possible druggable target for the treatment of Bloom syndrome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>prakash, r.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>sandoval, t.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morati, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zagelbaum, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desclos, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rein, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernstein, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krawczyk, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gautier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modesti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanoli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jasin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.15.098848</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct pathways of homologous recombination controlled by the SWS1-SWSAP1-SPIDR complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.16.099168v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The effect of boundaries on grid cell patterns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.16.099168v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mammalian grid cells represent spatial locations in the brain via triangular firing patterns that tessellate the environment. They are regarded as the biological substrate for path integration thereby generating an efficient code for space. However, grid cell patterns are strongly influenced by environmental manipulations, in particular exhibiting local geometrical deformations and defects tied to the shape of the recording enclosure, challenging the view that grid cells constitute a universal code for space. We show that the observed responses to environmental manipulations arise as a natural result under the general framework of feedforward models with spatially unstructured feedback inhibition, which puts the development of triangular patterns in the context of a Turing pattern formation process over physical space. The model produces coherent neuronal populations with equal grid spacing, field size, and orientation.

PACS numbers87.19.lv,87.10.Ed,02.30.Jr
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Monsalve-Mercado, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leibold, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.16.099168</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The effect of boundaries on grid cell patterns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.16.100032v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The low complexity motif of cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein 3 (CPEB3) is critical for the trafficking of its targets in neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.16.100032v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biomolecular condensates, membraneless organelles found throughout the cell, play critical roles in many aspects of cellular function. Ribonucleoprotein granules (RNPs), a type of biomolecular condensate found in neurons that are necessary for local protein synthesis and are involved in long-term potentiation (LTP). Several RNA-binding proteins present in RNPs are necessary for the synaptic plasticity involved in LTP and long-term memory. Most of these proteins possess low complexity motifs, allowing for increased promiscuity. We explore the role the low complexity motif plays for RNA binding protein cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein 3 (CPEB3), a protein necessary for long-term memory persistence. We found that RNA binding and SUMOylation are necessary for CPEB3 localization to the P body, thereby having functional implications on translation. Here, we investigate the role of the low complexity motif of CPEB3 and find that it is necessary for P body localization and downstream targeting for local protein synthesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ford, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asok, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripp, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parro, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzpatrick, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Solis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shafiian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fioriti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soni, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kandel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.16.100032</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The low complexity motif of cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein 3 (CPEB3) is critical for the trafficking of its targets in neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.17.099630v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lipoic acid biosynthesis is essential for Plasmodium falciparum transmission and influences redox response and carbon metabolism of parasite asexual blood stages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.17.099630v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Malaria is still one of the most important global infectious diseases. Emergence of drug resistance and a shortage of new efficient anti-malarials continue to hamper a malaria eradication agenda. Malaria parasites are highly sensitive to changes in redox environment. Understanding the mechanisms regulating parasite redox could contribute to the design of new drugs. Malaria parasites have a complex network of redox regulatory systems housed in their cytosol, in their mitochondrion and in their plastid (apicoplast). While the roles of enzymes of the thioredoxin and glutathione pathways in parasite survival have been explored, the antioxidant role of -lipoic acid (LA) produced in the apicoplast has not been tested. We analysed the effects of LA depletion on mutant Plasmodium falciparum lacking the apicoplast lipoic acid protein ligase B (lipB). Our results showed a change in expression of redox regulators in the apicoplast and the cytosol. We further detected a change in parasite central carbon metabolism, with LA depletion influencing glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle activity. Importantly, abrogation of LipB impacted P. falciparum mosquito development, preventing oocyst maturation and production of infectious sporozoite stages, thus flagging LA biosynthesis as a potential target for the development of new transmission drugs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Biddau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S. T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henrich, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laine, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackburn, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chokkathukalam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sim, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coombs, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McFadden, G. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fidock, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheiner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.17.099630</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lipoic acid biosynthesis is essential for Plasmodium falciparum transmission and influences redox response and carbon metabolism of parasite asexual blood stages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.101444v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glycan processing in the Golgi - optimal information coding and constraints on cisternal number and enzyme specificity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.101444v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many proteins that undergo sequential enzymatic modification in the Golgi cisternae are displayed at the plasma membrane as cell identity markers. The modified proteins, called glycans, represent a molecular code. The fidelity of this glycan code is measured by how accurately the glycan synthesis machinery realises the desired target glycan distribution for a particular cell type and niche. In this paper, we quantitatively analyse the tradeoffs between the number of cisternae and the number and specificity of enzymes, in order to synthesize a prescribed target glycan distribution of a certain complexity. We find that to synthesize complex distributions, such as those observed in real cells, one needs to have multiple cisternae and precise enzyme partitioning in the Golgi. Additionally, for fixed number of enzymes and cisternae, there is an optimal level of specificity of enzymes that achieves the target distribution with high fidelity. Our results show how the complexity of the target glycan distribution places functional constraints on the Golgi cisternal number and enzyme specificity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yadav, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vagne, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sens, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyengar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.18.101444</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glycan processing in the Golgi - optimal information coding and constraints on cisternal number and enzyme specificity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.101964v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human Hair Graying is Naturally Reversible and Linked to Stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.101964v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hair graying is a universal hallmark of aging believed to be linked to psychological stress. Here we develop a novel approach to quantitatively profile natural graying events along individual human hair shafts, resulting in a quantifiable physical timescale of hair pigmentation patterns (HPPs). Using this approach, we quantify rare events of white/gray hairs that naturally regain pigmentation within days to weeks, thereby quantitatively defining the reversibility of graying in healthy, unmedicated individuals. Proteomic analysis shows that graying is marked by the upregulation of proteins related to energy metabolism, mitochondria, and antioxidant defenses. Combining hair pigmentation profiling and proteomics at the single hair level, we also report hair graying and its reversal occurring in parallel with behavioral and psychological stressors. A computational simulation suggests a threshold-based mechanism for the temporary reversibility of graying. Quantitatively mapping HPPs in humans provides an opportunity to longitudinally examine the influence of life exposures on biological aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rausser, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosharov, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturm, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogden, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soni, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacefield, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paus, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.18.101964</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human Hair Graying is Naturally Reversible and Linked to Stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.102251v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The bear bones: mosaic ancestry of Macaca arctoides explains divergent baculum morphology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.102251v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genital divergence is thought to contribute to reproductive barriers by establishing a "lock- and-key" mechanism for reproductive compatibility. One such example, Macaca arctoides, the bear macaque, has compensatory changes in both male and female genital morphology as compared to close relatives. Macaca arctoides also has a complex evolutionary history, having extensive introgression between the fascicularis and sinica macaque species groups. Here, phylogenetic relationships were analyzed via whole genome sequences from five species, including M. arctoides, and two species each from the putative parental species groups. This analysis revealed [~]3x more genomic regions supported placement in the sinica species group as compared to the fascicularis species group. Additionally, introgression analysis of the M. arctoides genome revealed it is a mosaic of recent polymorphisms shared with both species groups. To examine the evolution of their unique genital morphology further, the prevalence of candidate genes involved in genital morphology were compared against genome-wide outliers in various population genetic metrics, while accounting for background variation in recombination rate. This analysis identified 66 outlier genes, including several genes that influence baculum morphology in mice, which were of interest since the bear macaque has the longest primate baculum. The mean of several metrics was statistically different in the candidate genes as compared to the rest of the genome, suggesting that genes involved in genital morphology have increased divergence and decreased diversity beyond expectations. These results highlight how extensive introgression may have contributed to reproductive isolation and shaped the unique genital morphology in the bear macaque.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stevison, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szpiech, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novak, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melnick, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wall, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.18.102251</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The bear bones: mosaic ancestry of Macaca arctoides explains divergent baculum morphology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.19.104497v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cholinergic Modulation of Hippocampally Mediated Attention and Perception 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.19.104497v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Attention to the relations between visual features modulates hippocampal representations. Moreover, hippocampal damage impairs discrimination of spatial relations. We explore a mechanism by which this might occur: modulation by the acetylcholine system. Acetylcholine enhances afferent input to the hippocampus and suppresses recurrent connections within it. This biases hippocampal processing toward environmental input, and should improve externally-oriented, hippocampally mediated attention and perception. We examined cholinergic modulation on an attention task that recruits the hippocampus. On each trial, participants viewed two images (rooms with paintings). On "similar room" trials, they judged whether the rooms had the same spatial layout from a different perspective. On "similar art" trials, they judged whether the paintings could have been painted by the same artist. On "identical" trials, participants simply had to detect identical paintings or rooms. We hypothesized that cholinergic modulation would improve performance on the similar room task, given past findings that hippocampal representations predicted, and hippocampal damage impaired, behavior on this task. To test this, nicotine cigarette smokers took part in two sessions: one before which they abstained from nicotine for 12 hours, and one before which they ingested nicotine in the past hour. Individual differences in expired breath carbon monoxide levels -- a measure of how recently or how much someone smoked -- predicted performance improvements on the similar room task. This finding provides novel support for computational models that propose that acetylcholine enhances externally oriented attentional states in the hippocampus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruiz, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thieu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.19.104497</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cholinergic Modulation of Hippocampally Mediated Attention and Perception]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.19.105189v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selective role of the translin/trax RNase complex in hippocampal synaptic plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.19.105189v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Activity-dependent local protein synthesis is critical for synapse-specific, persistent plasticity. Abnormalities in local protein synthesis have been implicated in psychiatric disorders. We have recently identified the translin/trax microRNA-degrading enzyme as a novel mediator of protein synthesis at activated synapses. Additionally, mice lacking translin/trax exhibit some of the behavioral abnormalities found in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome. Therefore, identifying signaling pathways interacting with translin/trax to support persistent synaptic plasticity is a translationally relevant goal. Here, as a first step to achieve this goal, we have assessed the requirement of translin/trax for multiple hippocampal synaptic plasticity paradigms that rely on distinct molecular mechanisms. We found that mice lacking translin/trax exhibited selective impairment in a form of persistent hippocampal plasticity, which requires postsynaptic PKA activity. In contrast, enduring forms of plasticity that are dependent on presynaptic PKA were unaffected. Furthermore, these mice did not display exaggerated metabotropic glutamate receptor-mediated long-term synaptic depression, a hallmark of the mouse model of fragile X syndrome. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that translin/trax mediates long-term synaptic plasticity that is dependent on postsynaptic PKA signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shetty, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baraban, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.19.105189</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selective role of the translin/trax RNase complex in hippocampal synaptic plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.22.103796v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A bipartite element with allele-specific functions safeguards DNA methylation imprints at the Dlk1-Dio3 locus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.22.103796v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dysregulation of imprinted gene loci also referred to as loss of imprinting (LOI) can result in severe developmental defects and other diseases, but the molecular mechanisms that ensure imprint stability remain incompletely understood. Here, we dissect the functional components of the imprinting control region of the essential Dlk1-Dio3 locus (called IG-DMR) and the mechanism by which they ensure imprinting maintenance. Using pluripotent stem cells carrying an allele-specific reporter system, we demonstrate that the IG-DMR consists of two antagonistic regulatory elements: a paternally methylated CpG-island that prevents the activity of Tet dioxygenases and a maternally unmethylated regulatory element, which serves as a non-canonical enhancer and maintains expression of the maternal Gtl2 lncRNA by precluding de novo DNA methyltransferase function. Targeted genetic or epigenetic editing of these elements leads to LOI with either bi-paternal or bi-maternal expression patterns and respective allelic changes in DNA methylation and 3D chromatin topology of the entire Dlk1-Dio3 locus. Although the targeted repression of either IG-DMR or Gtl2 promoter is sufficient to cause LOI, the stability of LOI phenotype depends on the IG-DMR status, suggesting a functional hierarchy. These findings establish the IG-DMR as a novel type of bipartite control element and provide mechanistic insights into the control of Dlk1-Dio3 imprinting by allele-specific restriction of the DNA (de)methylation machinery.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIThe IG-DMR is a bipartite element with distinct allele-specific functions
C_LIO_LIA non-canonical enhancer within the IG-DMR prevents DNA methyltransferase activity
C_LIO_LITargeted epigenome editing allows induction of specific imprinting phenotypes
C_LIO_LICRISPRi reveals a functional hierarchy between DMRs that dictates imprint stability
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aronson, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scourzic, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swanzey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kloetgen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polyzos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azziz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caspi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelham-Webb, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wichterle, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsirigos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stadtfeld, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apostolou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.22.103796</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A bipartite element with allele-specific functions safeguards DNA methylation imprints at the Dlk1-Dio3 locus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.22.110338v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
No fruits without color: Cross-modal priming and EEG reveal different roles for different features across semantic categories 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.22.110338v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Category-specific impairments witnessed in patients with semantic deficits have broadly dissociated into natural and artificial kinds. However, how the category of food (more specifically, fruits and vegetables) fits into this distinction has been difficult to interpret, given a pattern of deficit that has inconsistently mapped onto either kind, despite its intuitive membership to the natural domain. The present study explores the effects of a manipulation of a visual sensory (i.e., color) or functional (i.e., orientation) feature on the consequential semantic processing of fruits and vegetables (and tools, by comparison), first at the behavioral and then at the neural level. The categorization of natural (i.e., fruits/vegetables) and artificial (i.e., utensils) entities was investigated via cross-modal priming. Reaction time analysis indicated a reduction in priming for color-modified natural entities and orientation-modified artificial entities. Standard event-related potentials (ERP) analysis was performed, in addition to linear classification. For natural entities, a N400 effect at central channel sites was observed for the color-modified condition compared relative to normal and orientation conditions, with this difference confirmed by classification analysis. Conversely, there was no significant difference between conditions for the artificial category in either analysis. These findings provide strong evidence that color is an integral property to the categorization of fruits/vegetables, thus substantiating the claim that feature-based processing guides as a function of semantic category.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Argiris, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rumiati, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crepaldi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.22.110338</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[No fruits without color: Cross-modal priming and EEG reveal different roles for different features across semantic categories]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.22.110361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Study of Secondary School Students Participation in a Novel Course on Genomic Principles and Practices. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.22.110361v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This paper presents the design, development, and validation of a study among secondary school students’ participation in a novel course on genomic principles and practices by analyzing and documenting evidence of their participation, and educational outcomes, in a novel course on genomic principles and practices. A mixed methods approach, using qualitative and quantitative methods, was used to address three research questions. 1) Based on affective evidence, how did secondary school students perceive and critically judge, content topics learned in a course on modern genomic principles and practices? 2) Based on cognitive evidence, how much of the content did secondary school students learn when they participated in a course on modern genomic principles and practices? 3) Using individual interview evidence, what are the major perceptions that the secondary school students expressed throughout the duration of the course? The participants were provided an opportunity to comment on the course through individual and collaborative interviews, in order to find out to what extent they perceived the course to be interesting and challenging. Future inquiry expanding from this research would help to establish the foundational pathway for designing a more inclusive genomics curriculum. In conclusion, the course offered real-life/real-world applications that encourage all students to conceptualize genomics, human health, diseases, medicine, ethics, beliefs, research, and careers.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stefanile, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.22.110361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Study of Secondary School Students Participation in a Novel Course on Genomic Principles and Practices.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.22.110577v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Simulating single-cell metabolism using a stochastic flux-balance analysis algorithm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.22.110577v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stochasticity from gene expression in single cells is known to drive metabolic heterogeneity at the level of cellular populations, which is understood to have important consequences for issues such as microbial drug tolerance and treatment of human diseases like cancer. Despite considerable advancements in profiling the genomes, transcriptomes, and proteomes of single cells, it remains difficult to experimentally characterise their metabolism at genome-scale. Computational methods could bridge this gap toward a systems understanding of single-cell biology. To address this challenge, we developed stochastic simulation algorithm with flux-balance analysis embedded (SSA-FBA), a computational framework for simulating the stochastic dynamics of the metabolism of individual cells using genome-scale metabolic models with experimental estimates of gene expression and enzymatic reaction rate parameters. SSA-FBA extends the constraint-based modelling formalism of metabolic network modelling to the single-cell regime, enabling simulation when experimentation is intractable. We also developed an efficient implementation of SSA-FBA that leverages the topology of embedded FBA models to significantly reduce the computational cost of simulation. As a preliminary case study, we built a reduced single-cell model of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and used SSA-FBA to illustrate the role of stochasticity on the dynamics of metabolism at the single-cell level.

SIGNIFICANCEDue to fundamental challenges limiting the experimental characterisation of metabolism within individual cells, computational methods are needed to help infer the metabolic behaviour of single cells from information about their transcriptomes and proteomes. In this paper, we present SSA-FBA, the first systematic framework for modelling the stochastic dynamics of single cells at the level of genome-scale metabolic reaction networks. We provide a robust and efficient algorithm for simulating SSA-FBA models, and apply it to a case study involving the metabolism, RNA and protein synthesis and turnover of a single Mycoplasma pneumoniae cell.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tourigny, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karr, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.22.110577</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Simulating single-cell metabolism using a stochastic flux-balance analysis algorithm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.22.110619v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A transfer-learning approach for first-year developmental infant brain segmentation using deep neural networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.22.110619v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The months between birth and age 2 are increasingly recognized as a period critical for neuro-development, with potentially life-long implications for cognitive functioning. However, little is known about the growth trajectories of brain structure and function across this time period. This is in large part because of insufficient approaches to analyze infant MRI scans at different months, especially brain segmentation. Addressing technical gaps in infant brain segmentation would significantly improve our capacity to efficiently measure and identify relevant infant brain structures and connectivity, and their role in long-term development. In this paper, we propose a transfer-learning approach based on convolutional neural network (CNN)-based image segmentation architecture, QuickNAT, to segment brain structures for newborns and 6-month infants separately. We pre-trained QuickNAT on auxiliary labels from a large-scale dataset, fine-tuned on manual labels, and then cross-validated the models performance on two separate datasets. Compared to other commonly used methods, our transfer-learning approach showed superior segmentation performance on both newborns and 6-month infants. Moreover, we demonstrated improved hippocampus segmentation performance via our approach in preterm infants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haghpanah, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aw, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laine, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Posner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.22.110619</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A transfer-learning approach for first-year developmental infant brain segmentation using deep neural networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.22.110643v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Supramodal executive control of attention: evidence from unimodal and crossmodal dual conflict effects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.22.110643v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although we have demonstrated that the executive control of attention acts supramodally as shown by significant correlation between conflict effects measures in visual and auditory tasks, no direct evidence of the equivalence in the computational mechanisms governing the allocation of executive control resources within and across modalities has been found. Here, in two independent groups of 40 participants, we examined the interaction effects of conflict processing in both unimodal (visual) and crossmodal (visual and auditory) dual-conflict paradigms (flanker conflict processing in Task 1 and then in the following Task 2) with a manipulation of the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA). In both the unimodal and the crossmodal dual-conflict paradigms, the conflict processing of Task 1 interfered with the conflict processing of Task 2 when the SOA was short, reflecting an additive interference effect of Task 1 on Task 2 under the time constraints. These results suggest that there is a unified entity that oversees conflict processing acting supramodally by implementing comparable mechanisms in unimodal and crossmodal scenarios.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spagna, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.22.110643</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Supramodal executive control of attention: evidence from unimodal and crossmodal dual conflict effects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.24.112870v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Beyond the connectome: A map of a brain architecture derived from whole-brain volumetric reconstructions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.24.112870v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animal nervous system organization is crucial for all body functions and its disruption can manifest in severe cognitive and behavioral impairment. This organization relies on features across scales, from nano-level localization of synapses, through multiplicities of neuronal morphologies and their contribution to circuit organization, to the high level stereotyped connections between different regions of the brain. The sheer complexity of this organ means that to date, we have yet to reconstruct and model the structure of a complete nervous system that is integrated across all these scales. Here, we present a complete structure-function model of the nematode C. elegans main neuropil, the nerve ring, which we derive by integrating the volumetric reconstruction from two animals with corresponding synaptic and gap junctional connectomes. Whereas previously the nerve ring was considered a densely packed tract of axons, we uncover internal organization into 5 functional bundles and show how they spatially constrain and support the synaptic connectome. We find that the C. elegans connectome is not invariant, but that a precisely wired core circuit is embedded in a background of variable connectivity, and propose a corresponding reference connectome for the core circuit. Using this reference, we show that the architecture of the C. elegans brain can be viewed as a modular Residual Network that supports sensory computation and integration, sensory-motor convergence, and brain-wide coordination. These findings point to scalable and robust features of brain organization that are likely universal across phyla.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brittin, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmons, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.24.112870</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Beyond the connectome: A map of a brain architecture derived from whole-brain volumetric reconstructions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.25.114959v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scale-invariance in brain activity predicts practice effects in cognitive performance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.25.114959v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although practicing a task generally benefits later performance on that same task, there are individual differences in practice effects. One avenue to model such differences comes from research showing that brain networks extract functional advantages from operating in the vicinity of criticality, a state in which brain network activity is more scale-free. We hypothesized that higher scale-free signal from fMRI data, measured with the Hurst exponent (H), indicates closer proximity to critical states. We tested whether individuals with higher H during repeated task performance would show greater practice effects. In Study 1, participants performed a dual-n-back task (DNB) twice during MRI (n = 56). In Study 2, we used two runs of n-back task (NBK) data from the Human Connectome Project sample (n = 599). In Study 3, participants performed a word completion task (CAST) across 6 runs (n = 44). In all three studies, multivariate analysis was used to test whether higher H was related to greater practice-related performance improvement. Supporting our hypothesis, we found patterns of higher H that reliably correlated with greater performance improvement across participants in all three studies. However, the predictive brain regions were distinct, suggesting that the specific spatial H{uparrow} patterns are not task-general.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kardan, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Layden, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choe, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beilock, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.25.114959</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scale-invariance in brain activity predicts practice effects in cognitive performance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.26.081083v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell states beyond transcriptomics: integrating structural organization and gene expression in hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.26.081083v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present a quantitative co-analysis of RNA abundance and sarcomere organization in single cells and an integrated framework to predict subcellular organization states from gene expression. We used human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes expressing mEGFP-tagged alpha-actinin-2 to develop quantitative image analysis tools for systematic and automated classification of subcellular organization. This captured a wide range of sarcomeric organization states within cell populations that were previously difficult to quantify. We performed RNA FISH targeting genes identified by single cell RNA sequencing to simultaneously assess the relationship between transcript abundance and structural states in single cells. Co-analysis of gene expression and sarcomeric patterns in the same cells revealed biologically meaningful correlations that could be used to predict organizational states. This study establishes a framework for multi-dimensional analysis of single cells to study the relationships between gene expression and subcellular organization and to develop a more nuanced description of cell states.

Graphical AbstractTranscriptional profiling and structural classification was performed on human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes to characterize the relationship between transcript abundance and subcellular organization.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=199 SRC="FIGDIR/small/081083v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gerbin, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grancharova, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donovan-Maiye, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendershott, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinh, S. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gehring, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nath, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roco, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sluzewski, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viana, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaunbrecher, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordes Metzler, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palecek, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seelig, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaudreault, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knijnenburg, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafelski, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theriot, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunawardane, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.26.081083</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell states beyond transcriptomics: integrating structural organization and gene expression in hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.26.115873v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A non-linear relation between levels of adult hippocampal neurogenesis and expression of the immature neuron marker doublecortin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.26.115873v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We investigated the mechanisms underlying the effects of the antidepressant fluoxetine on behavior and adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN). After confirming our earlier report that the signaling molecule {beta}2-arrestin is required for the antidepressant-like effects of fluoxetine, we found that the effects of fluoxetine on proliferation of neural progenitors and on survival of adult-born granule cells are absent in the {beta}2-arrestin knockout ({beta}2-Arr KO) mice. To our surprise fluoxetine induced a dramatic upregulation of doublecortin (DCX) in the {beta}2-Arr KO mice, indicating that DCX expression can be increased even though AHN is not. We discovered two other conditions where DCX expression is regulated non linearly compared to levels of AHN: a chronic stress model where DCX is upregulated and an inflammation model where DCX is down regulated. We conclude that assessing DCX expression alone to quantify levels of AHN can be misleading and that caution should be applied when label retention techniques are not available.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LI{beta}2-arrestin ({beta}-Arr2) is required for the antidepressant-like effects of fluoxetine.
C_LIO_LIA dramatic upregulation of doublecortin (DCX) is observed in the {beta}2-Arr KO mice after antidepressant treatment whereas its effects on proliferation of neural progenitors and on survival of adult-born granule cells are absent.
C_LIO_LIDCX is more upregulated than the number of young neurons in a mouse model of depression.
C_LIO_LIDCX is more down regulated than the number of young neurons in a model of inflammation.
C_LIO_LImicroRNAs (miRs) may contribute to the regulation of DCX mRNA expression.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mendez-David, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DAVID, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delomenie, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaulieu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardier, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.26.115873</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A non-linear relation between levels of adult hippocampal neurogenesis and expression of the immature neuron marker doublecortin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.26.116244v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Female excellence in rock climbing likely has an evolutionary origin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.26.116244v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human body is exceptional for many reasons, not the least of which is the wide variety of movements it is capable of executing. Because our species is able to execute so many discrete activities, researchers often disagree on which were the movements most essential to the evolution of our species. This paper continues a recently introduced analysis, that the performance gap between female and male athletes narrows in sports which most reflect movements humans evolved to do. Here, I examine the performance gap in rock climbing. Because rock climbing is so similar to tree climbing, which bountiful evidence suggests has been key to the origin and proliferation of our species, we would expect to see a narrow performance gap between men and women in the sport. Indeed, this is the case. Female climbers are some of the best in the world irrespective of gender, a trend that is not found in any other major sport. I conclude that exceptional ability of female climbers is further evidence of the existence of sex-blind musculoskeletal adaptations, which developed over the course of human evolution to facilitate essential movements. These adaptations abate the general physical sexual dimorphism which exists in humans. This paper provides more evidence that the performance gap in sport can be used as a measure of human evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carroll, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.26.116244</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Female excellence in rock climbing likely has an evolutionary origin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.26.117515v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Powerful Variance-Component TWAS method identifies novel and known risk genes for clinical and pathologic Alzheimer's dementia phenotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.26.117515v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) have been widely used to integrate transcriptomic and genetic data to study complex human diseases. Within a test dataset lacking transcriptomic data, existing TWAS methods first impute gene expression by creating a weighted sum that aggregates SNPs with their corresponding cis-eQTL effects on reference transcriptome. Existing TWAS methods then employ a linear regression model to assess the association between imputed gene expression and test phenotype, thereby assuming the effect of a cis-eQTL SNP on test phenotype is a linear function of the eQTLs estimated effect on reference transcriptome. To increase TWAS robustness to this assumption, we propose a novel Variance-Component TWAS procedure (VC-TWAS) that assumes the effects of cis-eQTL SNPs on phenotype are random (with variance proportional to corresponding reference cis-eQTL effects) rather than fixed. VC-TWAS is applicable to both continuous and dichotomous phenotypes, as well as individual-level and summary-level GWAS data. Using simulated data, we show VC-TWAS is more powerful than traditional TWAS especially when eQTL genetic effects on test phenotype are no longer a linear function of their eQTL genetic effects on reference transcriptome. We further applied VC-TWAS to both individual-level (N=[~]3.4K) and summary-level (N=[~]54K) GWAS data to study Alzheimers dementia (AD). With the individual-level data, we detected 13 significant risk genes including 6 known GWAS risk genes such as TOMM40 that were missed by existing TWAS methods. With the summary-level data, we detected 57 significant risk genes considering only cis-SNPs and 71 significant genes considering both cis- and trans- SNPs; these findings also validated our findings with the individual-level GWAS data. Our VC-TWAS method is implemented in the TIGAR tool for public use.

Author SummaryExisting Transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) tools make strong assumptions about the relationships among genetic variants, transcriptome, and phenotype that may be violated in practice, thereby substantially reducing the power. Here, we propose a novel variance-component TWAS method (VC-TWAS) that relaxes these assumptions and can be implemented with both individual-level and summary-level GWAS data. Our simulation studies showed that VC-TWAS achieved higher power compared to existing TWAS methods when the underlying assumptions required by existing TWAS tools were violated. We further applied VC-TWAS to both individual-level (N=[~]3.4K) and summary-level (N=[~]54K) GWAS data to study Alzheimers dementia (AD). With individual-level data, we detected 13 significant risk genes including 6 known GWAS risk genes such as TOMM40 that were missed by existing TWAS methods. Interestingly, 5 of these genes were shown to possess significant pleiotropic effects on AD pathology phenotypes, revealing possible biological mechanisms. With summary-level data of a larger sample size, we detected 57 significant risk genes considering only cis-SNPs and 71 significant genes considering both cis- and trans- SNPs, which also validated our findings with the individual-level GWAS data. In conclusion, VC-TWAS provides an important analytic tool for identifying risk genes whose effects on phenotypes might be mediated through transcriptomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.26.117515</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Powerful Variance-Component TWAS method identifies novel and known risk genes for clinical and pathologic Alzheimer's dementia phenotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.117739v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deterioration of Glutaraldehyde Crosslinked Heterograft Biomaterials due to Advanced Glycation End Product Formation and Serum Albumin Infiltration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.117739v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bioprosthetic heart valves (BHV) are fabricated from glutaraldehyde cross-linked heterograft tissue, such as bovine pericardium (BP) or porcine aortic valves. BHV develop structural valve degeneration (SVD), often with calcification, requiring BHV replacement. Advanced glycation end products (AGE) are post-translational, non-enzymatic carbohydrate protein modifications. AGE are present in SVD-BHV clinical explants and not detectable in unimplanted BHV. Here, we studied the hypothesis that BHV susceptibility to AGE formation and serum protein infiltration results in deterioration of both leaflet collagen structure and mechanical properties. In vitro experiments studied BP and porcine collagen sponges (CS) for susceptibility to AGE formation using 14C-glucose and 14C-glyoxal with and without bovine serum albumin (BSA), as a model serum protein. The results showed AGE formation is a rapid and progressive process. BSA co-incubations reduced glyoxal and glucose uptake by BP and CS. Incubating BP in BSA caused a substantial increase in BP mass, enhanced by glyoxal co-incubation. Per two-photon microscopy, BP with AGE formation and BSA infiltration each induced significant disruption in collagen microarchitecture, with loss of collagen alignment and crimp. These effects are cumulative with the greatest disruption occurring when there was both AGE formation and BSA infiltration. Uniaxial testing of CS demonstrated that AGE formation, together with BSA uptake compared to controls, caused a significant deterioration in mechanical properties with a loss of viscoelastic relaxation and increased stiffness. It is concluded that AGE-BSA associated collagen structural disruption and deterioration of mechanical properties contribute to SVD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rock, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keeney, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zakharchenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takano, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiegel, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krieger, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrari, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.28.117739</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deterioration of Glutaraldehyde Crosslinked Heterograft Biomaterials due to Advanced Glycation End Product Formation and Serum Albumin Infiltration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.120865v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tumor-free elongation of mammalian nephrogenesis by excess fetal GDNF 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.120865v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Due to poor regenerative capacity of adult kidneys, nephron endowment defined by the nephrogenic program during the fetal period dictates renal and related cardiovascular health throughout life. We show that the neurotropic factor GDNF, which is in clinical trials for Parkinsons disease, is capable of prolonging the nephrogenic program beyond its normal cessation without increasing the risk of kidney tumors. Our data demonstrates that excess GDNF expands the nephrogenic program by maintaining nephron progenitors and nephrogenesis in postnatal mouse kidneys. GDNF, through its transcriptional targets excreted from the adjacent epithelium, has a major effect on nephron progenitor self-renewal and maintenance; abnormally high GDNF inhibits nephron progenitor proliferation, but lowering its level normalizes the nephrogenic program to that permissive for nephron progenitor self-renewal and differentiation. Based on our results, we propose that the lifespan of nephron progenitors is determined by mechanisms related to perception of GDNF and other signaling levels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kupari, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gui, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siefker, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mätlik, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olfat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montano-Rodriguez, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huh, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costantini, F. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andressoo, J.-O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuure, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.28.120865</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tumor-free elongation of mammalian nephrogenesis by excess fetal GDNF]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.121905v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ventral tegmental area GABA neurons mediate stress-induced anhedonia. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.121905v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stressful experiences frequently precede depressive episodes1. Depression results in anhedonia, or disrupted reward-seeking, in most patients2. In humans3,4 and rodents5,6, stress can disrupt reward-seeking, providing a potential mechanism by which stress can precipitate depression7-9. Yet despite decades investigating how stress modulates dopamine neuron transmission between the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and nucleus accumbens (NAc), the underpinnings of the stress-anhedonia transition remain elusive10-13. Here we show that during restraint stress, VTA GABA neurons drive low frequency NAc LFP oscillations, rhythmically modulating NAc firing rates. The strength of these stress-induced NAc oscillations predict the degree of impaired reward-seeking upon release from restraint. Inhibiting VTA GABA neurons disrupts stress-induced NAc oscillations and reverses the effect of stress on reward-seeking. By contrast, mimicking these oscillations with rhythmic VTA GABA stimulation in the absence of stress blunts subsequent reward-seeking. These experiments demonstrate that VTA GABA inputs to the NAc are both necessary and sufficient for stress-induced decreases in reward seeking behavior, elucidating a key circuit-level mechanism underlying stress-induced anhedonia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lowes, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamberlin, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kretsge, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holt, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbas, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yusufova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bretton, Z. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firdous, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.28.121905</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ventral tegmental area GABA neurons mediate stress-induced anhedonia.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.122234v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Caribbean-Hispanic Alzheimer's Brain Transcriptome Reveals Ancestry-Specific Disease Mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.122234v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ethnicity impacts Alzheimers disease risk, especially among Caribbean-Hispanics. We report the first RNA-sequencing analysis of brain tissue from 45 Alzheimers disease and control Caribbean-Hispanics. Data were compared with two independent samples of non-Hispanic Caucasians (total n=729). By identifying and characterizing those genes with ancestry- and region-specific expression patterns in Alzheimers disease, we reveal molecular insights that may help explain epidemiological disparities in this understudied aging population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Felsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sariya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santa-Maria, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayeux, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tosto, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.28.122234</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Caribbean-Hispanic Alzheimer's Brain Transcriptome Reveals Ancestry-Specific Disease Mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.123505v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-ancestry genome-wide gene-sleep interactions identify novel loci for blood pressure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.123505v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long and short sleep duration are associated with elevated blood pressure (BP), possibly through effects on molecular pathways that influence neuroendocrine and vascular systems. To gain new insights into the genetic basis of sleep-related BP variation, we performed genome-wide gene by short or long sleep duration interaction analyses on four BP traits (systolic BP, diastolic BP, mean arterial pressure, and pulse pressure) across five ancestry groups using 1 degree of freedom (1df) interaction and 2df joint tests. Primary multi-ancestry analyses in 62,969 individuals in stage 1 identified 3 novel loci that were replicated in an additional 59,296 individuals in stage 2, including rs7955964 (FIGNL2/ANKRD33) showing significant 1df interactions with long sleep duration and rs73493041 (SNORA26/C9orf170) and rs10406644 (KCTD15/LSM14A) showing significant 1df interactions with short sleep duration (Pint < 5x10-8). Secondary ancestry-specific two-stage analyses and combined stage 1 and 2 analyses additionally identified 23 novel loci that need external replication, including 3 and 5 loci showing significant 1df interactions with long and short sleep duration, respectively (Pint < 5x10-8). Multiple genes mapped to our 26 novel loci have known functions in sleep-wake regulation, nervous and cardiometabolic systems. We also identified new gene by long sleep interactions near five known BP loci ([&le;]1Mb) including NME7, FAM208A, MKLN1, CEP164, and RGL3/ELAVL3 (Pint < 5x10-8). This study indicates that sleep and primary mechanisms regulating BP may interact to elevate BP level, suggesting novel insights into sleep-related BP regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noordam, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cade, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwander, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkler, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sung, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bentley, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aschard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilpelainen, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilkov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horimoto, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartz, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vojinovic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nierenberg, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chitrala, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rankinen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musani, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franceschini, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rauramaa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alver, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Most, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolte, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munroe, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhnel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyytikainen, L.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eiriksdottir, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Launer, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Vries, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arking, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.29.123505</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-ancestry genome-wide gene-sleep interactions identify novel loci for blood pressure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.123836v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A single-cell atlas of the mouse and human prostate reveals heterogeneity and conservation of epithelial progenitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.123836v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the cellular constituents of the prostate is essential for identifying the cell of origin for benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate adenocarcinoma. Here we describe a comprehensive single-cell atlas of the adult mouse prostate epithelium, which demonstrates extensive heterogeneity. We observe distinct lobe-specific luminal epithelial populations (LumA, LumD, LumL, and LumV) in the distal region of the four prostate lobes, a proximally-enriched luminal population (LumP) that is not lobe-specific, as well as a periurethral population (PrU) that shares both basal and luminal features. Functional analyses suggest that LumP and PrU cells have multipotent progenitor activity in organoid formation and tissue reconstitution assays. Furthermore, we show that mouse distal and proximal luminal cells are most similar to human acinar and ductal populations, that a PrU-like population is conserved between species, and that the mouse lateral prostate is most similar to the human peripheral zone. Our findings elucidate new prostate epithelial progenitors, and help resolve long-standing questions about the anatomical relationships between the mouse and human prostate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crowley, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cambuli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aparicio, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shibata, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xuan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hibshoosh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabadan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.29.123836</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A single-cell atlas of the mouse and human prostate reveals heterogeneity and conservation of epithelial progenitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.124255v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rare variant analysis of 4,241 pulmonary arterial hypertension cases from an international consortium implicate FBLN2, PDGFD and rare de novo variants in PAH 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.124255v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundGroup 1 pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a lethal vasculopathy characterized by pathogenic remodeling of pulmonary arterioles leading to increased pulmonary pressures, right ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure. Recent high-throughput sequencing studies have identified additional PAH risk genes and suggested differences in genetic causes by age of onset. However, known risk genes explain only 15-20% of non-familial idiopathic PAH cases.

MethodsTo identify new risk genes, we utilized an international consortium of 4,241 PAH cases with 4,175 sequenced exomes (n=2,572 National Biological Sample and Data Repository for PAH; n=469 Columbia University Irving Medical Center, enriched for pediatric trios) and 1,134 sequenced genomes (UK NIHR Bioresource - Rare Diseases Study). Most of the cases were adult-onset disease (93%), and 55% idiopathic (IPAH) and 35% associated with other diseases (APAH). We identified protein-coding variants and performed rare variant association analyses in unrelated participants of European ancestry, including 2,789 cases and 18,819 controls (11,101 unaffected parents from the Simons Powering Autism Research for Knowledge study and 7,718 gnomAD individuals). We analyzed de novo variants in 124 pediatric trios.

ResultsSeven genes with rare deleterious variants were significantly associated (false discovery rate <0.1) with IPAH, including three known genes (BMPR2, GDF2, and TBX4), two recently identified candidate genes (SOX17, KDR), and two new candidate genes (FBLN2, fibulin 2; PDGFD, platelet-derived growth factor D). The candidate genes exhibit expression patterns in lung and heart similar to that of known PAH risk genes, and most of the variants occur in conserved protein domains. Variants in known PAH gene, ACVRL1, showed association with APAH. Predicted deleterious de novo variants in pediatric cases exhibited a significant burden compared to the background mutation rate (2.5x, p=7.0E-6). At least eight novel candidate genes carrying de novo variants have plausible roles in lung/heart development.

ConclusionsRare variant analysis of a large international consortium identifies two new candidate genes - FBLN2 and PDGFD. The new genes have known functions in vasculogenesis and remodeling but have not been previously implicated in PAH. Trio analysis predicts that ~15% of pediatric IPAH may be explained by de novo variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swietlik, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pauciulo, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagen, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tilly, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutz, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenzweig, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzaga-Juaregiu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawrie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trembath, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkins, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regeneron Genetics Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PAH Biobank Enrolling Centers' Investigators,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>NIHR BioResource for Translational Research - Rare Diseases,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>National Cohort Study of Idiopathic and Heritable PAH,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrell, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graf, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.29.124255</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rare variant analysis of 4,241 pulmonary arterial hypertension cases from an international consortium implicate FBLN2, PDGFD and rare de novo variants in PAH]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.124453v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptive Efficient Coding: A Variational Auto-encoder Approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.124453v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We study a model of neural coding with the structure of a variational auto-encoder. The model posits that the encoding of individual stimulus values is optimally adjusted for a finite training sample of stimuli retained in memory. We demonstrate that this model can rationalize existing experimental evidence on both perceptual discrimination thresholds and neural tuning curve widths in multiple sensory domains. Finally, since our model implies that encoding is optimized for a sample from the environment, it also provides predictions about the adaptation of neural coding as the environmental frequency distribution changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aridor, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grechi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodford, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.29.124453</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptive Efficient Coding: A Variational Auto-encoder Approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.30.124057v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenome dysregulation resulting from NSD1 mutation in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.30.124057v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epigenetic dysregulation has emerged as an important mechanism of oncogenesis. To develop targeted treatments, it is important to understand the epigenetic and transcriptomic consequences of mutations in epigenetic modifier genes. Recently, mutations in the histone methyltransferase gene NSD1 have been identified in a subset of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) - one of the most common and deadly cancers. Here, we use whole (epi)genome approaches and genome editing to dissect the downstream effects of loss of NSD1 in HNSCC. We demonstrate that NSD1 mutations are directly responsible for loss of intergenic H3K36me2 domains, followed by loss of DNA methylation, and gain of H3K27me3 in the affected genomic regions. We further show that those regions are enriched in cis-regulatory elements and that subsequent loss of H3K27ac correlates with reduced expression of their target genes. Our analysis identifies genes and pathways affected by the loss of NSD1 and paves the way to further understanding the interplay among chromatin modifications in cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Farhangdoost, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horth, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bareke, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coradin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majewski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.30.124057</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenome dysregulation resulting from NSD1 mutation in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.30.125153v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large ribosomal subunit, eIF5B, Met-tRNAiMet and mRNA cooperate to complete accurate initiation. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.30.125153v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recognition of a start codon by the first aminoacyl-tRNA (Met-tRNAiMet) determines the reading frame of messenger RNA (mRNA) translation by the ribosome. In eukaryotes, the GTPase eIF5B collaborates in the correct positioning of Met-tRNAiMet on the ribosome in the later stages of translation initiation, gating entrance into elongation. Leveraging the long residence time of eIF5B on the ribosome recently identified by single-molecule fluorescence measurements, we determined the cryoEM structure of the naturally long-lived ribosome complex with eIF5B and Met-tRNAiMet immediately before transition into elongation. The structure uncovered an unexpected, eukaryotic specific and dynamic fidelity checkpoint implemented by eIF5B in concert with components of the large ribosomal subunit.

One sentence summaryCryoEM structure of a naturally long-lived translation initiation intermediate with Met-tRNAiMet and eIF5B post GTP hydrolysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, B.-s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dever, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puglisi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.30.125153</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large ribosomal subunit, eIF5B, Met-tRNAiMet and mRNA cooperate to complete accurate initiation.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.31.124966v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
coronapp: a Web Application to Annotate and Monitor SARS-CoV-2 Mutations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.31.124966v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The avalanche of genomic data generated from the SARS-CoV-2 virus requires the development of tools to detect and monitor its mutations across the world. Here, we present a webtool, coronapp, dedicated to easily processing user-provided SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequences and visualizing current worldwide status of SARS-CoV-2 mutations.

The webtool allows users to highlight mutations and categorize them by frequency, country, genomic location and effect on protein sequences, and to monitor their presence in the population over time.

The tool is available at http://giorgilab.unibo.it/coronapp/ for the worldwide dataset and at http://giorgilab.unibo.it/coronannotator/ for the annotation of user-provided sequences. The full code is freely shared at https://github.com/federicogiorgi/giorgilab/tree/master/coronapp

Data Availability StatementThe data that support the findings of this study derive from the GISAID consortium and are openly available in Github, in Rdata format for the R environment, in files results.rda and metadata.rda, at the following link: https://github.com/federicogiorgi/giorgilab/tree/master/coronapp/data
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mercatelli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Triboli, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fornasari, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giorgi, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.31.124966</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[coronapp: a Web Application to Annotate and Monitor SARS-CoV-2 Mutations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.02.129270v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Template-based prediction of protein structure with deep learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.02.129270v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate prediction of protein structure is fundamentally important to understand biological function of proteins. Template-based modeling, including protein threading and homology modeling, is a popular method for protein tertiary structure prediction. However, accurate template-query alignment and template selection are still very challenging, especially for the proteins with only distant homologs available. We propose a new template-based modelling method called ThreaderAI to improve protein tertiary structure prediction. ThreaderAI formulates the task of aligning query sequence with template as the classical pixel classification problem in computer vision and naturally applies deep residual neural network in prediction. ThreaderAI first employs deep learning to predict residue-residue aligning probability matrix by integrating sequence profile, predicted sequential structural features, and predicted residueresidue contacts, and then builds template-query alignment by applying a dynamic programming algorithm on the probability matrix. We evaluated our methods both in generating accurate template-query alignment and protein threading. Experimental results show that ThreaderAI outperforms currently popular template-based modelling methods HHpred, CNFpred, and the latest contact-assisted method CEthreader, especially on the proteins that do not have close homologs with known structures. In particular, in terms of alignment accuracy measured with TM-score, ThreaderAI outperforms HHpred, CNFpred, and CEthreader by 56%, 13%, and 11%, respectively, on template-query pairs at the similarity of fold level from SCOPe data. And on CASP13s TBM-hard data, ThreaderAI outperforms HHpred, CNFpred, and CEthreader by 16%, 9% and 8% in terms of TM-score, respectively. These results demonstrate that with the help of deep learning, ThreaderAI can significantly improve the accuracy of template-based structure prediction, especially for distant-homology proteins.

Availabilityhttps://github.com/ShenLab/ThreaderAI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.02.129270</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Template-based prediction of protein structure with deep learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.03.132886v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Precision genetic cellular models identify therapies protective against endoplasmic reticulum stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.03.132886v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) and deglycosylation (CDDG) are a collection of rare pediatric disorders with symptoms that range from mild to life threatening. They typically affect multiple organ systems and usually present with neurological abnormalities including hypotonia, cognitive impairment, and intractable seizures. Several genes have been implicated in the thirty-six types of CDG, but currently NGLY1 is the only known CDDG gene. A common biological mechanism among CDG types and in CDDG is endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Here, we develop two isogenic human cellular models of CDG (PMM2, the most prevalent type of CDG, and DPAGT1) and of the only CDDG (NGLY1) in an effort to identify drugs that can alleviate ER stress. Systematic phenotyping identified elevated ER stress and autophagy levels among other cellular and morphological phenotypes in each of the cellular models. We screened a complex drug library for compounds able to correct aberrant morphological phenotypes in each of the models using an agnostic phenotypic cell painting assay based on >300 cellular features. The image-based screen identified multiple candidate compounds able to correct aberrant morphology, and we show a subset of these are able to correct cellular and molecular defects in each of the models. These results provide new directions for the treatment of rare diseases of glycosylation and deglycosylation and a framework for new drug screening paradigms for more common neurodegenerative diseases characterized by ER stress.

Summary sentenceNovel drug screening modality identifies compounds that correct aberrant molecular phenotypes in precision cellular models of glycosylation defects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lebedeva, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahdeo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anyanwu-Ofili, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harms, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wadia, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajagopal, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boland, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.03.132886</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Precision genetic cellular models identify therapies protective against endoplasmic reticulum stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.04.134502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of socioeconomic disadvantage and pace of aging measured in saliva DNA methylation of children and adolescents 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.04.134502v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Children who grow up in socioeconomically disadvantaged families face increased burden of disease and disability as they mature into adulthood. One hypothesized mechanism for this increased burden is that early-life disadvantage and its associated psychological stress accelerate biological processes of aging, increasing vulnerability to subsequent disease. In order to evaluate this hypothesis and the potential impact of preventive interventions, measures to quantify the early acceleration of biological aging in childhood are needed. Here, we evaluated a novel DNA-methylation measure of the pace of aging, DunedinPoAm, and compared DunedinPoAm results with results for several published epigenetic clocks. Data on saliva DNA-methylation and socioeconomic circumstances were collected from N = 600 children and adolescents aged 8- to 18-years-old (48% female) participating in the Texas Twin Project. Participants living in more disadvantaged families and neighborhoods exhibited faster pace of aging (r = 0.18, p = 0.001 for both). Latinx-identifying children exhibited faster DunedinPoAm compared to both White- and Latinx-White-identifying children, consistent with higher levels of disadvantage in this group. Children with more advanced pubertal development and those with had higher body-mass index also exhibited faster DunedinPoAm, but these covariates did not account for the observed socioeconomic gradient in methylation pace of aging. In contrast to findings for DunedinPoAm, we did not detect associations of socioeconomic disadvantage with five published epigenetic clocks. Findings suggest that DNA-methylation pace-of-aging measures may prove more sensitive to health damaging effects of adversity, particularly when measurements are taken early in the life course, before substantial aging has occurred.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raffington, L. A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belsky, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malanchini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker-Drob, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harden, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.04.134502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of socioeconomic disadvantage and pace of aging measured in saliva DNA methylation of children and adolescents]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.04.134692v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct genetic pathways define pre-leukemic and compensatory clonal hematopoiesis in Shwachman-Diamond syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.04.134692v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (SDS) is an inherited bone marrow failure syndrome with predisposition to developing leukemia. We found that multiple independent somatic hematopoietic clones arise early in life, most commonly harboring heterozygous mutations in EIF6 or TP53. EIF6 mutations cause functional compensation for the germline deficiency by alleviating the SDS ribosome joining defect, improving translation, and reducing p53 activation. TP53 mutations decrease checkpoint activation without affecting ribosome assembly. We link development of leukemia with acquisition of biallelic TP53 alterations. Our results define distinct pathways of clonal selection driven by germline fitness constraint and provide a mechanistic framework for clinical surveillance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camarda, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furutani, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muscato, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballotti, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galvin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malsch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gansner, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakano, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertuch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vlachos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipton, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connelly, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churpek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hijiya, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofmann, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamble, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norkin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stieglitz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stock, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walkovich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boettcher, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brendel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weller, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahl, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimamura, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsley, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.04.134692</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct genetic pathways define pre-leukemic and compensatory clonal hematopoiesis in Shwachman-Diamond syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.05.136663v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Atrophy associated with tau pathology precedes overt cell death in a mouse model of progressive tauopathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.05.136663v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the early stages of Alzheimers disease (AD), tau pathology first develops in the entorhinal cortex (EC), then spreads to the hippocampus and at later stages, to the neocortex. Pathology in the neocortex correlates with impaired cognitive performance. Overall, tau pathology correlates well with neurodegeneration but the spatial and temporal association between tau pathology and overt volume loss is unclear. Using in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with tensor-based morphometry (TBM) we mapped the spatio-temporal pattern of structural changes in a mouse model of AD-like progressive tauopathy. A novel, co-registered in vivo MRI atlas identified particular regions in the medial temporal lobe (MTL) that had significant volume reduction. The medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) and pre-/para-subiculum (PPS) had the most significant atrophy at the early stage, but atrophy then spread into the hippocampus, most notably, the CA1, dentate gyrus (DG) and subiculum (Sub). TBM-related atrophy in the DG and Sub preceded overt cell loss that has been reported in ex vivo studies in the same mouse model. By unifying an ex vivo 3D reconstruction of tau pathology with the TBM-MRI results we mapped the progression of atrophy in the MTL with the corresponding spread of tau pathology. Our study shows that there is an association between the spread of tau pathology and TBM-related atrophy from the EC to the hippocampus, but atrophy in the DG and Sub preceded overt cell loss.

One Sentence SummarySpread of tau pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimers disease assessed by MRI was associated with reduced brain tissue volume but not neuronal loss.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fung, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figueroa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konofagou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duff, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.05.136663</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Atrophy associated with tau pathology precedes overt cell death in a mouse model of progressive tauopathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.08.134890v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cancer cells depend on environmental lipids for proliferation when electron acceptors are limited 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.08.134890v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is not well understood how physiological environmental conditions and nutrient availability influence cancer cell proliferation. Production of oxidized biomass, which requires regeneration of the cofactor NAD+, can limit cancer cell proliferation1-5. However, it is currently unclear which specific metabolic processes are constrained by electron acceptor availability, and how they affect cell proliferation. Here, we use computational and experimental approaches to demonstrate that de novo lipid biosynthesis can impose an increased demand for NAD+ in proliferating cancer cells. While some cancer cells and tumors synthesize a substantial fraction of their lipids de novo6, we find that environmental lipids are crucial for proliferation in hypoxia or when the mitochondrial electron transport chain is inhibited. Surprisingly, we also find that even the reductive glutamine carboxylation pathway to produce fatty acids is impaired when cancer cells are limited for NAD+. Furthermore, gene expression analysis of 34 heterogeneous tumor types shows that lipid biosynthesis is strongly and consistently negatively correlated with hypoxia, whereas expression of genes involved in lipid uptake is positively correlated with hypoxia. These results demonstrate that electron acceptor availability and access to environmental lipids can play an important role in determining whether cancer cells engage in de novo lipogenesis to support proliferation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixit, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lien, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tchourine, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hosios, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westermark, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorodetsky, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vander Heiden, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitkup, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.08.134890</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cancer cells depend on environmental lipids for proliferation when electron acceptors are limited]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.08.138735v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-ancestry Genome- and Phenome-wide Association Studies of Diverticular Disease in Electronic Health Records with Natural Language Processing enriched phenotype algorithm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.08.138735v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background and aimsDiverticular disease is among the most prevalent conditions encountered by gastroenterologists, affecting [~]50% of Americans before the age of 60. Our aim was to identify genetic risk variants and clinical phenotypes associated with diverticular disease, utilizing the electronic health record (EHR) with Natural Language Processing (NLP).

MethodsWe developed a NLP-enriched phenotype algorithm that incorporated colonoscopy or abdominal imaging reports to accurately identify patients with diverticulosis and diverticulitis from multicenter EHRs. We performed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of diverticular disease in European, African and multi-ancestry participants, followed by phenome-wide association studies (PheWAS) of the risk variants to identify their potential comorbid/pleiotropic effects in the clinical phenome. For more in-depth investigation of associated clinical phenotypes, we also performed PheWAS with the previously reported 52 GWAS susceptibility variants for diverticular disease.

ResultsAncestry-stratified GWAS analyses confirmed the well-established associations between ARHGAP15 loci with diverticular disease in European cohorts, and found similar positive effect sizes in African cohorts but with non-significant p-values. With overall intensified GWAS signals in diverticulitis patients compared to diverticulosis patients, we found substantial genetic correlations between diverticulosis and diverticulitis, up to 0.997 in European ancestry. PheWAS analyses identified associations between the diverticular disease GWAS variants and circulatory system, genitourinary, and neoplastic EHR phenotypes.

ConclusionOur multiancestry GWAS-PheWAS study demonstrated an effective use of multidimensional EHR information in disease case/control classification with NLP for more comprehensive and scalable phenotyping, and implementation of an integrative analytical pipeline to facilitate etiological investigation of a disease from a clinical perspective.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joo, Y. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pacheco, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmussen-Torvik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmussen, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, F. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrade, M. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borthwick, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bottinger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cagan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrell, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denny, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottesman, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linneman, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pathak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peissig, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shang, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tromp, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veerappan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chisholm, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gawron, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kho, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.08.138735</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-ancestry Genome- and Phenome-wide Association Studies of Diverticular Disease in Electronic Health Records with Natural Language Processing enriched phenotype algorithm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.08.140046v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Screening of PCRP transcription factor antibodies in biochemical assays 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.08.140046v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibodies offer a powerful means to interrogate specific proteins in a complex milieu. However, antibody availability and reliability are problematic and epitope tagging can be impractical in many cases. In an effort to improve this situation, the Protein Capture Reagents Program (PCRP) generated over a thousand renewable monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against human-presumptive chromatin proteins. However, these reagents have not been widely field-tested. We therefore performed a screen to test their ability to enrich genomic regions via chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and a variety of orthogonal assays. 887 unique antibodies against 681 unique human transcription factors (TFs), were assayed by ultra-high resolution ChIP-exo/seq, primarily in a single pass in one cell type (K562). Deep systematic analyses of the resulting [~]1,200 ChIP-exo datasets can be found at www.PCRPvalidation.org. Subsets of PCRP mAbs were further tested in ChIP-seq, CUT&RUN, STORM super-resolution microscopy, immunoblots, and protein binding microarray (PBM) experiments. About 5% of the tested antibodies displayed target (i.e., cognate antigen) enrichment across at least one assay and are strong candidates for additional validation. An additional 34% produced ChIP-exo data that was distinct from background and thus warrant further testing. The remaining 61% were not substantially different from background, and likely require consideration of a much broader survey of cell types and/or assay optimizations. We demonstrate and discuss the metrics and challenges to antibody validation in chromatin-based assays.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mariani, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothschild, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venters, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanda, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuntala, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bocklund, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mairose, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dweikat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mistretta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phanor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novitzky, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAnarney, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keogh, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shilatifard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basu, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bulyk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pugh, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.08.140046</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Screening of PCRP transcription factor antibodies in biochemical assays]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.08.140418v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Deep Learning Semiparametric Regression for Adjusting Complex Confounding Structures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.08.140418v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep Treatment Learning (deepTL), a robust yet efficient deep learning-based semiparametric regression approach, is proposed to adjust the complex confounding structures in comparative effectiveness analysis of observational data, e.g. electronic health record (EHR) data, in which complex confounding structures are often embedded. Specifically, we develop a deep learning neural network with a score-based ensembling scheme for flexible function approximation. An improved semiparametric procedure is further developed to enhance the performance of the proposed method under finite sample settings. Comprehensive numerical studies have demonstrated the superior performance of the proposed methods as compared with existing methods, with a remarkably reduced bias and mean squared error in parameter estimates. The proposed research is motivated by a post-surgery pain study, which is also used to illustrate the practical application of deepTL. Finally, an R package, "deepTL", is developed to implement the proposed method.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tighe, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.08.140418</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Deep Learning Semiparametric Regression for Adjusting Complex Confounding Structures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.09.142166v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Organization of cortico-hippocampal networks in the human brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.09.142166v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Episodic memory depends on interactions between the hippocampus and the interconnected regions comprising default mode network (DMN). Here, using data-driven analyses of resting-state fMRI data, we identified the networks that interact with the hippocampus--the DMN and a "Medial Temporal Network" (MTN) that included regions in the medial temporal lobe and retrosplenial cortex. We observed that the MTN plays a critical role in connecting the visual network to the DMN and hippocampus. The DMN could be further divided into three subnetworks: a "Posterior-Medial" Subnetwork comprised of posterior cingulate, and lateral parietal cortices, an "Anterior-Temporal" Subnetwork comprised of regions in the temporopolar, and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, and a "Medial-Prefrontal" Subnetwork comprised of regions primarily in the medial prefrontal cortex. These networks vary in their functional connectivity along the hippocampal long-axis and represent different kinds of information during memory-guided decision-making. Finally, a Neurosynth meta-analysis of fMRI studies suggests new hypotheses regarding the functions of the MTN and DMN subnetworks, providing a framework to guide future research on the neural architecture of episodic memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barnett, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimsdale-Zucker, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizrak, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reagh, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranganath, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.09.142166</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Organization of cortico-hippocampal networks in the human brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.09.142257v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Real-Time Microfluidics-Magnetic Tweezers connects conformational stiffness with energy landscape by a single experiment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.09.142257v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteins are versatile biopolymers whose functions are determined by their structures. Understanding the structural dynamicity, with respect to energy landscape, is essential to describe their biological functions. The ability to study the dynamical properties of a single protein molecule is thus crucial, but ensuring that multiple physical properties can be simultaneously extracted within a single experiment on the exact same protein molecule in real-time has hitherto been infeasible.

Here, we present magnetic tweezers technology that surmounts this limitation, providing real-time dynamic information about changes in several molecular properties ({Delta}G0, conformation, and mean first passage time of unfolding and refolding) from a single experiment, by remeasuring the very same protein molecule in varying chemical condition. We illustrate the versatility of the method by studying electrolyte-dependent conformational flexibility and the energy landscape of substrate protein L under force. Changing salt concentrations reshapes the energy landscape by two specific ways: it speeds-up refolding kinetics while slowing down unfolding kinetics. From the same trajectory, we calculate the stiffness of the protein polymer, a quantity that varies with salt concentration. The data is described within the framework of a modified  electrolyte FJC model that we propose and study here. The observed correlation between{Delta} G0, kinetics and polymer elasticity connect protein chain physics and the energy landscape, while the experimental methodology we describe of getting energy landscape from a single experiment could have wide-ranging applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>chakraborty, s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhuri, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haldar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhuri, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.09.142257</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Real-Time Microfluidics-Magnetic Tweezers connects conformational stiffness with energy landscape by a single experiment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.09.143040v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generation of Rapid Sequences by Motor Cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.09.143040v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rapid execution of motor sequences is believed to depend upon the fusing of movement elements into cohesive units that are executed holistically. We sought to determine the contribution of motor cortex activity to this ability. Two monkeys performed highly practiced two-reach sequences, interleaved with matched reaches performed alone or separated by a delay. We partitioned neural population activity into components pertaining to preparation, initiation, and execution. The hypothesis that movement elements fuse makes specific predictions regarding all three forms of activity. We observed none of these predicted effects. Instead, two-reach sequences involved the same set of neural events as individual reaches, but with a remarkable temporal compression: preparation for the second reach occurred as the first was in flight. Thus, at the level of motor cortex, skillfully executing a rapid sequence depends not on fusing elements, but on the ability to perform two computations at the same time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zimnik, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchland, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.09.143040</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generation of Rapid Sequences by Motor Cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.09.143529v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single Cell-type Integrative Network Modeling IdentifiedNovel Microglial-specific Targets for the Phagosome inAlzheimer's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.09.143529v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryLate-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease (LOAD) results from a complex pathological process influenced by genetic variation, aging and environment factors. Genetic susceptibility factors indicate that myeloid cells such as microglia play a significant role in the onset of LOAD. Here, we developed a computational systems biology approach to construct probabilistic causal and predictive network models of genetic regulatory programs of microglial cells under LOAD diagnosis by integrating two independent brain transcriptome and genome-wide genotype datasets from the Religious Orders Study and Rush Memory and Aging Project (ROSMAP) and Mayo Clinic (MAYO) studies in the AMP-AD consortium. From this network model, we identified and replicated novel microglial-specific master regulators predicted to modulate network states associated with LOAD. We experimentally validated three microglial master regulators (FCER1G, HCK and LAPTM5) in primary human microglia-like cells (MDMi) by demonstrating the molecular impact these master regulators have on modulating downstream genomic targets identified by our top-down/bottom-up method and the causal relations among the three key drivers. These master regulators are involved in phagocytosis, a process associated with LOAD. Thus, we propose three new master regulator (key driver) genes that emerged from our network analyses as robust candidates for further evaluation in LOAD therapeutic development efforts.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patel, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henrion, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckmann, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alamprese, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pertel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nejad, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrasquillo, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ertekin-Taner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jager, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schadt, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradshaw, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.09.143529</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single Cell-type Integrative Network Modeling IdentifiedNovel Microglial-specific Targets for the Phagosome inAlzheimer's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.10.145110v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
α-Synuclein facilitates dopamine release during burst firing of substantia nigra neurons in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.10.145110v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
-Synuclein is expressed at high levels at presynaptic terminals, but defining its role on neurotransmission under physiologically-relevant conditions has proven elusive. We report that -synuclein is responsible for a rapid facilitation of dopamine release during action potential bursts in vivo. This occurs in tandem with a far slower stimulus-dependent depression, appears to be independent of the presence of {beta}- and {gamma}-synucleins or effects on presynaptic calcium and is consistent with a role for synucleins in the enhancement of synaptic vesicle fusion and turnover. The results indicate that the presynaptic effects of -synuclein are dependent on specific patterns of neuronal activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Somayaji, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cataldi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosharov, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulzer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.10.145110</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[α-Synuclein facilitates dopamine release during burst firing of substantia nigra neurons in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.11.146746v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuroscience Cloud Analysis As a Service 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.11.146746v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major goal of computational neuroscience is the development of powerful data analyses that operate on large datasets. These analyses form an essential toolset to derive scientific insights from new experiments. Unfortunately, a major obstacle currently impedes progress: novel data analyses have a hidden dependence upon complex computing infrastructure (e.g. software dependencies, hardware), acting as an unaddressed deterrent to potential analysis users. While existing analyses are increasingly shared as open source software, the infrastructure needed to deploy these analyses - at scale, reproducibly, cheaply, and quickly - remains totally inaccessible to all but a minority of expert users. In this work we develop Neuroscience Cloud Analysis As a Service (NO_SCPLOWEUROC_SCPLOWCAAS): a fully automated analysis platform that makes state-of-the-art data analysis tools accessible to the neuroscience community. Based on modern large-scale computing advances, NO_SCPLOWEUROC_SCPLOWCAAS is an open source platform with a drag-and-drop interface, entirely removing the burden of infrastructure purchase, configuration, deployment, and maintenance from analysis users and developers alike. NO_SCPLOWEUROC_SCPLOWCAAS offers two major scientific benefits to any data analysis. First, NO_SCPLOWEUROC_SCPLOWCAAS provides automatic reproducibility of analyses at no extra effort to the analysis developer or user. Second, NO_SCPLOWEUROC_SCPLOWCAAS cleanly separates tool implementation from usage, allowing for immediate use of arbitrarily complex analyses, at scale. We show how these benefits drive the design of simpler, more powerful data analyses. Furthermore, we show that many popular data analysis tools offered through NO_SCPLOWEUROC_SCPLOWCAAS outperform typical analysis solutions (in terms of speed and cost) while improving ease of use, dispelling the myth that cloud compute is prohibitively expensive and technically inaccessible. By removing barriers to fast, efficient cloud computation, NO_SCPLOWEUROC_SCPLOWCAAS can dramatically accelerate both the dissemination and the effective use of cutting-edge analysis tools for neuroscientific discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abe, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinsella, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saxena, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.11.146746</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuroscience Cloud Analysis As a Service]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.11.147231v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prelimbic-amygdala overexcitability mediates trait vulnerability in a novel mouse model of acute social defeat stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.11.147231v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDDepression is a debilitating neuropsychiatric disorder with 20% lifetime prevalence in the developed world but only approximately half of afflicted individuals respond to currently available therapies. While there is growing understanding of the neurobiological underpinnings of the depressed brain, much less is known about the preexisting circuitry leading to selective vulnerability versus resilience. Elucidating these networks could lead to novel preventative approaches.

METHODSWe developed a model of acute social defeat stress (ASDS) that allows classification of male mice into "susceptible" (socially avoidant) versus "resilient" (expressing control-level social approach) one hour after exposure to six minutes of social stress. Using circuit tracing and high-resolution confocal imaging, we explored differences in activation and dendritic spine density and morphology in the prelimbic to basolateral amygdala (PL[-&gt;]BLA) circuit in resilient versus susceptible mice. To test the functional relevance of identified structure/function differences to divergent behavioral responses, we used an intersectional chemogenetic approach to inhibit the PL[-&gt;]BLA circuit during or prior to ASDS.

RESULTSSusceptible mice had greater PL[-&gt;]BLA recruitment during ASDS and activated PL[-&gt;]BLA neurons from susceptible mice had more and larger mushroom spines compared to resilient mice. Inhibition of the PL[-&gt;]BLA circuit led to a population shift towards resilience.

CONCLUSIONPreexisting PL[-&gt;]BLA structure/function differences mediate divergent behavioral responses to ASDS in male mice. These results support the PL[-&gt;]BLA circuit as a biomarker of trait vulnerability and potential target for prevention of stress-induced psychopathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grossman, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fillinger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manganaro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voren, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jannsen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumitriu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.11.147231</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prelimbic-amygdala overexcitability mediates trait vulnerability in a novel mouse model of acute social defeat stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.13.150250v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody Responses Are More Robust in Patients with Severe Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.13.150250v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We studied plasma antibody responses of 35 patients about 1 month after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Titers of antibodies binding to the viral nucleocapsid and spike proteins were significantly higher in patients with severe disease. Likewise, mean antibody neutralization titers against SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus and live virus were higher in the sicker patients, by ~5-fold and ~7-fold, respectively. These findings have important implications for those pursuing plasma therapy, isolation of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies, and determinants of immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mori, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solis, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamashita, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purpura, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laracy, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sodroski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.13.150250</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody Responses Are More Robust in Patients with Severe Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.15.142554v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural representation of linguistic feature hierarchy reflects second-language proficiency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.15.142554v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acquiring a new language requires a simultaneous and gradual learning of multiple levels of linguistic attributes. Here, we investigated how this process changes the neural encoding of natural speech by assessing the encoding of the linguistic feature hierarchy in second-language listeners. Electroencephalography (EEG) signals were recorded during English story listening from native Mandarin speakers with varied English proficiency and from native English speakers. We measured the temporal response functions (TRF) for acoustic, phonemic, phonotactic, and semantic features in individual participants and found a main effect of proficiency on the linguistic encoding. This effect of second-language proficiency was particularly prominent on the neural encoding of phonemes, showing stronger encoding of "new" phonemic contrasts (i.e. English contrasts that do not exist in Mandarin) with increasing proficiency. Overall, we found that linguistic feature representation in nonnative listeners progressively converged to that of native listeners with proficiency, which enabled accurate decoding of language proficiency. This detailed view advances our understanding of the cortical processing of linguistic information in second-language learners and provides an objective measure of language proficiency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Di Liberto, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeaton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalighinejad, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesgarani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.15.142554</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural representation of linguistic feature hierarchy reflects second-language proficiency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.15.152223v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Categorical judgments do not modify sensory information in working memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.15.152223v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Categorical judgments can systematically bias the perceptual interpretation of stimulus features. However, it remained unclear whether categorical judgments directly modify working memory representations or, alternatively, generate these biases via an inference process down-stream from working memory. To address this question we ran two novel psychophysical experiments in which human subjects had to revert their categorical judgments about a stimulus feature, if incorrect based on feedback, before providing an estimate of the feature. If categorical judgments indeed directly altered sensory representations in working memory, subjects’ estimates should reflect some aspects of their initial (incorrect) categorical judgment in those trials.We found no traces of the initial categorical judgment. Rather, subjects seem to be able to flexibly switch their categorical judgment if needed and use the correct corresponding categorical prior to properly perform feature inference. A cross-validated model comparison also revealed that feedback may lead to selective memory recall such that only memory samples that are consistent with the categorical judgment are accepted for the inference process. Our results suggest that categorical judgments do not modify sensory information in working memory but rather act as top-down expectation in the subsequent sensory recall and inference process down-stream from working memory.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stocker, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.15.152223</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Categorical judgments do not modify sensory information in working memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.15.152488v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elongation Inhibitors do not Prevent the Release of Puromycylated Nascent Polypeptide Chains from Ribosomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.15.152488v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Puromycin is an amino-acyl transfer RNA analog widely employed in studies of protein synthesis. Since puromycin is covalently incorporated into nascent polypeptide chains, anti-puromycin immunofluorescence enables visualization of nascent protein synthesis. A common assumption in studies of local messenger RNA translation is that the anti-puromycin staining of puromycylated nascent polypeptides in fixed cells accurately reports on their original site of translation, particularly when ribosomes are stalled with elongation inhibitors prior to puromycin treatment. However, when we attempted to implement a proximity ligation assay to detect ribosome-puromycin complexes, we found no evidence to support this assumption. We further demonstrated, using biochemical assays and live cell imaging of nascent polypeptides, that puromycylated nascent polypeptides rapidly dissociate from ribosomes even in the presence of elongation inhibitors. Our results suggest that attempts to define precise subcellular translation sites using anti-puromycin immunostaining may be confounded by release of puromycylated nascent polypeptide chains prior to fixation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hobson, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartwick, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sims, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.15.152488</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elongation Inhibitors do not Prevent the Release of Puromycylated Nascent Polypeptide Chains from Ribosomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.15.152553v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Changes in the functional connectome and behavior after exposure to chronic stress and increasing neurogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.15.152553v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Addition of new neurons to the dentate gyrus might change the activity of neural circuitry in the areas which the hippocampus projects to. The size of the hippocampus and the number of adult newborn granule cells are decreased by unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS). Additionally, one of the notable effects of chronic stress is the induction of {Delta}FosB, an unusually stable transcription factor which accumulates over time in several brain areas. This accumulation has been observed in many animal models of depression and it could have a protective role against stress, but no studies so far have explored how a specific increase in neurogenesis might regulate the induction and which brain networks might be predominately affected.

We attempted to investigate the role of increasing adult hippocampal neurogenesis on stress-related behavior and the functional brain circuitry involved in mice exposed to UCMS. We used iBax mice, in which the pro-apoptotic gene Bax can be selectively ablated in neural stem cells, therefore inducibly enhancing survival of newborn neurons after tamoxifen administration. The animals were exposed to UCMS for 9 weeks and treated with tamoxifen in week 3 after the beginning of UCMS. In week 8, they were submitted to a battery of behavioral tests to assess depressive-like and anxiety-like behavior. In week 9, blood was collected to assess basal corticosterone levels, and the animals were sacrificed and their brain collected for {Delta}FosB immunohistochemistry. Brain-wide maps of {Delta}FosB expression were constructed and graph theoretical analyses were used to study the changes in brain networks after stress.

UCMS induced negative correlations between the lateral entorhinal cortex and both the hippocampal structures and the nucleus accumbens in the VEH-treated mice, which were not present in other groups. Ranking nodes by degree reveals a strong thalamic-cortical signature in both non-stress (NS) groups. Exposure to UCMS seems to induce activity in thalamic areas and cerebral nuclei, with a different signature in the UCMS TAM group, which seems to completely "disengage" the neocortex and has most of its nodes with the most connections in the thalamic areas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Culig, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steadman, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenney, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legendre, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minier, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frankland, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belzung, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.15.152553</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Changes in the functional connectome and behavior after exposure to chronic stress and increasing neurogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.15.153031v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissecting Autism Genetic Risk Using Single-cell RNA-seq Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.15.153031v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autism spectrum disorder (autism) is a condition with strong but heterogenous genetic contribution. Recent exome and genome sequencing studies have uncovered many new risk genes through de novo variants. However, a large fraction of enrichment of de novo variants observed in cases are not accounted for by known or candidate risk genes, suggesting that the majority of risk genes are still unknown. Here we hypothesize that autism risk genes share a few common cell-type specific gene expression patterns during brain development, and such information can be quantified to improve statistical power of detecting new risk genes. We obtained large-scale single-cell RNA-seq data from human fetal brain collected through a range of developmental stages, and developed a supervised machine-learning approach "A-risk" (Autism risk), to predict the plausibility of autism risk genes across the genome. Using data from recent exome sequencing studies of autism, A-risk achieves better performance in prioritizing de novo variants than other methods, especially for genes that are less intolerant of loss of function variants. We stratified genes based on A-risk and mutation intolerance metrics to improve estimation of priors in extTADA and identified 71 candidate risk genes. In particular, CLCN4, PRKAR1B, and NR2F1 are potentially new risk genes with further support from neurodevelopmental disorders. Expression patterns of both known and candidate risk genes reveals the important role of deep-layer excitatory neurons from adult human cortex in autism etiology. With the unprecedented revolution of single-cell transcriptomics and expanding autism cohorts with exome or genome sequencing, our method will facilitate systematic discovery of novel risk genes and understanding of biological pathogenesis in autism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byington, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruce, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.15.153031</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissecting Autism Genetic Risk Using Single-cell RNA-seq Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.16.126631v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The sensorimotor strategies and neuronal representations of tactile shape discrimination in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.16.126631v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans and other animals can identify objects by active touch, requiring the coordination of exploratory motion and tactile sensation. The brain integrates movements with the resulting tactile signals to form a holistic representation of object identity. We developed a shape discrimination task that challenged head-fixed mice to discriminate concave from convex shapes. Behavioral decoding revealed that mice did this by comparing contacts across whiskers. In contrast, mice performing a shape detection task simply summed up contacts over whiskers. We recorded populations of neurons in the barrel cortex, which processes whisker input, to identify how it encoded the corresponding sensorimotor variables. Neurons across the cortical layers encoded touch, whisker motion, and task-related signals. Sensory representations were task-specific: during shape discrimination, neurons responded most robustly to behaviorally relevant whiskers, overriding somatotopy. We suggest a similar dynamic modulation may underlie object recognition in other brain areas and species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodgers, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogueira, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pil, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greeman, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fusi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruno, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.16.126631</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The sensorimotor strategies and neuronal representations of tactile shape discrimination in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.17.149237v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reading frame restoration at the EYS locus, and allele-specific chromosome removal after Cas9 cleavage in human embryos 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.17.149237v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The correction of disease-causing mutations in human embryos could reduce the burden of inherited genetic disorders in the fetus and newborn, and improve the efficiency of fertility treatments for couples with disease-causing mutations in lieu of embryo selection. Here we evaluate the repair outcomes of a Cas9-induced double-strand break (DSB) introduced on the paternal chromosome at the EYS locus, which carries a frame-shift mutation causing blindness. We show that the most common repair outcome is microhomology-mediated end joining, which occurs during the first cell cycle in the zygote, leading to embryos with non-mosaic restoration of the reading frame. However, about half of the breaks remain unrepaired, resulting in an undetectable paternal allele and, upon entry into mitosis, loss of one or both chromosomal arms. Thus, Cas9 allows for the modification of chromosomal content in human embryos in a targeted manner, which may be useful for the prevention of trisomies.

HighlightsO_LICas9-mediated DSB induction and repair by end joining occurs within hours
C_LIO_LIEnd joining provides an efficient way to restore reading frames without mosaicism
C_LIO_LIUnrepaired DSBs persist through mitosis and result in frequent chromosome loss
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zuccaro, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmerman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rana, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsang, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goland, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jasin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lobo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Treff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.17.149237</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reading frame restoration at the EYS locus, and allele-specific chromosome removal after Cas9 cleavage in human embryos]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.17.153486v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Potent Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies Directed to Multiple Epitopes on the SARS-CoV-2 Spike 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.17.153486v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic rages on with devasting consequences on human lives and the global economy1,2. The discovery and development of virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies could be one approach to treat or prevent infection by this novel coronavirus. Here we report the isolation of 61 SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies from 5 infected patients hospitalized with severe disease. Among these are 19 antibodies that potently neutralized the authentic SARS-CoV-2 in vitro, 9 of which exhibited exquisite potency, with 50% virus-inhibitory concentrations of 0.7 to 9 ng/mL. Epitope mapping showed this collection of 19 antibodies to be about equally divided between those directed to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and those to the N-terminal domain (NTD), indicating that both of these regions at the top of the viral spike are immunogenic. In addition, two other powerful neutralizing antibodies recognized quaternary epitopes that are overlapping with the domains at the top of the spike. Cryo-electron microscopy reconstructions of one antibody targeting RBD, a second targeting NTD, and a third bridging two separate RBDs revealed recognition of the closed, "all RBD-down" conformation of the spike. Several of these monoclonal antibodies are promising candidates for clinical development as potential therapeutic and/or prophylactic agents against SARS-CoV-2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lihong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rapp, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figueroa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerutti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bimela, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>G. Sodroski, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.17.153486</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Potent Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies Directed to Multiple Epitopes on the SARS-CoV-2 Spike]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.18.146423v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A system for phenotype harmonization in the NHLBI Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) Program 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.18.146423v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genotype-phenotype association studies often combine phenotype data from multiple studies to increase power. Harmonization of the data usually requires substantial effort due to heterogeneity in phenotype definitions, study design, data collection procedures, and data set organization. Here we describe a centralized system for phenotype harmonization that includes input from phenotype domain and study experts, quality control, documentation, reproducible results, and data sharing mechanisms. This system was developed for the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institutes Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) program, which is generating genomic and other omics data for >80 studies with extensive phenotype data. To date, 63 phenotypes have been harmonized across thousands of participants from up to 17 TOPMed studies per phenotype. We discuss the challenges faced in this undertaking and how they were addressed. The harmonized phenotype data and associated documentation have been submitted to National Institutes of Health data repositories for controlled-access by the scientific community. We also provide materials to facilitate future harmonization efforts by the community, which include (1) the code used to generate the 63 harmonized phenotypes, enabling others to reproduce, modify or extend these harmonizations to additional studies; and (2) results of labeling thousands of phenotype variables with controlled vocabulary terms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stilp, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emery, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broome, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buth, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurie, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Augustine, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heard-Costa, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohensee, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juarez, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mutalik, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raffield, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiggins, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Vries, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooperberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natarajan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peloso, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peyser, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiner, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnett, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aslibekyan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bielak, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bis, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cade, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cupples, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Andrade, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellinor, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fornage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franceschini, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganesh, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graffelman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.18.146423</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A system for phenotype harmonization in the NHLBI Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) Program]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.18.159095v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole genome doubling confers unique genetic vulnerabilities on tumor cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.18.159095v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whole genome doubling (WGD) occurs early in tumorigenesis and generates genetically unstable tetraploid cells that fuel tumor development. Cells that undergo WGD (WGD+) must adapt to accommodate their abnormal tetraploid state; however, the nature of these adaptations, and whether they confer vulnerabilities that can subsequently be exploited therapeutically, is unclear. Using sequencing data from [~]10,000 primary human cancer samples and essentiality data from [~]600 cancer cell lines, we show that WGD gives rise to common genetic traits that are accompanied by unique vulnerabilities. We reveal that WGD+ cells are more dependent on spindle assembly checkpoint signaling, DNA replication factors, and proteasome function than WGD- cells. We also identify KIF18A, which encodes for a mitotic kinesin, as being specifically required for the viability of WGD+ cells. While loss of KIF18A is largely dispensable for accurate chromosome segregation during mitosis in WGD- cells, its loss induces dramatic mitotic errors in WGD+ cells, ultimately impairing cell viability. Collectively, our results reveal new strategies to specifically target WGD+ cancer cells while sparing the normal, non-transformed WGD- cells that comprise human tissue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Quinton, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Didomizio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vittoria, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ticas, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koga, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotynkova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vakhshoorzadeh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermance, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuroda, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parulekar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganem, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.18.159095</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole genome doubling confers unique genetic vulnerabilities on tumor cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.18.159467v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A sweep of earth's virome reveals host-guided viral protein structural mimicry; with implications for human disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.18.159467v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viruses deploy an array of genetically encoded strategies to coopt host machinery and support viral replicative cycles. Molecular mimicry, manifested by structural similarity between viral and endogenous host proteins, allow viruses to harness or disrupt cellular functions including nucleic acid metabolism and modulation of immune responses. Here, we use protein structure similarity to scan for virally encoded structure mimics across thousands of catalogued viruses and hosts spanning broad ecological niches and taxonomic range, including bacteria, plants and fungi, invertebrates and vertebrates. Our survey identified over 6,000,000 instances of structural mimicry, the vast majority of which (>70%) cannot be discerned through protein sequence. The results point to molecular mimicry as a pervasive strategy employed by viruses and indicate that the protein structure space used by a given virus is dictated by the host proteome. Interrogation of proteins mimicked by human-infecting viruses points to broad diversification of cellular pathways targeted via structural mimicry, identifies biological processes that may underly autoimmune disorders, and reveals virally encoded mimics that may be leveraged to engineer synthetic metabolic circuits or may serve as targets for therapeutics. Moreover, the manner and degree to which viruses exploit molecular mimicry varies by genome size and nucleic acid type, with ssRNA viruses circumventing limitations of their small genomes by mimicking human proteins to a greater extent than their large dsDNA counterparts. Finally, we identified over 140 cellular proteins that are mimicked by CoV, providing clues about cellular processes driving the pathogenesis of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lasso, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honig, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapira, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.18.159467</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A sweep of earth's virome reveals host-guided viral protein structural mimicry; with implications for human disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.18.160176v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phenome-scale causal network discovery with bidirectional mediated Mendelian randomization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.18.160176v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inference of directed biological networks from observational genomics datasets is a crucial but notoriously difficult challenge. Modern population-scale biobanks, containing simultaneous measurements of traits, biomarkers, and genetic variation, offer an unprecedented opportunity to study biological networks. Mendelian randomization (MR) has received attention as a class of methods for inferring causal effects in observational data that uses genetic variants as instrumental variables, but MR methods rely on assumptions that limit their application to complex traits at the biobank-scale. Moreover, MR estimates the total effect of one trait on another, which may be mediated by other factors. Biobanks include measurements of many potential mediators, in principle enabling the conversion of MR estimates into direct effects representing a causal network. Here, we show that this can be accomplished by a flexible two stage procedure we call bidirectional mediated Mendelian randomization (bimmer). First, bimmer estimates the effect of every trait on every other. Next, bimmer finds a parsimonious network that explains these effects using direct and mediated causal paths. We introduce novel methods for both steps and show via extensive simulations that bimmer is able to learn causal network structures even in the presence of non-causal genetic correlation. We apply bimmer to 405 phenotypes from the UK biobank and demonstrate that learning the network structure is invaluable for interpreting the results of phenome-wide MR, while lending causal support to several recent observational studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brown, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.18.160176</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phenome-scale causal network discovery with bidirectional mediated Mendelian randomization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.19.161299v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structures of FHOD1-Nesprin1/2 complexes reveal alternate binding modes for the FH3 domain of formins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.19.161299v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nuclear position in eukaryotic cells is controlled by a nucleo-cytoskeletal network, with important roles in cell differentiation, division and movement. Forces are transmitted through conserved linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complexes that traverse the nuclear envelope and engage on either side of the membrane with diverse binding partners. Nesprin-2 giant (Nes2G), a LINC element in the outer nuclear membrane, connects to the actin network directly as well as through FHOD1, a formin whose major activity is bundling actin. Much of the molecular details of this process remain poorly understood. Here, we report the crystal structure of Nes2G bound to FHOD1. We show that the G-binding domain of FHOD1 is rather a spectrin repeat binding enhancer for the neighboring FH3 domain, possibly establishing a common binding mode among this subclass of formins. The FHOD1-Nes2G complex structure suggests that spectrin repeat binding by FHOD1 is likely not regulated by the DAD helix of FHOD1. Finally, we establish that Nes1G also has one FHOD1 binding spectrin repeat, indicating that these abundant, giant Nesprins have overlapping functions in actin-bundle recruitment for nuclear movement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lim, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz, V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antoku, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gundersen, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.19.161299</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structures of FHOD1-Nesprin1/2 complexes reveal alternate binding modes for the FH3 domain of formins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.19.162263v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural Diversity and Phylogenetic Distribution of Valyl tRNA-like Structures in Viruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.19.162263v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viruses commonly use specifically folded RNA elements that interact with both host and viral proteins to perform functions important for diverse viral processes. Examples are found at the 3' termini of certain positive-sense ssRNA virus genomes where they partially mimic tRNAs, including being aminoacylated by host cell enzymes. Valine-accepting tRNA-like structures (TLSVal) are an example that share some clear homology to canonical tRNAs but have several important structural differences. Although many examples of TLSVal have been identified, we lacked a full understanding of their structural diversity and phylogenetic distribution. To address this, we undertook an in-depth bioinformatic and biochemical investigation of these RNAs, guided by recent high-resolution structures of a TLSVal. We cataloged many new examples in plant-infecting viruses but also in unrelated insect-specific viruses. Using biochemical and structural approaches, we verified the secondary structure of representative TLSVal substrates and tested their ability to be valylated, finding structural heterogeneity within this class. In a few cases, large stem-loop structures are inserted within distinct variable regions located in an area of the TLS distal to known host cell factor binding sites. In addition, we identified one virus whose TLS has switched its anticodon away from valine; the implications of this remain unclear. These results refine our understanding of the structural and functional mechanistic details of tRNA mimicry and how this may be used in viral infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sherlock, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartwick, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacFadden, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kieft, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.19.162263</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural Diversity and Phylogenetic Distribution of Valyl tRNA-like Structures in Viruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.19.162446v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Naturalistic coding of working memory in primate prefrontal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.19.162446v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The primate lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) is considered fundamental for temporarily maintaining and manipulating mental representations that serve behavior, a cognitive function known as working memory1. Studies in non-human primates have shown that LPFC lesions impair working memory2 and that LPFC neuronal activity encodes working memory representations3. However, such studies have used simple displays and constrained gaze while subjects held information in working memory3, which put into question their ethological validity4,5. Currently, it remains unclear whether LPFC microcircuits can support working memory function during natural behavior. We tested macaque monkeys in a working memory navigation task in a life-like virtual environment while their gaze was unconstrained. We show that LPFC neuronal populations robustly encode working memory representations in these conditions. Furthermore, low doses of the NMDA receptor antagonist, ketamine, impaired working memory performance while sparing perceptual and motor skills. Ketamine decreased the firing of narrow spiking inhibitory interneurons and increased the firing of broad spiking cells reducing population decoding accuracy for remembered locations. Our results show that primate LPFC generates robust neural codes for working memory in naturalistic settings and that such codes rely upon a fine balance between the activation of excitatory and inhibitory neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roussy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luna, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corrigan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulli, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogueira, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno-Bote, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachs, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palaniyappan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Trujillo, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.19.162446</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Naturalistic coding of working memory in primate prefrontal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.20.162826v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
anti-IL-6 versus anti-IL-6R Blocking Antibodies to Treat Acute Ebola Infection in BALB/c Mice with Potential Implications for Treating Patients Presenting with COVID-19 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.20.162826v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) is known to be a factor in morbidity and mortality associated with acute viral infections including those caused by filoviruses and coronaviruses. IL-6 has been implicated as a cytokine negatively associated with survival after filovirus and coronavirus infection. However, IL-6 has also been shown to be an important mediator of innate immunity and important for the host response to an acute viral infection. Clinical studies are now being conducted by various researchers to evaluate the possible role of IL-6 blockers to improve outcomes in critically ill patients with CRS. Most of these studies involve the use of anti-IL-6R monoclonal antibodies (-IL-6R mAbs). We present data showing that direct neutralization of IL-6 with an -IL-6 mAb in a BALB/c Ebolavirus (EBOV) challenge model produced a statistically significant improvement in outcome compared with controls when administered within the first 24 hours of challenge and repeated every 72 hours. A similar effect was seen in mice treated with the same dose of -IL-6R mAb when the treatment was delayed 48 hrs post-challenge. These data suggest that direct neutralization of IL-6, early during the course of infection, may provide additional clinical benefits to IL-6 receptor blockade alone during treatment of patients with virus-induced CRS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rubsamen, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkholz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brasel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodge, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herst, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carback, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.20.162826</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[anti-IL-6 versus anti-IL-6R Blocking Antibodies to Treat Acute Ebola Infection in BALB/c Mice with Potential Implications for Treating Patients Presenting with COVID-19]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.22.164475v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
C. elegans methionine/S-adenosylmethionine cycle activity is sensed and adjusted by a nuclear hormone receptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.22.164475v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vitamin B12 is an essential micronutrient that functions in two metabolic pathways: the canonical propionate breakdown pathway and the methionine/S-adenosylmethionine (Met/SAM) cycle. In Caenorhabditis elegans, low vitamin B12, or genetic perturbation of the canonical propionate breakdown pathway results in propionate accumulation and the transcriptional activation of a propionate shunt pathway. This propionate-dependent mechanism requires nhr-10 and is referred to as “B12-mechanism-I”. Here, we report that vitamin B12 represses the expression of Met/SAM cycle genes by a propionate-independent mechanism we refer to as “B12-mechanism-II”. This mechanism is activated by perturbations in the Met/SAM cycle, genetically or due to low dietary vitamin B12. B12-mechanism-II requires nhr-114 to activate Met/SAM cycle gene expression, the vitamin B12 transporter, pmp-5, and adjust influx and efflux of the cycle by activating msra-1 and repressing cbs-1, respectively. Taken together, Met/SAM cycle activity is sensed and transcriptionally adjusted to be in a tight metabolic regime.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walhout, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giese, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponomarova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minevich, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.22.164475</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[C. elegans methionine/S-adenosylmethionine cycle activity is sensed and adjusted by a nuclear hormone receptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.22.165225v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vivo antiviral host response to SARS-CoV-2 by viral load, sex, and age 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.22.165225v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite limited genomic diversity, SARS-CoV-2 has shown a wide range of clinical manifestations in different patient populations. The mechanisms behind these host differences are still unclear. Here, we examined host response gene expression across infection status, viral load, age, and sex among shotgun RNA-sequencing profiles of nasopharyngeal swabs from 430 individuals with PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 and 54 negative controls. SARS-CoV-2 induced a strong antiviral response with upregulation of antiviral factors such as OAS1-3 and IFIT1-3, and Th1 chemokines CXCL9/10/11, as well as a reduction in transcription of ribosomal proteins. SARS-CoV-2 culture in human airway epithelial cultures replicated the in vivo antiviral host response. Patient-matched longitudinal specimens (mean elapsed time = 6.3 days) demonstrated reduction in interferon-induced transcription, recovery of transcription of ribosomal proteins, and initiation of wound healing and humoral immune responses. Expression of interferon-responsive genes, including ACE2, increased as a function of viral load, while transcripts for B cell-specific proteins and neutrophil chemokines were elevated in patients with lower viral load. Older individuals had reduced expression of Th1 chemokines CXCL9/10/11 and their cognate receptor, CXCR3, as well as CD8A and granzyme B, suggesting deficiencies in trafficking and/or function of cytotoxic T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Relative to females, males had reduced B and NK cell-specific transcripts and an increase in inhibitors of NF-{kappa}B signaling, possibly inappropriately throttling antiviral responses. Collectively, our data demonstrate that host responses to SARS-CoV-2 are dependent on viral load and infection time course, with observed differences due to age and sex that may contribute to disease severity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lieberman, N. A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peddu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrestha, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mears, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cajimat, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bente, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bovier, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roychoudhury, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jerome, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moscona, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porotto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greninger, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.22.165225</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vivo antiviral host response to SARS-CoV-2 by viral load, sex, and age]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.22.165696v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robust single neuron tracking of calcium imaging in behaving Hydra 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.22.165696v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Measuring the activity of neuronal populations with calcium imaging can capture emergent functional properties of neuronal circuits with single cell resolution. However, the motion of freely behaving animals, together with the intermittent detectability of calcium sensors, can hinder automatic long-term monitoring of neuronal activity and the subsequent functional characterization of neural circuits. We report the development and open-source implementation of a multi-step cellular tracking algorithm (Elastic Motion Correction and Concatenation or EMC2) that compensates for the intermittent disappearance of moving neurons by integrating local deformation information from detectable neurons. We demonstrate the accuracy and versatility of our algorithm using calcium imaging data from two-photon volumetric microscopy in visual cortex of awake mice, and from confocal microscopy in behaving Hydra, which experiences major body deformation during its contractions. We quantify the performance of our algorithm using ground truth manual tracking of neurons, along with synthetic time-lapse sequences, covering a wide range of particle motions and detectability parameters. By monitoring the calcium activity of the same neuronal populations along several days in layer 2/3 of visual cortex of mice, we report important turn-over within the active neurons across days, with only few neurons that remained active across days. Then, by combining automatic tracking of single neuron activity over long time-lapse sequences with statistical clustering, we characterize and map neuronal ensembles in behaving Hydra. We document the existence three major non-overlapping ensembles of neurons (CB, RP1 and RP2) whose activity correlates with contractions and elongations. Our results prove that the EMC2 algorithm can be used as a robust platform for neuronal tracking in behaving animals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lagache, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fairhall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuste, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.22.165696</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robust single neuron tracking of calcium imaging in behaving Hydra]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.22.166033v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure-Based Design with Tag-Based Purification and In-Process Biotinylation Enable Streamlined Development of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Molecular Probes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.22.166033v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biotin-labeled molecular probes, comprising specific regions of the SARS-CoV-2 spike, would be helpful in the isolation and characterization of antibodies targeting this recently emerged pathogen. To develop such probes, we designed constructs incorporating an N-terminal purification tag, a site-specific protease-cleavage site, the probe region of interest, and a C-terminal sequence targeted by biotin ligase. Probe regions included full-length spike ectodomain as well as various subregions, and we also designed mutants to eliminate recognition of the ACE2 receptor. Yields of biotin-labeled probes from transient transfection ranged from [~]0.5 mg/L for the complete ectodomain to >5 mg/L for several subregions. Probes were characterized for antigenicity and ACE2 recognition, and the structure of the spike ectodomain probe was determined by cryo-electron microscopy. We also characterized antibody-binding specificities and cell-sorting capabilities of the biotinylated probes. Altogether, structure-based design coupled to efficient purification and biotinylation processes can thus enable streamlined development of SARS-CoV-2 spike-ectodomain probes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teng, I.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olia, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerutti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nazzari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsybovsky, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katsamba, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrova, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banach, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fahad, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez Acevedo, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira de Souza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phung, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiPiazza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abiona, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeKosky, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mascola, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misasi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruckwardt, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.22.166033</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure-Based Design with Tag-Based Purification and In-Process Biotinylation Enable Streamlined Development of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Molecular Probes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.156018v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prelimbic-dependent activation of amygdala somatostatin interneurons signals non-aversive cues to promote discrimination. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.156018v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The amygdala and prelimbic cortex (PL) communicate during fear discrimination retrieval, but how they coordinate to discriminate a non-threatening stimulus is unknown. Here, we show that somatostatin interneurons (SOM) in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) become active specifically during learned non-threatening cues, when they block sensory-evoked phase resetting of theta-oscillations. Further, we show that SOM activation is PL-dependent, and promotes discrimination of non-threat. Thus, fear discrimination engages PL-dependent coordination of BLA SOM responses to non-threatening stimuli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stujenske, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neill, P.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nahmoud, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labkovich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolkan, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reardon, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spellman, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzman, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Likhtik, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.23.156018</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prelimbic-dependent activation of amygdala somatostatin interneurons signals non-aversive cues to promote discrimination.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.166066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA-seq analysis reveals the pan-cancer transformation of adipose-derived stromal cells into COL11A1-expressing metastasis associated fibroblasts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.166066v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During the last ten years, many research results have been referring to a particular type of cancer-associated fibroblasts associated with poor prognosis, invasiveness, metastasis and resistance to therapy in multiple cancer types, characterized by a gene expression signature with prominent presence of genes COL11A1, THBS2 and INHBA. Identifying the underlying biological mechanisms responsible for their creation may facilitate the discovery of targets for potential pan-cancer therapeutics. Using a novel computational approach for single-cell gene expression data analysis identifying the dominant cell populations in a sequence of samples from patients at various stages, we conclude that these fibroblasts are produced by a pan-cancer cellular transition originating from a particular type of adipose-derived stromal cells naturally present in the stromal vascular fraction of normal adipose tissue, having a characteristic gene expression signature. Focusing on a rich pancreatic cancer dataset, we provide a detailed description of the continuous modification of the gene expression profiles of cells as they transition from APOD-expressing adipose-derived stromal cells to COL11A1-expressing cancer-associated fibroblasts, identifying the key genes that participate in this transition. These results also provide an explanation to the well-known fact that the adipose microenvironment contributes to cancer progression.

Author summaryComputational analysis of rich gene expression data at the single-cell level from cancer biopsies can lead to biological discoveries about the nature of the disease. Using a computational methodology that identifies the gene expression profile of the dominant cell population for a particular cell type in the microenvironment of tumors, we observed that there is a remarkably continuous modification of this profile among patients, corresponding to a cellular transition. Specifically, we found that the starting point of this transition has a unique characteristic signature corresponding to cells that are naturally residing in normal adipose tissue. We also found that the endpoint of the transition has another characteristic signature corresponding to a particular type of cancer-associated fibroblasts with prominent expression of gene COL11A1, which has been found strongly associated with invasiveness, metastasis and resistance to therapy in multiple cancer types. Our results provide an explanation to the well-known fact that the adipose tissue contributes to cancer progression, shedding light on the biological mechanism by which tumor cells interact with the adipose microenvironment. We provide a detailed description of the changing profile during the transition, identifying associated genes as potential targets for pan-cancer therapeutics inhibiting the underlying mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anastassiou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.23.166066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell RNA-seq analysis reveals the pan-cancer transformation of adipose-derived stromal cells into COL11A1-expressing metastasis associated fibroblasts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.167536v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Opposing Wnt and JAK-STAT signaling gradients define a stem cell domain by regulating spatially patterned cell division and differentiation at two borders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.167536v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many adult stem cells are maintained as a community by population asymmetry, wherein stochastic actions of individual cells collectively result in a balance between stem cell division and differentiation. We have used Drosophila Follicle Stem Cells (FSCs) as a paradigm to explore the extracellular niche signals that define a stem cell domain and organize stem cell behavior. FSCs produce transit-amplifying Follicle Cells (FCs) from their posterior face and quiescent Escort Cells (ECs) to their anterior. Here we show that JAK-STAT pathway activity, which declines from posterior to anterior, dictates the pattern of divisions over the FSC and EC domains, promotes more posterior FSC locations and conversion to FCs, while opposing EC production. A Wnt pathway gradient of opposite polarity promotes more anterior FSC locations and EC production and opposes FC production. Promotion of both FSC division and conversion to FCs by JAK-STAT signaling buffers the effects of genetically altered pathway activity on FSC numbers and balances the four-fold higher rate of differentiation at the posterior face of the FSC domain with a higher rate of FSC division in the most posterior layer. However, genetic elimination of Wnt pathway activity exacerbated elevated FC production resulting from increased JAK-STAT pathway activity, leading to rapid FSC depletion despite high rates of division. The two pathways combine to define a stem cell domain through concerted effects on FSC differentiation to ECs (high Wnt, low JAK-STAT) and FCs (low Wnt, high JAK-STAT) at each end of opposing signaling gradients, further enforced by quiescence at the anterior border due to declining JAK-STAT pathway activity.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Melamed, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalderon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.23.167536</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Opposing Wnt and JAK-STAT signaling gradients define a stem cell domain by regulating spatially patterned cell division and differentiation at two borders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.167585v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drosophila Hedgehog can act as a morphogen in the absence of regulated Ci processing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.167585v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryExtracellular Hedgehog (Hh) proteins induce transcriptional changes in target cells by inhibiting the proteolytic processing of full-length Drosophila Ci or mammalian Gli proteins to nuclear transcriptional repressors and by activating the full-length proteins, which are otherwise held inactive by cytoplasmic binding partners and subject to accelerated degradation following activation. We used Ci variants expressed at physiological levels to investigate the contributions of these mechanisms to dose-dependent Hh signaling at the anteroposterior (AP) border of Drosophila wing imaginal discs. Ci variants that cannot be processed supported a normal pattern of graded target gene activation and the development of adults with normal wing morphology when supplemented by constitutive Ci repressor, showing that Hh can signal normally in the absence of regulated processing. The full-length Ci-155 protein profile of these variants revealed a linear gradient of Hh-stimulated degradation, allowing derivation of a spatial profile of inhibition of processing of normal C-155 by Hh. The processing-resistant Ci variants were also significantly activated in the absence of Hh by elimination of Cos2, acting through association with the CORD domain of Ci, or PKA, revealing separate inhibitory roles of these two components in addition to their well-established roles in promoting Ci-155 processing.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Little, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Garcia, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sul, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalderon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.23.167585</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drosophila Hedgehog can act as a morphogen in the absence of regulated Ci processing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.168161v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FlyBrainLab: Accelerating the Discovery of the Functional Logic of the Fruit Fly Brain in the Connectomic/Synaptomic Era 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.168161v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In recent years, a wealth of Drosophila neuroscience data have become available. These include cell type, connectome and synaptome datasets for both the larva and adult fly. To facilitate integration across data modalities and to accelerate the understanding of the functional logic of the fly brain, we developed an interactive computing environment called FlyBrainLab.

FlyBrainLab is uniquely positioned to accelerate the discovery of the functional logic of the Drosophila brain. Its interactive open source architecture seamlessly integrates and brings together computational models with neuroanatomical, neurogenetic and electrophysiological data, changing the organization of neuroscientific fly brain data from a group of seemingly disparate databases, arrays and tables, to a well structured data and executable circuit repository.

The FlyBrainLab User Interface supports a highly intuitive and automated work-flow that streamlines the 3D exploration and visualization of fly brain circuits, and the interactive exploration of the functional logic of executable circuits created directly from the explored and visualized fly brain data. Furthermore, efficient comparisons of circuit models are supported, across models developed by different researchers, across different developmental stages of the fruit fly and across different datasets.

The FlyBrainLab Utility Libraries help untangle the graph structure of neural circuits from raw connectome and synaptome data. The Circuit Libraries facilitate the exploration of neural circuits of the neuropils of the central complex and, the development and implementation of models of the adult and larva fruit fly early olfactory systems.

Seeking to transcend the limitations of the connectome, FlyBrainLab provides additional libraries for molecular transduction arising in sensory coding in vision and olfaction. Together with sensory neuron activity data, these libraries serve as entry points for discovering circuit function in the sensory systems of the fruit fly brain. They also enable the biological validation of developed executable circuits within the same platform.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lazar, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turkcan, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.23.168161</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FlyBrainLab: Accelerating the Discovery of the Functional Logic of the Fruit Fly Brain in the Connectomic/Synaptomic Era]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.24.169052v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SF3B1 mutant-induced missplicing of MAP3K7 causes anemia in myelodysplastic syndromes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.24.169052v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACTSF3B1 is the most frequently mutated RNA splicing factor in multiple neoplasms, including ~25% of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) patients. Mortality in MDS frequently results from severe anemia, but the underlying mechanism is largely unknown. Here we elucidate the detailed, elusive pathway by which SF3B1 mutations cause anemia. We demonstrate, in CRISPR-edited cell models, normal human primary cells, and MDS patient cells, that mutant SF3B1 induces a splicing error in transcripts encoding the kinase MAP3K7, resulting in reduced MAP3K7 protein levels and deactivation of downstream target p38 MAPK. We show that disruption of this MAP3K7-p38 MAPK pathway leads to premature downregulation of GATA1, a master regulator of erythroid differentiation, and that this is sufficient to trigger accelerated differentiation and apoptosis. As a result, the overproduced, late staged erythroblasts undergo apoptosis and are unable to mature in the bone marrow. Our findings provide a detailed mechanism explaining the origins of anemia in MDS patients harboring SF3B1 mutations.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manley, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lieu, Y. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabadan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.24.169052</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SF3B1 mutant-induced missplicing of MAP3K7 causes anemia in myelodysplastic syndromes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.24.169409v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kinetics of CDK4/6 inhibition determine different temporal locations of the restriction point 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.24.169409v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To enter the cell cycle, mammalian cells must cross a point of no return (the commitment point), after which they proceed through the cell cycle regardless of changes in external signaling. This process is tightly regulated by the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and downstream molecules such as retinoblastoma (Rb). Here we show that CDK2 activity coordinates the timing of cell-cycle commitment and DNA replication. CDK4/6 activation initiates Rb phosphorylation and E2F activity, causing a gradual increase in CDK2 activity. Once CDK2 activity reaches a threshold level, CDK2 triggers the commitment point by maintaining Rb phosphorylation and subsequently initiates DNA replication. While the timing of the commitment point is tightly coupled with DNA replication, our experiments, which acutely increased CDK2 activity, suggest that the timing of the commitment point is before DNA replication. These findings highlight how cells utilize a safety mechanism to maintain genome stability by protecting against incomplete DNA replication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nayar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.24.169409</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kinetics of CDK4/6 inhibition determine different temporal locations of the restriction point]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.25.169524v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intra-session test-retest reliability of functional connectivity in infants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.25.169524v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resting functional MRI studies of the infant brain are increasingly becoming an important tool in developmental neuroscience. Whereas the test-retest reliability of functional connectivity (FC) measures derived from resting fMRI data have been characterized in the adult and child brain, similar assessments have not been conducted in infants. In this study, we examined the intra-session test-retest reliability of FC measures from 119 infant brain MRI scans from four neurodevelopmental studies. We investigated edge-level and subject-level reliability within one MRI session (between and within runs) measured by the Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). First, using an atlas-based approach, we examined whole-brain connectivity as well as connectivity within two common resting fMRI networks - the default mode network (DMN) and the sensorimotor network (SMN). Second, we examined the influence of run duration, study site, and scanning manufacturer (e.g., Philips and General Electric) on ICCs. Lastly, we tested spatial similarity using the Jaccard Index from networks derived from independent component analysis (ICA). Consistent with resting fMRI studies from adults, our findings indicated poor edge-level reliability (ICC = 0.14 - 0.18), but moderate-to-good subject-level intra-session reliability for whole-brain, DMN, and SMN connectivity (ICC = 0.40 - 0.78). We also found significant effects of run duration, site, and scanning manufacturer on reliability estimates. Some ICA-derived networks showed strong spatial reproducibility (e.g., DMN, SMN, and Visual Network), and were labelled based on their spatial similarity to analogous networks measured in adults. These networks were reproducibly found across different study studies. However, other ICA-networks (e.g. Executive Control Network) did not show strong spatial reproducibility, suggesting that the reliability and/or maturational course of functional connectivity may vary by network. In sum, our findings suggest that developmental scientist may be on safe ground examining the functional organization of some major neural networks (e.g. DMN and SMN), but judicious interpretation of functional connectivity is essential to its ongoing success.

HighlightsO_LIInfant functional connectivity (FC) shows poor edge-level reliability (ICCs)
C_LIO_LIHowever, subject-level infant FC estimates show good-to-excellent ICCs
C_LIO_LISpatial reproducibility is better for some resting networks (DMN, SMN) than others (ECN)
C_LIO_LIReliability estimates differ across study site and MRI scanner
C_LIO_LIConclusion - Infant FC can be a reliable measurement, but judicious use is needed
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinds, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duarte, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monk, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wall, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canino, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milani, A. C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackowski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mamin, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foerster, B. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gringrich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semanek, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labat, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, I. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, I. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parente, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdala, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Posner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.25.169524</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intra-session test-retest reliability of functional connectivity in infants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.25.171447v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gradual segregation of Adult Stem Cells and Niche cells during development from common precursors under the guidance of graded extracellular signals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.25.171447v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adult stem cell function relies on the prior development of appropriate numbers and spatial organization of stem cells and supportive niche cells. Drosophila Follicle Stem Cells (FSCs) present a favorable paradigm for understanding those developmental processes. About sixteen FSCs in an adult germarium produce transit-amplifying Follicle Cells (FCs) from their posterior face and quiescent Escort Cells (ECs) to their anterior. Both ECs and FCs also act as niche cells. Here we show that adult ECs, FSCs and FCs derive from common precursors intermingled with germline cells during pupal development, with progeny of a single precursor commonly including ECs and FSCs, FSCs and FCs, or all three adult cell types. Precursors posterior to germline cells become the first FCs and engulf a largely naked germline cyst projected out of the germarium to form the first egg chamber and set up a key posterior signaling center for regulating adult FSC behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reilein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kogan, H. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalderon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.25.171447</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gradual segregation of Adult Stem Cells and Niche cells during development from common precursors under the guidance of graded extracellular signals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.25.171579v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Follicle Stem Cells (FSCs) in the Drosophila ovary; a critique of published studies defining the number, location and behavior of FSCs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.25.171579v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryA paper by Reilein et al., (2017) presented several key new insights into the behavior of adult Follicle Stem Cells (FSCs) in the Drosophila ovary, including overwhelming evidence that each ovariole hosts a large number of FSCs (about 14-16) maintained by population asymmetry (Reilein et al., 2017), rather than just two FSCs, dividing with largely individually asymmetric outcomes, as originally proposed (Margolis and Spradling, 1995; Nystul and Spradling, 2007). Here we provide further discussion asserting the merits of the conclusions of Reilein et al., (2017) and the deficiencies in the contrary assertions recently presented by Fadiga and Nystul (Fadiga and Nystul, 2019). The principles that we discuss here, particularly with regard to lineage tracing and population asymmetry, are common to the investigation of most types of adult stem cell and should therefore be instructive and of interest to investigators studying any type of adult stem cell. The improved understanding of FSC numbers, location and behavior afforded by Reilein et al., (2017) and Reilein et al., (2018) can only provide a firm foundation for future progress once they are widely appreciated and seen to be resistant to challenge, as described in detail here.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kalderon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melamed, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.25.171579</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Follicle Stem Cells (FSCs) in the Drosophila ovary; a critique of published studies defining the number, location and behavior of FSCs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.26.159590v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antibiotics effects on the fecal metabolome in preterm infants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.26.159590v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Within a randomized prospective pilot study of preterm infants born less than 33 weeks gestation, fecal samples were collected weekly and metabolomic analysis was performed. The objective is to evaluate for differences in fecal metabolites in infants exposed to antibiotics vs not exposed to antibiotics in the first 48hours after birth. Significant differences were seen in the antibiotics vs no antibiotics group, including pathways related to vitamin biosynthesis, bile acids, amino acid metabolism and neurotransmitters. Early antibiotic exposure in preterm infants may alter metabolites in the intestinal tract of preterm infants. Broader multi-omic studies that address mechanisms will guide more prudent antibiotic use in this population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patton, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrett, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruoss, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de la Cruz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazacliu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polin, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Triplett, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.26.159590</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antibiotics effects on the fecal metabolome in preterm infants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.26.172999v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multitrait genetic-phenotype associations to connect disease variants and biological mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.26.172999v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundGenome-wide association studies (GWAS) uncovered a wealth of associations between common variants and human phenotypes. These results, widely shared across the scientific community as summary statistics, fostered a flurry of secondary analysis: heritability and genetic correlation assessment, pleiotropy characterization and multitrait association test. Amongst these secondary analyses, a rising new field is the decomposition of multitrait genetic effects into distinct profiles of pleiotropy.

ResultsWe conducted an integrative analysis of GWAS summary statistics from 36 phenotypes to decipher multitrait genetic architecture and its link to biological mechanisms. We started by benchmarking multitrait association tests on a large panel of phenotype sets and established the Omnibus test as the most powerful in practice. We detected 322 new associations that were not previously reported by univariate screening. Using independent significant associations, we investigated the breakdown of genetic association into clusters of variants harboring similar multitrait association profile. Focusing on two subsets of immunity and metabolism phenotypes, we then demonstrate how SNPs within clusters can be mapped to biological pathways and disease mechanisms, providing a putative insight for numerous SNPs with unknown biological function. Finally, for the metabolism set, we investigate the link between gene cluster assignment and success of drug targets in random control trials. We report additional uninvestigated drug targets classified by clusters.

ConclusionsMultitrait genetic signals can be decomposed into distinct pleiotropy profiles that reveal consistent with pathways databases and random control trials. We propose this method for the mapping of unannotated SNPs to putative pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Julienne, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laville, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCaw, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillemot, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasry, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziyatdinov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaysse, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lechat, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menager, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Goff, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dube, M.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraft, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ionita-Laza, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vilhjalmsson, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aschard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.26.172999</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multitrait genetic-phenotype associations to connect disease variants and biological mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.28.176404v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrating single-cell RNA-seq and imaging with SCOPE-seq2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.28.176404v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Live cell imaging allows direct observation and monitoring of phenotypes that are difficult to infer from transcriptomics. However, existing methods for linking microscopy and single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) have limited scalability. Here, we describe an upgraded version of Single Cell Optical Phenotyping and Expression (SCOPE-seq2) for combining single-cell imaging and expression profiling, with substantial improvements in throughput, molecular capture efficiency, linking accuracy, and compatibility with standard microscopy instrumentation. We introduce improved optically decodable mRNA capture beads and implement a more scalable and simplified optical decoding process. We demonstrate the utility of SCOPE-seq2 for fluorescence, morphological, and expression profiling of individual primary cells from a human glioblastoma (GBM) surgical sample, revealing relationships between simple imaging features and cellular identity, particularly among malignantly transformed tumor cells.Competing Interest StatementZ.L., J.Y. and P.A.S. are listed as inventors on patent applications filed by Columbia University
related to the work described here.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasorella, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iavarone, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruce, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canoll, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sims, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.28.176404</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrating single-cell RNA-seq and imaging with SCOPE-seq2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.29.177238v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive annotations of the mutational spectra of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein: a fast and accurate pipeline 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.29.177238v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In order to explore nonsynonymous mutations and deletions in the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2, we comprehensively analyzed 35,750 complete S protein gene sequences from across six continents and five climate zones around the world, as documented in the GISAID database as of June 24th, 2020. Through a custom Python-based pipeline for analyzing mutations, we identified 27,801 (77.77 % of spike sequences) mutated strains compared to Wuhan-Hu-1 strain. 84.40% of these strains had only single amino-acid (aa) substitution mutations, but an outlier strain from Bosnia and Herzegovina (EPI_ISL_463893) was found to possess six aa substitutions. The D614G variant of the major G clade was found to be predominant across circulating strains in all climates. We also identified 988 unique aa substitution mutations distributed across 660 positions within the spike protein, with eleven sites showing high variability - these sites had four types of aa variations at each position. Besides, 17 in-frame deletions at four major regions (three in N-terminal domain and one just downstream of the RBD) may have possible impact on attenuation. Moreover, the mutational frequency differed significantly (p= 0.003, Kruskal-Wallis test) among the SARS-CoV-2 strains worldwide. This study presents a fast and accurate pipeline for identifying nonsynonymous mutations and deletions from large dataset for any particular protein coding sequence and presents this S protein data as representative analysis. By using separate multi-sequence alignment with MAFFT, removing ambiguous sequences and in-frame stop codons, and utilizing pairwise alignment, this method can derive nonsynonymus mutations (Reference:Position:Strain). We believe this will aid in the surveillance of any proteins encoded by SARS-CoV-2, and will prove to be crucial in tracking the ever-increasing variation of many other divergent RNA viruses in the future.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rahman, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Islam, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoque, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alam, A. S. M. R. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akther, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puspo, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akter, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anwar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sultana, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hossain, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.29.177238</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive annotations of the mutational spectra of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein: a fast and accurate pipeline]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.29.178178v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional characterization of human Heschl's gyrus in response to natural speech 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.29.178178v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heschls gyrus (HG) is a brain area that includes the primary auditory cortex in humans. Due to the limitations in obtaining direct neural measurements from this region during naturalistic speech listening, the functional organization and the role of HG in speech perception remains uncertain. Here, we used intracranial EEG to directly record the neural activity in HG in eight neurosurgical patients as they listened to continuous speech stories. We studied the spatial distribution of acoustic tuning and the organization of linguistic feature encoding. We found a main gradient of change from posteromedial to anterolateral parts of HG. Along this direction, we observed a decrease in frequency and temporal modulation tuning, and an increase in phonemic representation, speaker normalization, speech-sensitivity, and response latency. We did not observe a difference between the two brain hemispheres. These findings reveal a functional role for HG in processing and transforming simple to complex acoustic features and informs neurophysiological models of speech processing in the human auditory cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khalighinejad, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bickel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesgarani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.29.178178</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional characterization of human Heschl's gyrus in response to natural speech]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.29.178798v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accounting for imperfect detection reveals role of host traits in structuring viral diversity of a wild bat community 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.29.178798v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how multi-scale host heterogeneity affects viral community assembly can illuminate ecological drivers of infection and host-switching. Yet, such studies are hindered by imperfect viral detection. To address this issue, we used a community occupancy model – refashioned for the hierarchical nature of molecular-detection methods – to account for failed detection when examining how individual-level host traits affect herpesvirus richness in eight species of wild bats. We then used model predictions to examine the role of host sex and species identity on viral diversity at the levels of host individual, population, and community. Results demonstrate that cPCR and viral sequencing failed to perfectly detect viral presence. Nevertheless, model estimates correcting for imperfect detection show that reproductively active bats, especially reproductively active females, have significantly higher viral richness, and host sex and species identity interact to affect viral richness. Further, host sex significantly affects viral turnover across host populations, as females host more heterogeneous viral communities than do males. Results suggest models of viral ecology benefit from integration of multi-scale host factors, with implications for bat conservation and epidemiology. Furthermore, by accounting for imperfect detection in laboratory assays, we demonstrate how statistical models developed for other purposes hold promising possibilities for molecular and epidemiological applications.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sjodin, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anthony, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willig, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tingley, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.29.178798</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accounting for imperfect detection reveals role of host traits in structuring viral diversity of a wild bat community]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.29.178988v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Membrane pore energetics and the pathways to membrane rupture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.29.178988v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biological membranes owe their strength and low permeability to the phospholipid bilayers at their core. Membrane strength is determined by the energetics and dynamics of membrane pores, whose tension-dependent nucleation and growth leads to rupture. Creation of nanoscale membrane pores is central to exocytosis, trafficking and other processes fundamental to life that require breaching of secure plasma or organelle membranes, and is the basis for biotechnologies using drug delivery, delivery of genetic material for gene editing and antimicrobial peptides. A prevailing view from seminal electroporation and membrane rupture studies is that pore growth and bilayer rupture are controlled by macroscopically long-lived metastable defect states that precede fully developed pores. It was argued that defect nucleation becomes rate-limiting at high tensions, explaining the exponential tension-dependence of rupture times [E. Evans et al., Biophys. J. 85, 2342-2350 (2003)]. Here we measured membrane pore free energies and bilayer rupture using highly coarse-grained simulations that probe very long time scales. We find no evidence of metastable pore states. At lower tensions, small hydrophobic pores mature into large hydrophilic pores on the pathway to rupture, with classical tension dependence of rupture times. Above a critical tension membranes rupture directly from a small hydrophobic pore, and rupture times depend exponentially on tension. Thus, we recover the experimentally reported regimes, but the origin of the high tension exponential regime is unrelated to macroscopically long-lived pre-pore defects. It arises because hydrophilic pores cannot exist above a critical tension, leading to radically altered pore dynamics and rupture kinetics.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>An, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiyagarajan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antipov, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcott, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Shaughnessy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.29.178988</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Membrane pore energetics and the pathways to membrane rupture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.01.182113v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A chronic photocapacitor implant for noninvasive neurostimulation with deep red light 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.01.182113v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Implantable clinical neuroelectronic devices are limited by a lack of reliable, safe, and minimally invasive methods to wirelessly modulate neural tissue. Here, we address this challenge by using organic electrolytic photocapacitors (OEPCs) to perform chronic peripheral nerve stimulation via transduction of tissue-penetrating deep-red light into electrical signals. The operating principle of the OEPC relies on efficient charge generation by nanoscale organic semiconductors comprising nontoxic commercial pigments. OEPCs integrated on an ultrathin cuff are implanted, and light impulses at wavelengths in the tissue transparency window are used to stimulate from outside of the body. Typical stimulation parameters involve irradiation with pulses of 50-1000 s length (638 or 660 nm), capable of actuating the implant about 10 mm below the skin. We detail how to benchmark performance parameters of OEPCs first ex vivo, and in vivo using a rat sciatic nerve. Incorporation of a microfabricated zip-tie mechanism enabled stable, long-term nerve implantation of OEPC devices in rats, with sustained ability to non-invasively mediate neurostimulation over 100 days. OEPC devices introduce a high performance, ultralow volume (0.1 mm3), biocompatible approach to wireless neuromodulation, with potential applicability to an array of clinical bioelectronics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Silvera-Ejneby, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jakesova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrero, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Migliaccio, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berggren, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khodagholy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derek, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelinas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glowacki, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.01.182113</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A chronic photocapacitor implant for noninvasive neurostimulation with deep red light]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.01.182428v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Partial inhibition of mitochondrial complex I attenuates neurodegeneration and restores energy homeostasis and synaptic function in a symptomatic Alzheimers mouse model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.01.182428v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We demonstrate that mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I is an important small molecule druggable target in Alzheimers Disease (AD). Partial inhibition of complex I triggers the AMP-activated protein kinase-dependent signaling network leading to neuroprotection in symptomatic APP/PS1 mice, a translational model of AD. Treatment of APP/PS1 mice with complex I inhibitor after the onset of AD-like neuropathology improved energy homeostasis, synaptic activity, long-term potentiation, dendritic spine maturation, cognitive function and proteostasis, and reduced oxidative stress and inflammation in brain and periphery, ultimately blocking the ongoing neurodegeneration. Therapeutic efficacy in vivo was monitored using translational biomarkers FDG-PET, 31P NMR, and metabolomics. Cross-validation of the mouse and the human AMP-AD transcriptomic data demonstrated that pathways improved by the treatment in APP/PS1 mice, including the immune system response and neurotransmission, represent mechanisms essential for therapeutic efficacy in AD patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stojakovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trushin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalili, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salisbury, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geroux, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gateno, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flannery, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dehankar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Funk, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkins, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stepanova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>OHagan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galkin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nesbitt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macura, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tchkonia, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pirtskhalava, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkland, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kudgus, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoon, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reid, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamazaki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanekiyo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemutlu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzeja, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaspersen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, C. Y. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trushina, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.01.182428</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Partial inhibition of mitochondrial complex I attenuates neurodegeneration and restores energy homeostasis and synaptic function in a symptomatic Alzheimers mouse model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.01.182626v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Association of the invasive Haemaphysalis longicornis tick with vertebrate hosts, other native tick vectors, and tick-borne pathogens in New York City 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.01.182626v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Haemaphysalis longicornis, the Asian longhorned tick, is an invasive ixodid tick that has rapidly spread across the northeastern and southeastern regions of the United States since first reported in 2017. The emergence of H. longicornis presents a potential threat for livestock, wildlife, and human health as the host associations and vector potential of this invasive pest in the United States are poorly understood. Previous field data from the United States has shown that H. longicornis was not associated with natural populations of small mammals or birds, but they show a preference for medium sized mammals in laboratory experiments. Therefore, medium and large sized mammals were sampled on Staten Island, New York to determine H. longicornis host associations and vector potential for a range of human and veterinary pathogens. A total of 97 hosts were sampled and five species of tick (Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor variabilis, H. longicornis, Ixodes scapularis, Ixodes cookei) were found feeding concurrently on these hosts. Haemaphysalis longicornis was found in the highest proportions compared to other native tick species on raccoons (55.4%), Virginia opossums (28.9%), and white-tailed deer (11.5%). Tissue, blood, and engorged larvae were tested for 17 different pathogens using a nanoscale PCR platform. Infection with five pathogens (Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Rickettsia spp., Mycoplasma haemocanis, and Bartonella spp.) was detected in host samples, but no pathogens were found in any larval samples. These results suggest that although large and medium sized mammals feed large numbers of H. longicornis ticks in the environment there is presently a low potential for H. longicornis to acquire pathogens from these wildlife hosts.HighlightsH. longicornis were sampled from seven genera of large and medium-sized mammalsRaccoons, opossums, and white-tailed deer fed a large proportion of H. longicornisH. longicornis did not acquire pathogens through co-feeding with native tick vectorsHost species were infected with a range of pathogens of human and veterinary concernHost-derived H. longicornis engorged larvae were not infected with any pathogensCompeting Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tufts, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benedict, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VanAcker, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diuk-Wasser, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.01.182626</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Association of the invasive Haemaphysalis longicornis tick with vertebrate hosts, other native tick vectors, and tick-borne pathogens in New York City]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.02.184770v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scaled Recoupling of Chemical Shift Anisotropies at High Magnetic Fields under MAS with Interspersed C-elements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.02.184770v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The power of chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) measurements for probing structure and dynamics of molecules has been long recognized. NMR pulse sequences that allow measurement of CSA values in an indirect dimension of a protein correlation spectrum have been employed for aliphatic groups, but for practical reasons carbonyl functional groups have been little studied, despite the fact that carbonyls are expected to give particularly varied and informative CSA values. Specifically, the wide spectral widths of carbonyl tensors make their measurements difficult with typically attainable spectrometer settings. We present here an extended family of experiments that enable the recovery of static CSA lineshapes in a indirect dimension of magic angle spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR experiments, except for various real valued scaling factors. The experiment is suitable for uniformly labeled material, at moderate MAS rates (10-30 kHz), and at higher magnetic fields (ν0H &gt; 600 MHz). Specifically, the experiments are based on pulse sequence elements from a previous commonly used pulse sequence for CSA measurement, ROCSA, while modification of scaling factors is achieved by interspersing different blocks of C-elements of the same  cycle. Using experimental conditions similar to the parent ROCSA sequence, a CSA scaling factor between 0 and 0.272 can be obtained, thus allowing a useful practical range of possibilities in experimental conditions for measurement of larger CSA values. Using these blocks it is also possible to make a constant-time CSA recoupling sequence. The utility and effectiveness of this approach, fROCSA, is shown on model compounds 1-13C-Gly, U-13C,15N-l-His, and microcrystalline U-13C,15N-Ubiquitin.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fritzsching, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keeler, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDermott, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.02.184770</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scaled Recoupling of Chemical Shift Anisotropies at High Magnetic Fields under MAS with Interspersed C-elements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.03.186221v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Primary Tumor Immune Microenviornment Status Predicts the Response to Immunotherapy and Overall Survival in Breast Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.03.186221v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) of breast cancer is a known source of tumor heterogeneity and it has been increasingly recognized as having a role in the course of disease. In the present study, we used a computational approach to dissect the landscape of TIME states among TCGA breast cancer patients. Our central hypothesis is that the pre-existing TIME states represent a dimension which is informative about the prognosis and the response to immunotherapy. In order to test this hypothesis, we first classified breast cancer patients according to their primary TIME status. Next, we describe a TIME-based classification with prognostic value for overall survival among the TCGA patients. We further demonstrated that absolute quantification of mast cells, M0 macrophages, CD8 T cells and neutrophils were predictive of overall survival. In order to identify the TIME states which, predict response to immune checkpoint blockade, we performed a similar analysis of 11 different mouse models of primary invasive breast carcinoma that were subsequently treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy. These analyses revealed that the TIME content of M1 macrophages, monocytes and resting dendritic cells were predictive of sensitivity to ICI therapy. Taken together, these results indicate that (1) the landscape of human primary TIME states is diverse and can identify patients with more or less aggressive disease and (2) that pre-existing TIME states may be able to identify patients, of all molecular subtypes of breast cancer, who are good candidates for ICI therapy.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moorthy, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.03.186221</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Primary Tumor Immune Microenviornment Status Predicts the Response to Immunotherapy and Overall Survival in Breast Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.04.187864v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antagonistic epistasis of Hnf4a and FoxO1 networks through enhancer interactionsin beta-cell function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.04.187864v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic and acquired abnormalities contribute to pancreatic {beta}-cell failure in diabetes. Transcription factors Hnf4 (MODY1) and FoxO1 are respective examples of these two components, and are known to act through {beta}-cell-specific enhancers. However, their relationship is unclear. Here we show by genome-wide interrogation of chromatin modifications that FoxO1 ablation in mature {beta}-cells leads to increased selection of FoxO1 enhancers by Hnf4. To model the functional significance we generated single and compound knockouts of FoxO1 and Hnf4 in {beta}-cells. Single knockout of either gene impaired insulin secretion in mechanistically distinct fashions. Surprisingly, the defective {beta}-cell secretory function of either single mutant in hyperglycemic clamps and isolated islets treated with various secretagogues, was completely reversed in double mutants. Gene expression analyses revealed the reversal of {beta}-cell dysfunction with an antagonistic network regulating glycolysis, including {beta}-cell "disallowed" genes; and that a synergistic network regulating protocadherins emerged as likely mediators of the functional restoration of insulin secretion. The findings provide evidence of antagonistic epistasis as a model of gene/environment interactions in the pathogenesis of {beta}-cell dysfunction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyachi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadi, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobson, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Accili, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.04.187864</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antagonistic epistasis of Hnf4a and FoxO1 networks through enhancer interactionsin beta-cell function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.04.187989v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A pH-dependent switch mediates conformational masking of SARS-CoV-2 spike 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.04.187989v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SARS-CoV-2 spike employs mobile receptor-binding domains (RBDs) to engage the ACE2 receptor and to facilitate virus entry. Antibodies can engage RBD but some, such as CR3022, fail to inhibit entry despite nanomolar spike affinity. Here we show the SARS-CoV-2 spike to have low unfolding enthalpy at serological pH and up to 10-times more unfolding enthalpy at endosomal pH, where we observe significantly reduced CR3022 affinity. Cryo-EM structures -at serological and endosomal pH- delineated spike recognition of up to three ACE2 molecules, revealing RBD to freely adopt the  up conformation. In the absence of ACE2, single-RBD-up conformations dominated at pH 5.5, resolving into a locked all-down conformation at lower pH. Notably, a pH-dependent refolding region (residues 824-858) at the spike-interdomain interface displayed dramatic structural rearrangements and mediated RBD positioning and spike shedding of antibodies like CR3022. An endosomal mechanism involving spike-conformational change can thus facilitate immune evasion from RBD- up-recognizing antibody.

HighlightsO_LIReveal spike at serological pH to have only ~10% the unfolding enthalpy of a typical globular protein, explaining how antibodies like CR3022 can bind with avidity
C_LIO_LIDefine an endosomal mechanism whereby spike binds ACE2, but sheds CR3022, enabling immune evasion from potentially neutralizing antibody
C_LIO_LIDetermine cryo-EM structures of the SARS-CoV-2 spike along its endosomal entry pathway-at pH 5.5, 4.5, and 4.0, and in complexes with ACE2 receptor at pH 7.4 and 5.5
C_LIO_LIShow spike to exclusively adopt an all RBD-down conformation at the low pH of the late endosome-early lysosome
C_LIO_LIReveal structural basis by which a switch domain mediates RBD position in response to pH
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsybovsky, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olia, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rapp, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerutti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katsamba, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nazzari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bimela, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teng, I.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyington, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuang, G.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sampson, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sastry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuckey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friesner, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mascola, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.04.187989</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A pH-dependent switch mediates conformational masking of SARS-CoV-2 spike]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.05.188516v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic background modifies vulnerability to glaucoma related phenotypes in Lmx1b mutant mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.05.188516v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Variants in the LIM homeobox transcription factor 1-beta gene (LMX1B) predispose individuals to elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), a key risk factor for glaucoma. However, the effect of LMX1B mutations varies widely between individuals. To better understand mechanisms underlying LMX1B-related phenotypes and individual differences, we backcrossed the Lmx1bV265D (also known as Lmx1bIcst) allele onto the C57BL/6J (B6), 129/Sj (129), C3A/BLiA-Pde6b+/J (C3H), and DBA/2J-Gpnmb+ (D2-G) strain backgrounds. Strain background had a significant effect on the onset and severity of ocular phenotypes in Lmx1bV265D/+ mutant mice. Mice of the B6 background were the most susceptible to developing elevated IOP, severe anterior segment developmental anomalies (including malformed eccentric pupils, iridocorneal strands, and corneal abnormalities) and glaucomatous nerve damage. In contrast, Lmx1bV265D mice of the 129 background were the most resistant to developing anterior segment abnormalities, had less severe IOP elevation than B6 mutants at young ages, and showed no detectable nerve damage. To identify genetic modifiers of susceptibility to Lmx1bV265D-induced glaucoma-associated phenotypes, we performed a mapping cross between mice of the B6 (susceptible) and 129 (resistant) backgrounds. We identified a modifier locus on Chromosome 18, with the 129 allele(s) substantially lessening severity of ocular phenotypes, as confirmed by congenic analysis. By demonstrating a clear effect of genetic background in modulating Lmx1b-induced phenotypes, by providing a panel of strains with different phenotypic severities and by identifying a modifier locus, this study lays a foundation for better understanding the roles of LMX1B in glaucoma with the goal of developing new treatments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tolman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macalinao, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kearney, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macnicoll, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Vries, W. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cross, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kizhatil, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.05.188516</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic background modifies vulnerability to glaucoma related phenotypes in Lmx1b mutant mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.06.146951v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cis-regulatory architecture of human ESC-derived hypothalamic neuron differentiation aids in variant-to-gene mapping of relevant common complex traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.06.146951v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryThe hypothalamus regulates metabolic homeostasis by influencing behavior, energy utilization and endocrine systems. Given its role governing health-relevant traits, such as body weight and reproductive timing, understanding the genetic regulation of hypothalamic development and function should yield insights into these traits and diseases. However, given its inaccessibility, studying human hypothalamic gene regulation has proven challenging. To address this gap, we generated a chromatin architecture atlas of an established embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived hypothalamic-like neuron (HN) model across three stages of in vitro differentiation. We profiled accessible chromatin and identified physically interacting contacts between gene promoters and their putative cis-regulatory elements (cREs) to characterize changes in the gene regulatory landscape during hypothalamic differentiation. Next, we integrated these data with GWAS loci for multiple traits and diseases enriched for heritability in these cells, identifying candidate effector genes and cREs impacting transcription factor binding. Our results reveal common target genes for these traits, potentially identifying core hypothalamic developmental pathways. Our atlas will enable future efforts to determine precise mechanisms underlying hypothalamic development with respect to specific disease pathogenesis.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pahl, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doege, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodge, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Littleton, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonard, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rausch, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pippin, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradfield, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammond, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boehm, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berkowitz, R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasconi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chesi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voight, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leibel, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cousminer, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, S. F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.06.146951</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cis-regulatory architecture of human ESC-derived hypothalamic neuron differentiation aids in variant-to-gene mapping of relevant common complex traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.06.185066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome sequencing analysis identifies new loci associated with Lewy body dementia and provides insights into the complex genetic architecture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.06.185066v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genetic basis of Lewy body dementia (LBD) is not well understood. Here, we performed whole-genome sequencing in large cohorts of LBD cases and neurologically healthy controls to study the genetic architecture of this understudied form of dementia and to generate a resource for the scientific community. Genome-wide association analysis identified five independent risk loci, whereas genome-wide gene-aggregation tests implicated mutations in the gene GBA. Genetic risk scores demonstrate that LBD shares risk profiles and pathways with Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, providing a deeper molecular understanding of the complex genetic architecture of this age-related neurodegenerative condition.Competing Interest StatementThomas G. Beach is a consultant for Prothena, Vivid Genomics and Avid Radiopharmaceuticals. He is a scientific advisory board member for Vivid Genomics. John A. Hardy, Huw R. Morris, Stuart Pickering-Brown, Andrew B. Singleton, and Bryan J. Traynor hold US, EU and Canadian patents on the clinical testing and therapeutic intervention for the hexanucleotide repeat expansion of C9orf72. Michael A. Nalls is supported by a consulting contract between Data Tecnica International and the National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA; as a possible conflict of interest Dr. Nalls also consults for Neuron23 Inc., Lysosomal Therapeutics Inc., Illumina Inc., the Michael J. Fox Foundation and Vivid Genomics among others. Jose A. Palma is an editorial board member of Movement Disorders, Parkinsonism &amp; Related Disorders, BMC Neurology, and Clinical Autonomic Research. Bradley F. Boeve, James Leverenz, and Sonja W. Scholz serve on the Scientific Advisory Council of the Lewy Body Dementia Association. Sonja W. Scholz is an editorial board member for the Journal of Parkinson's Disease. Bryan J. Traynor is an editorial board member for JAMA Neurology; Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry; Brain; and Neurobiology of Aging. Zbigniew K. Wszolek serves as a principal investigator or co-principal investigator on Abbvie, Inc. (M15-562 and M15-563), Biogen, Inc. (228PD201) grant, and Biohaven Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (BHV4157-206 and BHV3241-301). Zbigniew K. Wszolek serves as the principal investigator of the Mayo Clinic American Parkinson Disease Association (APDA) Information and Referral Center, and as co-principal investigator of the Mayo Clinic APDA Center for Advanced Research. All other authors report no competing interests.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabir, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandres-Ciga, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saez-Atienzar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gustavsson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walton, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viollet, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makarious, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diez-Fairen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portley, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramzon, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blauwendraat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eicher, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parkkinen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ansorge, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honig, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marder, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemstra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St. George-Hyslop, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Londos, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lashley, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warner, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaunmuktane, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galasko, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santana, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tienari, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myllykangas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oinas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cairns, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halliday, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Deerlin, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trojanowski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.06.185066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome sequencing analysis identifies new loci associated with Lewy body dementia and provides insights into the complex genetic architecture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.06.188284v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Screening predictors of weight loss: an Integromics Approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.06.188284v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obesity has reached epidemic proportions in the United States but little is known about the mechanisms of weight gain and weight loss. Integration of “omics” data is becoming a popular tool to increase understanding in such complex phenotypes. Biomarkers come in abundance from high-throughput experiments, but small sample size is still is a serious limitation in clinical trials. It makes assessment of more realistic assumptions for complex relationships such as nonlinearity, interaction and normality more difficult. In the present study, we developed a strategy to screen predictors of weight loss from a multi-omics, high-dimensional and longitudinal dataset from a small cohort of subjects. Our proposal explores the combinatorial space of candidate biomarkers from different data sources with the use of first-order Spearman partial correlation coefficients. Statistics derived from the sample correlations are used to rank and select biomarkers, and to evaluate the relative importance of each data source. We tackle the small sample size problem by combining nonparametric statistics and dimensionality reduction techniques useful for omics data. We applied the proposed strategy to assess the relative importance of biomarkers from 6 different data sources: RNA-seq, RT-qPCR, metabolomics, fecal microbiome, fecal bile acid, and clinical data used to predict the rate of weight loss in 10 obese subjects provided an identical low-calorie diet in a hospital metabolic facility. The strategy has reduced an initial set of more than 40K biomarkers to a set of 61 informative ones across 3 time points: pre-study, post-study and changes from pre- to post-study. Our study sheds light on the relative importance of different omics to predict rates of weight loss. We showed that baseline fecal bile acids, and changes in RT-qPCR biomarkers from pre- to post-study are the most predictive data sources for the rate of weight loss.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.AbbreviationsBPSBiomarker Predictive ScoreGSEAGene Set Enrichment AnalysisGSVAGene Set Variation AnalysisRT-qPCRReal Time quantitative Polymerase Chain ReactionSATSubcutaneous Adipose TissueVLCDVery Low Calorie DietWLWeight LossView Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joel Correa da Rosa</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jose O. Aleman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jason Mohabir</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yupu Liang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jan L Breslow</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter R. Holt</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.06.188284</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Screening predictors of weight loss: an Integromics Approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.07.190546v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The evolutionary history of ACE2 usage within the coronavirus subgenus Sarbecovirus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.07.190546v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 are not phylogenetically closely related; however, both use the ACE2 receptor in humans for cell entry. This is not a universal sarbecovirus trait; for example, many known sarbecoviruses related to SARS-CoV-1 have two deletions in the receptor binding domain of the spike protein that render them incapable of using human ACE2. Here, we report three sequences of a novel sarbecovirus from Rwanda and Uganda which are phylogenetically intermediate to SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 and demonstrate via in vitro studies that they are also unable to utilize human ACE2. Furthermore, we show that the observed pattern of ACE2 usage among sarbecoviruses is best explained by recombination not of SARS-CoV-2, but of SARS-CoV-1 and its relatives. We show that the lineage that includes SARS-CoV-2 is most likely the ancestral ACE2-using lineage, and that recombination with at least one virus from this group conferred ACE2 usage to the lineage including SARS-CoV-1 at some time in the past. We argue that alternative scenarios such as convergent evolution are much less parsimonious; we show that biogeography and patterns of host tropism support the plausibility of a recombination scenario; and we propose a competitive release hypothesis to explain how this recombination event could have occurred and why it is evolutionarily advantageous. The findings provide important insights into the natural history of ACE2 usage for both SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2, and a greater understanding of the evolutionary mechanisms that shape zoonotic potential of coronaviruses. This study also underscores the need for increased surveillance for sarbecoviruses in southwestern China, where most ACE2-using viruses have been found to date, as well as other regions such as Africa, where these viruses have only recently been discovered.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wells, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Letko, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasso, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ssebide, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nziza, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byarugaba, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarrete-Macias, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cranfield, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tingley, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diuk-Wasser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreuder Johnson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazet, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandran, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munster, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilardi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anthony, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.07.190546</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The evolutionary history of ACE2 usage within the coronavirus subgenus Sarbecovirus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.07.192120v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extracting neural signals from semi-immobilized animals with deformable non-negative matrix factorization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.07.192120v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracting calcium traces from populations of neurons is a critical step in the study of the large-scale neural dynamics that govern behavior. Accurate activity extraction requires the correction of motion and movement-induced deformations as well as demixing of signals that may overlap spatially due to limitations in optical resolution. Traditionally, non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) methods have been successful in demixing and denoising cellular calcium activity in relatively motionless or pre-registered videos. However, standard NMF methods fail in animals undergoing significant non-rigid motion; similarly, standard image registration methods based on template matching can fail when large changes in activity lead to mismatches with the image template. To address these issues simultaneously, we introduce a deformable non-negative matrix factorization (dNMF) framework that jointly optimizes registration with signal demixing. On simulated data and real semi-immobilized C. elegans microscopy videos, dNMF outperforms traditional demixing methods that account for motion and demixing separately. Finally, following the extraction of neural traces from multiple imaging experiments, we develop a quantile regression time-series normalization technique to account for varying neural signal intensity baselines across different animals or different imaging setups. Open source code implementing this pipeline is available at https://github.com/amin-nejat/dNMF.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nejatbakhsh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varol, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yemini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatachalam, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuel, A. D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.07.192120</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extracting neural signals from semi-immobilized animals with deformable non-negative matrix factorization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.07.192252v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Survival of the salient: Emotion rescues otherwise forgettable memories via neural reactivation and post-encoding hippocampal connectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.07.192252v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Emotions selective effects on memory go beyond the simple enhancement of threatening or rewarding stimuli. They can also rescue otherwise forgettable memories that share overlapping features. Here, we use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine the brain mechanisms that support this retrograde memory enhancement. In a two-phase incidental encoding paradigm, participants first view images of neutral tools and animals. During Phase 1, these images are intermixed with neutral scenes, which provides a unique  context tag for this specific phase of encoding. A few minutes later, during Phase 2, new pictures from one category are paired with a mild shock (fear-conditioned stimulus; CS+), while pictures from the other category are not shocked. fMRI analyses reveal that, across participants, retroactive memory benefits for Phase 1 CS+ items are associated with greater phasic reinstatement of the prior mental context during Phase 2 CS+ items. We also see that greater VTA/SN activation during Phase 2 CS+ items relates to this retroactive memory enhancement, suggesting that emotion promotes both the encoding and ongoing consolidation of overlapping representations. Additionally, we find that emotional experience-dependent changes in post-encoding hippocampal functional coupling with CS+ category-selective cortex relate to the magnitude of the retroactive memory effect. These hippocampal connectivity patterns also mediate the relationship between dopaminergic emotional encoding effects and across-participant variability in the retroactive memory benefit. Collectively, our findings suggest that an interplay between online and offline brain mechanisms may enable emotion to preserve seemingly mundane memories that become significant in the future.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clewett, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunsmoor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phelps, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davachi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.07.192252</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Survival of the salient: Emotion rescues otherwise forgettable memories via neural reactivation and post-encoding hippocampal connectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.08.193805v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Public and private human T cell clones respond differentially to HCMV antigen when boosted by CD3 co-potentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.08.193805v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) induces long-lasting T cell immune responses that control but do not clear infection. Typical responses involve private T cell clones, expressing T cell antigen receptors (TCR) unique to a person, and also public T cell clones with identical TCRs active in different people. Here, we report the development of a pre-therapeutic immunostimulation modality against HCMV for human T cells, CD3 co-potentiation, and the clonal analysis of its effects in recall assays at single-cell resolution. CD3 co-potentiation of human T cells required identification of an intrinsically inert anti-CD3 Fab fragment that conditionally augmented signaling only when TCR was co-engaged with antigen. When applied in recall assays, CD3 co-potentiation enhanced the expansion of both public and private T cell clones responding to autologous HLA-A2(+) antigen-presenting cells and immunodominant NLV peptide from HCMV pp65 protein. Interestingly, public versus private TCR expression was associated with distinct clonal expansion signatures in response to recall stimulus. This implied that besides possible differences in their generation and selection in an immune response, public and private T cells may respond differently to pharmaco-immunomodulation. Furthermore, a third clonal expansion profile was observed upon CD3 co-potentiation of T cell clones from HLA-A2(-) donors and one HLA-A2(+) presumed-uninfected donor, where NLV was of low intrinsic potency. We conclude that human T cell copotentiation can increase the expansion of different classes of T cell clones responding to recall antigens of different strengths, and this may be exploitable for therapeutic development against chronic, persistent infections such as HCMV.

Key PointsO_LIHuman CD3 co-potentiation can enhance the clonal expansion of several classes of recall T cells responding to antigens.
C_LIO_LIEnhanced expansion follows a unique pattern based on the immunodominance or weakness of antigen, and public or private TCR status.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Laura R.E. Becher</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wendy K. Nevala</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shari S. Sutor</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Megan Abergel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michele M. Hoffmann</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopher A. Parks</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larry R. Pease</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam G. Schrum</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svetomir N. Markovic</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diana Gil</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.08.193805</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Public and private human T cell clones respond differentially to HCMV antigen when boosted by CD3 co-potentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.08.194332v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping the evolution of T cell states during response and resistance to adoptive cellular therapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.08.194332v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immune therapies have transformed the cancer therapeutic landscape but fail to benefit most patients. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms by which T cells mediate elimination of leukemia, we generated a high-resolution map of longitudinal T cell dynamics within the same tumor microenvironment (TME) during response or resistance to donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI), a widely used immunotherapy for relapsed leukemia. We analyzed 87,939 bone marrow-derived single T cell transcriptomes, along with chromatin accessibility and single T cell receptor clonality profiles, by developing novel machine learning tools for integrating longitudinal and multimodal data. We found that pre-treatment enrichment and post-treatment rapid, durable expansion of  terminal (TEX) and  precursor (TPEX) exhausted subsets, respectively, defined DLI response. A contrasting, heterogeneous pattern of T cell dysfunction marked DLI resistance. Unexpectedly, TPEX cells that expanded in responders did not arise from the infusion product but instead from both pre-existing and novel clonotypes recruited to the TME. Our unbiased dissection of the TME using a Bayesian method, Symphony, defined the T cell circuitry underlying effective human anti-leukemic immune responses that may be broadly relevant to other exhaustion antagonists across cancers. Finally, we provide a general analysis paradigm for exploiting temporal single-cell genomic profiling for deep understanding of therapeutic scenarios beyond oncology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pavan Bachireddy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elham Azizi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassandra Burdziak</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinhkhang N Nguyen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christina Ennis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zi-Ning Choo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuqiang Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenneth J Livak</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donna S Neuberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert J Soiffer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jerome Ritz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwin P Alyea</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dana Pe'er</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catherine J Wu</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.08.194332</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping the evolution of T cell states during response and resistance to adoptive cellular therapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.09.188615v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modulation of Sensory Response at Different Time Lags after Locus Coeruleus Micro-stimulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.09.188615v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Locus Coeruleus (LC) noradrenergic system has widespread projections throughout the brain and affects sensory processing. LC modulation of sensory-evoked cortical activity and brain state is documented by electrical micro-stimulation, optogenetic experiments, and the local application of norepinephrine (NE). The temporal profile of the LC modulation of sensory response and brain state is not well characterized. Our goal in this study is to characterize this modulation. Here, we recorded neuronal activity from the barrel cortex (BC) of urethane-anesthetized rats while combining LC micro-stimulation with brief mechanical deflections of the whiskers at 10 different time lags (50-500 ms). We recorded spikes and local field potentials to quantify the neuronal activity and the brain state. LC micro-stimulation exhibited a biphasic effect on spontaneous activity of the BC: a period of suppression followed by a period of excitation. We observed a similar effect on the sensory-evoked response: at 50-ms lag, the evoked response decreased while at 150-ms lag, the early evoked response was facilitated. At 150 to 350-ms time lags, LC micro-stimulation caused a combined facilitation followed by suppression of the evoked response. In contrast to the fast transient effect of LC stimulation on BC spiking activity, brain state modulation started later and lasted longer. LC stimulation suppressed low-frequency activities that are associated with low arousal states. In summary, we found that LC modulation affects cortical processing of sensory inputs and the brain state at different time scales which are likely to involve distinct circuit mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zeinab Fazlali</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadollah Ranjbar-Slamloo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehsan Arabzadeh</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.09.188615</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modulation of Sensory Response at Different Time Lags after Locus Coeruleus Micro-stimulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.11.198663v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distributed control of motor circuits for backward walking in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.11.198663v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How do descending inputs from the brain control leg motor circuits to change the way an animal walks? Conceptually, descending neurons are thought to function either as command-type neurons, in which a single type of descending neuron exerts a high-level control to elicit a coordinated change in motor output, or through a more distributed population coding mechanism, whereby a group of neurons, each with local effects, act in combination to elicit a global motor response. The Drosophila Moonwalker Descending Neurons (MDNs), which alter leg motor circuit dynamics so that the fly walks backwards, exemplify the command-type mechanism. Here, we identify several dozen MDN target neurons within the leg motor circuits, and show that two of them mediate distinct and highly-specific changes in leg muscle activity during backward walking: LIN156 neurons provide the hindleg power stroke during stance phase; LIN128 neurons lift the legs at the end of stance to initiate swing. Through these two effector neurons, MDN directly controls both the stance and swing phases of the backward stepping cycle. MDN exerts these changes only upon the hindlegs; the fore-and midlegs follow passively through ground contact. These findings suggest that command-type descending neurons can also operate through the distributed control of local motor circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kai Feng</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajyashree Sen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryo Minegishi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael Duebbert</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Till Bockemuehl</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ansgar Bueschges</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barry Dickson</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.11.198663</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distributed control of motor circuits for backward walking in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.11.198721v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of genetic susceptibility to multiple sclerosis on the T cell epigenome: proximal and distal effects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.11.198721v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We establish a genome-wide map of DNA methylation quantitative trait locus (mQTL) effects in CD4+ T cells isolated from multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Utilizing this map in a colocalization analysis, we identify 19 loci where the same haplotype drives both MS susceptibility and local (cis-) DNA methylation. We also identify two distant (trans-) mQTL effects of MS susceptibility loci: (1) a chromosome 16 MS locus affects PRDM8 methylation (a chromosome 4 region not previously associated with MS susceptibility), and (2) the aggregate effect of MS variants in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC, chromosome 6) influences DNA methylation near PRKCA on chromosome 17. Both effects are replicated in independent samples. Overall, we present a new methylome-wide mQTL resource for a key cell type in inflammatory disease research, uncover functional consequences of MS susceptibility variants, including the convergence of MHC risk alleles onto a new gene target involved in predisposition to MS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tina Roostaei</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hans-Ulrich Klein</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel Felsky</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pia Kivisakk</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarah M. Connor</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandra Kroshilina</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christina Yung</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yiyi Ma</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belinda J. Kaskow</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiaorong Shao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooke Rhead</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia Liu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikolaos Patsopoulos</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisa F. Barcellos</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard L. Weiner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philip L. De Jager</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.11.198721</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of genetic susceptibility to multiple sclerosis on the T cell epigenome: proximal and distal effects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.12.199885v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endosomal trafficking is required for glycosylation and normal maturation of the Alzheimer's-associated protein sorLA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.12.199885v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The sorting receptor sorLA encoded by the SORL1 gene is implicated in Alzheimers disease (AD) pathogenesis. Genetic studies have identified AD-associated SORL1 mutations and the expression of sorLA in AD brains is reported to be reduced. SorLA is a receptor of the retromer trafficking complex and functions at the endosome, and deficiency in sorLA phenocopies the endosomal pathologies found in AD. SorLA undergoes posttranslational modifications and maturation with ultimate ectodomain shedding, however knowledge of these processes remains limited. Here we demonstrate that sorLA exists at the cell membrane in two forms, an immature and a mature form, characterized by distinct N-glycosylation profiles. The mature sorLA form has acquired complex type N-glycans and is shed from the cell surface by the TACE juxtmembrane cleavage. The immature form of sorLA present at the cell surface is shown to have immature ER-type N-glycans (high-mannose type susceptible to endo H) and does not undergo shedding, however, upon endocytosis and recycling to the cell surface via endosomal trafficking pathways the immature sorLA form acquires complex-type N-glycans. These results suggest an unusual secretion model for sorLA whereby that immature sorLA first traffics to the cell membrane without acquiring Golgi processing of N-glycans, and only upon retrograde trafficking does sorLA acquire normal Golgi maturation of N-glycans and become susceptible to TACE regulated shedding. Supportive evidence for this model include a sorLA mutant with deficient endosomal trafficking and in vivo studies demonstrating requirement of retromer for sorLA trafficking in the brain of retromer VPS26 deficient mice. Collectively, our study establishes the role endosomal trafficking plays in sorLAs normal maturation, and point to impaired maturation as a signature of AD-associated sorLA dysfunction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Christensen, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narimatsu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simoes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goth, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaegter, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Small, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clausen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.12.199885</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endosomal trafficking is required for glycosylation and normal maturation of the Alzheimer's-associated protein sorLA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.13.200949v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Causal inference in environmental sound recognition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.13.200949v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sound is caused by physical events in the world. Do humans infer these causes when recognizing sound sources? We tested whether the recognition of common environmental sounds depends on the inference of a basic physical variable - the source intensity (i.e., the power that produces a sound). A sources intensity can be inferred from the intensity it produces at the ear and its distance, which is normally conveyed by reverberation. Listeners could thus use intensity at the ear and reverberation to constrain recognition by inferring the underlying source intensity. Alternatively, listeners might separate these acoustic cues from their representation of a sounds identity in the interest of invariant recognition. We compared these two hypotheses by measuring recognition accuracy for sounds with typically low or high source intensity (e.g., pepper grinders vs. trucks) that were presented across a range of intensities at the ear or with reverberation cues to distance. The recognition of low-intensity sources (e.g., pepper grinders) was impaired by high presentation intensities or reverberation that conveyed distance, either of which imply high source intensity. Neither effect occurred for high-intensity sources. The results suggest that listeners implicitly use the intensity at the ear along with distance cues to infer a sources power and constrain its identity. The recognition of real-world sounds thus appears to depend upon the inference of their physical generative parameters, even generative parameters whose cues might otherwise be separated from the representation of a sounds identity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Traer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman-Haignere, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDermott, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.13.200949</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Causal inference in environmental sound recognition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.15.165266v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A structural model of a Ras-Raf signalosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.15.165266v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The protein K-Ras functions as a molecular switch in signaling pathways regulating cell growth. In the MAPK pathway, which is implicated in many cancers, multiple K-Ras proteins are thought to assemble at the cell membrane with Ras-effector proteins from the Raf family. Here we propose an atomistic structural model for such an assembly. Our starting point was an asymmetric, GTP-mediated K-Ras dimer model, which we generated using unbiased molecular dynamics simulations and verified with mutagenesis experiments. Adding further K-Ras monomers in a head-to-tail fashion led to a compact helical assembly, a model we validated using electron microscopy and cell-based experiments. This assembly stabilizes K-Ras in its active state and presents composite interfaces to facilitate Raf binding. Guided by existing experimental data, we then positioned C-Raf, the downstream kinase MEK1, and accessory proteins (Galectin-3 and 14-3-3{sigma}) on the helical assembly. The resulting Ras-Raf signalosome model offers an explanation for a large body of data on MAPK signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mysore, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Z.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambrogio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapp, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okoro, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagy-Davidescu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pluckthun, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janne, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westover, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.15.165266</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A structural model of a Ras-Raf signalosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.16.206987v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An automated, high throughput methodology optimized for quantitative cell-free mitochondrial and nuclear DNA isolation from plasma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.16.206987v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circulating, cell-free mitochondrial DNA (ccf-mtDNA) and nuclear DNA (ccf-nDNA) are under investigation as biomarkers for various diseases. Optimal ccf-mtDNA isolation parameters, like those outlined for ccf-nDNA, have not been established. Here, we optimized a protocol for both ccf-mtDNA and ccf-nDNA recovery using a magnetic bead-based isolation process on an automated 96-well platform. Using the optimized protocol, our data show 6-fold improved yields of ccf-mtDNA when compared to the starting protocol. Digestion conditions, liquid handling characteristics, and magnetic particle processor programming all contributed to increased recovery and improved reproducibility. To our knowledge, this is the first high-throughput approach optimized for mtDNA and nDNA recovery and serves as an important starting point for clinical studies.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=191 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/206987v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (38K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@13ab547org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1535020org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@b191aaorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d23fa4_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ware, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leach, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giordano, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nouraie, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.16.206987</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An automated, high throughput methodology optimized for quantitative cell-free mitochondrial and nuclear DNA isolation from plasma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.17.209387v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Does the phase of ongoing EEG oscillations predict auditory perception? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.17.209387v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Effective processing of information from the environment requires the brain to selectively sample relevant inputs. The visual perceptual system has been shown to sample information rhythmically, oscillating rapidly between more and less input-favorable states. Evidence of parallel effects in auditory perception is inconclusive. Here, we combined a bilateral pitch-identification task with electroencephalography (EEG) to investigate whether the phase of ongoing EEG predicts auditory discrimination accuracy. We compared prestimulus phase distributions between correct and incorrect trials. Shortly before stimulus onset, each of these distributions showed significant phase concentration, but centered at different phase angles. The effects were strongest in theta and beta frequency bands. The divergence between phase distributions showed a linear relation with accuracy, accounting for at least 10% of inter-individual variance. Discrimination performance oscillated rhythmically at a rate predicted by the neural data. These findings indicate that auditory discrimination threshold oscillates over time along with the phase of ongoing EEG activity. Thus, it appears that auditory perception is discrete rather than continuous, with the phase of ongoing EEG oscillations shaping auditory perception by providing a temporal reference frame for information processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tal, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leszczynski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesgarani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.17.209387</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Does the phase of ongoing EEG oscillations predict auditory perception?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.17.209452v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPR RNA-guided integrases for high-efficiency and multiplexed bacterial genome engineering 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.17.209452v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tn7-like transposons are pervasive mobile genetic elements in bacteria that mobilize using heteromeric transposase complexes comprising distinct targeting modules. We recently described a Tn7-like transposon from Vibrio cholerae that employs a Type I-F CRISPR-Cas system for RNA-guided transposition, in which Cascade directly recruits transposition proteins to integrate donor DNA downstream of genomic target sites complementary to CRISPR RNA. However, the requirement for multiple expression vectors and low overall integration efficiencies, particularly for large genetic payloads, hindered the practical utility of the transposon. Here, we present a significantly improved INTEGRATE (insertion of transposable elements by guide RNA-assisted targeting) system for targeted, multiplexed, and marker-free DNA integration of up to 10 kilobases at ~100% efficiency. Using multi-spacer CRISPR arrays, we achieved simultaneous multiplex insertions in three genomic loci, and facile multi-loci deletions when combining orthogonal integrases and recombinases. Finally, we demonstrated robust function in other biomedically- and industrially-relevant bacteria, and developed an accessible computational algorithm for guide RNA design. This work establishes INTEGRATE as a versatile and portable tool that enables multiplex and kilobase-scale genome engineering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vo, P. L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klompe, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acree, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sternberg, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.17.209452</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPR RNA-guided integrases for high-efficiency and multiplexed bacterial genome engineering]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.17.209544v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Delay-Induced Uncertainty in Physiological Systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.17.209544v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWMedical practice in the intensive care unit is based on the supposition that physiological systems such as the human glucose-insulin system are reliabile. Reliability of dynamical systems refers to response to perturbation: A dynamical system is reliable if it behaves predictably following a perturbation. Here, we demonstrate that reliability fails for an archetypal physiological model, the Ultradian glucose-insulin model. Reliability failure arises because of the presence of delay. Using the theory of rank one maps from smooth dynamical systems, we precisely explain the nature of the resulting delay-induced uncertainty (DIU). We develop a recipe one may use to diagnose DIU in a general dynamical system. Guided by this recipe, we analyze DIU emergence first in a classical linear shear flow model and then in the Ultradian model. Our results potentially apply to a broad class of physiological systems that involve delay.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karamched, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albers, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hripcsak, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ott, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.17.209544</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Delay-Induced Uncertainty in Physiological Systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.20.209130v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
INTS13 Mutations Causing a Developmental Ciliopathy Disrupt Integrator Complex Assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.20.209130v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oral-facial-digital syndromes (OFD) are a heterogeneous group of congenital disorders characterized by malformations of the face and oral cavity, and digit anomalies. To date, mutations in 12 ciliary-related genes have been identified that cause several types of OFD, suggesting that OFDs constitute a subgroup of developmental ciliopathies. Through homozygosity mapping and exome sequencing of two families with variable OFD type 2, we identified distinct germline mutations in INTS13, a subunit of the Integrator complex. This 14-component complex associates with RNAPII and can cleave nascent RNA to modulate gene expression. We determined that INTS13 utilizes a discrete domain within its C-terminus to bind the Integrator cleavage module, which is disrupted by the identified germline INTS13 mutations. Depletion of INTS13 disrupts ciliogenesis in human cultured cells and causes dysregulation of a broad collection of ciliary genes. Accordingly, its knockdown in Xenopus embryos lead to motile cilia anomalies. Altogether, we show that mutations in INTS13 cause an autosomal recessive ciliopathy, which reveals key interactions within Integrator components.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mascibroda, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shboul, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elrod, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colleaux, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamamy, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, K.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peart, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merriman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jodoin, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Rawashdeh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ababneh, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Khateeb, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fathalla, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escande-Beillard, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenney, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amiel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reversade, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.20.209130</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[INTS13 Mutations Causing a Developmental Ciliopathy Disrupt Integrator Complex Assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.22.202275v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional response modules characterise IL-1 and IL-6 activity in COVID-19 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.22.202275v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dysregulated IL-1{beta} and IL-6 responses have been implicated in the pathogenesis of severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Innovative approaches for evaluating the biological activity of these cytokines in vivo are urgently needed to complement clinical trials of therapeutic targeting of IL-1{beta} and IL-6 in COVID-19. We show that the expression of IL-1{beta} or IL-6 inducible transcriptional signatures (modules) reflects the bioactivity of these cytokines in immunopathology modelled by juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and rheumatoid arthritis. In COVID-19, elevated expression of IL-1{beta} and IL-6 response modules, but not the cytokine transcripts themselves, is a feature of infection in the nasopharynx and blood, but is not associated with severity of COVID-19 disease, length of stay or mortality. We propose that IL-1{beta} and IL-6 transcriptional response modules provide a dynamic readout of functional cytokine activity in vivo, aiding quantification of the biological effects of immunomodulatory therapies in COVID-19.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bell, L. C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noursadeghi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollara, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.22.202275</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional response modules characterise IL-1 and IL-6 activity in COVID-19]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.22.212605v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Beyond orphaned infants: novel effects of maternal death in wild primates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.22.212605v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Primate offspring often depend on their mothers well beyond the age of weaning, and offspring that experience maternal death in early life can suffer substantial reductions in fitness across the lifespan. Here we leverage data from eight wild primate populations (seven species) to examine two underappreciated pathways linking early maternal death and offspring fitness that are distinct from direct effects of orphaning on offspring survival. First, we show that, for five of the seven species, offspring face reduced survival during the years immediately preceding maternal death, while the mother is still alive. Second, we identify an intergenerational effect of early maternal loss in three species (muriquis, baboons, and blue monkeys), such that early maternal death experienced in one generation leads to reduced offspring survival in the next. Our results have important implications for the evolution of slow life histories in primates, as they suggest that maternal condition and survival are more important for offspring fitness than previously realized.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zipple, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altmann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campos, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cords, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedigan, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawler, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lonsdorf, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pusey, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoinski, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strier, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alberts, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.22.212605</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Beyond orphaned infants: novel effects of maternal death in wild primates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.22.214718v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The frailty syndrome as an emergent state of parallel dysregulation in multiple physiological systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.22.214718v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Frailty is a clinical syndrome often present in older adults and characterized by a heightened vulnerability to stressors. The biological antecedents and etiology of frailty are unclear despite decades of research: frailty is associated with dysregulation in a wide range of physiological systems, but no specific cause has been identified. Here, we test predictions stemming from the hypothesis that there is no specific cause: that frailty is an emergent property arising from the complex systems dynamics of the broad loss of organismal homeostasis. Specifically, we use dysregulation of six physiological systems using the Mahalanobis distance approach in two cohorts of older adults to test the breadth, diffuseness, and nonlinearity of associations between frailty and system-specific dysregulation. We find clear support for the breadth of associations between frailty and physiological dysregulation: positive associations of all systems with frailty in at least some analyses. We find partial support for diffuseness: the number of systems or total amount of dysregulation is more important than the identity of the systems dysregulated, but results only partially replicate across cohorts. We find partial support for nonlinearity: trends are exponential but not always significantly so, and power is limited for groups with very high levels of dysregulation. Overall, results are consistent with - but not definitive proof of - frailty as an emergent property of complex systems dynamics. Substantial work remains to understand how frailty relates to underlying physiological dynamics across systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghachem, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fried, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legault, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandeen-Roche, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Presse, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.22.214718</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The frailty syndrome as an emergent state of parallel dysregulation in multiple physiological systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.23.218164v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The genetic architecture of the sexually selected sword ornament and its evolution in hybrid populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.23.218164v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biologists since Darwin have been fascinated by the evolution of sexually selected ornaments, particularly those that reduce viability. Uncovering the genetic architecture of these traits is key to understanding how they evolve and are maintained. Here, we investigate the genetic architecture of a sexually selected ornament, the "sword" fin extension that characterizes many species of swordtail fish (Xiphophorus). Using sworded and swordless sister species of Xiphophorus, we generated a mapping population and show that the sword ornament is polygenic - with ancestry across the genome explaining substantial variation in the trait. After accounting for the impacts of genome-wide ancestry, we identify one major effect QTL that explains [~]5% of the overall variation in the trait. Using a series of approaches, we narrow this large QTL interval to a handful of likely candidate genes, including the gene sp8. Notably, sp8 plays a regulatory role in fin regeneration and harbors several derived substitutions that are predicted to impact protein function in the species that has lost the sword ornament. Furthermore, we find evidence of selection on ancestry at sp8 in four natural hybrid populations, consistent with selection against the sword in these populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Powell, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payne, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keegan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andolfatto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenthal, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.23.218164</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The genetic architecture of the sexually selected sword ornament and its evolution in hybrid populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.23.218792v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The trajectory of cortical GABA levels across thelifespan: An individual participant datameta-analysis of edited MRS studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.23.218792v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
GABA is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the human brain and can be measured with Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS). Conflicting accounts report decreases and increases in cortical GABA levels across the lifespan. This incompatibility may be an artifact of the size and age-range of the samples utilized in these studies. No single study to date has included the entire lifespan. In this study, 8 suitable datasets were integrated to generate a model of the trajectory of GABA across the lifespan. Data were fit using both a log-normal curve and a nonparametric spline as regression models using a multi-level Bayesian model utilizing the Stan language. Integrated data show the lifespan trajectory of GABA involves an early period of rapid increase, followed by a period of stability during early adulthood, with a gradual decrease during adulthood and aging that is described well by both spline and log-normal models. The information gained will provide a general framework to inform expectations of future studies based on the age of the population being studied.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Porges, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puts, N. A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.23.218792</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The trajectory of cortical GABA levels across thelifespan: An individual participant datameta-analysis of edited MRS studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.218248v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developing Small Molecules that Inhibit K-Ras/GTP Binding Based on New Affinity Measurements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.218248v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RAS genes encode small GTPases essential for proliferation, differentiation, and survival of mammalian cells. RAS gene mutations are associated with approximately 30% of all human cancers. However, based on measurements reported three decades ago of Ras protein affinities to GTP in the 10-20 picomolar range, it has been accepted in the scientific and medical communities that Ras proteins are undruggable targets. Here, we report MicroScale Thermophoresis and scintillation proximity assay measurements of the affinity of K-Ras and several K-Ras mutants for GTP in the range of 200 nanomolar, a 10,000-fold difference from that previously reported, and the identification of over 400 small molecules that block GTP binding to K-Ras. Focusing on two of those molecules, we report small molecule inhibition of Ras downstream signaling and cellular proliferation in human pancreatic and non-small cell lung cancer cells expressing wild type and K-Ras G12C, G12D and G12S, and N-Ras Q61K mutants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carta, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutcheson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudolph, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quick, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmertzler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadari, Y. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.27.218248</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developing Small Molecules that Inhibit K-Ras/GTP Binding Based on New Affinity Measurements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.223644v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Erythrocyte CD55 mediates the internalization of Plasmodium falciparum parasites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.223644v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Invasion of human erythrocytes by the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum is a multi-step process. Previously, a forward genetic screen for P. falciparum host factors identified erythrocyte CD55 as essential for invasion, but its specific role and how it interfaces with the other factors that mediate this complex process are unknown. Using CRISPR-Cas9 editing, antibody-based inhibition, and live cell imaging, here we show that CD55 is specifically required for parasite internalization. Pre-invasion kinetics, erythrocyte deformability, and echinocytosis were not influenced by CD55, but entry was inhibited when CD55 was blocked or absent. Visualization of parasites attached to CD55-null erythrocytes point to a role for CD55 in progression of the moving junction. Our findings demonstrate that CD55 acts after discharge of the parasites rhoptry organelles, and plays a unique role relative to all other invasion receptors. As the requirement for CD55 is strain-transcendent, these results suggest that CD55 or its interacting partners may hold potential as therapeutic targets for malaria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shakya, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tani, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egan, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.27.223644</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Erythrocyte CD55 mediates the internalization of Plasmodium falciparum parasites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.29.223966v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intrinsic excitability mechanisms of neuronal ensemble formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.29.223966v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal ensembles are coactive groups of cortical neurons, found in spontaneous and evoked activity, that can mediate perception and behavior. To understand the mechanisms that lead to the formation of ensembles, we co-activated optogenetically and electrically layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons in brain slices from mouse visual cortex, in animals from both sexes, replicating in vitro an optogenetic protocol to generate ensembles in vivo. Using whole-cell and perforated patch-clamp pair recordings we find that, after optogenetic or electrical stimulation, coactivated neurons increase their correlation in spontaneous activity, a hallmark of ensemble formation. Coactivated neurons showed small biphasic changes in presynaptic plasticity, with an initial depression followed by a potentiation after a recovery period. Unexpectedly, optogenetic and electrical stimulation-induced significant increases in frequency and amplitude of spontaneous EPSPs, even after single-cell stimulation. In addition, we observed strong and persistent increases in neuronal excitability after stimulation, with increases in membrane resistance and reduction in spike threshold. A pharmacological agent that blocks changes in membrane resistance can revert this effect. These significant increases in excitability may partly explain the observed biphasic synaptic plasticity. We propose that cell-intrinsic changes in excitability are involved in the formation of neuronal ensembles. We propose an "iceberg" model, by which increased neuronal excitability makes subthreshold connections suprathreshold, enhancing the effect of already existing synapses, and generating a new neuronal ensemble.

Significance StatementWe investigated the synaptic and cellular mechanisms underlying the formation of neuronal ensembles, i.e., spontaneously coactive groups of neurons. Using in vitro electrophysiology and optogenetic in slices of mouse neocortex we replicated a protocol that generates ensembles in vivo. After optogenetic and electrical stimulation, we observed biphasic synaptic plasticity and, unexpectedly, major increases in excitability, input resistance, and reductions in firing threshold. The increased excitability can explain the observed synaptic plasticity. Our results reveal a major role for intrinsic excitability in the establishment of neuronal ensembles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alejandre-Garcia, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Ortega, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuste, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.29.223966</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intrinsic excitability mechanisms of neuronal ensemble formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.30.229088v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EdiTyper: a high-throughput tool for analysis of targeted sequencing data from genome editing experiments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.30.229088v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome editing experiments are generating an increasing amount of targeted sequencing data with specific mutational patterns indicating the success of the experiments and genotypes of clonal cell lines. We present EdiTyper, a high-throughput command line tool specifically designed for analysis of sequencing data from polyclonal and monoclonal cell populations from CRISPR gene editing. It requires simple inputs of sequencing data and reference sequences, and provides comprehensive outputs including summary statistics, plots, and SAM/BAM alignments. Analysis of simulated data showed that EdiTyper is highly accurate for detection of both single nucleotide mutations and indels, robust to sequencing errors, as well as fast and scalable to large experimental batches. EdiTyper is available in github (https://github.com/LappalainenLab/edityper) under the MIT license.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yahi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammadi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tatonetti, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lappalainen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.30.229088</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EdiTyper: a high-throughput tool for analysis of targeted sequencing data from genome editing experiments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.30.229724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Subcellular mRNA localization and local translation of Arhgap11a in radial glial cells regulates cortical development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.30.229724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
mRNA localization and local translation enable exquisite spatial and temporal control of gene expression, particularly in highly polarized and elongated cells. These features are especially prominent in radial glial cells (RGCs), which serve as neural and glial precursors of the developing cerebral cortex, and scaffolds for migrating neurons. Yet the mechanisms by which distinct sub-cellular compartments of RGCs accomplish their diverse functions are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that subcellular RNA localization and translation of the RhoGAP Arhgap11a controls RGC morphology and mediates cortical cytoarchitecture. Arhgap11a mRNA and protein exhibit conserved localization to RGC basal structures in mice and humans, conferred by a 5'UTR cis-element. Proper RGC morphology relies upon active Arhgap11a mRNA transport and localization to basal structures, where ARHGAP11A is locally synthesized. Thus, RhoA activity is spatially and acutely activated via local translation in RGCs to promote neuron positioning and cortical cytoarchitecture. Altogether, our study demonstrates that mRNA localization and local translation mediate compartmentalization of neural progenitor functions to control brain development.

HighlightsO_LIArhgap11a in radial glia non-cell autonomously promotes neuronal migration and lamination
C_LIO_LIArhgap11a mRNA localizes to radial glial endfeet via a 5 UTR cis element
C_LIO_LIARHGAP11A expression in basal process and endfeet depends upon its localized mRNA
C_LIO_LILocalized mRNA and RhoA-GAP activity in endfeet control radial glial morphology
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pilaz, L.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsunekawa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alsina, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sethi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanderhaeghen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polleux, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silver, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.30.229724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Subcellular mRNA localization and local translation of Arhgap11a in radial glial cells regulates cortical development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.31.231530v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The cooperative assembly of shelterin bridge provides a kinetic gateway that controls telomere length homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.31.231530v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Shelterin is a six-proteins complex that coats chromosome ends to ensure their proper protection and maintenance. Similar to the human shelterin, fission yeast shelterin is composed of telomeric double- and single-stranded DNA-binding proteins, Taz1 and Pot1, respectively, bridged by Rap1, Poz1, and Tpz1. The assembly of the proteinaceous Tpz1-Poz1-Rap1 complex occurs cooperatively and disruption of this shelterin bridge leads to unregulated telomere elongation. However, how this biophysical property of bridge assembly is integrated into shelterin function is not known. Here, utilizing synthetic bridges with a range of binding properties, we find that synthetic shelterin bridge lacking cooperativity requires a linker pair that matches the native bridge in complex lifespan but has dramatically higher affinity. We find that cooperative assembly confers kinetic properties on the shelterin bridge allowing disassembly to function as a molecular timer, regulating the duration of the telomere open state, and consequently telomere lengthening to achieve a defined species-specific length range.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.31.231530</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The cooperative assembly of shelterin bridge provides a kinetic gateway that controls telomere length homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.02.233395v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Multispecies Coalescent in Space and Time 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.02.233395v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A key distinction between species tree inference under the multi-species coalescent model (MSC), and the inference of gene trees in sliding windows along a genome, is in the effect of genetic linkage. Whereas the MSC explicitly assumes genealogies to be unlinked, i.e., statistically independent, genealogies located close together on genomes are spatially auto-correlated. Here we use tree sequence simulations with recombination to explore the effects of species tree parameters on spatial patterns of linkage among genealogies. We decompose coalescent time units to demonstrate differential effects of generation time and effective population size on spatial coalescent patterns, and we define a new metric, "phylogenetic linkage," for measuring the rate of decay of phylogenetic similarity by comparison to distances among unlinked genealogies. Finally, we provide a simple example where accounting for phylogenetic linkage in sliding window analyses improves local gene tree inference.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McKenzie, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eaton, D. A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.02.233395</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Multispecies Coalescent in Space and Time]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.03.234740v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenome Prediction of Gene Expression using a Dynamical System Approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.03.234740v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene regulation is an important fundamental biological process. The regulation of gene expression is managed through a variety of methods including epigentic processes (e.g., DNA methylation). Understanding the role of epigenetic changes in gene expression is a fundamental question of molecular biology. Predictions of gene expression values from epigenetic data have tremendous research and clinical potential. Despite active research, studies to date have focused on using statistical models to predict gene expression from methylation data. In contrast, dynamical systems can be used to generate a model to predict gene expression using epigenetic data and a gene regulatory network (GRN) which can also serve as a mechanistic hypothesis. Here we present a novel stochastic dynamical systems model that predicts gene expression levels from methylation data of genes in a given GRN. Software for dataset preparation, model parameter fitting and prediction generation, and reporting are available at https://github.com/kordk/stoch_epi_lib.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brunner, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Downing, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mjolsness, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kober, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.03.234740</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenome Prediction of Gene Expression using a Dynamical System Approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.03.235291v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lead compounds for the development of SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease inhibitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.03.235291v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report the identification of three structurally diverse compounds - compound 4, GC376, and MAC-5576 - as inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease. Structures of each of these compounds in complex with the protease revealed strategies for further development, as well as general principles for designing SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease inhibitors. These compounds may therefore serve as leads for the basis of building effective SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease inhibitors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iketani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forouhar, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, F.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zask, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stockwell, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.03.235291</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lead compounds for the development of SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease inhibitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.04.234435v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Concerted evolution reveals co-adapted amino acid substitutions in frogs that prey on toxic toads 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.04.234435v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene duplication is an important source of evolutionary innovation, but the adaptive division-of-labor between duplicates can be opposed by ongoing gene conversion between them. Here we document a tandem duplication of Na+,K+-ATPase subunit 1 (ATP1A1) shared by frogs in the genus Leptodactylus, a group of species that feeds on toxic toads. One ATP1A1 paralog evolved resistance to toad toxins while the other paralog retained ancestral susceptibility. We show that the two Leptodactylus paralogs are distinguished by 12 amino acid substitutions that were maintained by strong selection that counteracted the homogenizing effect of gene conversion. Protein-engineering experiments show that two major-effect substitutions confer toxin resistance, whereas the 10 additional substitutions mitigate deleterious pleiotropic effects on enzyme function. Our results highlight how trans-specific, neofunctionalized gene duplicates can provide unique insights into interactions between adaptive substitutions and the genetic backgrounds on which they arise.

One Sentence SummarySelection counteracts gene conversion to maintain an adaptive division-of-labor between tandemly duplicated genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mohammadi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harpak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrera-Alvarez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Ordonez, M. d. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storz, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andolfatto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.04.234435</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Concerted evolution reveals co-adapted amino acid substitutions in frogs that prey on toxic toads]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.04.235655v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial tissue profiling by imaging-free molecular tomography 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.04.235655v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomics techniques are currently being adapted to provide spatially resolved omics profiling. However, the adaptation of each new method typically requires the setup of specific detection strategies or specialized instrumentation. A generic approach to spatially resolve different types of high throughput data is missing. Here, we describe an imaging-free framework to localize high throughput readouts within a tissue by combining compressive sampling and image reconstruction. We implemented this framework to transform a low-input RNA sequencing protocol into an imaging-free spatial transcriptomics technique (STRP-seq) and validated this method with a transcriptome profiling of the murine brain. To verify the broad applicability of STRP-seq, we applied the technique on the brain of the Australian bearded dragon Pogona vitticeps. Our results reveal the molecular anatomy of the telencephalon of this lizard, providing evidence for a marked regionalization of the reptilian pallium and subpallium. Overall, the proposed framework constitutes a new approach that allows upgrading in a generic fashion conventional genomic assays to spatially resolved techniques.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schede, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stergiadou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borm, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranjak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamawaki, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, F. P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lonnerberg, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurent, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tosches, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Codeluppi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Manno, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.04.235655</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial tissue profiling by imaging-free molecular tomography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.05.237073v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Threshold concentration and random collision determine the growth of the phase-separated huntingtin inclusion from a stable core 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.05.237073v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The processes underlying formation and growth of unfolded protein inclusions are relevant to neurodegenerative diseases. In S. cerevisiae, inclusion bodies formed by mutant huntingtin have characteristics of phase-separated compartments: they are mobile, ovoid, and the contents are diffusible. We have used molecular genetics and quantitative confocal microscopy to probe the relationship between concentration and inclusion growth in vivo. Our analysis and modeling of the growth of mutant huntingtin inclusion bodies (mHtt IBs) suggests that there is a cytoplasmic threshold concentration that triggers the formation of an IB, regardless of proteasome capacity, and that reduction in cytoplasmic mHtt causes IBs to shrink. These findings confirm that the IB is a phase-separated compartment that continuously exchanges material with the cytoplasm. The growth rate of the IB is most consistent with a model in which material is incorporated through collision with the IB. A small remnant of the IB is relatively long-lasting, suggesting that the IB contains a core that is structurally distinct, and which may serve to nucleate it.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swayne, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emtage, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.05.237073</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Threshold concentration and random collision determine the growth of the phase-separated huntingtin inclusion from a stable core]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.05.237594v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epistasis and physico-chemical constraints contribute to spatial clustering of amino acid substitutions in protein evolution. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.05.237594v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The causes of rate variation among sites within proteins are as yet poorly understood. Here, we compare the spatial autocorrelation of non-synonymous substitutions among species within diverse phylogenetic groups: Saccharomyces, Drosophila, Arabidopsis, and primates. Across these taxa, we find that amino acid substitutions exhibit excess clustering that extends over a 20-30 codon length (10-20 Angstrom distance) scale. We show that these substitutions cluster more strongly and exhibit compensatory dynamics within species lineages but exhibit patterns of convergent evolution between lineages. We evaluate a simple model of thermodynamic constraints on protein folding and conclude that it is unable to recapitulate the observed spatial clustering of substitutions. While pairs of substitutions with the strongest epistasis tend to spatially cluster in these simulations, the magnitude and length scale are smaller than that observed in real data. Additionally, we show that the pattern of convergent substitution is also not expected under this model, suggesting it is likely caused by factors other than these simple thermodynamic constraints. Our results support a prevalent role for epistasis and convergent evolution in shaping protein evolution across the tree of life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taverner, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaine, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andolfatto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.05.237594</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epistasis and physico-chemical constraints contribute to spatial clustering of amino acid substitutions in protein evolution.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.07.242156v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sofosbuvir Terminated RNA is More Resistant to SARS-CoV-2 Proofreader than RNA Terminated by Remdesivir 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.07.242156v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for COVID-19, resulting in the largest pandemic in over a hundred years. After examining the molecular structures and activities of hepatitis C viral inhibitors and comparing hepatitis C virus and coronavirus replication, we previously postulated that the FDA-approved hepatitis C drug EPCLUSA (Sofosbuvir/Velpatasvir) might inhibit SARS-CoV-2.1 We subsequently demonstrated that Sofosbuvir triphosphate is incorporated by the relatively low fidelity SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRps), serving as an immediate polymerase reaction terminator, but not by a host-like high fidelity DNA polymerase.2,3 Other investigators have since demonstrated the ability of Sofosbuvir to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication in lung and brain cells;4,5 additionally, COVID-19 clinical trials with EPCLUSA6 and with Sofosbuvir plus Daclatasvir7 have been initiated in several countries. SARS-CoV-2 has an exonuclease-based proofreader to maintain the viral genome integrity.8 Any effective antiviral targeting the SARS-CoV-2 RdRp must display a certain level of resistance to this proofreading activity. We report here that Sofosbuvir terminated RNA resists removal by the exonuclease to a substantially higher extent than RNA terminated by Remdesivir, another drug being used as a COVID-19 therapeutic. These results offer a molecular basis supporting the current use of Sofosbuvir in combination with other drugs in COVID-19 clinical trials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jockusch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chien, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morozova, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalachikov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ju, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.07.242156</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sofosbuvir Terminated RNA is More Resistant to SARS-CoV-2 Proofreader than RNA Terminated by Remdesivir]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.09.243584v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Urinary proteome profiling for stratifying patients with familial Parkinsons disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.09.243584v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The prevalence of Parkinsons disease (PD) is increasing but the development of novel treatment strategies and therapeutics altering the course of the disease would benefit from specific, sensitive and non-invasive biomarkers to detect PD early. Here, we describe a scalable and sensitive mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomic workflow for urinary proteome profiling. Our workflow enabled the reproducible quantification of more than 2,000 proteins in more than 200 urine samples using minimal volumes from two independent patient cohorts. The urinary proteome was significantly different between PD patients and healthy controls, as well as between LRRK2 G2019S carriers and non-carriers in both cohorts. Interestingly, our data revealed lysosomal dysregulation in individuals with the LRRK2 G2019S mutation. When combined with machine learning, the urinary proteome data alone was sufficient to classify mutation status and disease manifestation in mutation carriers remarkably well, identifying VGF, ENPEP and other PD-associated proteins as the most discriminating features. Taken together, our results validate urinary proteomics as a valuable strategy for biomarker discovery and patient stratification in PD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Virreira Winter, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karayel, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strauss, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padmanabhan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surface, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merchant, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcalay, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.09.243584</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Urinary proteome profiling for stratifying patients with familial Parkinsons disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.10.238196v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Uropathogenic E. coli UTI89 model of prostatic inflammation and collagen accumulation for use in studying aberrant collagen production in the prostate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.10.238196v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial infection is one known etiology of prostatic inflammation. Prostatic inflammation is associated with prostatic collagen accumulation and both are linked to progressive lower urinary tract symptoms in men. We characterized a model of prostatic inflammation utilizing transurethral instillations of E. coli UTI89 in C57BL/6J male mice with the goal of determining the optimal instillation conditions, understanding the impact of instillation conditions on urinary physiology, and identifying ideal prostatic lobes and collagen 1a1 prostatic cell types for further analysis. The smallest instillation volume tested (50 {micro}L) distributes exclusively to bladder, 100 and 200 {micro}L volumes distributes to bladder and prostate, and a 500 {micro}L volume distributes to bladder, prostate and ureter. A threshold optical density (OD) of 0.4 E. coli UTI89 in the instillation fluid is necessary for significant (p < 0.05) prostate colonization. E. coli UTI89 infection results in a low frequency, high volume spontaneous voiding pattern. This phenotype is due to exposure to E. coli UTI89, not catheterization alone, and is minimally altered by a 50 {micro}L increase in instillation volume and doubling of E. coli concentration. Prostate inflammation is isolated to the dorsal prostate and is accompanied by increased collagen density. This is partnered with increased density of PTPRC+, ProCOL1A1+ co-positive cells and decreased density of ACTA2+, ProCOL1A1+ co-positive cells. Overall, we determined that this model is effective in altering urinary phenotype and producing prostatic inflammation and collagen accumulation in mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>RUETTEN, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wegner, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cadena, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandhu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abler, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Driscoll, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chelgren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barasch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjorling, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vezina, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.10.238196</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Uropathogenic E. coli UTI89 model of prostatic inflammation and collagen accumulation for use in studying aberrant collagen production in the prostate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.11.246769v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Asterix/Gtsf1 links tRNAs and piRNA silencing of retrotransposons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.11.246769v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The piRNA pathway safeguards genomic integrity by silencing transposable elements in the germline. While Piwi is the central piRNA factor, others including Asterix/Gtsf1 have also been demonstrated to be critical for effective silencing. Here, using eCLIP with a custom informatic pipeline, we show that Asterix/Gtsf1 specifically binds tRNAs in cellular contexts. We determined the structure of mouse Gtsf1 by NMR spectroscopy and identified the RNA binding interface on the proteins first zinc finger, which was corroborated by biochemical analysis as well as cryo-EM structures of Gtsf1 in complex with co-purifying tRNA. We further show that LTR retrotransposons are preferentially de-repressed in Asterix mutants. Given the role of tRNAs as LTR retrotransposon primers, our work implicates Asterix/Gtsf1 as exploiting tRNA dependence to identify transposon transcripts and promote piRNA silencing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ipsaro, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshua-Tor, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.11.246769</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Asterix/Gtsf1 links tRNAs and piRNA silencing of retrotransposons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.12.245381v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep and superficial layers of the primary somatosensory cortex are critical for whisker-based texture discrimination in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.12.245381v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neocortex, comprised of multiple distinct layers, processes sensory input from the periphery, makes decisions, and executes actions. Despite extensive investigation of cortical anatomy and physiology, the contributions of different cortical layers to sensory guided behaviors remain unknown. Here, we developed a two-alternative forced choice (2AFC) paradigm in which head-fixed mice use a single whisker to either discriminate textures of parametrically varied roughness or detect the same textured surfaces. Lesioning the barrel cortex revealed that 2AFC texture discrimination, but not detection, was cortex-dependent. Paralyzing the whisker pad had little effect on performance, demonstrating that passive can rival active perception and cortical dependence is not movement-related. Transgenic Cre lines were used to target inhibitory opsins to excitatory cortical neurons of specific layers for selective perturbations. Both deep and superficial layers were critical for texture discrimination. We conclude that even basic cortical computations require coordinated transformation of sensory information across layers.



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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, Y. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodgers, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahan, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruno, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.12.245381</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep and superficial layers of the primary somatosensory cortex are critical for whisker-based texture discrimination in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.12.248526v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic evaluation of genome sequencing as a first-tier diagnostic test for prenatal and pediatric disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.12.248526v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current clinical guidelines recommend three genetic tests for the assessment of fetal structural anomalies: karyotype to detect microscopically-visible balanced and unbalanced chromosomal rearrangements, chromosomal microarray (CMA) to detect sub-microscopic copy number variants (CNVs), and exome sequencing (ES) to identify individual nucleotide changes in coding sequence. Advances in genome sequencing (GS) analysis suggest that it is poised to displace the sequential application of all three conventional tests to become a single diagnostic approach for the assessment of fetal structural anomalies. However, systematic benchmarking is required to assure that GS can capture the full mutational spectrum associated with fetal structural anomalies and to accurately quantify the added diagnostic yield of GS. We applied a novel GS analytic framework that included the discovery, filtration, and interpretation of nine classes of genomic variation to 7,195 individuals. We assessed the sensitivity of GS to detect diagnostic variants (pathogenic or likely pathogenic) from three standard-of-care tests using 1,612 autism spectrum disorder quartet families (ASD; n=6,448) with matched GS, ES, and CMA data, and validated these findings in 46 fetuses with a clinically reportable variant originally identified by karyotype, CMA, or ES. We then assessed the added diagnostic yield of GS in 249 trios (n=747) comprising a fetus with a structural anomaly detected by ultrasound and two unaffected parents that were pre-screened with a combination of all three standard-of-care tests. Across both cohorts, our GS analytic framework identified 98.2% of all diagnostic variants detected by standard-of-care tests, including 100% of those originally detected by CMA (n=88) and ES (n=61), as well as 78.6% (n=11/14) of the chromosomal rearrangements identified by karyotype. The diagnostic yield from GS was 7.8% across all 1,612 ASD probands, almost two-fold more than CMA (4.4%) and three-fold more than ES (3.0%). We also demonstrated that the yield of ES can approach that of GS when CNVs are captured with high sensitivity from exome data (7.4% vs. 7.8%, respectively). In 249 pre-screened fetuses with structural anomalies, GS provided an additional diagnostic yield of 0.4% beyond the combination of all three tests (karyotype, CMA, and ES). Applying our benchmarking results to existing data indicates that GS can achieve an overall diagnostic yield of 46.1% in unselected fetuses with fetal structural anomalies, providing an estimated 17.2% increase in diagnostic yield over karyotype, 14.1% over CMA, and 36.1% over ES when sequence variants are assessed, and 4.1% when CNVs are also identified from exome data. In this study we demonstrate that GS is sensitive to the detection of almost all pathogenic variation captured by karyotype, CMA, and ES, provides a superior diagnostic yield than any individual test by a wide margin, and contributes a modest increase in diagnostic yield beyond the combination of all three tests. We also outline several strategies to aid the interpretation of GS variants that are cryptic to conventional technologies, which we anticipate will be increasingly encountered as comprehensive variant identification from GS is performed. Taken together, these data suggest GS warrants consideration as a first-tier diagnostic approach for fetal structural anomalies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lowther, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valkanas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giordano, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Currall, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Keefe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Austin-Tse, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evangelista, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aggarwal, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucente, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gauthier, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolonen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahakian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norton, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacKenzie, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devlin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilmore, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vetrini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiVito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacArthur, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodge, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donnell-Luria, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rehm, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vora, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brand, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wapner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talkowski, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.12.248526</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic evaluation of genome sequencing as a first-tier diagnostic test for prenatal and pediatric disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.13.249656v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scarless engineering of the Drosophila genome near any site-specific integration site 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.13.249656v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We describe a simple and efficient technique that allows scarless engineering of Drosophila genomic sequences near any landing site containing an inverted attP cassette, such as a MiMIC insertion. This 2-step method combines phiC31 integrase mediated site-specific integration and homing nuclease-mediated resolution of local duplications, efficiently converting the original landing site allele to modified alleles that only have the desired change(s). Dominant markers incorporated into this method allow correct individual flies to be efficiently identified at each step. In principle, single attP sites and FRT sites are also valid landing sites. Given the large and increasing number of landing site lines available in the fly community, this method provides an easy and fast way to efficiently edit the majority of the Drosophila genome in a scarless manner. This technique should also be applicable to other species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grueber, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.13.249656</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scarless engineering of the Drosophila genome near any site-specific integration site]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.13.249813v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex-Dependent Shared and Non-Shared Genetic Architecture Across Mood and Psychotic Disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.13.249813v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDSex differences in incidence and/or presentation of schizophrenia (SCZ), major depressive disorder (MDD), and bipolar disorder (BIP) are pervasive. Previous evidence for shared genetic risk and sex differences in brain abnormalities across disorders suggest possible shared sex-dependent genetic risk.

METHODSWe conducted the largest to date genome-wide genotype-by-sex (GxS) interaction of risk for these disorders, using 85,735 cases (33,403 SCZ, 19,924 BIP, 32,408 MDD) and 109,946 controls from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) and iPSYCH.

RESULTSAcross disorders, genome-wide significant SNP-by-sex interaction was detected for a locus encompassing NKAIN2 (rs117780815; p=3.2x10-8), that interacts with sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase enzymes implicating neuronal excitability. Three additional loci showed evidence (p<1x10-6) for cross-disorder GxS interaction (rs7302529, p=1.6x10-7; rs73033497, p=8.8x10-7; rs7914279, p=6.4x10-7) implicating various functions. Gene-based analyses identified GxS interaction across disorders (p=8.97x10-7) with transcriptional inhibitor SLTM. Most significant in SCZ was a MOCOS gene locus (rs11665282; p=1.5x10-7), implicating vascular endothelial cells. Secondary analysis of the PGC-SCZ dataset detected an interaction (rs13265509; p=1.1x10-7) in a locus containing IDO2, a kynurenine pathway enzyme with immunoregulatory functions implicated in SCZ, BIP, and MDD. Pathway enrichment analysis detected significant GxS of genes regulating vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor signaling in MDD (pFDR<0.05).

CONCLUSIONSIn the largest genome-wide GxS analysis of mood and psychotic disorders to date, there was substantial genetic overlap between the sexes. However, significant sex-dependent effects were enriched for genes related to neuronal development, immune and vascular functions across and within SCZ, BIP, and MDD at the variant, gene, and pathway enrichment levels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blokland, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grove, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cotsapas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobet, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St Clair, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lencz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mowry, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Periyasamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cairns, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tooney, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirov, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corvin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riley, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esko, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milani, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jönsson, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palotie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrenreich, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Begemann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steixner-Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sham, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwata, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gejman, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buxbaum, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rujescu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giegling, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konte, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartmann, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bramon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pato, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.13.249813</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex-Dependent Shared and Non-Shared Genetic Architecture Across Mood and Psychotic Disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.13.249953v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immunoreactive peptide maps of SARS-CoV-2 and other human coronaviruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.13.249953v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Serodiagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection is impeded by immunological cross-reactivity to the human coronaviruses (HCoV) SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, OC43, 229E, HKU1, and NL63. Here we report the identification of humoral immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 and other HCoV peptides that can be used to detect asymptomatic, mild and, severe SARS-CoV-2 infections, and may enable the discovery of biomarkers for immunity following infection or vaccination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mishra, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thakkar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinapati, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caciula, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tokarz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briese, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipkin, W. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.13.249953</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immunoreactive peptide maps of SARS-CoV-2 and other human coronaviruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.17.253666v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BARcode DEmixing through Non-negative Spatial Regression (BarDensr) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.17.253666v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modern spatial transcriptomics methods can target thousands of different types of RNA transcripts in a single slice of tissue. Many biological applications demand a high spatial density of transcripts relative to the imaging resolution, leading to partial mixing of transcript rolonies in many voxels; unfortunately, current analysis methods do not perform robustly in this highly-mixed setting. Here we develop a new analysis approach, BARcode DEmixing through Non-negative Spatial Regression (BarDensr): we start with a generative model of the physical process that leads to the observed image data and then apply sparse convex optimization methods to estimate the underlying (demixed) rolony densities. We apply Bar-Densr to simulated and real data and find that it achieves state of the art signal recovery, particularly in densely-labeled regions or data with low spatial resolution. Finally, BarDensr is fast and parallelizable. We provide open-source code as well as an implementation for the  NeuroCAAS cloud platform.

Author SummarySpatial transcriptomics technologies allow us to simultaneously detect multiple molecular targets in the context of intact tissues. These experiments yield images that answer two questions: which kinds of molecules are present, and where are they located in the tissue? In many experiments (e.g., mapping RNA expression in fine neuronal processes), it is desirable to increase the signal density relative to the imaging resolution. This may lead to mixing of signals from multiple RNA molecules into single imaging voxels; thus we need to demix the signals from these images. Here we introduce BarDensr, a new computational method to perform this demixing. The method is based on a forward model of the imaging process, followed by a convex optimization approach to approximately  invert mixing induced during imaging. This new approach leads to significantly improved performance in demixing imaging data with dense expression and/or low spatial resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loper, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zador, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.17.253666</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BARcode DEmixing through Non-negative Spatial Regression (BarDensr)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.19.257790v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain Amyloid and the Transition to Dementia in Down Syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.19.257790v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
INTRODUCTIONDown syndrome (DS) is associated with elevated risk for Alzheimers disease (AD) due to beta amyloid (A{beta}) lifelong accumulation. We hypothesized that the spatial distribution of brain A{beta} predicts future dementia conversion in individuals with DS.

METHODSWe acquired 18F-Florbetapir PET scans from 19 nondemented individuals with DS at baseline and monitored them for four years, with five individuals transitioning to dementia. Machine learning classification determined features on 18F-Florbetapir standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR) maps that predicted transition.

RESULTSIn addition to "AD signature" regions including the inferior parietal cortex, temporal lobes, and the cingulum, we found that A{beta} cortical binding in the prefrontal and superior frontal cortices distinguished subjects who transitioned to dementia. Classification did well in predicting transitioners.

DISCUSSIONOur study suggests that specific regional profiles of brain amyloid in older adults with DS may predict cognitive decline and are informative in evaluating the risk for dementia.

HighlightsO_LIRegional [18F]-Florbetapir PET predicts future transition to dementia in Downs Syndrome.
C_LIO_LIIncreased amyloid in prefrontal, inferior parietal, superior frontal, rostral middle frontal, and posterior cingulate cortices detect transitioiners, with prefrontal and superior frontal being best overall.
C_LIO_LIAmyloid PET-based classification able to discriminate between transitioners and non-transitioners.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Keator, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doran, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phelan, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hom, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseung, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Erp, T. G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potkin, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brickman, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosas, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yassa, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverman, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lott, I. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.19.257790</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain Amyloid and the Transition to Dementia in Down Syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.20.248567v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct cortical systems reinstate the content and context of episodic memories 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.20.248567v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Episodic recall depends upon the reinstatement of cortical activity present during the formation of a memory. We identified dissociable cortical networks via functional connectivity that uniquely reinstated semantic content and temporal context of previously studied stimuli during free recall. Network-specific reinstatement predicted the temporal and semantic organization of recall sequences, demonstrating how specialized cortical systems enable the human brain to target specific memories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kragel, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ezzyat, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lega, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sperlin, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worrell, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jobst, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheth, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaghloul, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahana, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.20.248567</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct cortical systems reinstate the content and context of episodic memories]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.20.259705v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep Graph Pose: a semi-supervised deep graphical model for improved animal pose tracking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.20.259705v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Noninvasive behavioral tracking of animals is crucial for many scientific investigations. Recent transfer learning approaches for behavioral tracking have considerably advanced the state of the art. Typically these methods treat each video frame and each object to be tracked independently. In this work, we improve on these methods (particularly in the regime of few training labels) by leveraging the rich spatiotemporal structures pervasive in behavioral video -- specifically, the spatial statistics imposed by physical constraints (e.g., paw to elbow distance), and the temporal statistics imposed by smoothness from frame to frame. We propose a probabilistic graphical model built on top of deep neural networks, Deep Graph Pose (DGP), to leverage these useful spatial and temporal constraints, and develop an efficient structured variational approach to perform inference in this model. The resulting semi-supervised model exploits both labeled and unlabeled frames to achieve significantly more accurate and robust tracking while requiring users to label fewer training frames. In turn, these tracking improvements enhance performance on downstream applications, including robust unsupervised segmentation of behavioral "syllables," and estimation of interpretable "disentangled" low-dimensional representations of the full behavioral video. Open source code is available at https://github.com/paninski-lab/deepgraphpose.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchanan, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteway, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schartner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meijer, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noel, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Everett, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norovich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffer, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzman, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angelaki, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>International Brain Laboratory, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.20.259705</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep Graph Pose: a semi-supervised deep graphical model for improved animal pose tracking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.20.259770v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic competition between SARS-CoV-2 NSP1 and mRNA on the human ribosome inhibits translation initiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.20.259770v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 recently emerged as a human pathogen and is the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic. A molecular framework of how the virus manipulates host cellular machinery to facilitate infection remains unclear. Here, we focus on SARS-CoV-2 NSP1, which is proposed to be a virulence factor that inhibits protein synthesis by directly binding the human ribosome. Using extract-based and reconstitution experiments, we demonstrate that NSP1 inhibits translation initiation on model human and SARS-CoV-2 mRNAs. NSP1 also specifically binds to the small (40S) ribosomal subunit, which is required for translation inhibition. Using single-molecule fluorescence assays to monitor NSP1-40S subunit binding in real time, we demonstrate that eukaryotic translation initiation factors (eIFs) modulate the interaction: NSP1 rapidly and stably associates with most ribosomal pre-initiation complexes in the absence of mRNA, with particular enhancement and inhibition by eIF1 and eIF3j, respectively. Using model mRNAs and an inter-ribosomal-subunit FRET signal, we elucidate that NSP1 competes with RNA segments downstream of the start codon to bind the 40S subunit and that the protein is unable to associate rapidly with 80S ribosomes assembled on an mRNA. Collectively, our findings support a model where NSP1 associates with the open head conformation of the 40S subunit to inhibit an early step of translation, by preventing accommodation of mRNA within the entry channel.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTSARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic. A molecular framework for how SARS-CoV-2 manipulates host cellular machinery to facilitate infection is needed. Here, we integrate biochemical and single-molecule strategies to reveal molecular insight into how NSP1 from SARS-CoV-2 inhibits translation initiation. NSP1 directly binds to the small (40S) subunit of the human ribosome, which is modulated by human initiation factors. Further, NSP1 and mRNA compete with each other to bind the ribosome. Our findings suggest that the presence of NSP1 on the small ribosomal subunit prevents proper accommodation of the mRNA. How this competition disrupts the many steps of translation initiation is an important target for future studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lapointe, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grosely, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puglisi, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.20.259770</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic competition between SARS-CoV-2 NSP1 and mRNA on the human ribosome inhibits translation initiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.20.259879v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Offline Memory Reactivation Promotes the ConsolidationOf Spatially Unbiased Long-Term Cognitive Maps 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.20.259879v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial memories which can last a lifetime are thought to be encoded during  online periods of exploration and subsequently consolidated into stable cognitive maps through their  offline reactivation1-5. However, the mechanisms and computational principles by which offline reactivation stabilize long-lasting spatial representations remain poorly understood. Here we employed simultaneous fast calcium imaging and electrophysiology to track hippocampal place cells over weeks of online spatial reward learning behavior and offline resting. We describe that recruitment to persistent network-level offline reactivation of spatial experiences predicts cells future multi-day representational stability. Moreover, while representations of reward-adjacent locations are generally more stable across days, reactivation-related stabilization is, conversely, most prominent for reward-distal locations. Thus, while occurring on millisecond time-scales, offline reactivation counter-balances the observed multi-day representational reward-adjacency bias, promoting the stabilization of cognitive maps which comprehensively reflect entire underlying spatial contexts. These findings suggest that post-learning offline-related memory consolidation plays complimentary and computationally distinct role in learning as compared to online encoding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grosmark, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sparks, F. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Losonczy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.20.259879</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Offline Memory Reactivation Promotes the ConsolidationOf Spatially Unbiased Long-Term Cognitive Maps]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.21.261677v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuroticism alters the transcriptome of the frontal cortex to contribute to the cognitive decline and onset of Alzheimer's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.21.261677v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accumulating evidence has suggested that the molecular transcriptional mechanism contributes to Alzheimers disease (AD) and its endophenotypes of cognitive decline and neuropathological traits, {beta}-amyloid (A{beta}) and phosphorylated tangles (TAU). However, it is unknown what is the impact of the AD risk factors, personality characteristics assessed by the NEO Five-Factor Inventory, on the human brains transcriptome. Using postmortem human brain samples from 466 subjects, we found that neuroticism has a significant overall impact on the brain transcriptome (omnibus P=0.005) but not the other 4 personality characteristics. Focused on those cognitive decline related gene co-expressed modules, neuroticism has nominally significant associations (P<0.05) with four neuronal modules, which are more related to PHFtau than A{beta} across all eight brain regions. Furthermore, the effect of neuroticism on cognitive decline and AD might be mediated through the expression of module 7 and TAU pathology (P=0.008). To conclude, neuroticism has overall impact on human brains transcriptome and its effect on cognitive decline and AD might be mediated through TAU pathology related gene transcription mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>De Jager, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.21.261677</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuroticism alters the transcriptome of the frontal cortex to contribute to the cognitive decline and onset of Alzheimer's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.24.256842v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Plasmodium berghei K13 Mutations Mediate In Vivo Artemisinin Resistance That is Reversed by Proteasome Inhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.24.256842v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The recent emergence of Plasmodium falciparum (PF) parasite resistance to the first line antimalarial drug artemisinin is of particular concern. Artemisinin resistance is primarily driven by mutations in the PF K13 protein, which enhance survival of early ring stage parasites treated with the artemisinin active metabolite dihydroartemisinin in vitro and associate with delayed parasite clearance in vivo. However, association of K13 mutations with in vivo artemisinin resistance has been problematic due to the absence of a tractable model. Herein, we have employed CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to engineer selected orthologous PF K13 mutations into the K13 gene of an artemisinin-sensitive, P. berghei (PB) rodent model of malaria. Introduction of the orthologous PF K13 F446I, M476I, Y493H and R539T mutations into PB K13 produced gene-edited parasites with reduced susceptibility to dihydroartemisinin in the standard 24-hour in vitro assay and increased survival in an adapted in vitro ring-stage survival assay. Mutant PB K13 parasites also displayed delayed clearance in vivo upon treatment with artesunate and achieved faster recrudescence upon treatment with artemisinin. Orthologous C580Y and I543T mutations could not be introduced into PB while the equivalent of the M476I and R539T mutations resulted in significant growth defects. Furthermore, a Plasmodium-selective proteasome inhibitor strongly synergized dihydroartemisinin action in these PB K13 mutant lines, providing further evidence that the proteasome can be targeted to overcome ART resistance. Taken together, our work provides clear experimental evidence for the involvement of K13 polymorphisms in mediating susceptibility to artemisinins in vitro, and most importantly under in vivo conditions.

IMPORTANCERecent successes in malaria control have been seriously threatened by the emergence of Plasmodium falciparum parasite resistance to the frontline artemisinin drugs in Southeast Asia. P. falciparum artemisinin resistance is associated with mutations in the parasite K13 protein, which associates with a delay in the time required to clear the parasites upon treatment with the drug. Gene editing technologies have been used to validate the role of several candidate K13 mutations in mediating P. falciparum artemisinin resistance in vitro under laboratory conditions. Nonetheless, the causal role of these mutations under in vivo conditions has been a matter of debate. Here, we have used CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to introduce K13 mutations associated with artemisinin resistance into the related rodent-infecting parasite, P. berghei. Phenotyping of these P. berghei K13 mutant parasites provides evidence of their role in mediating artemisinin resistance in vivo, which supports in vitro artemisinin resistance observations. However, we were unable to introduce some of the P. falciparum K13 mutations (C580Y, I543T) into the corresponding amino acid residues, while other introduced mutations (M476I, R539T equivalents) carried a pronounced fitness cost. Our study provides evidence of a clear causal role of K13 mutations in modulating susceptibility to artemisinins in vitro and in vivo using the well-characterized P. berghei model. We also show that inhibition of the P. berghei proteasome offsets parasite resistance to artemisinins in these mutant lines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Simwela, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stokes, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aghabi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogyo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fidock, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waters, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.24.256842</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Plasmodium berghei K13 Mutations Mediate In Vivo Artemisinin Resistance That is Reversed by Proteasome Inhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.25.229054v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Meta-azotomics of engineered wastewater treatment processes reveals differential contributions of established and novel models of N-cycling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.25.229054v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The application of metagenomics and metatranscriptomics to field-scale engineered biological nitrogen removal (BNR) processes revealed a complex N-cycle network (the meta-azotome) therein in terms of microbial structure, potential and extant function. Autotrophic nitrification bore the imprint of well-documented Nitrosomonas and Nitrospira in most systems. However, in select BNR processes, complete ammonia oxidizing bacteria, comammox Nitrospira, unexpectedly contributed more substantially to ammonia oxidation than canonical ammonia oxidizing bacteria, based on metatranscriptomic profiling. Methylotrophic denitrification was distinctly active in methanol-fed reactors but not in glycerol-fed reactors. Interestingly, glycerol metabolism and N-reduction transcript signatures were uncoupled, possibly suggesting the role of other carbon sources in denitrification emanating from glycerol itself or from upstream process reactors. In sum, the meta-azotome of engineered BNR processes revealed both traditional and novel mechanisms of N-cycling. Similar interrogation approaches could potentially inform better design and optimization of wastewater treatment and engineered bioprocesses in general.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, M.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Annavajhala, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandran, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.25.229054</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Meta-azotomics of engineered wastewater treatment processes reveals differential contributions of established and novel models of N-cycling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.25.266619v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Individual bitter-sensing neurons in Drosophila  exhibit both ON and OFF responses that influence synaptic plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.25.266619v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brain creates internal representations that translate sensory stimuli into appropriate behavior. Most studies of sensory processing focus on which subsets of neurons are activated by a stimulus, but the temporal features of the neural response are also important for behavior. In the taste system, the timing of peripheral sensory responses has rarely been examined. We investigated the temporal properties of taste responses in Drosophila melanogaster and discovered that different types of taste sensory neurons show striking differences in their response dynamics. Strong responses to stimulus onset (ON responses) and offset (OFF responses) were observed in bitter-sensing neurons in the labellum, whereas bitter neurons in the leg and other classes of labellar taste neurons showed only an ON response. Individual bitter labellar neurons generate both the ON and OFF responses through a cell-intrinsic mechanism that requires canonical bitter receptors. The bitter ON and OFF responses at the periphery are propagated to dopaminergic neurons that innervate the mushroom body and mediate aversive learning. When bitter is used as a reinforcement cue, the bitter ON and OFF responses can drive opposing types of synaptic plasticity and the effect of the OFF response dominates, likely due to the rapid and preferential habituation of the ON response. Together, these studies characterize novel features of neural responses in the taste system and reveal their importance for neural circuit function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Devineni, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deere, J. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Axel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.25.266619</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Individual bitter-sensing neurons in Drosophila  exhibit both ON and OFF responses that influence synaptic plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.25.267278v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effect of relative social rank within a social hierarchy on neural activation in response to familiar or unfamiliar social signals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.25.267278v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Competent social functioning of group-living species relies on the ability of individuals to detect and utilize conspecific social cues to guide behavior. Previous studies have identified numerous brain regions involved in processing these external cues, collectively referred to as the Social Decision-Making Network. However, how the brain encodes social information with respect to an individuals social status has not been thoroughly examined. In mice, cues about an individuals identity, including social status, are conveyed through urinary proteins. In this study, we assessed the neural cFos immunoreactivity in dominant and subordinate male mice exposed to familiar and unfamiliar dominant and subordinate male urine. The posteroventral medial amygdala was the only brain region that responded exclusively to dominant compared to subordinate male urine. In all other brain regions, including the VMH, PMv, and vlPAG, activity is modulated by a combination of odor familiarity and the social status of both the urine donor and the subject receiving the cue. We show that dominant subjects exhibit robust differential activity across different types of cues compared to subordinate subjects, suggesting that individuals perceive social cues differently depending on social experience. These data inform further investigation of neurobiological mechanisms underlying social-status related brain differences and behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dowd, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikain, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dwortz, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curley, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.25.267278</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effect of relative social rank within a social hierarchy on neural activation in response to familiar or unfamiliar social signals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.26.251611v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimization and scaling of patient-derived brain organoids uncovers deep phenotypes of disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.26.251611v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cerebral organoids provide unparalleled access to human brain development in vitro. However, variability induced by current culture methodologies precludes using organoids as robust disease models. To address this, we developed an automated Organoid Culture and Assay (ORCA) system to support longitudinal unbiased phenotyping of organoids at scale across multiple patient lines. We then characterized organoid variability using novel machine learning methods and found that the contribution of donor, clone, and batch is significant and remarkably consistent over gene expression, morphology, and cell-type composition. Next, we performed multi-factorial protocol optimization, producing a directed forebrain protocol compatible with 96-well culture that exhibits low variability while preserving tissue complexity. Finally, we used ORCA to study tuberous sclerosis, a disease with known genetics but poorly representative animal models. For the first time, we report highly reproducible early morphological and molecular signatures of disease in heterozygous TSC+/- forebrain organoids, demonstrating the benefit of a scaled organoid system for phenotype discovery in human disease models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shah, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogozhnikov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramkumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rash, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorokin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apaydin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batarse, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergamaschi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blattner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosshardt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castrillo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drusinsky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enriquez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grayson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilliard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, P.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lash, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mount, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicola, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oumzil, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascoe, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piepho, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poust, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sims, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Treiman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wueseke, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollen, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flanzer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skibinski, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kato, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escola, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.26.251611</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimization and scaling of patient-derived brain organoids uncovers deep phenotypes of disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.27.268730v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-type, single-cell, and spatial signatures of brain-region specific splicing in postnatal development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.27.268730v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alternative RNA splicing varies across brain regions, but the single-cell resolution of such regional variation is unknown. Here we present the first single-cell investigation of differential isoform expression (DIE) between brain regions, by performing single cell long-read transcriptome sequencing in the mouse hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in 45 cell types at postnatal day 7 (www.isoformAtlas.com). Using isoform tests for brain-region specific DIE, which outperform exon-based tests, we detect hundreds of brain-region specific DIE events traceable to specific cell-types. Many DIE events correspond to functionally distinct protein isoforms, some with just a 6-nucleotide exon variant. In most instances, one cell type is responsible for brain-region specific DIE. Cell types indigenous to only one anatomic structure display distinctive DIE, where for example, the choroid plexus epithelium manifest unique transcription start sites. However, for some genes, multiple cell-types are responsible for DIE in bulk data, indicating that regional identity can, although less frequently, override cell-type specificity. We validated our findings with spatial transcriptomics and long-read sequencing, yielding the first spatially resolved splicing map in the postnatal mouse brain (www.isoformAtlas.com). Our methods are highly generalizable. They provide a robust means of quantifying isoform expression with cell-type and spatial resolution, and reveal how the brain integrates molecular and cellular complexity to serve function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joglekar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przhibelskiy, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahfouz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collier, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlusche, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marrocco, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haase, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chew, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weisenfeld, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardwick, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bent, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedrigo, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sloan, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarvis, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flicek, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitt, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frankish, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smit, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tilgner, H. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.27.268730</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-type, single-cell, and spatial signatures of brain-region specific splicing in postnatal development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.28.270751v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De Novo Mutation in an Enhancer of EBF3 in simplex autism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.28.270751v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previous research in autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) has indicated an important contribution of de novo protein-coding variants within specific genes. The role of de novo noncoding variation has been observable as a general increase in genetic burden but has yet to be resolved to individual functional elements. In this study, we assessed whole-genome sequencing data in 2,671 families with autism, with a specific focus on de novo variation in enhancers with previously characterized in vivo activity. We identified three independent de novo mutations limited to individuals with autism in the enhancer hs737. These mutations result in similar phenotypic characteristics, affect enhancer activity in vitro, and preferentially occur in AAT motifs in the enhancer with predicted disruptions of transcription factor binding. We also find that hs737 is enriched for copy number variation in individuals with NDDs, is dosage sensitive in the human population, is brain-specific, and targets the NDD gene EBF3 that is genome-wide significant for protein coding de novo variants, demonstrating the importance of understanding all forms of variation in the genome.

One Sentence SummaryWhole-genome sequencing in thousands of families reveals variants relevant to simplex autism in a brain enhancer of the well-established neurodevelopmental disorder gene EBF3.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Padhi, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayeck, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mannion, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrska-Bishop, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musunuri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narzisi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abhyankar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akiyama, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fries, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stong, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickel, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernier, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorkin, D. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pennacchio, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zody, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.28.270751</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De Novo Mutation in an Enhancer of EBF3 in simplex autism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.29.272864v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A simplified cell-based assay to identify coronavirus 3CL protease inhibitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.29.272864v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We describe a mammalian cell-based assay capable of identifying coronavirus 3CL protease (3CLpro) inhibitors without requiring the use of live virus. By enabling the facile testing of compounds across a range of coronavirus 3CLpro enzymes, including the one from SARS-CoV-2, we are able to quickly identify compounds with broad or narrow spectra of activity. We further demonstrate the utility of our approach by performing a curated compound screen along with structure-activity profiling of a series of small molecules to identify compounds with antiviral activity. Throughout these studies, we observed concordance between data emerging from this assay and from live virus assays. By democratizing the testing of 3CL inhibitors to enable screening in the majority of laboratories rather than the few with extensive biosafety infrastructure, we hope to expedite the search for coronavirus 3CL protease inhibitors, to address the current epidemic and future ones that will inevitably arise.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Resnick, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iketani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zask, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melore, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tay, N. E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rovis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stockwell, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.29.272864</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A simplified cell-based assay to identify coronavirus 3CL protease inhibitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.29.273276v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The connectome of the adult Drosophila mushroom body: implications for function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.29.273276v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Making inferences about the computations performed by neuronal circuits from synapse-level connectivity maps is an emerging opportunity in neuroscience. The mushroom body (MB) is well positioned for developing and testing such an approach due to its conserved neuronal architecture, recently completed dense connectome, and extensive prior experimental studies of its roles in learning, memory and activity regulation. Here we identify new components of the MB circuit in Drosophila, including extensive visual input and MB output neurons (MBONs) with direct connections to descending neurons. We find unexpected structure in sensory inputs, in the transfer of information about different sensory modalities to MBONs, and in the modulation of that transfer by dopaminergic neurons (DANs). We provide insights into the circuitry used to integrate MB outputs, connectivity between the MB and the central complex and inputs to DANs, including feedback from MBONs. Our results provide a foundation for further theoretical and experimental work.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otto, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dreher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dempsey, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stark, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bates, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pleijzier, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlegel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nern, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takemura, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braun, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parekh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheffer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aso, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jefferis, G. S. X. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litwin-Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waddell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.29.273276</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The connectome of the adult Drosophila mushroom body: implications for function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.30.274035v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Homeotic Regulation of Olfactory Receptor Choice via NFI-dependent Heterochromatic Silencing and Genomic Compartmentalization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.30.274035v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Expression of one out of >1000 olfactory receptor (OR) genes is stochastic but, yet, spatially organized in stereotypic anatomical segments, or "zones", along the dorsoventral axis of the mouse olfactory epithelium. We discovered that zonal OR expression is specified by OR chromatin structure and genome architecture during olfactory neuron differentiation. Specifically, across every zone dorsally expressed ORs have higher levels of heterochromatic marks and long-range contacts than ORs expressed ventrally. However, OR heterochromatin levels and frequency of genomic contacts between ORs gradually increase towards ventral zones. Consequently, ORs from dorsal indexes accumulate high H3K9me3/H3K79me3 enrichment and become silenced in ventral zones, while ORs from ventral indexes lack activating long-range genomic interactions and, thus, cannot be chosen in dorsal segments. This process is regulated by NFIA, B, and X gradients along the dorsoventral axis, triple deletion of which causes homeotic transformations on zonal OR expression, heterochromatin formation, and genomic compartmentalization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bashkirova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monahan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osinski, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schieren, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnea, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gronostajski, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lomvardas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.30.274035</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Homeotic Regulation of Olfactory Receptor Choice via NFI-dependent Heterochromatic Silencing and Genomic Compartmentalization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.273466v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extreme stiffness of neuronal synapses and implications for synaptic adhesion and plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.273466v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synapses play a critical role in neural circuits, and they are potential sites for learning and memory. Maintenance of synaptic adhesion is critical for neural circuit function, however, biophysical mechanisms that help maintain synaptic adhesion are not clear. Studies with various cell types demonstrated the important role of stiffness in cellular adhesions. Although synaptic stiffness could also play a role in synaptic adhesion, stiffnesses of synapses are difficult to characterize due to their small size and challenges in verifying synapse identity and function. To address these challenges, we have developed an experimental platform that combines atomic force microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Here, using this platform, we report that functional, mature, excitatory synapses had an average elastic modulus of approximately 200 kPa, two orders of magnitude larger than that of the brain tissue, suggesting stiffness might have a role in synapse function. Similar to various functional and anatomical features of neural circuits, synaptic stiffness had a lognormal-like distribution, hinting a possible regulation of stiffness by processes involved in neural circuit function. In further support of this possibility, we observed that synaptic stiffness was correlated with spine size, a quantity known to correlate with synaptic strength. Using established stages of the long-term potentiation timeline and theoretical models of adhesion cluster dynamics, we developed a biophysical model of the synapse that not only explains extreme stiffness of synapses, their statistical distribution, and correlation with spine size, but also offers an explanation to how early biomolecular and structural changes during functional potentiation could lead to strengthening of synaptic adhesion. According to this model, synaptic stiffness serves as an indispensable physical messenger, feeding information back to synaptic adhesion molecules to facilitate maintenance of synaptic adhesion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandriota, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrellson, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones-Molina, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuste, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lefort, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahin, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.31.273466</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extreme stiffness of neuronal synapses and implications for synaptic adhesion and plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.275180v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Corticospinal neurons encode complex motor signals that are broadcast to dichotomous striatal circuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.275180v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensorimotor cortex controls movement in part through direct projections to the spinal cord. Here we show that these corticospinal neurons (CSNs) possess axon collaterals that innervate many supraspinal brain regions critical for motor control, most prominently the main input to the basal ganglia, the striatum. Corticospinal neurons that innervate the striatum form more synapses on D1-than D2-striatal projection neurons (SPNs). This biased innervation strategy corresponds to functionally distinct patterns of termination in spinal cord. CSNs are strongly driven during a striatum-dependent sequential forelimb behavior, and often represent high level movement features that are not linearly related to kinematic output. Copies of these activity patterns are relayed in a balanced fashion to both D1 and D2 projection pathways. These results reveal a circuit logic by which motor cortex corticospinal neurons relay both kinematic-related and unrelated signals to distinct striatal and spinal cord pathways, where postsynaptic connectivity ultimately dictates motor specificity.

HighlightsO_LICorticospinal neurons send axon collaterals most abundantly to the striatum
C_LIO_LIBiases in striatal innervation correspond to biases in spinal innervation
C_LIO_LICSNs represent complex movement sequence information
C_LIO_LICorollary motor sequence signals are relayed to both striatal projection pathways
C_LI

eTOC BlurbNelson, A. et al. detail the organization of corticospinal neurons and their coordinated cell type-specific targets in the dorsolateral striatum and spinal cord. Corticospinal neurons encode both kinematic-related and unrelated signals during motor sequences, and relay this information in a balanced fashion to dichotomous striatal pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nelson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdelmesih, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.31.275180</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Corticospinal neurons encode complex motor signals that are broadcast to dichotomous striatal circuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.275230v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reduction of Glut1 in retinal neurons but not the RPE alleviates polyol accumulation and normalizes early characteristics of diabetic retinopathy. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.275230v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hyperglycemia is a key determinant for development of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Inadequate glycemic control exacerbates retinopathy, while normalization of glucose levels delays its progression. In hyperglycemia, hexokinase is saturated and excess glucose is metabolized to sorbitol by aldose reductase via the polyol pathway. Therapies to reduce retinal polyol accumulation for the prevention of DR have been elusive due to low sorbitol dehydrogenase levels in the retina and inadequate inhibition of aldose reductase. Using systemic and conditional genetic inactivation, we targeted the primary facilitative glucose transporter in the retina, Glut1, as a preventative therapeutic in diabetic male and female mice. Unlike wildtype diabetics, diabetic Glut1+/- mice did not display elevated Glut1 levels in the retina. Furthermore, diabetic Glut1+/- mice exhibited ameliorated ERG defects, inflammation and oxidative stress, which was correlated with a significant reduction in retinal sorbitol accumulation. RPE-specific reduction of Glut1 did not prevent an increase in retinal sorbitol content or early hallmarks of DR. However, like diabetic Glut1+/- mice, reduction of Glut1 specifically in retinal neurons mitigated polyol accumulation and completely prevented retinal dysfunction and the elevation of markers for oxidative stress and inflammation associated with diabetes. These results suggest that modulation of retinal polyol accumulation via Glut1 in photoreceptors can circumvent the difficulties in regulating systemic glucose metabolism and be exploited to prevent DR.

SignificanceDiabetic retinopathy (DR) affects one third of diabetic patients and is the primary cause of vision loss in adults aged 20-74. While anti-VEGF and photocoagulation treatments for the late-stage vision threatening complications can prevent vision loss, a significant proportion of patients do not respond to anti-VEGF therapies and mechanisms to stop progression of early-stage symptoms remain elusive. Glut1 is the primary facilitative glucose transporter for the retina. We determined that a moderate reduction in Glut1 levels, specifically in retinal neurons, but not the RPE, was sufficient to prevent retinal polyol accumulation and the earliest functional defects to be identified in the diabetic retina. Our study defines modulation of Glut1 in retinal neurons as a targetable molecule for prevention of DR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holoman, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aiello, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trobenter, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarchick, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozlowski, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makowski, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Vivo, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sears, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuels, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.31.275230</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reduction of Glut1 in retinal neurons but not the RPE alleviates polyol accumulation and normalizes early characteristics of diabetic retinopathy.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.276238v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fully Automated Detection of Paramagnetic Rims in Multiple Sclerosis Lesions on 3T Susceptibility-Based MR Imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.276238v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background and PurposeThe presence of a paramagnetic rim around a white matter lesion has recently been shown to be a hallmark of a particular pathological type of multiple sclerosis (MS) lesion. Increased prevalence of these paramagnetic rim lesions (PRLs) is associated with a more severe disease course in MS. The identification of these lesions is time-consuming to perform manually. We present a method to automatically detect PRLs on 3T T2*-phase images.

MethodsT1-weighted, T2-FLAIR, and T2*-phase MRI of the brain were collected at 3T for 19 subjects with MS. The images were then processed with lesion segmentation, lesion center detection, lesion labelling, and lesion-level radiomic feature extraction. A total of 877 lesions were identified, 118 (13%) of which contained a paramagnetic rim. We divided our data into a training set (15 patients, 673 lesions) and a testing set (4 patients, 204 lesions). We fit a random forest classification model on the training set and assessed our ability to classify lesions as PRL on the test set.

ResultsThe number of PRLs per subject identified via our automated lesion labelling method was highly correlated with the gold standard count of PRLs per subject, r = 0.91 (95% CI [0.79, 0.97]). The classification algorithm using radiomic features can classify a lesion as PRL or not with an area under the curve of 0.80 (95% CI [0.67, 0.86]).

ConclusionThis study develops a fully automated technique for the detection of paramagnetic rim lesions using standard T1 and FLAIR sequences and a T2*phase sequence obtained on 3T MR images.

HighlightsO_LIA fully automated method for both the identification and classification of paramagnetic rim lesions is proposed.
C_LIO_LIRadiomic features in conjunction with machine learning algorithms can accurately classify paramagnetic rim lesions.
C_LIO_LIChallenges for classification are largely driven by heterogeneity between lesions, including equivocal rim signatures and lesion location.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sati, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Absinta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dworkin, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valcarcel, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schindler, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweeney, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinohara, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.31.276238</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fully Automated Detection of Paramagnetic Rims in Multiple Sclerosis Lesions on 3T Susceptibility-Based MR Imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.01.267211v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-modal pooled Perturb-CITE-Seq screens in patient models define novel mechanisms of cancer immune evasion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.01.267211v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) that activate T cell mediated anti-tumor immunity is a key challenge in cancer therapy, yet the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. To further elucidate those, we developed a new approach, Perturb-CITE-seq, for pooled CRISPR perturbation screens with multi-modal RNA and protein single-cell profiling readout and applied it to screen patient-derived autologous melanoma and tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) co-cultures. We profiled RNA and 20 surface proteins in over 218,000 cells under ~750 perturbations, chosen by their membership in an immune evasion program that is associated with immunotherapy resistance in patients. Our screen recovered clinically-relevant resistance mechanisms concordantly reflected in RNA, protein and perturbation effects on susceptibility to T cell mediated killing. These were organized in eight co-functional modules whose perturbation distinctly affect four co-regulated programs associated with immune evasion. Among these were defects in the IFN{gamma}-JAK/STAT pathway and in antigen presentation, and several novel mechanisms, including loss or downregulation of CD58, a surface protein without known mouse homolog. Leveraging the rich profiles in our screen, we found that loss of CD58 did not compromise MHC protein expression and that CD58 was not transcriptionally induced by the IFN{gamma} pathway, allowing us to distinguish it as a novel mechanism of immune resistance. We further show that loss of CD58 on cancer cells conferred immune evasion across multiple T cell and Natural Killer cell patient co-culture models. Notably, CD58 is downregulated in tumors with resistance to immunotherapy in melanoma patients. Our work identifies novel mechanisms at the nexus of immune evasion and drug resistance and provides a general framework for deciphering complex mechanisms by large-scale perturbation screens with multi-modal singlecell profiles, including in systems consisting of multiple cell types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Frangieh, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melms, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thakore, P. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger-Schuller, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luoma, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cleary, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuoco, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogava, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hovey, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotem, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernatche, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wucherpfennig, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozenblatt-Rosen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schadendorf, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.01.267211</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-modal pooled Perturb-CITE-Seq screens in patient models define novel mechanisms of cancer immune evasion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.01.277525v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural insights into mRNA reading frame regulation by tRNA modification and slippery codon-anticodon pairing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.01.277525v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modifications in the tRNA anticodon, adjacent to the three-nucleotide anticodon, influence translation fidelity by stabilizing the tRNA to allow for accurate reading of the mRNA genetic code. One example is the N1-methylguaonosine modification at guanine nucleotide 37 (m1G37) located in the anticodon loop, immediately adjacent to the anticodon nucleotides 34-36. The absence of m1G37 in tRNAPro causes +1 frameshifting on polynucleotide, slippery codons. Here, we report structures of the bacterial ribosome containing tRNAPro bound to either cognate or slippery codons to determine how the m1G37 modification prevents mRNA frameshifting. The structures reveal that certain codon-anticodon contexts and m1G37 destabilize interactions of tRNAPro with the peptidyl site, causing large conformational changes typically only seen during EF-G mediated translocation of the mRNA-tRNA pairs. These studies provide molecular insights into how m1G37 stabilizes the interactions of tRNAPro with the ribosome and the influence of slippery codons on the mRNA reading frame.

IMPACT STATEMENTChemical modifications near the tRNA anticodon and specific mRNA-tRNA pairs combine to control the ribosomal three-nucleotide mRNA reading frame, essential for the sequential addition of amino acids into polypeptide chains.

Data depositionCrystallography, atomic coordinates, and structure factors have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank, www.pdb.org (PDB codes 6NTA, 6NSH, 6NUO, 6NWY, 6O3M, 6OSI)
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoffer, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maehigashi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitford, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunham, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.01.277525</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural insights into mRNA reading frame regulation by tRNA modification and slippery codon-anticodon pairing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.01.277954v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 is a novel target of the γ-secretase complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.01.277954v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a key regulator of the renin-angiotensin system, but also the functional receptor of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Based on structural similarity with other {gamma}-secretase ({gamma}S) targets, we hypothesized that ACE2 may be affected by {gamma}S proteolytic activity. We found that after ectodomain shedding, ACE2 is targeted for intramembrane proteolysis by {gamma}S, releasing a soluble ACE2 C-terminal fragment. Consistently, chemical or genetic inhibition of {gamma}S results in the accumulation of a membrane-bound fragment of ectodomain-deficient ACE2. Although chemical inhibition of {gamma}S does not alter SARS-CoV-2 cell entry, these data point to a novel pathway for cellular ACE2 trafficking.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bartolome, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pajvani, U. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.01.277954</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 is a novel target of the γ-secretase complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.02.279414v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gaze Behaviour Reveals Flexible Encoding of Competing Reach Goals Under Conditions of Target Uncertainty 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.02.279414v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In daily tasks, we are often confronted with competing potential targets and must select one to act on. It has been suggested that, prior to target selection, the human brain encodes the motor goals of multiple, potential targets. However, this view remains controversial and it has been argued that only a single motor goal is encoded, or that motor goals are only specified after target selection. To investigate this issue, we measured participants gaze behaviour while viewing two potential reach targets, one of which was cued after a preview period. We applied visuomotor rotations to dissociate each visual target location from its corresponding motor goal location; i.e., the location participants needed to aim their hand toward to bring the rotated cursor to the target. During the preview period, participants most often fixated both motor goals but also frequently fixated one, or neither, motor goal location. Further gaze analysis revealed that on trials in which both motor goals were fixated, both locations were held in memory simultaneously. These findings show that, at the level of single trials, the brain most often encodes multiple motor goals prior to target selection, but may also encode either one or no motor goals. This result may help reconcile a key debate concerning the specification of motor goals in cases of target uncertainty.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Brouwer, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smail, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolpert, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallivan, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flanagan, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.02.279414</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gaze Behaviour Reveals Flexible Encoding of Competing Reach Goals Under Conditions of Target Uncertainty]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.03.281626v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The microbiome affects liver sphingolipids and plasma fatty acids in a murine model of the Western diet based on soybean oil 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.03.281626v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studies in mice using germfree animals as controls for microbial colonization have shown that the gut microbiome mediates diet-induced obesity. Such studies use diets rich in saturated fat, however, Western diets in the USA are enriched in soybean oil, composed of unsaturated fatty acids (FAs), either linoleic or oleic acid. Here we addressed whether the microbiome is a variable in fat metabolism in mice on a soybean oil diet. We used conventionally-raised, low-germ, and germfree mice fed for 10 weeks diets either high (HF) or low (LF) in high-linoleic-acid soybean oil as the sole source of fat. All mice, including germfree, gained relative fat weight and consumed more calories on the HF versus LF soybean oil diet. Plasma fatty acid levels were generally dependent on diet, with microbial colonization status affecting iso-C18:0, C20:3n-6, C14:0, and C15:0 levels. Colonization status, but not diet, impacted levels of liver sphingolipids including ceramides, sphingomyelins, and sphinganine. Our results confirm that absorbed fatty acids are mainly a reflection of the diet, and show that microbial colonization influences liver sphingolipid pools.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Di Rienzi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waters, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawrence, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worgall, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenna, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ley, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.03.281626</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The microbiome affects liver sphingolipids and plasma fatty acids in a murine model of the Western diet based on soybean oil]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.03.282327v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Retromer Combinatorials for Gene-Therapy Across a Spectrum of Neurological Diseases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.03.282327v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endosomal trafficking is a biological pathway implicated in Alzheimers and Parkinsons disease, and a growing number of other neurological disorders. For this category of diseases, the endosomes trafficking complex retromer has emerged as a validated therapeutic target. Retromers core is a heterotrimeric complex composed of the scaffold protein VPS35 to which VPS26 and VPS29 bind. Unless it is deficient, increasing expression of VPS35 by viral vectors has a limited effect on other trimeric members and on retromers overall function. Here we set out to address these constraints and, based on prior insight, hypothesized that co-expressing VPS35 and VPS26 would synergistically interact and elevate retromers trimeric expression and function. Neurons, however, are distinct in expressing two VPS26 paralogs, VPS26a and VPS26b, and so to test the hypothesis we generated three novel AAV9 vectors harboring the VPS35, or VPS26a, or VPS26b transgene. First, we optimized their expression in neuroblastoma cell lines, then, in a comprehensive series of neuronal culture experiments, we expressed VPS35, VPS26a, and VPS26b individually and in all possible combinations. Confirming our hypothesis, expressing individual proteins failed to affect the trimer, while VPS35 and VPS26 combinatorials synergized the trimers expression. In addition, we illustrate functional synergy by showing that only VPS35 and VPS26 combinatorials significantly increase levels of Sorl1, a key retromer-receptor deficient in Alzheimers disease. Collectively, and together with other recent observations, these results suggest a precision-medicine logic when applying retromer gene therapy to a host of neurological disorders, depending on each disorders specific retromer-related molecular and anatomical phenotype.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qureshi, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kannan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waksal, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petsko, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Small, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.03.282327</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Retromer Combinatorials for Gene-Therapy Across a Spectrum of Neurological Diseases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.03.282343v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Serum metabolomic biomarkers of perceptual speed in cognitively normal and mildly impaired subjects with fasting state stratification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.03.282343v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cognitive decline is associated with both normal aging and early pathologies leading to dementia. Here we used quantitative profiling of metabolites involved in the regulation of inflammation, vascular function, neuronal function and energy metabolism, including oxylipins, endocannabinoids, bile acids, and steroid hormones to identify metabolic biomarkers of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Serum samples (n =210) were obtained from subjects with or without MCI opportunistically collected with incomplete fasting state information. To maximize power and stratify the analysis of metabolite associations with MCI by the fasting state, we developed an algorithm to predict subject fasting state when unknown (n =71). In non-fasted subjects, linoleic acid and palmitoleoyl ethanolamide levels were positively associated with perceptual speed. In fasted subjects, soluble epoxide hydrolase activity and tauro-alpha-muricholic acid levels were negatively associated with perceptual speed. Other cognitive domains showed associations with bile acid metabolism, but only in the non-fasted state. Importantly, this study shows unique associations between serum metabolites and cognitive function in the fasted and non-fasted states and provides a fasting state prediction algorithm based on measurable metabolites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Borkowski, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taha, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedersen, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaddurah-Daouk, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newman, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.03.282343</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Serum metabolomic biomarkers of perceptual speed in cognitively normal and mildly impaired subjects with fasting state stratification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.04.281345v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fruitless decommissions regulatory elements to implement cell-type-specific neuronal masculinization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.04.281345v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, male-specific splicing and translation of the Fruitless transcription factor (FruM) alters the presence, anatomy, and/or connectivity of >60 types of central brain neurons that interconnect to generate male-typical behaviors. While the indispensable function of FruM in sex-specific behavior has been understood for decades, the molecular mechanisms underlying its activity remain unknown. Here, we take a genome-wide, brain-wide approach to identifying regulatory elements whose activity depends on the presence of FruM. We identify 436 high-confidence genomic regions differentially accessible in male fruitless neurons, validate candidate regions as bona-fide, differentially regulated enhancers, and describe the particular cell types in which these enhancers are active. We find that individual enhancers are not activated universally but are dedicated to specific fru+ cell types. Aside from fru itself, genes are not dedicated to or common across the fru circuit; rather, FruM appears to masculinize each cell type differently, by tweaking expression of the same effector genes used in other circuits. Finally, we find FruM motifs enriched among regulatory elements that are open in the female but closed in the male. Together, these results suggest that FruM acts cell-type-specifically to decommission regulatory elements in male fruitless neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brovkina, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duffie, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burtis, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clowney, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.04.281345</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fruitless decommissions regulatory elements to implement cell-type-specific neuronal masculinization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.06.284794v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Self-Supervised Natural Image Reconstruction and Rich Semantic Classification from Brain Activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.06.284794v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reconstructing natural images and decoding their semantic category from fMRI brain recordings is challenging. Acquiring sufficient pairs of images and their corresponding fMRI responses, which span the huge space of natural images, is prohibitive. We present a novel self-supervised approach that goes well beyond the scarce paired data, for achieving both: (i) state-of-the art fMRI-to-image reconstruction, and (ii) first-ever large-scale semantic classification from fMRI responses. By imposing cycle consistency between a pair of deep neural networks (from image-to-fMRI & from fMRI-to-image), we train our image reconstruction network on a large number of "unpaired" natural images (images without fMRI recordings) from many novel semantic categories. This enables to adapt our reconstruction network to a very rich semantic coverage without requiring any explicit semantic supervision. Specifically, we find that combining our self-supervised training with high-level perceptual losses, gives rise to new reconstruction & classification capabilities. In particular, this perceptual training enables to classify well fMRIs of never-before-seen semantic classes, without requiring any class labels during training. This gives rise to: (i) Unprecedented image-reconstruction from fMRI of never-before-seen images (evaluated by image metrics and human testing), and (ii) Large-scale semantic classification of categories that were never-before-seen during network training. Such large-scale (1000-way) semantic classification from fMRI recordings has never been demonstrated before. Finally, we provide evidence for the biological consistency of our learned model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gaziv, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beliy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granot, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoogi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strappini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.06.284794</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Self-Supervised Natural Image Reconstruction and Rich Semantic Classification from Brain Activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.06.285320v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phase precession in the human hippocampus and entorhinal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.06.285320v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Knowing where we are, where we have been, and where we are going is critical to many behaviors, including navigation and memory. One potential neuronal mechanism underlying this ability is phase precession, in which spatially tuned neurons represent sequences of positions by activating at progressively earlier phases of local network theta (~5-10 Hz) oscillations. Phase precession may be a general neural pattern for representing sequential events for learning and memory. However, phase precession has never been observed in humans. By recording human single-neuron activity during spatial navigation, we show that spatially tuned neurons in the human hippocampus and entorhinal cortex exhibit phase precession. Furthermore, beyond the neural representation of locations, we show evidence for phase precession related to specific goal-states. Our findings thus extend theta phase precession to humans and suggest that this phenomenon has a broad functional role for the neural representation of both spatial and non-spatial information.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qasim, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fried, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.06.285320</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phase precession in the human hippocampus and entorhinal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.07.282053v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early alphavirus replication dynamics in single cells reveal a passive basis for superinfection exclusion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.07.282053v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While decades of research have elucidated many steps in the alphavirus lifecycle, the earliest replication dynamics have remained unclear. This missing time window has obscured early replicase strand synthesis behavior and prevented elucidation of how the resulting activity gives rise to a superinfection exclusion environment, one of the fastest competitive phenotypes among viruses. Using quantitative live-cell and single-molecule imaging, we characterize the strand preferences of the viral replicase in situ, and measure protein kinetics in single cells over time. In this framework, we evaluate competition between alphaviruses, and uncover that early superinfection exclusion is actually not a binary and unidirectional process, but rather a graded and bidirectional viral interaction. In contrast to competition between other viruses, alphaviruses demonstrate a passive basis for superinfection exclusion, emphasizing the utility of analyzing viral kinetics within single cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singer, Z. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambrose, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danino, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.07.282053</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early alphavirus replication dynamics in single cells reveal a passive basis for superinfection exclusion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.07.283994v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Demographic inference provides insights into the extirpation and ecological dominance of eusocial snapping shrimps 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.07.283994v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eusocial animals often achieve ecological dominance in the ecosystems where they occur, a process that may be linked to their demography. That is, reproductive division of labor and high reproductive skew in eusocial species is predicted to result in more stable effective population sizes that may make groups more competitive, but also lower effective population sizes that may make groups more susceptible to inbreeding and extinction. We examined the relationship between demography and social organization in one of the few animal lineages where eusociality has evolved recently and repeatedly among close relatives, the Synalpheus snapping shrimps. Although eusocial species often dominate the reefs where they occur by outcompeting their non-eusocial relatives for access to sponge hosts, many eusocial species have recently become extirpated across the Caribbean. Coalescent-based historical demographic inference in 12 species found that across nearly 100,000 generations, eusocial species tended to have lower but more stable effective population sizes through time. Our results are consistent with the idea that stable population sizes may enable eusocial shrimps to be more competitively dominant, but they also suggest that recent population declines are likely caused by eusocial shrimps heightened sensitivity to anthropogenically-driven environmental changes as a result of their low effective population sizes and localized dispersal, rather than to natural cycles of inbreeding and extinction. Thus, although the unique life histories and demography of eusocial shrimps has likely contributed to their persistence and ecological dominance over evolutionary timescales, these social traits may also make them vulnerable to contemporary environmental change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chak, T. C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hultgren, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duffy, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubenstein, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.07.283994</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Demographic inference provides insights into the extirpation and ecological dominance of eusocial snapping shrimps]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.07.284612v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dopamine D2 receptors modulate the cholinergic pause and inhibitory learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.07.284612v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cholinergic interneurons (CINs) in the striatum respond to salient stimuli with a multiphasic response, including a pause, in neuronal activity. Slice physiology experiments have shown the importance of dopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs) in regulating CIN pausing yet the behavioral significance of the CIN pause and its regulation by dopamine in vivo is still unclear. Here, we show that D2R upregulation in CINs of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) lengthens the pause in CIN activity ex vivo and enlarges a stimulus-evoked decrease in acetylcholine (ACh) levels during behavior. This enhanced dip in ACh levels is associated with a selective deficit in the learning to inhibit responding in a Go/No-Go task. Our data demonstrate, therefore, the importance of CIN D2Rs in modulating the CIN response induced by salient stimuli and points to a role of the pause in inhibitory learning. This work has important implications for brain disorders with altered striatal dopamine and ACh function, including schizophrenia and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gallo, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenwald, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teboul, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martyniuk, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javitch, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balsam, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellendonk, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.07.284612</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dopamine D2 receptors modulate the cholinergic pause and inhibitory learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.07.285742v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nonlinear decoding of natural images from large-scale primate retinal ganglion recordings 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.07.285742v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Decoding sensory stimuli from neural activity can provide insight into how the nervous system might interpret the physical environment, and facilitates the development of brain-machine interfaces. Nevertheless, the neural decoding problem remains a significant open challenge. Here, we present an efficient nonlinear decoding approach for inferring natural scene stimuli from the spiking activities of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Our approach uses neural networks to improve upon existing decoders in both accuracy and scalability. Trained and validated on real retinal spike data from > 1000 simultaneously recorded macaque RGC units, the decoder demonstrates the necessity of nonlinear computations for accurate decoding of the fine structures of visual stimuli. Specifically, high-pass spatial features of natural images can only be decoded using nonlinear techniques, while low-pass features can be extracted equally well by linear and nonlinear methods. Together, these results advance the state of the art in decoding natural stimuli from large populations of neurons.

Author summaryNeural decoding is a fundamental problem in computational and statistical neuroscience. There is an enormous literature on this problem, applied to a wide variety of brain areas and nervous systems. Here we focus on the problem of decoding visual information from the retina. The bulk of previous work here has focused on simple linear decoders, applied to modest numbers of simultaneously recorded cells, to decode artificial stimuli. In contrast, here we develop a scalable nonlinear decoding method to decode natural images from the responses of over a thousand simultaneously recorded units, and show that this decoder significantly improves on the state of the art.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brackbill, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batty, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitelut, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chichilnisky, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.07.285742</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nonlinear decoding of natural images from large-scale primate retinal ganglion recordings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.07.286278v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unique Genotypic Features of HIV-1 C Gp41 Membrane Proximal External Region Variants during Pregnancy Relate to Mother-to-child Transmission via Breastfeeding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.07.286278v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) through breastfeeding remains a major source of pediatric HIV-1 infection worldwide. To characterize plasma HIV-1 subtype C populations from infected mothers during pregnancy that related to subsequent breast milk transmission, an exploratory study was designed to apply next generation sequencing and a custom bioinformatics pipeline for HIV-1 gp41 extending from heptad repeat region 2 (HR2) through the membrane proximal external region (MPER) and the membrane spanning domain (MSD). Viral populations during pregnancy from women who transmitted by breastfeeding, compared to those who did not, displayed greater biodiversity, more frequent amino acid polymorphisms, lower hydropathy index and greater positive charge. Viral characteristics were restricted to MPER, failed to extend into flanking HR2 or MSD regions, and were unrelated to predicted neutralization resistance. Findings provide novel parameters to evaluate an association between maternal MPER variants present during gestation and lactogenesis with subsequent transmission outcomes by breastfeeding.

IMPORTANCEHIV-1 transmission through breastfeeding accounts for 39% of MTCT and continues as a major route of pediatric infection in developing countries where access to interventions for interrupting transmission is limited. Identifying women who are likely to transmit during breastfeeding would focus therapies during the breastfeeding period to reduce MTCT. Findings from our pilot study identify novel characteristics of gestational viral MPER quasispecies related to transmission outcomes and raise the possibility for predicting MTCT by breastfeeding based on identifying mothers with high-risk viral populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, K.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakamura, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldrovandi, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodenow, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.07.286278</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unique Genotypic Features of HIV-1 C Gp41 Membrane Proximal External Region Variants during Pregnancy Relate to Mother-to-child Transmission via Breastfeeding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.10.286948v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Real-time conformational dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 spikes on virus particles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.10.286948v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) mediates entry into cells and is critical for vaccine development against COVID-19. Structural studies have revealed distinct conformations of S, but real-time information that connects these structures, is lacking. Here we apply single-molecule Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (smFRET) imaging to observe conformational dynamics of S on virus particles. Virus-associated S dynamically samples at least four distinct conformational states. In response to hACE2, S opens sequentially into the hACE2-bound S conformation through at least one on-path intermediate. Conformational preferences of convalescent plasma and antibodies suggest mechanisms of neutralization involving either competition with hACE2 for binding to RBD or allosteric interference with conformational changes required for entry. Our findings inform on mechanisms of S recognition and conformations for immunogen design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uchil, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terry, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gasser, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prevost, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaudoin-Bussieres, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anand, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laumaea, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grover, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lihong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mascola, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanchard, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mothes, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.10.286948</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Real-time conformational dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 spikes on virus particles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.11.294058v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural encoding of socially adjusted value during competitive and hazardous foraging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.11.294058v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In group foraging organisms, optimizing the conflicting demands of competitive food loss and safety is critical. We demonstrate that humans select competition avoidant and risk diluting strategies during foraging depending on socially adjusted value. We formulate a mathematically grounded quantification of socially adjusted value in foraging environments and show using multivariate fMRI analyses that socially adjusted value is encoded by mid-cingulate and ventromedial prefrontal cortices, regions that integrate value and action signals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Silston, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wise, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sui, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dayan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mobbs, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.11.294058</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural encoding of socially adjusted value during competitive and hazardous foraging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.12.294546v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SpineS: An interactive time-series analysis software for dendritic spines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.12.294546v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Live fluorescence imaging has shown the dynamic nature of dendritic spines, with changes in shape occurring both during development and in response to activity. The structure of a dendritic spine positively correlates with its functional efficacy. Learning and memory studies have shown that great deal of the information stored by a neuron is contained in the synapses. High precision tracking of synaptic structures can give hints about the dynamic nature of memory and help us to understand how memories evolve both in biological and artificial neural networks. Experiments that aim to investigate the dynamics behind the structural changes of dendritic spines require the collection and analysis of large time-series datasets. In this paper, we present an open-source software called SpineS for the automatic longitudinal structural analysis of dendritic spines with additional features for manual intervention to ensure optimal analysis. Our extensive experimental analyses on multiple datasets demonstrate that SpineS can achieve a high-level performance on samples collected both by two-photon and confocal imaging systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Argunsah, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erdil, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghani, M. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobbiss, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortes, Y. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cetin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Israely, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unay, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karayannis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.12.294546</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SpineS: An interactive time-series analysis software for dendritic spines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.13.286047v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A two-site flexible clamp mechanism for RET-GDNF-GFRα1 assembly reveals both conformational adaptation and strict geometric spacing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.13.286047v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RET receptor tyrosine kinase plays vital developmental and neuroprotective roles in metazoans. GDNF family ligands (GFLs) when bound to cognate GFR co-receptors recognise and activate RET stimulating its cytoplasmic kinase function. The principles for RET ligand-co-receptor recognition are incompletely understood. Here we report a crystal structure of the cadherin-like module (CLD1-4) from zebrafish RET revealing interdomain flexibility between CLD2-CLD3. Comparison with a cryo-EM structure of a ligand-engaged zebrafish RETECD-GDNF-GFR1 complex indicates conformational changes within a clade-specific CLD3 loop adjacent to co-receptor. Our observations indicate RET is a molecular clamp with a flexible calcium-dependent arm that adapts to different GFR co-receptors, while its rigid arm recognises a GFL dimer to align both membrane-proximal cysteine-rich domains. We also visualise linear arrays of RETECD-GDNF-GFR1 suggesting a conserved contact stabilises higher-order species. Our study reveals ligand-co-receptor recognition by RET involves both receptor plasticity and strict spacing of receptor dimers by GFL ligands.

HighlightsO_LICrystal structure of zebrafish RET cadherin-like module reveals conformational flexibility at the calcium-dependent CLD2-CLD3 interface
C_LIO_LIComparison of X-ray and cryo-EM structures indicate conformational differences between unliganded and liganded RET involving a clade-specific CLD3 loop
C_LIO_LIStrict spatial separation of RETECD C-termini is imposed by each cysteine-rich domain interaction with GFL dimer
C_LIO_LIDifferences in co-receptor engagement and higher-order ligand-bound RET complexes indicate potentially divergent signalling mechanisms
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adams, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purkiss, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nans, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briggs, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Earl, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawrotek, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borg, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McIntosh, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houghton, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kjaer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, N. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.13.286047</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A two-site flexible clamp mechanism for RET-GDNF-GFRα1 assembly reveals both conformational adaptation and strict geometric spacing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.16.300244v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide analysis of retinal transcriptome reveals common genetic network underlying perception of contrast and optical defocus detection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.16.300244v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Refractive eye development is regulated by optical defocus in a process of emmetropization. Excessive exposure to negative optical defocus often leads to the development of myopia. However, it is still largely unknown how optical defocus is detected by the retina. Here, we used genome-wide RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) to conduct analysis of the retinal genetic networks underlying contrast perception and refractive eye development. We report that the genetic network subserving contrast perception plays an important role in optical defocus detection and emmetropization. Our results demonstrate an interaction between contrast perception, the retinal circadian clock pathway and the signaling pathway underlying optical defocus detection. We also observe that the relative majority of genes causing human myopia are involved in the processing of optical defocus. Together, our results support the hypothesis that optical defocus is perceived by the retina using contrast as a proxy and provide new insights into molecular signaling underlying refractive eye development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tkatchenko, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tkatchenko, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.16.300244</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide analysis of retinal transcriptome reveals common genetic network underlying perception of contrast and optical defocus detection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.17.296285v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diversity reduces extinction risk at global scales 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.17.296285v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Increases in biodiversity often lead to greater, and less variable, levels of ecosystem functioning. However, whether species are therefore less likely to go extinct in more diverse systems is unclear. We use comprehensive estimates of avian taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity to characterize the global relationship between multiple dimensions of diversity and extinction risk in birds. We find that more diverse assemblages have lower mean IUCN threat status despite being composed of species with attributes that make them more vulnerable to extinction, such as large body size or small range size. Our analyses also reveal that this reduction of current threat status associated with greater diversity far outweighs the increased risk associated with the accumulation of extinction-prone species in more diverse assemblages. These results suggest that species conservation targets can best be achieved by maintaining high levels of overall biodiversity in natural ecosystems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weeks, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naeem, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobias, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.17.296285</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diversity reduces extinction risk at global scales]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.17.299743v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dual strategies in human confidence judgments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.17.299743v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although confidence is commonly believed to be an essential element in decision making, it remains unclear what gives rise to ones sense of confidence. Recent Bayesian theories propose that confidence is computed, in part, from the degree of uncertainty in sensory evidence. Alternatively, observers can use physical properties of the stimulus as a heuristic to confidence. In the current study, we developed ideal observer models for either hypothesis and compared their predictions against human data obtained from psychophysical experiments. Participants reported the orientation of a stimulus, and their confidence in this estimate, under varying levels of internal and external noise. As predicted by the Bayesian model, we found a consistent link between confidence and behavioral variability for a given stimulus orientation. Confidence was higher when orientation estimates were more precise, for both internal and external sources of noise. However, we observed the inverse pattern when comparing between stimulus orientations: although observers gave more precise orientation estimates for cardinal orientations (a phenomenon known as the oblique effect), they were more confident about oblique orientations. We show that these results are well explained by a strategy to confidence that is based on the perceived amount of noise in the stimulus. Altogether, our results suggest that confidence is not always computed from the degree of uncertainty in ones perceptual evidence, but can instead be based on visual cues that function as simple heuristics to confidence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bertana, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chetverikov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Bergen, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jehee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.17.299743</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dual strategies in human confidence judgments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.18.302588v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive characterization of protein-protein interaction network perturbations by human disease mutations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.18.302588v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Technological and computational advances in genomics and interactomics have made it possible to identify rapidly how disease mutations perturb interaction networks within human cells. In this study, we investigate at large-scale the effects of network perturbations caused by disease mutations within the human three-dimensional (3D), structurally-resolved macromolecular interactome. We show that disease-associated germline mutations are significantly enriched in sequences encoding protein-protein interfaces compared to mutations identified in healthy subjects from the 1000 Genomes and ExAC projects; these interface mutations correspond to protein-protein interaction (PPI)-perturbing alleles including p.Ser127Arg in PCSK9 at the PCSK9-LDLR interface. In addition, somatic missense mutations are significantly enriched in PPI interfaces compared to non-interfaces in 10,861 human exomes across 33 cancer subtypes/types from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Using a binomial statistical model, we computationally identified 470 PPIs harboring a statistically significant excess number of missense mutations at protein-protein interfaces (termed putative oncoPPIs) in pan-cancer analysis. We demonstrate that the oncoPPIs, including histone H4 complex in individual cancer types, are highly correlated with patient survival and drug resistance/sensitivity in human cancer cell lines and patient-derived xenografts. We experimentally validate the network effects of 13 oncoPPIs using a systematic binary interaction assay. We further showed that ALOX5 p.Met146Lys at the ALOX5-MAD1L1 interface and RXRA p.Ser427Phe at the RXRA-PPARG interface promote significant tumor cell growth using cell line-based functional assays, providing a functional proof-of-concept. In summary, if broadly applied, this human 3D interactome network analysis offers a powerful tool for prioritizing alleles with mutations altering PPIs that may contribute to the pathobiology of human diseases, and may offer disease-specific targets for genotype-informed therapeutic discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheng, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castrillon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lathia, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keri, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lightstone, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antman, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabadan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loscalzo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.18.302588</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive characterization of protein-protein interaction network perturbations by human disease mutations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.21.307256v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Influence of sensory modality and control dynamics on human path integration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.21.307256v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Path integration is a sensorimotor computation that can be used to infer latent dynamical states by integrating self-motion cues. We studied the influence of sensory observation (visual/vestibular) and latent control dynamics (velocity/acceleration) on human path integration using a novel motion-cueing algorithm. Sensory modality and control dynamics were both varied randomly across trials, as participants controlled a joystick to steer to a memorized target location in virtual reality. Visual and vestibular steering cues allowed comparable accuracies only when participants controlled their acceleration, suggesting that vestibular signals, on their own, fail to support accurate path integration in the absence of sustained acceleration. Nevertheless, performance in all conditions reflected a failure to fully adapt to changes in the underlying control dynamics, a result that was well explained by a bias in the dynamics estimation. This work demonstrates how an incorrect internal model of control dynamics affects navigation in volatile environments in spite of continuous sensory feedback.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stavropoulos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakshminarasimhan, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurens, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitkow, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angelaki, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.21.307256</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Influence of sensory modality and control dynamics on human path integration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.22.308650v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microfluidic Isolation of Aptamers with Affinity towards Multiple Myeloma Monoclonal Immunoglobulins (M-Ig) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.22.308650v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a bone marrow cancer of resident plasma cells that affects 125,000 patients in the U.S. with [~] 30,000 new cases per year. Its signature is the clonal over-proliferation of a single plasma cell that secretes a patient specific monoclonal immunoglobulin (M-Ig). Detecting this patient specific M-Ig could allow sensitive detection of minimal residual disease in multiple myeloma from patient serum. Aptamers, single-stranded oligonucleotides with affinity and specificity to a target molecule, have recently been introduced as affinity reagents able to detect MM M-Igs. Here we adapt these benchtop M-Ig systematic evolution of ligands through exponential enrichment (SELEX) techniques to our bead integrated microfluidic SELEX (BIMS) device to rapidly generate patient specific aptamers. Using MM patient serum, we isolate patient M-Ig specific aptamers rapidly (runtime < 12 hours) with high affinity (KD < 20 nM) while consuming limited quantities of patient M-Ig (< 100 g).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olsen, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapia-Alveal, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stojanovic, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worgall, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.22.308650</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microfluidic Isolation of Aptamers with Affinity towards Multiple Myeloma Monoclonal Immunoglobulins (M-Ig)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.22.309021v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transsynaptic mapping of Drosophila mushroom body output neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.22.309021v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Mushroom Body (MB) is a well-characterized associative memory structure within the Drosophila brain. Although previous studies have analyzed MB connectivity and provided a map of inputs and outputs, a detailed map of the downstream targets is missing. Using the genetic anterograde transsynaptic tracing tool, trans-Tango, we identified divergent projections across the brain and convergent downstream targets of the MB output neurons (MBONs). Our analysis revealed at least three separate targets that receive convergent input from MBONs: other MBONs, the fan shaped body (FSB), and the lateral accessory lobe (LAL). We describe, both anatomically and functionally, a multilayer circuit in which inhibitory and excitatory MBONs converge on the same genetic subset of FSB and LAL neurons. This circuit architecture provides an opportunity for the brain to update information and integrate it with previous experience before executing appropriate behavioral responses.

Highlights-The postsynaptic connections of the output neurons of the mushroom body, a structure that integrates environmental cues with associated valence, are mapped using trans-Tango.

-Mushroom body circuits are highly interconnected with several points of convergence among mushroom body output neurons (MBONs).

-The postsynaptic partners of MBONs have divergent projections across the brain and convergent projections to select target neuropils outside the mushroom body important for multimodal integration.

-Functional connectivity suggests the presence of multisynaptic pathways that have several layers of integration prior to initiation of an output response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scaplen, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talay, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohn, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorkac, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aso, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnea, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaun, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.22.309021</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transsynaptic mapping of Drosophila mushroom body output neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.23.310003v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Joint Deep Learning Model for Simultaneous Batch Effect Correction, Denoising and Clustering in Single-Cell Transcriptomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.23.310003v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent development of single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) technologies has led to enormous biological discoveries. As the scale of scRNA-seq studies increases, a major challenge in analysis is batch effect, which is inevitable in studies involving human tissues. Most existing methods remove batch effect in a low-dimensional embedding space. Although useful for clustering, batch effect is still present in the gene expression space, leaving downstream gene-level analysis susceptible to batch effect. Recent studies have shown that batch effect correction in the gene expression space is much harder than in the embedding space. Popular methods such as Seurat3.0 rely on the mutual nearest neighbor (MNN) approach to remove batch effect in the gene expression space, but MNN can only analyze two batches at a time and it becomes computationally infeasible when the number of batches is large. Here we present CarDEC, a joint deep learning model that simultaneously clusters and denoises scRNA-seq data, while correcting batch effect both in the embedding and the gene expression space. Comprehensive evaluations spanning different species and tissues showed that CarDEC consistently outperforms scVI, DCA, and MNN. With CarDEC denoising, those non-highly variable genes offer as much signal for clustering as the highly variable genes, suggesting that CarDEC substantially boosted information content in scRNA-seq. We also showed that trajectory analysis using CarDECs denoised and batch corrected expression as input revealed marker genes and transcription factors that are otherwise obscured in the presence of batch effect. CarDEC is computationally fast, making it a desirable tool for large-scale scRNA-seq studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lakkis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ungar, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.23.310003</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Joint Deep Learning Model for Simultaneous Batch Effect Correction, Denoising and Clustering in Single-Cell Transcriptomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.24.312132v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Representational drift in primary olfactory cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.24.312132v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Representations of the external world in sensory cortices may define the identity of a stimulus and should therefore vary little over the life of the organism. In the olfactory system the primary olfactory cortex, piriform, is thought to determine odor identity1-6. We have performed electrophysiological recordings of single units maintained over weeks to examine the stability of odor representations in the mouse piriform cortex. We observed that odor representations drift over time, such that the performance of a linear classifier trained on the first recording day approaches chance levels after 32 days. Daily exposure to the same odorant slows the rate of drift, but when exposure is halted that rate increases once again. Moreover, behavioral salience does not stabilize odor representations. Continuous drift poses the question of the role of piriform in odor identification. This instability may reflect the unstructured connectivity of piriform7-15 and may be a property of other unstructured cortices.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schoonover, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohashi, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Axel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fink, A. J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.24.312132</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Representational drift in primary olfactory cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.25.308957v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Virus-Like Particle Based-Vaccines Elicit Neutralizing Antibodies against the HIV-1 Fusion Peptide 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.25.308957v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) isolated from HIV-infected individuals delineate vulnerable sites on the HIV envelope glycoprotein that are potential vaccine targets. A linear epitope at the N-terminal region of the HIV-1 fusion peptide (FP8) is the primary target of VRC34.01, a bnAb that neutralizes ~50% of primary HIV isolates. FP8 has attracted attention as a potential HIV vaccine target because it is a simple linear epitope. Here, we used platform technologies based on RNA bacteriophage virus-like particles (VLPs) to develop multivalent vaccines targeting the FP8 epitope. We produced recombinant MS2 VLPs displaying the FP8 peptide and we chemically conjugated synthetic FP8 peptides to Q{beta} VLPs. Both recombinant and conjugated FP8-VLPs induced high titers of FP8-specific antibodies in mice. A heterologous prime-boost-boost regimen employing the two FP8-VLP vaccines and native envelope trimer was the most effective approach for eliciting HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies. Given the potent immunogenicity of VLP-based vaccines, this vaccination strategy - inspired by bnAb-guided epitope mapping, VLP bioengineering, and optimal prime-boost immunization strategies - may be an effective strategy for eliciting bnAb responses against HIV.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mogus, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ajayi, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mascola, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsuji, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chackerian, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.25.308957</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Virus-Like Particle Based-Vaccines Elicit Neutralizing Antibodies against the HIV-1 Fusion Peptide]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.25.313635v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Impact of Psychopathology, Social Adversity and Stress-relevant DNAm on Prospective Risk for Post-traumatic Stress: A Machine Learning Approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.25.313635v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundA range of factors have been identified that contribute to greater incidence, severity, and prolonged course of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), including: comorbid and/or prior psychopathology; social adversity such as low socioeconomic position, perceived discrimination, and isolation; and biological factors such as genomic variation at glucocorticoid receptor regulatory network (GRRN) genes. This complex etiology and clinical course make identification of people at higher risk of PTSD challenging. Here we leverage machine learning (ML) approaches to identify a core set of factors that may together predispose persons to PTSD.

MethodsWe used multiple ML approaches to assess the relationship among DNA methylation (DNAm) at GRRN genes, prior psychopathology, social adversity, and prospective risk for PTS severity (PTSS).

ResultsML models predicted prospective risk of PTSS with high accuracy. The Gradient Boost approach was the top-performing model with mean absolute error of 0.135, mean square error of 0.047, root mean square error of 0.217, and R2 of 95.29%. Prior PTSS ranked highest in predicting the prospective risk of PTSS, accounting for >88% of the prediction. The top ranked GRRN CpG site was cg05616442, in AKT1, and the top ranked social adversity feature was loneliness.

ConclusionMultiple factors including prior PTSS, social adversity, and DNAm play a role in predicting prospective risk of PTSS. ML models identified factors accounting for increased PTSS risk with high accuracy, which may help to target risk factors that reduce the likelihood or course of PTSD, potentially pointing to approaches that can lead to early intervention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wani, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aiello, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratanatharathorn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koenen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galea, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wildman, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uddin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.25.313635</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Impact of Psychopathology, Social Adversity and Stress-relevant DNAm on Prospective Risk for Post-traumatic Stress: A Machine Learning Approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.27.313445v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The functional and phenotypic diversity of single T-cell infiltrates in human colorectal cancer as correlated with clinical outcome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.27.313445v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although degree of T-cell infiltration in CRC was shown to correlate with a positive prognosis, the contribution of phenotypically and functionally distinct T cell subtypes within tumors remains unclear. We analyzed 37,931 single T cells with respect to transcriptome, TCR sequence and 23 cell surface proteins, from tumors and adjacent normal colon of 16 patients. Our comprehensive analysis revealed two phenotypically distinct cytotoxic T cell populations within tumors, including positively prognostic effector memory cells and non-prognostic resident memory cells. These cytotoxic T cell infiltrates transitioned from effector memory to resident memory in a stage-dependent manner. We further defined several Treg subpopulations within tumors. While Tregs overall were associated with positive clinical outcomes, CD38+ peripherally-derived Tregs, phenotypically related to Th17 cells, correlated with poor outcomes independent of cancer stage. Thus, our data highlight the diversity of T cells in CRC and demonstrate the prognostic significance of distinct T cell subtypes, which could inform therapeutic strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Masuda, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Secener, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suek, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacarella, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingham, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosario, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Masrou, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee-Kong, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiran, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoeckius, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smibert, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oberstein, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sims, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.27.313445</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The functional and phenotypic diversity of single T-cell infiltrates in human colorectal cancer as correlated with clinical outcome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.27.315556v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Signal separability in integrated neurophotonics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.27.315556v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A new modality Photonic probes record fluorescent signals by using arrays of light emitters and detectors embedded in neural tissue. Neither the emitted nor collected light fields are focused. Instead, in proposed configurations, hundreds of emitters will form rapid sequences of structured illumination patterns--providing sufficient spatial and temporal differentiation of neural signals for computational demixing. Here we define criteria for evaluating probe designs for achieving better signal separability. We find that probe geometry has profound, often unintuitive, effects on the separability of neural signals, providing initial design guidelines to achieve separation of individual cells in densely labeled populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yatsenko, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreaux, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolias, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shepard, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roukes, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.27.315556</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Signal separability in integrated neurophotonics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.28.317156v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenomic features related to microglia are associated with attenuated effect of APOE ε4 on Alzheimer's disease risk in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.28.317156v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
INTRODUCTIONNot all APOE {varepsilon}4 carriers who survive to advanced age develop Alzheimers disease (AD); factors attenuating the risk of {varepsilon}4 on AD may exist.

METHODSGuided by the top {varepsilon}4-attenuating signals from methylome-wide association analyses (N=572, {varepsilon}4+ and {varepsilon}4-) of neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques, we conducted a meta-analysis for pathological AD within the {varepsilon}4+ subgroups (N=235) across four independent collections of brains. Cortical RNA-seq and microglial morphology measurements were used in functional analyses.

RESULTSThree out of the four significant CpG dinucleotides were captured by one principle component (PC1), which interacts with {varepsilon}4 on AD, and is associated with expression of innate immune genes and activated microglia. In {varepsilon}4 carriers, reduction in each unit of PC1 attenuated the odds of AD by 58% (OR=2.39, 95%CI=[1.64,3.46], P=7.08x10-6).

DISCUSSIONAn epigenomic factor associated with a reduced proportion of activated microglia appears to attenuate the risk of {varepsilon}4 on AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olah, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oatman, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pishva, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ertekin-Taner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lunnon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, H.-U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.28.317156</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenomic features related to microglia are associated with attenuated effect of APOE ε4 on Alzheimer's disease risk in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.30.316257v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Widely used mutants of eiger, encoding the Drosophila Tumor Necrosis factor, carry additional mutations in the NimrodC1 phagocytosis receptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.30.316257v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The process of apoptosis in epithelia involves activation of caspases, delamination of cells, and degradation of cellular components. Corpses and cellular debris are then rapidly cleared from the tissue by phagocytic blood cells. In studies of the Drosophila TNF, Eiger (Egr) and cell death in wing imaginal discs, the epithelial primordia of fly wings, we noticed that dying cells persisted longer in egr3 mutant wing discs than in wild type discs, raising the possibility that their phagocytic engulfment by hemocytes was impaired. Further investigation revealed that lymph glands and circulating hemocytes from egr3 mutant larvae were completely devoid of NimC1 staining, a marker of phagocytic hemocytes. Genome sequencing uncovered mutations in the NimC1 coding region that are predicted to truncate the NimC1 protein before its transmembrane domain, and provide an explanation for the lack of NimC staining. The work that we report here demonstrates the presence of these NimC1 mutations in the widely used egr3 mutant, its sister allele, egr1, and its parental strain, Regg1GS9830. As the egr3 and egr1 alleles have been used in numerous studies of immunity and cell death, it may be advisable to re-evaluate their associated phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kodra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de la Cova, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerhold, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.30.316257</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Widely used mutants of eiger, encoding the Drosophila Tumor Necrosis factor, carry additional mutations in the NimrodC1 phagocytosis receptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.30.321687v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hierarchical integration across multiple timescales in human auditory cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.30.321687v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To derive meaning from sound, the brain must integrate information across tens (e.g. phonemes) to hundreds (e.g. words) of milliseconds, but the neural computations that enable multiscale integration remain unclear. Prior evidence suggests that human auditory cortex analyzes sound using both generic acoustic features (e.g. spectrotemporal modulation) and category-specific computations, but how these putatively distinct computations integrate temporal information is unknown. To answer this question, we developed a novel method to estimate neural integration periods and applied the method to intracranial recordings from human epilepsy patients. We show that integration periods increase three-fold as one ascends the auditory cortical hierarchy. Moreover, we find that electrodes with short integration periods (~50-150 ms) respond selectively to spectrotemporal modulations, while electrodes with long integration periods (~200-300 ms) show prominent selectivity for sound categories such as speech and music. These findings reveal how multiscale temporal analysis organizes hierarchical computation in human auditory cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Norman-Haignere, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devinsky, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irobunda, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merricks, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldstein, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKhann, G. M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schevon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flinker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesgarani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.30.321687</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hierarchical integration across multiple timescales in human auditory cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.30.321695v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct higher-order representations of natural sounds in human and ferret auditory cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.30.321695v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Little is known about how neural representations of natural sounds differ across species. For example, speech and music play a unique role in human hearing, yet it is unclear how auditory representations of speech and music differ between humans and other animals. Using functional Ultrasound imaging, we measured responses in ferrets to a set of natural and spectrotemporally-matched synthetic sounds previously tested in humans. Ferrets showed similar lower-level frequency and modulation tuning to that observed in humans. But while humans showed prominent selectivity for natural vs. synthetic speech and music in non-primary regions, ferret responses to natural and synthetic sounds were closely matched throughout primary and non-primary auditory cortex, even when tested with ferret vocalizations. This finding reveals that auditory representations in humans and ferrets diverge sharply at late stages of cortical processing, potentially driven by higher-order processing demands in speech and music.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Landemard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bimbard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demene, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman-Haignere, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boubenec, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.30.321695</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct higher-order representations of natural sounds in human and ferret auditory cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.01.322511v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuroinflammation characterizes the earliest changes in Alzheimer's disease pathology and associated subjective cognitive impairment in adult hydrocephalus biopsies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.01.322511v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In an effort to better characterize the transcriptomic changes that accompany early Alzheimers disease (AD) pathology in living patients and correlate with contemporaneous cognitive data, we performed RNA-seq on 106 cortical biopsies that were taken during shunt placement for adult onset hydrocephalus with varying degrees of comorbid AD pathology. A restricted set of genes correlate with AD pathology in these biopsies, and co-expression network analysis demonstrates an evolution from microglial homeostasis to a disease-associated microglial phenotype in conjunction with increasing AD pathologic burden, along with a subset of additional astrocytic and neuronal genes that accompany these changes. Further analysis demonstrates that these correlations are driven by patients that report mild cognitive symptoms, despite similar levels of {beta}-amyloid and tau pathology in comparison to patients who report no cognitive symptoms. Interestingly, downregulation of homeostatic genes and upregulation of disease-associated genes also correlate with microglial plaque invasion and an activated microglial morphology, and this change is not sensitive to cognitive status, suggesting that an initial microglial response to AD pathology is eventually maladaptive. Taken together, these findings highlight a restricted set of microglial and non-microglial genes and suggest that early AD pathology is largely characterized by a loss of homeostatic genes and an activated microglial phenotype that continues to evolve in conjunction with accumulating AD pathology in the setting of subjective cognitive decline.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartosch, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flowers, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leskinen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomljanovic, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iodice, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyett, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spinazzi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGovern, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKhann, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teich, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.01.322511</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuroinflammation characterizes the earliest changes in Alzheimer's disease pathology and associated subjective cognitive impairment in adult hydrocephalus biopsies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.02.323238v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
South Asian patient population genetics reveal strong founder effects and high rates of homozygosity - new resources for precision medicine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.02.323238v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Population-scale genetic studies can identify drug targets and allow disease risk to be predicted with resulting benefit for management of individual health risks and system-wide allocation of health care delivery resources. Although population-scale projects are underway in many parts of the world, genetic variation between population groups means that additional projects are warranted. South Asia has a population whose genetics is the least characterized of any of the worlds major populations. Here we describe GenomeAsia studies that characterize population structure in South Asia and that create tools for economical and accurate genotyping at population-scale. Prior work on population structure characterized isolated population groups, the relevance of which to large-scale studies of disease genetics is unclear. For our studies we used whole genome sequence information from 4,807 individuals recruited in the health care delivery systems of Pakistan, India and Bangladesh to ensure relevance to population-scale studies of disease genetics. We combined this with WGS data from 927 individuals from isolated South Asian population groups, and developed a custom SNP array (called SARGAM) that is optimized for future human genetic studies in South Asia. We find evidence for high rates of reproductive isolation, endogamy and consanguinity that vary across the subcontinent and that lead to levels of homozygosity that approach 100 times that seen in outbred populations. We describe founder effects that increase the power to associate functional variants with disease processes and that make South Asia a uniquely powerful place for population-scale genetic studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wall, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sathirapongsasuti, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rai, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasheed, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radha, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belsare, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phalke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanneeru, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhary, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuchsberger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoenherr, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bei, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhangale, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tom, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gadde, S. G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>V, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naik, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwok, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khera, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakshmi, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butterworth, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danesh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seshagiri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kathiresan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chowdhury, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleheen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stawiski, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.02.323238</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[South Asian patient population genetics reveal strong founder effects and high rates of homozygosity - new resources for precision medicine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.02.324095v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic or toxicant induced disruption of vesicular monoamine storage and global metabolic profiling in  Caenorhabditis elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.02.324095v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The proper storage and release of monoamines contributes to a wide range of neuronal activity. Here, we examine the effects of altered vesicular monoamine transport in the nematode C. elegans. The gene cat-1 is responsible for the encoding of the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT) in C. elegans and is analogous to the mammalian vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2). Our laboratory has previously shown that reduced VMAT2 activity confers vulnerability on catecholamine neurons in mice. The purpose of this paper was to determine whether this function is conserved and to determine the impact of reduced VMAT activity in C. elegans. Here we show that deletion of cat-1/VMAT increases sensitivity to the neurotoxicant 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) as measured by enhanced degeneration of dopamine neurons. Reduced cat-1/VMAT also induces changes in dopamine-mediated behaviors. High-resolution mass spectrometry-based metabolomics in the whole organism reveals changes in amino acid metabolism, including tyrosine metabolism in the cat-1/VMAT mutants. Treatment with MPP+ disrupted tryptophan metabolism. Both conditions altered glycerophospholipid metabolism, suggesting a convergent pathway of neuronal dysfunction. Our results demonstrate the evolutionarily conserved nature of monoamine function in C. elegans and further suggest that HRMS-based metabolomics can be used in this model to study environmental and genetic contributors to complex human disease
]]></description>
<dc:creator>bradner, j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalia, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bucher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.02.324095</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic or toxicant induced disruption of vesicular monoamine storage and global metabolic profiling in  Caenorhabditis elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.04.325787v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sleeve gastrectomy promotes sustained weight loss while increasing heat production in middle aged, obese female mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.04.325787v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSleeve gastrectomy (SG) is currently the most frequently performed bariatric surgery in the United States. The majority of patients undergoing SG are middle aged women. Most preclinical models of bariatric surgery, however, utilize juvenile male mice. A long-term characterization of the response of mature wild type, obese female mice to SG has not been performed. Thus, we set out to characterize the response of middle aged obese female mice to SG.

MethodsTen-month old C57bl/6J obese female mice were randomized to undergo SG, sham surgery without caloric restriction (SH) or sham surgery with caloric restriction to match body weight to the SG group (SWM). Body weight, body composition and glucose tolerance were matched at baseline. Mice were followed for 60 days following their respective surgeries.

ResultsThe SG group had a more pronounced percent weight loss than the SH and SWM control groups (p<0.05), while consuming more calories than the SWM group (p<0.05). The SG group had a significant improvement in glucose tolerance compared to the SH control group (p<0.05). Plasma leptin was significantly decreased in the SG and SWM group, compared to the SH group (p<0.01). Unexpectedly, FGF-21 was increased in the SH group compared to the SG and SWM groups (p<0.01), while there was no difference in plasma insulin among the three groups. Heat production was increased in the SG group compared to SWM and SH groups (p<0.001). SG also had a significantly increased mRNA expression of Uncoupling Protein 1 (UCP-1), Adiponectin and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1-alpha) in brown adipose tissue (BAT), compared to SWM and SH groups. Both SG and SWM groups had increased fecal lipid excretion (p<0.05), compared to the SH group.

ConclusionsSG in obese, middle aged female mice leads to sustained weight loss and blood glucose improvement. It appears that increased metabolism in BAT may be linked to these effects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Emiliano, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higuchi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopatinsky, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.04.325787</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sleeve gastrectomy promotes sustained weight loss while increasing heat production in middle aged, obese female mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.05.326025v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolomic profiling identifies complex lipid species associated with response to weight loss interventions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.05.326025v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obesity is an epidemic internationally. While weight loss interventions are efficacious, they are compounded by heterogeneity with regards to clinically relevant metabolic responses. Thus, we sought to identify metabolic pathways and biomarkers that distinguish individuals with obesity who would most benefit from a given type of intervention. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry-based profiling was used to measure 765 metabolites in baseline plasma from three different weight loss studies: WLM (behavioral intervention, N=443), STRRIDE-PD (exercise trial, N=163), and CBD (surgical cohort, N=125). The primary outcome was percent change in insulin resistance (as measured by the Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance [%{Delta}HOMA-IR]) over the intervention. Overall, 92 individual metabolites were associated with %{Delta}HOMA-IR after adjustment for multiple comparisons. Concordantly, the most significant metabolites were triacylglycerols (TAGs; p=2.3e-5) and diacylglycerols (DAGs; p=1.6e-4), with higher TAG and DAG levels associated with a greater improvement in HOMA-IR. In tests of heterogeneity, 50 metabolites changed differently between weight loss interventions; we found amino acids, peptides, and their analogues to be most significant (4.7e-3) in this category. Our results highlight novel metabolic pathways associated with heterogeneity in response to weight loss interventions, and related biomarkers which could be used in future studies of personalized approaches to weight loss interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bihlmeyer, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwee, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clish, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deik, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerszten, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagidipati, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laferrere, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svetkey, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newgard, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraus, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.05.326025</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolomic profiling identifies complex lipid species associated with response to weight loss interventions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.05.326785v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fat Mass Regain in Middle-Aged Mice after Sleeve Gastrectomy is divergent from plasma leptin levels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.05.326785v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSome degree of weight regain is typically observed in human patients who undergo Sleeve Gastrectomy (SG), even if the majority of them do not return to their presurgical body weight. Although the majority of bariatric surgery patients are middle aged, most preclinical models of bariatric surgery utilize juvenile male mice. A long-term characterization of the response of mature, wild type, obese male mice to SG has not been performed.

MethodsEight-month old C57bl/6J obese male mice were randomized to undergo SG, sham surgery without caloric restriction (SH) or sham surgery with caloric restriction to match body weight to the SG group (SWM). Body weight, body composition and glucose tolerance were matched at baseline. Mice were followed for 60 days following their respective surgeries.

ResultsSG mice had a more pronounced percent weight loss than the SH group in the first post-operative month (p<0.05), along with fat mass loss (p<0.01). By the second post-operative month, the SG group started to regain fat mass, although it continued to be statistically lower than the SH group (p<0.05). Cumulative food intake was significantly lower in the SG group compared to SH group only in the first post-operative week (p<0.05), with both groups having similar cumulative food intake thereafter (p>0.05). SWM group had a significantly lower cumulative food intake throughout the study, except for week 1 (p<0.01). Glucose tolerance was only demonstrably better in the SG group compared to SH group at 8 weeks post-operatively (p<0.01). Plasma leptin was significantly lower in the SG group compared to both SWM and SH groups group by the second post-operative month (p<0.01), in spite of SGs increasing fat mass accumulation. In the second post-operative month, both FGF-21 and GDF-15 were increased in the SH group compared to the SG and SWM groups (p<0.05), while there was no difference in plasma insulin among the three groups. Heat production was surprisingly higher in the SH group compared to the other two groups (p<0.05), even though brown adipose tissue Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma (PPARg) and Cidea mRNA expression were significantly higher in SG and SWM compared to SH (p<0.01). There was no change in BAT UCP-1 mRNA expression among the groups (p>0.05). There was also no change in fecal lipid content among the groups (p>0.05).

ConclusionsSG in obese, middle aged male mice leads is accompanied by fat mass regain in the second post-operative month, while plasma leptin levels continue to be significantly lower. This raises the question of whether the observed fat mass regain consists mostly of visceral adipose tissue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Emiliano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higuchi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopatinsky, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.05.326785</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fat Mass Regain in Middle-Aged Mice after Sleeve Gastrectomy is divergent from plasma leptin levels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.326678v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Divergent sensory processing converges in frontal cortex for a planned motor response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.326678v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neuronal mechanisms generating a delayed motor response initiated by a sensory cue remain elusive. Here, we tracked the precise sequence of cortical activity in mice transforming a brief whisker stimulus into delayed licking using wide-field calcium imaging, multi-region high-density electrophysiology and time-resolved optogenetic manipulation. Rapid activity evoked by whisker deflection acquired two prominent features for task performance: i) an enhanced excitation of secondary whisker motor cortex, suggesting its important role connecting whisker sensory processing to lick motor planning, and ii) a transient reduction of activity in orofacial sensorimotor cortex, which contributed to suppressing premature licking. Subsequent widespread cortical activity during the delay period largely correlated with anticipatory movements, but when these were accounted for, a focal sustained activity remained in frontal cortex, which was causally essential for licking in the response period. Our results demonstrate key cortical nodes for motor plan generation and timely execution in delayed goal-directed licking.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Esmaeili, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamura, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muscinelli, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modirshanechi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boscaglia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oryshchuk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foustoukos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crochet, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstner, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, C. C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.06.326678</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Divergent sensory processing converges in frontal cortex for a planned motor response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.328880v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal transitions in post-mitotic neurons throughout the C. elegans nervous system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.328880v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In most animals, the majority of the nervous system is generated and assembled into neuronal circuits during embryonic development. However, during juvenile stages, nervous systems still undergo extensive anatomical and functional changes to eventually form a fully mature nervous system by the adult stage. The molecular changes in post-mitotic neurons across post-embryonic development and the genetic programs that control these temporal transitions are not well understood. Using the model organism C. elegans, we comprehensively characterized the distinct functional states (locomotor behavior) and corresponding distinct molecular states (transcriptome) of the post-mitotic nervous system across temporal transitions from early post-embryonic periods to adulthood. We observed pervasive changes in gene expression, many of which are controlled by the developmental upregulation of the conserved heterochronic miRNA lin-4/mir-125 and the subsequent promotion of a mature neuronal transcriptional program through the repression of its target, the transcription factor lin-14. The functional relevance of these molecular transitions are exemplified by a temporally regulated target gene of the lin-14 transcription factor, nlp-45, a neuropeptide-encoding gene. We found that nlp-45 is required for temporal transitions in exploratory activity across larval stages, across sexual maturation, and into a diapause arrest stage. Our studies provide new insights into regulatory strategies that control neuron-type specific gene batteries to modulate distinct behaviors states across temporal, sex and environmental dimensions of post-embryonic development, and also provides a rich atlas of post-embryonic molecular changes to uncover additional regulatory mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.06.328880</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal transitions in post-mitotic neurons throughout the C. elegans nervous system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.328963v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systemic benefits of Gc inhibition to preserve insulin sensitivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.328963v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Type 2 diabetes is caused by an imbalanced supply and demand of insulin. Insulin resistance and impaired {beta}-cell function contribute to the onset of hyperglycemia. No single treatment modality can affect both aspects of diabetes pathophysiology. Thus, current treatments focus either on increasing insulin secretion (incretin mimetics, sulfonylureas) or insulin sensitivity (metformin and TZD), or reducing hyperglycemia (insulin, sglt2i). Previously, we reported that ablation of Gc, encoding a secreted protein with a primary role in vitamin D transport, improves pancreatic {beta}-cell function in models of diet-induced insulin resistance. Here, we show that Gc ablation has systemic insulin-sensitizing effects to prevent weight gain, hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance, and lower NEFA and triglyceride in mice fed a high-fat diet. Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps show that Gc ablation protects insulins ability to reduce hepatic glucose production, and increases glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Moreover, acute Gc inhibition by way of adeno-associated virus encoding a short hairpin RNA to promote Gc mRNA degradation, prevents glucose intolerance caused by high fat feeding. The data suggest that Gc inhibition can provide an approach to increase insulin production in {beta}-cells, and insulin action in peripheral tissues.

RESEARCH IN CONTEXT{blacksquare} The goal was to find a therapeutic target that can improve insulin sensitivity and {beta}-cell function simultaneously.
{blacksquare}Gc ablation preserves {beta}-cell insulin secretion ex vivo and in vivo.
{blacksquare}Deletion of Gc prevents weight gain, reduces fat mass, lowers fasting glycemia, improves glucose tolerance, reduces hepatic glucose production after feeding, and increased glucose uptake in muscle and adipose.
{blacksquare}Acute Gc inhibition improves glucose tolerance, which suggests that targeting Gc could provide an alternative way to treat type 2 diabetes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Accili, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.06.328963</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systemic benefits of Gc inhibition to preserve insulin sensitivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.07.330092v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcribed germline-limited coding sequences in Oxytricha trifallax 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.07.330092v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The germline-soma divide is a fundamental distinction in developmental biology, and different genes are expressed in germline and somatic cells throughout metazoan life cycles. Ciliates, a group of microbial eukaryotes, exhibit germline-somatic nuclear dimorphism within a single cell with two different genomes. The ciliate Oxytricha trifallax undergoes massive RNA-guided DNA elimination and genome rearrangement to produce a new somatic macronucleus (MAC) from a copy of the germline micronucleus (MIC). This process eliminates noncoding DNA sequences that interrupt genes and also deletes hundreds of germline-limited open reading frames (ORFs) that are transcribed during genome rearrangement. Here, we update the set of transcribed germline-limited ORFs (TGLOs) in O. trifallax. We show that TGLOs tend to be expressed during nuclear development and then are absent from the somatic MAC. We also demonstrate that exposure to synthetic RNA can reprogram TGLO retention in the somatic MAC and that TGLO retention leads to transcription outside the normal developmental program. These data suggest that TGLOs represent a group of developmentally regulated protein coding sequences whose gene expression is terminated by DNA elimination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Landweber, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neme, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clay, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pathmanathan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yerlici, V. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khurana, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.07.330092</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcribed germline-limited coding sequences in Oxytricha trifallax]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.08.330969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synergistic effect of deoxynucleosides and AAV gene therapy for thymidine kinase 2 deficiency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.08.330969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autosomal recessive thymidine kinase 2 (TK2) mutations causes TK2 deficiency, which typically manifests as a progressive and fatal mitochondrial myopathy in infants and children. Treatment with deoxycytidine and thymidine ameliorates mitochondrial defects and extends lifespan of Tk2 knock-in mouse (TK2-/-); however, efficacy is limited by age- and tissue-dependent expression of the cytosolic enzymes Tk1 and Dck. Thus, therapies aimed at systemic restoration of TK2 activity are needed. Here, we demonstrate that delivery of human TK2 cDNA to Tk2-/- mice using AAV9 efficiently rescued Tk2 activity in all the tissues tested except kidney, delayed disease onset, and increased lifespan. Sequential treatment of Tk2-/- mice with AAV9 first followed by AAV2 at different ages allowed us to reduce the viral dose while further prolonging the lifespan. Furthermore, addition of deoxycytidine and deoxythymidine supplementation to AAV9 + AAV2 treated Tk2-/- mice dramatically improved mtDNA copy numbers in liver and kidney, animal growth, and lifespan. These data indicate that combined pharmacological and gene therapies may be highly efficacious for human TK2 deficiency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Gomez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Quintero, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleiner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akman, H. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.08.330969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synergistic effect of deoxynucleosides and AAV gene therapy for thymidine kinase 2 deficiency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.08.331488v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of clustered protocadherin diversity alters the spatial distribution of cortical interneurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.08.331488v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cortical interneurons (cINs) are locally-projecting inhibitory neurons that are distributed throughout the cortex. Due to their relatively limited range of influence, their arrangement in the cortex is critical to their function. cINs achieve this arrangement through a process of tangential and radial migration, and apoptosis during development. In this study, we investigated the role of clustered protocadherins (cPcdhs) in establishing the spatial patterning of cINs. cPcdhs are expressed in cINs, and are known to play key functions in cell spacing and cell survival, but their role in cINs is poorly understood. Using spatial statistical analysis, we found that the two main subclasses of cINs, parvalbumin-expressing (PV) and somatostatin-expressing (SST) cINs, are non-randomly spaced within subclass, but randomly with respect to each other. We also found that the relative laminar distribution of each subclass was distinctly altered in whole - or {beta}-cluster mutants. Examination of perinatal timepoints revealed that the mutant phenotypes emerged relatively late, suggesting that cPcdhs may be acting during cIN morphological elaboration and synaptogenesis. We then analyzed an isoform-specific knockout for pcdh-c2 and found that it recapitulated the -cluster knockout, but only in SST cells, suggesting that subtype-specific expression of cPcdh isoforms may help govern subtype-specific spatial distribution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gallerani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Au, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.08.331488</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of clustered protocadherin diversity alters the spatial distribution of cortical interneurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.11.334961v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dopamine neuron synaptic connectivity defines physiological striatal domains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.11.334961v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dopamine neurons projecting to the striatum control movement, cognition, and motivation. They do so via slower, dopamine volume transmission and also via faster synaptic dopamine, glutamate and GABA transmission. To define the scope of these synaptic actions, we recorded dopamine neuron synaptic currents in the four major classes of striatal neurons. This revealed that dopaminergic and GABAergic synaptic actions are widespread; glutamatergic synaptic actions are robust in the medial nucleus accumbens and the anterolateral dorsal striatum, mediating fast and slow excitation, respectively. Dopamine neuron synaptic actions in cholinergic interneurons are the strongest and most complex, involving all three transmitters, their multiple receptors, and are the most regionally heterogeneous. The caudal striatum forms a single domain with overall weak dopamine neuron synaptic actions. This synaptic mapping reveals that dopamine neuron synaptic actions extend across the entire striatum, are regionally heterogeneous and organized in physiological domains, determined mainly by their excitatory actions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chuhma, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rayport, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.11.334961</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dopamine neuron synaptic connectivity defines physiological striatal domains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.11.335224v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DRP1 IS REQUIRED FOR AGRP NEURONAL ACTIVITY AND FEEDING 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.11.335224v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hypothalamic orexigenic Agouti-related peptide (AgRP)-expressing neurons are crucial for the regulation of whole-body energy homeostasis. Here, we show that fasting-induced AgRP neuronal activation is associated with dynamin-related peptide 1 (Drp1)-mediated mitochondrial fission and mitochondrial fatty acid utilization in AgRP neurons. In line with this, mice lacking Drp1 in adult AgRP neurons (Drp1AgRPKO) show decrease in fasting-or ghrelin-induced AgRP neuronal activity and feeding and exhibited a significant decrease in body weight, fat mass, and feeding accompanied by a significant increase in energy expenditure. In support of the role for mitochondrial fission and fatty acids oxidation, Drp1AgRPKO mice showed attenuated palmitic acid-induced mitochondrial respiration. Altogether, our data revealed that mitochondrial dynamics and fatty acids oxidation in hypothalamic AgRP neurons is a critical mechanism for AgRP neuronal function and associated behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.11.335224</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DRP1 IS REQUIRED FOR AGRP NEURONAL ACTIVITY AND FEEDING]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.12.335711v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The histone demethylase KDM5 is required for synaptic structure and function at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.12.335711v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in the genes encoding the KDM5 family of histone demethylases are observed in individuals with intellectual disability (ID). Despite clear evidence linking KDM5 function to neurodevelopmental pathways, how this family of proteins impacts transcriptional programs to mediate synaptic structure and activity remains unclear. Using the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ), we show that KDM5 is required for neuroanatomical development and synaptic function. The JmjC-domain encoded histone demethylase activity of KDM5, which is expected to be diminished by many ID-associated alleles and required for appropriate synaptic morphology and neurotransmission. The C5HC2 zinc finger of KDM5 is also involved, as an ID-associated mutation in this motif reduces NMJ bouton number but increases bouton size. KDM5 therefore uses demethylase-dependent and independent mechanisms to regulate NMJ structure and activity, highlighting the complex nature by which this chromatin modifier carries out its neuronal gene regulatory programs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Secombe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belalcazar, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamurrad, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liebl, F. L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.12.335711</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The histone demethylase KDM5 is required for synaptic structure and function at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.12.336230v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Racial and ethnic imbalance in neuroscience reference lists and intersections with gender 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.12.336230v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Discrimination against racial and ethnic minority groups exists in the academy, and the associated biases impact hiring and promotion, publication rates, grant funding, and awards. Precisely how racial and ethnic bias impacts the manner in which the scientific community engages with the ideas of academics in minority groups has yet to be fully elucidated. Citations are a marker of such community engagement, as well as a currency used to attain career milestones. Here we assess the extent and drivers of racial and ethnic imbalance in the reference lists of papers published in five top neuroscience journals over the last 25 years. We find that reference lists tend to include more papers with a White person as first and last author than would be expected if race and ethnicity were unrelated to referencing. We show that this imbalance is driven largely by the citation practices of White authors, and is increasing over time even as the field diversifies. To further explain our findings, we examine co-authorship networks and find that while the network has become markedly more integrated in general, the current degree of segregation by race/ethnicity is greater now than it has been in the past. Citing further from oneself on the network is associated with greater balance, but White authors preferential citation of White authors remains even at high levels of network exploration. We also quantify the effects of intersecting identities, determining the relative costs of gender and race/ethnicity, and their combination in women of color. Our findings represent a call to scientists and journal editors of all disciplines to consider the ethics of citation practices, and actions to be taken in support of an equitable future.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bertolero, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dworkin, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, S. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloreda, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stiso, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzirasa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fair, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaczkurkin, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marlin, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shohamy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uddin, L. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zurn, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassett, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.12.336230</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Racial and ethnic imbalance in neuroscience reference lists and intersections with gender]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.13.336727v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generalized paradoxical effects in excitatory/inhibitory networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.13.336727v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An inhibition-stabilized network (ISN) is a network of excitatory and inhibitory cells at a stable fixed point of firing rates for a given input, for which the excitatory subnetwork would be unstable if inhibitory rates were frozen at their fixed point values. It has been shown that in a low-dimensional model (one unit per neuronal subtype) of an ISN with a single excitatory and single inhibitory cell type, the inhibitory unit shows a "paradoxical" response, lowering (raising) its steady-state firing rate in response to addition to it of excitatory (inhibitory) input. This has been generalized to an ISN with multiple inhibitory cell types: if input is given only to inhibitory cells, the steady-state inhibition received by excitatory cells changes paradoxically, that is, it decreases (increases) if the steady-state excitatory firing rates decrease (increase).

We generalize these analyses of paradoxical effects to low-dimensional networks with multiple cell types of both excitatory and inhibitory neurons. The analysis depends on the connectivity matrix of the network linearized about a given fixed point, and its eigenvectors or "modes". We show the following: (1) A given cell type shows a paradoxical change in steady-state rate in response to input it receives, if and only if the network with that cell type omitted has an odd number of unstable modes. Excitatory neurons can show paradoxical responses when there are two or more inhibitory subtypes. (2) More generally, if the cell types are divided into two nonoverlapping subsets A and B, then subset B has an odd (even) number of modes that show paradoxical response if and only if subset A has an odd (even) number of unstable modes. (3) The net steady-state inhibition received by any unstable mode of the excitatory subnetwork will change paradoxically, i.e. in the same direction as the change in amplitude of that mode. In particular, this means that a sufficient condition to determine that a network is an ISN is if, in response to an input only to inhibitory cells, the firing rates of and inhibition received by all excitatory cell types all change in the same direction. This in turn will be true if all E cells and all inhibitory cell types that connect to E cells change their firing rates in the same direction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miller, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmigiano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.13.336727</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generalized paradoxical effects in excitatory/inhibitory networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.13.337550v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scale-invariant time registration of 24-hour accelerometric rest-activity profiles and its application to human chronotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.13.337550v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
By collecting data continuously over 24 hours, accelerometers and other wearable devices can provide novel insights into circadian rhythms and their relationship to human health. Existing approaches for analyzing diurnal patterns using these data, including the cosinor model and functional principal components analysis, have revealed and quantified population-level diurnal patterns, but considerable subject-level variability remained uncaptured in features such as wake/sleep times and activity intensity. This remaining informative variability could provide a better understanding of chronotypes, or behavioral manifestations of ones underlying 24-hour rhythm. Curve registration, or alignment, is a technique in functional data analysis that separates "vertical" variability in activity intensity from "horizontal" variability in time-dependent markers like wake and sleep times; this data-driven approach is well-suited to studying chronotypes using accelerometer data. We develop a parametric registration framework for 24-hour accelerometric rest-activity profiles represented as dichotomized into epoch-level states of activity or rest. Specifically, we estimate subject-specific piecewise linear time-warping functions parametrized with a small set of parameters. We apply this method to data from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging and illustrate how estimated parameters give a more flexible quantification of chronotypes compared to traditional approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McDonnell, E. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zipunnikov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schrack, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldsmith, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wrobel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.13.337550</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scale-invariant time registration of 24-hour accelerometric rest-activity profiles and its application to human chronotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.14.338145v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anticipation of temporally structured events in the brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.14.338145v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1Learning about temporal structure is adaptive because it enables the generation of expectations. We examined how the brain uses experience in structured environments to anticipate upcoming events. During fMRI, individuals watched a 90-second movie clip six times. Using a Hidden Markov Model applied to searchlights across the whole brain, we identified temporal shifts between activity patterns evoked by the first vs. repeated viewings of the movie clip. In many regions throughout the cortex, neural activity patterns for repeated viewings shifted to precede those of initial viewing by up to 15 seconds. This anticipation varied hierarchically in a posterior (less anticipation) to anterior (more anticipation) fashion. We also identified specific regions in which the timing of the brains event boundaries were related to those of human-labeled event boundaries, with the timing of this relationship shifting on repeated viewings. With repeated viewing, the brains event boundaries came to precede human-annotated boundaries by 1-4 seconds on average. Together, these results demonstrate a hierarchy of anticipatory signals in the human brain and link them to subjective experiences of events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldassano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.14.338145</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anticipation of temporally structured events in the brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.14.338681v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiscale and multimodal reconstruction of cortical structure and function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.14.338681v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present a semi-automated reconstruction of L2/3 mouse primary visual cortex from 3 million cubic microns of electron microscopic images, including pyramidal and inhibitory neurons, astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes and precursors, pericytes, vasculature, mitochondria, and synapses. Visual responses of a subset of pyramidal cells are included. The data are being made publicly available, along with tools for programmatic and 3D interactive access. The density of synaptic inputs onto inhibitory neurons varies across cell classes and compartments. We uncover a compartment-specific correlation between mitochondrial coverage and synapse density. Frequencies of connectivity motifs in the graph of pyramidal cells are predicted quite accurately from node degrees using the configuration model of random graphs. Cells receiving more connections from nearby cells exhibit stronger and more reliable visual responses. These example findings illustrate the resources utility for relating structure and function of cortical circuits as well as for neuronal cell biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Turner, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macrina, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bae, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider-Mizell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodor, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bleckert, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brittain, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Froudarakis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorkenwald, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collman, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemnitz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ih, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silversmith, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zlateski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tartavull, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, S.-c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popovych, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchanan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bumbarger, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takeno, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahalingam, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elabbady, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cobos, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suckow, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polleux, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reimer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolias, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reid, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macarico da Costa, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seung, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.14.338681</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiscale and multimodal reconstruction of cortical structure and function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.15.341008v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple decisions about one object involve parallel sensory acquisition but time-multiplexed evidence incorporation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.15.341008v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brain is capable of processing several streams of information that bear on different aspects of the same problem. Here we address the problem of making two decisions about one object, by studying difficult perceptual decisions about the color and motion of a dynamic random dot display. We find that the accuracy of one decision is unaffected by the difficulty of the other decision. However, the response times reveal that the two decisions do not form simultaneously. We show that both stimulus dimensions are acquired in parallel for the initial ~0.1 s but are then incorporated serially in time-multiplexed bouts. Thus there is a bottleneck that precludes updating more than one decision at a time, and a buffer that stores samples of evidence while access to the decision is blocked. We suggest that this bottleneck is responsible for the long timescales of many cognitive operations framed as decisions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kang, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Löffler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeurissen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zylberberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolpert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadlen, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.15.341008</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple decisions about one object involve parallel sensory acquisition but time-multiplexed evidence incorporation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.15.341081v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Androgen regulation of bowel function in mice and humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.15.341081v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many digestive disorders have prominent sex differences in incidence, symptomatology, and treatment response that are not well understood. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), for example, affects approximately 10% of the population worldwide and tends to have different manifestations in males and females. Androgens are steroid hormones present at much higher levels in post-pubertal males than females and could be involved in these sex differences, but their normal functions in the bowel are largely unknown. Here, we show that gonadal androgens are required for normal gastrointestinal motility in vivo. In the healthy mouse gut, we detected androgen receptors in smooth muscle cells and a subset of enteric neurons. Surgical or genetic disruption of androgen signaling in adult mice selectively and reversibly altered colonic motility by affecting neurons rather than smooth muscle. To determine if androgens also influence human bowel function, we measured androgen levels in 208 adults with IBS. Free testosterone levels were lower in patients with IBS compared to healthy controls and inversely correlated with symptom severity. Taken together, these observations establish a role for androgens in the regulation of colonic motility and link altered androgen signaling with a common digestive disorder. These findings advance the fundamental understanding of gut motility, with implications for normal aging and disorders involving the gut-brain axis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rastelli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthews, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yim, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mixer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prochera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lembo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.15.341081</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Androgen regulation of bowel function in mice and humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.16.342923v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial profiling reveals dynamic, sex- and age-specific mitochondrial phenotypes in human immune cell subtypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.16.342923v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Using a high-throughput mitochondrial phenotyping platform to quantify multiple mitochondrial features among molecularly-defined immune cell subtypes, we quantify the natural variation in citrate synthase, mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn), and respiratory chain enzymatic activities in human neutrophils, monocytes, B cells, and naive and memory T lymphocyte subtypes. In mixed peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from the same individuals, we show to what extent mitochondrial measures are confounded by both cell type distributions and contaminating platelets. Cell subtype-specific measures among women and men spanning 4 decades of life indicate potential age- and sex-related differences, including an age-related elevation in mtDNAcn, which are masked or blunted in mixed PBMCs. Finally, a proof-of-concept, repeated-measures study in a single individual validates cell type differences and also reveals week-to-week changes in mitochondrial activities. Larger studies are required to validate and mechanistically extend these findings. These mitochondrial phenotyping data build upon established immunometabolic differences among leukocyte sub-populations, and provide foundational quantitative knowledge to develop interpretable blood-based assays of mitochondrial health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rausser, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trumpff, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGill, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Junker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karan, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monk, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segerstrom, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.16.342923</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial profiling reveals dynamic, sex- and age-specific mitochondrial phenotypes in human immune cell subtypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.17.343616v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial fission governed by Drp1 regulates exogenous fatty acid usage and storage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.17.343616v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The bioenergetic function of mitochondrial fission is associated with uncoupled respiration or elimination of damaged mitochondria to maintain a healthy mitochondrial population. In the presence of a high abundance of exogenous fatty acids, cells can either store fatty acids in lipid droplets or oxidize them in mitochondria. Even though carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT1) controls the respiratory capacity of mitochondria in fatty acid oxidation, we observed that it did not dictate the balance of storage and usage of lipids in HeLa cells. On the other hand, inhibition of mitochondrial fission by silencing dynamic-related protein 1 (DRP1) resulted in an increase in fatty acid content of lipid droplets and a decrease in fatty acid oxidation. Mitochondrial fission was not only reflective of the amount of exogenous fatty acid being processed by mitochondria, but also found to be actively involved in the distribution of fatty acids between mitochondria and lipid droplets. Our data reveals a novel function for mitochondrial fission in balancing exogenous fatty acids between usage and storage, assigning a role for mitochondrial dynamics in control of intracellular fuel utilization and partitioning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alves, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stutz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sestan-Pesa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kibbey, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.17.343616</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial fission governed by Drp1 regulates exogenous fatty acid usage and storage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.19.345512v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hierarchical Bayesian Models of Reinforcement Learning: Introduction and comparison to alternative methods 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.19.345512v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reinforcement learning models have been used extensively to capture learning and decision-making processes in humans and other organisms. One essential goal of these computational models is the generalization to new sets of observations. Extracting parameters that can reliably predict out-of-sample data can be difficult, however. The use of prior distributions to regularize parameter estimates has been shown to help remedy this issue. While previous research has suggested that empirical priors estimated from a separate dataset improve predictive accuracy, this paper outlines an alternate method for the derivation of empirical priors: hierarchical Bayesian modeling. We provide a detailed introduction to this method, and show that using hierarchical models to simultaneously extract and impose empirical priors leads to better out-of-sample prediction while being more data efficient.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van Geen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerraty, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.19.345512</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hierarchical Bayesian Models of Reinforcement Learning: Introduction and comparison to alternative methods]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.19.345561v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conserved core visual object recognition across simian primates: Marmoset image-by-image behavior mirrors that of humans and macaques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.19.345561v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bigger brains are thought to support richer abilities, including perceptual abilities. But bigger brains are typically organized differently (e.g., with more cortical areas). Thus, the extent to which a neural systems size versus organization underlies complex abilities remains unclear. The marmoset monkey is evolutionarily peculiar: it has a small brain, yet many cortical areas. We used this natural experiment to test organization as source of high-level visual abilities independent of size, via large-scale psychophysics comparing marmosets to different species on identical tasks. Marmosets far out--performed rats--a marmoset-sized rodent--on a simple visual recognition task. On another visual task, which is difficult for both humans and machines, marmosets achieved high performance. Strikingly, their image-by-image behavior revealed that they did so in a manner highly similar to humans--marmosets were nearly as human-like as were macaques. These results suggest a key role for brain organization--not simply size--in the evolution of sophisticated abilities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kell, A. J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bokor, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeon, Y.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toosi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Issa, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.19.345561</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conserved core visual object recognition across simian primates: Marmoset image-by-image behavior mirrors that of humans and macaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.19.346312v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diet unmasks genetic variants that regulate lifespan in outbred Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.19.346312v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evolutionary theory suggests that lifespan-associated alleles should be purged from the gene pool, and yet decades of GWAS and model organism studies have shown they persist. Here, we address one potential explanation, the idea that the alleles that regulate lifespan do so only in certain contexts. We exposed thousands of outbred Drosophila to a standard and a high sugar diet. We then sequenced over 10,000 individuals and track genome-wide allele frequency changes over time, as these populations aged. We mapped thousands of lifespan-altering alleles, some associated with early vs late life tradeoffs, late-onset effects, and genotype-by-environment interactions. We find that lifespan-reducing alleles are most likely to be recently derived, have stronger effects on a high-sugar diet, consistent with the hypothesis that historically neutral or beneficial alleles can become detrimental in novel conditions. We also show that the gene midway, a regulator of lipid storage and ortholog of the lifespan-associated gene DGAT1 in mice, also regulates lifespan in Drosophila. Our results provide insight into the highly polygenic and context-dependent genetic architecture of lifespan, as well as the evolutionary processes that shape this key trait.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pallares, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lea, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filippova, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andolfatto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayroles, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.19.346312</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diet unmasks genetic variants that regulate lifespan in outbred Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.20.340364v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Higher-order hub cells involved in feedforward motifs as critical factors in epileptic network instability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.20.340364v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurological and psychiatric disorders are associated with pathological neural dynamics. The fundamental connectivity patterns of cell-cell communication networks that enable pathological dynamics to emerge remain unknown. We studied epileptic circuits using a newly developed integrated computational pipeline applied to cellular resolution functional imaging data. Control and preseizure neural dynamics in larval zebrafish and in chronically epileptic mice were captured using large-scale cellular-resolution calcium imaging. Biologically constrained effective connectivity modeling extracted the underlying cell-cell communication network. Novel analysis of the higher-order network structure revealed the existence of  superhub cells that are unusually richly connected to the rest of the network through feedforward motifs. Instability in epileptic networks was causally linked to superhubs whose involvement in feedforward motifs critically enhanced downstream excitation. Disconnecting individual superhubs was significantly more effective in stabilizing epileptic networks compared to disconnecting hub cells defined traditionally by connection count. Collectively, these results predict a new, maximally selective and minimally invasive cellular target for seizure control.

HighlightsO_LIHigher-order connectivity patterns of large-scale neuronal communication networks were studied in zebrafish and mice
C_LIO_LIControl and epileptic networks were modeled from in vivo cellular resolution calcium imaging data
C_LIO_LIRare  superhub cells unusually richly connected to the rest of the network through higher-order feedforward motifs were identified
C_LIO_LIDisconnecting single superhub neurons more effectively stabilized epileptic networks than targeting conventional hub cells defined by high connection count.
C_LIO_LIThese data predict a maximally selective novel single cell target for minimally invasive seizure control
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hadjiabadi, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lovett-Barron, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raikov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sparks, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baraban, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leskovec, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Losonczy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deisseroth, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soltesz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.20.340364</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Higher-order hub cells involved in feedforward motifs as critical factors in epileptic network instability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.20.346973v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Mechanical Roles of Chaperons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.20.346973v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein folding under force is an integral source of generating mechanical energy in various cellular processes, ranging from protein translation to degradation. Although chaperones are well known to interact with proteins under mechanical force, how they respond to force and control cellular energetics remains unknown.

To address this question, we introduce novel real-time magnetic-tweezers technology to mimic physiological force environment on client proteins, keeping the chaperones unperturbed. We studied two structurally distinct client proteins with seven different chaperones, independently and in combination, and proposed novel mechanical activity of chaperones. We found chaperones behave differently, while these client proteins are under force than its previously known functions. For instance, tunnel associated chaperones (DsbA and trigger factor), otherwise working as holdase without force, assist folding under force. This process generates an additional mechanical energy up to [~]147 zJ to facilitate translation or translocation. However, well-known cytoplasmic foldase chaperones (PDI, thioredoxin, or DnaKJE), does not possess the mechanical folding ability under force. Notably, the transferring chaperones (DnaK, DnaJ, SecB), act as unfoldase and slow down folding process, both in the presence and absence of force, to prevent misfolding of the client proteins. This provides an emerging insight of mechanical roles of chaperones: they can generate or consume energy by shifting energy landscape of the client proteins towards folded or unfolded state; suggesting an evolutionary mechanism to minimize the energy consumption in various biological processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haldar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>chaudhuri, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>banerjee, s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.20.346973</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Mechanical Roles of Chaperons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.20.347088v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A lamin A/C variant causing striated muscle disease provides insights into filament organization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.20.347088v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The LMNA gene encodes the A-type lamins that polymerize into ~3.5 nm thick filaments, and together with B-type lamins and lamin binding proteins form the nuclear lamina. Mutations in LMNA are associated with a wide variety of pathologies. In this study, we analyzed the nuclear lamina of embryonic fibroblasts from LmnaH222P/H222P mice, which develop cardiomyopathy and muscular dystrophy. Although the organization of the lamina appeared unaltered, there were changes in chromatin and B-type lamin expression. An increase in nuclear size and consequently a relative reduction in heterochromatin near the lamina allowed for a higher resolution structural analysis of lamin filaments using cryo-electron tomography. This was most apparent when visualizing lamin filaments in situ, and using a nuclear extraction protocol. Averaging of individual segments of filaments in LmnaH222P/H222P mouse fibroblasts resolved two-polymers that constitute the mature filaments. Our findings provide better views of the organization of lamin filaments and the effect of a striated muscle disease-causing mutation on nuclear structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Medalia, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kronenberg-Tenga, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tatli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eibauer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worman, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.20.347088</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A lamin A/C variant causing striated muscle disease provides insights into filament organization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.21.346247v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanosensitive calcium signaling in filopodia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.21.346247v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Filopodia are ubiquitous membrane projections that play crucial role in guiding cell migration on rigid substrates and through extracellular matrix by utilizing yet unknown mechanosensing molecular pathways. As recent studies show that Ca2+ channels localized to filopodia play an important role in regulation of their formation and since some Ca2+ channels are known to possess mechanosensing properties, activity of filopodial Ca2+ channels might be tightly interlinked with the filopodia mechanosensing function. We tested this hypothesis by monitoring changes in the intra-filopodial Ca2+ level in response to application of stretching force to individual filopodia of several cell types. It has been found that stretching forces of tens of pN strongly promote Ca2+ influx into filopodia, causing persistent Ca2+ oscillations that last for minutes even after the force is released. Most of the known mechanosensitive Ca2+ channels, such as Piezo 1, Piezo 2 and TRPV4, were found to be dispensable for the observed force-dependent Ca2+ influx. In contrast, L-type Ca2+ channels appear to be a key component in the discovered phenomenon. Since previous studies have shown that intra-filopodial transient Ca2+ signals play an important role in guidance of cell migration, our results suggest that the force-dependent activation of L-type Ca2+ channels may contribute to this process. Overall, our study reveals an intricate interplay between mechanical forces and Ca2+ signaling in filopodia, providing novel mechanistic insights for the force-dependent filopodia functions in guidance of cell migration.

Significance statementWe found that tensile forces of tens of pN applied to individual filopodia trigger Ca2+ influx through L-type Ca2+ channels, producing persistent Ca2+ oscillations inside mechanically stretched filopodia. Resulting elevation of the intra-filopodial Ca2+ level in turn leads to downstream activation of calpain protease, which is known to play a crucial role in regulation of the cell adhesion dynamics. Thus, our work suggests that L-type channel-dependent Ca2+ signaling and the mechanosensing function of filopodia are coupled to each other, synergistically governing cell adhesion and motion in a force-dependent manner. Since L-type Ca2+ channels have been previously found in many different cell types, such as neural or cancer cells, the above mechanism is likely to be widespread among various cell lines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Efremov, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheetz, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bershadsky, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinac, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.21.346247</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanosensitive calcium signaling in filopodia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.21.349282v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recurrent Switching Dynamical Systems Models for Multiple Interacting Neural Populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.21.349282v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modern recording techniques can generate large-scale measurements of multiple neural populations over extended time periods. However, it remains a challenge to model non-stationary interactions between high-dimensional populations of neurons. To tackle this challenge, we develop recurrent switching linear dynamical systems models for multiple populations. Here, each high-dimensional neural population is represented by a unique set of latent variables, which evolve dynamically in time. Populations interact with each other through this low-dimensional space. We allow the nature of these interactions to change over time by using a discrete set of dynamical states. Additionally, we parameterize these discrete state transition rules to capture which neural populations are responsible for switching between interaction states. To fit the model, we use variational expectation-maximization with a structured mean-field approximation. After validating the model on simulations, we apply it to two different neural datasets: spiking activity from motor areas in a non-human primate, and calcium imaging from neurons in the nematode C. elegans. In both datasets, the model reveals behaviorally-relevant discrete states with unique inter-population interactions and different populations that predict transitioning between these states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Glaser, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteway, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linderman, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.21.349282</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recurrent Switching Dynamical Systems Models for Multiple Interacting Neural Populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.23.353110v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bayesian inference: The comprehensive approach to analyzing single-molecule experiments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.23.353110v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biophysics experiments performed at single-molecule resolution contain exceptional insight into the structural details and dynamic behavior of biological systems. However, extracting this information from the corresponding experimental data unequivocally requires applying a biophysical model. Here, we discuss how to use probability theory to apply these models to single-molecule data. Many current single-molecule data analysis methods apply parts of probability theory, sometimes unknowingly, and thus miss out on the full set of benefits provided by this self-consistent framework. The full application of probability theory involves a process called Bayesian inference that fully accounts for the uncertainties inherent to single-molecule experiments. Additionally, using Bayesian inference provides a scientifically rigorous manner to incorporate information from multiple experiments into a single analysis and to find the best biophysical model for an experiment without the risk of overfitting the data. These benefits make the Bayesian approach ideal for analyzing any type of single-molecule experiment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kinz-Thompson, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.23.353110</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bayesian inference: The comprehensive approach to analyzing single-molecule experiments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.26.355180v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transfer learning from simulations improves the classification of OCT images of glandular epithelia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.26.355180v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is a rare but lethal cancer with rising incidence in several global hotspots including the United States. The five-year survival rate for patients diagnosed with advanced disease can be as low as 5% in EAC, making early detection and preventive intervention crucial. The current standard of care for EAC targets patients with Barretts esophagus (BE), the main precursor to EAC and a relatively common condition in adults with chronic acid reflux disease. Preventive care for EAC requires repeated surveillance endoscopies of BE patients with biopsy sampling, and can be intrusive, error-prone, and costly. The integration of minimally-invasive subsurface tissue imaging in the current standard of care can reduce the need for exhaustive tissue sampling and improve the quality of life in BE patients. Effective adoption of subsurface imaging in EAC care can be facilitated by computer-aided detection (CAD) systems based on deep learning. Despite their recent successes in lung and breast cancer imaging, the development of deep neural networks for rare conditions like EAC remains challenging due to data scarcity, heavy bias in existing datasets toward non-cases, and uncertainty in image labels. Here we explore the use of synthetic datasets-specifically data derived from simulations of optical back-scattering during imaging- in the development of CAD systems based on deep learning. As a proof of concept, we studied the binary classification of esophageal OCT into normal squamous and glandular mucosae, typical of BE. We found that deep convolutional networks trained on synthetic data had improved performance over models trained on clinical datasets with uncertain labels. Model performance also improved with dataset size during training on synthetic data. Our findings demonstrate the utility of transfer from simulations to real data in the context of medical imaging, especially in the severely data-poor regime and when significant uncertainty in labels are present, and motivate further development of transfer learning from simulations to aid the development of CAD for rare malignancies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ostvar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troung, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silver, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lightdale, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hur, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tatonetti, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.26.355180</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transfer learning from simulations improves the classification of OCT images of glandular epithelia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.26.355602v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gamete simulation improves polygenic transmission disequilibrium analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.26.355602v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polygenic risk scores (PRS) derived from summary statistics of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have enjoyed great popularity in human genetics research. Applied to population cohorts, PRS can effectively stratify individuals by risk group and has promising applications in early diagnosis and clinical intervention. However, our understanding of within-family polygenic risk is incomplete, in part because the small samples per family significantly limits power. Here, to address this challenge, we introduce ORIGAMI, a computational framework that uses parental genotype data to simulate offspring genomes. ORIGAMI uses state-of-the-art genetic maps to simulate realistic recombination events on phased parental genomes and allows quantifying the prospective PRS variability within each family. We quantify and showcase the substantially reduced yet highly heterogeneous PRS variation within families for numerous complex traits. Further, we incorporate within-family PRS variability to improve polygenic transmission disequilibrium test (pTDT). Through simulations, we demonstrate that modeling within-family risk substantially improves the statistical power of pTDT. Applied to 7,805 trios of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) probands and healthy parents, we successfully replicated previously reported over-transmission of ASD, educational attainment, and schizophrenia risk, and identified multiple novel traits with significant transmission disequilibrium. These results provided novel etiologic insights into the shared genetic basis of various complex traits and ASD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.26.355602</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gamete simulation improves polygenic transmission disequilibrium analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.26.356394v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 biofilms produce R-bodies, extendable protein polymers with roles in host colonization and virulence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.26.356394v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14, an opportunistic pathogen of diverse hosts, contains genes with the potential to confer production of R-bodies (i.e., a "reb cluster"). R-bodies are large, extendable protein polymers best known for their role in killing of paramecia by the bacterium Caedibacter taeniospiralis, and genes in the reb cluster have been implicated in PA14 virulence. Here, we present evidence that PA14 expresses reb cluster genes during colonization of plant and nematode hosts. We identify products of the reb cluster that are R-body-associated and that control stochastic expression of R-body structural genes. We also show that R-body production is required for full virulence in nematodes. Analyses of nematode ribosome content and immune response indicate that R-bodies act via a mechanism involving ribosome cleavage and translational inhibition. These observations provide insight into the biology of R-body production and its consequences during P. aeruginosa infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price-Whelan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao McDonald, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dietrich, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.26.356394</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 biofilms produce R-bodies, extendable protein polymers with roles in host colonization and virulence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.27.356782v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TGS1 controls snRNA 3' end processing, prevents neurodegeneration and ameliorates SMN-dependent neurological phenotypes in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.27.356782v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trimethylguanosine synthase 1 (TGS1) is a highly conserved enzyme that converts the 5 mono-methylguanosine cap of snRNAs to a trimethylguanosine cap. Here, we show that loss of TGS1 in C. elegans, D. melanogaster and D. rerio results in neurological phenotypes similar to those caused by Survival Motor Neuron (SMN) deficiency. Importantly, expression of human TGS1 ameliorates the SMN-dependent neurological phenotypes in both flies and worms, revealing that TGS1 can partly counteract the effects of SMN deficiency. TGS1 loss in HeLa cells leads to the accumulation of immature U2 and U4atac snRNAs with long 3 tails that are often uridylated. snRNAs with defective 3 terminations also accumulate in Drosophila Tgs1 mutants. Consistent with defective snRNA maturation, TGS1 and SMN mutant cells also exhibit partially overlapping transcriptome alterations that include aberrantly spliced and readthrough transcripts. Together, these results identify a neuroprotective function for TGS1 and reinforce the view that defective snRNA maturation affects neuronal viability and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roake, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maccallini, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bavasso, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dehghannasiri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santonicola, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendoza-Ferreira, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scatolini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizzuti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esposito, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallotta, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cacchione, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammerschmidt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Pitta, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sales, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellizzoni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirth, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Schiavi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gatti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Artandi, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raffa, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.27.356782</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TGS1 controls snRNA 3' end processing, prevents neurodegeneration and ameliorates SMN-dependent neurological phenotypes in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.27.357269v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Comprises Coexisting Regulatory States with both Common and Distinct Dependencies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.27.357269v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite extensive efforts, reproducible assessment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) heterogeneity and plasticity at the single cell level remains elusive. Systematic, network-based analysis of regulatory protein activity in single cells identified three PDA Developmental Lineages (PDLs), coexisting in virtually all tumors, whose transcriptional states are mechanistically driven by aberrant activation of Master Regulator (MR) proteins associated with gastrointestinal lineages (GLS state), morphogen and EMT pathways (MOS state), and acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ALS state), respectively. Each PDL is further subdivided into sub-states characterized by low vs. high MAPK pathway activity. This taxonomy was remarkably conserved across multiple cohorts, cell lines, and PDX models, and harmonized with bulk profile analyses. Cross-state plasticity and MR essentiality was confirmed by barcode-based lineage tracing and CRISPR/Cas9 assays, respectively, while MR ectopic expression induced PDL transdifferentiation. Together these data provide a mechanistic foundation for PDA heterogeneity and a roadmap for targeting PDA cellular subtypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Laise, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turunen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maurer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curiel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elyada, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmierer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomassoni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kesner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tagore, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A. L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iuga, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manji, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Notta, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuveson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olive, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.27.357269</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Comprises Coexisting Regulatory States with both Common and Distinct Dependencies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.27.357483v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The mutability of demographic noise in microbial range expansions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.27.357483v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Demographic noise, the change in the composition of a population due to random birth and death events, is an important driving force in evolution because it reduces the efficacy of natural selection. Demographic noise is typically thought to be set by the population size and the environment, but recent experiments with microbial range expansions have revealed substantial strain-level differences in demographic noise under the same growth conditions. Many genetic and phenotypic differences exist between strains; to what extent do single mutations change the strength of demographic noise? To investigate this question, we developed a high-throughput method for measuring demographic noise in colonies without the need for genetic manipulation. By applying this method to 191 randomly-selected single gene deletion strains from the E. coli Keio collection, we find that a typical single gene deletion mutation decreases demographic noise by 8% (maximal decrease: 81%). We find that the strength of demographic noise is an emergent trait at the population level that can be predicted by colony-level traits but not cell-level traits. The observed differences in demographic noise from single gene deletions can increase the establishment probability of beneficial mutations by almost an order of magnitude higher than the wild type. Our results show that single mutations can substantially alter adaptation through their effects on demographic noise and suggest that demographic noise can be an evolvable phenotype of a population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gralka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duvernoy, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sousa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harpak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallatschek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.27.357483</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The mutability of demographic noise in microbial range expansions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.27.357632v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differentiation of Human induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to Authentic Macrophages using Fully Defined, Serum Free, Open Source Media 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.27.357632v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryHuman iPSC and macrophages derived from them are increasingly popular tools for research into both infectious and degenerative diseases. However, as the field strives for greater modelling accuracy, it is becoming ever more challenging to justify the use of undefined and proprietary media for the culture of these cells. We describe here two fully defined, serum-free, open-source media for the culture of iPSC and differentiation of iPSC-derived macrophages. These media are equally capable of maintaining these cells compared to commercial alternatives. The macrophages differentiated in these defined media display improved terminally differentiated cell characteristics, reduced basal expression of induced anti-viral response genes, and improved polarisation capacity. We conclude that cells cultured in these media are an appropriate and malleable model for tissue resident macrophages, on which future differentiation techniques can be built.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vaughan-Jackson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stodolak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebrahimi, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Browne, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reardon, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pires, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert-Jaramillo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowley, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.27.357632</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differentiation of Human induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to Authentic Macrophages using Fully Defined, Serum Free, Open Source Media]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.27.358101v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Counterfactual Hypothesis Testing of Tumor Microenvironment Scenarios Through Semantic Image Synthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.27.358101v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWRecent multiplexed protein imaging technologies characterize cells, their spatial organization, and interactions within microenvironments at an unprecedented resolution. Although observational data can reveal spatial associations, it does not allow users to infer salient biological relationships and cellular interactions. To address this challenge, we develop a generative model that allows users to test hypotheses about the effect of cell-cell interactions on protein expression through in silico perturbation. Our Cell-Cell Interaction GAN (CCIGAN) model employs a generative adversarial network (GAN) architecture to generate high fidelity synthetic multiplexed images from semantic cell segmentations. Our approach is unique in that it learns relationships between all imaging channels simultaneously and yields biological insights from multiple imaging technologies in silico, capturing known tumor-immune cell interactions missed by other state-of-the-art GAN models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudjonson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawy, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe'er, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe'er, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.27.358101</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Counterfactual Hypothesis Testing of Tumor Microenvironment Scenarios Through Semantic Image Synthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.28.358812v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Longitudinal ultrasonic dimensions and parametric solid models of the gravid uterus and cervix 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.28.358812v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tissue mechanics is central to pregnancy, during which maternal anatomic structures undergo continuous remodeling to serve a dual function to first protect the fetus in utero while it develops and then facilitate its passage out. In this study of normal pregnancy using biomechanical solid modeling, we used standard clinical ultrasound images to obtain measurements of structural dimensions of the gravid uterus and cervix throughout gestation. 2-dimensional ultrasound images were acquired from the uterus and cervix in 30 pregnant subjects in supine and standing positions at four time points during pregnancy (8-14, 14-16, 22-24, and 32-34 weeks). Offline, three observers independently measured from the images of multiple anatomic regions. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate inter-observer variance, as well as effect of gestational age, gravity, and parity on maternal geometry. A parametric solid model developed in the Solidworks computer aided design (CAD) software was used to convert ultrasonic measurements to a 3-dimensional solid computer model, from which estimates of uterine and cervical volumes were made. This parametric model was compared against previous 3-dimensional solid models derived from magnetic resonance frequency images in pregnancy. In brief, we found several anatomic measurements easily derived from standard clinical imaging are reproducible and reliable, and provide sufficient information to allow biomechanical solid modeling. This structural dataset is the first, to our knowledge, to provide key variables to enable future computational calculations of tissue stress and stretch in pregnancy, making it possible to characterize the biomechanical milieu of normal pregnancy. This vital dataset will be the foundation to understand how the uterus and cervix malfunction in pregnancy leading to adverse perinatal outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Louwagie, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Over, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westervelt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vink, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feltovich, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.28.358812</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Longitudinal ultrasonic dimensions and parametric solid models of the gravid uterus and cervix]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.28.359117v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long-term stability of neuronal ensembles in mouse visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.28.359117v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coactive neuronal ensembles are found in spontaneous and evoked cortical activity and are thought to participate in the internal representation of memories, perceptions, and mental states. In mouse visual cortex, ensembles can be optogenetically imprinted and are causally related to visual percepts, but it is still unknown how stable they are over time. Using two-photon volumetric microscopy, we performed calcium imaging over several weeks of the same neuronal populations in layer 2/3 of visual cortex of awake mice, tracking over time the activity of the same neurons in response to visual stimuli and under spontaneous activity. Only a small number of neurons remained active across days. Analyzing them, we found both stable ensembles, lasting up to 46 days, and transient ones, observed during only one imaging session. The majority of ensembles in visually-evoked activity were stable, whereas in spontaneous activity similar numbers of stable and transient ensembles were found. Among stable ensembles, more than 60 % of neurons still belonged to the same ensemble even after several weeks. These core ensemble cells had stronger functional connectivity than neurons that stopped belonging to the ensemble. Our results demonstrate that spontaneous and evoked neuronal ensembles can last weeks, providing a neuronal mechanism for the long-lasting representation of perceptual states or memories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perez-Ortega, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alejandre-Garcia, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuste, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.28.359117</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long-term stability of neuronal ensembles in mouse visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.28.359562v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel family of secreted proteins linked to plant gall development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.28.359562v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In an elaborate form of inter-species exploitation, many insects hijack plant development to induce novel plant organs called galls that provide the insect with a source of nutrition and a temporary home. Galls result from dramatic reprogramming of plant cell biology driven by insect molecules, but the roles of specific insect molecules in gall development have not yet been determined. Here we study the aphid Hormaphis cornu, which makes distinctive "cone" galls on leaves of witch hazel Hamamelis virginiana. We found that derived genetic variants in the aphid gene determinant of gall color (dgc) are associated with strong downregulation of dgc transcription in aphid salivary glands, upregulation in galls of seven genes involved in anthocyanin synthesis, and deposition of two red anthocyanins in galls. We hypothesize that aphids inject DGC protein into galls, and that this results in differential expression of a small number of plant genes. Dgc is a member of a large, diverse family of novel predicted secreted proteins characterized by a pair of widely spaced cysteine-tyrosine-cysteine (CYC) residues, which we named BICYCLE proteins. Bicycle genes are most strongly expressed in the salivary glands specifically of galling aphid generations, suggesting that they may regulate many aspects of gall development. Bicycle genes have experienced unusually frequent diversifying selection, consistent with their potential role controlling gall development in a molecular arms race between aphids and their host plants.

One Sentence SummaryAphid bicycle genes, which encode diverse secreted proteins, contribute to plant gall development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Korgaonkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemire, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siwanowicz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennouna, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopec, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andolfatto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shigenobu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.28.359562</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel family of secreted proteins linked to plant gall development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.29.359851v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation of intracellular signaling and neuron function by Bardet-Biedl Syndrome proteins in patient-specific iPSC-derived neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.29.359851v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bardet-Biedl Syndrome (BBS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in genes encoding components of the primary cilium and characterized by hyperphagic obesity. We developed a cellular model of BBS using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSCs)-derived hypothalamic arcuate-like neurons. BBS mutations BBS1M390R and BBS10C91fsX95 did not affect neuron differentiation efficiency but caused morphological defects including impaired neurite outgrowth and longer primary cilia. Expression of intact BBS10 normalized cilia length. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of BBS1M390R hypothalamic neurons identified several down regulated pathways including insulin and cAMP signaling, and axon guidance. In agreement with scRNA-seq data, insulin-induced AKT phosphorylation at Thr308 was reduced in BBS1M390R and BBS10c91fsX95 human fibroblasts and iPSC-derived neurons, as well as in BBS10 knockdown iPSC-derived neurons. Overexpression of intact BBS10 fully restored insulin receptor tyrosine phosphorylation in BBS10c91fsX95 neurons. Mutations in BBS1 and BBS10 impaired leptin-mediated p-STAT3 activation in both human primary fibroblasts and iPSC-derived hypothalamic neurons. Correction of the BBS mutation by CRISPR rescued leptin signaling. POMC expression in BBS1M390R and BBS10 C91fsX95 iPSC-derived hypothalamic neurons was downregulated, as was hypothalamic Pomc in BBS1M390R knockin (KI) mice. In the aggregate, these data provide insights into the anatomic and functional mechanisms by which components of the BBsome in CNS primary cilia mediate effects on energy homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stratigopoulos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panigrahi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sui, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leduc, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glover, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Rosa, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnett, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goland, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsang, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wardlaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doege, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leibel, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.29.359851</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation of intracellular signaling and neuron function by Bardet-Biedl Syndrome proteins in patient-specific iPSC-derived neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.29.361121v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel insights from point-dendrometers in an urban setting: linking environmental variation to fluctuations in stem radius. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.29.361121v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundReal-time monitoring of tree growth can provide novel information about trees in urban/suburban areas and the myriad ecosystem services they provide. By monitoring irrigated specimen trees we test the hypothesis that in trees with sufficient water, growth is governed by environmental factors regulating energy gain rather than by factors related to water use.

MethodsInternet enabled, high-resolution dendrometers were installed on three trees in Southampton, NY. The instruments, along with a weather station, streamed data to a project web page that was updated once an hour. (https://ecosensornetwork.com). Growing periods were determined using a Hidden Markov Model based on Zweifel et al.s (2016) zero-growth model. Linear models and conditional inference trees correlated environmental variables to growth magnitude and rate of growth.

ResultsGrowth was governed by the interacting environmental variables of air temperature, soil moisture, VPD and took place primarily at night. Radial growth of spruce began April 14 after the accumulation of 69.7 {degrees}C growing degrees days and ended September 7th. Cedar growth began later (April 26th), after the accumulation of 160.6 {degrees}C and ended later (November 3rd). During the observation period, these three modest suburban trees sequestered 108.3 kg of CO2.

ConclusionsThough irrigated, residential tree growth in our experiment was affected by environmental factors relating to both water use and energy gain through photosynthesis. Linking tree growth to fluctuations in environmental conditions facilitates the development of a predictive understanding useful for ecosystem management and growth forecasting across future altering climates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Griffin, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenzie, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hise, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.29.361121</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel insights from point-dendrometers in an urban setting: linking environmental variation to fluctuations in stem radius.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.03.365395v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeted long-read sequencing resolves complex structural variants and identifies missing disease-causing variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.03.365395v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDDespite widespread availability of clinical genetic testing, many individuals with suspected genetic conditions do not have a precise diagnosis. This limits their opportunity to take advantage of state-of-the-art treatments. In such instances, testing sometimes reveals difficult-to-evaluate complex structural differences, candidate variants that do not fully explain the phenotype, single pathogenic variants in recessive disorders, or no variants in specific genes of interest. Thus, there is a need for better tools to identify a precise genetic diagnosis in individuals when conventional testing approaches have been exhausted.

METHODSTargeted long-read sequencing (T-LRS) was performed on 33 individuals using Read Until on the Oxford Nanopore platform. This method allowed us to computationally target up to 100 Mbp of sequence per experiment, resulting in an average of 20x coverage of target regions, a 500% increase over background. We analyzed patient DNA for pathogenic substitutions, structural variants, and methylation differences using a single data source.

RESULTSThe effectiveness of T-LRS was validated by detecting all genomic aberrations, including single-nucleotide variants, copy number changes, repeat expansions, and methylation differences, previously identified by prior clinical testing. In 6/7 individuals who had complex structural rearrangements, T-LRS enabled more precise resolution of the mutation, which led, in one case, to a change in clinical management. In nine individuals with suspected Mendelian conditions who lacked a precise genetic diagnosis, T-LRS identified pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in five and variants of uncertain significance in two others.

CONCLUSIONST-LRS can accurately predict pathogenic copy number variants and triplet repeat expansions, resolve complex rearrangements, and identify single-nucleotide variants not detected by other technologies, including short-read sequencing. T-LRS represents an efficient and cost-effective strategy to evaluate high-priority candidate genes and regions or to further evaluate complex clinical testing results. The application of T-LRS will likely increase the diagnostic rate of rare disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miller, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulovari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loucks, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoekzema, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almanza Fuerte, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paschal, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thies, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dipple, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonkowski, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Squire, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sikes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Earl, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allikmets, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlman, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hing, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>University of Washington Center for Mendelian Genomics,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherry, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chong, J. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bamshad, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickerson, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mefford, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doherty, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.03.365395</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeted long-read sequencing resolves complex structural variants and identifies missing disease-causing variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.03.366872v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ASCL1 drives induction of a transitory cell state required for repair of the injured neonatal brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.03.366872v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The underlying molecular foundation of neural progenitor diversity and plasticity is critical for understanding repair processes. The neonatal cerebellum with multiple progenitor populations has high regenerative potential. Upon ablation of cerebellar granule cell progenitors at birth, a normally gliogenic Nestin-expressing progenitor (NEP) in the Bergmann glia (Bg) layer (BgL-NEPs) undergoes adaptive reprograming to restore granule neuron production while a white matter NEP (WM-NEPs) reduces interneuron production. However, the cellular states and genes regulating the NEP fate switch are not known. Here using scRNA-seq and fate-mapping, we defined the molecular subtypes of NEPs and their lineages under homeostasis and repair. Five NEP populations comprising two molecular subtypes, Hopx-expressing gliogenic- and Ascl1-expressing neurogenic-NEPs were identified in both states. Furthermore, in the WM, distinct NEP populations generate interneurons or astrocytes, and amongst gliogenic-NEPs, astrocyte and Bg lineages are molecularly separable. Importantly, we uncovered that after injury a new transitory cellular state arises from Hopx-NEPs in the BgL that is defined by initiation of expression of the neurogenic gene Ascl1. Moreover, Ascl1 is required for adaptive reprogramming and the full regenerative capacity of the cerebellum. We thus define new populations of NEPs and identifed the transcription factor responsible for inducing a transitory cell critical for a glial to neural switch in vivo following injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bayin, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizrak, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephen, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sims, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joyner, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.03.366872</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ASCL1 drives induction of a transitory cell state required for repair of the injured neonatal brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.03.366989v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A region-based method for causal mediation analysis of DNA methylation data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.03.366989v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exposure to environmental factors can affect DNA methylation at a CpG site or a genomic region, which can then affect an outcome. In other words, environmental effects on an outcome could be mediated by DNA methylation. To date, single CpG site-based mediation analysis has been employed extensively. More recently, however, there has been considerable interest on studying differentially methylated regions (DMRs), both because DMRs are more likely to have functional effects than single CpG sites and because testing DMRs reduces multiple testing. In this report, we propose a novel causal mediation approach under the counterfactual framework to test the significance of total, direct and indirect effects of predictors on response variable with a methylated region (MR) as the mediator (denoted as MR-Mediation). Functional linear transformation is used to reduce the possible high dimension of the CpG sites in a predefined methylated region and to account for their location information. In our simulation studies, MR-Mediation retained the desired Type I error rates for total, direct and indirect effect tests, for both continuous and binary outcomes. Furthermore, MR-Mediation had better power performance than testing mean methylation level as the mediator in most considered scenarios, especially for indirect effect (i.e., mediated effect) test, which could be more interesting than the other two effect tests. We further illustrate our proposed method by analyzing the methylation mediated effect of exposure to gun violence on total immunoglobulin E (IgE) or atopic asthma among participants in the Epigenetic Variation and Childhood Asthma in Puerto Ricans (EVA-PR) study.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yan, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forno, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celedon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.03.366989</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A region-based method for causal mediation analysis of DNA methylation data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.04.361154v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intranasal fusion inhibitory lipopeptide prevents direct contact SARS-CoV-2 transmission in ferrets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.04.361154v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Containment of the COVID-19 pandemic requires reducing viral transmission. SARS-CoV-2 infection is initiated by membrane fusion between the viral and host cell membranes, mediated by the viral spike protein. We have designed a dimeric lipopeptide fusion inhibitor that blocks this critical first step of infection for emerging coronaviruses and document that it completely prevents SARS-CoV-2 infection in ferrets. Daily intranasal administration to ferrets completely prevented SARS-CoV-2 direct-contact transmission during 24-hour co-housing with infected animals, under stringent conditions that resulted in infection of 100% of untreated animals. These lipopeptides are highly stable and non-toxic and thus readily translate into a safe and effective intranasal prophylactic approach to reduce transmission of SARS-CoV-2.

One-sentence summaryA dimeric form of a SARS-CoV-2-derived lipopeptide is a potent inhibitor of fusion and infection in vitro and transmission in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Vries, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitz, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bovier, F. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noack, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haagmans, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rockx, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gellman, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alabi, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Swart, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MOSCONA, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porotto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.04.361154</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intranasal fusion inhibitory lipopeptide prevents direct contact SARS-CoV-2 transmission in ferrets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.04.367136v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rad51 paralog complex Rad55-Rad57 acts as a molecular chaperone during homologous recombination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.04.367136v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Homologous recombination (HR) is essential for the maintenance of genome integrity. Rad51 paralogs fulfill a conserved, but undefined role in HR, and their mutations are associated with increased cancer risk in humans. Here, we use single-molecule imaging to reveal that the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad51 paralog complex Rad55-Rad57 promotes the assembly of Rad51 recombinase filaments through transient interactions, providing evidence that it acts as a classical molecular chaperone. Srs2 is an ATP-dependent anti-recombinase that downregulates HR by actively dismantling Rad51 filaments. Contrary to the current model, we find that Rad55- Rad57 does not physically block the movement of Srs2. Instead, Rad55-Rad57 promotes rapid re- assembly of Rad51 filaments after their disruption by Srs2. Our findings support a model in which Rad51 is in flux between free and ssDNA-bound states, the rate of which is dynamically controlled though the opposing actions of Rad55-Rad57 and Srs2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roy, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marie, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Symington, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sung, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisby, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.04.367136</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rad51 paralog complex Rad55-Rad57 acts as a molecular chaperone during homologous recombination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.07.372573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic composition and evolution of the prevalent Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineages 2 and 4 in the Chinese and Zhejiang Province populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.07.372573v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The causative agent of tuberculosis (TB) comprises seven human-adapted lineages. Human movements and host genetics are crucial to TB dissemination. We analyzed whole-genome sequencing data for a countrywide collection of 1154 isolates and a provincial collection of 1296 isolates, constructed the best-scoring maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree, conducted Bayesian evolutionary analysis to compute the most recent common ancestors of lineages 2 and 4, and assessed the antigenic diversity in human T cell epitopes by calculating pairwise dN/dS ratios. Of the 1296 Zhejiang isolates, 964 (74.38%) belonged to lineage 2 and 332 (25.62%) belonged to lineage 4. L2.2 is the most ancient sub-lineage in Zhejiang, first appearing approximately 6897 years ago (95% HDI: 6513-7298). L4.4 is the most modern sub-lineage, first appearing approximately 2217 years ago (95% HDI: 1864-2581). The dN/dS ratios revealed that the epitope and non-epitope regions of lineage 2 strains were significantly (P<0.001) more conserved than those of lineage 4. An increase in the frequency of lineage 4 may reflect its successful transmission over the last 20 years. The recent common ancestors and transmission routes of the sub-lineages are related to the entry of humans into China and Zhejiang Province.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barun, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreiswirth, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.07.372573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic composition and evolution of the prevalent Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineages 2 and 4 in the Chinese and Zhejiang Province populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.08.373712v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptive current-flow models of ECT: Explaining individual static impedance, dynamic impedance, and brain current delivery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.08.373712v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundImprovements in electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) outcomes have followed refinement in device electrical output and electrode montage. The physical properties of the ECT stimulus, together with those of the patients head, determine the impedances measured by the device and govern current delivery to the brain and ECT outcomes.

ObjectiveHowever, the precise relations among physical properties of the stimulus, patient head anatomy, and patient-specific impedance to the passage of current are long-standing questions in ECT research and practice.

MethodsWe developed anatomical MRI-derived models of transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) that included changes in tissue conductivity due to local electrical current flow. These "adaptive" models simulate ECT both during therapeutic stimulation using high (~1 A) current and when dynamic impedance is measured, as well as prior to stimulation when low (~1 mA) current is used to measure static impedance. We modeled two scalp layers: a superficial scalp layer with adaptive conductivity that increases with electric field up to a subject specific maximum [Formula], and a deep scalp layer with a subject-specific fixed conductivity ({sigma}DS).

ResultsWe demonstrate that variation in these scalp parameters explain clinical data on subject-specific static impedance and dynamic impedance, their imperfect correlation across subjects, their relationships to seizure threshold, and the role of head anatomy. Adaptive tES models demonstrate that current flow changes local tissue conductivity which in turn shapes current delivery to the brain in a manner not accounted for in fixed tissue conductivity models.

ConclusionsOur predictions that variation in individual skin properties, rather than other aspects of anatomy, largely govern the relationship between static impedance, dynamic impedance, and current delivery to the brain, are themselves subject to assumptions about tissue properties. Broadly, our novel pipeline for tES models is important in ongoing efforts to optimize devices, personalize interventions, and explain clinical findings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Unal, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swami, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canela, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khadka, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Short, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Argyelan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sackeim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bikson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.08.373712</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptive current-flow models of ECT: Explaining individual static impedance, dynamic impedance, and brain current delivery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.10.330183v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Bayesian Nonparametric Model for Inferring Subclonal Populations from Structured DNA Sequencing Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.10.330183v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There are distinguishing features or "hallmarks" of cancer that are found across tumors, individuals, and types of cancer, and these hallmarks can be driven by specific genetic mutations. Yet, within a single tumor there is often extensive genetic heterogeneity as evidenced by single-cell and bulk DNA sequencing data. The goal of this work is to jointly infer the underlying genotypes of tumor subpopulations and the distribution of those subpopulations in individual tumors by integrating single-cell and bulk sequencing data. Understanding the genetic composition of the tumor at the time of treatment is important in the personalized design of targeted therapeutic combinations and monitoring for possible recurrence after treatment.

We propose a hierarchical Dirichlet process mixture model that incorporates the correlation structure induced by a structured sampling arrangement and we show that this model improves the quality of inference. We develop a representation of the hierarchical Dirichlet process prior as a Gamma-Poisson hierarchy and we use this representation to derive a fast Gibbs sampling inference algorithm using the augment-and-marginalize method. Experiments with simulation data show that our model outperforms standard numerical and statistical methods for decomposing admixed count data. Analyses of real acute lymphoblastic leukemia cancer sequencing dataset shows that our model improves upon state-of-the-art bioinformatic methods. An interpretation of the results of our model on this real dataset reveals co-mutated loci across samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarsani, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flaherty, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.10.330183</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Bayesian Nonparametric Model for Inferring Subclonal Populations from Structured DNA Sequencing Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.10.377069v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenome-wide study of brain DNA methylation among opioid users and controls 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.10.377069v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Opioid abuse poses significant risk to individuals in the United States and epigenetic changes are a leading potential biomarker of abuse. Current evidence, however, is mostly limited to candidate gene analysis in whole blood. To clarify the association between opioid abuse and DNA methylation, we conducted an epigenome-wide analysis (EWAS) of DNA methylation in brains of individuals who died from opioid intoxication and controls. Tissue samples were extracted from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of 160 deceased individuals (Mage = 35.15, SD = 9.42 years; 62% male; 78% White). The samples included 73 individuals who died of opioid intoxication, 59 group-matched psychiatric controls, and 28 group-matched normal controls. EWAS was implemented using the Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip; analyses adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, negative control and ancestry principal components, cellular composition, and surrogate variables. Epigenetic age was calculated using the Horvath and Levine clocks, and gene ontology (GO) analyses were performed. No CpG sites were epigenome-wide significant after multiple testing correction, but 13 sites reached nominal significance (p < 1.0 x 10-5). There was a significant association between opioid use and Levine phenotypic age (b = 2.24, se = 1.11, p = .045). Opioid users were approximately two years phenotypically older compared to controls. GO analyses revealed enriched pathways related to cell function and neuron differentiation, but no terms survived multiple testing correction. Results inform our understanding of the neurobiology of opioid use, and future research with larger samples across stages of opioid use will elucidate the complex genomics of opioid abuse.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sosnowski, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deep-Soboslay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabunciyan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maher, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.10.377069</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenome-wide study of brain DNA methylation among opioid users and controls]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.11.378729v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure and variability of optogenetic responses identify the operating regime of cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.11.378729v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The visual cortex receives non-sensory inputs containing behavioral and brain state information. Here we propose a parallel between optogenetic and behavioral modulations of activity and characterize their impact on cell-type-specific V1 processing under a common theoretical framework. We infer cell-type-specific circuitry from large-scale V1 recordings and demonstrate that, given strong recurrent excitation, the cell-type-specific responses imply key aspects of the known connectivity. In the inferred models, parvalbumin-expressing (PV), but not other, interneurons have responses to perturbations that we show theoretically imply that their activity stabilizes the circuit. We infer inputs that explain locomotion-induced changes in firing rates and find that, contrary to hypotheses of simple disinhibition, locomotory drive to VIP cells and to SOM cells largely cancel, with enhancement of excitatory-cell visual responses likely due to direct locomotory drive to them. We show that this SOM/VIP cancellation is a property emerging from V1 connectivity structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Palmigiano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fumarola, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mossing, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraynyukova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adesnik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.11.378729</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure and variability of optogenetic responses identify the operating regime of cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.13.380550v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cellular and immunological mechanisms mediate reservoir host specialization by genotypically variable microparasites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.13.380550v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Host specialization is an ecological and evolutionary process by which a pathogen becomes differentially adapted to a subset of hosts, restricting its host range. For parasites transmitted by generalist vectors, host specialization is not expected to evolve because of the decreased survival of those parasites in inadequate hosts. Thus, parasites may develop adaptation strategies, resulting in host specialization. The causative agents of Lyme disease are multiple species of bacteria, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species complex (Bbsl), and are suitable for examining host specialization as birds and rodents were found to carry different species of these bacteria. Debate exists on whether host specialization occurs among these strains within a particular species of Bbsl, such as B. burgdorferi sensu stricto (Bbss). Current evidence supports some Bbss strains are widespread in white-footed mice but others are in non-rodent vertebrates, such as birds. To recapitulate specialization in the laboratory and define the mechanisms for host specialization, we introduced different genotypes of Bbss via tick transmission to American robins and white-footed mice, the Lyme disease reservoirs in North America. Among these strains, we found distinct levels of spirochete presence in the bloodstream and tissues and maintenance by these animals in a host-dependent fashion. We showed that the late stage persistence of these strains largely corresponds to bacterial survival at early infection onsets. We also demonstrated that those early survival phenotypes correspond to spirochete adhesiveness, evasion of complement-mediated killing in sera, and/or not triggering high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and antibodies. Our findings thus link host competence to Bbss with spirochete genotypic variation of adhesiveness and inducing/escaping host immune responses, illuminating the potential mechanisms that dictate host specialization. Such information will provide a foundation for further investigation into multi-disciplinary processes driving host specialization of microparasites.

AUTHOR SUMMARYHost specialization arises when microparasites adapt to a subset of available hosts, restricting the host ranges they can infect. The mechanisms and selective pressures for the evolution of host specialization remain unclear. The causative agent of Lyme disease (LD), the bacteria species complex of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, is adapted to different vertebrates. However, whether such a differential host adaption also applies to each genotype within the same species is under debate. Further, the mechanisms that drive such host specialization are unclear. We thus introduced three genotypes of one LD bacteria species (B. burgdorferi sensu stricto) individually via tick bite to American robins and white-footed mice, the most common LD reservoirs in North America. We found that these genotypes differed in the persistent maintenance by those reservoirs and occurred in a host-specific fashion. The ability of those bacteria for long-term maintenance was linked with their capability to attach to cells and a lack of induction of high levels of immune responses at early infection onsets. This work demonstrates the potential mechanisms that dictate host specialization of LD bacteria circulating in natural populations. Such information will pave the road to define the molecular, ecological, and evolutionary determinants that drive host-microparasite interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tufts, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupuis, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Combs, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcinkiewicz, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirsbrunner, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stout, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blom, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strle, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diuk-Wasser, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.13.380550</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cellular and immunological mechanisms mediate reservoir host specialization by genotypically variable microparasites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.13.381756v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Upregulated functionality of mitochondria-associated ER membranes in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.13.381756v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can lead to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimers disease (AD) through mechanisms that remain incompletely characterized. Similar to AD, TBI models present with cellular metabolic alterations and modulated cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP). Specifically, AD and TBI tissues display increases in amyloid-{beta} as well as its precursor, APP C-terminal fragment of 99 a.a. (C99). Our recent data in cell models of AD indicate that C99, due to its affinity for cholesterol, induces the formation of transient lipid raft domains in the ER known as mitochondria-associated ER membranes ("MAM" domains). The formation of these domains recruits and activates specific lipid metabolic enzymes that regulate cellular cholesterol trafficking and sphingolipid turnover. Increased C99 levels in AD cell models promote MAM formation and significantly modulate cellular lipid homeostasis. Here, these phenotypes were recapitulated in the controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of TBI in adult mice. Specifically, the injured cortex and hippocampus displayed significant increases in C99 and MAM activity, as measured by phospholipid synthesis, sphingomyelinase activity and cholesterol turnover. In addition, our cell type-specific lipidomics analyses revealed significant changes in microglial lipid composition that are consistent with the observed alterations in MAM-resident enzymes. Altogether, we propose that alterations in the regulation of MAM and relevant lipid metabolic pathways could contribute to the epidemiological connection between TBI and AD.



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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larrea, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmanuele, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cummins, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macaluso, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kernie, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deckelbaum, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Area-Gomez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.13.381756</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Upregulated functionality of mitochondria-associated ER membranes in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.14.382861v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decreasing pdzd8-mediated mitochondrial-ER contacts in neurons improves fitness by increasing mitophagy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.14.382861v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The complex cellular architecture of neurons combined with their longevity makes maintaining a healthy mitochondrial network particularly important and challenging. One of the many roles of mitochondrial-ER contact sites (MERCs) is to mediate mitochondrial quality control through regulating mitochondrial turn over. Pdzd8 is a newly discovered MERC protein, the organismal functions of which have not yet been explored. Here we identify and provide the first functional characterization of the Drosophila melanogaster ortholog of Pdzd8. We find that reducing pdzd8-mediated MERCs in neurons slows age-associated decline in locomotor activity and increases lifespan in Drosophila. The protective effects of pdzd8 knockdown in neurons correlate with an increase in mitophagy, suggesting that increased mitochondrial turnover may support healthy aging of neurons. In contrast, increasing MERCs by expressing a constitutive, synthetic ER-mitochondria tether disrupts mitochondrial transport and synapse formation, accelerates age-related decline in locomotion and reduces lifespan. We also show that depletion of pdzd8 rescues the locomotor defects characterizing an Alzheimers disease (AD) fly model over-expressing Amyloid{beta}1-42 (A{beta}42) and prolongs the survival of flies fed with mitochondrial toxins. Together, our results provide the first in vivo evidence that MERCs mediated by the tethering protein pdzd8 play a critical role in the regulation of mitochondrial quality control and neuronal homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hewitt, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller-Fleming, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreazza, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattedi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prudent, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polleux, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vagnoni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitworth, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.14.382861</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decreasing pdzd8-mediated mitochondrial-ER contacts in neurons improves fitness by increasing mitophagy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.15.383539v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TCRβ Sequencing Reveals Spatial and Temporal Evolution of Clonal CD4 T cell Responses in a Breach of Tolerance Model of Inflammatory Arthritis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.15.383539v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Effective tolerogenic intervention in Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) will rely upon understanding the evolution of articular antigen specific CD4 T cell responses. TCR clonality of endogenous CD4 T cell infiltrates in early inflammatory arthritis was assessed to monitor evolution of the TCR repertoire in the inflamed joint and associated lymph node (LN). Mouse models of antigen-induced breach of self-tolerance and chronic polyarthritis were used to recapitulate early and late phases of RA. The infiltrating endogenous, antigen experienced CD4 T cells in inflamed joints and LNs were analysed using flow cytometry and TCR{beta} sequencing. TCR repertoires from inflamed late phase LNs displayed increased clonality and diversity compared to early phase LNs, while inflamed joints remained similar with time. Repertoires from late phase LNs accumulated clones with a diverse range of TRBV genes, while inflamed joints at both phases contained clones expressing similar TRBV genes. Repertoires from LNs and joints at the late phase displayed reduced CDR3{beta} sequence overlap compared to the early disease phase, however the most abundant clones in LNs accumulate in the joint at the later phase. The results indicate CD4 T cell repertoire clonality and diversity broadens with progression of inflammatory arthritis and is first reflected in LNs before mirroring in the joint. These observations imply that antigen specific tolerogenic therapies could be more effective if targeted at earlier phases of disease when CD4 T cell clonality is least diverse.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Al Khabouri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benson, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prendergast, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otto, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brewer, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garside, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.15.383539</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TCRβ Sequencing Reveals Spatial and Temporal Evolution of Clonal CD4 T cell Responses in a Breach of Tolerance Model of Inflammatory Arthritis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.17.387522v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Environmental specialization and cryptic genetic divergence in two massive coral species from the Florida Keys Reef Tract 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.17.387522v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Broadcast-spawning coral species have wide geographic ranges, spanning strong environmental gradients, but it is unclear how much spatially varying selection these gradients actually impose. Strong divergent selection might present a considerable barrier for demographic exchange between disparate reef habitats. We investigated whether the cross-shelf gradient (nearshore - offshore - deep) is associated with spatially varying selection in two common coral species, Montastraea cavernosa and Siderastrea siderea, in the Florida Keys. Toward this end, we generated a de novo genome assembly for M. cavernosa and used 2bRAD to genotype 20 juveniles and 20 adults of both species from each of the three reef zones to identify signatures of selection occurring within a single generation. Unexpectedly, each species was found to be composed of four genetically distinct lineages, with gene flow between them still ongoing but highly reduced in 13.0-54.7% of the genome. Each species includes two sympatric lineages that are only found in the deep (20 m) habitat, while the other lineages are found almost exclusively on the shallower reefs (3-10 m). The two "shallow" lineages of M. cavernosa are also specialized for either nearshore or offshore: comparison between adult and juvenile cohorts indicates that cross-shelf migrants are more than twice as likely to die before reaching adulthood than local recruits. Siderastrea siderea and M. cavernosa are among the most ecologically successful species on the degraded Florida Keys Reef Tract, and this work offers important insight on the genomic background of divergent selection and environmental specialization that may in part explain their resilience and broad environmental range.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rippe, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixon, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuller, Z. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matz, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.17.387522</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Environmental specialization and cryptic genetic divergence in two massive coral species from the Florida Keys Reef Tract]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.23.394320v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contextual inference underlies the learning of sensorimotor repertoires 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.23.394320v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans spend a lifetime learning, storing and refining a repertoire of motor memories. However, it is unknown what principle underlies the way our continuous stream of sensorimotor experience is segmented into separate memories and how we adapt and use this growing repertoire. Here we develop a principled theory of motor learning based on the key insight that memory creation, updating, and expression are all controlled by a single computation - contextual inference. Unlike dominant theories of single-context learning, our repertoire-learning model accounts for key features of motor learning that had no unified explanation and predicts novel phenomena, which we confirm experimentally. These results suggest that contextual inference is the key principle underlying how a diverse set of experiences is reflected in motor behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heald, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lengyel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolpert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.23.394320</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contextual inference underlies the learning of sensorimotor repertoires]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.23.394916v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting perturbation effects from resting state activity using functional causal flow 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.23.394916v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A crucial challenge in targeted manipulation of neural activity is to identify perturbation sites whose stimulation exerts significant effects downstream (high efficacy), a procedure currently achieved by labor-intensive trial-and-error. Targeted perturbations will be greatly facilitated by understanding causal interactions within neural ensembles and predicting the efficacy of perturbation sites before intervention. Here, we address this issue by developing a computational framework to predict how single-site micorstimulation alters the ensemble spiking activity in an alert monkeys prefrontal cortex. Our framework uses delay embedding techniques to infer the ensembles functional causal flow (FCF) based on the functional interactions inferred at rest. We validate FCF using ground truth data from models of cortical circuits, showing that FCF is robust to noise and can be inferred from brief recordings of even a small fraction of neurons in the circuit. A detailed comparison of FCF with several alternative methods, including Granger causality and transfer entropy, highlighted the advantages of FCF in predicting perturbation effects on empirical data. Our results provide the foundation for using targeted circuit manipulations to develop targeted interventions suitable for brain-machine interfaces and ameliorating cognitive dysfunctions in the human brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nejatbakhsh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fumarola, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esteki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toyoizumi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazzucato, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.23.394916</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting perturbation effects from resting state activity using functional causal flow]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.26.400580v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential effects of amplitude-modulated transcranial focused ultrasound on excitatory and inhibitory neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.26.400580v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although stimulation with ultrasound has been shown to modulate brain activity at multiple scales, it remains unclear whether transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation (tFUS) exerts its influence on specific cell types. Here we propose a novel form of tFUS where a continuous waveform is amplitude modulated (AM) at a slow rate (i.e., 40 Hz) targeting the temporal range of electrophysiological activity: AM-tFUS. We stimulated the rat hippocampus while recording multi-unit activity (MUA) followed by classification of spike waveforms into putative excitatory pyramidal cells and inhibitory interneurons. At low acoustic intensity, AM-tFUS selectively reduced firing rates of inhibitory interneurons. On the other hand, higher intensity AM-tFUS increased firing of putative excitatory neurons with no effect on inhibitory firing. Interestingly, firing rate was unchanged during AM-tFUS at intermediate intensity. Consistent with the observed changes in firing rate, power in the theta band (3-10 Hz) of the local field potential (LFP) decreased at low-intensity, was unchanged at intermediate intensity, and increased at higher intensity. Temperature increases at the AM-tFUS target were limited to 0.2{degrees}C. Our findings indicate that inhibitory interneurons exhibit greater sensitivity to ultrasound, and that cell-type specific neuromodulation may be achieved by calibrating the intensity of AM-tFUS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berisha, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konofagou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dmochowski, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.26.400580</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential effects of amplitude-modulated transcranial focused ultrasound on excitatory and inhibitory neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.27.399444v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Precise spatial representations in the hippocampus of a food-caching bird 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.27.399444v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hippocampus is an ancient neural circuit required for the formation of episodic memories. In mammals, this ability is thought to depend on well-documented patterns of neural activity, including place cells and sharp wave ripples. Notably, neither pattern has been found in non-mammals, despite compelling examples of episodic-like memory across a wide range of vertebrates. Does episodic memory nonetheless have a universal implementation across distant neural systems? We addressed this question by recording neural activity in the hippocampus of the tufted titmouse - an intense memory specialist from a food-caching family of birds. These birds cache large numbers of food items at scattered, concealed locations and use hippocampus-dependent memory to retrieve their caches. We found remarkably precise spatial representations akin to classic place cells, as well as sharp wave ripples, in the titmouse hippocampus. These patterns were organized along similar anatomical axes to those found in mammals. In contrast, spatial coding was weaker in a different, non-food-caching bird species. Our findings suggest a striking conservation of hippocampal mechanisms across distant vertebrates, in spite of vastly divergent anatomy and cytoarchitecture. At the same time, these results demonstrate that the exact implementation of such common mechanisms may conform to the unique ethological needs of different species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Payne, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.27.399444</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Precise spatial representations in the hippocampus of a food-caching bird]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.30.404087v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unified AI framework to uncover deep interrelationships between gene expression and Alzheimer's disease neuropathologies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.30.404087v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep neural networks offer a promising approach for capturing complex, non-linear relationships among variables. Because they require immense sample sizes, their potential has yet to be fully tapped for understanding complex relationships between gene expression and human phenotypes. Encouragingly, a growing number of diseases are being studied through consortium efforts. Here we introduce a new analysis framework, namely MD-AD (Multi-task Deep learning for Alzheimers Disease neuropathology), which leverages an unexpected synergy between deep neural networks and multi-cohort settings. In these settings, true joint analysis can be stymied using conventional statistical methods, which (1) require "harmonized" phenotypes (i.e., measured in a highly consistent manner) and (2) tend to capture cohort-level variations, obscuring the subtler true disease signals. Instead, MD-AD incorporates multiple related phenotypes sparsely measured across cohorts, and learns complex, non-linear interactions between genes and phenotypes not discovered using conventional expression data analysis methods (e.g., component analysis and module detection), enabling the model to capture subtler signals than cohort-level variations. Applied to the largest available collection of brain samples (N=1,758), we demonstrate that MD-AD learns a truly generalizable relationship between gene expression program and AD-related neuropathology. The learned program generalizes in several important ways, including recapitulation of the disease progress in animal models and across tissue types, and we show that such generalizability is not achieved by previous statistical paradigms. Its ability to identify genes with high non-linear relevance to neuropathology enabled us to identify a sex-specific relationship between neuropathology and immune response across microglia, providing a nuanced context for association between inflammatory genes and AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beebe-Wang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturmfels, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostafavi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.30.404087</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unified AI framework to uncover deep interrelationships between gene expression and Alzheimer's disease neuropathologies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.01.404806v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential integrin adhesome expression defines human natural killer cell residency and developmental stage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.01.404806v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune cells that reside within tissue and circulate in peripheral blood. As such, they interact with a variety of complex microenvironments, yet how NK cells engage with these varied microenvironments is not well documented. The integrin adhesome represents a molecular network of defined and predicted integrin-mediated signaling interactions. Here, we define the integrin adhesome expression profile of NK cells from tonsil, peripheral blood and those derived from hematopoietic precursors through stromal cell coculture systems. We report that the site of cell isolation and NK cell developmental stage dictate differences in expression of adhesome associated genes and proteins. Furthermore, we define differences in cortical actin content associated with differential expression of actin regulating proteins, suggesting that differences in adhesome expression are associated with differences in cortical actin homeostasis. Together, these data provide new understanding into the diversity of human NK cell populations and how they engage with their microenvironment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hegewisch Solloa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mundy-Bosse, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maurrasse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grunstein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connors, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freud, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mace, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.01.404806</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential integrin adhesome expression defines human natural killer cell residency and developmental stage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.01.405720v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biliverdin reductase bridges focal adhesion kinase to Src to modulate synaptic signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.01.405720v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synapses are complex bridges that connect discrete neurons into vast networks that send, receive, and encode diverse forms of information. However, they must remain dynamic in order to adapt to changing inputs. Here, we report that the enzyme biliverdin reductase (BVR) physically links together key molecules in focal adhesion signaling at the synapse. In challenging mice with a battery of neurocognitive tasks, we first discover that BVR null (BVR-/-) mice exhibit profound deficits in learning and memory. We uncover that these deficits may be explained by a loss of focal adhesion signaling that is both transcriptionally and biochemically disrupted in BVR-/- hippocampi. We learn that BVR mediates focal adhesion signaling by physically bridging the initiatory kinases FAK/Pyk2 to the effector kinase Src. Activated Src normally promotes synaptic plasticity by phosphorylating the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, but FAK/Pyk2 are unable to bind and stimulate Src without BVR. Src itself is a molecular hub upon which many signaling pathways converge in order to stimulate NMDA neurotransmission, positioning BVR at a prominent intersection of synaptic signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vasavda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semenza, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liew, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kothari, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhindsa, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shanmukha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricco, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tokhunts, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snowman, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albacarys, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.01.405720</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biliverdin reductase bridges focal adhesion kinase to Src to modulate synaptic signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.01.406363v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single cell profiling reveals novel tumor and myeloid subpopulations in small cell lung cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.01.406363v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive malignancy that includes subtypes defined by differential expression of ASCL1, NEUROD1, and POU2F3 (SCLC-A, -N, and -P, respectively), which are associated with distinct therapeutic vulnerabilities. To define the heterogeneity of tumors and their associated microenvironments across subtypes, we sequenced 54,523 cellular transcriptomes from 21 human biospecimens. Our single-cell SCLC atlas reveals tumor diversity exceeding lung adenocarcinoma, driven by canonical, intermediate, and admixed subtypes. We discovered a PLCG2-high tumor cell population with stem-like, pro-metastatic features that recurs across subtypes and predicts worse overall survival, and manipulation of PLCG2 expression in cells confirms correlation with key metastatic markers. Treatment and subtype are associated with substantial phenotypic changes in the SCLC immune microenvironment, with greater T-cell dysfunction in SCLC-N than SCLC-A. Moreover, the recurrent, PLCG2-high subclone is associated with exhausted CD8+ T-cells and a pro-fibrotic, immunosuppressive monocyte/macrophage population, suggesting possible tumor-immune coordination to promote metastasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chan, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quintanal-Villalonga, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allaj, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhary, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masilionis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walle, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarlagadda, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Offin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciampricotti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhanot, U. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, W. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bott, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollmann, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poirier, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawy, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazutis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe'er, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudin, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.01.406363</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single cell profiling reveals novel tumor and myeloid subpopulations in small cell lung cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.05.413161v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct Contributions of Nonpredictive and Predictive Peripheral Cues to Visual Conscious Perception: an MEG study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.05.413161v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How do attentional networks influence conscious perception? To answer this question, we used magnetoencephalography (MEG) in human participants, and assessed the effects of spatially nonpredictive or predictive supra-threshold peripheral cues on the conscious perception of near-threshold Gabors. Three main results emerged. (1) As compared with invalid cues, both nonpredictive and predictive valid cues increased conscious detection. Yet, only predictive cues shifted the response criterion towards a more liberal decision (i.e., willingness to report the presence of a target under conditions of greater perceptual uncertainty) and affected target contrast leading to 50% detections. (2) Conscious perception following valid predictive cues was associated to enhanced activity in frontoparietal networks. These responses were lateralized to the left hemisphere during attentional orienting, and to the right hemisphere during target processing. The involvement of frontoparietal networks occurred earlier in valid than in invalid trials, a possible neural marker of the cost of re-orienting attention. (3) When detected targets were preceded by invalid predictive cues, and thus reorienting to the target was required, neural responses occurred in left hemisphere temporo-occipital regions during attentional orienting, and in right hemisphere anterior insular and temporo-occipital regions during target processing. These results confirm and specify the role of frontoparietal networks in modulating conscious processing, and detail how invalid orienting of spatial attention disrupts conscious processing.

Significance StatementDo we need to pay attention to external objects in order to become aware of them? Characterizing the spatiotemporal dynamics of attentional effects on visual perception is critical to understand how humans process and select relevant information. Participants detected near-threshold visual targets preceded by supra-threshold spatial cues with varying degrees of predictivity, while their brain activity was recorded using magnetoencephalography. Results demonstrated that valid predictive cues biased participants conscious perception through an early recruitment of frontoparietal regions, and that attentional costs associated to invalid predictive cues were related to activation of the right hemisphere ventral network. This work characterizes the neural dynamics associated with the cost of attentional reorienting on conscious processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spagna, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayle, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romeo, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yahia-Cherif, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chica, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartolomeo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.05.413161</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct Contributions of Nonpredictive and Predictive Peripheral Cues to Visual Conscious Perception: an MEG study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.05.413179v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ucp2-dependent microglia-neuronal coupling controls ventral hippocampal circuit function and anxiety-like behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.05.413179v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microglia have been implicated in synapse remodeling by phagocytosis of synaptic elements in the adult brain. However, the underlying mechanism of such process is ill-defined. By examining microglia-neuronal interaction in the ventral hippocampus, we found a significant reduction in spine synapse number during the light phase of the light/dark cycle accompanied by increased microglial phagocytosis. This was followed by a transient rise in microglial production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and uncoupling protein 2 (Ucp2) expression, which is a regulator of mitochondrial ROS generation. Conditional ablation of microglial Ucp2 hindered phasic elimination of spine synapses, increased accumulations of ROS and lysosome-lipid droplet complexes leading to hippocampal circuitry disruption assessed by electrophysiology, and, altered anxiety-like behavior. These observations unmasked a novel and chronotypical interaction between microglia and neurons involved in control of brain functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Horvath, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yasumoto, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoiljkovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sestan-Pesa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, X.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.05.413179</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ucp2-dependent microglia-neuronal coupling controls ventral hippocampal circuit function and anxiety-like behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.07.398289v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Paired motor cortex and spinal cord epidural stimulation strengthens sensorimotor connections and improves forelimb function after cervical spinal cord injury in rats. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.07.398289v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Associative plasticity occurs when two stimuli converge on a common neural target. Previous efforts to promote associative plasticity have targeted cortex, with variable and moderate effects. In addition, the targeted circuits are inferred, rather than tested directly. In contrast, we sought to target the strong convergence between motor and sensory systems in the spinal cord.

We developed spinal cord associative plasticity (SCAP), precisely timed pairing of motor cortex and dorsal spinal cord stimulations, to target this interaction. We tested the hypothesis that properly timed paired stimulation would strengthen the sensorimotor connections in the spinal cord and improve recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI). We tested physiological effects of paired stimulation, the pathways that mediate it, and its function in a preclinical trial.

Subthreshold spinal cord stimulation strongly augmented motor cortex evoked muscle potentials at the time they were paired, but only when they arrived synchronously in the spinal cord. This paired stimulation effect depended on both cortical descending motor and spinal cord proprioceptive afferents; selective inactivation of either of these pathways fully abrogated the paired stimulation effect. SCAP, repetitive pairing of these pathways for 5 or 30 minutes in awake rats, increased spinal excitability for hours after pairing ended. To apply SCAP as therapy, we optimized the parameters to promote strong and long-lasting effects. This effect was just as strong in rats with cervical SCI as in uninjured rats, demonstrating that spared connections after moderate SCI were sufficient to support plasticity. In a blinded trial, rats received a moderate C4 contusive SCI. Ten days after injury, they were randomized to 30 minutes of SCAP each day for 10 days or sham stimulation. Rats with SCAP had significantly improved function on the primary outcome measure, a test of dexterity during manipulation of food, at 50 days after SCI. In addition, rats with SCAP had persistently stronger responses to cortical and spinal stimulation than sham stimulation rats, indicating a spinal locus of plasticity. SCAP rats had lasting improvements in H-reflex modulation. The groups had no difference in the rat grimace scale, a measure of pain.

We conclude that SCAP strengthens sensorimotor connections within the spinal cord, resulting in improved reflex modulation and forelimb function after moderate SCI. Since both motor cortex and spinal cord stimulation are performed routinely in humans, this approach can be trialed in people with SCI or other disorders that damage sensorimotor connections and impair dexterity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramamurthy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asan, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bethea, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnkutty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmel, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.07.398289</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Paired motor cortex and spinal cord epidural stimulation strengthens sensorimotor connections and improves forelimb function after cervical spinal cord injury in rats.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.10.418947v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
No behavioral evidence for rhythmic facilitation of perceptual discrimination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.10.418947v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It has been hypothesized that internal oscillations can synchronize (i.e., entrain) to external environmental rhythms, thereby facilitating perception and behavior. To date, evidence for the link between the phase of neural oscillations and behavior has been scarce and contradictory; moreover, it remains an open question whether the brain can use this tentative mechanism for active temporal prediction. In our present study, we conducted a series of auditory pitch discrimination tasks with 181 healthy participants in an effort to shed light on the proposed behavioral benefits of rhythmic cueing and entrainment. In the three versions of our task, we observed no perceptual benefit of purported entrainment: targets occurring in-phase with a rhythmic cue provided no perceptual benefits in terms of discrimination accuracy or reaction time when compared with targets occurring out-of-phase or targets occurring randomly, nor did we find performance differences for targets preceded by rhythmic vs. random cues. However, we found a surprising effect of cueing frequency on reaction time, in which participants showed faster responses to cue rhythms presented at higher frequencies. We therefore provide no evidence of entrainment, but instead a tentative effect of covert active sensing in which a faster external rhythm leads to a faster communication rate between motor and sensory cortices, allowing for sensory inputs to be sampled earlier in time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oetringer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakker-Marshall, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmerzaal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilsch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ElShafei, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El Rassi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haegens, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.10.418947</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[No behavioral evidence for rhythmic facilitation of perceptual discrimination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.10.419663v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A broad exome study of the genetic architecture of asthma reveals novel patient subgroups 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.10.419663v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionAsthma risk is a complex interplay between genetic susceptibility and environment. Despite many significantly-associated common variants, the contribution of rarer variants with potentially greater effect sizes has not been as extensively studied. We present an exome-based study adopting 24,576 cases and 120,530 controls to assess the contribution of rare protein-coding variants to the risk of early-onset or all-comer asthma.

MethodsWe performed case-control analyses on three genetic units: variant-, gene- and pathway-level, using sequence data from the Scandinavian Asthma Genetic Study and UK Biobank participants with asthma. Cases were defined as all-comer asthma (n=24,576) and early-onset asthma (n=5,962). Controls were 120,530 UK Biobank participants without reported history of respiratory illness.

ResultsVariant-level analyses identified statistically significant variants at moderate-to-common allele frequency, including protein-truncating variants in FLG and IL33. Asthma risk was significantly increased not only by individual, common FLG protein-truncating variants, but also among the collection of rare-to-private FLG protein-truncating variants (p=6.8x10-7). This signal was driven by early-onset asthma and did not correlate with circulating eosinophil levels. In contrast, a single splice variant in IL33 was significantly protective (p=8.0x10-10), while the collection of remaining IL33 protein-truncating variants showed no class effect (p=0.54). A pathway-based analysis identified that protein-truncating variants in loss-of-function intolerant genes were significantly enriched among individuals with asthma.

ConclusionsAccess to the full allele frequency spectrum of protein-coding variants provides additional clarity about the potential mechanisms of action for FLG and IL33. Beyond these two significant drivers, we detected a significant enrichment of protein-truncating variants in loss-of-function intolerant genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cameron-Christie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angermann, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lassi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindgren, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hühn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cameron-Christie, Y. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gavala, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Povysil, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deevi, S. V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belfield, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillmann, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muthas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Platt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrovski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.10.419663</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A broad exome study of the genetic architecture of asthma reveals novel patient subgroups]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.11.419887v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hippocampal cells multiplex positive and negative engrams 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.11.419887v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hippocampus is involved in processing a variety of mnemonic computations specifically the spatiotemporal components and emotional dimensions of contextual memory.1-3 Recent studies have demonstrated vast structural and functional heterogeneity along the dorsal-ventral axis1, 5 of the hippocampus. The ventral hippocampus has been shown to be important in the processing of emotion and valence.6-9 Here, we combine transgenic and all-virus based activity-dependent tagging strategies to visualize multiple valence-specific engrams in the vHPC and demonstrate two partially segregated cell populations and projections that respond to appetitive and aversive experiences. Next, using RNA sequencing and DNA methylation sequencing approaches, we find that vHPC appetitive and aversive engram cells display distinct transcriptional programs and DNA methylation landscapes compared to a neutral engram population. Additionally, while optogenetic manipulation of tagged cell bodies in vHPC is not sufficient to drive appetitive or aversive behavior in real-time place preference, stimulation of tagged vHPC terminals projecting to the amygdala and nucleus accumbens (NAc), but not the prefrontal cortex (PFC), had the capacity drive preference and avoidance. These terminals can also undergo a "switch" or "reset" in their capacity to drive either, thereby demonstrating their adaptable contributions to behavior. We conclude that the vHPC contains genetically, cellularly, and behaviorally distinct populations of cells processing appetitive and aversive memory engrams. Together, our findings provide a novel means by which to visualize multiple engrams within the same brain and point to their unique genetic signatures as reference maps for the future development of new therapeutic strategies.

One sentence summaryThe hippocampus contains neurons that correspond to positive and negative engrams, which are segregated by their molecular, cellular, and projection-specific features.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shpokayte, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKissick, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahsepar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruesch, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grella, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.11.419887</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hippocampal cells multiplex positive and negative engrams]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.413906v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using publicly available data to conduct rapid assessments of extinction risk 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.413906v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The IUCN Red List plays a key role in setting global conservation priorities. Species are added to the Red List through a rigorous assessment process that, while robust, can be quite time-intensive. Here, we test the rapid preliminary assessment of plant species extinction risk using a single Red List metric: Extent of Occurrence (EOO). To do so, we developed REBA (Rapid EOO-Based Assessment), a workflow that harvests and cleans data from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), calculates each species EOO, and assigns Red List categories based on that metric. We validated REBA results against 1,546 North American plant species already on the Red List and found ~90% overlap between REBAs rapid classifications and those of full IUCN assessments. Our preliminary workflow can be used to quickly evaluate data deficient Red List species or those in need of reassessment, and can prioritize unevaluated species for a full assessment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levin, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meek, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boom, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kross, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eskew, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.14.413906</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using publicly available data to conduct rapid assessments of extinction risk]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.422686v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Juvenile exposure to acute traumatic stress leads to long-lasting alterations in grey matter myelination in adult female but not male rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.422686v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stress early in life can have a major impact on brain development, and there is increasing evidence that childhood stress confers vulnerability for later developing psychiatric disorders. In particular, during peri-adolescence, brain regions crucial for emotional regulation, such as the prefrontal cortex (PFC), amygdala (AMY) and hippocampus (HPC), are still developing and are highly sensitive to stress. Changes in myelin levels have been implicated in mental illnesses and stress effects on myelin and oligodendrocytes (OLs) are beginning to be explored as a novel and underappreciated mechanism underlying psychopathologies. Yet there is little research on the effects of acute stress on myelin during peri-adolescence, and even less work exploring sex-differences. Here, we used a rodent model to test the hypothesis that exposure to acute traumatic stress as a juvenile would induce changes in OLs and myelin content across limbic brain regions. Male and female juvenile rats underwent three hours of restraint stress with exposure to a predator odor on postnatal day (p) 28. Acute stress induced a physiological response, increasing corticosterone release and reducing weight gain in stress-exposed animals. Brain sections containing the PFC, AMY and HPC were taken either in adolescence (p40), or in adulthood (p95) and stained for markers of OLs and myelin. We found that acute stress induced sex-specific changes in grey matter (GM) myelination and OLs in both the short- and long-term. Exposure to a single stressor as a juvenile increased GM myelin content in the AMY and HPC in p40 males, compared to the respective control group. At p40, corticosterone release during stress exposure was also positively correlated with GM myelin content in the AMY of male rats. Single exposure to juvenile stress also led to long-term effects exclusively in female rats. Compared to controls, stress-exposed females showed reduced GM myelin content in all three brain regions. Acute stress exposure decreased PFC and HPC OL density in p40 females, perhaps contributing towards this observed long-term decrease in myelin content. Overall, our findings suggest that the juvenile brain is vulnerable to exposure to a brief severe stressor. Exposure to a single short traumatic event during peri-adolescence produces long-lasting changes in GM myelin content in the adult brain of female, but not male, rats. These findings highlight myelin plasticity as a potential contributor to sex-specific sensitivity to perturbation during a critical window of development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Breton, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barraza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frias, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, K. L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.14.422686</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Juvenile exposure to acute traumatic stress leads to long-lasting alterations in grey matter myelination in adult female but not male rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.422716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pyramidal tract neurons drive feed-forward excitation of striatum through cholinergic interneurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.422716v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Corticostriatal connectivity is central for many cognitive and motor processes, such as reinforcement or action initiation and invigoration. The cortical input to the striatum arises from two main cortical populations: intratelencephalic (IT) and pyramidal tract (PT) neurons. We uncovered a new feedforward excitatory circuit, supported by a polysynaptic motif from PT neurons to cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) to excitatory inputs, which runs in parallel to the canonical monosynaptic corticostriatal connection. This new motif conveys a delayed second phase of excitation to striatal spiny projection neurons (SPNs), through an acetylcholine-dependent glutamate release mechanism, resulting in biphasic corticostriatal signals. These biphasic signals are a hallmark of PT, but not IT, corticostriatal inputs, due to a stronger relative input from PT neurons to ChIs. These results uncover a novel feed-forward circuit mechanism by which PT activity differentially gates excitatory inputs to the striatum, with potential implications for behavior, plasticity and learning.

HighlightsO_LIPT, but not IT, corticostriatal inputs convey biphasic excitation to SPNs via a disynaptic circuit involving striatal ChIs.
C_LIO_LIPT neurons recruit ChIs more efficiently than IT neurons due to a stronger relative input to ChIs.
C_LIO_LIThe second phase of SPN excitation is mediated by nicotinic receptors at long-range glutamatergic axons in the striatum.
C_LIO_LISuprathreshold depolarizations of SPNs by PT inputs depend on ChI[-&gt;]SPN excitation and result in delayed spiking.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morgenstern, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isidro, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Israely, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.14.422716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pyramidal tract neurons drive feed-forward excitation of striatum through cholinergic interneurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.422784v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
From neuron to muscle to movement: a complete biomechanical model of Hydra contractile behaviors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.422784v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How does neural activity drive muscles to produce behavior? The recent development of genetic lines in Hydra that allow complete calcium imaging of both neuronal and muscle activity, as well as systematic machine learning quantification of behaviors, makes this small Cnidarian an ideal model system to understand and model the complete transformation from neural firing to body movements. As a first step to achieve this, we have built a biomechanical model of Hydra, incorporating its neuronal activity, muscle activity and body column biomechanics, incorporating its fluid-filled hydrostatic skeleton. Our model is based on experimental measurements of neuronal and muscle activity, and assumes gap junctional coupling among muscle cells and calcium-dependent force generation y muscles. With these assumptions, we can robustly reproduce a basic set of Hydras behaviors. We can further explain puzzling experimental observations, including the dual kinetics observed in muscle activation and the different engagement of ecto- and endodermal muscle in different behaviors. This work delineates the spatiotemporal control space of Hydra movement and can serve as a template for future efforts to systematically decipher the transformations in the neural basis of behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swore, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szymanski, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuste, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regnier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosma, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fairhall, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.14.422784</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[From neuron to muscle to movement: a complete biomechanical model of Hydra contractile behaviors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.422800v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Informing NMR experiments with molecular dynamics simulations to characterize the dominant activated state of the KcsA ion channel 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.422800v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As the first potassium channel with a X-ray structure determined, and given its homology to eukaryotic channels, the pH-gated prokaryotic channel KcsA has been extensively studied. Nevertheless, questions related in particular to the allosteric coupling between its gates remain open. The many currently available X-ray crystallography structures appear to correspond to various stages of activation and inactivation, offering insights into the molecular basis of these mechanisms. Since these studies have required mutations, complexation with antibodies, and substitution of detergents in place of lipids, examining the channel under more native conditions is desirable. Solid-state NMR (SSNMR) can be used to study the wild-type protein under activating conditions (low pH), at room temperature, and in bacteriomimetic liposomes. In this work, we sought to structurally assign the activated state present in SSNMR experiments. We used a combination of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, chemical shift prediction algorithms, and Bayesian inference techniques to determine which of the most plausible X-ray structures resolved to date best represents the activated state captured in SSNMR. We first identified specific nuclei with simulated NMR chemical shifts that differed significantly when comparing partially open vs. fully open ensembles from MD simulations. The simulated NMR chemical shifts for those specific nuclei were then compared to experimental ones, revealing that the simulation of the partially open state was in good agreement with the SSNMR data. Nuclei that discriminate effectively between partially and fully open states belong to residues spread over the sequence and provide a molecular level description of the conformational change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perez-Conesa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keeler, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delemotte, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDermott, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.14.422800</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Informing NMR experiments with molecular dynamics simulations to characterize the dominant activated state of the KcsA ion channel]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.15.422897v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular topography of an entire nervous system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.15.422897v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nervous systems are constructed from a deep repertoire of neuron types but the underlying gene expression programs that specify individual neuron identities are poorly understood. To address this deficit, we have produced an expression profile of all 302 neurons of the C. elegans nervous system that matches the single cell resolution of its anatomy and wiring diagram. Our results suggest that individual neuron classes can be solely identified by combinatorial expression of specific gene families. For example, each neuron class expresses unique codes of [~]23 neuropeptide-encoding genes and [~]36 neuropeptide receptors thus pointing to an expansive "wireless" signaling network. To demonstrate the utility of this uniquely comprehensive gene expression catalog, we used computational approaches to (1) identify cis-regulatory elements for neuron-specific gene expression across the nervous system and (2) reveal adhesion proteins with potential roles in synaptic specificity and process placement. These data are available at cengen.org and can be interrogated at the web application CengenApp. We expect that this neuron-specific directory of gene expression will spur investigations of underlying mechanisms that define anatomy, connectivity and function throughout the C. elegans nervous system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taylor, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santpere, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinreb, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varol, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oikonomou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glenwinkel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McWhirter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poff, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basavaraju, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yemini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrams, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cros, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavazoie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sestan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammarlund, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.15.422897</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular topography of an entire nervous system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.15.422925v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DAF-16/FoxO and DAF-12/VDR control cellular plasticity both cell-autonomously and via interorgan signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.15.422925v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many cell types display the remarkable ability to alter their cellular phenotype in response to specific external or internal signals. Such phenotypic plasticity is apparent in the nematode C. elegans when adverse environmental conditions trigger entry into the dauer diapause stage. This entry is accompanied by structural, molecular and functional remodeling of a number of distinct tissue types of the animal, including its nervous system. The transcription factor effectors of three different hormonal signaling systems, the insulin-responsive DAF-16/FoxO transcription factor, the TGF{beta}-responsive DAF-3/SMAD transcription factor and the steroid nuclear hormone receptor, DAF-12/VDR, a homolog of the vitamin D receptor, were previously shown to be required for entering the dauer arrest stage, but their cellular and temporal focus of action for the underlying cellular remodeling processes remained incompletely understood. Through the generation of conditional alleles that allowed us to spatially and temporally control gene activity, we show here that all three transcription factors are not only required to initiate tissue remodeling upon entry into the dauer stage, as shown before, but are also continuously required to maintain the remodeled state. We show that DAF-3/SMAD is required in sensory neurons to promote and then maintain animal-wide tissue remodeling events. In contrast, DAF-16/FoxO or DAF-12/VDR act cell autonomously to control anatomical, molecular and behavioral remodeling events in specific cell types. Intriguingly, we also uncover non-cell autonomous function of DAF-16/FoxO and DAF-12/VDR in nervous system remodeling, indicating the presence of several insulin-dependent inter-organ signaling axes. Our findings provide novel perspectives on how hormonal systems control tissue remodeling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aghayeva, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sural, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaeger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churgin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang-Yen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.15.422925</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DAF-16/FoxO and DAF-12/VDR control cellular plasticity both cell-autonomously and via interorgan signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.21.423514v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Community Challenge for Pancancer Drug Mechanism of Action Inference from Perturbational Profile Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.21.423514v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Columbia Cancer Target Discovery and Development (CTD2) Center has developed PANACEA (PANcancer Analysis of Chemical Entity Activity), a collection of dose-response curves and perturbational profiles for 400 clinical oncology drugs in cell lines selected to optimally represent 19 cancer subtypes. This resource, developed to study tumor-specific drug mechanism of action, was instrumental in hosting a DREAM Challenge to assess computational models for de novo drug polypharmacology prediction. Dose-response and perturbational profiles for 32 kinase inhibitors were provided to 21 participating teams, who did not know the identity or nature of the compounds, and they were asked to predict high-affinity binding among ~1,300 possible protein targets. Best performing methods leveraged both gene expression profile similarity analysis, and deep-learning methodologies trained on individual datasets. This study lays the foundation for future integrative analyses of pharmacogenomic data, reconciliation of polypharmacology effects in different tumor contexts, and insights into network-based assessment of context-specific drug mechanism of action.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Douglass, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allaway, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szalai, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Realubit, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pessia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanoli, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jafari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duran-Frigola, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertoni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badia-i-Mompel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mateo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guitart-Pla, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DREAM CTD-squared Pancancer Drug Activity Challenge Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aloy, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saez-Rodriguez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guinney, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerhard, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.21.423514</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Community Challenge for Pancancer Drug Mechanism of Action Inference from Perturbational Profile Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.21.423787v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Binding strength and hydrogen bond numbers between Covid-19 RBD and HVR of antibody 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.21.423787v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The global battle against the Covid-19 pandemic relies strongly on the human defence of antibody, which is assumed to bind the antigens Receptor Binding Domain with its Hypervariable Region. Due to the similarity to other viruses such as SARS, however, our understanding of the antibody-virus interaction has been largely limited to the genomic sequencing, which poses serious challenges to the containment, vaccine exploration and rapid serum testing. Based on the physical/chemical nature of the interaction, infrared spectroscopy was employed to reveal the binding disparity, when unusual temperature dependence was discovered from the 1550cm-1 absorption band, attributed to the hydrogen bonds by carboxyl/amino groups, binding the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and closely resembled SARS-CoV-2 or SARS-CoV-1 antibodies. The infrared absorption intensity, associated with the number of hydrogen bonds, was found to increase sharply between 27{degrees}C and 31{degrees}C, with the relative absorbance matches at 37{degrees}C the hydrogen bonding numbers of the two antibody types (19 vs 12). Meanwhile the ratio of bonds at 27{degrees}C, calculated by thermodynamic exponentials rather than by the laymans guess, produces at least 5% inaccuracy. As a result, the specificity of the SARS-CoV-2 antibody will be more conclusive beyond 31{degrees}C, instead of at the usual room temperature of 20{degrees}C - 25{degrees}C, when the vaccine research and antibody diagnosis would likely be undermined. Beyond genomic sequencing, the temperature dependence, as well as the bond number match at 37{degrees}C between relative absorbance and the hydrogen bonding numbers of the two antibody types, are not only of clinical significance in particular, but also of a sample for the physical/chemical understanding of the vaccine-antibody interactions in general.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.21.423787</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Binding strength and hydrogen bond numbers between Covid-19 RBD and HVR of antibody]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.21.423864v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cadherin-11 dimerization multi-site kinetics: combined partial unfolding and strand-swapping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.21.423864v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cadherin extracellular domain 1 (EC1) mediates homophilic dimerization in adherens junctions. Conserved Trp2 and Trp4 residues in type II cadherins anchor the EC1 A-strand intermolecularly in strand-swapped dimers. Herein, NMR spectroscopy is used to elucidate the roles of Trp2 and Trp4 in Cadherin-11 dimerization. The monomeric state, with the A-strand and Trp side chains packed intramolecularly, is in equilibrium with sparsely populated partially and fully A-strand-exposed states, in which Trp2 (and Trp4, respectively) side-chain packing is disrupted. Exchange kinetics between the major state and the partially (fully) A-strand-exposed state is slow-intermediate (intermediate-fast). A separate very fast process exchanges ordered and random-coil BC loop conformations with populations dependent on A-strand exposure and dimerization status. Additionally, very slow processes connect the folded A-strand-exposed conformation to partially unfolded states, which may represent additional domain-swapping intermediates. The dimerization mechanism of type II cadherins is revealed as coupled folding and strand-swapping.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koss, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honig, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.21.423864</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cadherin-11 dimerization multi-site kinetics: combined partial unfolding and strand-swapping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.22.423928v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic detection of functional proteoform groups from bottom-up proteomic datasets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.22.423928v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cellular proteome, the ensemble of proteins derived from a genome, catalyzes and controls thousands of biochemical functions that are the basis of living cells. Whereas the protein coding regions of the genome of the human and many other species are well known, the complexity and composition of proteomes largely remains to be explored. This task is challenging because mechanisms including alternative splicing and post-translational modifications generally give rise to multiple distinct, but related proteins - proteoforms - per coding gene that expand the functional capacity of a cell.

Bottom-up proteomics is a mass spectrometric method that infers the identity and quantity of proteins from the measurement of peptides derived from these proteins by proteolytic digestion. Whereas bottom-up proteomics has become the method of choice for the detection of translation products from essentially any gene, the inherent missing link between measured peptides and their parental proteins has so far precluded the systematic assessment of proteoforms and thus limited the resolution of proteome maps. Here we present a novel, data-driven strategy to assign peptides to unique functional proteoform groups based on peptide correlation patterns across large bottom-up proteomic datasets. Our strategy does not fully characterize specific proteoforms, as is achievable in top-down approaches. Rather, it clusters peptides into functional proteoform groups that are directly linked to the biological context of the study. This allows the detection of tens to hundreds of proteoform groups in an untargeted fashion from bottom-up proteomics experiments.

We applied the strategy to two types of bottom-up proteomic datasets. The first is a protein complex co-fractionation dataset where native complexes across two different cell cycle stages were resolved and analyzed. Here, our approach enabled the systematic detection and evaluation of assembly specific proteoforms at an unprecedented scale. The second is a protein abundance vs. sample data matrix typical for bottom-up cohort studies consisting of tissue samples from the mouse BXD genetic reference panel. In either data type the method detected state-specific proteoform groups that could be linked to distinct molecular mechanisms including proteolytic cleavage, alternative splicing and phosphorylation. We envision that the presented approach lays the foundation for a systematic assessment of proteoforms and their functional implications directly from bottom-up proteomic datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bludau, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doerig, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heusel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picotti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roest, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aebersold, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.22.423928</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic detection of functional proteoform groups from bottom-up proteomic datasets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.22.423967v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A neuronal circuit for vector computation builds an allocentric traveling-direction signal in the Drosophila fan-shaped body 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.22.423967v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many behavioral tasks require the manipulation of mathematical vectors, but, outside of computational models1-8, it is not known how brains perform vector operations. Here we show how the Drosophila central complex, a region implicated in goal-directed navigation8-14, performs vector arithmetic. First, we describe neural signals in the fan-shaped body that explicitly track a flys allocentric traveling direction, that is, the traveling direction in reference to external cues. Past work has identified neurons in Drosophila12,15-17 and mammals18,19 that track allocentric heading (e.g., head-direction cells), but these new signals illuminate how the sense of space is properly updated when traveling and heading angles differ. We then characterize a neuronal circuit that rotates, scales, and adds four vectors related to the flys egocentric traveling direction-- the traveling angle referenced to the body axis--to compute the allocentric traveling direction. Each two-dimensional vector is explicitly represented by a sinusoidal activity pattern across a distinct neuronal population, with the sinusoids amplitude representing the vectors length and its phase representing the vectors angle. The principles of this circuit, which performs an egocentric-to-allocentric coordinate transformation, may generalize to other brains and to domains beyond navigation where vector operations or reference-frame transformations are required.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lyu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maimon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.22.423967</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A neuronal circuit for vector computation builds an allocentric traveling-direction signal in the Drosophila fan-shaped body]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.22.424084v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-cellular communities are perturbed in the aging human brain and with Alzheimer's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.22.424084v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The role of different cell types and their interactions in Alzheimers disease (AD) is an open question. Here we pursued it by assembling a high-resolution cellular map of the aging frontal cortex by single nucleus RNA-seq of 24 individuals with different clinicopathologic characteristics. We used the map to infer the neocortical cellular architecture of 638 individuals profiled by bulk RNA-seq, providing the sample size necessary for identifying statistically robust associations. We uncovered diverse cell populations associated with AD, including inhibitory neuronal subtypes and oligodendroglial states. We further recovered a network of multicellular communities, each composed of coordinated subpopulations of neuronal, glial and endothelial cells, and found that two of these communities are altered in AD. Finally, we used mediation analyses to prioritize cellular changes that might contribute to cognitive decline. Thus, our deconstruction of the aging neocortex provides a roadmap for evaluating the cellular microenvironments underlying AD and dementia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taga, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCabe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hekselman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozenblatt-Rosen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeger-Lotem, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habib, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.22.424084</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-cellular communities are perturbed in the aging human brain and with Alzheimer's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.424020v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-Modal Biomarkers of Cerebral Edema in Low Resolution MRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.424020v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A central challenge of medical imaging studies is to extract biomarkers that characterize disease pathology or outcomes. Modern automated approaches have found tremendous success in high-resolution, high-quality magnetic resonance images (MRI). These methods, however, may not translate to low resolution images acquired on MRI scanners with lower magnetic field strength. In low-resource settings where low-field scanners are more common and there is a shortage of radiologists to manually interpret MRI scans, it is critical to develop automated methods that can augment or replace manual interpretation, while accommodating reduced image quality. We present a fully automated framework for translating radiological diagnostic criteria into image-based biomarkers, inspired by a project in which children with cerebral malaria were imaged using low-field 0.35 Tesla MRI. We integrate multi-atlas label fusion, which leverages high-resolution images from another sample as prior spatial information, with parametric Gaussian hidden Markov models based on image intensities, to create a robust method for determining ventricular cerebrospinal fluid volume. We also propose normalized image intensity and texture measurements to determine the loss of gray-to-white matter tissue differentiation and sulcal effacement. These integrated biomarkers have excellent classification performance for determining severe brain swelling due to cerebral malaria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goyal, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dworkin, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kampondeni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidal, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biondo-Savin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juvvadi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raghavan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chetcuti, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satterthwaite, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yushkevich, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davatzikos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erus, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Postels, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Small, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinohara, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.23.424020</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-Modal Biomarkers of Cerebral Edema in Low Resolution MRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.424091v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Narratives: fMRI data for evaluating models of naturalistic language comprehension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.424091v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The "Narratives" collection aggregates a variety of functional MRI datasets collected while human subjects listened to naturalistic spoken stories. The current release includes 345 subjects, 891 functional scans, and 27 diverse stories of varying duration totaling ~4.6 hours of unique stimuli (~43,000 words). This data collection is well-suited for naturalistic neuroimaging analysis, and is intended to serve as a benchmark for models of language and narrative comprehension. We provide standardized MRI data accompanied by rich metadata, preprocessed versions of the data ready for immediate use, and the spoken story stimuli with time-stamped phoneme- and word-level transcripts. All code and data are publicly available with full provenance in keeping with current best practices in transparent and reproducible neuroimaging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nastase, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zadbood, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasenfratz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keshavarzian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honey, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeshurun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C. H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldassano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lositsky, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simony, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leong, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Micciche, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choe, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanderwal, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halchenko, Y. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasson, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.23.424091</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Narratives: fMRI data for evaluating models of naturalistic language comprehension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.424239v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential Expression of NPAS4 in the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Following Acute Opioid Intoxication 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.424239v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background and AimsThe physical, emotional, and social impacts of opioid abuse are well known; although preclinical models reveal the neurobiological pathways altered through opioid abuse, comprehensive assessments of gene expression in human brain samples are lacking. The goals of the present study were to compare gene expression in the prefrontal cortex between brain samples of individuals who died of acute opioid intoxication and group-matched controls, and to test if differential gene expression was enriched in gene sets related to opioid use.

DesignCross-sectional study using human brains donated to the Lieber Institute for Brain Development. Study groups included 72 brain samples from individuals who died of acute opioid intoxication, 53 group-matched psychiatric control samples, and 28 group-matched normal control samples.

SettingMaryland, USA.

ParticipantsPostmortem tissue samples of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex from 153 deceased individuals (Mage = 35.42, SD = 9.43 years; 62% male; 77% White).

MeasurementsWhole transcriptome RNA sequencing was used to generate exon counts, and differential expression was tested using limma-voom. Analyses controlled for relevant sociodemographic characteristics, technical covariates, and cryptic relatedness and batch effects using quality surrogate variable analysis. Gene set enrichment analyses (GSEA) also were conducted.

FindingsSixteen genes were differentially expressed (i.e., FDR-corrected p < .10) in opioid samples compared to control samples. The top differentially expressed gene, NPAS4 (FDR adjusted p = .005), was downregulated in opioid samples and has previously been implicated in cocaine use. Enrichment analyses did not provide evidence for enrichment in pathways obviously related to opioid use.

ConclusionsNPAS4 is differentially expressed in the prefrontal cortex of subjects that died of an opioid overdose, providing evidence for another gene with functional relevance to opioid use and overdose.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sosnowski, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deep-Soboslay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabunciyan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maher, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.23.424239</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential Expression of NPAS4 in the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Following Acute Opioid Intoxication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.27.424460v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reversing Transcriptome-Wide Association Studies to improve expression Quantitative Trait Loci associations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.27.424460v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1Transcriptome-Wide Association Studies discover SNP effects mediated by gene expression through a two-stage process: a typically small reference panel is used to infer SNP-expression effects, and then these are applied to discover associations between imputed expression and phenotypes. We investigate whether the accuracy of SNP-expression and expression-phenotype associations can be increased by performing inference on both the reference panel and independent GWAS cohorts simultaneously. We develop EMBER (Estimation of Mediated Binary Effects in Regression) to re-estimate these effects using a liability threshold model with an adjustment to variance components accounting for imputed expression from GWAS data. In simulated data with only gene-mediated effects, EMBER more than doubles the performance of SNP-expression linear regression, increasing mean r2 from 0.3 to 0.65 with a gene-mediated variance explained of 0.01. EMBER also improves estimation accuracy when the fraction of cis-SNP variance mediated by genes is as low as 30%. We apply EMBER to genotype and gene expression data in schizophrenia by combining 512 samples from the CommonMind Consortium and 56,081 samples from the Psychiatric Genomic Consortium. We evaluate performance of EMBER in 36 genes suggested by TWAS by concordance of inferred effects with effects reported independently for frontal cortex expression. Applying the EMBER framework to a baseline linear regression model increases performance in 26 out of 36 genes (sign test p-value .0020) with an increase in mean r2 from 0.200 to 0.235.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe'er, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.27.424460</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reversing Transcriptome-Wide Association Studies to improve expression Quantitative Trait Loci associations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.29.424677v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global cognitive performance is not influenced by diurnal rhythm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.29.424677v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveThe human brain is influenced by different biological rhythms, including the daily 24-hour (diurnal) cycle. Past studies have reported evidence of variation in cognitive performance over the course of the day, and of differences in the peak time for cognition in older age. Here, we investigated these questions using two existing longitudinal studies of healthy adults.

MethodsTime of neuropsychological battery testing was extracted from study records, and we analyzed cognitive performance measures from 4 domains (Vocabulary, Processing Speed, Fluid Reasoning, and Episodic Memory) in 543 healthy adults between the ages of 20 and 80. Time of day was dichotomized as morning (281 tested before noon), and afternoon (242 tested after noon).

ResultsMultivariate analyses controlling for both gender and years of education revealed no significant effect of time of testing (or its interaction with participant age) on cognitive performance. These results suggest that diurnal effects during time periods typically used to test human subjects are unlikely to have a meaningful effect on performance on the neuropsychological tests that are used for standard cognitive assessment.

ConclusionThis suggests that the effect of time of day on cognition in the context of aging may not be as ubiquitous as previously suggested, and thus is unlikely to represent a large confound in existing studies of cognition across the adult lifespan.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>De Jager, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.29.424677</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global cognitive performance is not influenced by diurnal rhythm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.29.424770v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The size of helical pitch is important for microtubule plus end dynamic instability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.29.424770v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microtubule (MT) dynamic instability is a conserved phenomenon underlying essential cellular functions such as cell division, cell migration and intracellular transport, and is a key target of many chemotherapeutic agents. However, it remains unclear how the organization of tubulin dimers at the nanometer scale translates into dynamic instability as an emergent property at the micrometer scale. Tubulin dimers are organized into left-handed helical MT lattice, and most present-day MTs converge at a 1.5 dimer helical pitch that causes a seam in an otherwise symmetric helix. Because presently there are no experimental methods that can precisely manipulate tubulin subunit with sub-dimer resolution, the impact of helical pitch on dynamic instability remains unknown. Here by using stochastic simulations of microtubule assembly dynamics we demonstrate that helical pitch plays essential roles in MT plus end dynamic instability. By systematically altering helical pitch size, one half-dimer at a time, we found that a helical pitch as small as one half-dimer is sufficient to inhibit short-term MT length plateaus associated with diminishing GTP-tubulin cap. Notably, MT plus end dynamics quantitatively scale with the size of helical pitch, rather than being clustered by the presence or absence of helical symmetry. Microtubules with a 1.5 dimer helical pitch exhibit growth and shrinkage phases and undergo catastrophe and rescue similar to experimentally observed microtubules. Reducing helical pitch to 0 promotes rapid disassembly, while increasing it causes microtubules to undergo persistent growth, and it is the 1.5 dimer helical pitch that yields the highest percentage of MTs that undergo alternating growth and shrinkage without being totally disassembled. Finally, although the 1.5 dimer helical pitch is conserved among most present-day MTs, we find that other parameters, such as GTP hydrolysis rate, can partially compensate for changes in helical pitch. Together our results indicate that helical pitch is a determinant of MT plus end dynamic instability and that the evolutionarily conserved 1.5 dimer helical pitch promotes dynamic instability required for microtubule-dependent cellular functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prahl, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.29.424770</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The size of helical pitch is important for microtubule plus end dynamic instability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.30.424892v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stabilized Supralinear Network: Model of Layer 2/3 of the Primary Visual Cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.30.424892v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electrophysiological recording in the primary visual cortex (V1) of mammals have revealed a number of complex interactions between the center and surround. Understanding the underlying circuit mechanisms is crucial to understanding fundamental brain computations. In this paper we address the following phenomena that have been observed in V1 of animals with orientation maps: 1) surround suppression that is accompanied by a decrease in the excitatory and inhibitory currents that the cell receives as the stimulus size increases beyond the cells summation field; 2) surround tuning to the center orientation, in which the strongest suppression arises when the surround orientation matches that of the center stimulus; and 3) feature-specific suppression, in which a surround stimulus of a given orientation specifically suppresses that orientations component of the response to a center plaid stimulus. We show that a stabilized supralinear network that has biologically plausible connectivity and synaptic efficacies that depend on cortical distance and orientation difference between neurons can consistently reproduce all the above phenomena. We explain the mechanism behind each result, and argue that feature-specific suppression and surround tuning to the center orientation are independent phenomena. Specifically, if we remove some aspects of the connectivity from the model it will still produce feature-specific suppression but not surround tuning to the center orientation. We also show that in the model the activity decay time constant is similar to the cortical activity decay time constant reported in mouse V1. Our model indicates that if the surround activates neurons that fall within the reach of the horizontal projections in V1, the above mentioned phenomena can be generated by V1 alone without the need of cortico-cortical feedback. Finally, we show that these results hold both in networks with rate-based units and with conductance-based spiking units. This demonstrates that the stabilized supra-linear network mechanism can be achieved in the more biological context of spiking networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Obeid, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.30.424892</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stabilized Supralinear Network: Model of Layer 2/3 of the Primary Visual Cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.31.424969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A genome wide copper-sensitized screen identifies novel regulators of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.31.424969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Copper is essential for the activity and stability of cytochrome c oxidase (CcO), the terminal enzyme of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Loss-of-function mutations in genes required for copper transport to CcO result in fatal human disorders. Despite the fundamental importance of copper in mitochondrial and organismal physiology, systematic characterization of genes that regulate mitochondrial copper homeostasis is lacking. To identify genes required for mitochondrial copper homeostasis, we performed a genome-wide copper-sensitized screen using DNA barcoded yeast deletion library. Our screen recovered a number of genes known to be involved in cellular copper homeostasis while revealing genes previously not linked to mitochondrial copper biology. These newly identified genes include the subunits of the adaptor protein 3 complex (AP-3) and components of the cellular pH-sensing pathway-Rim20 and Rim21, both of which are known to affect vacuolar function. We find that AP-3 and the Rim mutants impact mitochondrial CcO function by maintaining vacuolar acidity. CcO activity of these mutants could be rescued by either restoring vacuolar pH or by supplementing growth media with additional copper. Consistent with these genetic data, pharmacological inhibition of the vacuolar proton pump leads to decreased mitochondrial copper content and a concomitant decrease in CcO abundance and activity. Taken together, our study uncovered a number of novel genetic regulators of mitochondrial copper homeostasis and provided a mechanism by which vacuolar pH impacts mitochondrial respiration through copper homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garza, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zulkifli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gohil, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.31.424969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A genome wide copper-sensitized screen identifies novel regulators of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.31.424971v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insights into Genome Recoding from the Mechanism of a Classic +1-Frameshifting tRNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.31.424971v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While genome recoding using quadruplet codons to incorporate non-proteinogenic amino acids is attractive for biotechnology and bioengineering purposes, the mechanism through which such codons are translated is poorly understood. Here we investigate translation of quadruplet codons by a +1-frameshifting tRNA, SufB2, that contains an extra nucleotide in its anticodon loop. Natural post-transcriptional modification of SufB2 in cells prevents it from frameshifting using a quadruplet-pairing mechanism such that it preferentially employs a triplet-slippage mechanism. We show that SufB2 uses triplet anticodon-codon pairing in the 0-frame to initially decode the quadruplet codon, but subsequently shifts to the +1-frame during tRNA-mRNA translocation. SufB2 frameshifting involves perturbation of an essential ribosome conformational change that facilitates tRNA-mRNA movements at a late stage of the translocation reaction. Our results provide a molecular mechanism for SufB2-induced +1 frameshifting and suggest that engineering of a specific ribosome conformational change can improve the efficiency of genome recoding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gamper, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masuda, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robkis, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christian, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conn, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaha, g.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersson, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, Y.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.31.424971</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insights into Genome Recoding from the Mechanism of a Classic +1-Frameshifting tRNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.31.424987v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Paired heavy and light chain signatures contribute to potent SARS-CoV-2 neutralization in public antibody responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.31.424987v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding protective mechanisms of antibody recognition can inform vaccine and therapeutic strategies against SARS-CoV-2. We discovered a new antibody, 910-30, that targets the SARS-CoV-2 ACE2 receptor binding site as a member of a public antibody response encoded by IGHV3-53/IGHV3-66 genes. We performed sequence and structural analyses to explore how antibody features correlate with SARS-CoV-2 neutralization. Cryo-EM structures of 910-30 bound to the SARS-CoV-2 spike trimer revealed its binding interactions and ability to disassemble spike. Despite heavy chain sequence similarity, biophysical analyses of IGHV3-53/3-66 antibodies highlighted the importance of native heavy:light pairings for ACE2 binding competition and for SARS-CoV-2 neutralization. We defined paired heavy:light sequence signatures and determined antibody precursor prevalence to be ~1 in 44,000 human B cells, consistent with public antibody identification in several convalescent COVID-19 patients. These data reveal key structural and functional neutralization features in the IGHV3-53/3-66 public antibody class to accelerate antibody-based medical interventions against SARS-CoV-2.

HighlightsO_LIA molecular study of IGHV3-53/3-66 public antibody responses reveals critical heavy and light chain features for potent neutralization
C_LIO_LICryo-EM analyses detail the structure of a novel public antibody class member, antibody 910-30, in complex with SARS-CoV-2 spike trimer
C_LIO_LICryo-EM data reveal that 910-30 can both bind assembled trimer and can disassemble the SARS-CoV-2 spike
C_LIO_LISequence-structure-function signatures defined for IGHV3-53/3-66 class antibodies including both heavy and light chains
C_LIO_LIIGHV3-53/3-66 class precursors have a prevalence of 1:44,000 B cells in healthy human antibody repertoires
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banach, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerutti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fahad, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira de Souza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katsamba, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsybovsky, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francino Urdaniz, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steiner, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez-Gonzalez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez Acevedo, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nazzari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olia, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teng, I.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddem, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bimela, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laflin, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nimrania, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuen, K.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitehead, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeKosky, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.31.424987</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Paired heavy and light chain signatures contribute to potent SARS-CoV-2 neutralization in public antibody responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.31.424996v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The gastrin-releasing peptide regulates stress-enhanced fear and dopamine signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.31.424996v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fear extinction is an adaptive behavioral process critical for organisms survival, but deficiency in extinction may lead to PTSD. While the amygdala and its neural circuits are critical for fear extinction, the molecular identity and organizational logic of cell types that lie at the core of these circuits remain unclear. Here we report that mice deficient for amygdala-enriched gastrin-releasing peptide gene (Grp-/-) exhibit enhanced neuronal activity in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and stronger fear conditioning, as well as deficient extinction in stress-enhanced fear learning (SEFL). rAAV2-retro-based tracing combined with visualization of the GFP knocked in the Grp gene showed that BLA receives GRPergic or conditioned stimulus projections from the indirect auditory thalamus-to-auditory cortex pathway, ventral hippocampus and ventral tegmental area. Transcription of dopamine-related genes was decreased in BLA of Grp-/- mice following SEFL extinction recall, suggesting that the GRP may mediate fear extinction regulation by dopamine.

Impact statementMice deficient for the amygdala-enriched gastrin-releasing peptide gene are susceptible to stress-enhanced fear, a behavioral protocol with relevance to PTSD, and show a decrease in dopamine-related gene transcription.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morishita, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuentes, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favate, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zushida, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hevi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldsmith, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buyske, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sillivan, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kandel, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uchida, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shumyatsky, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.31.424996</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The gastrin-releasing peptide regulates stress-enhanced fear and dopamine signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.31.425005v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
YhcB (DUF1043), a novel cell division protein conserved across gamma-proteobacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.31.425005v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
YhcB, an uncharacterized protein conserved across gamma-proteobacteria, is composed predominantly of a single Domain of Unknown Function (DUF 1043) with an N-terminal transmembrane -helix. Here, we show that E. coli YhcB is a conditionally essential protein that interacts with the proteins of the cell divisome (e.g., FtsI, FtsQ) and elongasome (e.g., RodZ, RodA). We found 7 interactions of YhcB that are conserved in Yersinia pestis and/or Vibrio cholerae. Furthermore, we identified several point mutations that abolished interactions of YhcB with FtsI and RodZ. The yhcB knock-out strain does not grow at 45{degrees}C and is hypersensitive to cell-wall acting antibiotics even in stationary phase. The deletion of yhcB leads to filamentation, abnormal FtsZ ring formation, and aberrant septa development. The 2.8 [A] crystal structure for the cytosolic domain from Haemophilus ducreyi YhcB shows a unique tetrameric -helical coiled-coil structure that combines parallel and anti-parallel coiled-coil intersubunit interactions. This structure is likely to organize interprotein oligomeric interactions on the inner surface of the cytoplasmic membrane, possibly involved in regulation of cell division and/or envelope biogenesis/integrity in proteobacteria. In summary, YhcB is a conserved and conditionally essential protein that is predicted to play a role in cell division and consequently or in addition affects envelope biogenesis.

ImportanceOnly 0.8 % of the protein annotations in the UniProt are based on experimental evidence and thus, functional characterization of unknown proteins remains a rate-limiting step in molecular biology. Herein, the functional properties of YhcB (DUF1043) were investigated using an integrated approach combining X-ray crystallography with genetics and molecular biology. YhcB is a conserved protein that appears to be needed for the transition from exponential to stationary growth and is involved in cell division and/or envelope biogenesis/integrity. This study will serve as a starting point for future studies on this protein family and on how cells transit from exponential to stationary survival.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mehla, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liechti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgenstern, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caufield, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hosseinnia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagarinova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phanse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brockett, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakhawalkarar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montelionege, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vorobiev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>den Blaauwen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uetz, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.31.425005</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[YhcB (DUF1043), a novel cell division protein conserved across gamma-proteobacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/202036v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LIN28 selectively modulates a subclass of let-7 microRNAs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/202036v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
LIN28 is a bipartite RNA-binding protein that post-transcriptionally inhibits let-7 microRNAs to regulate development and influence disease states. However, the mechanisms of let-7 suppression remains poorly understood, because LIN28 recognition depends on coordinated targeting by both the zinc knuckle domain (ZKD)--which binds a GGAG-like element in the precursor--and the cold shock domain (CSD), whose binding sites have not been systematically characterized. By leveraging single-nucleotide-resolution mapping of LIN28 binding sites in vivo, we determined that the CSD recognizes a (U)GAU motif. This motif partitions the let-7 family into Class I precursors with both CSD and ZKD binding sites and Class II precursors with ZKD but no CSD binding sites. LIN28 in vivo recognition--and subsequent 3' uridylation and degradation--of Class I precursors is more efficient, leading to their stronger suppression in LIN28-activated cells and cancers. Thus, CSD binding sites amplify the effects of the LIN28 activation with potential implication in development and cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ustianenko, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, H.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weyn-Vanhentenryck, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumazin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/202036</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LIN28 selectively modulates a subclass of let-7 microRNAs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.04.425265v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Magnetic tweezers meets AFM: ultra-stable protein dynamics across the force spectrum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.04.425265v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteins that operate under force--cell adhesion, mechanosensing--exhibit a wide range of mechanostabilities. Single-molecule magnetic tweezers has enabled the exploration of the dynamics under force of these proteins with subpiconewton resolution and unbeatable stability in the 0.1-120 pN range. However, proteins featuring a high mechanostability (>120 pN) have remained elusive with this technique and have been addressed with Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), which can reach higher forces but displays less stability and resolution. Herein, we develop a magnetic tweezers approach that can apply AFM-like mechanical loads while maintaining its hallmark resolution and stability in a range of forces that spans from 1 to 500 pN. We demonstrate our approach by exploring the folding and unfolding dynamics of the highly mechanostable adhesive protein FimA from the Gram-positive pathogen Actinomyces oris. FimA unfolds at loads >300 pN, while its folding occurs at forces <15 pN, producing a large dissipation of energy that could be crucial for the shock absorption of mechanical challenges during host invasion. Our novel magnetic tweezers approach entails an all-in-one force spectroscopy technique for protein dynamics studies across a broad spectrum of physiologically-relevant forces and timescales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alonso-Caballero, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapia-Rojo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badilla, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.04.425265</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Magnetic tweezers meets AFM: ultra-stable protein dynamics across the force spectrum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.05.425223v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large-scale quantification of human osteocyte lacunar morphological biomarkers as assessed by ultra-high-resolution desktop micro-computed tomography 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.05.425223v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ultra-high-resolution imaging of the osteocyte lacuno-canalicular network (LCN) three-dimensionally (3D) in a high-throughput fashion has greatly improved the morphological knowledge about the constituent structures - positioning them as potential biomarkers. Technologies such as serial focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy (FIB/SEM) and confocal scanning laser microscopy (CLSM) can image in extremely high resolution, yet only capture a small number of lacunae. Synchrotron radiation computed tomography (SR-CT) can image with both high resolution and high throughput but has a limited availability. Desktop micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) provides an attractive balance: high-throughput imaging on the micron level without the restrictions of SR-CT availability. Over the past decade, desktop micro-CT has been used to image osteocyte lacunae in a variety of animals, yet few studies have employed it to image human lacunae using clinical biopsies.

In this study, accuracy, reproducibility, and sensitivity of large-scale quantification of human osteocyte lacunar morphometries were assessed by ultra-high-resolution desktop micro-computed tomography. For this purpose, thirty-one transiliac human bone biopsies containing trabecular and cortical regions were imaged using ultra-high-resolution desktop micro-CT at a nominal isotropic voxel resolution of 1.2m. The resulting 3D images were segmented, component labeled, and the following morphometric parameters of 7.71 million lacunae were measured: Lacunar number (Lc.N), density (Lc.N/BV), porosity (Lc.TV/BV), volume (Lc.V), surface area (Lc.S), surface area to volume ratio (Lc.S/Lc.V), stretch (Lc.St), oblateness (Lc.Ob), sphericity (Lc.Sr), equancy (Lc.Eq), and angle (Lc.{theta}).

Accuracy was quantified by comparing automated lacunar identification to manual identification. Mean true positive rate (TPR), false positive rate (FPR), and false negative rate (FNR) were 89.0%, 3.4%, and 11.0%, respectively. Regarding the reproducibility of lacunar morphometry from repeated measurements, precision errors were low (0.2 - 3.0%) and intraclass correlation coefficients were high (0.960 - 0.999). Significant differences between cortical and trabecular regions (p<0.001) existed for Lc.N/BV, Lc.TV/BV, local lacunar surface area (<Lc.S>), and local lacunar volume (<Lc.V>), all of which demonstrate the sensitivity of the method and are possible biomarker candidates. This study provides the foundation required for future large-scale morphometric studies using ultra-high-resolution desktop micro-CT and high-throughput analysis of millions of osteocyte lacunae in human bone samples. Furthermore, the validation of this technology for imaging of human lacunar properties establishes the quality and reliability required for the accurate, precise, and sensitive assessment of osteocyte morphometry in clinical bone biopsies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goff, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buccino, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bregoli, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKinley, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aeppli, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Recker, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shane, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhn, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Müller, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.05.425223</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large-scale quantification of human osteocyte lacunar morphological biomarkers as assessed by ultra-high-resolution desktop micro-computed tomography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.05.425445v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Plasmodium falciparum K13 mutations in Africa and Asia present varying degrees of artemisinin resistance and an elevated fitness cost in African parasites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.05.425445v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The emergence of artemisinin (ART) resistance in Plasmodium falciparum parasites has led to increasing rates of treatment failure with first-line ART-based combination therapies (ACTs) in Southeast Asia. In this region, select mutations in K13 can result in delayed parasite clearance rates in vivo and enhanced survival in the ring-stage survival assay (RSA) in vitro. Our genotyping of 3,299 P. falciparum isolates across 11 sub-Saharan countries reveals the continuing dominance of wild-type K13 and confirms the emergence of a K13 R561H variant in Rwanda. Using gene editing, we provide definitive evidence that this mutation, along with M579I and C580Y, can confer variable degrees of in vitro ART resistance in African P. falciparum strains. C580Y and M579I were both associated with substantial fitness costs in African parasites, which may counter-select against their dissemination in high-transmission settings. We also report the impact of multiple K13 mutations, including the predominant variant C580Y, on RSA survival rates and fitness in multiple Southeast Asian strains. No change in ART susceptibility was observed upon editing point mutations in ferrodoxin or mdr2, earlier associated with ART resistance in Southeast Asia. These data point to the lack of an evident biological barrier to mutant K13 mediating ART resistance in Africa, while identifying their detrimental impact on parasite growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stokes, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubiano, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhingra, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mok, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straimer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gnadig, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bath, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deni, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Striepen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legrand, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ariey, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Souleymane, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gansane, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nzoumbou-Boko, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ndayikunda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabanywanyi, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uwimana, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolley, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ndounga, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warsame, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nosten, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, T. J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenthal, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menard, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fidock, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.05.425445</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Plasmodium falciparum K13 mutations in Africa and Asia present varying degrees of artemisinin resistance and an elevated fitness cost in African parasites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.06.425410v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain connectivity at rest predicts individual differences in normative activity during movie watching 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.06.425410v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When multiple individuals are exposed to the same sensory event, some are bound to have less typical experiences than others. These atypical experiences are underpinned by atypical stimulus-evoked brain activity, the extent of which is often indexed by intersubject correlation (ISC). Previous research has attributed individual differences in ISC to variation in trait-like behavioral phenotypes. Here, we extend this line of work by showing that an individuals degree and spatial distribution of ISC are closely related to their brains intrinsic functional architecture. Using resting state and movie watching fMRI data from 176 Human Connectome Project participants, we reveal that resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) profiles can be used to predict cortex-wide ISC with considerable accuracy. Similar region-level analyses demonstrate that the amount of ISC a brain region exhibits during movie watching is associated with its connectivity to others at rest, and that the nature of these connectivity-activity relationships varies as a function of the regions role in sensory information processing. Finally, we show that an individuals unique spatial distribution of ISC, independent of its magnitude, is also related to their RSFC profile. These findings suggest that the brains ability to process complex sensory information is tightly linked to its baseline functional organization and motivate a more comprehensive understanding of individual responses to naturalistic stimuli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gruskin, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.06.425410</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain connectivity at rest predicts individual differences in normative activity during movie watching]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.06.425527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Multi-dimensional Integrative Scoring Framework for Predicting Functional Regions in the Human Genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.06.425527v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Attempts to identify and prioritize functional DNA elements in coding and noncoding regions, particularly through use of in silico functional annotation data,continue to increase in popularity. However, specific functional roles may vary widely from one variant to another, making it challenging to summarize different aspects of variant function. Here we propose Multi-dimensional Annotation Class Integrative Estimation (MACIE), an unsupervised multivariate mixed model framework capable of integrating annotations of diverse origin to assess multi-dimensional functional roles for both coding and noncoding variants. Unlike existing one-dimensional scoring methods, MACIE views variant functionality as a composite attribute encompassing multiple characteristics, and estimates the joint posterior functional probability vector of each genomic position, a quantity that offers richer and more interpretable information in the presence of multiple aspects of functionality. Applied to a variety of independent coding and non-coding datasets, MACIE demonstrates powerful and robust performance in discriminating between functional and non-functional variants. We also show an application of MACIE to fine-mapping using lipids GWAS summary statistics data from the European Network for Genetic and Genomic Epidemiology Consortium.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yung, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ionita-Laza, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.06.425527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Multi-dimensional Integrative Scoring Framework for Predicting Functional Regions in the Human Genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.06.425618v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resolving the molecular fingerprint of the distal carboxy tail in modulating CaV1 calcium dependent inactivation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.06.425618v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent inactivation (CDI) of CaV channels is a critical regulatory process required for tuning the kinetics of Ca2+ entry for different cell types and physiologic responses. Calmodulin (CaM) resides on the IQ domain of the CaV carboxy-tail, such that Ca2+ binding initiates a reduction in channel open probability, manifesting as CDI. This regulatory process exerts a significant impact on Ca2+ entry and is tailored by alternative splicing. CaV1.3 and CaV1.4 feature a long-carboxy-tail splice variant that modulates CDI through a competitive mechanism. In these channels, the distal-carboxy-tail (DCT) harbors an inhibitor of CDI (ICDI) module that competitively displaces CaM from the IQ domain, thereby diminishing CDI. While this overall mechanism is now well-described, the detailed interaction loci for ICDI binding to the IQ domain is yet to be elucidated. Here, we perform alanine-scanning mutagenesis of the IQ and ICDI domains and evaluate the contribution of neighboring regions. We identify multiple critical residues within the IQ domain, ICDI and the nearby A region of the channel, which are required for high affinity IQ/ICDI binding. Importantly, disruption of this interaction commensurately diminishes ICDI function, as seen by the re-emergence of CDI in mutant channels. Furthermore, analysis of the homologous ICDI region of CaV1.2 reveals a selective effect of this channel region on CaV1.3 channels, implicating a cross-channel modulatory scheme in cells expressing both channel subtypes. In all, these findings provide new insights into a molecular rheostat that fine tunes Ca2+ entry and supports normal neuronal and cardiac function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vieira, D. C. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Johny, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dick, I. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.06.425618</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resolving the molecular fingerprint of the distal carboxy tail in modulating CaV1 calcium dependent inactivation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.08.425825v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Artemisia annua L. extracts prevent in vitro replication of SARS-CoV-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.08.425825v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ethnopharmacological relevanceArtemisia annua L. has been used for millennia in Southeast Asia to treat "fever". Many infectious microbial and viral diseases have been shown to respond to A. annua and communities around the world use the plant as a medicinal tea, especially for treating malaria.

Aim of the StudySARS-CoV-2 (the cause of Covid-19) globally has infected and killed millions of people. Because of the broad-spectrum antiviral activity of artemisinin that includes blockade of SARS-CoV-1, we queried whether A. annua suppressed SARS-CoV-2.

Materials and MethodsUsing Vero E6 and Calu-3 cells, we measured anti viral activity SARS-CoV-2 activity against fully infectious virusof dried leaf extracts of seven cultivars of A. annua sourced from four continents. IC50s were calculated and defined as (the concentrations that inhibited viral replication by 50%.) and CC50s (the concentrations that kill 50% of cells) were calculated.

ResultsHot-water leaf extracts based on artemisinin, total flavonoids, or dry leaf mass showed antiviral activity with IC50 values of 0.1-8.7 M, 0.01-0.14 g, and 23.4-57.4 g, respectively. Antiviral efficacy did not correlate with artemisinin or total flavonoid contents of the extracts. One dried leaf sample was >12 years old, yet the hot-water extract was still found to be active. The UK and South African variants, B1.1.7 and B1.351, were similarly inhibited. While all hot water extracts were effective, concentrations of artemisinin and total flavonoids varied by nearly 100-fold in the extracts. Artemisinin alone showed an estimated IC50 of about 70 M, and the clinically used artemisinin derivatives artesunate, artemether, and dihydroartemisinin were ineffective or cytotoxic at elevated micromolar concentrations. In contrast, the antimalarial drug amodiaquine had an IC50 = 5.8 M. Extracts had minimal effects on infection of Vero E6 or Calu-3 cells by a reporter virus pseudotyped by the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. There was no cytotoxicity within an order of magnitude above the antiviral IC90 values.

ConclusionsA. annua extracts inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection, and the active component(s) in the extracts is likely something besides artemisinin or a combination of components that block virus infection at a step downstream of virus entry. Further studies will determine in vivo efficacy to assess whether A. annua might provide a cost-effective therapeutic to treat SARS-CoV-2 infections.

List of compounds studiedAmodiaquine
Artemisinin
Artesunate
Artemether
Deoxyartemisinin
Dihydroartemisinin


HighlightsO_LIArtemisia annua is effective in stopping replication of SARS-CoV-2 including 2 new variants.
C_LIO_LIThe anti-viral effect does not correlate to artemisinin, nor to the total flavonoid content.
C_LIO_LIThe anti-viral mechanism does not appear to involve blockade virus entry into cell.
C_LIO_LIThe plant offers two additional benefits: a decreased inflammatory response and blunting of fibrosis.
C_LIO_LIA. annua may provide a safe, low-cost alternative for treating patients infected with SARS-CoV-2.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nair, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fidock, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polyak, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagoner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Towler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weathers, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.08.425825</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Artemisia annua L. extracts prevent in vitro replication of SARS-CoV-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.10.425752v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Native structure of the RhopH complex, a key determinant of malaria parasite nutrient acquisition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.10.425752v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The RhopH complex is implicated in malaria parasites ability to invade and create new permeability pathways in host erythrocytes, but its mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here we enrich the endogenous RhopH complex in a native soluble form, comprising RhopH2, CLAG3.1 and RhopH3, directly from parasite cell lysates and determine its atomic structure using cryo electron microscopy, mass spectrometry, and the cryoID program. This first direct observation of an exported P. falciparum transmembrane protein--in a soluble, trafficking state and with atomic details of buried putative membrane-insertion helices--offers insights into assembly and trafficking of RhopH and other parasite-derived complexes to the erythrocyte membrane. Our study demonstrates the potential endogenous structural proteomics approach holds for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of hard-to-isolate complexes in their native, functional forms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ho, C.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jih, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.10.425752</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Native structure of the RhopH complex, a key determinant of malaria parasite nutrient acquisition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.10.426120v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Potent SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies Directed Against Spike N-Terminal Domain Target a Single Supersite 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.10.426120v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Numerous antibodies that neutralize SARS-CoV-2 have been identified, and these generally target either the receptor-binding domain (RBD) or the N-terminal domain (NTD) of the viral spike. While RBD-directed antibodies have been extensively studied, far less is known about NTD-directed antibodies. Here we report cryo-EM and crystal structures for seven potent NTD-directed neutralizing antibodies in complex with spike or isolated NTD. These structures defined several antibody classes, with at least one observed in multiple convalescent donors. The structures revealed all seven antibodies to target a common surface, bordered by glycans N17, N74, N122, and N149. This site - formed primarily by a mobile {beta}-hairpin and several flexible loops - was highly electropositive, located at the periphery of the spike, and the largest glycan-free surface of NTD facing away from the viral membrane. Thus, in contrast to neutralizing RBD-directed antibodies that recognize multiple non-overlapping epitopes, potent NTD-directed neutralizing antibodies target a single supersite.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cerutti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rapp, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddem, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahna, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bimela, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katsamba, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lihong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olia, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuang, G.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.10.426120</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Potent SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies Directed Against Spike N-Terminal Domain Target a Single Supersite]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.11.426218v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modular basis for potent SARS-CoV-2 neutralization by a prevalent VH1-2-derived antibody class 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.11.426218v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibodies with heavy chains that derive from the VH1-2 gene constitute some of the most potent SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies yet identified. To provide insight into whether these genetic similarities inform common modes of recognition, we determined structures of the SARS-CoV-2 spike in complex with three VH1-2-derived antibodies: 2-15, 2-43, and H4. All three utilized VH1-2-encoded motifs to recognize the receptor-binding domain (RBD), with heavy chain N53I enhancing binding and light chain tyrosines recognizing F486RBD. Despite these similarities, class members bound both RBD-up and -down conformations of the spike, with a subset of antibodies utilizing elongated CDRH3s to recognize glycan N343 on a neighboring RBD - a quaternary interaction accommodated by an increase in RBD separation of up to 12 [A]. The VH1-2-antibody class thus utilizes modular recognition encoded by modular genetic elements to effect potent neutralization, with VH-gene component specifying recognition of RBD and CDRH3 component specifying quaternary interactions.

HighlightsO_LIDetermine structures of VH1-2-derived antibodies 2-43, 2-15, and H4 in complex with SARS-CoV-2 spike
C_LIO_LIDefine a multi-donor VH1-2-antibody class with modular components for RBD and quaternary recognition
C_LIO_LIReveal structural basis of RBD-up and RBD-down recognition within the class
C_LIO_LIShow somatic hypermutations and avidity to be critical for potency
C_LIO_LIDelineate changes in spike conformation induced by CDRH3-mediated quaternary recognition
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rapp, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddem, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerutti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bimela, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahna, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mannepalli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.11.426218</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modular basis for potent SARS-CoV-2 neutralization by a prevalent VH1-2-derived antibody class]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.12.426178v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Somatic Depolarization Enhances Hippocampal CA1 Dendritic Spike Propagation and Distal Input Driven Synaptic Plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.12.426178v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synaptic inputs that target distal regions of neuronal dendrites can often generate local dendritic spikes that can amplify synaptic depolarization, induce synaptic plasticity, and enhance neuronal output. However, distal dendritic spikes are subject to significant attenuation by dendritic cable properties, and often produce only a weak subthreshold depolarization of the soma. Nonetheless, such spikes have been implicated in memory storage, sensory perception and place field formation. How can such a weak somatic response produce such powerful behavioral effects? Here we use dual dendritic and somatic recordings in acute hippocampal slices to reveal that dendritic spike propagation, but not spike initiation, is strongly enhanced when the somatic resting potential is depolarized, likely as a result of increased inactivation of A-type K+ channels. Somatic depolarization also facilitates the induction of a form of dendritic spike driven heterosynaptic plasticity that enhances memory specificity. Thus, the effect of somatic membrane depolarization to enhance dendritic spike propagation and long-term synaptic plasticity is likely to play an important role in hippocampal-dependent spatial representations as well as learning and memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bock, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegelbaum, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.12.426178</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Somatic Depolarization Enhances Hippocampal CA1 Dendritic Spike Propagation and Distal Input Driven Synaptic Plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.12.426264v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Allosteric MAPKAPK2 Inhibitors Improve Plaque Stability in Advanced Atherosclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.12.426264v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Atherosclerotic vascular disease resulting from unstable plaques is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D), and thus a major therapeutic goal is to discover T2D drugs that can also promote atherosclerotic plaque stability. Genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase-2 (MK2) in obese mice improves glucose homeostasis and enhances insulin sensitivity. We developed two novel orally active small-molecule inhibitors of MK2, TBX-1 and TBX-2, and tested their effects on metabolism and atherosclerosis in high-fat Western diet (WD)-fed Ldlr-/- mice. Ldlr-/- mice were first fed the WD to allow atherosclerotic lesions to become established, and the mice were then treated with TBX-1 or TBX-2. Both compounds improved glucose metabolism and lowered plasma cholesterol and triglyceride, without an effect on body weight. Most importantly, the compounds decreased lesion area, lessened plaque necrosis, and increased fibrous cap thickness in the aortic root lesions of the mice. Thus, in a preclinical model of high-fat feeding and established atherosclerosis, MK2 inhibitors improved metabolism and also enhanced atherosclerotic plaque stability, suggesting potential for further clinical development to address the epidemic of T2D associated with atherosclerotic vascular disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ozcan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasikara, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yurdagul, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuriakose, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbard, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serrano-Wu, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabas, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.12.426264</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Allosteric MAPKAPK2 Inhibitors Improve Plaque Stability in Advanced Atherosclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.12.426288v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A simple explanation for declining temperature sensitivity with warming 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.12.426288v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Temperature sensitivity--the magnitude of a biological response per {degrees}C--is a fundamental concept across scientific disciplines, especially biology, where temperature determines the rate of many plant, animal and ecosystem processes. Recently, a growing body of literature in global change biology has found temperature sensitivities decline as temperatures rise (Fuet al., 2015; Gusewell et al., 2017; Piao et al., 2017; Chen et al., 2019; Dai et al., 2019). Such observations have been used to suggest climate change is reshaping biological processes, with major implications for forecasts of future change. Here we present a simple alternative explanation for observed declining sensitivities: the use of linear models to estimate non-linear temperature responses. We show how linear estimates of sensitivities will appear to decline with warming for events that occur after a cumulative thermal threshold is met--a common model for many biological events. Corrections for the non-linearity of temperature response in simulated data and long-term phenological data from Europe remove the apparent decline. Our results show that rising temperatures combined with linear estimates based on calendar time produce observations of declining sensitivity--without any shift in the underlying biology. Current methods may thus undermine efforts to identify when and how warming will reshape biological processes.

Significance statementRecently a growing body of literature has observed declining temperature sensitivities of plant leafout and other events with higher temperatures. Such results suggest that climate change is already reshaping fundamental biological processes. These temperature sensitivities are often estimated as the magnitude of a biological response per {degrees}C from linear regression. The underlying model for many events--that a critical threshold of warmth must be reached to trigger the event--however, is non-linear. We show that this mismatch between the statistical and biological models can produce the illusion of declining sensitivities with warming using current methods. We suggest simple alternative approaches that can better identify when and how warming will reshape biological processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wolkovich, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auerbach, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamberlain, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buonaiuto, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ettinger, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morales-Castilla, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.12.426288</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A simple explanation for declining temperature sensitivity with warming]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.12.426369v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A point mutation in HIV-1 integrase redirects proviral integration into centromeric repeats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.12.426369v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retroviruses utilize the viral integrase (IN) protein to integrate a DNA copy of their genome into the host chromosomal DNA. HIV-1 integration sites are highly biased towards actively transcribed genes, likely mediated by binding of the IN protein to specific host factors, particularly LEDGF, located at these gene regions. We here report a dramatic redirection of integration site distribution induced by a single point mutation in HIV-1 IN. Viruses carrying the K258R IN mutation exhibit more than a 25-fold increase in integrations into centromeric alpha satellite repeat sequences, as assessed by both deep sequencing and qPCR assays. Immunoprecipitation studies identified host factors that uniquely bind to the mutant IN protein and thus may account for the novel bias for integration into centromeres. Centromeric integration events are known to be enriched in the latent reservoir of infected memory T cells, as well as in patients who control viral replication without intervention (so-called elite controllers). The K258R point mutation in HIV-1 IN reported in this study has also been found in databases of latent proviruses found in patients. The altered integration site preference induced by this mutation has uncovered a hidden feature of the establishment of viral latency and control of viral replication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goff, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winans, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.12.426369</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A point mutation in HIV-1 integrase redirects proviral integration into centromeric repeats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.13.425890v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Astrocyte-derived ApoE is Required for the Maturation of Injury-induced Hippocampal Neurons and Regulates Cognitive Recovery After Traumatic Brain Injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.13.425890v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polymorphisms in the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene confer a major genetic risk for the development of late-onset Alzheimers disease (AD) and are predictive of outcome following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Alterations in adult hippocampal neurogenesis have long been associated with both the development of AD and recovery following TBI, and ApoE is known to play a role in this process. In order to determine how ApoE might influence hippocampal injury-induced neurogenesis, we developed a novel conditional system whereby functional ApoE from astrocytes was ablated just prior to injury. While successfully ablating 90% of astrocytic ApoE just prior to a closed cortical impact injury in mice, we observed an attenuation in the development of newly born neurons using a GFP-expressing retrovirus, but not in existing hippocampal neurons visualized with a Golgi stain. Intriguingly, animals with a "double-hit", i.e. injury and ApoE conditionally inactivated in astrocytes, demonstrated the most pronounced impairments in the hippocampal-dependent Morris water maze test, failing to exhibit spatial memory after both acquisition and reversal training trials. In comparison, conditional knockout mice without injury displayed impairments but only in the reversal phase of the test, suggesting accumulative effects of astrocytic ApoE deficiency and traumatic brain injury on AD-like phenotypes. Together, these findings demonstrate that astrocytic ApoE is required for functional injury-induced neurogenesis following traumatic brain injury.

Significance StatementApoE has long been implicated in the development of Alzheimers disease and recovery from traumatic brain injury via unknown mechanisms. Using a novel conditional ablation model of mouse ApoE and subsequent tracing of individual hippocampal neurons, we demonstrate its requirement in injury-induced neurogenesis for proper dendritic arborization and cognitive function in hippocampal-dependent learning and memory tasks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, T.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tensaouti, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephanz, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafikian, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kernie, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.13.425890</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Astrocyte-derived ApoE is Required for the Maturation of Injury-induced Hippocampal Neurons and Regulates Cognitive Recovery After Traumatic Brain Injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.14.426284v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A convergent structure-function substrate of cognitive imbalances in autism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.14.426284v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autism is a common neurodevelopmental condition characterized by substantial phenotypic heterogeneity, which hinders diagnosis, research, and intervention. A leading example can be found in marked imbalances in language and perceptual skills, where deficits in one domain often co-exist with normal or even superior performance in the other domain. The current work capitalized on multiple data analytics including data-driven subtyping and dimensional approaches to quantify cognitive imbalances in multi-site datasets of individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and neurotypical controls, and assessed structural and functional brain network substrates. Studying cognitive dimensions as well as multimodal neuroimaging signatures in 155 ASD and 151 neurotypical individuals, we observed robust evidence for a structure-function substrate of cognitive imbalances in ASD. Specifically, ASD presented with marked imbalances in cognitive profiles relative to neurotypical controls, characterized by verbal to non-verbal intelligence discrepancy. Different analytical approaches including subtyping and dimensional regression methods converged in showing that these imbalances were reflected in atypical cortical thickening and functional integration of language networks, alongside with sensory and higher cognitive networks. Phenotypic findings could be replicated in an independent sample of 325 ASD and 569 neurotypical controls. Although verbal and non-verbal intelligence are currently considered as specifiers unrelated to the categorical diagnosis of autism, our results show that intelligence disparities are accentuated in ASD and relate to a consistent structure-function substrate affecting multiple brain networks. Our findings motivate the incorporation of cognitive imbalances in future autism research, which may help to parse the phenotypic heterogeneity of autism and potentially inform intervention-oriented subtyping.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hong, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurent, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, B.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benkarim, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valk, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paquola, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lariviere, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vos de Wael, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Degre-Pelletier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soulieres, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramphal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margolis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milham, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Martino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernhardt, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.14.426284</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A convergent structure-function substrate of cognitive imbalances in autism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.14.426737v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstructing tumor trajectories during therapy through integration of multiple measurement modalities. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.14.426737v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAccurately determining changes in tumor size during therapy is essential to evaluating response or progression. However, individual imaging methodologies often poorly reflect pathologic response and long-term treatment efficacy in patients with estrogen receptor positive (ER+) early-stage breast cancer. Mathematical models that measure tumor progression over time by integrating diverse imaging and tumor measurement modalities are not currently used but could increase accuracy in measuring response and provide biological insights into cancer evolution.

MethodsFor ER+ breast cancer patients enrolled on a neoadjuvant clinical trial, we reconstructed their tumor size trajectories during therapy by combining all available information on tumor size, including different imaging modalities, physical examinations and pathological assessment data. Tumor trajectories during six months of treatment were generated, using a Gaussian process and the most probable trajectories were evaluated, based on clinical data, using measurement models that account for biases and differences in precision between tumor measurement methods, such as MRI, ultrasound and mammograms.

ResultsReconstruction of tumor trajectories during treatment identified five distinct patterns of tumor size changes, including rebound growth not evident from any single modality. These results increase specificity to distinguish innate or acquired resistance compared to using any single measurement alone. The speed of therapeutic response and extent of subsequent rebound tumor growth quantify sensitivity or resistance in this patient population.

ConclusionsTumor trajectory reconstruction integrating multiple modalities of tumor measurement accurately describes tumor progression on therapy and reveals various patterns of patient responses. Mathematical models can integrate diverse response assessments and account for biases in tumor measurement, thereby providing insights into the timing and rate at which resistance emerges.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Griffiths, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Dea, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winblad, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trivedi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalinsky, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisinski, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Regan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makhoul, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spring, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bardia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanzeb, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bild, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.14.426737</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstructing tumor trajectories during therapy through integration of multiple measurement modalities.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.15.426863v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ubx orchestrates tissue identity through regional and bidirectional changes to chromatin accessibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.15.426863v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hox proteins are homeodomain transcription factors that diversify serially homologous segments along the animal body axis, as revealed by the classic bithorax phenotype of Drosophila melanogaster where mutations in Ultrabithorax (Ubx) transform the third thoracic segment into the likeness of the second thoracic segment. To specify segment identity we show that Ubx both increases and decreases chromatin accessibility, coinciding with its role as both an activator and repressor of transcription. Surprisingly, whether Ubx functions as an activator or repressor differs depending on the proximal-distal position in the segment and the availability of Hox cofactors. Ubx-mediated changes to chromatin accessibility positively and negatively impact the binding of Scalloped (Sd), a transcription factor that is required for appendage development in both segments. These findings reveal how a single Hox protein can modify complex gene regulatory networks to transform the identity of an entire tissue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Loker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanner, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.15.426863</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ubx orchestrates tissue identity through regional and bidirectional changes to chromatin accessibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.18.427173v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Mitochondrial Calcium Uniporter of Pulmonary Type 2 Cells Determines Severity of ARDS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.18.427173v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acute lung immunity to inhaled pathogens elicits defensive pneumonitis that may convert to the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), causing high mortality. Mechanisms underlying the conversion are not understood, but are of intense interest because of the ARDS-induced mortality in the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic. Here, by optical imaging of live lungs we show that key to the lethality is the functional status of mitochondrial Ca2+ buffering across the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU) in the lungs alveolar type 2 cells (AT2), which protect alveolar stability. In mice subjected to ARDS by airway exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, there was marked loss of MCU expression in AT2. The ability of mice to survive ARDS depended on the extent to which the MCU expression recovered, indicating that the viability of Ca2+ buffering by AT2 mitochondria critically determines ARDS severity. Mitochondrial transfer to enhance AT2 MCU expression might protect against ARDS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Islam, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gusarova, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monma, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anjaneyulu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owusu-Ansah, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.18.427173</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Mitochondrial Calcium Uniporter of Pulmonary Type 2 Cells Determines Severity of ARDS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.18.427195v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular programs of fibrotic change in aging human lung 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.18.427195v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging is associated with both overt and subclinical lung fibrosis, which increases risk for mortality from viruses and other respiratory pathogens. The molecular programs that induce fibrosis in the aging lung are not well understood. To overcome this knowledge gap, we undertook multimodal profiling of distal lung samples from healthy human donors across the lifespan. Telomere shortening, a cause of cell senescence and fibrosis, was progressive with age in a sample of 86 lungs and was associated with foci of DNA damage. Bulk RNA sequencing confirmed activation of cellular senescence and pro-fibrotic pathways as well as genes necessary for collagen processing with increasing age. These findings were validated in independent datasets for lung and sun-exposed skin, but not other organs including heart, liver and kidney. Cell type deconvolution analysis revealed a progressive loss of lung epithelial cells and an increasing proportion of fibroblasts. Consistent with the observed pro-fibrotic transcriptional profile, second harmonic imaging demonstrated increased density of interstitial collagen in aged human lungs. Furthermore, regions of parenchymal fibrosis were associated with decreased alveolar expansion and surfactant secretion. These findings reveal the transcriptional and structural features of fibrosis and associated physiologic impairments in normal lung aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Islam, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boostanpour, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aran, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christenson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthay, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eckalbar, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DePianto, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arron, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magee, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsumoto, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kubota, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farber, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolters, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.18.427195</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular programs of fibrotic change in aging human lung]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.18.427216v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhancing top-down proteomics of brain tissue with FAIMS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.18.427216v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteomic investigations of Alzheimers and Parkinsons disease have provided valuable insights into neurodegenerative disorders. Thus far, these investigations have largely been restricted to bottom-up approaches, hindering the degree to which one can characterize a proteins "intact" state. Top-down proteomics (TDP) overcomes this limitation, however it is typically limited to observing only the most abundant proteoforms and of a relatively small size. Therefore, offline fractionation techniques are commonly used to reduce sample complexity, limiting throughput. A higher throughput alternative is online fractionation, such as gas phase high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS). Utilizing a high complexity sample derived from Alzheimers disease brain tissue, we describe how the addition of FAIMS to TDP can robustly improve the depth of proteome coverage. For example, implementation of FAIMS at -50 compensation voltage (CV) more than doubled the mean number of non-redundant proteoforms observed (1,833 {+/-} 17, n = 3), compared to without (754 {+/-} 35 proteoforms). We also found FAIMS can influence the transmission of proteoforms and their charge envelopes based on their size. Importantly, FAIMS enabled the identification of intact amyloid beta (A{beta}) proteoforms, including the aggregation-prone A{beta}1-42 variant which is strongly linked to Alzheimers disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fulcher, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makaju, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, W.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasa-Tolic, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petyuk, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.18.427216</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhancing top-down proteomics of brain tissue with FAIMS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.19.427299v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convergent evolution of resistance pathways during early stage breast cancer treatment with combination cell cycle (CDK) and endocrine inhibitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.19.427299v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Combining cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors with endocrine therapy improves outcomes for metastatic estrogen receptor positive (ER+), HER2 negative, breast cancer patients. However, the value of this combination in potentially curable earlier stage patients is not clear. Using single cell transcriptomic profiling, we examined the evolutionary trajectories of early stage breast cancer tumors using serial tumor biopsies from a clinical trial of preoperative endocrine therapy (letrozole) alone or in combination with the cell cycle inhibitor ribociclib. Applying hierarchical regression and Gaussian process mathematical modelling, we classified each tumor by whether it shrinks or persists with therapy and determined cancer phenotypes related to evolution of resistance and cell cycle transcriptional rewiring. We found that all patients tumors undergo subclonal evolution during therapy, irrespective of the clinical response. However, tumors subjected to endocrine therapy alone showed reduced diversity over time, while those facing combination therapy exhibited increased diversity. Despite different subclonal diversity, single nuclei RNA sequencing uncovered common phenotypic changes in tumor cells that persist following treatment. In these tumors, cancer cells with accelerated loss of estrogen signaling have convergent up-regulation of the JNK pathway, while cells that maintain estrogen signaling during therapy show potentiation of CDK4/6 activation consistent with ERBB4 and ERK signaling up-regulation. These convergent phenotypes were associated with growing tumors resistant to combination therapy. Cell cycle reconstruction identified that these tumors can rebound during combination therapy treatment, indicating stronger selection and promotion of a proliferative state. These results indicate that combination therapy in early stage ER+ breast cancers with ER and CDK inhibition drives rapid evolution of resistance via a shift from estrogen signaling to alternative growth factor receptor mediated proliferation and JNK signaling activation, concordant with a bypass in the G1 checkpoint.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Griffiths, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cosgrove, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Dea, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trivedi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalinsky, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisinski, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Regan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makhoul, , I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spring, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bardia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, Q. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bild, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.19.427299</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convergent evolution of resistance pathways during early stage breast cancer treatment with combination cell cycle (CDK) and endocrine inhibitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.19.427351v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tianeptine, but not fluoxetine, decreases avoidant behavior in a mouse model of early developmental exposure to fluoxetine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.19.427351v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Depression and anxiety are two of the most common mental health disorders, often sharing symptoms and administrations. Most pharmacological agents available to treat these disorders target monoamine systems. Currently, finding the most effective treatment for an individual is a process of trial and error. Therefore, to better understand how disease etiology may predict treatment response, we studied mice exposed developmentally to the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluoxetine (FLX). These mice show the murine equivalent of anxiety- and depression-like symptoms in adulthood and here we report that these mice are also behaviorally resistant to the antidepressant-like effects of adult SSRI administration. We investigated whether tianeptine (TIA), which exerts its therapeutic effects through the mu-opioid receptor (MOR) instead of directly targeting monoaminergic systems, would be more effective in this model.

We injected C57BL/6J (C57) pups with either FLX (10 mg/kg, i.p) or vehicle from postnatal (PN) day 2 to 11, a period in which mouse brain development parallels that of the third trimester of a human pregnancy. Prior work established that adult 129SvEv (129) mice exposed to FLX in this time period (PN-FLX) showed increased avoidant and decreased hedonic behaviors, which correspond to anxiety- and depressive-like symptoms in humans, respectively. We performed baseline testing in adulthood in C57 PN-FLX animals and confirmed a similar avoidant phenotype to that reported in 129 PN-FLX mice. We then treated these animals with chronic FLX (18 mg/kg in the drinking water) and evaluated effects on two tasks that measure avoidant behavior - the open field and novelty suppressed feeding (NSF) tasks. This administration failed to improve, and even exacerbated, avoidance symptoms in PN-FLX mice. The same animals then underwent chronic administration with TIA (30 mg/kg, 2x/day, i.p.) as an alternative treatment strategy. TIA administration decreased avoidance behavior as measured in the open field and NSF. Overall, this demonstrates that TIA may be a promising alternative treatment to typical antidepressants, especially in patients whose serotonergic system has been altered.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pekarskaya, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holt, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gingrich, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ansorge, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javitch, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canetta, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.19.427351</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tianeptine, but not fluoxetine, decreases avoidant behavior in a mouse model of early developmental exposure to fluoxetine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.20.427261v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hyperoxia Inhibits the Growth of Mouse Forebrain Oligodendrocyte Progenitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.20.427261v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
NG2 chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan positive oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) reside throughout the brain. They divide asymmetrically and differentiate into myelinating oligodendrocytes throughout adulthood. OPCs have been successfully isolated from rodents using several techniques including magnetic beads, immunopanning and exploiting differential centripetal adhesion. Whereas rat OPCs are relatively simple to propagate in vitro, it has been difficult to expand mouse OPCs. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of oxygen levels, growth factors and extracellular matrix components to produce a simple and reproducible method to prepare large numbers of nearly homogenous cultures of primary mouse OPCs from postnatal day 0-2 mouse telencephala. Using the McCarthy and de Vellis mechanical separation method OPCs were separated from mixed culture of glial cells. When the OPCs were plated onto fibronectin coated tissue culture plates in a biochemically defined medium that contained fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and platelet derived growth factor AA (PDGFAA), and they were maintained in a standard tissue culture incubator, they proliferated very slowly. By contrast, mouse OPCs doubled approximately every 7 days when maintained in a 2% oxygen, nitrogen buffered environment. After 3 passages, greater than 99% of these OPCs were NG2+/PDGFR+. In medium containing only FGF-2, mouse OPCs progressed to late stage OPCs whereupon A2B5 expression decreased and O4 expression increased. When these cells were differentiated between passages 1 and 3, the majority of the OPCs differentiated into MBP+ mature oligodendrocytes However, cells that were repeatedly passaged beyond 4 passages progressed to a late O4+ OPC (even with mitogens present) and when differentiated by mitogen removal a minority of the OPCs differentiated into MBP+ cells. These studies reveal significant differences between mouse and rat OPCs and an inhibitory role for oxygen in mouse OPC proliferation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moore, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLane, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wahl, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ornelas, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canoll, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levison, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.20.427261</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hyperoxia Inhibits the Growth of Mouse Forebrain Oligodendrocyte Progenitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.20.427469v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Actin fence therapy with exogenous V12Rac1 protects against Acute Lung Injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.20.427469v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High mortality in Acute Lung Injury (ALI) results from sustained proinflammatory signaling by alveolar receptors, such as TNF receptor type 1 (TNFR1). Factors that determine the sustained signaling are not known. Unexpectedly, optical imaging of live alveoli revealed a major TNF-induced surge of alveolar TNFR1 due to a Ca2+-dependent mechanism that decreased the cortical actin fence. Mouse mortality due to inhaled LPS was associated with cofilin activation, actin loss and the TNFR1 surge. The constitutively active form of the GTPase, Rac1 (V12Rac1), given intranasally as a non-covalent construct with a cell-permeable peptide, enhanced alveolar F-actin and blocked the TNFR1 surge. V12Rac1 also protected against ALI-induced mortality resulting from intranasal (i.n.) instillation of LPS, or of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We propose a new therapeutic paradigm in which actin enhancement by exogenous Rac1 strengthens the alveolar actin fence, protecting against proinflammatory receptor hyperexpression, hence blocking ALI.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gusarova, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Islam, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westphalen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shmarakov, I. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.20.427469</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Actin fence therapy with exogenous V12Rac1 protects against Acute Lung Injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.24.427962v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The brain clock portal system: SCN-OVLT 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.24.427962v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vascular portal systems are key structures, necessary for transporting products directly from the capillary bed of one region to the capillary bed of another region in high concentrations, without first returning to the heart. The only known portal systems in the brain is the hypophyseal-pituitary portal system, a structure necessary for survival and reproduction. Secretions from specific populations of hypothalamic neurons travel into fenestrated capillaries of the median eminence (ME) and thence drain into portal veins which break up into the secondary capillary plexus of the anterior pituitary. Neurons of the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), locus of the brains master clock, also produces secretions deeply implicated in health and survival (Karatsoreos, 2019; Musiek & Holtzman, 2016). Here we describe a portal system connecting the SCN and organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) - a circumventricular organ (CVO). CVOs lie around ventricles and lack a blood-brain barrier, enabling communication between the blood, brain, and cerebrospinal fluid. This "clock portal system" points to entirely new routes and targets for secreted signals, restructuring our understanding of brain communication pathways. Whether any of the remaining six CVOs in the mammalian brain bear portal systems is yet to be determined.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taub, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeSauter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silver, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.24.427962</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The brain clock portal system: SCN-OVLT]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.25.428078v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disrupting D2-NMDA receptor heteromerization blocks the rewarding effects of cocaine but preserves natural reward processing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.25.428078v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Addictive drugs increase dopamine in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), where it persistently shapes excitatory glutamate transmission and hijacks natural reward processing. Herein, we provide evidence, from mice to human, that an underlying mechanism relies on drug-evoked heteromerization of glutamate NMDA receptors (NMDAR) with dopamine receptor 1 (D1R) or 2 (D2R). Using temporally-controlled inhibition of D1R-NMDAR heteromerization, we unraveled their selective implication in early developmental phases of cocaine-mediated synaptic, morphological and behavioral responses. In contrast, preventing D2R-NMDAR heteromerization blocked the persistence of these adaptations. Importantly, interfering with these heteromers spared natural reward processing. Strikingly, we established that D2R-NMDAR complexes exist in human samples and showed that, despite a decreased D2R protein expression in the NAc, psychostimulant-addicts display a higher proportion of D2R forming heteromers with NMDAR. These findings contribute to a better understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying addiction and uncover D2R-NMDAR heteromers as targets with potential therapeutic value.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Andry, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estefani, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paula, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebastian, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anna, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veronique, D. S.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolas, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanesa, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marie-Charlotte, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincent, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandrine, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roman, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ying, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charlene, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexis-Pierre, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gustavo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naguib, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonathan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jocelyne, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierre, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacques, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.25.428078</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disrupting D2-NMDA receptor heteromerization blocks the rewarding effects of cocaine but preserves natural reward processing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.25.428086v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide analysis of mitochondrial DNA copy number reveals multiple loci implicated in nucleotide metabolism, platelet activation, and megakaryocyte proliferation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.25.428086v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA-CN) measured from blood specimens is a minimally invasive marker of mitochondrial function that exhibits both inter-individual and intercellular variation. To identify genes involved in regulating mitochondrial function, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in 465,809 White individuals from the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) consortium and the UK Biobank (UKB). We identified 133 SNPs with statistically significant, independent effects associated with mtDNA-CN across 100 loci. A combination of fine-mapping, variant annotation, and co-localization analyses were used to prioritize genes within each of the 133 independent sites. Putative causal genes were enriched for known mitochondrial DNA depletion syndromes (p = 3.09 x 10-15) and the gene ontology (GO) terms for mtDNA metabolism (p = 1.43 x 10-8) and mtDNA replication (p = 1.2 x 10-7). A clustering approach leveraged pleiotropy between mtDNA-CN associated SNPs and 41 mtDNA-CN associated phenotypes to identify functional domains, revealing three distinct groups, including platelet activation, megakaryocyte proliferation, and mtDNA metabolism. Finally, using mitochondrial SNPs, we establish causal relationships between mitochondrial function and a variety of blood cell related traits, kidney function, liver function and overall (p = 0.044) and non-cancer mortality (p = 6.56 x 10-4).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Longchamps, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castellani, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grove, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartz, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarnowski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burrows, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guyatt, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaunt, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kacprowski, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>CHARGE Aging and Longevity Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fornage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feitosa, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojczynski, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraja, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Province, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivadeneira, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiemeier, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uitterlinden, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raffield, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemaitre, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodarzi, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sitlani, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mak, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murabito, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lunetta, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soto</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.25.428086</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide analysis of mitochondrial DNA copy number reveals multiple loci implicated in nucleotide metabolism, platelet activation, and megakaryocyte proliferation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.25.428137v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Increased Resistance of SARS-CoV-2 Variants B.1.351 and B.1.1.7 to Antibody Neutralization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.25.428137v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The COVID-19 pandemic has ravaged the globe, and its causative agent, SARS-CoV-2, continues to rage. Prospects of ending this pandemic rest on the development of effective interventions. Single and combination monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics have received emergency use authorization1-3, with more in the pipeline4-7. Furthermore, multiple vaccine constructs have shown promise8, including two with ~95% protective efficacy against COVID-199,10. However, these interventions were directed toward the initial SARS-CoV-2 that emerged in 2019. The recent emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.1.7 in the UK11 and B.1.351 in South Africa12 is of concern because of their purported ease of transmission and extensive mutations in the spike protein. We now report that B.1.1.7 is refractory to neutralization by most mAbs to the N-terminal domain (NTD) of spike and relatively resistant to a few mAbs to the receptor-binding domain (RBD). It is not more resistant to convalescent plasma or vaccinee sera. Findings on B.1.351 are more worrisome in that this variant is not only refractory to neutralization by most NTD mAbs but also by multiple individual mAbs to the receptor-binding motif on RBD, largely due to an E484K mutation. Moreover, B.1.351 is markedly more resistant to neutralization by convalescent plasma (9.4 fold) and vaccinee sera (10.3-12.4 fold). B.1.351 and emergent variants13,14 with similar spike mutations present new challenges for mAb therapy and threaten the protective efficacy of current vaccines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lihong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iketani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mascola, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobieszczyk, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyratsous, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.25.428137</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Increased Resistance of SARS-CoV-2 Variants B.1.351 and B.1.1.7 to Antibody Neutralization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.26.428260v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human stem cell model of HNF1A deficiency shows uncoupled insulin to C-peptide secretion with accumulation of abnormal insulin granules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.26.428260v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in HNF1A cause Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young type 3 (MODY3), the most prevalent form of monogenic diabetes. We generated stem cell-derived pancreatic endocrine cells from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) with induced hypomorphic mutations in HNF1A. Using these cells, we show that HNF1A orchestrates a transcriptional program required for distinct aspects of {beta}-cell fate and function. During islet cell differentiation, HNF1A deficiency biases islet endocrine cells towards an -cell fate associated with PAX4 down-regulation. HNF1A- deficient {beta}-cells display impaired basal and glucose stimulated-insulin secretion in association with a reduction in CACNA1A and intracellular calcium levels, and impaired insulin granule exocytosis in association with SYT13 down-regulation. Knockout of PAX4, CACNA1A and SYT13 reproduce the relevant phenotypes. Reduction of insulin secretion is associated with accumulation of enlarged secretory granules, and altered stoichiometry of secreted insulin to C-peptide. In HNF1A deficient {beta}-cells, glibenclamide, a sulfonylurea drug used in the treatment of MODY3 patients, increases intracellular calcium to levels beyond those achieved by glucose, and restores C-peptide and insulin secretion to a normal stoichiometric ratio. To study HNF1A deficiency in the context of a human disease model, we also generated stem cell-derived pancreatic endocrine cells from two MODY3 patients induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). While insulin secretion defects are constitutive in cells with complete HNF1A loss of function, {beta}-cells heterozygous for hypomorphic HNF1A mutations are initially normal, but lose the ability to secrete insulin and acquire abnormal stoichiometric secretion ratios. Importantly, the defects observed in these stem cell models are also seen in circulating proportions of insulin:C-peptide in nine MODY3 patients.

One sentence of summaryDeficiency of the transcription factor HNF1A biases islet endocrine cell fate towards -cells, impairs intracellular calcium homeostasis and insulin exocytosis, alters the stoichiometry of insulin to C-peptide release, and leads to an accumulation of abnormal insulin secretory granules in {beta}-cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goulbourne, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oberholzer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeDuc, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colecraft, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gromada, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goland, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leibel, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.26.428260</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human stem cell model of HNF1A deficiency shows uncoupled insulin to C-peptide secretion with accumulation of abnormal insulin granules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.26.428291v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-order areas and auditory cortex both represent the high-level event structure of music 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.26.428291v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent fMRI studies of event segmentation have found that default mode regions represent high-level event structure during movie watching. In these regions, neural patterns are relatively stable during events and shift at event boundaries. Music, like narratives, contains hierarchical event structure (e.g., sections are composed of phrases). Here, we tested the hypothesis that brain activity patterns in default mode regions reflect the high-level event structure of music. We used fMRI to record brain activity from 25 participants (male and female) as they listened to a continuous playlist of 16 musical excerpts, and additionally collected annotations for these excerpts by asking a separate group of participants to mark when meaningful changes occurred in each one. We then identified temporal boundaries between stable patterns of brain activity using a hidden Markov model and compared the location of the model boundaries to the location of the human annotations. We identified multiple brain regions with significant matches to the observer-identified boundaries, including auditory cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex, and angular gyrus. From these results, we conclude that both higher-order and sensory areas contain information relating to the high-level event structure of music. Moreover, the higher-order areas in this study overlap with areas found in previous studies of event perception in movies and audio narratives, including regions in the default mode network.

Significance StatementListening to music requires the brain to track dynamics at multiple hierarchical timescales. In our study, we had fMRI participants listen to real-world music (classical and jazz pieces) and then used an unsupervised learning algorithm (a hidden Markov model) to model the high-level event structure of music within participants brain data. This approach revealed that default mode brain regions involved in representing the high-level event structure of narratives are also involved in representing the high-level event structure of music. These findings provide converging support for the hypothesis that these regions play a domain-general role in processing events occurring over long timescales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williams, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margulis, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nastase, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasson, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldassano, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.26.428291</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-order areas and auditory cortex both represent the high-level event structure of music]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.26.428313v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Paths to annihilation: Genetic and demographic consequences of range contraction patterns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.26.428313v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Species range contractions are important contributors to biological annihilation, yet typically do not receive the same attention as extinctions. Range contractions can lead to marked impacts on populations but are often only characterized by measurements of reduced extent. For effective conservation efforts, it is critical to recognize that not all range contractions are the same. We propose four distinct patterns of range contraction: shrinkage, amputation, hollow, and fragmentation. We tested their impact on populations of a generic generalist species using forward-time simulations. Results showed that all four patterns differentially reduced population abundance (declines of 60-80%) and significantly increased average relatedness, with differing patterns in nucleotide diversity ({pi}) declines relative to the contraction pattern. The fragmentation pattern resulted in the strongest effects on post-contraction genetic diversity and structure. Defining and quantifying range contraction patterns and their consequences for the planets biodiversity provides necessary information to combat biological annihilation in the Anthropocene.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rogan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hancock, Z. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Earl, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchholtz, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chyn, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martina, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.26.428313</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Paths to annihilation: Genetic and demographic consequences of range contraction patterns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.27.428390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
P. falciparum K13 mutations present varying degrees of artemisinin resistance and reduced fitness in African parasites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.27.428390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The emergence of artemisinin (ART) resistance in Plasmodium falciparum parasites, driven by K13 mutations, has led to widespread antimalarial treatment failure in Southeast Asia. In Africa, our genotyping of 3,299 isolates confirms the emergence of the K13 R561H variant in Rwanda and reveals the continuing dominance of wild-type K13 across 11 countries. We show that this mutation, along with M579I and C580Y, confers varying degrees of in vitro ART resistance in African parasites. C580Y and M579I cause substantial fitness costs, which may counter-select against their dissemination in high-transmission settings. We also define the impact of multiple K13 mutations on ART resistance and fitness in multiple Southeast Asian strains. ART susceptibility is unaltered upon editing point mutations in ferrodoxin or mdr2, earlier resistance markers. These data point to the lack of an evident biological barrier to mutant K13 mediating ART resistance in Africa, while identifying their detrimental impact on parasite growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stokes, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubiano, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhingra, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mok, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straimer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gnadig, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bath, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deni, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Striepen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legrand, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ariey, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Souleymane, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gansane, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nzoumbou-Boko, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ndayikunda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabanywanyi, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uwimana, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolley, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ndounga, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warsame, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nosten, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenthal, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menard, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fidock, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.27.428390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[P. falciparum K13 mutations present varying degrees of artemisinin resistance and reduced fitness in African parasites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.27.428475v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sauna-like conditions or menthol treatment reduce tau phosphorylation through mild hyperthermia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.27.428475v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In Alzheimers disease (AD), hyper-phosphorylation and aggregation of tau correlates with clinical progression and represents a valid therapeutic target. A recent 20-year prospective study revealed an association between moderate to high frequency of Finnish sauna bathing and a lower incidence of dementia and AD, but the molecular mechanisms underlying these benefits remain uncertain. Here, we tested the hypothesis that sauna-like conditions could lower tau phosphorylation by increasing body temperature. We observed a decrease in tau phosphorylation in wild-type and hTau mice as well as in neuron-like cells when exposed to higher temperatures. These effects were correlated with specific changes in phosphatase and kinase activities, but not with inflammatory or heat-shock responses. We also used a drug strategy to promote thermogenesis. Topical application of menthol led to a sustained increase in body temperature in hTau mice concomitant with a significant decrease in tau phosphorylation. Our results suggest that sauna-like conditions or menthol treatment could lower tau pathology through mild hyperthermia, and may provide promising therapeutic strategies for AD and other tauopathies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guisle, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petry, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerauden, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whittington, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calon, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hebert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Planel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.27.428475</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sauna-like conditions or menthol treatment reduce tau phosphorylation through mild hyperthermia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.27.428525v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complexity and graded regulation of neuronal cell type-specific alternative splicing revealed by single-cell RNA sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.27.428525v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The enormous neuronal cellular diversity in the mammalian brain, which is highly prototypical and organized in a hierarchical manner, is dictated by cell type-specific gene regulatory programs at the molecular level. Although prevalent in the brain, contribution of alternative splicing (AS) to the molecular diversity across neuronal cell types is just starting to emerge. Here we systematically investigated AS regulation across over 100 transcriptomically defined neuronal types of the adult mouse cortex using deep single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) data. We found distinct splicing programs between glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons and between subclasses within each neuronal class, consisting of overlapping sets of alternative exons showing differential splicing at multiple hierarchical levels. Using an integrative approach, our analysis suggests that RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) Celf1/2, Mbnl2 and Khdrbs3 are preferentially expressed and more active in glutamatergic neurons, while Elavl2 and Qk are preferentially expressed and more active in GABAergic neurons. Importantly, these and additional RBPs also contribute to differential splicing between neuronal subclasses at multiple hierarchical levels, and some RBPs drive splicing dynamics that do not conform to the hierarchical structure defined by the transcriptional profiles. Thus, our results suggest graded regulation of AS across neuronal cell types, which provides a molecular mechanism orthogonal to, rather than downstream of, transcriptional regulation in specifying neuronal identity and function.

SignificanceAlternative splicing (AS) is extensively used in the mammalian brain, but its contribution to the molecular and cellular diversity across neuronal cell types remains poorly understood. Through systematic and integrative analysis of AS regulation across over 100 transcriptomically defined cortical neuronal types, we found neuronal subclass-specific splicing regulatory programs consists of overlapping alternative exons showing differential splicing at multiple hierarchical levels. This graded AS regulation is controlled by unique combinations of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). Importantly, these RBPs also drive splicing dynamics across neuronal cell types that do not conform to the hierarchical taxonomy established based on transcriptional profiles, suggesting that the graded AS regulation provides a molecular mechanism orthogonal to transcriptional regulation in specifying neuronal identity and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moakley, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenzie, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.27.428525</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complexity and graded regulation of neuronal cell type-specific alternative splicing revealed by single-cell RNA sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.29.428608v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neptune: An environment for the delivery of genomic medicine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.29.428608v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeGenomic medicine holds great promise for improving healthcare, but integrating searchable and actionable genetic data into electronic health records remains a challenge. Here, we describe Neptune, a system for managing the interaction between a clinical laboratory and an electronic health record system.

MethodsWe developed Neptune and applied it to two clinical sequencing projects that required report customization, variant reanalysis and EHR integration.

ResultsNeptune enabled the analysis of data for generation of and delivery to EHR systems of over 15,000 clinical genomic reports. These projects demanded customizable clinical reports that contained a variety of genetic data types including SNVs, CNVs, pharmacogenomics and polygenic risk scores. Two variant reanalysis activities were also supported, highlighting this important workflow.

ConclusionsMethods are needed for delivering structured genetic data to EHRs. This need extends beyond developing data formats to providing infrastructure that manages the reporting process itself. Neptune was successfully applied on two high-throughput clinical sequencing projects to build and deliver clinical reports to EHR systems. The software is open and available at https://gitlab.com/bcm-hgsc/neptune.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Venner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murdock, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalla, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, T.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murugan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, W.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weisner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarvik, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muzny, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.29.428608</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neptune: An environment for the delivery of genomic medicine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.31.429037v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic Considerations for FHIR; eMERGE Implementation Lessons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.31.429037v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structured representation of clinical genetic results is necessary for advancing precision medicine. The Electronic Medical Records and Genomics (eMERGE) Networks Phase III program initially used a commercially developed XML message format for standardized and structured representation of genetic results for electronic health record (EHR) integration. In a desire to move towards a standard representation, the network created a new standardized format based upon Health Level Seven Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (HL7 FHIR), to represent clinical genomics results. These new standards improve the utility of HL7 FHIR as an international healthcare interoperability standard for management of genetic data from patients. This work advances the establishment of standards that are being designed for broad adoption in the current health information technology landscape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murugan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babb, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, C. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmussen, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freimuth, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granite, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zouk, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronson, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Power, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedotov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crosslin, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fasel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarvik, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hakonarson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bangash, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kullo, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connolly, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nestor, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caraballo, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiley, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rehm, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.31.429037</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic Considerations for FHIR; eMERGE Implementation Lessons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.01.429125v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Preparatory activity links frontal eye field activity with small amplitude motor unit recruitment of neck muscles during gaze planning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.01.429125v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A hallmark of intelligent behavior is that we can separate intention from action. To understand the mechanism that gates the flow of information between motor planning and execution, we compared the activity of frontal eye field neurons with motor unit activity from neck muscles in the presence of an intervening delay period in which spatial information regarding the target was available to plan a response. Whereas we could infer spatially-specific delayed period activity from the activity of frontal eye field neurons, neck motor unit activity during the delay period could not be used to infer the direction of an upcoming movement, Nonetheless, motor unit activity was correlated with the time it took to initiate saccades. Interestingly, we observed a heterogeneity of responses amongst motor units, such that only units with smaller amplitudes showed a clear modulation during the delay period. These small amplitude motor units also had higher spontaneous activity compared to the units which showed modulation only during the movement epoch. Taken together, our results suggest that the temporal information is visible in the periphery amongst smaller motor units during eye movement planning and explains how the delay period primes muscle activity leading to faster reaction times.

Significance statementThis study shows that the temporal aspects of a motor plan in the oculomotor circuitry can be accessed by peripheral neck muscles hundreds of milliseconds prior to the instruction to initiate a saccadic eye movement. The coupling between central and peripheral processes during the delay time is mediated by the recruitment pattern of motor units with smaller amplitude in the periphery. Besides giving insight into how information processed in cortical areas is read out by the muscles, these findings could be useful to decode intentional signals from the periphery to control brain machine interface devices.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rungta, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sendhilnathan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murthy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.01.429125</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Preparatory activity links frontal eye field activity with small amplitude motor unit recruitment of neck muscles during gaze planning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.01.429168v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Motor cortex activity across movement speeds is predicted by network-level strategies for generating muscle activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.01.429168v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Learned movements can be skillfully performed at different paces. What neural strategies produce this flexibility? Can they be predicted and understood by network modeling? We trained monkeys to perform a cycling task at different speeds, and trained artificial recurrent networks to generate the empirical muscle-activity patterns. Network solutions reflected the principle that smooth well-behaved dynamics require low trajectory tangling. Network solutions had a consistent form, which yielded quantitative and qualitative predictions. To evaluate predictions, we analyzed motor cortex activity recorded during the same task. Responses supported the hypothesis that the dominant neural signals reflect not muscle activity, but network-level strategies for generating muscle activity. Single-neuron responses were better accounted for by network activity than by muscle activity. Similarly, neural population trajectories shared their organization not with muscle trajectories, but with network solutions. Thus, cortical activity could be understood based on the need to generate muscle activity via dynamics that allow smooth, robust control over movement speed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saxena, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchland, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.01.429168</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Motor cortex activity across movement speeds is predicted by network-level strategies for generating muscle activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.01.429173v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phase Gradients and Anisotropy of the Suprachiasmatic Network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.01.429173v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biological neural networks operate at several levels of granularity, from the individual neuron to local neural circuits to networks of thousands of cells. The daily oscillation of the brains master clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) rests on a yet to be identified network of connectivity among its ~20,000 neurons. The SCN provides an accessible model to explore neural organization at several levels of organization. To relate cellular to local and global network behaviors, we explore network topology by examining SCN slices in three orientations using immunochemistry, light and confocal microscopy, real-time imaging, and mathematical modeling. Importantly, the results reveal small local groupings of neurons that form intermediate structures, here termed "phaseomes" which can be identified through stable local phase differences of varying magnitude among neighboring cells. These local differences in phase are distinct from the global phase relationship - that between individual cells and the mean oscillation of the overall SCN. The magnitude of the phaseomes local phase differences are associated with a global phase gradient observed in the SCNs rostral-caudal extent. Modeling results show that a gradient in connectivity strength can explain the observed gradient of phaseome strength, an extremely parsimonious explanation for the heterogeneous oscillatory structure of the SCN.

Significance statementOscillation is a fundamental property of information sensing and encoding in the brain. Using real time imaging and modeling, we explore encoding of time by examining circadian oscillation in single neurons, small groups of neurons, and the entire nucleus, in the brains master: the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). New insights into the network organization underlying circadian rhythmicity include the discovery of intermediate structures, termed  phaseomes, characterized by neurons which are stably out of phase with their neighbors. Modeling indicates that the pattern of phaseomes across the tissue encompasses a gradient in connectivity strength from the rostral to caudal aspects of the nucleus. Anisotropy in network organization emerges from comparisons of phaseomes and connectivity gradients in sagittal, horizontal and coronal slices.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoshikawa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pauls, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foley, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taub, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeSauter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foley, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honma, K.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silver, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.01.429173</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phase Gradients and Anisotropy of the Suprachiasmatic Network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.01.429202v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Variation in Placental microRNA Expression Associates with Familial Cardiovascular Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.01.429202v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the United States, cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death, and the rate of maternal mortality remains among the highest of any industrialized nation. Maternal cardiometabolic health throughout gestation and postpartum is representative of placental health and physiology. Both proper placental functionality and placental microRNA expression are essential to successful pregnancy outcomes, and both are highly sensitive to genetic and environmental sources of variation. While placental pathologies, such as preeclampsia, are associated with maternal cardiovascular health and may contribute to the developmental programming of cardiovascular disease, the role of more subtle alterations to placental function and microRNA expression in this relationship remains poorly understood. To develop a more comprehensive understanding of how cardiometabolic health influences placental microRNA expression, and how this shapes placental functionality, we performed small RNA sequencing to investigate microRNA in the placentae from the Rhode Island Child Health Study (n=230). We modeled microRNA counts on maternal family history of cardiovascular disease using negative binomial generalized linear models, and identified microRNAs that were differential expressed (DEmiRs) at a false discovery rate (FDR) less than 0.10. Utilizing parallel mRNA sequencing data and bioinformatic target prediction software, we identified potential mRNA targets of these DEmiRs. We identified 9 DEmiRs, with predicted targets of those miRNA enriched overwhelmingly in the TGF{beta} signaling pathway but also in pathways involving cellular metabolism and immunomodulation. Overall, we identified a robust association existing between familial cardiovascular disease and placental microRNA expression which may be implicated in both placental insufficiencies and the developmental programming of cardiovascular disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tehrani, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, F.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Everson, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deyssenroth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermetz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koestler, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsit, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.01.429202</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Variation in Placental microRNA Expression Associates with Familial Cardiovascular Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.429365v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accurate and robust inference of microbial growth dynamics from metagenomic sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.429365v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Patterns of sequencing coverage along a bacterial genome--summarized by a peak-to-trough ratio (PTR)--have been shown to accurately reflect microbial growth rates, revealing a new facet of microbial dynamics and host-microbe interactions. Here, we introduce CoPTR (Compute PTR): a tool for computing PTRs from complete reference genomes and assemblies. We show that CoPTR is more accurate than the current state-of-the-art, while also providing more PTR estimates overall. We further develop theory formalizing a biological interpretation for PTRs. Using a reference database of 2935 species, we applied CoPTR to a case-control study of 1304 metagenomic samples from 106 individuals with irritable bowel disease. We show that PTRs have high inter-individual variation, are only loosely correlated with relative abundances, and are associated with disease status. We conclude by demonstrating how PTRs can be combined with relative abundances and metabolomics to investigate their effect on the microbiome.

AvailabilityCoPTR is available from https://github.com/tyjo/coptr, with documentation on https://coptr.readthedocs.io.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joseph, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chlenski, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korem, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe'er, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.02.429365</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accurate and robust inference of microbial growth dynamics from metagenomic sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.429418v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alpha oscillations shape sensory representation and perceptual accuracy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.429418v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alpha activity (8-14 Hz) is the dominant rhythm in the awake brain, and thought to play an important role in setting the brains internal state. Previous work has associated states of decreased alpha power with enhanced neural excitability. However, evidence is mixed on whether and how such excitability enhancement modulates sensory signals of interest versus noise differently, and what, if any, the consequences are for subsequent perception. Here, human subjects (male and female) performed a visual detection task in which we manipulated their decision criteria in a block-wise manner. While our manipulation led to substantial criterion shifts, these shifts were not reflected in pre-stimulus alpha-band changes. Rather, lower pre-stimulus alpha power in occipital-parietal areas improved perceptual sensitivity and enhanced information content decodable from neural activity patterns. Additionally, oscillatory alpha phase immediately before stimulus presentation modulated accuracy. Together, our results suggest that alpha-band dynamics modulate sensory signals of interest more strongly than noise.

Significance statementThe internal state of our brain fluctuates, giving rise to variability in perception and action. Neural oscillations, most prominently in the alpha-band, have been suggested to play a role in setting this internal state. Here, we show that ongoing alpha-band activity in occipital-parietal regions predicts the quality of visual information decodable in neural activity patterns, and subsequently human observers sensitivity in a visual detection task. Our results provide comprehensive evidence that visual representation is modulated by ongoing alpha-band activity, and advance our understanding on how, when faced with unchanging external stimuli, internal neural fluctuations influence perception and behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iemi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoffelen, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Lange, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haegens, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.02.429418</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alpha oscillations shape sensory representation and perceptual accuracy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.03.429622v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fibroblast activation protein regulates natural killer cell migration, extravasation and tumor infiltration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.03.429622v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural killer (NK) cells play a critical role in physiologic and pathologic conditions such as pregnancy, infection, autoimmune disease and cancer. In cancer, numerous strategies have been designed to exploit the cytolytic properties of NK cells, with variable success. A major hurdle to NK-cell focused therapies is NK cell recruitment and infiltration into tumors. While the chemotaxis pathways regulating NK recruitment to different tissues are well delineated, the mechanisms human NK cells employ to physically migrate are ill-defined. We show for the first time that human NK cells express fibroblast activation protein (FAP), a cell surface protease previously thought to be primarily expressed by activated fibroblasts. FAP degrades the extracellular matrix to facilitate cell migration and tissue remodeling. We used novel in vivo zebrafish and in vitro 3D culture models to demonstrate that FAP knock out and pharmacologic inhibition restrict NK cell migration, extravasation, and invasion through tissue matrix. Notably, forced overexpression of FAP promotes NK cell invasion through matrix in both transwell and tumor spheroid assays, ultimately increasing tumor cell lysis. Additionally, FAP overexpression enhances NK cells invasion into a human tumor in immunodeficient mice. These findings demonstrate the necessity of FAP in NK cell migration and present a new approach to modulate NK cell trafficking and enhance cell-based therapy in solid tumors.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=129 SRC="FIGDIR/small/429622v3_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (47K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d6d9e5org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@17b6790org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@cc581eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ad2129_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcisak, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glasgow, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jablonski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van der Veken, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mace, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.03.429622</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fibroblast activation protein regulates natural killer cell migration, extravasation and tumor infiltration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.03.429664v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Somatosensory innervation of healthy human oral tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.03.429664v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The oral somatosensory system relays essential information about mechanical stimuli to enable oral functions such as feeding and speech. The neurochemical and anatomical diversity of sensory neurons across oral cavity sites have not been systematically compared. To address this gap, we analyzed healthy human tongue and hard palate innervation. Biopsies were collected from 12 volunteers and underwent multiplex fluorescent immunohistochemistry ([&ge;]2 specimens per marker/structure). Afferents were analyzed for markers of neurons ({beta}III tubulin), myelinated afferents (neurofilament heavy, NFH), and Merkel cells and taste cells (keratin 20, K20). Hard-palate innervation included Meissners corpuscles, glomerular endings, Merkel cell-neurite complexes, and free nerve endings. The organization of these somatosensory endings is reminiscent of fingertips, suggesting that the hard palate is equipped with a rich repertoire of sensory neurons for pressure sensing and spatial localization of mechanical inputs, which are essential for speech production and feeding. Likewise, the tongue is innervated by afferents that impart it with exquisite acuity and detection of moving stimuli that support flavor construction and speech. Filiform papillae contain end bulbs of Krause, as well as endings that have not been previously reported, including subepithelial neuronal densities, and NFH+ neurons innervating basal epithelium. Fungiform papillae had Meissners corpuscles and densities of NFH+ intraepithelial neurons surrounding taste buds. The differing compositions of sensory endings within filiform and fungiform papillae suggest that these structures have distinct roles in mechanosensation. Collectively, this study has identified previously undescribed afferent endings in human oral tissues and provides an anatomical framework for understanding oral mechanosensory functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moayedi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michlig, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lumpkin, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.03.429664</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Somatosensory innervation of healthy human oral tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.07.428966v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of Propionic Acidemia on Brain Astrocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.07.428966v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Propionic acidemia (PA) is an inborn error of metabolism (IEM) caused by mutations in the enzyme propionyl CoA carboxylase (PCC). It is characterized by the inability to break down branched chain amino acids and odd chain fatty acids, causing a buildup of toxic organic acids in blood. PA affects every organ in the body with particularly severe manifestations in the brain, like hyperammonemia, hypomyelination, seizures, cognitive impairments, optic nerve atrophy and autism spectrum disorders. Dietary management and liver transplantation have helped to ameliorate the acute expression of the disorder, but do not prevent the chronic toxicity that builds up in brain. Despite the severe brain manifestation of the disease, little is known about the mechanisms by which PA affects the nervous system.

PCCA and PCCB, the two subunits required for a functional PCC enzyme, are both expressed not only in neurons but also in astrocytes. Using the two rodent genetic models of PA currently available, with mutations in PCCA, we have evaluated the involvement of astrocytes in the neuropathology of propionic acidemia. These mice exhibit cardiac pathology and hyperammonemia, similar to what is observed in patients with PA.

We found that wild type (wt) astrocytes positively respond to treatment with L-Carnitine, a therapeutic approach commonly used in patients with PA, by improved survival and more efficient mitochondrial morphology. Transcriptome analysis from astrocytes derived from the wt or the mutant mice confirm that these astrocytes lack exons 3 and 4 like in the human mutations of PA. However, no other genes/exons were statistically significant with regards to differential expression between astrocytes derived from KO or from WT animals, suggesting that astrocytes in culture may be able to compensate the PCC deficiency.

Histological analysis of neuronal and glial markers during brain development (TUJ1, MAP2 for neurons; nestin and Iba1 for glia) do not show significant alterations neither in distribution nor numbers of cells in the developing brain of the PCCA-/- mice. Analysis in the adult brain of mutant mice shows some variable degree of microgliosis but no indication of reactive astrocytes. No gross abnormalities were observed in cortex, hippocampus, striatum or cerebellum of adult brains of PCCA-/- mice, either.

In summary, astrocytes from PCCA deficient mice show surprisingly little alterations both in vitro and in vivo. Our results evidence the need to further understand the effects of PA in brain cells to help develop potential new therapies that can preserve brain function in children affected by this devastating disease.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIAstrocytes detoxify ammonia in brain and may be affected by propionic acidemia, a disorder that causes hyperammonemia in brain.
C_LIO_LIRNA seq of astrocytes in culture derived from PCCA mutant mice does not show effect in these cells.
C_LIO_LIIn vivo analysis of glial and neuronal cells also shows no difference in development or adult mutant mice
C_LIO_LIAstrocytes may not be an adequate target of clinical therapies in this disorder
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cotrina, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guenzel, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhagnay, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nedergaard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.07.428966</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of Propionic Acidemia on Brain Astrocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.08.430312v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single cell transcriptomic analysis reveals cellular diversity of murine esophageal epithelium and age-associated mitochondrial dysfunction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.08.430312v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus is comprised of basal keratinocytes that execute a terminal differentiation program in overlying suprabasal and superficial cell layers. Although morphologic progression coupled with expression of specific molecular markers has been characterized along the esophageal epithelial differentiation gradient, the molecular heterogeneity within the cell types along this trajectory has yet to be classified at the level of single cell resolution. To explore the molecular characteristics of esophageal keratinocytes along the squamous differentiation continuum, we performed single cell RNA-Sequencing transcriptomic profiling of 7,972 cells from murine esophageal epithelial sheets. We identified 8 distinct cell clusters in esophageal epithelium, unveiling an unexpected level of diversity, particularly among basal cells. We further mapped the cellular pathways and lineage trajectories within basal, suprabasal, and superficial clusters as well as within the heterogeneous basal cell populations, providing a comprehensive molecular view of esophageal epithelial cells in the context of squamous differentiation. Finally, we explored the impact of tissue aging upon esophageal epithelial cell clusters and demonstrated that mitochondrial dysfunction is a feature of aging in normal esophageal epithelium. These studies provide an unparalleled molecular perspective on murine esophageal keratinocytes that will serve as a valuable resource for dissecting cell type-specific roles in esophageal biology under conditions of homeostasis, aging, and tissue pathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kabir, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karami, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz-Acuna, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klochkova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saxena, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keith, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madzo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jelinek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karakasheva, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muir, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tetreault, M.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whelan, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.08.430312</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single cell transcriptomic analysis reveals cellular diversity of murine esophageal epithelium and age-associated mitochondrial dysfunction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.08.430350v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Harmful Algal Bloom-Forming Organism Responds to Nutrient Stress Distinctly From Model Phytoplankton 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.08.430350v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIResources such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) play an important role in primary production and constraining phytoplankton bloom dynamics. Models to predict bloom dynamics require mechanistic knowledge of algal metabolic shifts in response to resource limitation. For well-studied model phytoplankton like diatoms, this information is plentiful. However, for less-studied groups such as the raphidophytes, there remain significant gaps in understanding metabolic changes associated with nutrient limitation.
C_LIO_LIUsing a novel combination of metabolomics and transcriptomics, we examined how the harmful algal bloom-forming raphidophyte Heterosigma akashiwo shifts its metabolism under N- and P-stress. We chose H. akashiwo because of its ubiquity within estuarine environments worldwide, where bloom dynamics are influenced by N and P availability.
C_LIO_LIOur results show that each stress phenotype is distinct in both the allocation of carbon and the recycling of macromolecules. Further, we identified biomarkers of N- and P-stress that may be applied in situ to help modelers and stakeholders manage, predict, and prevent future blooms.
C_LIO_LIThese findings provide a mechanistic foundation to model the metabolic traits and trade-offs associated with N- and P-stress in H. akashiwo, and evaluate the extent to which these metabolic responses can be inferred in other phytoplankton groups.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McLean, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haley, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swarr, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kido Soule, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyrhman, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kujawinski, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.08.430350</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Harmful Algal Bloom-Forming Organism Responds to Nutrient Stress Distinctly From Model Phytoplankton]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.09.430314v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disruption of nuclear architecture as a cause of COVID-19 induced anosmia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.09.430314v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Olfaction relies on a coordinated partnership between odorant flow and neuronal communication. Disruption in our ability to detect odors, or anosmia, has emerged as a hallmark symptom of infection with SARS-CoV-2, yet the mechanism behind this abrupt sensory deficit remains elusive. Here, using molecular evaluation of human olfactory epithelium (OE) from subjects succumbing to COVID-19 and a hamster model of SARS-CoV-2 infection, we discovered widespread downregulation of olfactory receptors (ORs) as well as key components of their signaling pathway. OR downregulation likely represents a non-cell autonomous effect, since SARS-CoV-2 detection in OSNs is extremely rare both in human and hamster OEs. A likely explanation for the reduction of OR transcription is the striking reorganization of nuclear architecture observed in the OSN lineage, which disrupts multi-chromosomal compartments regulating OR expression in humans and hamsters. Our experiments uncover a novel molecular mechanism by which a virus with a very selective tropism can elicit persistent transcriptional changes in cells that evade it, contributing to the severity of COVID-19.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zazhytska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kodra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoagland, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fullard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shayya, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canoll, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roussos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>tenOever, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Overdevest, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lomvardas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.09.430314</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disruption of nuclear architecture as a cause of COVID-19 induced anosmia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.09.430532v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Host tropism determination by convergent evolution of immunological evasion in the Lyme disease system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.09.430532v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microparasites selectively adapt in some hosts, known as host tropism. Transmitted through ticks and carried mainly by mammals and birds, the Lyme disease (LD) bacterium is a well-suited model to study such tropism. LD bacteria species vary in host ranges through mechanisms eluding characterization. By feeding ticks infected with different LD bacteria species, utilizing feeding chambers and live mice and quail, we found species-level differences of bacterial transmission. These differences localize on the tick blood meal, and complement, a defense in vertebrate blood, and a bacterial polymorphic protein, CspA, which inactivates complement by binding to a host complement inhibitor, FH. CspA selectively confers bacterial transmission to vertebrates that produce FH capable of allele-specific recognition. Phylogenetic analyses revealed convergent evolution as the driver of such findings, which likely emerged during the last glacial maximum. Our results identify LD bacterial determinants of host tropism, defining an evolutionary mechanism that shapes host-microparasite associations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hart, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupuis, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tufts, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blom, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starkey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rego, R. O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ram, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraiczy, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diuk-Wasser, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolokotronis, S.-O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.09.430532</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Host tropism determination by convergent evolution of immunological evasion in the Lyme disease system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.10.430512v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prediction of adverse drug reactions associated with drug-drug interactions using hierarchical classification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.10.430512v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with drug-drug interactions (DDIs) represent a significant threat to public health. Unfortunately, most conventional methods for prediction of DDI-associated ADRs suffer from limited applicability and/or provide no mechanistic insight into DDIs. In this study, a hierarchical machine learning model was created to predict DDI-associated ADRs and pharmacological insight thereof for any drug pair. Briefly, the model takes drugs chemical structures as inputs to predict their target, enzyme, and transporter (TET) profiles, which are subsequently utilized to assess occurrences of ADRs, with an overall accuracy of ~91%. The robustness of the model for ADR classification was validated with DDIs involving three widely prescribed drugs. The model was then applied for interstitial lung disease (ILD) associated with DDIs involving atorvastatin, identifying the involvement of multiple targets, enzymes, and transporters in ILD. The model presented here is anticipated to serve as a versatile tool for enhancing drug safety.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tatonetti, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.10.430512</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prediction of adverse drug reactions associated with drug-drug interactions using hierarchical classification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.10.430612v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prenatal environmental variation, alternative reproductive tactics and the formation of a mixed-kin cooperative society 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.10.430612v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although animal societies often evolve due to limited natal dispersal that results in kin clustering and facilitates cooperation among relatives, many species form cooperative groups with low and variable kin structure. Groups in such mixed-kin societies often comprise residents and immigrants of the same sex that compete for breeding opportunities. To understand how such mixed-kin societies form despite their potential for social conflict, we investigated the environmental causes and subsequent fitness consequences of dispersal decisions in male cooperatively breeding superb starlings (Lamprotornis superbus) that live in a climatically unpredictable environment. We show that the two alternative reproductive tactics--natal dispersal or philopatry--exhibit reproductive tradeoffs resulting in equal lifetime inclusive fitness. The tactic an individual adopts is governed by the environment its parents experience prior to laying rather than the environment it experiences during its juvenile stage. When individuals adopt the tactic not predicted by early life environmental conditions, their fitness is reduced. Ultimately, climate-driven oscillating selection may help stabilize mixed-kin animal societies, despite their reduced kin structure and potential for social conflict.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shah, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubenstein, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.10.430612</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prenatal environmental variation, alternative reproductive tactics and the formation of a mixed-kin cooperative society]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.10.430647v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Connectivity patterns shape sensory representation in a cerebellum-like network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.10.430647v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cerebellum-like structures -- such as the insect mushroom body -- are found in many brains and share a basic fan-out-fan-in network architecture. How the specific structural features of these networks give rise to their learning function remains largely unknown. To investigate this structure-function relationship, we developed a minimal computational model of the extensively studied Drosophila melanogaster mushroom body. We show how well-defined connectivity patterns between the Kenyon cells -- the constituent neurons of the mushroom body -- and their input projection neurons endow different functions, enabling the mushroom body to process olfactory information more efficiently. First, biases in the likelihoods at which individual projection neurons connect to Kenyon cells allow the mushroom body to prioritize the learning of particular, ethologically meaningful odors. Second, groups of projection neurons connecting preferentially to the same Kenyon cells facilitate the mushroom body to generalize across similar odors. Altogether, our results demonstrate how different connectivity patterns shape the representation space of a well-studied cerebellum-like network and impact its learning outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zavitz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amematsro, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borisyuk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caron, S. J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.10.430647</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Connectivity patterns shape sensory representation in a cerebellum-like network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.10.430654v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational Simulation of 4-D Micro-Circular Network in Zebrafish Tail Amputation and Regeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.10.430654v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wall shear stress (WSS) in the micro-vasculature contributes to biomechanical cues that regulate mechanotransduction underlying vascular development, regeneration, and homeostasis. We hereby elucidate the interplay between hemodynamic shear forces and luminal remodeling in response to vascular injury and regeneration in the zebrafish model of tail amputation. Using the transgenic Tg(fli1:eGFP; Gata1:ds-red) line, we were able to track the enhanced green-fluorescent protein (eGFP)-labeled endothelial lining of the 3-D microvasculature for post-image segmentation and reconstruction of fluid domain for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. At 1 day post amputation (dpa), dorsal aorta (DA) and posterior cardinal vein (PCV) were severed, and vasoconstriction developed in the dorsal longitudinal anastomotic vessel (DLAV) with a concomitant increase in WSS in the segmental vessels (SV) proximal to the amputation site and a decrease in WSS in SVs distal to amputation. Simultaneously, we observed angiogenesis commencing at the tips of the amputated DLAV and PCV where WSS was minimal in the absence of blood flow. At 2 dpa, vasodilation occurred in a pair of SVs proximal to amputation, resulting in increased flow rate and WSS, whereas in the SVs distal to amputation, WSS normalized to the baseline. At 3 dpa, the flow rate in the arterial SV proximal to amputation continued to rise and merged with DLAV that formed a new loop with PCV. Thus, our CFD modeling uncovered a well-coordinated micro-vascular adaptation process following tail amputation, accompanied by the rise and fall of WSS and dynamic changes in flow rate during vascular regeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roustaei, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baek, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavallero, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donnell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vedula, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsden, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsiai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.10.430654</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational Simulation of 4-D Micro-Circular Network in Zebrafish Tail Amputation and Regeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.10.430713v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A rationally designed c-di-AMP FRET biosensor to monitor nucleotide dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.10.430713v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
33-cyclic di-adenosine monophosphate (c-di-AMP) is an important nucleotide second messenger found throughout the bacterial domain of life. C-di-AMP is essential in many bacteria and regulates a diverse array of effector proteins controlling pathogenesis, cell wall homeostasis, osmoregulation, and central metabolism. Despite the ubiquity and importance of c-di-AMP, methods to detect this signaling molecule are limited, particularly at single cell resolution. In this work, crystallization of the Listeria monocytogenes c-di-AMP effector protein Lmo0553 enabled structure guided design of a Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) based biosensor, which we have named CDA5. CDA5 is a fully genetically encodable, specific, and reversible biosensor which allows for the detection of c-di-AMP dynamics both in vitro and within live single cells in a nondestructive manner. Our initial studies identify a unimodal distribution of c-di-AMP in Bacillus subtilis which decreases rapidly when cells are grown in diluted Luria Broth. Furthermore, we find that B. subtilis mutants lacking either a c-di-AMP phosphodiesterase or cyclase have respectively higher and lower FRET responses, again in a unimodal manner. These findings provide novel insight into c-di-AMP distribution within bacterial populations and establish CDA5 as a powerful platform for characterizing new aspects of c-di-AMP regulation.

ImportanceC-di-AMP is an important nucleotide second messenger for which detection methods are severely limited. In this work we engineer and implement a c-di-AMP specific FRET biosensor to remedy this dearth. We present this biosensor, CDA5, as a versatile tool to investigate previously intractable facets of c-di-AMP biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pollock, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaver, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodward, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.10.430713</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A rationally designed c-di-AMP FRET biosensor to monitor nucleotide dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.11.429991v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The C. elegans Notch proteins LIN-12 and GLP-1 are tuned to lower force thresholds for activation than Drosophila Notch 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.11.429991v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The conserved transmembrane receptor Notch mediates cell fate decisions in all animals. In the absence of ligand, a Negative Regulatory Region (NRR) in the Notch ectodomain adopts an autoinhibited confirmation, masking an ADAM protease cleavage site [1, 2]; ligand binding makes the cleavage site accessible, leading to shedding of the Notch ectodomain as the first step of signal transduction [3, 4]. In Drosophila and vertebrates, the ligands are all single-pass transmembrane Delta/Serrate/LAG-2 (DSL) proteins; the endocytic adaptor Epsin binds to the ubiquitinated intracellular domain, and the resulting Clathrin-mediated endocytosis exerts a "pulling force" that exposes the cleavage site in the NRR [4-6]. However, in C. elegans, the presence of natural secreted DSL proteins [7] and other observations suggested that Epsin-mediated endocytosis may not be required to activate the Notch proteins LIN-12 and GLP-1. Here, we confirm that neither Epsin nor the cytosolic domains of DSL proteins are required for Notch signaling in C. elegans. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the NRRs of LIN-12 and GLP-1 are tuned to a lower force level than the NRR of Drosophila Notch. Finally, we show that adding a Leucine "plug" that occludes the cleavage site in vertebrate and Drosophila Notch proteins but is absent in the C. elegans Notch proteins [1, 2] renders the LIN-12 and GLP-1 NRRs dependent on Epsin-mediated ligand endocytosis, indicating that greater force is now required to expose the cleavage site. Thus, the NRRs of LIN-12 and GLP-1 appear to be tuned to a lower force threshold, accounting for the different requirements for signaling in C. elegans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Langridge, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Diaz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenwald, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Struhl, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.11.429991</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The C. elegans Notch proteins LIN-12 and GLP-1 are tuned to lower force thresholds for activation than Drosophila Notch]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.11.430695v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning Sparse Log-Ratios for High-Throughput Sequencing Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.11.430695v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The automatic discovery of sparse biomarkers that are associated with an outcome of interest is a central goal of bioinformatics. In the context of high-throughput sequencing (HTS) data, and compositional data (CoDa) more generally, an important class of biomarkers are the log-ratios between the input variables. However, identifying predictive log-ratio biomarkers from HTS data is a combinatorial optimization problem, which is computationally challenging. Existing methods are slow to run and scale poorly with the dimension of the input, which has limited their application to low- and moderate-dimensional metagenomic datasets. Building on recent advances from the field of deep learning, we present CoDaCoRe, a novel learning algorithm that identifies sparse, interpretable, and predictive log-ratio biomarkers. Our algorithm exploits a continuous relaxation to approximate the underlying combinatorial optimization problem. This relaxation can then be optimized efficiently using the modern ML toolbox, in particular, gradient descent. As a result, CoDaCoRe runs several orders of magnitude faster than competing methods, all while achieving state-of-the-art performance in terms of predictive accuracy and sparsity. We verify the outperformance of CoDaCoRe across a wide range of microbiome, metabolite, and microRNA benchmark datasets, as well as a particularly high-dimensional dataset that is outright computationally intractable for existing sparse log-ratio selection methods.1
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gordon-Rodriguez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinn, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.11.430695</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning Sparse Log-Ratios for High-Throughput Sequencing Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.11.430704v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The non-linear mixed representations in somatosensory cortex support simple and complex tasks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.11.430704v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural responses are often highly heterogeneous non-linear functions of multiple task variables, a signature of a high-dimensional geometry of the neural representations. We studied the representational geometry in the somatosensory cortex of mice trained to report the curvature of objects using their whiskers. High-speed videos of the whisker movements revealed that the task can be solved by linearly integrating multiple whisker contacts over time. However, the neural activity in somatosensory cortex reflects a process of non-linear integration of spatio-temporal features of the sensory inputs. Although the responses at first appear disorganized, we could identify an interesting structure in the representational geometry: different whisker contacts are disentangled variables represented in approximately, but not fully, orthogonal subspaces of the neural activity space. The observed geometry allows linear readouts to perform a broad class of tasks of different complexities without compromising the ability to generalize to novel situations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nogueira, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodgers, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruno, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fusi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.11.430704</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The non-linear mixed representations in somatosensory cortex support simple and complex tasks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.11.430742v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Delineating the molecular and phenotypic spectrum of the SETD1B-related syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.11.430742v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathogenic variants in SETD1B have been associated with a syndromic neurodevelopmental disorder including intellectual disability, language delay and seizures. To date, clinical features have been described for eleven patients with (likely) pathogenic SETD1B sequence variants. We perform an in-depth clinical characterization of a cohort of 36 unpublished individuals with SETD1B sequence variants, describing their molecular and phenotypic spectrum. Selected variants were functionally tested using in vitro and genome-wide methylation assays. Our data present evidence for a loss-of-function mechanism of SETD1B variants, resulting in a core clinical phenotype of global developmental delay, language delay including regression, intellectual disability, autism and other behavioral issues, and variable epilepsy phenotypes. Developmental delay appeared to precede seizure onset, suggesting SETD1B dysfunction impacts physiological neurodevelopment even in the absence of epileptic activity. Interestingly, males are significantly overrepresented and more severely affected, and we speculate that sex-linked traits could affect susceptibility to penetrance and the clinical spectrum of SETD1B variants. Finally, despite the possibility of non-redundant contributions of SETD1B and its paralogue SETD1A to epigenetic control, the clinical phenotypes of the related disorders share many similarities, indicating that elucidating shared and divergent downstream targets of both genes will help to understand the mechanism leading to the neurobehavioral phenotypes. Insights from this extensive cohort will facilitate the counseling regarding the molecular and phenotypic landscape of newly diagnosed patients with the SETD1B-related syndrome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weerts, M. J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanko, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guzman-Vega, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramakrishnan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardona-Londono, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pena-Guerra, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Bever, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Paassen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kievit, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Slegtenhorst, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kehoe, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banu, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Efthymiou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houlden, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarvela, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauronen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maatta, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schrauwen, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leal, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruivenkamp, C. A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barge-Schaapveld, D. Q. C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peeters-Scholte, C. M. P. C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galehdari, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazaheri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sisodiya, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thies, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedroza, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taranchenko, Y. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chinn, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lupski, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.11.430742</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Delineating the molecular and phenotypic spectrum of the SETD1B-related syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.11.430752v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary divergence of locomotion in two related vertebrate species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.11.430752v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Locomotion exists in diverse forms in nature and is adapted to the environmental constraints of each species1. However, little is known about how closely related species with similar neuronal circuitry can evolve different navigational strategies to explore their environments. We established a powerful approach in comparative neuroethology to investigate evolution of neuronal circuits in vertebrates by comparing divergent swimming pattern of two closely related larval fish species, Danionella translucida (DT) and Danio rerio or zebrafish (ZF)2,3. During swimming, we demonstrate that DT utilizes lower half tail-beat frequency and amplitude to generate a slower and continuous swimming pattern when compared to the burst-and-glide swimming pattern in ZF. We found a high degree of conservation in the brain anatomy between the two species. However, we revealed that the activity of a higher motor region, referred here as the Mesencephalic Locomotion Maintenance Neurons (MLMN) correlates with the duration of swim events and differs strikingly between DT and ZF. Using holographic stimulation, we show that the activation of the MLMN is sufficient to increase the frequency and duration of swim events in ZF. Moreover, we propose two characteristics, availability of dissolved oxygen and timing of swim bladder inflation, which drive the observed differences in the swim pattern. Our findings uncover the neuronal circuit substrate underlying the evolutionary divergence of navigational strategies and how they are adapted to their respective environmental constraints.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rajan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lafaye, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carbo-Tano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duroure, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faini, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanese, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panier, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Candelier, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henninger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Britz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Judkewitz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gebhardt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emiliani, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debregeas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyart, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Bene, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.11.430752</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary divergence of locomotion in two related vertebrate species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.11.430826v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Abrupt remapping in human CA3/dentate gyrus signals resolution of memory interference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.11.430826v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Remapping refers to a decorrelation of hippocampal representations of similar spatial environments. While it has been speculated that remapping may contribute to the resolution of episodic memory interference in humans, direct evidence is surprisingly limited. Here, we tested this idea using high-resolution, pattern-based fMRI analyses. We show that activity patterns in human CA3/dentate gyrus exhibit an abrupt, temporally-specific decorrelation of highly similar memory representations that is precisely coupled with behavioral expressions of successful learning. Strikingly, the magnitude of this learning-related decorrelation was predicted by the amount of pattern overlap during initial stages of learning, with greater initial overlap leading to stronger decorrelation. Finally, we show that remapped activity patterns carry relatively more information about learned episodic associations compared to competing associations, further validating the learning-related significance of remapping. Collectively, these findings establish a critical link between hippocampal remapping and episodic memory interference and provide novel insight into why remapping occurs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favila, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molitor, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhl, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.11.430826</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Abrupt remapping in human CA3/dentate gyrus signals resolution of memory interference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.11.430876v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unbiased profiling of CRISPR RNA-guided transposition products by long-read sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.11.430876v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial transposons propagate through either non-replicative (cut-and-paste) or replicative (copy-and-paste) pathways, depending on how the mobile element is excised from its donor source. In the well-characterized E. coli transposon Tn7, a heteromeric TnsA-TnsB transposase directs cut-and-paste transposition by cleaving both strands at each transposon end during the excision step. Whether a similar pathway is involved for RNA-guided transposons, in which CRISPR-Cas systems confer DNA target specificity, has not been determined. Here, we apply long-read, population-based whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to unambiguously resolve transposition products for two evolutionarily distinct transposon types that employ either Cascade or Cas12k for RNA-guided DNA integration. Our results show that RNA-guided transposon systems lacking functional TnsA primarily undergo copy-and-paste transposition, generating cointegrate products that comprise duplicated transposon copies and insertion of the vector backbone. Finally, we report natural and engineered transposon variants encoding a TnsAB fusion protein, revealing a novel strategy for achieving RNA-guided transposition with fewer molecular components.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vo, P. L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acree, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sternberg, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.11.430876</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unbiased profiling of CRISPR RNA-guided transposition products by long-read sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.15.431176v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Region-specific maladaptive gray matter myelination is associated with differential susceptibility to stress-induced behavior in male rodents and humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.15.431176v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Individual reactions to traumatic stress vary dramatically, yet the biological basis of this variation remains poorly understood. Recent studies demonstrate the surprising plasticity of oligodendrocytes and myelin with stress and experience, providing a potential mechanism by which trauma induces aberrant structural and functional changes in the adult brain. In this study, we utilized a translational approach to test the hypothesis that gray matter myelin contributes to traumatic-stress-induced behavioral variation in both rats and humans. We exposed adult, male rats to a single, severe stressor and used a multimodal approach to characterize avoidance, startle, and fear-learning behavior, as well as oligodendrocyte and myelin content in multiple brain areas. We found that oligodendrocyte cell density and myelin content were correlated with behavioral outcomes in a region-specific manner. Specifically, stress-induced avoidance positively correlated with hippocampal dentate gyrus oligodendrocytes and myelin. Viral overexpression of the oligodendrogenic factor Olig1 in the dentate gyrus was sufficient to induce an anxiety-like behavioral phenotype. In contrast, contextual fear learning positively correlated with myelin in the amygdala and spatial processing regions of the hippocampus. In a group of trauma-exposed US veterans, T1-/T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging estimates of hippocampal and amygdala myelin associated with symptom profiles in a region-specific manner that mirrored the findings in rats. These results demonstrate a species- independent relationship between region-specific, gray matter oligodendrocytes and myelin and differential behavioral phenotypes following traumatic stress exposure. This study suggests a novel mechanism for brain plasticity that underlies individual variance in sensitivity to traumatic stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Long, K. L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazama, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peretz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller, D. C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roan, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toth, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breton, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casazza, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostafavi, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huber, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodward, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neylan, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.15.431176</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Region-specific maladaptive gray matter myelination is associated with differential susceptibility to stress-induced behavior in male rodents and humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.15.431212v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A glycan gate controls opening of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.15.431212v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 infection is controlled by the opening of the spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD), which transitions from a glycan-shielded "down" to an exposed "up" state in order to bind the human ACE2 receptor and infect cells. While snapshots of the "up" and "down" states have been obtained by cryoEM and cryoET, details of the RBD opening transition evade experimental characterization. Here, over 130 s of weighted ensemble (WE) simulations of the fully glycosylated spike ectodomain allow us to characterize more than 300 continuous, kinetically unbiased RBD opening pathways. Together with ManifoldEM analysis of cryo-EM data and biolayer interferometry experiments, we reveal a gating role for the N-glycan at position N343, which facilitates RBD opening. Residues D405, R408, and D427 also participate. The atomic-level characterization of the glycosylated spike activation mechanism provided herein achieves a new high-water mark for ensemble pathway simulations and offers a foundation for understanding the fundamental mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 viral entry and infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sztain, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogetti, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casalino, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldsmith, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCool, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kearns, F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCammon, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLellan, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaro, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.15.431212</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A glycan gate controls opening of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.16.431482v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Affinity Requirements For Control Of Synaptic Targeting And Neuronal Cell Survival By Heterophilic IgSF Cell Adhesion Molecules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.16.431482v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons in the developing brain express many different cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) on their surfaces, and CAM interactions are essential for the determination of synaptic connectivity patterns. CAM binding affinities can vary by more than 200-fold, but the significance of affinity differences among CAMs is unknown. Here we provide a systematic characterization of the in vivo consequences of altering CAM affinity. Interactions between DIP- and its binding partners Dpr6 and Dpr10 control synaptic targeting and cell survival for Drosophila optic lobe neurons. We generated mutations that change DIP-::Dpr10 binding affinity and introduced these into the endogenous loci. We show that cell survival and synaptic targeting have different affinity requirements, and that there is a threshold affinity required for targeting. Reducing affinity causes graded loss-of-function phenotypes, while increasing affinity rescues cells that would normally die. Affinity reduction can be compensated for by increasing gene copy number.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sergeeva, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katsamba, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mannepalli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahna, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bimela, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zipursky, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honig, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zinn, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.16.431482</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Affinity Requirements For Control Of Synaptic Targeting And Neuronal Cell Survival By Heterophilic IgSF Cell Adhesion Molecules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.430487v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A transient postnatal quiescent period precedes emergence of mature cortical dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.430487v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mature neural networks synchronize and integrate spatiotemporal activity patterns to support cognition. Emergence of these activity patterns and functions is believed to be developmentally regulated, but the postnatal time course for neural networks to perform complex computations remains unknown. We investigate the progression of large-scale synaptic and cellular activity patterns across development using high spatiotemporal resolution in vivo electrophysiology in immature mice. We reveal that mature cortical processes emerge rapidly and simultaneously after a discrete but volatile transition period at the beginning of the second postnatal week of rodent development. The transition is characterized by relative neural quiescence, after which spatially distributed, temporally precise, and internally organized activity occurs. We demonstrate a similar developmental trajectory in humans, suggesting an evolutionarily conserved mechanism to transition network operation. We hypothesize that this transient quiescent period is a requisite for the subsequent emergence of coordinated cortical networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dominguez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pouchelon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spyropoulos, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cea, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buzsaki, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fishell, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khodagholy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelinas, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.17.430487</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A transient postnatal quiescent period precedes emergence of mature cortical dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431446v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nuclear HMGB1 protects from non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases through negative regulation of liver X receptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431446v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dysregulations of lipid metabolism in the liver may trigger steatosis progression leading to potentially severe clinical consequences such as non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD). Molecular mechanisms underlying liver lipogenesis are very complex and fine-tuned by chromatin dynamics and the activity of multiple key transcription factors. Here, we demonstrate that the nuclear factor HMGB1 acts as a strong repressor of liver lipogenesis during metabolic stress in NAFLD. Mice with liver-specific Hmgb1-deficiency display exacerbated liver steatosis and hepatic insulin resistance when subjected to a high-fat diet or after fasting/refeeding. Global transcriptome and functional analysis revealed that the deletion of Hmgb1 gene enhances LXR activity resulting in increased lipogenesis. HMGB1 repression is not mediated through nucleosome landscape re-organization but rather via a preferential DNA occupation in region carrying genes regulated by LXR. Together these findings suggest that hepatocellular HMGB1 protects from liver steatosis development. HMGB1 may constitute a new attractive option to therapeutically target LXR axis during NAFLD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Personnaz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piccolo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dortignac, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iacovoni, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mariette, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polizzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batut, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deleruyelle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paccoud, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreau, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martins, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clouaire, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benhamed, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montagner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wahli, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwabe, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yart, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castan-Laurell, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Postic, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moro, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legube, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valet, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dray, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pradere, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.17.431446</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nuclear HMGB1 protects from non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases through negative regulation of liver X receptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.18.431725v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultrastructural analysis of dendritic spine necks reveals a continuum of spine morphologies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.18.431725v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dendritic spines are membranous protrusions, with a bulbous head connected to the dendrite by a thin neck, and receive essentially all excitatory inputs in most mammalian neurons. Spines have a wide variety of morphologies that likely have a significant effect on their biochemical and electrical properties. The question of whether spines belong to distinct morphological or functional subtypes or constitute a continuum is still open. To discern this, it is important to measure spine necks objectively. Recent advances in electron microscopy enable automatic reconstructions of 3D spines with nanometer precision. Analyzing ultrastructural reconstructions from mouse neocortical neurons with computer vision algorithms, we demonstrate that the vast majority of spines can be rigorously separated into head and neck components. Analysis of the head and neck morphologies reveals a continuous distribution of parameters. The spine neck diameter, but not the neck length, was correlated with the head volume. Spines with larger head volumes often had a spine apparatus and pairs of spines in a post-synaptic cell contacted by the same axon had similar head volumes. Our data are consistent with a lack of morphological categories of spines and indicate that the morphologies of the spine neck and head are independently regulated. These results have repercussions for our understanding of the function of dendritic spines in neuronal circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ofer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasthuri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lichtman, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuste, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.18.431725</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultrastructural analysis of dendritic spine necks reveals a continuum of spine morphologies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.18.431811v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alzheimer's-like remodeling of neuronal ryanodine receptor in COVID-19 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.18.431811v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2 involves multiple organs including cardiovascular, pulmonary and central nervous system. Understanding how SARS-CoV-2 infection afflicts diverse organ systems remains challenging1,2. Particularly vexing has been the problem posed by persistent organ dysfunction known as "long COVID," which includes cognitive impairment3. Here we provide evidence linking SARS-CoV-2 infection to activation of TGF-{beta} signaling and oxidative overload. One consequence is oxidation of the ryanodine receptor/calcium (Ca2+) release channels (RyR) on the endo/sarcoplasmic (ER/SR) reticuli in heart, lung and brains of patients who succumbed to COVID-19. This depletes the channels of the stabilizing subunit calstabin2 causing them to leak Ca2+ which can promote heart failure4,5, pulmonary insufficiency 6 and cognitive and behavioral defects7-9. Ex-vivo treatment of heart, lung, and brain tissues from COVID-19 patients using a Rycal drug (ARM210)10 prevented calstabin2 loss and fixed the channel leak. Of particular interest is that neuropathological pathways activated downstream of leaky RyR2 channels in Alzheimers Disease (AD) patients were activated in COVID-19 patients. Thus, leaky RyR2 Ca2+ channels may play a role in COVID-19 pathophysiology and could be a therapeutic target for amelioration of some comorbidities associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marks, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dridi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiken, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sittenfeld, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.18.431811</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alzheimer's-like remodeling of neuronal ryanodine receptor in COVID-19]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.19.431982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unique functions for Notch4 in murine embryonic lymphangiogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.19.431982v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In mice, embryonic dermal lymphatic development is well-understood and used to study gene functions in lymphangiogenesis. Notch signaling is an evolutionarily conserved pathway that modulates cell fate decisions, which has been shown to both inhibit and promote dermal lymphangiogenesis. Here, we demonstrate distinct roles for Notch4 signaling versus canonical Notch signaling in embryonic dermal lymphangiogenesis. Actively growing embryonic dermal lymphatics expressed NOTCH1, NOTCH4 and DLL4 which correlated with Notch activity. In lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs), DLL4 activation of Notch induced a subset of Notch effectors and lymphatic genes, which were distinctly regulated by Notch1 and Notch4 activation. Treatment of LECs with VEGF-A or VEGF-C upregulated Dll4 transcripts, and differentially and temporally regulated the expression of Notch1 and Hes/Hey genes. Mice nullizygous for Notch4 had an increase in the closure of the lymphangiogenic fronts which correlated with reduced vessel caliber in the maturing lymphatic plexus at E14.5, and reduced branching at E16.5. Activation of Notch4 suppressed LEC migration in a wounding assay significantly more than Notch1, suggesting a dominant role for Notch4 in regulating LEC migration. Unlike Notch4 nulls, inhibition of canonical Notch signaling by expressing a dominant negative form of MAML1 (DNMAML) in Prox1+ LECs led to increased lymphatic density consistent with an increased in LEC proliferation, described for the loss of LEC Notch1. Moreover, loss of Notch4 did not affect LEC canonical Notch signaling. Thus, we propose that Notch4 signaling and canonical Notch signaling have distinct functions in the coordination of embryonic dermal lymphangiogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim Uh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murtomaki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarron, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitajewski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gnarra, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riitano, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukouyama, Y.-s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitajewski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shawber, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.19.431982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unique functions for Notch4 in murine embryonic lymphangiogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.19.432025v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vesicular stomatitis virus chimeras expressing the Oropouche virus glycoproteins elicit protective immune responses in mice. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.19.432025v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oropouche virus (OROV) infection of humans is associated with a debilitating febrile illness that can progress to meningitis or encephalitis. First isolated from a forest worker in Trinidad and Tobago in 1955, the arbovirus OROV has since been detected throughout the Amazon basin with an estimated 500,000 human infections. Like other members of the family Peribunyaviridae, the viral genome exists as 3 single-stranded negative-sense RNA segments. The medium sized segment encodes a viral glycoprotein complex (GPC) that is proteolytically processed into two viral envelope proteins Gn and Gc responsible for attachment and membrane fusion. There are no therapeutics or vaccines to combat OROV infection, and we have little understanding of protective immunity to infection. Here we generated a replication competent chimeric vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), in which the endogenous glycoprotein was replaced by the GPC of OROV. Serum from mice immunized with VSV-OROV specifically neutralized wild type OROV, and using peptide arrays we mapped multiple epitopes within an N-terminal variable region of Gc recognized by the immune sera. VSV-OROV lacking this variable region of Gc was also immunogenic in mice producing neutralizing sera that recognize additional regions of Gc. Challenge of both sets of immunized mice with wild type OROV shows that the VSV-OROV chimeras reduce wild type viral infection and suggest that antibodies that recognize the variable N-terminus of Gc afford less protection than those that target more conserved regions of Gc.

ImportanceOropouche virus (OROV), an orthobunyavirus found in Central and South America, is an emerging public health challenge that causes debilitating febrile illness. OROV is transmitted by arthropods, and increasing mobilization has the potential to significantly increase the spread of OROV globally. Despite this, no therapeutics or vaccines have been developed to combat infection. Using vesicular stomatitis (VSV) as a backbone, we developed a chimeric virus bearing the OROV glycoproteins (VSV-OROV) and tested its ability to elicit a neutralizing antibody response. Our results demonstrate that VSV-OROV produces a strong neutralizing antibody response that is at least partially targeted to the N-terminal region of Gc. Importantly, vaccination with VSV-OROV reduces viral loads in mice challenged with wildtype virus. This data provides the first evidence that targeting the OROV glycoproteins may be an effective vaccination strategy to combat OROV infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stubbs, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pontelli, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MISHRA, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Souza, J. d. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viana, R. M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipkin, W. I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knipe, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arruda, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whelan, S. P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.19.432025</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vesicular stomatitis virus chimeras expressing the Oropouche virus glycoproteins elicit protective immune responses in mice.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.21.432168v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural Basis for Accommodation of Emerging B.1.351 and B.1.1.7 Variants by Two Potent SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.21.432168v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Emerging SARS-CoV-2 strains, B.1.1.7 and B.1.351, from the UK and South Africa, respectively show decreased neutralization by monoclonal antibodies and convalescent or vaccinee sera raised against the original wild-type virus, and are thus of clinical concern. However, the neutralization potency of two antibodies, 1-57 and 2-7, which target the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of spike, was unaffected by these emerging strains. Here, we report cryo-EM structures of 1-57 and 2-7 in complex with spike, revealing each of these antibodies to utilize a distinct mechanism to bypass or accommodate RBD mutations. Notably, each antibody represented a response with recognition distinct from those of frequent antibody classes. Moreover, many epitope residues recognized by 1-57 and 2-7 were outside hotspots of evolutionary pressure for both ACE2 binding and neutralizing antibody escape. We suggest the therapeutic use of antibodies like 1-57 and 2-7, which target less prevalent epitopes, could ameliorate issues of monoclonal antibody escape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cerutti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rapp, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahna, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bimela, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddem, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.21.432168</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural Basis for Accommodation of Emerging B.1.351 and B.1.1.7 Variants by Two Potent SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.22.432227v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
pyControl: Open source, Python based, hardware and software for controlling behavioural neuroscience experiments. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.22.432227v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Laboratory behavioural tasks are an essential research tool. As questions asked of behaviour and brain activity become more sophisticated, the ability to specify and run richly structured tasks becomes more important. An increasing focus on reproducibility also necessitates accurate communication of task logic to other researchers. To these ends we developed pyControl, a system of open source hardware and software for controlling behavioural experiments comprising; a simple yet flexible Python-based syntax for specifying tasks as extended state machines, hardware modules for building behavioural setups, and a graphical user interface designed for efficiently running high throughput experiments on many setups in parallel, all with extensive online documentation. These tools make it quicker, easier and cheaper to implement rich behavioural tasks at scale. As important, pyControl facilitates communication and reproducibility of behavioural experiments through a highly readable task definition syntax and self-documenting features.

ResourcesDocumentation: https://pycontrol.readthedocs.io

Repositories: https://github.com/pyControl

User support: https://groups.google.com/g/pycontrol
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Akam, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lustig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowland, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapanaiah, S. K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esteve-Agraz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panniello, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marquez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kätzel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walton, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.22.432227</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[pyControl: Open source, Python based, hardware and software for controlling behavioural neuroscience experiments.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.22.432289v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parallel processing of natural images by overlapping retinal neuronal ensembles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.22.432289v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Even though the retinal microcircuit organization has been described in detail at the single-cell level, little is known about how groups of retinal cells coordinated activity encode and process parallel information representing the spatial and temporal structure of changing environmental conditions. To describe the population dynamics of retinal neuronal ensembles, we used microelectrode array recordings that describe hundreds of retinal ganglion cells simultaneous activity in response to a short movie captured in the natural environment where our subject develops their visual behaviors. The vectorization of population activity allowed the identification of retinal neuronal ensembles that synchronize to specific segments of natural stimuli. These synchronous retinal neuronal ensembles were reliably activated by the same stimuli at different trials, indicating a robust population response of retinal microcircuits. The generation of asynchronous events required integrating a physiologically meaningful time window larger than 80 ms, demonstrating that retinal neuronal ensembles time integration filters non-structured visual information. Interestingly, individual neurons could be part of several ensembles indicating that parallel circuits could encode environmental conditions changes. We conclude that parallel neuronal ensembles could represent the functional unit of retinal computations and propose that the further study of retinal neuronal ensembles could reveal emergent properties of retinal circuits that individual cells activity cannot explain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perez-Ortega, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Araya, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibaceta, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herzog, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escobar, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pena-Ortega, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carillo-Reid, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palacios, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.22.432289</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parallel processing of natural images by overlapping retinal neuronal ensembles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.22.432309v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Partitioning variability in animal behavioral videos using semi-supervised variational autoencoders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.22.432309v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent neuroscience studies demonstrate that a deeper understanding of brain function requires a deeper understanding of behavior. Detailed behavioral measurements are now often collected using video cameras, resulting in an increased need for computer vision algorithms that extract useful information from video data. Here we introduce a new video analysis tool that combines the output of supervised pose estimation algorithms (e.g. DeepLabCut) with unsupervised dimensionality reduction methods to produce interpretable, low-dimensional representations of behavioral videos that extract more information than pose estimates alone. We demonstrate this tool by extracting interpretable behavioral features from videos of three different head-fixed mouse preparations, as well as a freely moving mouse in an open field arena, and show how these interpretable features can facilitate downstream behavioral and neural analyses. We also show how the behavioral features produced by our model improve the precision and interpretation of these downstream analyses compared to using the outputs of either fully supervised or fully unsupervised methods alone.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Whiteway, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biderman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dipoppa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchanan, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noel, J.-P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The International Brain Lab,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.22.432309</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Partitioning variability in animal behavioral videos using semi-supervised variational autoencoders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.22.432312v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineering protease-resistant peptides to inhibit human parainfluenza viral respiratory infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.22.432312v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The lower respiratory tract infections affecting children worldwide are in large part caused by the parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs), particularly HPIV3, along with human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus, enveloped negative-strand RNA viruses. There are no vaccines for these important human pathogens, and existing treatments have limited or no efficacy. Infection by HPIV is initiated by viral glycoprotein-mediated fusion between viral and host cell membranes. A viral fusion protein (F), once activated in proximity to a target cell, undergoes a series of conformational changes that first extend the trimer subunits to allow insertion of the hydrophobic domains into the target cell membrane, and then refold the trimer into a stable postfusion state, driving the merger of the viral and host cell membranes. Lipopeptides derived from the C-terminal heptad repeat (HRC) domain of HPIV3 F inhibit infection by interfering with the structural transitions of the trimeric F assembly. Clinical application of this strategy, however, requires improving the in vivo stability of antiviral peptides. We show that the HRC peptide backbone can be modified via partial replacement of -amino acid residues with {beta}-amino acid residues to generate /{beta}-peptides that retain antiviral activity but are poor protease substrates. Relative to a conventional -lipopeptide, our best /{beta}-lipopeptide exhibits improved persistence in vivo and improved anti-HPIV3 antiviral activity in animals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Outlaw, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheloha, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jurgens, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bovier, F. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreitler, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harder, O. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niewiesk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porotto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gellman, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moscona, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.22.432312</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineering protease-resistant peptides to inhibit human parainfluenza viral respiratory infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.23.432381v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single Unit Analysis and Wide-Field Imaging Reveal Alterations in Excitatory andInhibitory Neurons in Glioma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.23.432381v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several studies have attributed the development of tumor-associated seizures to an excitatory-inhibitory imbalance, highlighting the importance of resolving the spatiotemporal interplay of different neuronal populations within the peritumoral microenvironment. We combined methods for microelectrode array recordings and single unit analysis during ictal events with wide-field optical mapping of pyramidal neurons in an ex vivo acute slice model of diffusely infiltrating glioma in Thy1-GCaMP6f mice. This approach allowed for characterization of excitatory and inhibitory populations across an extended peritumoral cortical region. As expected, measures of excitability were increased in tumor-bearing slices compared to control. This was accompanied by marked functional alterations in single units classified as fast-spiking interneurons, including reduced firing, altered timing with respect to excitatory firing, and deficits in surround inhibition. Inhibiting mTOR with AZD8055 reversed these glioma-induced changes to excitatory and inhibitory neuronal populations, suggesting a prominent role for functional mechanisms linked to mTOR activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gill, B. J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merricks, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sosunov, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudhakar, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liou, J.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dovas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKhann, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canoll, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schevon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.23.432381</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single Unit Analysis and Wide-Field Imaging Reveal Alterations in Excitatory andInhibitory Neurons in Glioma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.23.432472v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic incompatibilities do not snowball in a demographic model of speciation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.23.432472v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Two populations evolving in isolation can accumulate genetic differences over time that cause incompatibilities in their hybrid offspring. These "Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities" (DMIs) are predicted to accumulate at a rate faster than linear as the number of incompatible gene interactions "snowballs". Here we show that this snowball prediction is an artifact of two unrealistic modeling assumptions that stem from ignoring demography. We introduce a new alternative "demographic speciation model" in which the rate of DMI accumulation between populations is affected by the efficiency of purifying selection to remove incompatibilities that arise within populations. This model yields new testable predictions for understanding the tempo and mode of speciation based on population demographic parameters. A large-scale empirical analysis of bird and mammal datasets supports a unique prediction of our model: a negative relationship between effective population sizes and speciation rates. Our results challenge views of the snowball theory, and of ecological speciation models rooted in positive selection, showing instead that purifying selection may play a major role in mediating speciation rates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maya-Lastra, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eaton, D. A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.23.432472</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic incompatibilities do not snowball in a demographic model of speciation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.24.432730v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identical Sequences, Different Behaviors: ProteinDiversity Captured at the Single-Molecule Level 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.24.432730v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The classical "one sequence, one structure, one function" paradigm has shaped much of our intuition of how proteins work inside the cell. Partially due to the insight provided by bulk biochemical assays, individual biomolecules are assumed to behave as identical entities, and their characterization relies on ensemble averages that flatten any conformational diversity into a unique phenotype. While the emergence of single-molecule techniques opened the gates to interrogating individual molecules, technical shortcomings typically limit the duration of these measurements to a few minutes, which prevents to completely characterize a protein individual and, hence, to capture the heterogeneity among molecular populations. Here, we introduce a magnetic tweezers design, which showcases enhanced stability and resolution that allows us to measure the folding dynamics of a single protein during several uninterrupted days with a high temporal and spatial resolution. Thanks to this instrumental development, we do a complete characterization of two proteins with a very different force-response: the talin R3IVVI domain and protein L. Days-long recordings on the same single molecule accumulate several thousands of folding transitions sampled with sub-ms resolution, which allows us to reconstruct their free energy landscapes and describe how they evolve with force. By mapping the nanomechanical identity of many different protein individuals, we directly capture their molecular diversity as a quantifiable dispersion on their force response and folding kinetics. Our instrumental development offers a new tool for profiling individual molecules, opening the gates to the characterization of biomolecular heterogeneity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tapia-Rojo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonso-Caballero, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badilla, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.24.432730</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identical Sequences, Different Behaviors: ProteinDiversity Captured at the Single-Molecule Level]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.25.432633v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatiospectral brain networks reflective of improvisational experience 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.25.432633v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Musical improvisers are trained to categorize certain musical structures into functional classes, which is thought to facilitate improvisation. Using a novel auditory oddball paradigm (Goldman et al., 2020) which enables us to disassociate a deviant (i.e. musical cord inversion) from a consistent functional class, we recorded scalp EEG from a group of musicians who spanned a range of improvisational and classically trained experience. Using a spatiospectral based inter and intra network connectivity analysis, we found that improvisers showed a variety of differences in connectivity within and between large-scale cortical networks compared to classically trained musicians, as a function of deviant type. Inter-network connectivity in the alpha band, for a time window leading up to the behavioural response, was strongly linked to improvisation experience, with the default mode network acting as a hub. Spatiospectral networks post response were substantially different between improvisers and classically trained musicians, with greater inter-network connectivity (specific to the alpha and beta bands) seen in improvisers whereas those with more classical training had largely reduced inter-network activity (mostly in the gamma band). More generally, we interpret our findings in the context of network-level correlates of expectation violation as a function of subject expertise, and we discuss how these may generalize to other and more ecologically valid scenarios.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Faller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McIntosh, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sajda, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.25.432633</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatiospectral brain networks reflective of improvisational experience]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.25.432882v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using optogenetics to link myosin patterns to contractile cell behaviors during convergent extension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.25.432882v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Distinct spatiotemporal patterns of actomyosin contractility are often associated with particular epithelial tissue shape changes during development. For example, a planar polarized pattern of myosin II localization regulated by Rho1 signaling during Drosophila body axis elongation is thought to drive the cell behaviors that contribute to convergent extension. However, it is not well understood how specific aspects of a myosin localization pattern influence the multiple cell behaviors--including cell intercalation, cell shape changes, and apical cell area fluctuations--that simultaneously occur within a tissue during morphogenesis. Here, we use optogenetic activation (optoGEF) and deactivation (optoGAP) of Rho1 signaling to perturb the myosin pattern in the germband epithelium during Drosophila axis elongation and analyze the effects on contractile cell behaviors within the tissue. We find that uniform photoactivation of optoGEF or optoGAP is sufficient to rapidly override the endogenous myosin pattern, abolishing myosin planar polarity and reducing cell intercalation and convergent extension. However, these two perturbations have distinct effects on junctional and medial myosin localization, apical cell area fluctuations, and cell packings within the germband. Activation of Rho1 signaling in optoGEF embryos increases myosin accumulation in the medial-apical domain of germband cells, leading to increased amplitudes of apical cell area fluctuations. This enhanced contractility is translated into heterogeneous reductions in apical cell areas across the tissue, disrupting cellular packings within the germband. Conversely, inactivation of Rho1 signaling in optoGAP embryos decreases both medial and junctional myosin accumulation, leading to a dramatic reduction in cell area fluctuations. These results demonstrate that the level of Rho1 activity and the balance between junctional and medial myosin regulate apical cell area fluctuations and cellular packings in the germband, which have been proposed to influence the biophysics of cell rearrangements and tissue fluidity.

STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCETissues are shaped by forces produced by dynamic patterns of actomyosin contractility. However, the mechanisms underlying these myosin patterns and their translation into cell behavior and tissue-level movements are not understood. Here, we show that optogenetic tools designed to control upstream regulators of myosin II can be used to rapidly manipulate myosin patterns and analyze the effects on cell behaviors during tissue morphogenesis. Combining optogenetics with live imaging in the developing fruit fly embryo, we show that acute perturbations to upstream myosin regulators are sufficient to rapidly perturb existing myosin patterns and alter cell movements and shapes during axis elongation, resulting in abnormalities in embryo shape. These results directly link myosin contractility patterns to cell behaviors that shape tissues, providing new insights into the mechanisms that generate functional tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herrera-Perez, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cupo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasza, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.25.432882</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using optogenetics to link myosin patterns to contractile cell behaviors during convergent extension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.26.432917v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ovarian Tumor Mitochondria Exhibit Abnormal Phenotypes and Blunted Associations with Biobehavioral Factors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.26.432917v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tumor cells exhibit mitochondrial alterations and are also influenced by biobehavioral processes, but the intersection of biobehavioral factors and tumor mitochondria remains unexplored. Here we examined multiple biochemical and molecular markers of mitochondrial content and function in benign and cancerous ovarian tissue in parallel with exploratory analyses of biobehavioral factors. First, analysis of a publicly-available database (n=1,435) showed that gene expression of specific mitochondrial proteins in ovarian tumors is associated with survival. Quantifying multiple biochemical and molecular markers of mitochondrial content and function in 51 benign and 128 high-grade epithelial ovarian tumors revealed that compared to benign tissue, tumors exhibit 3.3-8.4-fold higher mitochondrial content and respiratory chain enzymatic activities (P<0.001) but similar mitochondrial DNA levels (-3.1%), documenting abnormal mitochondrial phenotypes in tumors. Mitochondrial respiratory chain activity was also associated with interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in ascites. In benign tissue, negative biobehavioral factors were inversely correlated with mitochondrial content and respiratory chain activities, whereas positive biobehavioral factors tended to be positively correlated with mitochondrial measures, although effect sizes were small to medium (r=-0.43 to 0.47). In contrast, serous tumors showed less pronounced biobehavioral-mitochondrial correlations. These results document abnormal mitochondrial functional phenotypes in ovarian tumors and warrant further research on the link between biobehavioral factors and mitochondria in cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bindra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGill, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Triplett, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyagi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thaker, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahmoush, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodheart, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogden, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owusu-Ansah, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sood, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutgendorf, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.26.432917</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ovarian Tumor Mitochondria Exhibit Abnormal Phenotypes and Blunted Associations with Biobehavioral Factors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.26.433027v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sparse balance: excitatory-inhibitory networks with small bias currents and broadly distributed synaptic weights 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.26.433027v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cortical circuits generate excitatory currents that must be cancelled by strong inhibition to assure stability. The resulting excitatory-inhibitory (E-I) balance can generate spontaneous irregular activity but, in standard balanced E-I models, this requires that an extremely strong feedforward bias current be included along with the recurrent excitation and inhibition. The absence of experimental evidence for such large bias currents inspired us to examine an alternative regime that exhibits asynchronous activity without requiring unrealistically large feedforward input. In these networks, irregular spontaneous activity is supported by a continually changing sparse set of neurons. To support this activity, synaptic strengths must be drawn from high-variance distributions. Unlike standard balanced networks, these sparse balance networks exhibit robust nonlinear responses to uniform inputs and non-Gaussian statistics. In addition to simulations, we present a mean-field analysis to illustrate the properties of these networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khajeh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fumarola, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.26.433027</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sparse balance: excitatory-inhibitory networks with small bias currents and broadly distributed synaptic weights]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.26.433056v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3D Neuronal Mitochondrial Morphology in Axons, Dendrites, and Somata of the Aging Mouse Hippocampus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.26.433056v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brains ability to process complex informations relies on the constant supply of energy through aerobic respiration by mitochondria. Neurons contain three anatomically distinct compartments - the soma, dendrites, and projecting axons - which have different energetic and biochemical requirements, as well as different mitochondrial morphologies in cultured systems. Here we apply a quantitative three-dimensional electron microscopy approach to map mitochondrial network morphology and complexity in the mouse brain. We examine three neuronal sub-compartments - the soma, dendrites, myelinated axons - in the dentate gyrus and CA1 of the mouse hippocampus, two subregions with distinct principal cell types and functions. We also establish compartment-specific differences in mitochondrial morphology across these cell types between young and old mice, highlighting differences in age-related morphological recalibrations. Overall, these data define the nature of the neuronal mitochondrial network in the mouse hippocampus, providing a foundation to examine the role of mitochondrial morpho-function in the aging brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Faitg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacefield, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davey, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laws, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosmidis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reeve, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kandel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincent, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.26.433056</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3D Neuronal Mitochondrial Morphology in Axons, Dendrites, and Somata of the Aging Mouse Hippocampus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.26.433066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improved correspondence of fMRI visual field localizer data after macroanatomical alignment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.26.433066v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studying the visual system with fMRI often requires using localizer paradigms to define regions of interest (ROIs). However, the considerable interindividual variability of the cerebral cortex represents a crucial confound for group-level analyses. Cortex-based alignment (CBA) techniques reliably reduce interindividual macroanatomical variability. Yet, their utility has not been assessed for visual field localizer paradigms, which map specific parts of the visual field within retinotopically organized visual areas. We evaluated CBA for an attention-enhanced visual field localizer mapping homologous parts of each visual quadrant in 50 participants. We compared CBA with volume-based alignment and a surface-based analysis, which did not include macroanatomical alignment. CBA led to the strongest increase in the probability of activation overlap (up to 40 percent). On the group level, CBA led to the most consistent increase in ROI size while preserving vertical ROI symmetry. Overall, our results indicate, that in addition to the increased signal-to-noise ratio of a surface-based analysis macroanatomical alignment considerably improves statistical power. These findings confirm and extend the utility of CBA for the study of the visual system in the context of group analyses. CBA should be particularly relevant when studying neuropsychiatric disorders with abnormally increased interindividual macroanatomical variability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qubad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes-Scheufler, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaum, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raspor, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roesler, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goebel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reif, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bittner, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.26.433066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improved correspondence of fMRI visual field localizer data after macroanatomical alignment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.28.433255v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alanine cross-feeding determines Escherichia coli colony growth dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.28.433255v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria commonly live in spatially structured biofilm assemblages, which are encased by an extracellular matrix. Metabolic activity of the cells inside biofilms causes gradients in local environmental conditions, which leads to the emergence of physiologically differentiated subpopulations. Information about the properties and spatial arrangement of such metabolic subpopulations, as well as their interaction strength and interaction length scales are lacking, even for model systems like Escherichia coli colony biofilms grown on agar-solidified media. Here, we use an unbiased approach, based on temporal and spatial transcriptome and metabolome data acquired during E. coli colony biofilm growth, to study the spatial organization of metabolism. We discovered that alanine displays a unique pattern among amino acids and that alanine metabolism is spatially and temporally heterogeneous. At the anoxic base of the colony, where carbon and nitrogen sources are abundant, cells secrete alanine via the transporter AlaE. In contrast, cells utilize alanine as a carbon and nitrogen source in the oxic nutrient-deprived region at the colony mid-height, via the enzymes DadA and DadX. This spatially structured alanine cross-feeding influences cellular viability and growth in the cross-feeding-dependent region, which shapes the overall colony morphology. More generally, our results on this precisely controllable biofilm model system demonstrate a remarkable spatiotemporal complexity of metabolism in biofilms. A better characterization of the spatiotemporal metabolic heterogeneities and dependencies is essential for understanding the physiology, architecture, and function of biofilms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Pascual, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lempp, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nosho, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeckel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jo, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neuhaus, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartmann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jelli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dietrich, L. E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Link, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drescher, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.28.433255</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alanine cross-feeding determines Escherichia coli colony growth dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.28.433289v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transfer learning framework for cell segmentationwith incorporation of geometric features 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.28.433289v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With recent advances in multiplexed imaging and spatial transcriptomic and proteomic technologies, cell segmentation is becoming a crucial step in biomedical image analysis. In recent years, Fully Convolutional Networks (FCN) have achieved great success in nuclei segmentation in in vitro imaging. Nevertheless, it remains challenging to perform similar tasks on in situ tissue images with more cluttered cells of diverse shapes. To address this issue, we propose a novel transfer learning, cell segmentation framework incorporating shape-aware features in a deep learning model, with multi-level watershed and morphological post-processing steps. Our results show that incorporation of geometric features improves generalizability to segmenting cells in in situ tissue images, using solely in vitro images as training data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toberoff, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azizi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.28.433289</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transfer learning framework for cell segmentationwith incorporation of geometric features]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.01.433450v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spontaneous neural oscillations influence behavior and sensory representations by suppressing neuronal excitability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.01.433450v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to process and respond to external input is critical for adaptive behavior. Why, then, do neural and behavioral responses vary across repeated presentations of the same sensory input? Spontaneous fluctuations of neuronal excitability are currently hypothesized to underlie the trial-by-trial variability in sensory processing. To test this, we capitalized on invasive electrophysiology in neurosurgical patients performing an auditory discrimination task with visual cues: specifically, we examined the interaction between prestimulus alpha oscillations, excitability, task performance, and decoded neural stimulus representations. We found that strong prestimulus oscillations in the alpha+ band (i.e., alpha and neighboring frequencies), rather than the aperiodic signal, correlated with a low excitability state, indexed by reduced broadband high-frequency activity. This state was related to slower reaction times and reduced neural stimulus encoding strength. We propose that the alpha+ rhythm modulates excitability, thereby resulting in variability in behavior and sensory representations despite identical input.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iemi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gwilliams, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samaha, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auksztulewicz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cycowicz, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, J.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikulin, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thesen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devinsky, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melloni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haegens, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.01.433450</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spontaneous neural oscillations influence behavior and sensory representations by suppressing neuronal excitability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.01.433466v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Increased Resistance of SARS-CoV-2 Variant P.1 to Antibody Neutralization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.01.433466v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The relative resistance of SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 to antibody neutralization has been described recently. We now report that another emergent variant from Brazil, P.1, is not only refractory to multiple neutralizing monoclonal antibodies, but also more resistant to neutralization by convalescent plasma (3.4 fold) and vaccinee sera (3.8-4.8 fold). The cryo-electron microscopy structure of a soluble prefusion-stabilized spike reveals the P.1 trimer to adopt exclusively a conformation in which one of the receptor-binding domains is in the "up" position, with the functional impact of mutations appearing to arise from local changes instead of global conformational alterations. The P.1 variant threatens current antibody therapies but less so the protective efficacy of our vaccines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerutti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.01.433466</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Increased Resistance of SARS-CoV-2 Variant P.1 to Antibody Neutralization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.04.433862v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Homothorax Controls a Binary Rhodopsin Switch in Drosophila Ocelli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.04.433862v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visual perception of the environment is mediated by specialized photoreceptor (PR) neurons of the eye. Each PR expresses photosensitive opsins, which are activated by a particular wavelength of light. In most insects, the visual system comprises a pair of compound eyes that are mainly associated with motion detection, color or polarized light perception and a triplet of ocelli that are thought to be critical during flight to detect horizon and movements. It is widely believed that evolutionary diversification of compound eye and ocelli in insects occurred from an ancestral visual organ around 500 million years ago. Concurrently, opsin genes were also duplicated to provide distinct spectral sensitivities to different PRs of compound eye and ocelli. In the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, Rhodopsin1 (Rh1) and Rh2 are closely related opsins that are originated from the duplication of a single ancestral gene. However, in the visual organs, Rh2 is uniquely expressed in ocelli whereas Rh1 is uniquely expressed in outer PRs of the compound eye. It is currently unknown how this differential expression of Rh1 and Rh2 in the two visual organs is controlled to provide unique spectral sensitivities to ocelli and compound eyes. Here, we show that Homothorax (Hth) is expressed in ocelli and confers proper rhodopsin expression. We find that Hth controls a binary Rhodopsin switch in ocelli to promote Rh2 expression and repress Rh1 expression. Genetic and molecular analysis of rh1 and rh2 supports that Hth acts through their promoters to regulate Rhodopsin expression in the ocelli. Finally, we also show that when ectopically expressed in the retina, hth is sufficient to induce Rh2 expression only at the outer PRs in a cell autonomous manner. We therefore propose that the diversification of rhodpsins in the ocelli and retinal outer PRs occurred by duplication of an ancestral gene, which is under the control of Homothorax.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mishra, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fritsch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voutev, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprecher, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.04.433862</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Homothorax Controls a Binary Rhodopsin Switch in Drosophila Ocelli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.04.433943v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mature parvalbumin interneuron function in prefrontal cortex requires activity during a postnatal sensitive period 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.04.433943v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In their seminal findings, Hubel and Wiesel identified sensitive periods in which experience can exert lasting effects on adult visual cortical functioning and behavior via transient changes in neuronal activity during development. Whether comparable sensitive periods exist for non-sensory cortices, such as the prefrontal cortex, in which alterations in activity determine adult circuit function and behavior is still an active area of research. Here, we demonstrate that inhibition of prefrontal parvalbumin-expressing interneurons during the juvenile and adolescent period, results in persistent impairments in adult prefrontal circuit connectivity, in vivo network function and behavioral flexibility that can be reversed by targeted activation of parvalbumin interneurons in adulthood. In contrast, transient suppression of parvalbumin interneuron activity in adulthood produces no lasting effects. These findings identify an activity-dependent sensitive period for prefrontal circuit maturation and highlight how abnormal parvalbumin interneuron activity during development alters adult prefrontal circuit function and cognitive behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Canetta, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holt, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benoit, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teboul, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogden, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellendonk, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.04.433943</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mature parvalbumin interneuron function in prefrontal cortex requires activity during a postnatal sensitive period]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.04.433946v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TAFKAP: An improved method for probabilistic decoding of cortical activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.04.433946v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cortical activity can be difficult to interpret. Neural responses to the same stimulus vary between presentations, due to random noise and other sources of variability. This unreliable relationship to external stimuli renders any pattern of activity open to a multitude of plausible interpretations. We have previously shown that this uncertainty in cortical stimulus representations can be characterized using a probabilistic decoding algorithm, which inverts a generative model of stimulus-evoked cortical responses. Here, we improve upon this method in two important ways, which both target the precision with which the generative model can be estimated from limited, noisy training data. We show that these improvements lead to considerably better estimation of the presented stimulus and its associated uncertainty. Estimates of the presented stimulus are recovered with an accuracy that exceeds that of standard decoding methods (SVMs), and in some cases even approaches the behavioral accuracy of human observers. Moreover, the uncertainty in the decoded probability distributions better characterizes the precision of cortical stimulus information from trial to trial.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van Bergen, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jehee, J. F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.04.433946</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TAFKAP: An improved method for probabilistic decoding of cortical activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.05.433921v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intra-epithelial non-canonical Activin A signalling safeguards prostate progenitor quiescence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.05.433921v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The healthy prostate is a relatively quiescent tissue. Yet, prostate epithelium overgrowth is a common condition during ageing, associated with urinary dysfunction and tumorigenesis. For over thirty years, TGF-{beta} ligands have been known to induce cytostasis in a large variety of epithelia, but the intracellular pathway mediating this signal in the prostate, as well as its relevance for quiescence, have remained elusive.

Here, using mouse prostate organoids to model epithelial progenitors, we found that intra-epithelial non-canonical Activin A signalling inhibited cell proliferation in a Smad-independent manner. Mechanistically, Activin A triggered Tak1 and p38 MAPK activity, leading to p16 and p21 nuclear import. Spontaneous evasion from this quiescent state occurred upon prolonged culture, due to reduced Activin A secretion, a condition associated with DNA replication stress and aneuploidy. Organoids capable to escape quiescence in vitro were also able to implant with increased frequency into immunocompetent mice.

Our study demonstrates that non-canonical Activin A signalling safeguards epithelial quiescence in the healthy prostate, with potential implications for the understanding of cancer initiation, and the development of therapies targeting quiescent tumour progenitors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cambuli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foletto, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alaimo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Felice, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gandolfi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palumbieri, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaffagni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genovesi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorenzoni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celotti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertossio, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazzero, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertossi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bisio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berardinelli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antoccia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaspari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbareschi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiorentino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romanel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lunardi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.05.433921</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intra-epithelial non-canonical Activin A signalling safeguards prostate progenitor quiescence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.05.434171v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimal Time Lags from Causal Prediction Model Help Stratify and Forecast Nervous System Pathology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.05.434171v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Traditional clinical approaches diagnose disorders of the nervous system using standardized observational criteria. Although aiming for homogeneity of symptoms, this method often results in highly heterogeneous disorders. A standing question thus is how to automatically stratify a given random cohort of the population, such that treatment can be better tailored to each clusters symptoms, and severity of any given group forecasted to provide neuroprotective therapies. In this work we introduce new methods to automatically stratify a random cohort of the population composed of healthy controls of different ages and patients with different disorders of the nervous systems. Using a simple walking task and measuring micro-fluctuations in their biorhythmic motions, we combine non-linear causal network connectivity analyses in the temporal and frequency domains with stochastic mapping. The methods define a new type of internal motor timings. These are amenable to create personalized clinical interventions tailored to self-emerging clusters signaling fundamentally different types of gait pathologies. We frame our results using the principle of reafference and operationalize them using causal prediction, thus renovating the theory of internal models for the study of neuromotor control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bermperidis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rai, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.05.434171</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimal Time Lags from Causal Prediction Model Help Stratify and Forecast Nervous System Pathology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.05.434185v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
General and cell-type-specific aspects of the motor neuron maturation transcriptional program 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.05.434185v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Building a nervous system is a protracted process that starts with the specification of individual neuron types and ends with the formation of mature neural circuits. The molecular mechanisms that regulate the temporal progression of maturation in individual cell types remain poorly understood. In this work, we have mapped the gene expression and chromatin accessibility changes in mouse spinal motor neurons throughout their lifetimes. We found that both motor neuron gene expression and putative regulatory elements are dynamic during the first three weeks of postnatal life, when motor circuits are maturing. Genes that are up-regulated during this time contribute to adult motor neuron diversity and function. Almost all of the chromatin regions that gain accessibility during maturation are motor neuron specific, yet a majority of the transcription factor binding motifs enriched in these regions are shared with other mature neurons. Collectively, these findings suggest that a core transcriptional program operates in a context-dependent manner to access cell-type-specific cis-regulatory systems associated with maturation genes. Discovery of general principles governing neuronal maturation might inform methods for transcriptional reprogramming of neuronal age and for improved modelling of age-related neurodegenerative diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammelman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Closser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gifford, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wichterle, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.05.434185</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[General and cell-type-specific aspects of the motor neuron maturation transcriptional program]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.07.434263v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Medulla glutamatergic neurons control wake-sleep transitions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.07.434263v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sleep is a ubiquitous behavior in animal species. Yet, brain circuits controlling sleep remain poorly understood. Previous studies have identified several brain structures that promote sleep, but whether these structures are involved in sleep initiation or sleep maintenance remains largely unknown. Here we identified a population of glutamatergic neurons in the medulla that project to the preoptic area (POA), a prominent sleep-promoting region. Chemogenetic silencing of POA-projecting medulla neurons disrupts the transitions from wakefulness to Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) sleep, whereas chemogenetic activation of these neurons promotes NREM sleep. Moreover, we show that optogenetic activation of medulla glutamatergic neurons or their projections in the POA reliably initiates long-lasting NREM sleep in awake mice. Together, our findings uncover a novel excitatory brainstem-hypothalamic circuit that controls the wake-sleep transitions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Teng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schalchli, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.07.434263</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Medulla glutamatergic neurons control wake-sleep transitions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.08.434385v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High sensitivity dia-PASEF proteomics with DIA-NN and FragPipe 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.08.434385v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dia-PASEF technology exploits ion mobility separation for high-sensitivity analysis of complex proteomes. Here, we demonstrate neural network-based processing of the ion mobility data, which we implement in the DIA-NN software suite. Using spectral libraries generated with the MSFragger-based FragPipe computational platform, the DIA-NN analysis of dia-PASEF raw data increases the proteomic depth by up to 69% compared to the originally published dia-PASEF workflow. For example, we quantify over 5200 proteins from 10ng of HeLa peptides separated with a 95-minute nanoflow gradient, and over 5000 proteins from 200ng using a 4.8-minute separation with an Evosep One system. In complex samples, featuring a mix of human and yeast lysates, the workflow detects over 11700 proteins in single runs acquired with a 100-minute nanoflow gradient, while demonstrating quantitative precision. Hence, the combination of FragPipe and DIA-NN provides a simple-to-use software platform for dia-PASEF data analysis, yielding significant gains in high-sensitivity proteomics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Demichev, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teo, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szyrwiel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Decker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaspar-Schoenefeld, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lilley, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muelleder, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nesvizhskii, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ralser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.08.434385</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High sensitivity dia-PASEF proteomics with DIA-NN and FragPipe]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.08.434451v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of putative causal loci in whole-genome sequencing data via knockoff statistics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.08.434451v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The analysis of whole-genome sequencing studies is challenging due to the large number of rare variants in noncoding regions and the lack of natural units for testing. We propose a statistical method to detect and localize rare and common risk variants in whole-genome sequencing studies based on a recently developed knockoff framework. It can (1) prioritize causal variants over associations due to linkage disequilibrium thereby improving interpretability; (2) help distinguish the signal due to rare variants from shadow effects of significant common variants nearby; (3) integrate multiple knockoffs for improved power, stability and reproducibility; and (4) flexibly incorporate state-of-the-art and future association tests to achieve the benefits proposed here. In applications to whole-genome sequencing data from the Alzheimers Disease Sequencing Project (ADSP) and COPDGene samples from NHLBI Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) Program we show that our method compared with conventional association tests can lead to substantially more discoveries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Guen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogarten, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverman, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greicius, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ionita-Laza, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.08.434451</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of putative causal loci in whole-genome sequencing data via knockoff statistics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.09.434632v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High resolution structure of the membrane embedded skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.09.434632v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The type 1 ryanodine receptor (RyR1)/calcium release channel on the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is required for skeletal muscle excitation-contraction coupling and is the largest known ion channel, comprised of four 565 kDa protomers. Cryogenic electron microscopy (cryoEM) studies of the RyR have primarily used detergent to solubilize the channel, though a recent study resolved the structure with limited resolution in nanodiscs1. In the present study we have used cryoEM to solve high-resolution structures of the channel in liposomes using a gel-filtration approach with on-column detergent removal to form liposomes and incorporate the channel simultaneously, a method that improved the incorporation rate by more than 20-fold compared to a dialysis-based approach. In conjunction with new direct-detection cameras, this allowed us to resolve the structure of the channel in the closed and open states at 3.36 and 3.98 [A], respectively. This method offers validation for detergent-based structures of the RyR and lays the groundwork for studies utilizing an electrochemical gradient mimicking the native environment, such as that of the SR, where Ca2+ concentrations are millimolar in the lumen and nanomolar in the cytosol of the cell at rest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Melville, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, O. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marks, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.09.434632</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High resolution structure of the membrane embedded skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.10.434642v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transient Kinetic Proofreading 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.10.434642v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We propose a new stochastic model for understanding the transient kinetic proofreading mechanism in a T-cell. Our model indicates that a stochastic version of absolute ligand discrimination is a consequence of the finite number of receptors on the cell surface; thus, pointing to receptor number control as being critical to T-cell activation. We propose four different metrics to characterize the performance of kinetic proofreading mechanisms. We explore the numerical experiments that explore the trade-offs between speed, specificity, sensitivity, and robustness of T-cell activation as a function of the model parameters. We also consider the impact of receptor clustering on these trade-offs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iyengar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.10.434642</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transient Kinetic Proofreading]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.10.434847v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Variable autoinhibition among deafness-associated variants of Diaphanous 1 (DIAPH1) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.10.434847v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One of the earliest mapped human deafness genes, DIAPH1, encodes the formin DIAPH1. To date, at least three distinct mutations in the C-terminal domains and two additional mutations in the N-terminal region are associated with autosomal dominant hearing loss. The underlying molecular mechanisms are not known, and the role of formins in the inner ear is not well understood. In this study we use biochemical assays to test the hypotheses that autoinhibition and/or actin assembly activities are disrupted by DFNA1 mutations. Our results indicate that C-terminal mutant forms of DIAPH1 are functional in vitro and promote actin filament assembly. Similarly, N-terminal mutants are well-folded and have quaternary structures and thermal stabilities similar to the WT protein. The strength of the autoinhibitory interactions varies widely among mutants, with the ttaa, A265S and I530S mutations having an affinity similar to WT and the 1213x and {Delta}ag mutations completely abolishing autoinhibition. These data indicate that, in some cases, hearing loss may be linked to reduced inhibition of actin assembly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lakha, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montero, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jabeen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costeas, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vizcarra, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.10.434847</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Variable autoinhibition among deafness-associated variants of Diaphanous 1 (DIAPH1)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.11.434882v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adipocyte Tribbles1 Regulates Plasma Adiponectin and Plasma Lipids in Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.11.434882v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple GWAS have identified SNPs in the 8q24 locus near the TRIB1 gene that significantly associate with plasma lipids and coronary artery disease. While subsequent studies have uncovered roles for hepatic and myeloid Trib1 in contributing to either plasma lipids or atherosclerosis, the causal tissue for these GWAS associations remains unclear. The same 8q24 SNPs significantly associate with plasma adiponectin levels in humans as well, suggesting a role for TRIB1 in adipose tissue. Here, we report that adipocyte-specific Trib1 knockout mice (Trib1_ASKO) have increased plasma adiponectin levels and decreased plasma cholesterol and triglycerides. We demonstrate that loss of Trib1 increases adipocyte production and secretion of adiponectin independent of the known TRIB1 function of regulating proteasomal degradation. RNA-seq analysis of adipocytes and livers from Trib1_ASKO mice suggests that alterations in adipocyte function underlie the plasma lipid changes observed in these mice. Secretomics and RNA-seq analysis revealed that Trib1_ASKO mice have increased production of Lpl and decreased production of Angptl4 in adipose tissue, and fluorescent substrate assays confirm an increase in adipose tissue Lpl activity, which likely underlies the observed triglyceride phenotype. In summary, we demonstrate here a novel role for adipocyte Trib1 in regulating plasma adiponectin, total cholesterol, and triglycerides in mice, confirming previous genetic associations observed in humans and providing a novel avenue through which Trib1 regulates plasma lipids and coronary artery disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ha, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quartuccia, G. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-Ono, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imam, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soni, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.11.434882</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adipocyte Tribbles1 Regulates Plasma Adiponectin and Plasma Lipids in Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.11.435015v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two distinct mechanisms underlie dosage sensitivity in Pumilio1-associated diseases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.11.435015v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in the RNA-binding protein (RBP) Pumilio1 (PUM1) can cause dramatically different phenotypes. We previously noted that phenotypic severity tracked with protein dosage: a mild mutation that reduces PUM1 levels by 25% causes late-onset ataxia, whereas PUM1 haploinsufficiency causes developmental delay and seizures. Why this difference in expression should cause such different phenotypes has been unclear: PUM1 targets are de-repressed to equal degrees in both cases, and the more severe mutation does not hinder PUM1s RNA-binding ability. We therefore developed a PUM1 interactome in the murine brain. We find that mild PUM1 loss de-represses PUM1-specific targets, but PUM1 haploinsufficiency disrupts several interactors and regulation of their targets. We validated these phenomena in patient-derived cell lines and show that normalizing PUM1 levels restores interactors and their targets to proper levels. We therefore propose that dosage sensitivity does not necessarily reflect a linear change in protein abundance but can involve distinct mechanisms. Studying the interactors of RBPs in vivo will be necessary to understand their functions in neurological diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Botta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Prisco, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chemiakine, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabaj, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandt, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soni, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gennarino, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.11.435015</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two distinct mechanisms underlie dosage sensitivity in Pumilio1-associated diseases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.12.435023v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The geometry of face memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.12.435023v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to recognize familiar visual objects is critical to survival. A central assumption of neuroscience is that long-term memories are represented by the same brain areas that encode sensory stimuli (1). Neurons in inferotemporal (IT) cortex represent the sensory percept of visual objects using a distributed axis code (2-4). Whether and how the same IT neural population represents the long-term memory of visual objects remains unclear. Here, we examined how familiar faces are encoded in face patch AM and perirhinal cortex. We found that familiar faces were represented in a distinct subspace from unfamiliar faces. The familiar face subspace was shifted relative to the unfamiliar face subspace at short latency and then distorted to increase neural distances between familiar faces at long latency. This distortion enabled markedly improved discrimination of familiar faces in both AM and PR. Inactivation of PR did not affect these memory traces in AM, suggesting that the memory traces arise from intrinsic recurrent processes within IT cortex or interactions with downstream regions outside the medial temporal lobe (5, 6). Overall, our results reveal that memories of familiar faces are represented in IT and perirhinal cortex by a distinct long-latency code that is optimized to distinguish familiar identities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>She, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benna, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fusi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsao, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.12.435023</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The geometry of face memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.12.435193v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synaptotagmin rings as high sensitivity regulators of synaptic vesicle docking and fusion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.12.435193v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synchronous release at neuronal synapses is accomplished by a machinery that senses calcium influx and fuses the synaptic vesicle and plasma membranes to release neurotransmitters. Previous studies suggested the calcium sensor Synaptotagmin (Syt) is a facilitator of vesicle docking and both a facilitator and inhibitor of fusion. On phospholipid monolayers, the Syt C2AB domain spontaneously oligomerized into rings that are disassembled by Ca2+, suggesting Syt rings may clamp fusion as membrane-separating "washers" until Ca2+-mediated disassembly triggers fusion and release (Wang et al., 2014). Here we combined mathematical modeling with experiment to measure mechanical properties of Syt rings and to test this mechanism. Consistent with experiment, the model quantitatively recapitulates observed Syt ring-induced dome and volcano shapes on phospholipid monolayers, and predicts rings are stabilized by anionic phospholipid bilayers or bulk solution with ATP. The selected ring conformation is highly sensitive to membrane composition and bulk ATP levels, a property that may regulate vesicle docking and fusion in ATP-rich synaptic terminals. We find the Syt molecules hosted by a synaptic vesicle oligomerize into a halo, unbound from the vesicle, but in proximity to sufficiently PIP2-rich plasma membrane (PM) domains the PM-bound trans Syt ring conformation is preferred. Thus, the Syt halo serves as landing gear for spatially directed docking at PIP2-rich sites that define the active zones of exocytotic release, positioning the Syt ring to clamp fusion and await calcium. Our results suggest the Syt ring is both a Ca2+-sensitive fusion clamp and a high-fidelity sensor for directed docking.

SignificanceSynchronous neurotransmitter release relies on directed docking of synaptic vesicles at active zones in axon terminals, where calcium influx activates membrane fusion and release. In vitro, the calcium sensor Synaptotagmin oligomerizes into rings disassembled by calcium. Here, experiment and modeling suggest the Synaptotagmin molecules hosted by an undocked vesicle oligomerize into a tethered, unbound halo in ATP-rich synaptic terminals. The halo directs vesicle docking to PIP2-rich plasma membrane domains in active zones, where the trans-bound ring conformation is favored, interposed between the membranes to clamp fusion until calcium triggers ring disassembly and neurotransmitter release. The mechanism exploits the extreme sensitivity of Synaptotagmin ring binding preferences to solution and membrane composition, with ~15 -fold-enhanced sensitivity for rings of ~15 molecules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDargh, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnakumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Shaughnessy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.12.435193</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synaptotagmin rings as high sensitivity regulators of synaptic vesicle docking and fusion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.13.432212v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural Covariance Networks in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Multisite ENIGMA-PGC Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.13.432212v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionCortical thickness (CT) and surface area (SA) are established biomarkers of brain pathology in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Structural covariance networks (SCN) constructed from CT and SA may represent developmental associations, or unique interactions between brain regions, possibly influenced by a common causal antecedent. The ENIGMA-PGC PTSD Working Group aggregated PTSD and control subjects data from 29 cohorts in five countries (n=3439).

MethodsUsing Destrieux Atlas, we built SCNs and compared centrality measures between PTSD subjects and controls. Centrality is a graph theory measure derived using SCN.

ResultsNotable nodes with higher CT-based centrality in PTSD compared to controls were left fusiform gyrus, left superior temporal gyrus, and right inferior temporal gyrus. We found sex-based centrality differences in bilateral frontal lobe regions, left anterior cingulate, left superior occipital cortex and right ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). Comorbid PTSD and MDD showed higher CT-based centrality in the right anterior cingulate gyrus, right parahippocampal gyrus and lower SA-based centrality in left insular gyrus.

ConclusionUnlike previous studies with smaller sample sizes ([&le;]318), our study found differences in centrality measures using a sample size of 3439 subjects. This is the first cross-sectional study to examine SCN interactions with age, sex, and comorbid MDD. Although limited to group level inferences, centrality measures offer insights into a nodes relationship to the entire functional connectome unlike approaches like seed-based connectivity or independent component analysis. Nodes having higher centrality have greater structural or functional connections, lending them invaluable for translational treatments like neuromodulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rakesh, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke-Rubright, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O Leary, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haswell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanshad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frijling, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawijn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Zuiden, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashid, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Bellis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sierk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manthey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Werff, S. J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Wee, N. J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vermeiren, R. R. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmahl, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herzog, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebois, L. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruber, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolff, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winternitz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonenc, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ressler, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofmann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.13.432212</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural Covariance Networks in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Multisite ENIGMA-PGC Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.15.435438v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An integrative transcriptional logic model of hepatic insulin resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.15.435438v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Abnormalities of lipid/lipoprotein and glucose metabolism are hallmarks of hepatic insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. The former antedate the latter, but the latter become progressively refractory to treatment and contribute to therapeutic failures. Its unclear whether the two processes share a common pathogenesis and what underlies their progressive nature. In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that genes in the lipid/lipoprotein pathway and those in the glucose metabolic pathway are governed by different transcriptional logics that affect their response to physiologic (fasting/refeeding) as well as pathophysiologic cues (insulin resistance and hyperglycemia). To this end, we obtained genomic and transcriptomic maps of the key insulin-regulated transcription factor, FoxO1, and integrated them with those of CREB, PPAR, and glucocorticoid receptor. We found an enrichment of glucose metabolic genes among those regulated by intergenic and promoter enhancers in a fasting-dependent manner, while lipid genes were enriched among fasting-dependent intron enhancers and fasting-independent enhancer-less introns. Glucose genes also showed a remarkable transcriptional resiliency, i.e., an enrichment of active marks at shared PPAR/FoxO1 regulatory elements when FoxO1 was inactivated. Surprisingly, the main features associated with insulin resistance and hyperglycemia were a "spreading" of FoxO1 binding to enhancers, and the emergence of target sites unique to this condition. We surmise that this unusual pattern correlates with the progressively intractable nature of hepatic insulin resistance. This transcriptional logic provides an integrated model to interpret the combined lipid and glucose abnormalities of type 2 diabetes.

Significance StatementThe liver is a source of excess lipid, atherogenic lipoproteins, and glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes. These factors predispose to micro- and macrovascular complications. The underlying pathophysiology is not well understood, and mechanistic insight into it may provide better tools to prevent, treat, and reverse the disease. Here we propose an alternative explanation for this pathophysiologic conundrum by illustrating a transcriptional "logic" underlying the regulation of different classes of genes. These findings can be interpreted to provide an integrated stepwise model for the coexistence of lipid and glucose abnormalities in hepatic insulin resistance.

HighlightsO_LIFoxo1 regulates liver metabolism through active enhancers, and hepatocyte maintenance through core promoters
C_LIO_LIFoxo1 regulates glucose genes through fasting-dependent intergenic enhancers
C_LIO_LIBipartite intron regulation of lipid genes is partly fasting-independent
C_LIO_LIPpar contributes to the transcriptional resiliency of Foxo1 metabolic targets
C_LIO_LIInsulin resistance causes de novo recruitment of Foxo1 to active enhancers
C_LIO_LIA stepwise model of insulin resistance
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>KITAMOTO, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okabe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaneda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Accili, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.15.435438</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An integrative transcriptional logic model of hepatic insulin resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.18.436017v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Myosin turnover controls actomyosin contractile instability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.18.436017v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Actomyosin contractile force is harnessed for diverse functions, from cell division to morphogenesis during development. However, actomyosin contractility is intrinsically unstable to self-reinforcing spatial variations that destroy actomyosin architecture if unopposed. The full instability was rarely observed, and how cells control the instability is not established. Here, we observed the instability run its full course in isolated cytokinetic contractile rings lacking component turnover. Myosin II aggregated hierarchically into aggregates of growing size and separation up to a maximum. Molecularly explicit simulations reproduced hierarchical aggregation that precipitated tension loss and ring fracture, and identified the maximum separation as the length of actin filaments mediating mechanical communication between aggregates. Late stage simulated aggregates had aster-like morphology with polarity sorted actin, similar to late stage actomyosin systems in vitro. Our results suggest myosin II turnover controls actomyosin contractile instability in normal cells, setting myosin aggregate size and intercepting catastrophic hierarchical aggregation and fracture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thiyagarajan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chew, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BALASUBRAMANIAN, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Shaughnessy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.18.436017</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Myosin turnover controls actomyosin contractile instability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.21.436287v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Meta-learning local synaptic plasticity for continual familiarity detection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.21.436287v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the course of a lifetime, a continual stream of information is encoded and retrieved from memory. To explore the synaptic mechanisms that enable this ongoing process, we consider a continual familiarity detection task in which a subject must report whether an image has been previously encountered. We design a class of feedforward neural network models endowed with biologically plausible synaptic plasticity dynamics, the parameters of which are meta-learned to optimize familiarity detection over long delay intervals. After training, we find that anti-Hebbian plasticity leads to better performance than Hebbian and replicates experimental results from the inferotemporal cortex, including repetition suppression. Unlike previous models, this network both operates continuously without requiring any synaptic resets and generalizes to intervals it has not been trained on. We demonstrate this not only for uncorrelated random stimuli but also for images of real-world objects. Our work suggests a biologically plausible mechanism for continual learning, and demonstrates an effective application of machine learning for neuroscience discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tyulmankov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.21.436287</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Meta-learning local synaptic plasticity for continual familiarity detection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.22.436417v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single dose of amphetamine induces delayed subregional attenuation of striatal cholinergic interneuron activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.22.436417v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Psychostimulants such as amphetamine target dopamine neuron synapses to engender drug-induced plasticity. While dopamine neurons modulate the activity of striatal cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) with regional heterogeneity, how amphetamine affects ChI activity has not been elucidated. Here, we applied quantitative fluorescence imaging approaches to map the dose-dependent effects of a single dose of amphetamine on ChI activity at 2.5 and 24 hours after injection across the mouse striatum using the activity-dependent marker phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 (p-rpS6). We found that amphetamine did not induce neurotoxic effects on ChIs, as their distribution and morphology were not affected. While low- or high-dose amphetamine did not affect ChI activity after 2.5 hours, ChI activity was significantly reduced in all striatal subregions after 24 hours, with a dose-dependent effect in the nucleus accumbens. Thus, our findings suggest that a single dose of amphetamine has delayed regionally heterogeneous effects on ChI activity.

Significance statementUsing the activity dependent marker phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 (p-rpS6), we mapped amphetamine effects on the activity of cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) across the striatum. Amphetamine caused a delayed attenuation of ChI activity in all striatal subregions, and a dose-dependent effect in the ventral striatum/nucleus accumbens, a critical site of psychostimulant action.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ztaou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tepler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleury, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matamales, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertran-Gonzalez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuhma, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rayport, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.22.436417</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single dose of amphetamine induces delayed subregional attenuation of striatal cholinergic interneuron activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.22.436458v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational Structure Prediction Provides a Plausible Mechanism for Electron Transfer by the Outer Membrane Protein Cyc2 from Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.22.436458v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cyc2 is the key protein in the outer membrane of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans that mediates electron transfer between extracellular inorganic iron and the intracellular central metabolism. This cytochrome c is specific for iron and interacts with periplasmic proteins to complete a reversible electron transport chain. A structure of Cyc2 has not yet been characterized experimentally. Here we describe a structural model of Cyc2, and associated proteins, to highlight a plausible mechanism for the ferrous iron electron transfer chain. A comparative modeling protocol specific for trans membrane beta barrel (TMBB) proteins in acidophilic conditions (pH ~2) was applied to the primary sequence of Cyc2. The proposed structure has three main regimes: extracellular loops exposed to low-pH conditions, a TMBB, and a N-terminal cytochrome-like region within the periplasmic space. The Cyc2 model was further refined by identifying likely iron and heme docking sites. This represents the first computational model of Cyc2 that accounts for the membrane microenvironment and the acidity in the extracellular matrix. This approach can be used to model other TMBBs which can be critical for chemolithotrophic microbial growth.

Importance of workAcidithiobacillus ferrooxidans can oxidize both iron and reduced sulfur compounds and plays a key role in metal sulfide ore bioleaching used for the industrial recovery of metals. A. ferrooxidans has also been explored as a potential organism for emerging technologies such as e-waste recycling and biofuel production. Synthetic biology efforts are hampered by lack of knowledge about the mechanisms of iron oxidation and reduction, which is mediated by the Cyc2 transmembrane beta barrel (TMBB) protein.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khare, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.22.436458</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational Structure Prediction Provides a Plausible Mechanism for Electron Transfer by the Outer Membrane Protein Cyc2 from Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.22.436524v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain kernel: a new spatial covariance function for fMRI data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.22.436524v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A key problem in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is to estimate spatial activity patterns from noisy high-dimensional signals. Spatial smoothing provides one approach to regularizing such estimates. However, standard smoothing methods ignore the fact that correlations in neural activity may fall off at different rates in different brain areas, or exhibit discontinuities across anatomical or functional boundaries. Moreover, such methods do not exploit the fact that widely separated brain regions may exhibit strong correlations due to bilateral symmetry or the network organization of brain regions. To capture this non-stationary spatial correlation structure, we introduce the brain kernel, a continuous covariance function for whole-brain activity patterns. We define the brain kernel in terms of a continuous nonlinear mapping from 3D brain coordinates to a latent embedding space, parametrized with a Gaussian process (GP). The brain kernel specifies the prior covariance between voxels as a function of the distance between their locations in embedding space. The GP mapping warps the brain nonlinearly so that highly correlated voxels are close together in latent space, and uncorrelated voxels are far apart. We estimate the brain kernel using resting-state fMRI data, and we develop an exact, scalable inference method based on block coordinate descent to overcome the challenges of high dimensionality (10-100K voxels). Finally, we illustrate the brain kernels usefulness with applications to brain decoding and factor analysis with multiple task-based fMRI datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nastase, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldassano, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk-Browne, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelhardt, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillow, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.22.436524</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain kernel: a new spatial covariance function for fMRI data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.24.436523v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficacy of a Broadly Neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 Ferritin Nanoparticle Vaccine in Nonhuman Primates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.24.436523v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The emergence of novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants stresses the continued need for next-generation vaccines that confer broad protection against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We developed and evaluated an adjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 Spike Ferritin Nanoparticle (SpFN) vaccine in nonhuman primates (NHPs). High-dose (50 {micro}g) SpFN vaccine, given twice within a 28 day interval, induced a Th1-biased CD4 T cell helper response and a peak neutralizing antibody geometric mean titer of 52,773 against wild-type virus, with activity against SARS-CoV-1 and minimal decrement against variants of concern. Vaccinated animals mounted an anamnestic response upon high-dose SARS-CoV-2 respiratory challenge that translated into rapid elimination of replicating virus in their upper and lower airways and lung parenchyma. SpFNs potent and broad immunogenicity profile and resulting efficacy in NHPs supports its utility as a candidate platform for SARS-like betacoronaviruses.

One-Sentence SummaryA SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein ferritin nanoparticle vaccine, co-formulated with a liposomal adjuvant, elicits broad neutralizing antibody responses that exceed those observed for other major vaccines and rapidly protects against respiratory infection and disease in the upper and lower airways and lung tissue of nonhuman primates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joyce, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, H. A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elakhal Naouar, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peachman, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cincotta, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subra, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankhala, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hajduczki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Headley, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taddese, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elyard, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGuckin-Wuertz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swafford, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Case, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Currier, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lal, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molnar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dussupt, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daye, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkei, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staples, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alfson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrion, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krebs, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paquin-Proulx, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karasavva, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.24.436523</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficacy of a Broadly Neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 Ferritin Nanoparticle Vaccine in Nonhuman Primates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.24.436762v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transthyretin promotes axon growth via regulation of microtubule dynamics and tubulin acetylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.24.436762v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transthyretin (TTR), a plasma and cerebrospinal fluid protein, increases axon growth and organelle transport in sensory neurons. These TTR functions were suggested to underlie its activity in promoting nerve regeneration. While neurons extend their axons, the microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton is crucial for the segregation of functional compartments and axonal outgrowth. Herein, we investigated the hypothesis that TTR promotes axon elongation and regeneration by modulating MT dynamics. Indeed, we found that TTR KO mice have an intrinsic increase in dynamic MTs and reduced levels of acetylated -tubulin in uninjured peripheral axons, and fail to modulate microtubule dynamics in response to sciatic nerve injury. Importantly, restoring acetylated -tubulin levels of TTR KO DRG neurons using an HDAC6 inhibitor was sufficient to completely revert defective MT dynamics and neurite outgrowth. In summary, our results revealed a new role for TTR in the modulation of MT dynamics by regulating -tubulin acetylation and support that this activity underlies TTR neuritogenic function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eira, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magalhaes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macedo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pero, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misgeld, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sousa, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartolini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liz, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.24.436762</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transthyretin promotes axon growth via regulation of microtubule dynamics and tubulin acetylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.26.436869v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tracking the rates and mechanisms of canopy damage and recovery following Hurricane Maria using multitemporal lidar data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.26.436869v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hurricane Maria (Category 4) snapped and uprooted canopy trees, removed large branches, and defoliated vegetation across Puerto Rico. The magnitude of forest damages and the rates and mechanisms of forest recovery following Maria provide important benchmarks for understanding the ecology of extreme events. We used airborne lidar data acquired before (2017) and after Maria (2018, 2020) to quantify landscape-scale changes in forest structure along a 439-ha elevational gradient (100 to 800 m) in the Luquillo Experimental Forest. Damages from Maria were widespread, with 73% of the study area losing [&ge;]1 m in canopy height (mean = -7.1 m). Taller forests at lower elevations suffered more damage than shorter forests above 600 m. Yet only 13% of the study area had canopy heights [&le;]2 m in 2018, a typical threshold for forest gaps, highlighting the importance of damaged trees and advanced regeneration on post-storm forest structure. Heterogeneous patterns of regrowth and recruitment yielded shorter and more open forests by 2020. Nearly 45% of forests experienced initial height loss (<-1 m, 2017-2018) followed by rapid height gain (>1 m, 2018-2020), whereas 21.6% of forests with initial height losses showed little or no height gain, and 17.8% of forests exhibited no structural changes >|1| m in either period. Canopy layers <10 m accounted for most increases in canopy height and fractional cover between 2018-2020, with gains split evenly between height growth and lateral crown expansion by surviving individuals. These findings benchmark rates of gap formation, crown expansion, and canopy closure following hurricane damage.

MANUSCRIPT HIGHLIGHTSO_LIHurricane Maria gave forests a haircut by toppling trees and shearing branches.
C_LIO_LIRegrowth after Maria was patchy, with equal areas of height gain and no change.
C_LIO_LI3-D measures of forest recovery after hurricanes can improve ecosystem models.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leitold, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinuzzi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paynter, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uriarte, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferraz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corp, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.26.436869</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tracking the rates and mechanisms of canopy damage and recovery following Hurricane Maria using multitemporal lidar data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.26.436939v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phase separation of RNA-binding protein promotes polymerase engagement and transcription 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.26.436939v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An RNA-involved phase-separation model has been proposed for transcription control. Yet, the molecular links that connect RNA binding to the transcription machinery remain missing. Here we find RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) constitute half of the chromatin proteome in embryonic stem cells (ESCs), and some are colocalized with RNA polymerase (Pol) II at promoters and enhancers. Biochemical analyses of representative RBPs--such as PSPC1 and PTBP1--show that the paraspeckle protein PSPC1 not only prevents the RNA-induced premature release of Pol II, and also makes use of RNA as multivalent molecules to promote Pol II engagement and activity, by enhancing the phase separation and subsequent phosphorylation and release of polymerase condensates. In ESCs, auxin-induced acute degradation of PSPC1 leads to genome-wide defects in Pol II phosphorylation and chromatin-binding and nascent transcription. We propose that the synergistic interplay of RBPs and RNA aids in the rate-limiting step of polymerase condensate formation to promote active transcription.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.26.436939</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phase separation of RNA-binding protein promotes polymerase engagement and transcription]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.29.437526v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of neural progenitor cells and their progeny reveals long distance migration in the developing octopus brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.29.437526v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cephalopods have evolved nervous systems that parallel the complexity of mammalian brains in terms of neuronal numbers and richness in behavioral output. How the cephalopod brain develops has only been described at the morphological level, and it remains unclear where the progenitor cells are located and what molecular factors drive neurogenesis. Using histological techniques, we located dividing cells, neural progenitors and postmitotic neurons in Octopus vulgaris embryos. Our results indicate that progenitors are located outside the central brain cords in the lateral lips adjacent to the eyes, suggesting that newly formed neurons migrate into the cords. Lineage tracing experiments then showed that progenitors, depending on their location in the lateral lips, generate neurons for the different lobes. The finding that octopus newborn neurons migrate over long distances is reminiscent of vertebrate neurogenesis and suggests it might be a fundamental strategy for large brain development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deryckere, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Styfhals, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elagoz, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maes, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seuntjens, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.29.437526</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of neural progenitor cells and their progeny reveals long distance migration in the developing octopus brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.31.437939v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Piecemeal regulation of convergent neuronal lineages by bHLH transcription factors in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.31.437939v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Classic cell lineage studies in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as well as recent lineage tracing in vertebrates have shown that cells of the same type can be generated by distinct cellular lineages that originate in different parts of the developing embryo ("lineage convergence"). Several C. elegans neuron classes composed of left/right or radially symmetric class members display such lineage convergence, in that individual neurons of the same class derive from distinct, non-bilaterally symmetric lineages. We show here that the C. elegans Atonal homolog lin-32/Ato, a bHLH transcription factor, is differentially expressed in neuronal lineages that give rise to left/right or radially symmetric class members. Loss of lin-32/Ato results in the selective loss of the expression of panneuronal markers and terminal selector-type transcription factors that confer neuron class-specific features. We discovered that another bHLH transcription factor, the Achaete Scute-homolog hlh-14 is expressed in mirror image pattern to lin-32/Ato in a subset of the left/right symmetric neuron pairs and is required to induce neuronal identity and terminal selector expression on the contralateral side of the animal. These findings demonstrate that distinct lineage histories converge via distinct bHLH factors on the level of induction of terminal selector identity determinants, which thus serve as integrators of distinct lineage histories. We also describe neuron-to-neuron identity transformations in lin-32/Ato mutants, which we propose to also be the result of misregulation of terminal selector gene expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Masoudi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnabel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.31.437939</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Piecemeal regulation of convergent neuronal lineages by bHLH transcription factors in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.31.437953v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antagonistic inhibitory subnetworks control cooperation and competition across cortical space 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.31.437953v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cortical microcircuit can dynamically adjust to dramatic changes in the strength, scale, and complexity of its input. In the primary visual cortex (V1), pyramidal cells (PCs) integrate widely across space when signals are weak, but narrowly when signals are strong, a phenomenon known as contrast-dependent surround suppression. Theoretical work has proposed that local interneurons could mediate a shift from cooperation to competition of PCs across cortical space, underlying this computation. We combined calcium imaging and electrophysiology to constrain a stabilized supralinear network model that explains how the four principal cell types in layer 2/3 (L2/3) of mouse V1- somatostatin (SST), parvalbumin (PV), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) interneurons, and PCs- transform inputs from layer 4 (L4) PCs to encode drifting gratings of varying size and contrast. Using bidirectional optogenetic perturbations, we confirmed key predictions of the model. Our data and modeling showed that recurrent amplification drives a transition from a positive PC[-&gt;]VIP{dashv}SST{dashv}PC feedback loop at small size and low contrast to a negative PC[-&gt;]SST{dashv}PC feedback loop at large size and high contrast to contribute to this flexible computation. This may represent a widespread mechanism for gating competition across cortical space to optimally meet task demands.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mossing, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veit, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmigiano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adesnik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.31.437953</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antagonistic inhibitory subnetworks control cooperation and competition across cortical space]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.02.438187v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stratification of Risk of Progression to Colectomy in Ulcerative Colitis using Measured and Predicted Gene Expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.02.438187v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An important goal of clinical genomics is to be able to estimate the risk of adverse disease outcomes. Between 5% and 10% of ulcerative colitis (UC) patients require colectomy within five years of diagnosis, but polygenic risk scores (PRS) utilizing findings from GWAS are unable to provide meaningful prediction of this adverse status. By contrast, in Crohns disease, gene expression profiling of GWAS-significant genes does provide some stratification of risk of progression to complicated disease in the form of a Transcriptional Risk Score (TRS). Here we demonstrate that both measured (TRS) and polygenic predicted gene expression (PPTRS) identify UC patients at 5-fold elevated risk of colectomy with data from the PROTECT clinical trial and UK Biobank population cohort studies, independently replicated in an NIDDK-IBDGC dataset. Prediction of gene expression from relatively small transcriptome datasets can thus be used in conjunction with transcriptome-wide association studies to stratify risk of disease complications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagpal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gettler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haritunians, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haberman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karns, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prince, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arafat, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, N.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuang, L.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Argmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasarskis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez-Farinas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gotman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mengesha, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkateswaran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rufo, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauer, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markowitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfefferkorn, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosh, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyle, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mack, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldassano, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeLeiko, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heyman, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffiths, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noe, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronow, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walters, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGovern, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyams, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kugathasan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denson, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.02.438187</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stratification of Risk of Progression to Colectomy in Ulcerative Colitis using Measured and Predicted Gene Expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.03.438315v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decisions in an Innate Behavioral Sequence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.03.438315v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Innate behaviors are comprised of ordered sequences of component actions that progress to satisfy drives. We have characterized the structure of egg-laying behavior in Drosophila in detail and observed that the sequence is not merely comprised of motor acts but also acts of sensory exploration that govern the transitions between component actions. We have identified a cluster of internal sensory neurons that provide information about the progression of the egg during ovipositor burrowing, a behavior necessary for the subterraneous deposition of the egg. These neurons impart sensory feedback that allows burrowing to continue to egg deposition or to abort in favor of further exploration. Diminished activity of these neurons upon completed egg expulsion may initiate the transition to the final phase of egg-laying, allowing the cycle to repeat. Sensory feedback therefore plays a critical role at decision points between transitions affording innate behaviors with an adaptive flexibility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cury, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Axel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.03.438315</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decisions in an Innate Behavioral Sequence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.04.438391v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mixed selectivity coding of sensory and motor social signals in the thalamus of a weakly electric fish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.04.438391v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies have shown that high-level neural activity often exhibits mixed selectivity to multivariate signals. How such representations arise and how they modulate natural behavior is poorly understood. The social behavior of weakly electric fish is relatively low-dimensional and easily reproduced in the laboratory. Here we show how electrosensory signals related to courtship and rivalry in Apteronotus leptorhynchus are represented in the preglomerular nucleus, the thalamic region exclusively connecting the midbrain with the pallium. We show that preglomerular cells convert their midbrain inputs into a mixed selectivity code that includes corollary discharge of outgoing communication signals. We discuss how the preglomerular pallial targets might use these inputs to control social behavior and determine dominance in male-male competition and female mate selection during courtship. Our results showcase the potential of the electrocommunication system as an accessible model for studying the neural substrates of social behavior and principles of multi-dimensional neural representation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wallach, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melanson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longtin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maler, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.04.438391</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mixed selectivity coding of sensory and motor social signals in the thalamus of a weakly electric fish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.05.438342v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimizing touchscreen measures of rodent cognition by eliminating image bias 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.05.438342v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For the last twenty years, the Bussey-Saksida touchscreen-based operant conditioning platform has evolved in close parallel alongside the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) to produce batteries of tests for studying complex cognitive functions in rodents that are increasingly analogous to human diagnostic tests and greatly narrow the translational gap in cognition research. Naturally, with this increasing usefulness comes increasing use, particularly by non-experts. This necessitates a greater understanding of, and a better controlling for, confounding factors that may limit the systems ability to optimally detect cognitive deficits when used as a widely accessible and commercially available standardized task. In the present study, we show a strong image preference bias in a standard pairwise discrimination task with a widely used spider-plane image pairing in a putative animal model for intellectual disability. This bias greatly influenced the performance of our experimental mice, significantly affecting the length of time it took mice to complete the task, their progress over time, and several accessory measures usefully recorded by the Bussey-Saksida touchscreen system. We further show that this bias can be corrected by using more similar image pairings without sacrificing the animals ability to learn to distinguish the stimuli. This approach eliminated all significant stimuli specific differences seen with the spider-plane pairing. We then analyzed the pixel composition of the various stimuli to suggest that the bias is due to a difference in image brightness. These findings highlight the importance of carefully modulating paired touchscreen stimuli to ensure equivalence prior to learning and the need for more studies of visual perception in mice, particularly as it relates to their performance in cognitive assays.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Belarde, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafikian, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troy, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.05.438342</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimizing touchscreen measures of rodent cognition by eliminating image bias]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.05.438450v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large-Scale Deep Multi-Layer Analysis of Alzheimer's Disease Brain Reveals Strong Proteomic Disease-Related Changes Not Observed at the RNA Level 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.05.438450v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The biological processes that are disrupted in the Alzheimers disease (AD) brain remain incompletely understood. We recently performed a proteomic analysis of >2000 brains to better understand these changes, which highlighted alterations in astrocytes and microglia as likely key drivers of disease. Here, we extend this analysis by analyzing >1000 brain tissues using a tandem mass tag mass spectrometry (TMT-MS) pipeline, which allowed us to nearly triple the number of quantified proteins across cases. A consensus protein co-expression network analysis of this deeper dataset revealed new co-expression modules that were highly preserved across cohorts and brain regions, and strongly altered in AD. Nearly half of the protein co-expression modules, including modules significantly altered in AD, were not observed in RNA networks from the same cohorts and brain regions, highlighting the proteopathic nature of AD. Two such AD-associated modules unique to the proteomic network included a module related to MAPK signaling and metabolism, and a module related to the matrisome. Analysis of paired genomic and proteomic data within subjects showed that expression level of the matrisome module was influenced by the APOE {varepsilon}4 allele, but was not related to the rate of cognitive decline after adjustment for neuropathology. In contrast, the MAPK/metabolism module was strongly associated with the rate of cognitive decline. Disease-associated modules unique to the proteome are sources of promising therapeutic targets and biomarkers for AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dammer, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerasimov, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betarbet, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ping, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serrano, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beach, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaiteri, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gearing, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingo, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingo, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lah, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levey, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seyfried, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.05.438450</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large-Scale Deep Multi-Layer Analysis of Alzheimer's Disease Brain Reveals Strong Proteomic Disease-Related Changes Not Observed at the RNA Level]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.05.438484v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
R-SPONDIN2+ Mesenchymal Cells Form the Bud Tip Progenitor Niche During Human Lung Development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.05.438484v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mammalian respiratory system development is regulated by complex reciprocal signaling events that take place between epithelial cells and the surrounding mesenchymal cells; however, mesenchymal heterogeneity and function in the developing human lung is poorly understood. We interrogated single cell RNA sequencing data from multiple human lung specimens and identified a mesenchymal cell population present during development that is highly enriched for expression of the WNT agonist R-SPONDIN2 (RSPO2), and we found that adjacent epithelial bud tip progenitors are enriched for the RSPO2 receptor LGR5. By carrying out functional experiments using organoid models, lung explant cultures, and FACS-isolated RSPO2+ mesenchyme, we show that RSPO2 is a critical niche cue that potentiates WNT signaling in human lung progenitors to maintain their multipotency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hein, R. F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holloway, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frum, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conchola, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szenker-Ravi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reversade, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spence, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.05.438484</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[R-SPONDIN2+ Mesenchymal Cells Form the Bud Tip Progenitor Niche During Human Lung Development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.06.438672v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The TNF Egr participates in signaling during cell competition in the absence of a requirement for JNK 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.06.438672v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Numerous factors have been implicated in the cell-cell interactions that lead to elimination of cells via cell competition, a context-dependent process of cell selection in somatic tissues that is based on comparisons of cellular fitness. Here we use a series of genetic tests in Drosophila to explore the relative contribution of the pleiotropic cytokine Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) in Myc-mediated cell competition (also known as Myc super-competition or Myc cell competition). We find that the sole Drosophila TNF, Eiger (Egr), its receptor Grindelwald (Grnd/TNFR), and the adaptor proteins Traf4 and Traf6 are required to eliminate wild-type "loser" cells during Myc cell competition. Although typically the interaction between Egr and Grnd leads to cell death by activating the Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) stress signaling pathway, our experiments reveal that many components of canonical JNK signaling are dispensable for cell death in Myc cell competition, including the JNKKK Tak1, the JNKK Hemipterous (Hep) and the JNK Basket (BSK). Our results suggest that Egr/Grnd signaling participates in Myc cell competition, but functions in a role that is independent of JNK activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kodra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de la Cova, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.06.438672</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The TNF Egr participates in signaling during cell competition in the absence of a requirement for JNK]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.06.438680v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pre-Stimulus Alpha-Band Phase Gates Afferent Visual Cortex Responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.06.438680v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neurogenesis of alpha-band (8-13 Hz) activity has been characterized across many different animal experiments. However, the functional role that alpha oscillations play in perception and behavior has largely been attributed to two contrasting hypotheses, with human evidence in favor of either (or both or neither) remaining sparse. On the one hand, alpha generators have been observed in relay sectors of the visual thalamus and are postulated to phasically inhibit afferent visual input in a feedforward manner 1-4. On the other hand, evidence also suggests that the direction of influence of alpha activity propagates backwards along the visual hierarchy, reflecting a feedback influence upon the visual cortex 5-9. The primary source of human evidence regarding the role of alpha phase in visual processing has been on perceptual reports 10-16, which could be modulated either by feedforward or feedback alpha activity. Thus, although these two hypotheses are not mutually exclusive, human evidence clearly supporting either one is lacking. Here, we present human subjects with large, high-contrast visual stimuli that elicit robust C1 event-related potentials (ERP), which peak between 70-80 milliseconds post-stimulus and are thought to reflect afferent primary visual cortex (V1) input17-20. We find that the phase of ongoing alpha oscillations modulates the global field power (GFP) of the EEG during this first volley of stimulus processing (the C1 time-window). On the standard assumption21-23 that this early activity reflects postsynaptic potentials being relayed to visual cortex from the thalamus, our results suggest that alpha phase gates visual responses during the first feed-forward sweep of processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrow, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iemi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samaha, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.06.438680</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pre-Stimulus Alpha-Band Phase Gates Afferent Visual Cortex Responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.06.438718v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visualizing the organization and differentiation of the male-specific nervous system of C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.06.438718v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sex differences in the brain are prevalent throughout the animal kingdom and particularly well appreciated in the nematode C. elegans. While 294 neurons are shared between the two sexes, the nervous system of the male contains an additional 93 malespecific neurons, most of which have received very little attention so far. To make these neurons amenable for future study, we describe here how a multicolor, multipromoter reporter transgene, NeuroPAL, is capable of visualizing the distinct identities of all male specific neurons. We used this tool to visualize and characterize a number of features of the male-specific nervous system. We provide several proofs of concept for using NeuroPAL to identify the sites of expression of gfp-tagged reporter genes. We demonstrate the usage of NeuroPAL for cellular fate analysis by analyzing the effect of removal of developmental patterning genes, including a HOX cluster gene (egl-5), a miRNA (lin-4) and a proneural gene (lin-32/Ato), on neuronal identity acquisition within the male-specific nervous system. We use NeuroPAL and its intrinsic cohort of more than 40 distinct differentiation markers to show that, even though male-specific neurons are generated throughout all four larval stages, they execute their terminal differentiation program in a coordinated manner in the fourth larval stage that is concomitant with male tale retraction. This wave of differentiation couples neuronal maturation programs with the appearance of sexual organs. We call this wave "just-in-time" differentiation by its analogy to the mechanism of "just-in-time" transcription of metabolic pathway genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tekieli, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yemini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nejatbakhsh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varol, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masoudi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.06.438718</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visualizing the organization and differentiation of the male-specific nervous system of C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.07.438882v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of target genes and pathways of blood trait loci using pooled CRISPR screens and single cell RNA sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.07.438882v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The majority of variants associated with complex traits and common diseases identified by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) map to noncoding regions of the genome with unknown regulatory effects in cis and trans. By leveraging biobank-scale GWAS data, massively parallel CRISPR screens and single cell transcriptome sequencing, we discovered target genes of noncoding variants for blood trait loci. The closest gene was often the target gene, but this was not always the case. We also identified trans-effects networks of noncoding variants when cis target genes encoded transcription factors, such as GFI1B and NFE2. We observed that GFI1B trans-target genes were enriched for GFI1B binding sites and fine-mapped GWAS variants, and expressed in human bone marrow progenitor cells, suggesting that GFI1B acts as a master regulator of blood traits. This platform will enable massively parallel assays to catalog the target genes of human noncoding variants in both cis and trans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morris, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniloski, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domingo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barry, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziosi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glinos, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mimitou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smibert, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roeder, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katsevich, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lappalainen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanjana, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.07.438882</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of target genes and pathways of blood trait loci using pooled CRISPR screens and single cell RNA sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.09.436507v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FRAME-tags: genetically encoded fluorescent markers for multiplexed barcoding and time-resolved tracking of live cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.09.436507v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular barcodes offer critical tools for tracking cellular identity in biological systems. Although genetically encoded fluorescent barcodes are ideal for real-time tracking, their scalability is constrained by the broad, overlapping emission spectra characteristic of fluorescent proteins (FPs). Here, we describe a palette of genetically encoded fluorescent barcodes called FRAME-tags, which break this scalability barrier by encoding barcode identity as unique FP expression ratios. FRAME-tags use -1 programmed ribosomal frameshifting RNA motifs to precisely control the translational output of multiple FPs from a single mRNA, leading to extremely narrow and resolvable ratios of the corresponding cellular fluorescence distributions. With this platform, we constructed 20 resolvable FRAME-tags in yeast using just two FPs, and further demonstrated that 100 or more distinguishable FRAME-tags could be made by the addition of a third FP. We used FRAME-tags to map the dynamic fitness landscape of yeast co-cultures, and to characterize the expression pattern of 20 yeast promoters in multiplex across diverse conditions. FRAME-tags offer a valuable new tool for cellular barcoding that enables time-resolved characterization of complex biological systems using widely available fluorescence detection techniques and a minimal number of spectral channels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anzalone, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornish, V. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.09.436507</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FRAME-tags: genetically encoded fluorescent markers for multiplexed barcoding and time-resolved tracking of live cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.09.438859v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Face dissimilarity judgements are predicted by representational distance in deep neural networks and principal-component face space 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.09.438859v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human vision is attuned to the subtle differences between individual faces. Yet we lack a quantitative way of predicting how similar two face images look, or whether they appear to show the same person. Principal-components-based 3D morphable models are widely used to generate stimuli in face perception research. These models capture the distribution of real human faces in terms of dimensions of physical shape and texture. How well does a "face space" defined to model the distribution of faces as an isotropic Gaussian explain human face perception? We designed a behavioural task to collect dissimilarity and same/different identity judgements for 232 pairs of realistic faces. The stimuli densely sampled geometric relationships in a face space derived from principal components of 3D shape and texture (Basel Face Model, BFM). We then compared a wide range of models in their ability to predict the data, including the BFM from which faces were generated, a 2D morphable model derived from face photographs, and image-computable models of visual perception. Euclidean distance in the BFM explained both similarity and identity judgements surprisingly well. In a comparison against 14 alternative models, we found that BFM distance was competitive with representational distances in state-of-the-art image-computable deep neural networks (DNNs), including a novel DNN trained on BFM identities. Models describing the distribution of facial features across individuals are not only useful tools for stimulus generation. They also capture important information about how faces are perceived, suggesting that human face representations are tuned to the statistical distribution of faces.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jozwik, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Keeffe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storrs, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriegeskorte, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.09.438859</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Face dissimilarity judgements are predicted by representational distance in deep neural networks and principal-component face space]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.09.439051v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large fluctuations of the fusion intermediate help SARS-CoV-2 capture host cell membranes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.09.439051v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell entry by SARS-CoV-2 is accomplished by the S2 subunit of the spike S protein on the virion surface by capture of the host cell membrane and fusion with the viral envelope. Capture and fusion require the prefusion S2 to transit to its potent, fusogenic form, the fusion intermediate (FI). However, the FI structure is unknown, detailed computational models of the FI are unavailable, and the mechanisms and timing of membrane capture and fusion are not established. Here, we constructed a full-length model of the CoV-2 FI by extrapolating from known CoV-2 pre- and postfusion structures. In atomistic and coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations the FI was remarkably flexible and executed large bending and extensional fluctuations due to three hinges in the C-terminal base. Simulations suggested a host cell membrane capture time of [~] 2 ms. Isolated fusion peptide simulations identified an N-terminal helix that directed and maintained binding to the membrane but grossly underestimated the binding time, showing that the fusion peptide environment is radically altered when attached to its host fusion protein. The large configurational fluctuations of the FI generated a substantial exploration volume that aided capture of the target membrane, and may set the waiting time for fluctuation-triggered refolding of the FI that draws the viral envelope and host cell membrane together for fusion. These results describe the FI as a machinery designed for efficient membrane capture and suggest novel potential drug targets.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=117 SRC="FIGDIR/small/439051v3_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Su, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Shaughnessy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.09.439051</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large fluctuations of the fusion intermediate help SARS-CoV-2 capture host cell membranes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.09.439166v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficacy and breadth of adjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain nanoparticle vaccine in macaques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.09.439166v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Emergence of novel variants of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) underscores the need for next-generation vaccines able to elicit broad and durable immunity. Here we report the evaluation of a ferritin nanoparticle vaccine displaying the receptor-binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (RFN) adjuvanted with Army Liposomal Formulation QS-21 (ALFQ). RFN vaccination of macaques using a two-dose regimen resulted in robust, predominantly Th1 CD4+ T cell responses and reciprocal peak mean neutralizing antibody titers of 14,000-21,000. Rapid control of viral replication was achieved in the upper and lower airways of animals after high-dose SARS-CoV-2 respiratory challenge, with undetectable replication within four days in 7 of 8 animals receiving 50 {micro}g RFN. Cross-neutralization activity against SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.351 decreased only [~]2-fold relative to USA-WA1. In addition, neutralizing, effector antibody and cellular responses targeted the heterotypic SARS-CoV-1, highlighting the broad immunogenicity of RFN-ALFQ for SARS-like betacoronavirus vaccine development.

Significance StatementThe emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC) that reduce the efficacy of current COVID-19 vaccines is a major threat to pandemic control. We evaluate a SARS-CoV-2 Spike receptor-binding domain ferritin nanoparticle protein vaccine (RFN) in a nonhuman primate challenge model that addresses the need for a next-generation, efficacious vaccine with increased pan-SARS breadth of coverage. RFN, adjuvanted with a liposomal-QS21 formulation (ALFQ), elicits humoral and cellular immune responses exceeding those of current vaccines in terms of breadth and potency and protects against high-dose respiratory tract challenge. Neutralization activity against the B.1.351 VOC within two-fold of wild-type virus and against SARS-CoV-1 indicate exceptional breadth. Our results support consideration of RFN for SARS-like betacoronavirus vaccine development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>King, H. A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joyce, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elakhal Naouar, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macedo Cincotta, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subra, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peachman, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hack, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankhala, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hajduczki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Headley, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elyard, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wuertz, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swafford, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Case, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Currier, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lal, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amare, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dussupt, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molnar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daye, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkei, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alfson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staples, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrion, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krebs, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paquin-Proulx, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karasavvas, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polonis, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagodzinski, L. L</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.09.439166</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficacy and breadth of adjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain nanoparticle vaccine in macaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.09.439229v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Welch-weighted Egger regression reduces false positives due to correlated pleiotropy in Mendelian randomization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.09.439229v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modern population-scale biobanks contain simultaneous measurements of many phenotypes, providing unprecedented opportunity to study the relationship between biomarkers and disease. However, inferring causal effects from observational data is notoriously challenging. Mendelian randomization (MR) has recently received increased attention as a class of methods for estimating causal effects using genetic associations. However, standard methods result in pervasive false positives when two traits share a heritable, unobserved common cause. This is the problem of correlated pleiotropy. Here, we introduce a flexible framework for simulating traits with a common genetic confounder that generalizes recently proposed models, as well as simple approach we call Welch-weighted Egger regression (WWER) for estimating causal effects. We show in comprehensive simulations that our method substantially reduces false positives due to correlated pleiotropy while being fast enough to apply to hundreds of phenotypes. We first apply our method to a subset of the UK Biobank consisting of blood traits and inflammatory disease, and then a broader set of 411 heritable phenotypes. We detect many effects with strong literature support, as well as numerous behavioral effects that appear to stem from physician advice given to people at high risk for disease. We conclude that WWER is a powerful tool for exploratory data analysis in ever-growing databases of genotypes and phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brown, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.09.439229</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Welch-weighted Egger regression reduces false positives due to correlated pleiotropy in Mendelian randomization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.09.439242v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
State dependence of neural networks on past history and stimulus presentation in Caenorhabditis elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.09.439242v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons represent changes in external and internal environments by altering their activity patterns. While coherent brain-wide patterns of neural activity have been observed in neuronal populations, very little is known about their dimensionality, geometry, and how they are correlated with sensory inputs. Here, we recorded the activity of most head neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans experiencing changes in bacterial or control buffer stimuli around their nose. We first classified active neurons into six functional clusters: two sensory neuron clusters (ON and OFF responding to addition and removal of stimuli, respectively) and four motor/command neuron clusters (AVA, RME, SMDD and SMDV). Next, we estimated stimulus selectivity for each cluster and found that while sensory neurons exhibit their maximal responses within 15 seconds, changes in bacterial stimuli drive maximal responses in command and motor neuron clusters after tens of seconds. Furthermore, we show that bacterial stimuli induce neural dynamics that are best described by a hyperbolic, not Euclidean, space, of dimensionality eight. The hyperbolic space provided a better description of neural activity than the standard Euclidean space. This space can be separated into three components - one sensory, and two motor directions (forward-backward and dorsal-ventral). Collectively, we show that C. elegans neural activity can be effectively represented in low-dimensional hyperbolic space to describe a sensorimotor transformation.

Significance statementA major function of a nervous system is to transform sensory information into behavioral outputs. As the first receiver of sensory input, sensory neuronal activity is often most correlated with stimulus features. However, this sensory activity is modified as it travels to other neurons, where it integrates with network activity before altering motor neurons and driving corresponding behavior. Activity in non-sensory neurons is driven by ongoing network activity and sensory input, but distinguishing between their relative contributions is often difficult. Here, we identify two sensory and four command/motor neuron clusters in the C. elegans neural network responding to bacterial stimuli and define their receptive fields. We then use a hyperbolic embedding to identify how these clusters interact with each other and identify the relevant dimensions that might alter behavior. Our method is fully scalable to other systems, including those without neuronal identities, and allows us to attribute neural activity to network states and behavioral outputs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cecere, Z. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yemini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharpee, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalasani, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.09.439242</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[State dependence of neural networks on past history and stimulus presentation in Caenorhabditis elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.10.439272v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Subjective confidence reflects representation of Bayesian probability in cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.10.439272v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
What gives rise to the human sense of confidence? Here, we tested the Bayesian hypothesis that confidence is based on a probability distribution represented in neural population activity. We implemented several computational models of confidence, and tested their predictions using psychophysics and fMRI. Using a generative model-based fMRI decoding approach, we extracted probability distributions from neural population activity in human visual cortex. We found that subjective confidence tracks the shape of the decoded distribution. That is, when sensory evidence was more precise, as indicated by the decoded distribution, observers reported higher levels of confidence. We furthermore found that neural activity in the insula, anterior cingulate, and prefrontal cortex was linked to both the shape of the decoded distribution and reported confidence, in ways consistent with the Bayesian model. Altogether, our findings support recent statistical theories of confidence and suggest that probabilistic information guides the computation of ones sense of confidence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Geurts, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooke, J. R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Bergen, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jehee, J. F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.10.439272</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Subjective confidence reflects representation of Bayesian probability in cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.12.439050v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ALS and FTD-associated missense mutations in TBK1 differentially disrupt mitophagy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.12.439050v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) is a multi-functional kinase with an essential role in mitophagy, the selective clearance of damaged mitochondria. More than 90 distinct mutations in TBK1 are linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and fronto-temporal dementia (FTD), including missense mutations that disrupt the ability of TBK1 to dimerize, associate with the mitophagy receptor optineurin (OPTN), auto-activate, or catalyze phosphorylation. We investigated how ALS-associated mutations in TBK1 affect Parkin-dependent mitophagy using imaging to dissect the molecular mechanisms involved in clearing damaged mitochondria. Some mutations cause severe dysregulation of the pathway, while others induce limited disruption. Mutations that abolish either TBK1 dimerization or kinase activity were insufficient to fully inhibit mitophagy, while mutations that reduced both dimerization and kinase activity were more disruptive. Ultimately, both TBK1 recruitment and OPTN phosphorylation at S177 are necessary for engulfment of damaged mitochondra by autophagosomal membranes. Surprisingly, we find that ULK1 activity contributes to the phosphorylation of OPTN in the presense of either WT- or kinase inactive TBK1. In primary neurons, TBK1 mutants induce mitochondrial stress under basal conditions; network stress is exacerbated with further mitochondrial insult. Our study further refines the model for TBK1 function in mitophagy, demonstrating that some ALS-linked mutations likely contribute to disease pathogenesis by inducing mitochondrial stress or inhibiting mitophagic flux. Other TBK1 mutations exhibited much less impact on mitophagy in our assays, suggesting that cell-type specific effects, cumulative damage, or alternative TBK1-dependent pathways such as innate immunity and inflammation also factor into the development of ALS in affected individuals.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTMissense mutations in TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) have various biophysical and biochemical effects on the molecule, and are associated with the neurodegenerative diseases amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and fronto-temporal dementia (FTD). TBK1 plays an essential role in clearing damaged mitochondria. Here, we investigate the impact of 10 ALS-linked TBK1 mutations on the critical early stage of mitophagy. We find that both TBK1 recruitment and kinase activity contribute to the clearance of the damaged mitochondria. Furthermore, in neurons, expression of TBK1 mutants alone affects mitochondrial network health. Our investigation utilizes disease-linked mutations to further refine the current model of mitophagy, identifying crosstalk between the regulatory kinases TBK1 and ULK1, and providing new insights into the roles of TBK1 in neurodegenerative pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harding, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maniatis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holzbaur, E. L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.12.439050</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ALS and FTD-associated missense mutations in TBK1 differentially disrupt mitophagy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.12.439526v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmental changes in story-evoked responses in the neocortex and hippocampus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.12.439526v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How does the representation of naturalistic life events change with age? Here we analyzed fMRI data from 414 children and adolescents (5 - 19 years) as they watched a narrative movie. In addition to changes in the degree of inter-subject correlation (ISC) with age in sensory and medial parietal regions, we used a novel measure (between-group ISC) to reveal age-related shifts in the responses across the majority of the neocortex. Over the course of development, brain responses became more discretized into stable and coherent events and shifted earlier in time to anticipate upcoming perceived event transitions, measured behaviorally in an age-matched sample. However, hippocampal responses to event boundaries actually decreased with age, suggesting a shifting division of labor between episodic encoding processes and schematic event representations between the ages of 5 and 19.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohen, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldassano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.12.439526</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmental changes in story-evoked responses in the neocortex and hippocampus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.13.439598v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adipsin promotes bone marrow adiposity by priming mesenchymal stem cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.13.439598v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundBone marrow (BM) adipose tissue (BMAT) has been shown to be vital for regulating metabolism and maintaining skeletal homeostasis in the marrow niche. As a reflection of BM remodeling, BMAT is highly responsive to nutrient fluctuations, hormonal changes and metabolic disturbances such as obesity and diabetes mellitus. Expansion of BMAT has also been strongly associated with bone loss in mice and humans. However, the regulation of BM plasticity remains poorly understood, as does the mechanism that links changes in marrow adiposity with bone remodeling.

MethodsUsing C57BL/6 mice as a model, we employed the bone-protected PPAR{gamma} constitutive deacetylation (2KR), Adipsin, and its downstream effector, C3, knockout mice. These mice were challenged to thiazolidinedione treatment, calorie restriction, or aging in order to induce bone loss and MAT expansion. Analysis of bone density and marrow adiposity was performed using a CT scanner and by RNA analysis to assess adipocyte and osteoblast markers. For in vitro studies, primary bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) were isolated and subjected to osteoblastogenic or adipogenic differentiation or chemical treatment followed by morphological and molecular analyses. Clinical data was obtained from samples of a previous clinical trial of fasting and high calorie diet in healthy human volunteers.

ResultsWe have shown that Adipsin is the most up-regulated adipokine during BMAT expansion in mice and humans, in a PPAR{gamma} acetylation-dependent manner. Ablation of Adipsin in mice specifically inhibited BMAT expansion but not peripheral adipose depots, and improved bone mass during calorie restriction, thiazolidinedione treatment, and aging. These effects were mediated through its downstream effector, complement component C3, to prime common progenitor cells toward adipogenesis rather than osteoblastogenesis through inhibiting Wnt/{beta}- catenin signaling.

ConclusionsAdipsin promotes new adipocyte formation and affects skeletal remodeling in the BM niche. Our study reveals a novel mechanism whereby the BM sustains its own plasticity through paracrine and endocrine actions of a unique adipokine.

FundingThis work was supported by the National Institutes of Health T32DK007328 (NA), F31DK124926 (NA), R01DK121140 (JCL), R01AR068970 (BZ), R01AR071463 (BZ), R01DK112943 (LQ), and P01HL087123 (LQ).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aaron, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraakman, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirakawa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.13.439598</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adipsin promotes bone marrow adiposity by priming mesenchymal stem cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.15.439017v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A curated collection of human vaccination response signatures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.15.439017v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in high-throughput experiments and systems biology approaches have resulted in hundreds of publications identifying "immune signatures". Unfortunately, these are often described within text, figures, or tables in a format not amenable to computational processing, thus severely hampering our ability to fully exploit this information. Here we present a data model to represent immune signatures, along with the Human Immunology Project Consortium (HIPC) Dashboard (www.hipc-dashboard.org), a web-enabled application to facilitate signature access and querying. The data model captures the biological response components (e.g., genes, proteins, cell types or metabolites) and metadata describing the context under which the signature was identified using standardized terms from established resources (e.g., HGNC, Protein Ontology, Cell Ontology). We have manually curated a collection of >600 immune signatures from >60 published studies profiling human vaccination responses for the current release. The system will aid in building a broader understanding of the human immune response to stimuli by enabling researchers to easily access and interrogate published immune signatures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chawla, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhillon, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vita, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Leest, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abid, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Human Immunology Project Consortium (HIPC),</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hancock, R. E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Floratos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinstein, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.15.439017</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A curated collection of human vaccination response signatures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.15.439917v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolving the Olfactory System with Machine Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.15.439917v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The convergent evolution of the fly and mouse olfactory system led us to ask whether the anatomic connectivity and functional logic of olfactory circuits would evolve in artificial neural networks trained to perform olfactory tasks. Artificial networks trained to classify odor identity recapitulate the connectivity inherent in the olfactory system. Input units are driven by a single receptor type, and units driven by the same receptor converge to form a glomerulus. Glomeruli exhibit sparse, unstructured connectivity to a larger, expansion layer of Kenyon cells. When trained to both classify odor identity and to impart innate valence onto odors, the network develops independent pathways for identity and valence classification. Thus, the defining features of fly and mouse olfactory systems also evolved in artificial neural networks trained to perform olfactory tasks. This implies that convergent evolution reflects an underlying logic rather than shared developmental principles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, P. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Axel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.15.439917</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolving the Olfactory System with Machine Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.15.440048v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A direct lateral entorhinal cortex to hippocampal CA2 circuit conveys social information required for social memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.15.440048v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The storage of information by the hippocampus in long-term memory is thought to involve two distinct but related processes. First, the hippocampus determines whether a given stimulus is novel or familiar; next, the hippocampus stores the novel information in long-term memory. To date, the neural circuits that detect novelty and their relation to the circuits that store information of a specific memory are poorly understood. Here we address this question by examining the circuits by which the CA2 region of the hippocampus, which is essential for social memory, both detects social novelty and stores social memory. CA2, like the more thoroughly studied CA1 region, receives its major excitatory input from the entorhinal cortex through both a direct monosynaptic and indirect trisynaptic pathway. We find that the direct inputs to CA2 from the lateral entorhinal cortex, but not the indirect trisynaptic inputs, provide social information that is required for social memory. However, these direct inputs fail to discriminate a novel from a familiar animal. Thus, social novelty and social identity signals are likely conveyed through separate pathways, with the entorhinal cortex providing specific multisensory information about an animals identity and novelty detection requiring a local computation within CA2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Rojas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Solis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leroy, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kandel, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegelbaum, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.15.440048</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A direct lateral entorhinal cortex to hippocampal CA2 circuit conveys social information required for social memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.17.440267v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
State and stimulus dependence reconcile motion computation and the Drosophila connectome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.17.440267v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensory systems dynamically optimize their processing properties in order to process a wide range of environmental and behavioral conditions. However, attempts to infer the function of these systems via modeling often treat system components as having static processing properties. This is particularly evident in the Drosophila motion detection circuit, where the core algorithm for motion detection is still debated, and where inputs to motion detecting neurons remain underdescribed. Using whole-cell patch clamp electrophysiology, we measured the state- and stimulus-dependent filtering properties of inputs to the OFF motion-detecting T5 cell in Drosophila. Simply summing these inputs within the framework of a connectomic-constrained model of the circuit demonstrates that changes in the shape of input temporal filters are sufficient to explain conflicting theories of T5 function. Therefore, with our measurements and our model, we reconcile motion computation with the anatomy of the circuit.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Behnia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohn, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portes, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christenson, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.17.440267</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[State and stimulus dependence reconcile motion computation and the Drosophila connectome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.19.440501v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-scale semi-supervised clustering of brain images: deriving disease subtypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.19.440501v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Disease heterogeneity is a significant obstacle to understanding pathological processes and delivering precision diagnostics and treatment. Clustering methods have gained popularity for stratifying patients into subpopulations (i.e., subtypes) of brain diseases using imaging data. However, unsupervised clustering approaches are often confounded by anatomical and functional variations not related to a disease or pathology of interest. Semi-supervised clustering techniques have been proposed to overcome this and, therefore, capture disease-specific patterns more effectively. An additional limitation of both unsupervised and semi-supervised conventional machine learning methods is that they typically model, learn and infer from data using a basis of feature sets pre-defined at a fixed anatomical or functional scale (e.g., atlas-based regions of interest). Herein we propose a novel method, "Multi-scAle heteroGeneity analysIs and Clustering" (MAGIC), to depict the multi-scale presentation of disease heterogeneity, which builds on a previously proposed semi-supervised clustering method, HYDRA. It derives multi-scale and clinically interpretable feature representations and exploits a double-cyclic optimization procedure to effectively drive identification of inter-scale-consistent disease subtypes. More importantly, to understand the conditions under which the clustering model can estimate true heterogeneity related to diseases, we conducted extensive and systematic semi-simulated experiments to evaluate the proposed method on a sizeable healthy control sample from the UK Biobank (N=4403). We then applied MAGIC to imaging data from Alzheimers disease (ADNI, N=1728) and schizophrenia (PHENOM, N=1166) patients to demonstrate its potential and challenges in dissecting the neuroanatomical heterogeneity of common brain diseases. Taken together, we aim to provide guidance regarding when such analyses can succeed or should be taken with caution. The code of the proposed method is publicly available at https://github.com/anbai106/MAGIC.

HighlightsO_LIWe propose a novel multi-scale semi-supervised clustering method, termed MAGIC, to disentangle the heterogeneity of brain diseases.
C_LIO_LIWe perform extensive semi-simulated experiments on large control samples (UK Biobank, N=4403) to precisely quantify performance under various conditions, including varying degrees of brain atrophy, different levels of heterogeneity, overlapping disease subtypes, class imbalance, and varying sample sizes.
C_LIO_LIWe apply MAGIC to MCI and Alzheimers disease (ADNI, N=1728) and schizophrenia (PHENOM, N=1166) patients to dissect their neuroanatomical heterogeneity, providing guidance regarding the use of the semi-simulated experiments to validate the subtypes found in actual clinical applications.
C_LI

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=166 SRC="FIGDIR/small/440501v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>WEN, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varol, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotiras, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chand, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erus, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davatzikos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.19.440501</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-scale semi-supervised clustering of brain images: deriving disease subtypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.20.440527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transient dopamine neuron activity precedes and encodes the vigor of contralateral movements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.20.440527v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dopamine neurons (DANs) in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) have been related to movement vigor, and loss of these neurons leads to bradykinesia in Parkinsons disease. However, it remains unclear whether DANs encode a general motivation signal or modulate movement kinematics. We imaged activity of SNc DANs in mice trained in a novel operant task which relies on individual forelimb sequences. We uncovered that a similar proportion of SNc DANs increased their activity before ipsi- vs. contralateral sequences. However, the magnitude of this activity was higher for contralateral actions, and was related to contralateral but not ipsilateral sequence length. In contrast, the activity of reward-related DANs, largely distinct from those modulated by movement, was not lateralized. Finally, unilateral dopamine depletion impaired contralateral, but not ipsilateral, sequence length. These results indicate that movement-initiation DANs encode more than a general motivation signal, and invigorate kinematic aspects of contralateral movements.

TeaserTransient activity in substantia nigra compacta dopamine neurons encodes contralateral, but not ipsilateral action vigor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mendonca, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alves da Silva, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castela, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obeso, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.20.440527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transient dopamine neuron activity precedes and encodes the vigor of contralateral movements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.21.440833v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FACT subunit SUPT16H associates with BRD4 and contributes to silencing of antiviral interferon signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.21.440833v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary/AbstractFACT (FAcilitates Chromatin Transcription) is a heterodimeric protein complex composed of SUPT16H and SSRP1, and a histone chaperone participating in chromatin remodeling during gene transcription. FACT complex is profoundly regulated, and contributes to both gene activation and suppression. Here we reported that SUPT16H, a subunit of FACT, is acetylated at lysine 674 (K674) of middle domain (MD), which involves TIP60 histone acetyltransferase. Such acetylation of SUPT16H is recognized by bromodomain protein BRD4, which promotes protein stability of SUPT16H. We further demonstrated that SUPT16H-BRD4 associates with histone modification enzymes (EZH2, HDAC1) and affects histone marks (H3K9me3, H3K27me3 and H3ac). BRD4 is known to profoundly regulate interferon (IFN) signaling, while such function of SUPT16H has never been explored. Surprisingly, our results revealed that SUPT16H genetic knockdown via RNAi or pharmacological inhibition by using its inhibitor, curaxin 137 (CBL0137), results in the induction of IFNs and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Through this mechanism, CBL0137 is shown to efficiently inhibit infection of multiple viruses, including Zika, influenza, and SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, we demonstrated that CBL0137 also causes the remarkable activation of IFN signaling in natural killer (NK) cells, which promotes the NK-mediated killing of virus-infected cells in a co-culture system using human primary NK cells. Overall, our studies unraveled the previously un-appreciated role of FACT complex in regulating IFN signaling in both epithelial and NK cells, and also proposed the novel application of CBL0137 to treat viral infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiches, G. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Sobrido, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santoso, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.21.440833</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FACT subunit SUPT16H associates with BRD4 and contributes to silencing of antiviral interferon signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.440855v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The role of neural flexibility in cognitive aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.440855v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studies assessing relationships between brain and cognitive changes in healthy aging have shown that a variety of aspects of brain structure and function explain a significant portion of the variability in cognitive outcomes throughout adulthood. Many studies assessing relationships between brain function and cognition have utilized time-averaged, or static functional connectivity methods to explore ways in which brain network organization may contribute to aspects of cognitive aging. However, recent studies in this field have suggested that time-varying, or dynamic measures of functional connectivity, which assess changes in functional connectivity throughout a scan session, may play a stronger role in explaining cognitive outcomes in healthy young adults. Further, both static and dynamic functional connectivity studies suggest that there may be differences in patterns of brain-cognition relationships as a function of whether or not the participant is performing a task during the scan. Thus, the goals of the present study were threefold: (1) assess whether dynamic connectivity (neural flexibility) during both resting as well as task-based scans is related to participant age and cognitive performance in a lifespan aging sample, (2) determine whether neural flexibility moderates relationships between age and cognitive performance, and (3) explore differences in neural flexibility between rest and task. Participants in the study were 423 healthy adults between the ages of 20-80 who provided resting state and/or task-based (Matrix Reasoning) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan data as part of their participation in two ongoing studies of cognitive aging. Neural flexibility measures from both resting and task-based scans reflected the number of times each node changed network assignment, and were averaged both across the whole brain (global neural flexibility) as well as within nine somatosensory/cognitive networks. Results showed that neural flexibility during the task was higher in older adults, and that neural flexibility in Default Mode and Visual networks was negatively related to performance on the Matrix Reasoning task. Resting state neural flexibility was not significantly related to either participant age or cognitive performance. Additionally, no neural flexibility measures that significantly moderated relationships between participant age and cognitive outcomes. Further, neural flexibility differed as a function of scan type, with resting state neural flexibility exhibiting significantly more variability than task-based neural flexibility. Thus, neural flexibility measures computed during a cognitive task may be more strongly related to cognitive performance across the adult lifespan, and are more sensitive to the effects of participant age on brain organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Varangis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.22.440855</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The role of neural flexibility in cognitive aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.440980v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interleukin-15 Receptor α Chain Knockout NOD-SCID mice have reduced numbers of NK cells, develop thymic lymphomas and fail to engraft human hematopoietic cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.440980v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
NOD-SCID IL2r{gamma}cnull (NSG) mice are widely used to model human immune cell development because they are more permissive for human hematopoietic cell engraftment and reconstitution than NOD-SCID mice. While increased human reconstitution in the blood of NSG mice has been attributed to the absence of mouse NK cells, deletion of the common gamma chain ({gamma}c) limits development of lymphoid tissue inducer cells and precludes development of normal secondary lymphoid structures. The disorganized lymphoid tissue leads to compromised human T cell-B cell interactions and results in variable human immune cell function in human immune system (HIS) NSG compared to NOD-SCID mice. We attempted to remove mouse NK cells from NOD-SCID mice while retaining other {gamma}c-dependent cytokine responses by targeted disruption of the mouse genomic IL15RA locus with CRISPR/Cas9. IL15R is required for the development, function and survival of NK cells. NOD-SCID IL15R-/- mice showed reductions in NK cells and NK cell function. However, NOD-SCID IL15R-/- mice demonstrated accelerated thymic lymphomagenesis and showed earlier mortality compared to NOD-SCID mice. This result suggests that mouse NK cells are important to delay lymphoma development in NOD-SCID mice. We transplanted thymectomized NOD-SCID ILl5R-/- mice with human fetal liver CD34+ cells and thymus to determine if these mice supported engraftment and development of a transplanted HIS. Surprisingly, we found that peripheral human engraftment was inferior (mean 0.05% of lymphocytes) to that in both NOD-SCID (mean, 10.5% of lymphocytes) and NSG (mean, 54% of lymphocytes) mice. These results indicate that NOD-SCID IL15R-/- mice are not permissive for human CD34+ cell engraftment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vecchione, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nauman, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khosravi Marharlooei, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danzl, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Low, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiles, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serreze, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sykes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.22.440980</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interleukin-15 Receptor α Chain Knockout NOD-SCID mice have reduced numbers of NK cells, develop thymic lymphomas and fail to engraft human hematopoietic cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.441012v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flexible use of memory by food-caching birds in a laboratory behavioral paradigm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.441012v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Memory is used by animals to influence navigational decisions, and neural activity in memory-related brain regions correlates to spatial variables. However, navigation is a rich behavior that contains a mix of memory-guided and memory-independent strategies. Disentangling the contribution of these strategies to navigation is therefore critical for understanding how memory influences behavioral output. To address this issue, we studied the natural spatial behavior of the chickadee, a food-caching bird. These birds hide food items at concealed, scattered locations and retrieve their caches later in time. We designed an apparatus that allows chickadees to cache and retrieve food while navigating in a laboratory arena. This apparatus enabled detailed, automated, and high-throughput tracking of key behavioral variables - including caches, retrievals, and investigations of cache sites. We built probabilistic models to fit these behavioral data using a combination of various mnemonic and non-mnemonic factors. We find that chickadees use some navigational strategies that are independent of cache memories, including opportunistic foraging and spatial biases. They combine these strategies with spatially precise and long-lasting memories of which sites contain caches and which sites they have previously checked and found to be empty. These memories are used in a context-dependent manner. During caching, chickadees avoid sites that already contain food. During retrieval, they are instead attracted to such occupied sites. These results show that a single memory can be used flexibly by a chickadee to achieve at least two unrelated behavioral goals. Our apparatus enables studying this flexibility in a tractable spatial paradigm.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Applegate, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.22.441012</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flexible use of memory by food-caching birds in a laboratory behavioral paradigm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.441027v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A comprehensive analysis of gene expression changes in a high replicate and open-source dataset of differentiating hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.441027v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We performed a comprehensive analysis of the transcriptional changes within and across cell populations during human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) differentiation to cardiomyocytes. Using the single cell RNA-seq combinatorial barcoding method SPLiT-seq, we sequenced >20,000 single cells from 55 independent samples representing two differentiation protocols and multiple hiPSC lines. Samples included experimental replicates ranging from undifferentiated hiPSCs to mixed populations of cells at D90 post-differentiation. As expected, differentiated cell populations clustered by time point, with differential expression analysis revealing markers of cardiomyocyte differentiation and maturation changing from D12 to D90. We next performed a complementary cluster-independent sparse regression analysis to identify and rank genes that best assigned cells to differentiation time points. The two highest ranked genes between D12 and D24 (MYH7 and MYH6) resulted in an accuracy of 0.84, and the three highest ranked genes between D24 and D90 (A2M, H19, IGF2) resulted in an accuracy of 0.94, revealing that low dimensional gene features can identify differentiation or maturation stages in differentiating cardiomyocytes. Expression levels of select genes were validated using RNA FISH. Finally, we interrogated differences in differentiation population composition and cardiac gene expression resulting from two differentiation protocols, experimental replicates, and three hiPSC lines in the WTC-11 background to identify sources of variation across these experimental variables.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grancharova, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerbin, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roco, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arakaki, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeLizzo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinh, S. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donovan-Maiye, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theriot, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palecek, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seelig, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunawardane, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.22.441027</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A comprehensive analysis of gene expression changes in a high replicate and open-source dataset of differentiating hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.441037v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting functional effect of missense variants using graph attention neural networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.441037v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate prediction of damaging missense variants is critically important for interpreting genome sequence. While many methods have been developed, their performance has been limited. Recent progress in machine learning and availability of large-scale population genomic sequencing data provide new opportunities to significantly improve computational predictions. Here we describe gMVP, a new method based on graph attention neural networks. Its main component is a graph with nodes capturing predictive features of amino acids and edges weighted by coevolution strength, which enables effective pooling of information from local protein context and functionally correlated distal positions. Evaluated by deep mutational scan data, gMVP outperforms published methods in identifying damaging variants in TP53, PTEN, BRCA1, and MSH2. Additionally, it achieves the best separation of de novo missense variants in neurodevelopmental disorder cases from the ones in controls. Finally, the model supports transfer learning to optimize gain- and loss-of-function predictions in sodium and calcium channels. In summary, we demonstrate that gMVP can improve interpretation of missense variants in clinical testing and genetic studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.22.441037</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting functional effect of missense variants using graph attention neural networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.23.441024v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Great Deceiver: miR-2392's Hidden Role in Driving SARS-CoV-2 Infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.23.441024v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs involved in post-transcriptional gene regulation that have a major impact on many diseases and provides an exciting avenue towards antiviral therapeutics. From patient transcriptomic data, we have discovered a circulating miRNA, miR-2392, that is directly involved with SARS-CoV-2 machinery during host infection. Specifically, we show that miR-2392 is key in driving downstream suppression of mitochondrial gene expression, increasing inflammation, glycolysis, and hypoxia as well as promoting many symptoms associated with COVID-19 infection. We demonstrate miR-2392 is present in the blood and urine of COVID-19 positive patients, but not detected in COVID-19 negative patients. These findings indicate the potential for developing a novel, minimally invasive, COVID-19 detection method. Lastly, using in vitro human and in vivo hamster models, we have developed a novel miRNA-based antiviral therapeutic that targets miR-2392, significantly reduces SARS-CoV-2 viability in hamsters and may potentially inhibit a COVID-19 disease state in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McDonald, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enguita, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowen, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priebe, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmett, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGrath, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sajadi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clement, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dybas, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aykin-Burns, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guarnieri, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grabham, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baylin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yousey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corry, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saravia-Butler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aunins, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagpal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meydan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foox, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mozsary, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerqueira, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaksas, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wurtele, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costes, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galeano, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paccanaro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meinig, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagan, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>UNC COVID-19 Pathobiology Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfgang, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altinok, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sapoval, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Treangen</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.23.441024</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Great Deceiver: miR-2392's Hidden Role in Driving SARS-CoV-2 Infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.24.441228v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A synthetic peptide CTL vaccine targeting nucleocapsid confers protection from SARS-CoV-2 challenge in rhesus macaques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.24.441228v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPersistent transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has given rise to a COVID-19 pandemic. Several vaccines, evoking protective spike antibody responses, conceived in 2020, are being deployed in mass public health vaccination programs. Recent data suggests, however, that as sequence variation in the spike genome accumulates, some vaccines may lose efficacy.

MethodsUsing a macaque model of SARS-CoV-2 infection, we tested the efficacy of a peptide-based vaccine targeting MHC Class I epitopes on the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein. We administered biodegradable microspheres with synthetic peptides and adjuvants to rhesus macaques. Unvaccinated control and vaccinated macaques were challenged with 1 x 108 TCID50 units of SARS-CoV-2, followed by assessment of clinical symptoms, viral load, chest radiographs, sampling of peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid for downstream analysis.

ResultsVaccinated animals were free of pneumonia-like infiltrates characteristic of SARS-CoV-2 infection and presented with lower viral loads relative to controls. Gene expression in cells collected from BAL samples of vaccinated macaques revealed a unique signature associated with enhanced development of adaptive immune responses relative to control macaques.

ConclusionsWe demonstrate that a room temperature stable peptide vaccine based on known immunogenic HLA Class I bound CTL epitopes from the nucleocapsid protein can provide protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection in non-human primates.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=100 SRC="FIGDIR/small/441228v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harris, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brasel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massey, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herst, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkholz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blankenberg, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bey, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carback, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodge, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciotlos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comer, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubsamen, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.24.441228</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A synthetic peptide CTL vaccine targeting nucleocapsid confers protection from SARS-CoV-2 challenge in rhesus macaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.26.441262v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A human brain vascular atlas reveals diverse cell mediators of Alzheimer's disease risk 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.26.441262v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human brain vasculature is of vast medical importance: its dysfunction causes disability and death, and the specialized structure it forms--the blood-brain barrier--impedes treatment of nearly all brain disorders. Yet, no molecular atlas of the human brain vasculature exists. Here, we develop Vessel Isolation and Nuclei Extraction for Sequencing (VINE-seq) to profile the major human brain vascular and perivascular cell types through 143,793 single-nucleus transcriptomes from 25 hippocampus and cortex samples of 17 control and Alzheimers disease (AD) patients. We identify brain region-enriched pathways and genes divergent between humans and mice, including those involved in disease. We describe the principles of human arteriovenous organization, recapitulating a gradual endothelial and punctuated mural cell continuum; but discover that many zonation and cell-type markers differ between species. We discover two subtypes of human pericytes, marked by solute transport and extracellular matrix (ECM) organization; and define perivascular versus meningeal fibroblast specialization. In AD, we observe a selective vulnerability of ECM-maintaining pericytes and gene expression patterns implicating dysregulated blood flow. With an expanded survey of brain cell types, we find that 30 of the top 45 AD GWAS genes are expressed in the human brain vasculature, confirmed in situ. Vascular GWAS genes map to endothelial protein transport, adaptive immune, and ECM pathways. Many are microglia-specific in mice, suggesting an evolutionary transfer of AD risk to human vascular cells. Our work unravels the molecular basis of the human brain vasculature, informing our understanding of overall brain health, disease, and therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vest, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kern, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maat, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Losada, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaum, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khoury, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calcuttawala, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palovics, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gate, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegenthaler, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNerney, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyss-Coray, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.26.441262</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A human brain vascular atlas reveals diverse cell mediators of Alzheimer's disease risk]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.26.441482v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Eye movements reveal spatiotemporal dynamics of active sensing and planning in navigation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.26.441482v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Goal-oriented navigation is widely understood to depend upon internal maps. Although this may be the case in many settings, humans tend to rely on vision in complex, unfamiliar environments. To study the nature of gaze during visually-guided navigation, we tasked humans to navigate to transiently visible goals in virtual mazes of varying levels of difficulty, observing that they took near-optimal trajectories in all arenas. By analyzing participants eye movements, we gained insights into how they performed visually-informed planning. The spatial distribution of gaze revealed that environmental complexity mediated a striking trade-off in the extent to which attention was directed towards two complimentary aspects of the world model: the reward location and task-relevant transitions. The temporal evolution of gaze revealed rapid, sequential prospection of the future path, evocative of neural replay. These findings suggest that the spatiotemporal characteristics of gaze during navigation are significantly shaped by the unique cognitive computations underlying real-world, sequential decision making.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakshminarasimhan, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arfaei, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angelaki, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.26.441482</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Eye movements reveal spatiotemporal dynamics of active sensing and planning in navigation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.26.441532v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sensory evidence accumulation using optic flow in a naturalistic navigation task 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.26.441532v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensory evidence accumulation is considered a hallmark of decision-making in noisy environments. Integration of sensory inputs has been traditionally studied using passive stimuli, segregating perception from action. Lessons learned from this approach, however, may not generalize to ethological behaviors like navigation, where there is an active interplay between perception and action. We designed a sensory-based sequential decision task in virtual reality in which humans and monkeys navigated to a memorized location by integrating optic flow generated by their own joystick movements. A major challenge in such closed-loop tasks is that subjects actions will determine future sensory input, causing ambiguity about whether they rely on sensory input rather than expectations based solely on a learned model of the dynamics. To test whether subjects performed sensory integration, we used three independent experimental manipulations: unpredictable optic flow perturbations, which pushed subjects off their trajectory; gain manipulation of the joystick controller, which changed the consequences of actions; and manipulation of the optic flow density, which changed the reliability of sensory evidence. Our results suggest that both macaques and humans relied heavily on optic flow, thereby demonstrating a critical role for sensory evidence accumulation during naturalistic action-perception closed-loop tasks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alefantis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakshminarasimhan, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avilla, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitkow, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angelaki, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.26.441532</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sensory evidence accumulation using optic flow in a naturalistic navigation task]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.27.441571v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Real time observation of chaperone-modulated talin mechanics under single molecule resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.27.441571v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent single-molecule studies have recognized talin as a mechanosensitive hub in focal adhesion, where its function is strongly regulated by mechanical force. For instance, at low force (below 5 pN), folded talin binds RIAM for integrin activation; whereas at high force (above 5 pN), it unfolds to activate vinculin binding for focal adhesion stabilization. Being a cytoplasmic protein, talin might interact with several cytosolic chaperones: however, the role of chaperones in talin mechanics is unknown.

To address this question, we investigated the force response of a mechanically stable talin domain with a set of well-known holdase (DnaJ, DnaK, Hsp70, and Hsp40) and foldase (DnaKJE, DsbA) chaperones, using single-molecule magnetic tweezers. Our findings demonstrate that chaperone could affect adhesion proteins stability by changing their folding mechanics; while holdase chaperones reduce their unfolding force to [~]6 pN, foldase chaperones shift it up to [~]15 pN. Since talin is mechanically synced within 2 pN force ranges, these changes are significant in cellular condition. Furthermore, we determined the fundamental mechanism of this altered mechanical stability, where chaperones directly reshape their energy landscape: unfoldase chaperone (DnaK) decreases the unfolding barrier height from 26.8 to 21.7 kBT, while foldase chaperone (DsbA) increases it to 33.5 kBT. We reconciled our observations with eukaryotic Hsp70 and Hsp40 chaperones and observed their similar function of decreasing the talin unfolding barrier to 23.1 kBT. The quantitative mapping of this chaperone-induced talin folding landscape directly illustrates that chaperones perturb the adhesion protein stability under physiological force, thereby influencing their force-dependent interactions and adhesion dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhuri, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haldar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.27.441571</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Real time observation of chaperone-modulated talin mechanics under single molecule resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.27.441646v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pparg drives luminal differentiation and luminal tumor formation in the urothelium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.27.441646v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pparg, a nuclear receptor, is downregulated in basal subtype bladder cancers that tend to be muscle invasive and amplified in luminal subtype bladder cancers that tend to be non-muscle invasive. Bladder cancers derive from the urothelium, one of the most quiescent epithelia in the body which is composed of basal, intermediate, and superficial cells. We find that expression of an activated form of Pparg (VP16;Pparg) in basal progenitors induces formation of superficial cells in situ, that exit the cell cycle, and do not form tumors. Expression in basal progenitors that have been activated by mild injury however, results in luminal tumor formation. We find that tumors are immune deserted, which may be linked to downregulation of Nf-kb, a Pparg target. Interestingly, some luminal tumors begin to shift to basal subtype tumors with time, downregulating Pparg and other luminal markers. Our findings have important implications for treatment and diagnosis bladder cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tate, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, W. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batourina, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wobker, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mckiernan, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendelsohn, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.27.441646</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pparg drives luminal differentiation and luminal tumor formation in the urothelium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.28.440978v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human interictal epileptiform discharges are traveling waves reflecting ictal self-organization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.28.440978v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs), also known as interictal spikes, are large intermittent electrophysiological events observed between seizures in patients with epilepsy. Though they occur far more often than seizures, IEDs are less studied, and their relationship to seizures remains unclear. To better understand this relationship, we examined multi-day recordings of microelectrode arrays implanted in human epilepsy patients, allowing us to precisely observe the spatiotemporal propagation of IEDs, spontaneous seizures, and how they relate. These recordings showed that the majority of IEDs are traveling waves, traversing the same path as ictal discharges during seizures, and with a fixed direction relative to seizure propagation. Moreover, the majority of IEDs, like ictal discharges, were bidirectional, with one predominant and a second, less frequent antipodal direction. These results reveal a fundamental spatiotemporal similarity between IEDs and ictal discharges. These results also imply that most IEDs arise in brain tissue outside the site of seizure onset and propagate toward it, indicating that the propagation of IEDs provides useful information for localizing the seizure focus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liou, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merricks, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>House, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emerson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKhann, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheth, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schevon, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolston, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.28.440978</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human interictal epileptiform discharges are traveling waves reflecting ictal self-organization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.28.441833v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
scvi-tools: a library for deep probabilistic analysis of single-cell omics data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.28.441833v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWProbabilistic models have provided the underpinnings for state-of-the-art performance in many single-cell omics data analysis tasks, including dimensionality reduction, clustering, differential expression, annotation, removal of unwanted variation, and integration across modalities. Many of the models being deployed are amenable to scalable stochastic inference techniques, and accordingly they are able to process single-cell datasets of realistic and growing sizes. However, the community-wide adoption of probabilistic approaches is hindered by a fractured software ecosystem resulting in an array of packages with distinct, and often complex interfaces. To address this issue, we developed scvi-tools (https://scvi-tools.org), a Python package that implements a variety of leading probabilistic methods. These methods, which cover many fundamental analysis tasks, are accessible through a standardized, easy-to-use interface with direct links to Scanpy, Seurat, and Bioconductor workflows. By standardizing the implementations, we were able to develop and reuse novel functionalities across different models, such as support for complex study designs through nonlinear removal of unwanted variation due to multiple covariates and reference-query integration via scArches. The extensible software building blocks that underlie scvi-tools also enable a developer environment in which new probabilistic models for single cell omics can be efficiently developed, benchmarked, and deployed. We demonstrate this through a code-efficient reimplementation of Stereoscope for deconvolution of spatial transcriptomics profiles. By catering to both the end user and developer audiences, we expect scvi-tools to become an essential software dependency and serve to formulate a community standard for probabilistic modeling of single cell omics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gayoso, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyeau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayasuriya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehlman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langevin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samaran, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misrachi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nazaret, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clivio, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashuach, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotfollahi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svensson, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>da Veiga Beltrame, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talavera-Lopez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theis, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streets, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.28.441833</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[scvi-tools: a library for deep probabilistic analysis of single-cell omics data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.28.441870v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic over-crediting in California's forest carbon offsets program 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.28.441870v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Carbon offsets are widely used by individuals, corporations, and governments to mitigate their greenhouse gas emissions on the assumption that offsets reflect equivalent climate benefits achieved elsewhere. These climate-equivalence claims depend on offsets providing "additional" climate benefits beyond what would have happened, counterfactually, without the offsets project. Here, we evaluate the design of Californias prominent forest carbon offsets program and demonstrate that its climate-equivalence claims fall far short on the basis of directly observable evidence. By design, Californias program awards large volumes of offset credits to forest projects with carbon stocks that exceed regional averages. This paradigm allows for adverse selection, which could occur if project developers preferentially select forests that are ecologically distinct from unrepresentative regional averages. By digitizing and analyzing comprehensive offset project records alongside detailed forest inventory data, we provide direct evidence that comparing projects against coarse regional carbon averages has led to systematic over-crediting of 30.0 million tCO2e (90% CI: 20.5 to 38.6 million tCO2e) or 29.4% of the credits we analyzed (90% CI: 20.1 to 37.8%). These excess credits are worth an estimated $410 million (90% CI: $280 to $528 million) at recent market prices. Rather than improve forest management to store additional carbon, Californias offsets program creates incentives to generate offset credits that do not reflect real climate benefits.

Significance StatementForest carbon offsets are increasingly prominent in corporate and government "net zero" emission strategies, but face growing criticism about their efficacy. Californias forest offsets program is frequently promoted as a high-quality approach that improves on the failures of earlier efforts. Our analysis demonstrates, however, that substantial ecological and statistical shortcomings in the design of Californias forest offset protocol generate offset credits that do not reflect real climate benefits. Looking globally, our results illustrate how protocol designs with easily exploitable rules can undermine policy objectives and highlight the need for stronger governance in carbon offset markets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Badgley, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamman, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haya, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trugman, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderegg, W. R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cullenward, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.28.441870</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic over-crediting in California's forest carbon offsets program]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.29.441947v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-Yield Monocyte, Macrophage, and Dendritic Cell Differentiation from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.29.441947v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) into monocytes, monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM), and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDC) represents a powerful tool for studying human innate immunology and developing novel iPSC-derived immune therapies. Challenges include inefficiencies in iPSC-derived cell cultures, labor-intensive culture conditions, low purity of desired cell types, and feeder cell requirements. Here, a highly efficient method for differentiating monocytes, MDMs, and moDCs that overcomes these challenges is described. The process utilizes commercially-available materials to derive CD34+ progenitor cells that are apically released from a hemogenic endothelium. Subsequently, the hemogenic endothelium gives rise to highly pure (>95%), CD34-CD14+ monocytes in 19-23 days and yields 13.5-fold more monocytes by day 35 when compared to previous methods. These iPSC-monocytes are analogous to human blood-derived monocytes and readily differentiate into MDM and moDC. The efficient workflow and increase in monocyte output heightens feasibility for high throughput studies and enables clinical-scale iPSC-derived manufacturing processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Armitage, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khosravi Maharlooei, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meacham, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butfiloski, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viola, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sykes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallet, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathews, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.29.441947</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-Yield Monocyte, Macrophage, and Dendritic Cell Differentiation from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.30.441882v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Preserved motor memory in Parkinson's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.30.441882v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Patients with Parkinsons disease, who lose the dopaminergic projections to the striatum, are impaired in certain aspects of motor learning. Recent evidence suggests that, in addition to its role in motor performance, the striatum plays a key role in the memory of motor learning. Whether Parkinsons patients have impaired motor memory and whether motor memory is modulated by dopamine at the time of initial learning is unknown. To address these questions, we measured memory of a learned motor sequence in Parkinsons patients who were either On or Off their dopaminergic medications. We compared them to a group of older and younger controls. Contrary to our predictions, motor memory was not impaired in patients compared to older controls, and was not influenced by dopamine state at the time of initial learning. To probe post-learning consolidation processes, we also tested whether learning a new sequence shortly after learning the initial sequence would interfere with later memory. We found that, in contrast to younger adults, neither older adults nor patients were susceptible to this interference. These findings suggest that motor memory is preserved in Parkinsons patients and raise the possibility that motor memory in patients is supported by compensatory non-dopamine sensitive mechanisms. Furthermore, given the similar performance characteristics observed in the patients and older adults and the absence of an effect of dopamine, these results raise the possibility that aging and Parkinsons disease affect motor memory in similar ways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lahlou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabitov, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owen, L. L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shohamy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharp, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.30.441882</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Preserved motor memory in Parkinson's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.30.442176v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequential sampling from memory underlies action selection during abstract decision making 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.30.442176v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The study of perceptual decision making in monkeys has provided insights into the process by which sensory evidence is integrated towards a decision. When monkeys make decisions with the knowledge of the motor actions the decisions bear upon, the process of evidence integration is instantiated by neurons involved in the selection of said actions. It is less clear how monkeys make decisions when unaware of the actions required to communicate their choice--what we refer to as  abstract decisions. We investigated this by training monkeys to associate the direction of motion of a noisy random-dot display with the color of two targets. Crucially, the targets were displayed at unpredictable locations after the motion stimulus was extinguished. We found that monkeys postponed decision formation until the targets were revealed. Neurons in the parietal association area LIP represented the integration of evidence leading to a choice, but as the stimulus was no longer visible, the samples of evidence must have been retrieved from short-term memory. Our results imply that when decisions are temporally unyoked from the motor actions they bear upon, decision formation is protracted until they can be framed in terms of motor actions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shushruth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadlen, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.30.442176</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequential sampling from memory underlies action selection during abstract decision making]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.01.441648v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A multisensory circuit for gating intense aversive experiences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.01.441648v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ventral hippocampus (vHPC) is critical for both learned and innate fear, but how discrete projections control different types of fear is poorly understood. Here, we report a novel excitatory circuit from a subpopulation of the ventral hippocampus CA1 subfield (vCA1) to the inhibitory peri-paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (pPVN) which then routes to the periaqueductal grey (PAG). We find that vCA1[-&gt;]pPVN projections modulate both learned and innate fear. Fiber photometric calcium recordings reveal that activity in vCA1[-&gt;]pPVN projections increases during the first moments of exposure to an unconditioned threat. Chemogenetic or optogenetic silencing of vCA1[-&gt;]pPVN cell bodies or vCA1[-&gt;]pPVN axon terminals in the pPVN enhances the initial magnitude of both active and passive unconditioned defensive responses, irrespective of the sensory modalities engaged by a particular innate threat. Moreover, silencing produces a dramatic impact on learned fear without affecting milder anxiety-like behaviors. We also show that vCA1[-&gt;]pPVN projections monosynaptically route to the PAG, a key brain region that orchestrates the fear response. Surprisingly, optogenetic silencing of vCA1 terminals in the pPVN titrates the level of c-Fos neural activity in the PAG differently for learned versus innate threats. Together, our results show how a novel vCA1[-&gt;]pPVN circuit modulates neuronal activity in the PAG to regulate both learned and innate fear. These findings have implications for how initial trauma processing may influence maladaptive defensive behaviors across fear and trauma-related disorders.

One Sentence SummaryA multisensory gate for high intensity aversive experiences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Asok, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leroy, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parro, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Solis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzpatrick, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalmbach, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neve, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rayman, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kandel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.01.441648</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A multisensory circuit for gating intense aversive experiences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.02.442363v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Myosins generate contractile force and maintain organization in the cytokinetic contractile ring 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.02.442363v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During cytokinesis cells assemble an actomyosin contractile ring whose tension constricts and divides cells, but the ring tension was rarely measured. Actomyosin force generation is well understood for the regular sarcomeric architecture of striated muscle, but recent super-resolution studies of fission yeast contractile rings revealed organizational building blocks that are not sarcomeres but irregularly positioned plasma membrane-anchored protein complexes called nodes. Here we measured contractile ring tensions in fission yeast protoplast cells. The myosin II isoforms Myo2 and Myp2 generated the tension, with a ~2-fold greater contribution from Myo2. Simulations of a molecularly detailed ring model revealed a sliding node mechanism for tension, where nodes hosting tense actin filaments were pulled bidirectionally around the ring. Myo2 and Myp2 chaperoned self-assembling components into the ring organization, and anchored the ring against bridging instabilities. Thus, beyond force production, Myo2 and Myp2 are the principal organizers, bundlers and anchors of the contractile ring.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McDargh, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiyagarajan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karatekin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Shaughnessy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.02.442363</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Myosins generate contractile force and maintain organization in the cytokinetic contractile ring]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.03.441837v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Use of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to Build Isogenic Systems and Investigate Type 1 Diabetes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.03.441837v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Type 1 diabetes is a disease that arises due to complex immunogenetic mechanisms. Key cell-cell interactions involved in the pathogenesis of T1D are activation of autoreactive T cells by dendritic cells (DC), migration of T cells across endothelial cells (EC) lining capillary walls into the islets of Langerhans, interaction of T cells with macrophages in the islets, and killing of {beta}-cells by autoreactive CD8+ T cells. Overall, pathogenic cell-cell interactions are likely regulated by the individuals collection of genetic T1D-risk variants. To accurately model the role of genetics, it is essential to build systems to interrogate single candidate genes in isolation during the interactions of cells that are essential for disease development. However, obtaining single-donor matched cells relevant to T1D is a challenge. Sourcing these genetic variants from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) avoids this limitation. Herein, we have differentiated iPSC from one donor into DC, macrophages, EC, and {beta}-cells. Additionally, we also engineered T cell avatars from the same donor to provide an in vitro platform to study genetic influences on these critical cellular interactions. This proof of concept demonstrates the ability to derive an isogenic system from a single donor to study these relevant cell-cell interactions. Our system constitutes an interdisciplinary approach with a controlled environment that provides a proof-of-concept for future studies to determine the role of disease alleles (e.g. IFIH1, PTPN22, SH2B3, TYK2) in regulating cell-cell interactions and cell-specific contributions to the pathogenesis of T1D.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Armitage, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stimpson, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santostefano, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sui, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogundare, S. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newby, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro-Gutierrez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huber, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radichev, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fredette, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savinov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terada, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brusko, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallet, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russ, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathews, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.03.441837</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Use of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to Build Isogenic Systems and Investigate Type 1 Diabetes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.03.442486v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Longitudinal analysis of diffuse glioma reveals cell state dynamics at recurrence associated with changes in genetics and the microenvironment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.03.442486v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To interrogate the factors driving therapy resistance in diffuse glioma, we collected and analyzed RNA and/or DNA sequencing data from temporally separated tumor pairs of 292 adult patients with IDH-wild-type or IDH-mutant glioma. Tumors recurred in distinct manners that were dependent on IDH mutation status and attributable to changes in histological feature composition, somatic alterations, and microenvironment interactions. Hypermutation and acquired CDKN2A deletions associated with an increase in proliferating stem-like malignant cells at recurrence in both glioma subtypes, reflecting active tumor growth. IDH-wild-type tumors were more invasive at recurrence, and their malignant cells exhibited increased expression of neuronal signaling programs that reflected a possible role for neuronal interactions in promoting glioma progression. Mesenchymal transition was associated with the presence of a specific myeloid cell state defined by unique ligand-receptor interactions with malignant cells. Collectively, our results uncover recurrence-associated changes that could be targetable to shape disease progression following initial diagnosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Varn, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wade, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malta, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabedot, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barthel, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Datta, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnholtz-Sloan, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Angelo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gan, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garofano, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huse, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khasraw, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kocakavuk, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Migliozzi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ormond, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paek, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Meir, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walenkamp, A. M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watts, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wesseling, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stead, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poisson, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noushmehr, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iavarone, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verhaak, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The GLASS Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.03.442486</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Longitudinal analysis of diffuse glioma reveals cell state dynamics at recurrence associated with changes in genetics and the microenvironment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.03.442499v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell gene regulatory network inference atscale: The Inferelator 3.0 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.03.442499v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationGene regulatory networks define regulatory relationships between transcription factors and target genes within a biological system, and reconstructing them is essential for understanding cellular growth and function. Methods for inferring and reconstructing networks from genomics data have evolved rapidly over the last decade in response to advances in sequencing technology and machine learning. The scale of data collection has increased dramatically; the largest genome-wide gene expression datasets have grown from thousands of measurements to millions of single cells, and new technologies are on the horizon to increase to tens of millions of cells and above.

ResultsIn this work, we present the Inferelator 3.0, which has been significantly updated to integrate data from distinct cell types to learn context-specific regulatory networks and aggregate them into a shared regulatory network, while retaining the functionality of the previous versions. The Inferelator is able to integrate the largest single-cell datasets and learn cell-type specific gene regulatory networks. Compared to other network inference methods, the Inferelator learns new and informative Saccharomyces cerevisiae networks from single-cell gene expression data, measured by recovery of a known gold standard. We demonstrate its scaling capabilities by learning networks for multiple distinct neuronal and glial cell types in the developing Mus musculus brain at E18 from a large (1.3 million) single-cell gene expression dataset with paired single-cell chromatin accessibility data.

AvailabilityThe inferelator software is available on GitHub (https://github.com/flatironinstitute/inferelator) under the MIT license and has been released as python packages with associated documentation (https://inferelator.readthedocs.io/).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Skok Gibbs, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saldi, G.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjärnberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watters, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Veaux, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tchourine, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamamsy, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carriero, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gresham, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miraldi, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonneau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.03.442499</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell gene regulatory network inference atscale: The Inferelator 3.0]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.04.442661v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic network regulating visual acuity makes limited contribution to visually guided eye emmetropization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.04.442661v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During postnatal development, the eye undergoes a refinement process whereby optical defocus guides eye growth towards sharp vision in a process of emmetropization. Optical defocus activates a signaling cascade originating in the retina and propagating across the back of the eye to the sclera. Several observations suggest that visual acuity might be important for optical defocus detection and processing in the retina; however, direct experimental evidence supporting or refuting the role of visual acuity in refractive eye development is lacking. Here, we used genome-wide transcriptomics to determine the relative contribution of the retinal genetic network regulating visual acuity to the signaling cascade underlying visually guided eye emmetropization.

Our results provide evidence that visual acuity is regulated at the level of molecular signaling in the retina by an extensive genetic network. The genetic network regulating visual acuity makes relatively small contribution to the signaling cascade underlying refractive eye development. This genetic network primarily affects baseline refractive eye development and this influence is primarily facilitated by the biological processes related to melatonin signaling, nitric oxide signaling, phototransduction, synaptic transmission, and dopamine signaling. We also observed that the visual-acuity-related genes associated with the development of human myopia are chiefly involved in light perception and phototransduction. Our results suggest that the visual-acuity-related genetic network primarily contributes to the signaling underlying baseline refractive eye development, whereas its impact on visually guided eye emmetropization is modest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tkatchenko, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tkatchenko, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.04.442661</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic network regulating visual acuity makes limited contribution to visually guided eye emmetropization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.05.441818v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural Representations of Food-Related Attributes in the Human Orbitofrontal Cortex in Health and Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.05.441818v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Decisions about what to eat recruit the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and involve the evaluation of food-related attributes, such as taste and health. These attributes are utilized differently by healthy individuals and patients with disordered eating behavior, but it is unclear whether these attributes are decodable from activity in the OFC in both groups and whether neural representations of these attributes are differentially related to decisions about food. We used fMRI combined with behavioral tasks to investigate the representation of taste and health attributes in the human OFC and the role of these representations in food choices in healthy individuals and patients with anorexia nervosa (AN). We found that subjective ratings of tastiness and healthiness could be decoded from patterns of activity in the OFC in both groups. However, health-related patterns of activity in the OFC were more related to the magnitude of choice preferences among patients with AN than healthy individuals. These findings suggest that maladaptive decision-making in AN is associated with more consideration of health information represented by the OFC during deliberation about what to eat.

Significance StatementAn open question about the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is whether it supports the evaluation of food-related attributes during deliberation about what to eat. We found that healthiness and tastiness information were decodable from patterns of neural activity in the OFC in both patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) and healthy controls. Critically, neural representations of health were more strongly related to choices in patients with AN, suggesting that maladaptive overconsideration of healthiness during deliberation about what to eat is related to activity in the OFC. More broadly, these results show that activity in the human OFC is associated with the evaluation of relevant attributes during value-based decision-making. These findings may also guide future research into the development of treatments for AN.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xue, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foerde, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinglass, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shohamy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakkour, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.05.441818</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural Representations of Food-Related Attributes in the Human Orbitofrontal Cortex in Health and Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.05.442653v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flexible neural control of motor units 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.05.442653v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Voluntary movement requires communication from cortex to the spinal cord, where a dedicated pool of motor units (MUs) activates each muscle. The canonical description of MU function rests upon two foundational tenets. First, cortex cannot control MUs independently but supplies each pool with a common drive. Second, MUs are recruited in a rigid fashion that largely accords with Hennemans size principle. While this paradigm has considerable empirical support, a direct test requires simultaneous observations of many MUs across diverse force profiles. We developed an isometric task that allowed stable MU recordings even during rapidly changing forces. MU activity patterns were surprisingly behavior-dependent. MU activity could not be accurately described as reflecting common drive, but could be captured by assuming multiple drives. Neuropixels probe recordings revealed that, consistent with the requirements of flexible control, the motor cortex population response displays a great many degrees of freedom. Neighboring cortical sites recruited different MUs. Thus, MU activity is flexibly controlled to meet task demands, and cortex may contribute to this ability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marshall, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaser, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trautmann, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amematsro, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perkins, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadlen, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchland, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.05.442653</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flexible neural control of motor units]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.06.442895v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ser/Thr phospho-regulation by PknB and Stp mediates bacterial quiescence and antibiotic persistence in Staphylococcus aureus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.06.442895v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Staphylococcus aureus colonizes 30 to 50% of healthy adults and can cause a variety of diseases, ranging from superficial to life-threatening invasive infections such as bacteraemia and endocarditis. Often, these infections are chronic and difficult-to-treat despite adequate antibiotic therapy. Most antibiotics act on metabolically active bacteria in order to eradicate them. Thus, bacteria with minimized energy consumption resulting in metabolic quiescence, have increased tolerance to antibiotics. The most energy intensive process in cells - protein synthesis - is attenuated in bacteria entering into quiescence. Eukaryote-like serine/threonine kinases (STKs) and phosphatases (STPs) can fine-tune essential cellular processes, thereby enabling bacteria to quickly respond to environmental changes and to modulate quiescence. Here, we show that deletion of the only annotated functional STP, named Stp, in S. aureus leads to increased bacterial lag-phase and phenotypic heterogeneity under different stress challenges, including acidic pH, intracellular milieu and in vivo abscess environment. This growth delay was associated with reduced intracellular ATP levels and increased antibiotic persistence. Using phosphopeptide enrichment and mass spectrometry-based proteomics, we identified possible targets of Ser/Thr phosphorylation that regulate cellular processes and bacterial growth, such as ribosomal proteins including the essential translation elongation factor EF-G. Finally, we show that acid stress leads to a reduced translational activity in the stp deletion mutant indicating metabolic quiescence correlating with increased antibiotic persistence.

One-sentence summaryPhospho-regulation mediates quiescence and antibiotic persistence in Staphylococcus aureus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huemer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mairpady Shambat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Gestel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergada-Pijuan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez Mejia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vulin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dworkin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zinkernagel, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.06.442895</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ser/Thr phospho-regulation by PknB and Stp mediates bacterial quiescence and antibiotic persistence in Staphylococcus aureus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.06.442974v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endothelial Unc5B controls blood-brain barrier integrity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.06.442974v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity is critical for proper function of the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we showed that the endothelial Netrin1 receptor Unc5B controls BBB integrity by maintaining Wnt/{beta}-catenin signaling. Inducible endothelial-specific deletion of Unc5B in adult mice led to region and size-selective BBB opening. Loss of Unc5B decreased BBB Wnt/{beta}-catenin signaling, and {beta}-catenin overexpression rescued Unc5B mutant BBB defects. Mechanistically, Netrin1 enhanced Unc5B interaction with the Wnt co-receptor LRP6, induced its phosphorylation and activated Wnt/{beta}-catenin downstream signaling. Intravenous delivery of antibodies blocking Netrin1 binding to Unc5B caused a transient disruption of Wnt signaling and BBB breakdown, followed by neurovascular barrier resealing. These data identify Netrin-Unc5B signaling as a novel regulator of BBB integrity with potential therapeutic utility for CNS diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boye, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geraldo, L. H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>furtado, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pibouin-fragner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maissa, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavitian, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agalliu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claesson-Welsh, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ackerman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.06.442974</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endothelial Unc5B controls blood-brain barrier integrity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.06.443008v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tools for efficient analysis of neurons in a 3D reference atlas of whole mouse spinal cord 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.06.443008v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spinal neurons are highly heterogeneous in location, transcriptional identity and function. To understand their contributions to sensorimotor circuits, it is essential to map the positions of identified subsets of neurons in relation to others throughout the spinal cord (SC), but we lack tools for whole SC sample preparation, imaging and in toto analysis. To overcome this problem, we have (1) designed scaffolds (SpineRacks) that facilitate efficient and ordered cryo-sectioning of the entire SC in a single block, (2) constructed a 3D reference atlas of adult mouse SC and (3) developed software (SpinalJ) to register images of sections and for standardized analysis of cells and projections in atlas space. We have verified mapping accuracies for known neurons and demonstrated the usefulness of this platform to reveal unknown neuronal distributions. Together, these tools provide high-throughput analyses of whole mouse SC and enable direct comparison of 3D spatial information between animals and studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fiederling, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammond, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodd, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.06.443008</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tools for efficient analysis of neurons in a 3D reference atlas of whole mouse spinal cord]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.08.443158v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resource Profile and User Guide of the Polygenic Index Repository 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.08.443158v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polygenic indexes (PGIs) are DNA-based predictors. Their value for research in many scientific disciplines is rapidly growing. As a resource for researchers, we used a consistent methodology to construct PGIs for 47 phenotypes in 11 datasets. To maximize the PGIs prediction accuracies, we constructed them using genome-wide association studies--some of which are novel--from multiple data sources, including 23andMe and UK Biobank. We present a theoretical framework to help interpret analyses involving PGIs. A key insight is that a PGI can be understood as an unbiased but noisy measure of a latent variable we call the "additive SNP factor." Regressions in which the true regressor is the additive SNP factor but the PGI is used as its proxy therefore suffer from errors-in-variables bias. We derive an estimator that corrects for the bias, illustrate the correction, and make a Python tool for implementing it publicly available.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Becker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burik, C. A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayashankar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belsky, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linner, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahlskog, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinds, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>23andMe Research Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caspi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corcoran, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moffitt, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugden, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steptoe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ajnakina, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milani, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esko, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iacono, W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnusson, P. K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallard, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harden, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker-Drob, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herd, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freese, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beauchamp, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koellinger, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oskarsson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johannesson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visscher, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laibson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cesarini, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.08.443158</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resource Profile and User Guide of the Polygenic Index Repository]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443354v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rab35 and glucocorticoids regulate APP and BACE1 trafficking to modulate Aβ production 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443354v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic stress and elevated glucocorticoids (GCs), the major stress hormones, are risk factors for Alzheimers disease (AD) and promote AD pathomechanisms, including overproduction of toxic amyloid-{beta} (A{beta}) peptides and intraneuronal accumulation of hyperphosphorylated Tau protein. The latter is linked to downregulation of the small GTPase Rab35, which mediates Tau degradation via the endolysosomal pathway. Whether Rab35 is also involved in A{beta} overproduction remains an open question. Here, we find that hippocampal Rab35 levels are decreased not only by stress/GC but also by aging, another AD risk factor. Moreover, Rab35 negatively regulates A{beta} production by sorting amyloid precursor protein (APP) and {beta}-secretase (BACE1) out of the endosomal network, where they interact to produce A{beta}. Interestingly, Rab35 coordinates distinct intracellular trafficking events for BACE1 and APP, mediated by its effectors OCRL and ACAP2, respectively. Finally, we show that Rab35 overexpression prevents the amyloidogenic trafficking of APP and BACE1 induced by high GC levels. These studies identify Rab35 as a key regulator of APP processing and suggest that its downregulation may contribute to stress- and AD-related amyloidogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhuravleva, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaz Silva, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sousa, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotiropoulos, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waites, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.10.443354</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rab35 and glucocorticoids regulate APP and BACE1 trafficking to modulate Aβ production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443487v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Absence of muricholic acid due to Cyp2c-deficiency protects against high fat diet-induced obesity in male mice but promotes liver damage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443487v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveMurine-specific muricholic acids (MCAs) are reported to protect against obesity and associated metabolic disorders. However, the response of mice with genetic depletion of MCA to an obesogenic diet has not been evaluated. We used Cyp2c-deficient (Cyp2c-/-) mice, which lack MCAs and thus have a human-like bile acid (BA) profile, to directly investigate the potential role of MCAs in diet-induced obesity.

MethodsMale and female Cyp2c-/- mice and wild-type controls were fed a standard chow diet or a high fat diet (HFD) for 18 weeks. We measured BA composition from a pool of liver, gallbladder, and intestine, as well as weekly body weight, food intake, lean and fat mass, systemic glucose homeostasis, energy expenditure, intestinal lipid absorption, fecal lipid, and energy content.

ResultsCyp2c deficiency depleted MCAs and caused other changes in BA composition, namely a decrease in the ratio of 12-hydroxylated (12-OH) BAs to non-12-OH BAs, without altering the total BA levels. While wild-type male mice became obese after HFD-feeding, Cyp2c-/- male mice were protected from obesity and associated metabolic dysfunctions. Cyp2c-/- male mice also showed reduced intestinal lipid absorption and increased lipid excretion, which was reversed by oral gavage with the 12-OH BA, taurocholic acid. Cyp2c-/- mice also showed increased liver damage, which appeared stronger in females.

ConclusionMCA does not protect against diet-induced obesity but may protect against liver injury. Reduced lipid absorption in Cyp2c-deficient male mice is potentially due to a reduced ratio of 12-OH/non-12-OH BAs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oteng, A.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higuchi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banks, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haeusler, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.10.443487</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Absence of muricholic acid due to Cyp2c-deficiency protects against high fat diet-induced obesity in male mice but promotes liver damage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.11.443616v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hierarchical confounder discovery in the experiment-machine learning cycle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.11.443616v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The promise of using machine learning (ML) to extract scientific insights from high dimensional datasets is tempered by the frequent presence of confounding variables, and it behooves scientists to determine whether or not a model has extracted the desired information or instead may have fallen prey to bias. Due both to features of many natural phenomena and to practical constraints of experimental design, complex bioscience datasets tend to be organized in nested hierarchies which can obfuscate the origin of a confounding effect and obviate traditional methods of confounder amelioration. We propose a simple non-parametric statistical method called the Rank-to-Group (RTG) score that can identify hierarchical confounder effects in raw data and ML-derived data embeddings. We show that RTG scores correctly assign the effects of hierarchical confounders in cases where linear methods such as regression fail. In a large public biomedical image dataset, we discover unreported effects of experimental design. We then use RTG scores to discover cross-modal correlated variability in a complex multi-phenotypic biological dataset. This approach should be of general use in experiment-analysis cycles and to ensure confounder robustness in ML models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rogozhnikov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramkumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kato, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escola, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.11.443616</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hierarchical confounder discovery in the experiment-machine learning cycle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.11.443666v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Delayed DNA replication in haploid human embryonic stem cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.11.443666v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Haploid human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) provide a powerful genetic system but diploidize at high rates. We hypothesized that diploidization results from aberrant DNA replication. To test this, we profiled DNA replication timing in isogenic haploid and diploid ESCs. The greatest difference was the earlier replication of the X chromosome in haploids, consistent with the lack of X chromosome inactivation. Surprisingly, we also identified 21 autosomal regions that had dramatically delayed replication in haploids, extending beyond the normal S phase and into G2/M. Haploid-delays comprised a unique set of quiescent genomic regions that are also under-replicated in polyploid placental cells. The same delays were observed in female ESCs with two active X chromosomes, suggesting that increased X chromosome dosage may cause delayed autosomal replication. We propose that incomplete replication at the onset of mitosis could prevent cell division and result in re-entry into the cell cycle and whole genome duplication.

HighlightsO_LIDNA replication timing of haploid ESCs profiled by WGS
C_LIO_LIExtreme replication timing delays in haploid ESCs at unique genomic regions
C_LIO_LIReplication delays associate with X-chromosome dosage in multiple systems
C_LIO_LIReplication delayed regions correspond to underreplication in mouse polyploid cells
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Edwards, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuccaro, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vershkov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benvenisty, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.11.443666</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Delayed DNA replication in haploid human embryonic stem cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443683v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nuclear lamin isoforms differentially contribute to LINC complex-dependent nucleocytoskeletal coupling and whole cell mechanics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443683v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability of a cell to regulate its mechanical properties is central to its function. Emerging evidence suggests that interactions between the cell nucleus and cytoskeleton influence cell mechanics through poorly understood mechanisms. Here we show that A- and B-type nuclear lamin isoforms distinctively modulate both nuclear and cellular volume and selectively stabilize the linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complexes that couple the nucleus to cytoskeletal actin and vimentin. We reveal, further, that loss of each of the four-known lamin isoforms in the mouse embryonic fibroblasts differentially affects cortical and cytoplasmic stiffness as well as cellular contractility, and then propose a LINC complex mediated model that explains these impaired mechanical phenotypes. Finally, we demonstrate that loss of each lamin isoform softens the nucleus in a manner that correlates with loss of heterochromatin. Together, these findings uncover distinctive roles for each lamin isoform in maintaining cellular and nuclear mechanics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vahabikashi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivagurunathan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicdao, F. A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, Y. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gundersen, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luxton, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fredberg, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.12.443683</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nuclear lamin isoforms differentially contribute to LINC complex-dependent nucleocytoskeletal coupling and whole cell mechanics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443785v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Origin of Bladder Cancer from Mucosal Field Effects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443785v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We used whole-organ mapping to study loco-geographic molecular changes in evolution of human bladder cancer from mucosal field effects. The integrative multi-platform analyses based on genome-wide RNA sequencing, methylation, copy number variations, and whole exome sequencing identified over 100 dysregulated canonical pathways involving immunity, tissue differentiation and transformation as initiators of bladder carcinogenesis. Widespread dysregulation of interleukin signaling was the dominant change signifying the important role of inflammation and immunity in the incipient phases of urothelial carcinogenesis. The analyses of mutational patterns identified three types of mutations based on their geographic distribution and variant allele frequencies. The most common were low frequency subclonal mutations restricted to individual mucosal samples which were the progeny of their respective uroprogenitor cells. The two additional types of mutations were associated with clonal expansion and involved large areas of bladder mucosa. The first group referred to as  mutations, showed a low mutational frequency across the mucosa. The second group referred to as {beta} mutations increased in their frequencies with disease progression and a large proportion of them represented mutated transcriptional regulators controlling proliferation. Time modeling revealed that bladder carcinogenesis is spanning 10-15 years and can be divided into dormant and progressive phases. The progressive phase lasted 1-2 years and was primarily driven by {beta} mutations with high proliferative advantage. This is the first detailed molecular characterization of mucosal field effects initiating bladder carcinogenesis on the whole-organ scale. It provides novel insights into incipient phases of bladder carcinogenesis and biomarkers for early detection of bladder cancer as well as targets for preventive therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bondaruk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaksik, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cogdell, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinh, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majewski, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstein, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinney, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theodorescu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logothetis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McConkey, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimmel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czerniak, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.12.443785</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Origin of Bladder Cancer from Mucosal Field Effects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443866v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Preclinical characterization and target validation of the antimalarial pantothenamide MMV693183 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443866v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drug resistance and a dire lack of transmission-blocking antimalarials hamper malaria elimination. Here, we present the pantothenamide MMV693183 as a first-in-class acetyl-CoA synthetase (ACS) inhibitor to enter preclinical development. Our studies demonstrated attractive drug-like properties and in vivo efficacy in a humanized mouse model of Plasmodium falciparum infection. The compound showed exceptional in vitro activity against P. falciparum and P. vivax clinical isolates, and potently blocked P. falciparum transmission to Anopheles mosquitoes. Genetic and biochemical studies identified ACS as the target of the MMV693183-derived antimetabolite, CoA-MMV693183. MMV693183 was well adsorbed after oral administration in mice, rats and dogs. Pharmacokinetic - pharmacodynamic modelling predicted that a single 30 mg oral dose is sufficient to cure a malaria infection in humans. In conclusion, the ACS-targeting compound MMV693183 represents a promising addition to the portfolio of antimalarials in (pre)clinical development with a novel mode of action for the treatment of malaria and blocking transmission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Vries, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jansen, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barcelo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verhoef, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasaje, C. F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubiano, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Striepen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolscher, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huijs, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koolen, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tumwebaze, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguiar, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angulo-Barturen, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchyard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamo, F.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guido, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez-Diaz, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rochford, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanz, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trevitt, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wittlin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenthal, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauerwein, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schalkwijk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermkens, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonnert, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fidock, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llinas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niles, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooij, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dechering, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.12.443866</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Preclinical characterization and target validation of the antimalarial pantothenamide MMV693183]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.13.443980v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Thrombopoietin from hepatocytes promotes hematopoietic stem cell regeneration after myeloablation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.13.443980v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The bone marrow niche plays a critical role in hematopoietic recovery and hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) regeneration after myeloablation. However, it is not clear whether systemic factors beyond the local niche are required for these essential processes in vivo. Thrombopoietin (TPO) is a critical cytokine promoting hematopoietic rebound after myeloablation and its transcripts are expressed by multiple cellular sources. The upregulation of bone marrow-derived TPO has been proposed to be crucial for hematopoietic recovery and HSC regeneration after stress. Nonetheless, the cellular source of TPO in stress has never been investigated genetically. We assessed the functional sources of TPO following two common myeloablative perturbations: 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) administration and irradiation. Using a Tpo translational reporter, we found that the liver but not the bone marrow is the major source of TPO protein after myeloablation. Mice with conditional Tpo deletion from osteoblasts or bone marrow stromal cells showed normal recovery of HSCs and hematopoiesis after myeloablation. In contrast, mice with conditional Tpo deletion from hepatocytes showed significant defects in HSC regeneration and hematopoietic rebound after myeloablation. Thus, systemic TPO from the liver is necessary for HSC regeneration and hematopoietic recovery in myeloablative stress conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ding, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Decker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.13.443980</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Thrombopoietin from hepatocytes promotes hematopoietic stem cell regeneration after myeloablation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.14.444080v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ranking Reprogramming Factors for Directed Differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.14.444080v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription factor over-expression is a proven method for reprogramming cells to a desired cell type for regenerative medicine and therapeutic discovery. However, a general method for the identification of reprogramming factors to create an arbitrary cell type is an open problem. We examine the success rate of methods and data for directed differentiation by testing the ability of nine computational methods (CellNet, GarNet, EBSeq, AME, DREME, HOMER, KMAC, diffTF, and DeepAccess) to correctly discover and rank candidate factors for eight target cell types with known reprogramming solutions. We compare methods that utilize gene expression, biological networks, and chromatin accessibility data to identify eight sets of known reprogramming factors and comprehensively test parameter and pre-processing of input data to optimize performance of these methods. We find the best factor identification methods can identify an average of 50-60% of reprogramming factors within the top 10 candidates, and methods that use chromatin accessibility perform the best. Among the chromatin accessibility methods, complex methods DeepAccess and diffTF are more likely to consistently correctly rank the significance of transcription factor candidates within reprogramming protocols for differentiation. We provide evidence that AME and DeepAccess are optimal methods for transcription factor recovery and ranking which will allow for systematic prioritization of transcription factor candidates to aid in the design of novel reprogramming protocols.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hammelman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Closser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wichterle, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gifford, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.14.444080</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ranking Reprogramming Factors for Directed Differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.15.444287v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pre-training RNNs on ecologically relevant tasks explains sub-optimal behavioral reset 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.15.444287v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The strategies found by animals facing a new task are determined both by individual experience and by structural priors evolved to leverage the statistics of natural environments. Rats can quickly learn to capitalize on the trial sequence correlations of two-alternative forced choice (2AFC) tasks after correct trials, but consistently deviate from optimal behavior after error trials, when they waive the accumulated evidence. To understand this outcome-dependent gating, we first show that Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) trained in the same 2AFC task outperform rats as they can readily learn to use across-trial information both after correct and error trials. We hypothesize that, while RNNs can optimize their behavior in the 2AFC task without any a priori restrictions, rats strategy is constrained by a structural prior adapted to a natural environment in which rewarded and non-rewarded actions provide largely asymmetric information. When pre-training RNNs in a more ecological task with more than two possible choices, networks develop a strategy by which they gate off the across-trial evidence after errors, mimicking rats behavior. Population analyses show that the pre-trained networks form an accurate representation of the sequence statistics independently of the outcome in the previous trial. After error trials, gating is implemented by a change in the network dynamics which temporarily decouples the categorization of the stimulus from the across-trial accumulated evidence. Our results suggest that the suboptimal behavior observed in rats reflects the influence of a structural prior that reacts to errors by isolating the network decision dynamics from the context, ultimately constraining the performance in a 2AFC laboratory task.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Molano-Mazon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duque, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de la Rocha, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.15.444287</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pre-training RNNs on ecologically relevant tasks explains sub-optimal behavioral reset]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.16.444361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flexibility of Functional Neuronal Assemblies Supports Human Memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.16.444361v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary ParagraphEpisodic memories, or consciously accessible memories of unique events, represent a key aspect of human cognition. Evidence from rodent models suggests that the neural representation of these complex memories requires cooperative firing of groups of neurons on short time scales1, organized by gamma oscillations2, 3. These co-firing groups, termed "neuronal assemblies,"4 represent a fundamental neurophysiological unit supporting memory. Using microelectrode data from neurosurgical patients5, we identify neuronal assemblies in the human MTL and show that they exhibit consistent organization in their firing pattern based on gamma phase information. We connect these properties to memory performance across recording sessions. Finally, we describe how human neuronal assemblies flexibly adjust6-9 over longer time scales. Our findings provide key evidence linking assemblies to human episodic memory for the first time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Umbach, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfeiffer, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lega, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.16.444361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flexibility of Functional Neuronal Assemblies Supports Human Memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.17.443847v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impaired α-tubulin re-tyrosination leads to synaptic dysfunction and is a feature of Alzheimer's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.17.443847v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In neurons, dynamic microtubules play regulatory roles in neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity. While stable microtubules contain detyrosinated tubulin, dynamic microtubules are composed of tyrosinated tubulin, suggesting that the tubulin tyrosination/detyrosination (Tyr/deTyr) cycle modulates microtubule dynamics and synaptic function. In the Tyr/deTyr cycle, the C-terminal tyrosine of -tubulin is re-added by tubulin-tyrosine-ligase (TTL). Here we show that TTL+/- mice exhibit decreased tyrosinated microtubules, synaptic plasticity and memory deficits, and that reduced TTL expression is a feature of sporadic and familial Alzheimers disease (AD), with human APPV717I neurons having less dynamic microtubules. We find that spines visited by dynamic microtubules are more resistant to Amyloid{beta}1-42 and that TTL, by promoting microtubule entry into spines, prevents A{beta}1-42-induced spine pruning. Our results demonstrate that the Tyr/deTyr cycle regulates synaptic plasticity, is protective against spine injury, and that tubulin re-tyrosination is lost in AD, providing evidence that a defective Tyr/deTyr cycle may contribute to neurodegeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peris, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soleilhac, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parato, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lante, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pero, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Hernandez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corrao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falivelli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gory-Faure, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosc, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanca Ramirez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sproul, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brocard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Cara, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delagrange, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buisson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moutin, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartolini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrieux, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.17.443847</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impaired α-tubulin re-tyrosination leads to synaptic dysfunction and is a feature of Alzheimer's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.17.444363v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Schema representations in distinct brain networks support narrative memory during encoding and retrieval 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.17.444363v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Schematic prior knowledge can scaffold the construction of event memories during perception and also provide structured cues to guide memory search during retrieval. We measured the activation of story-specific and schematic representations using fMRI while participants were presented with 16 stories and then recalled each of the narratives, and related these activations to memory for specific story details. We predicted that schema representations in mPFC would be correlated with successful recall of story details. In keeping with this prediction, an anterior mPFC region showed a significant correlation between activation of schema representations at encoding and subsequent behavioral recall performance; however, this mPFC region was not implicated in schema representation during retrieval. More generally, our analyses revealed largely distinct brain networks at encoding and retrieval in which schema activation was related to successful recall. These results provide new insight into when and where event knowledge can support narrative memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Masis-Obando, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldassano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.17.444363</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Schema representations in distinct brain networks support narrative memory during encoding and retrieval]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.17.444505v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Toughening mechanisms for the attachment of architectured materials: The mechanics of the tendon enthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.17.444505v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Architectured materials offer tailored mechanical properties but are limited in engineering applications due to challenges in maintaining toughness across their attachments. The enthesis connects tendon and bone, two vastly different architectured materials, and exhibits toughness across a wide range of loadings. Understanding the mechanisms by which this is achieved could inform the development of engineered attachments. Integrating experiments, simulations, and novel imaging that enabled simultaneous observation of mineralized and unmineralized tissues, we identified putative mechanisms of enthesis toughening in a mouse model and then manipulated these mechanisms via in vivo control of mineralization and architecture. Imaging uncovered a fibrous architecture within the enthesis that controls trade-offs between strength and toughness. In vivo models of pathology revealed architectural adaptations that optimize these trade-offs through cross-scale mechanisms including nanoscale protein denaturation, milliscale load-sharing, and macroscale energy absorption. Results suggest strategies for optimizing architecture for tough bimaterial attachments in medicine and engineering.

TeaserThe architecture of the tendon-to-bone attachment is designed for toughness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Golman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurtaliaj, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thurner, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genin, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomopoulos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.17.444505</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Toughening mechanisms for the attachment of architectured materials: The mechanics of the tendon enthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.19.442954v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impaired and Intact Aspects of Attentional Competition and Prioritization during Visual Working Memory Encoding in Schizophrenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.19.442954v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPeople with schizophrenia (PSZ) are impaired in attentional prioritization of non-salient but relevant stimuli over salient distractors during visual working memory (VWM) encoding. Conversely, guidance of top-down attention by external predictive cues is intact. Yet, it is unknown whether this preserved ability can help PSZ encode more information in the presence of salient distractors.

MethodsWe employed a visuospatial change-detection task using four Gabor patches with differing orientations in 66 PSZ and 74 healthy controls (HCS). Two Gabor patches flickered which were designated either as targets or distractors and either a predictive or a non-predictive cue was displayed to manipulate top-down attention, resulting in four conditions.

ResultsWe observed significant effects of group, salience and cue as well as significant interactions of salience by cue, group by salience and group by cue. Across all conditions, PSZ stored significantly less information in VWM than HCS. PSZ stored significantly less non-flickering than flickering information with a non-predictive cue. However, PSZ stored significantly more flickering and non-flickering information with a predictive cue.

ConclusionsOur findings indicate that control of attentional selection is impaired in schizophrenia. We demonstrate that additional top-down information significantly improves performance in PSZ. The observed deficit in attentional control suggests a disturbance of GABAergic inhibition in early visual areas. Moreover, our findings are indicative of a mechanism for enhancing attentional control in PSZ, which could be utilized by pro-cognitive interventions. Thus, the current paradigm is suitable to reveal both preserved and compromised cognitive component processes in schizophrenia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barnes, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roesler, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaum, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiweck, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reif, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wibral, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bittner, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.19.442954</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impaired and Intact Aspects of Attentional Competition and Prioritization during Visual Working Memory Encoding in Schizophrenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.19.444831v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Maternal separation affects fronto-cortical activity in rat pups during dam-pup interactions and behavioral transitions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.19.444831v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Early-life stress is known to impair neurodevelopment. Prior work from our group showed that prolonged physical and emotional separation necessitated by the medical needs of preterm infants (born <37 weeks) is associated with lower electroencephalogram (EEG) power in frontal areas, and that trend can be reversed by an intervention that enhances the physical and emotional contact between preterm infant and mother. Here we sought to model the changes in preterm infant frontal EEG power in a rodent model. We examined effects of daily maternal separation (MS) on frontal cortex electrophysiological (electrocorticography [EcoG]) activity in neonatal rats. We also explored the effects of dam-pup behavioral interactions on EcoG activity. From postnatal days (P) 2-10, rat pups were separated daily from their dam and isolated from their littermates for 3 hours. Control rats were normally reared. On P10, pups were implanted with telemetry devices and an electrode placed on the left frontal dura. EcoG activity was recorded during daily sessions over the next four days while pups remained in the home cage, as well as in response to a pup-dam isolation-reunion paradigm at P12. EcoG power was computed in 1 Hz frequency bins between 1-100 Hz. Dam and pup behavioral interactions during recording sessions were coded and synchronized to EcoG data. MS pups showed lower EcoG power during dam-pup interactions. These data parallel human and provide evidence of lower fronto-cortical activity as an early marker of early-life stress and possible mechanism for long-term effects of maternal separation on neurobehavioral development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ranger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behring, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaidbey, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anwar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipshutz, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mollicone, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fasano, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinz, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludwig, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumitriu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.19.444831</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Maternal separation affects fronto-cortical activity in rat pups during dam-pup interactions and behavioral transitions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.20.444828v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rare copy number variants (CNVs) and breast cancer risk 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.20.444828v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCopy number variants (CNVs) are pervasive in the human genome but potential disease associations with rare CNVs have not been comprehensively assessed in large datasets. We analysed rare CNVs in genes and non-coding regions for 86,788 breast cancer cases and 76,122 controls of European ancestry with genome-wide array data.

ResultsGene burden tests detected the strongest association for deletions in BRCA1 (P= 3.7E-18). Nine other genes were associated with a p-value < 0.01 including known susceptibility genes CHEK2 (P= 0.0008), ATM (P= 0.002) and BRCA2 (P= 0.008). Outside the known genes we detected associations with p-values < 0.001 for either overall or subtype-specific breast cancer at nine deletion regions and four duplication regions. Three of the deletion regions were in established common susceptibility loci.

ConclusionsThis is the first genome-wide analysis of rare CNVs in a large breast cancer case-control dataset. We detected associations with exonic deletions in established breast cancer susceptibility genes. We also detected suggestive associations with non-coding CNVs in known and novel loci with large effects sizes. Larger sample sizes will be required to reach robust levels of statistical significance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dennis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyrer, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michailidou, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorling, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolla, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahearn, T. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrulis, I. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anton-Culver, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonenkova, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arndt, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronson, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beane Freeman, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckmann, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrens, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benitez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bermisheva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogdanova, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bojesen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castelao, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang-Claude, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chenevix-Trench, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collaborators, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collee, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Consortium, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couch, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cross, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czene, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devilee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dork, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dossus, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eliassen, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eriksson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fasching, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figueroa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.20.444828</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rare copy number variants (CNVs) and breast cancer risk]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.20.445002v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PISCES: A pipeline for the Systematic, Protein Activity-based Analysis of Single Cell RNA Sequencing Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.20.445002v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While single-cell RNA sequencing provides a remarkable window on pathophysiologic tissue biology and heterogeneity, its high gene-dropout rate and low signal-to-noise ratio challenge quantitative analyses and mechanistic understanding. To address this issue, we developed PISCES, a platform for the network-based, single-cell analysis of mammalian tissue. PISCES accurately estimates the mechanistic contribution of regulatory and signaling proteins to cell state implementation and maintenance, based on the expression of their lineage-specific transcriptional targets, thus supporting discovery and visualization of Master Regulators of cell state and cell state transitions. Experimental validation assays, including by assessing concordance with antibody and CITE-Seq-based measurements, show significant improvement in the ability to identify rare subpopulations and to elucidate key lineage markers, compared to gene expression analysis. Systematic analysis of single cell profiles in the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) produced a comprehensive resource for human tissue studies, supporting fine-grain stratification of distinct cell states, molecular determinants, and surface markers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vlahos, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obradovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laise, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.20.445002</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PISCES: A pipeline for the Systematic, Protein Activity-based Analysis of Single Cell RNA Sequencing Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.20.445022v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The proportional recovery rule redux: Arguments for its biological and predictive relevance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.20.445022v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The proportional recovery rule (PRR) posits that most stroke survivors can expect to reduce a fixed proportion of their motor impairment. As a statistical model, the PRR explicitly relates change scores to baseline values - an approach that has the potential to introduce artifacts and flawed conclusions. We describe approaches that can assess associations between baseline and changes from baseline while avoiding artifacts due either to mathematical coupling or regression to the mean due to measurement error. We also describe methods that can compare different biological models of recovery. Across several real datasets, we find evidence for non-artifactual associations between baseline and change, and support for the PRR compared to alternative models. We conclude that the PRR remains a biologically-relevant model of recovery, and also introduce a statistical perspective that can be used to assess future models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goldsmith, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitago, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia de la Garza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundert, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luft, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stinear, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byblow, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwakkel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krakauer, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.20.445022</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The proportional recovery rule redux: Arguments for its biological and predictive relevance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.22.443646v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Demuxalot: scaled up genetic demultiplexing for single-cell sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.22.443646v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Demultiplexing methods have facilitated the widespread use of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) experiments by lowering costs and reducing technical variations. Here, we present demuxalot: a method for probabilistic genotype inference from aligned reads, with no assumptions about allele ratios and efficient incorporation of prior genotype information from historical experiments in a multi-batch setting. Our method efficiently incorporates additional information across reads originating from the same transcript, enabling up to 3x more calls per read relative to naive approaches. We also propose a novel and highly performant tradeoff between methods that rely on reference genotypes and methods that learn variants from the data, by selecting a small number of highly informative variants that maximize the marginal information with respect to reference single nucleotide variants (SNVs). Our resulting improved SNV-based demultiplex method is up to 3x faster, 3x more data efficient, and achieves significantly more accurate doublet discrimination than previously published methods. This approach renders scRNAseq feasible for the kind of large multi-batch, multi-donor studies that are required to prosecute diseases with heterogeneous genetic backgrounds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rogozhnikov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramkumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kato, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escola, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.22.443646</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Demuxalot: scaled up genetic demultiplexing for single-cell sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.22.445286v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MLC Seq: De novo sequencing of full-length tRNA isoforms by mass ladder complementation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.22.445286v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
tRNAs can exist in distinct isoforms because of different chemical modifications, which confounds attempts to accurately sequence individual tRNA species using next generation sequencing approaches or to quantify different RNA modifications at specific sites on a tRNA strand. Herein, we develop a mass spectrometric (MS) ladder complementation sequencing (MLC-Seq), allowing for direct and simultaneous sequencing of full-length tRNA molecules, including those with low abundance. MLC-seq is achieved by improved instrumentation, and advanced algorithms that identify each tRNA species and related isoforms in an RNA mixture, and assemble full MS ladders from partial ladders with missing ladder components. Using MLC-Seq, we successfully obtained the sequence of tRNA-Phe from yeast and tRNA-Glu from mouse hepatocytes, and simultaneously revealed new tRNA isoforms derived from nucleotide modifications. Importantly, MLC-Seq pinpointed the location and stoichiometry changes of RNA modifications in tRNA-Glu upon the treatment of dealkylated enzyme AlkB, which confirmed its known enzymatic activity and suggested previously unidentified effects in RNA editing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turkel, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, E.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.22.445286</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MLC Seq: De novo sequencing of full-length tRNA isoforms by mass ladder complementation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.24.445353v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Role of molecular polymorphism in defining tau filament structures in neurodegenerative diseases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.24.445353v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Misfolding and aggregation of tau protein is implicated in many neurodegenerative diseases that are typified by the presence of large, filamentous tau inclusions. The aggregation of tau in human brain is disease-specific with characteristic filaments defining the neuropathology. An understanding of how identical tau isoforms aggregate into disparate filament morphologies in phenotypically distinct tau-related diseases remains elusive. Here, we determine the structure of a brain-derived twisted tau filament in progressive supranuclear palsy and compare it to a dissimilar tau fold found in corticobasal degeneration. While the tau filament core in both diseases is comprised of residues 274 to 380, molecular-level polymorphism exists. Potential origins of the molecular polymorphism, such as noncovalent cofactor binding, are identified and predicted to modulate tau filament structures in the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arakhamia, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlomagno, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhingra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thierry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeTure, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickson, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrucelli, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzpatrick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.24.445353</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Role of molecular polymorphism in defining tau filament structures in neurodegenerative diseases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.24.445427v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanistic studies of non-canonical amino acid mutagenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.24.445427v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the past decade, harnessing the cellular protein synthesis machinery to incorporate non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs) into tailor-made peptides has significantly advanced many aspects of molecular science. More recently, groundbreaking progress in our ability to engineer this machinery for improved ncAA incorporation has led to significant enhancements of this powerful tool for biology and chemistry. By revealing the molecular basis for the poor or improved incorporation of ncAAs, mechanistic studies of ncAA incorporation by the protein synthesis machinery have tremendous potential for informing and directing such engineering efforts. In this chapter, we describe a set of complementary biochemical and single-molecule fluorescence assays that we have adapted for mechanistic studies of ncAA incorporation. Collectively, these assays provide data that can guide engineering of the protein synthesis machinery to expand the range of ncAAs that can be incorporated into peptides and increase the efficiency with which they can be incorporated, thereby enabling the full potential of ncAA mutagenesis technology to be realized.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fleisher, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.24.445427</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanistic studies of non-canonical amino acid mutagenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.445787v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 Nsp14 activates NF-κB signaling and induces IL-8 upregulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.445787v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection leads to NF-{kappa}B activation and induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, though the underlying mechanism for this activation is not fully understood. Our results reveal that the SARS-CoV-2 Nsp14 protein contributes to the viral activation of NF-{kappa}B signaling. Nsp14 caused the nuclear translocation of NF-{kappa}B p65. Nsp14 induced the upregulation of IL-6 and IL-8, which also occurred in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells. IL-8 upregulation was further confirmed in lung tissue samples from COVID-19 patients. A previous proteomic screen identified the putative interaction of Nsp14 with host Inosine-5-monophosphate dehydrogenase 2 (IMPDH2) protein, which is known to regulate NF-{kappa}B signaling. We confirmed the Nsp14-IMPDH2 protein interaction and found that IMPDH2 knockdown or chemical inhibition using ribavirin (RIB) and mycophenolic acid (MPA) abolishes Nsp14-mediated NF-{kappa}B activation and cytokine induction. Furthermore, IMDPH2 inhibitors (RIB, MPA) efficiently blocked SARS-CoV-2 infection, indicating that IMDPH2, and possibly NF-{kappa}B signaling, is beneficial to viral replication. Overall, our results identify a novel role of SARS-CoV-2 Nsp14 in causing the activation of NF-{kappa}B.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, T.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenney, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiches, G. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Que, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santoso, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yount, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.26.445787</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 Nsp14 activates NF-κB signaling and induces IL-8 upregulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.28.446215v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional analysis of peripheral memory T cells reveals Parkinson's disease-specific gene signatures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.28.446215v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons disease (PD) is a multi-stage neurodegenerative disorder with largely unknown etiology. Recent findings have identified PD-associated autoimmune features including roles for T cells. To further characterize the role of T cells in PD, we performed RNA sequencing on PBMC and peripheral CD4 and CD8 memory T cell subsets derived from PD patients and age-matched healthy controls. When the groups were stratified by their T cell responsiveness to alpha-synuclein (-syn) as a proxy for ongoing inflammatory autoimmune response, the study revealed a broad differential gene expression profile in memory T cell subsets and a specific PD associated gene signature. We identified a significant enrichment of transcriptomic signatures previously associated with PD, including for oxidative stress, phosphorylation, autophagy of mitochondria, cholesterol metabolism and inflammation, and the chemokine signaling proteins CX3CR1, CCR5 and CCR1. In addition, we identified genes in these peripheral cells that have previously been shown to be involved in PD pathogenesis and expressed in neurons, such as LRRK2, LAMP3, and aquaporin. Together, these findings suggest that features of circulating T cells with -syn-specific responses in PD patients provide insights into the interactive processes that occur during PD pathogenesis and suggest potential intervention targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dhanwani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues Lima-Junior, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sethi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frazier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amara, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Standaert, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litvan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcalay, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulzer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindestam Arlehamn, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sette, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.28.446215</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional analysis of peripheral memory T cells reveals Parkinson's disease-specific gene signatures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.29.445964v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effect sizes and test-retest reliability of the fMRI-based Neurologic Pain Signature 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.29.445964v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying biomarkers that predict mental states with large effect sizes and high test-retest reliability is a growing priority for fMRI research. We examined a well-established multivariate brain measure that tracks pain induced by nociceptive input, the Neurologic Pain Signature (NPS). In N = 295 participants across eight studies, NPS responses showed a very large effect size in predicting within-person single-trial pain reports (d = 1.45) and medium effect size in predicting individual differences in pain reports (d = 0.49). The NPS showed excellent shortterm (within-day) test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.84, with average 69.5 trials/person). Reliability scaled with the number of trials within-person, with [&ge;]60 trials required for excellent test-retest reliability. Reliability was tested in two additional studies across 5-day (N = 29, ICC = 0.74, 30 trials/person) and 1-month (N = 40, ICC = 0.46, 5 trials/person) test-retest intervals. The combination of strong within-person correlations and only modest between-person correlations between the NPS and pain reports indicate that the two measures have different sources of between-person variance. The NPS is not a surrogate for individual differences in pain reports but can serve as a reliable measure of pain-related physiology and mechanistic target for interventions.

Significance statementCurrent efforts towards translating brain biomarkers require identifying brain measures that can strongly and reliably predict outcomes of interest. We systematically examined the performance of a well-established brain activity pattern, the Neurological Pain Signature (NPS), in a large and diverse sample of participants. The NPS showed excellent reliability, and the reliability scaled with the number of trials within-person. The NPS responses showed strong correlations with pain reports at the within-person level but only modest correlations at the between-person level. The findings suggest that the NPS is not a surrogate for individual differences in pain reports but can serve as a reliable measure of a pain-related physiological target.

Author NoteThis project was supported by grants R01MH076136 (T.D.W.), R01DA046064, R01EB026549, and R01DA035484. Elizabeth A. Reynolds Losin was supported by a Mentored Research Scientist Development award from National Institute On Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health (K01DA045735). Lauren Y. Atlas was supported in part by funding from the Intramural Research Program of the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. Yoni K. Ashar was supported by NCATS Grant # TL1-TR-002386. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. Code for all analyses and figures is available at https://github.com/XiaochunHan/NPS_measurement_properties. Data for all analyses and figures is available at https://osf.io/v9px7/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashar, Y. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kragel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petre, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schelkun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atlas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jepma, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koban, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Losin, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, C.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wager, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.29.445964</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effect sizes and test-retest reliability of the fMRI-based Neurologic Pain Signature]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.29.446254v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Frequency and Phase Correction Using Convolutional Neural Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.29.446254v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We introduce DeepSPEC, a novel convolutional neural network (CNN) -based approach for frequency-and-phase correction (FPC) of MRS spectra to achieve fast and accurate FPC of single-voxel PRESS MRS and MEGA-PRESS data. In DeepSPEC, two neural networks, including one for frequency correction and one for phase correction were trained and validated using published simulated and in vivo PRESS and MEGA-PRESS MRS dataset with wide-range artificial frequency and phase offsets applied. DeepSPEC was subsequently tested and compared to the current deep learning solution - a "vanilla" neural network approach using multilayer perceptrons (MLP). Furthermore, random noise was added to the original simulated dataset to further investigate the model performance with noise at varied signal-to-noise (SNR) levels (i.e., 6 dB, 3 dB, and 1.5 dB). The testing showed that DeepSPEC is more robust to noise compared to the MLP-based approach due to having a smaller absolute error in both frequency and phase offset prediction. The DeepSPEC framework was capable of correcting frequency offset with 0.01{+/-}0.01 Hz and phase offset with 0.12{+/-}0.09{degrees} absolute errors on average for unseen simulated data at a high SNR (12 dB) and correcting frequency offset with 0.01{+/-}0.02 Hz and phase offset within -0.07{+/-}0.44{degrees} absolute errors on average at very low SNR (1.5 dB). Furthermore, additional frequency and phase offsets (i.e., small, moderate, large) were applied to the in vivo dataset, and DeepSPEC demonstrated better performance for FPC when compared to the MLP-based approach. Results also show DeepSPEC has superior performance than the model-based SR implementation (mSR) in FPC by having higher accuracy in a wider range of additional offsets. These results represent a proof of concept for the use of CNNs for preprocessing MRS data and demonstrate that DeepSPEC accurately predicts frequency and phase offsets at varying noise levels with state-of-the-art performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, H. A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laine, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lieberman, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothman, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Small, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.29.446254</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Frequency and Phase Correction Using Convolutional Neural Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.29.446296v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Influence of age on functional memory T cell diversity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.29.446296v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Memory T cells exhibit considerable diversity that determines their ability to be protective and their durability. Here, we examined whether changes in T cell heterogeneity contribute to the age-associated failure of immune memory. By screening for age-dependent T cell surface markers, we have identified CD4 and CD8 memory T cell subsets that are unrelated to previously defined subsets of central and effector memory cells. Memory T cells expressing the ecto-5-nucleotidase CD73 constitute a functionally distinct subset of memory T cells that declines with age. They exhibit many features favorable for immune protection, including longevity and polyfunctionality. They have a low turnover, but are poised to display effector functions and to develop into cells resembling tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM). Upstream regulators of differential chromatin accessibility and transcriptomes include transcription factors that are characteristic for conferring these superior memory features as well as facilitating CD73 expression. CD73 is not just a surrogate marker of these regulatory networks but is directly involved in T cell survival and TRM differentiation Interventions preventing the decline of this T cell subset or increasing CD73 expression have the potential to improve immune memory in older adults.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaddam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farber, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weyand, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goronzy, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.29.446296</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Influence of age on functional memory T cell diversity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.31.446353v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hematologic and systemic metabolic alterations due to Mediterranean type II G6PD deficiency in a novel murine model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.31.446353v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deficiency of Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is the single most common enzymopathy, present in approximately 400 million humans (e.g. 5% of humans). Its prevalence is hypothesized to be due to conferring resistance to malaria. However, G6PD deficiency also results in hemolytic sequelae from oxidant stress. Moreover, G6PD deficiency is associated with kidney disease, diabetes, pulmonary hypertension, immunological defects, and neurodegenerative diseases. To date, the only available mouse models have decreased levels of G6PD due to promoter mutations, but with stable G6PD. However, human G6PD mutations are missense mutations that result in decreased enzymatic stability. As such, this results in very low activity in red blood cells and platelets that cannot synthesize new protein. To generate a more accurate model, the human sequence for a severe form of G6PD deficiency (Med -) was knocked into the murine G6PD locus. As predicted, G6PD levels were extremely low in RBCs and deficient mice have increased hemolytic sequalae to oxidant stress. G6PD levels were mildly decreased in non-erythroid organs, consistent with what has been observed in humans. Juxtaposition of G6PD deficient and wild-type mice revealed altered lipid metabolism in multiple organ systems. Together, these findings both establish a new mouse model of G6PD deficiency that more accurately reflects human G6PD deficiency and also advance our basic understanding of altered metabolism in this setting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>D'Alessandro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howie, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hay, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dziewulska, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wither, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karafin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitalnik, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hod, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francis, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimring, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.31.446353</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hematologic and systemic metabolic alterations due to Mediterranean type II G6PD deficiency in a novel murine model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.01.446584v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Subcellular proteomics of dopamine neurons in the mouse brain reveals axonal enrichment of proteins encoded by Parkinson's disease-linked genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.01.446584v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dopaminergic neurons modulate neural circuits and behaviors via dopamine release from expansive, long range axonal projections. The elaborate cytoarchitecture of these neurons is embedded within complex brain tissue, making it difficult to access the neuronal proteome using conventional methods. Here, we demonstrate APEX2 proximity labeling within genetically targeted neurons in the mouse brain, enabling subcellular proteomics with cell type-specificity. By combining APEX2 biotinylation with mass spectrometry, we mapped the somatodendritic and axonal proteomes of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Our dataset reveals the proteomic architecture underlying proteostasis, axonal metabolism, and neurotransmission in these neurons. We find a significant enrichment of proteins encoded by Parkinsons disease-linked genes in striatal dopaminergic axons, including proteins with previously undescribed axonal localization. These proteomic datasets provide a resource for neuronal cell biology, and this approach can be readily adapted for study of other neural cell types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hobson, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soni, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulzer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sims, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.01.446584</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Subcellular proteomics of dopamine neurons in the mouse brain reveals axonal enrichment of proteins encoded by Parkinson's disease-linked genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.02.446661v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutation saturation for fitness effects at human CpG sites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.02.446661v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whole exome sequences have now been collected for millions of humans, with the related goals of identifying pathogenic mutations in patients and establishing reference repositories of data from unaffected individuals. As a result, we are approaching an important limit, in which datasets are large enough that, in the absence of natural selection, every highly mutable site will have experienced at least one mutation in the genealogical history of the sample. Here, we focus on putatively-neutral, synonymous CpG sites that are methylated in the germline and experience mutations to T at an elevated rate of ~10-7 per site per generation; in a sample of 390,000 individuals, ~99% of such CpG sites harbor a C/T polymorphism. These CpG sites provide a natural mutation saturation experiment for fitness effects: as we show, at current sample sizes, not seeing a polymorphism is indicative of strong selection against that mutation. We rely on this idea in order to directly identify a subset of highly deleterious CpG transitions, including ~27% of possible loss-of-function mutations, and up to 21% of possible missense mutations, depending on the type of site in which they occur. Unlike methylated CpGs, most mutation types, with rates on the order of 10-8 or 10-9, remain very far from saturation. We discuss what this contrast implies about interpreting the potential clinical relevance of mutations from their presence or absence in reference databases and for inferences about the fitness effects of new mutations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przeworski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.02.446661</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutation saturation for fitness effects at human CpG sites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.02.446767v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mouse brain-wide mitochondrial connectivity anchored in gene, brain and behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.02.446767v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brain and behavior are under energetic constraints, limited by mitochondrial energy transformation capacity. However, the mitochondria-behavior relationship has not been systematically studied on a brain-wide scale. Here we examined the association between multiple features of mitochondrial respiratory chain capacity and stress-related behaviors in mice with diverse behavioral phenotypes. Miniaturized assays of mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme activities and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content were deployed on 571 samples across 17 brain areas, defining specific patterns of mito-behavior associations. By applying multi-slice network analysis to our brain-wide mitochondrial dataset, we identified three large-scale networks of brain areas with shared mitochondrial signatures. A major network composed of cortico-striatal areas exhibited the strongest mitochondria-behavior correlations, accounting for up to 50% of animal-to-animal behavioral differences, suggesting that this mito-based network is functionally significant. The mito-based brain networks also overlapped with regional gene expression and structural connectivity and quantitatively diverged in their molecular mitochondrial phenotype signatures. Therefore, this work provides convergent multimodal evidence anchored in enzyme activities, gene expression, and animal behavior that distinct, behaviorally-relevant mitochondrial phenotypes exist across the mouse brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saggar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Limonges, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosharov, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumitriu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anacker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.02.446767</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mouse brain-wide mitochondrial connectivity anchored in gene, brain and behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.02.446798v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Localization of TRP channels in healthy oral mucosa from human donors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.02.446798v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The oral cavity is exposed to a remarkable range of noxious and innocuous conditions, including temperature fluctuations, mechanical forces, inflammation and environmental and endogenous chemicals. How such changes in the oral environment are sensed by oral cells and tissues is not completely understood. Transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels are a diverse family of molecular receptors that are activated by chemicals, temperature changes, and tissue damage. In non-neuronal cells, TRP channels play roles in inflammation, as well as tissue development and maintenance. In somatosensory neurons, TRP channels mediate nociception, thermosensation and chemosensation. To assess whether TRP channels might be involved in environmental sensing in the human oral cavity, we investigated the distribution of TRP channels in human tongue and hard palate. Oral biopsies were collected from volunteers and underwent fluorescent immunohistochemistry followed by confocal imaging. We analyzed immunoreactivity of TRP channels in human oral epithelia including TRPV3, TRPV4, TRPV1, TRPM8, and TRPA1. TRPV3 and TRPV4 were expressed in epithelial cells with inverse expression patterns where they are likely to contribute to epithelial development and integrity. TRPA1 immunoreactivity was found in fibroblasts, subsets immune cells, and neurons, consistent with known roles of TRPA1 in sensory transduction, as well as in response to damage and inflammation. TRPM8 immunoreactivity was found in lamina propria cells and some neuronal subpopulations including some neurons within the end bulbs of Krause, consistent with a role in thermal sensation. TRPV1 immunoreactivity was identified in intraepithelial nerve fibers, in some end bulbs of Krause, and in epithelial cells, consistent with roles in nociception and thermosensation. Immunoreactivity of TRPM8 and TRPV1 in end bulbs of Krause suggest that these structures contain a variety of neuronal afferents, including those that mediate nociception, thermosensation and mechanotransduction. Collectively, these studies support the role of TRP channels in oral environmental surveillance and response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moayedi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michlig, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lumpkin, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.02.446798</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Localization of TRP channels in healthy oral mucosa from human donors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.02.446808v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Preclinical evaluation of a precision medicine approach to DNA vaccination in Type 1 diabetes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.02.446808v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antigen-specific immunotherapy involves the delivery of self-antigens as proteins or peptides (or using nucleic acids encoding them) to be presented with the goal of inducing tolerance. Approaches employing specific epitopes restricted to the subjects MHC haplotypes have multiplied and offer a more focused and tailored way of targeting autoreactive T cells. In addition, the Endotope platform allows endogenously expressed epitopes to be processed and presented on appropriate MHC class I and II molecules. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of a DNA vaccine encoding epitopes selected and tailored for the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse compared to the expression of the proinsulin protein, one of the most successful antigens in prevention of NOD disease, and we assessed the influence of several parameters (e.g. route, dosing frequency) on preventing diabetes onset at normoglycemic and dysglycemic stages. First, encoded peptides should be secreted for effective disease prevention. Furthermore, short weekly treatments with Endotope and proinsulin DNA vaccines delay disease onset, but sustained treatments are required for long-term protection, which was more significant with intradermal delivery. Although epitopes can be presented for at least two weeks, reducing the frequency of antigen administration from weekly to every other week reduced efficacy. Finally, both Endotope and proinsulin DNA vaccines were effective in the dysglycemic stage of disease, but proinsulin provided better protection, particularly in subjects with slower progression of disease. Thus, our data support the possibility of applying a precision medicine approach based on tailored epitopes for the treatment of tissue-specific autoimmune diseases with DNA vaccines.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAntigen-specific immunotherapy is a targeted approach to treat autoimmune diseases by turning off responses to disease-relevant antigens only, leaving the rest of the immune system unaffected. Protein antigens contain many epitopes, but only a fraction of them can be presented on a specific HLA haplotype and the relative importance of different antigens vary between patients due to disease heterogeneity. Strategies based on specific epitopes do not only consider the HLA haplotype and immune profile of groups of patients but can also include important neoepitopes not present in protein antigens. Here, we provide proof-of-principle that such strategy applied to tolerogenic DNA vaccination is effective in a preclinical model of autoimmune diabetes, paving the way for precision medicine using endogenously encoded epitopes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Postigo Fernandez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creusot, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.02.446808</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Preclinical evaluation of a precision medicine approach to DNA vaccination in Type 1 diabetes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.02.446817v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting localized affinity of RNA binding proteins to transcripts with convolutional neural networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.02.446817v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA binding proteins (RBPs) are important regulators of transcriptional and post-transcriptional processes. Computational prediction of localized RBP binding affinity with transcripts is important for interpretation of genetic variation, especially variants outside of protein coding region. Here we describe POLARIS (Prediction Of Localized Affinity for RBPs In Sequence), a new deep-learning method for achieving fast, site-specific binding affinity predictions of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) to the transcribed genome. POLARIS has two modules: 1. a convolutional neural network (CNN) to predict overall RBP binding within a region based on transcript sequence content and expression level; 2. a Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (GradCAM) implementation for efficient signal backpropagation to individual sequence positions. We trained the model using enhanced crosslinking and immunoprecipitation (eCLIP) data from ENCODE. POLARIS has good performance with a median AUC ~ 0.96 for 160 RBPs across three different cell lines, substantially higher than selected popular published methods trained and tested on the same data sets. When tested on data from a different cell line with the same RBPs, the overall performance is maintained, supporting the ability of cell-type specific affinity prediction. Finally, the GradCAM module allows the model to identify the informative sites in a region that drive prediction. The localized prediction facilitates interpretation of the results and provides basis for inference of functional impact of noncoding variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kitaygorodsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.02.446817</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting localized affinity of RNA binding proteins to transcripts with convolutional neural networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.02.446827v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chronic opioid treatment arrests neurodevelopment and alters synaptic activity in human midbrain organoids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.02.446827v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The impact of long-term opioid exposure on the embryonic brain is crucial to healthcare due to the surging number of pregnant mothers with an opioid dependency. Current studies on the neuronal effects are limited due to human brain inaccessibility and cross-species differences among animal models. Here, we report a model to assess cell-type specific responses to acute and chronic fentanyl treatment, as well as fentanyl withdrawal, using human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived midbrain organoids. Single cell mRNA sequencing (25,510 single cells in total) results suggest that chronic fentanyl treatment arrests neuronal subtype specification during early midbrain development and alters the pathways associated with synaptic activities and neuron projection. Acute fentanyl treatment, however, increases dopamine release but does not induce significant changes in gene expressions of cell lineage development. To date, our study is the first unbiased examination of midbrain transcriptomics with synthetic opioid treatment at the single cell level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willner, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finlayson, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosharov, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leong, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.02.446827</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chronic opioid treatment arrests neurodevelopment and alters synaptic activity in human midbrain organoids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.03.446955v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nitrogen fixation in mesoscale eddies of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre: patterns and mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.03.446955v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1.Mesoscale eddies have been shown to support elevated dinitrogen (N2) fixation rates (NFRs) and abundances of N2-fixing microorganisms (diazotrophs), but the mechanisms underlying these observations are not well understood. We explored relationships among NFRs and cyanobacterial diazotroph abundances in eddy pairs of opposite polarity sampled in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre and compared our observations to seasonal trends from the Hawaii Ocean Time-series (HOT) program. Consistent with previous reports, we found that NFRs were anomalously high for this region (up to 3.7-fold above previous monthly HOT observations) in the centers of the sampled anticyclones, coinciding with elevated abundances of Crocosphaera in the summertime. We then coupled our field-based observations, together with transcriptomic analyses of nutrient stress marker genes and ecological models, to evaluate potential mechanisms controlling diazotroph abundance and activity at the mesoscale. Specifically, we evaluated the role of biological (via estimates of growth and grazing rates) and physical controls on populations of Crocosphaera, Trichodesmium, and diatom symbionts. Our results suggest that increased Crocosphaera abundances associated with summertime anticyclones resulted from the alleviation of phosphate limitation, allowing cells to grow at rates exceeding grazing losses. In contrast, distributions of larger, buoyant taxa (Trichodesmium and diatom symbionts) appeared less affected by eddy-driven biological controls. Instead, they appeared driven by physical dynamics along frontal boundaries that separate cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies. Together, the interplay of eddy-specific changes in bottom-up control, top-down control, and the physical accumulation of cells likely explains the elevated diazotroph abundances and NFRs associated with anticyclones and eddy fronts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dugenne, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gradoville, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Church, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barone, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheyn, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Björkman, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawco, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hynes, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ribalet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karl, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeLong, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyhrman, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armbrust, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eppley, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harding, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabello, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk-Kubo, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caffin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zehr, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.03.446955</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nitrogen fixation in mesoscale eddies of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre: patterns and mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.07.447289v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A severe form of maternal separation in rat consisting of nineteen-day 6-hour daily separation at unpredictable times minimally affects behavior across lifespan and possibly confers protection against some maladaptive outcomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.07.447289v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Maternal separation (MS), a type of early life stress, has been associated with adverse socioemotional and behavioral outcomes throughout the lifespan across multiple species. Comprehensive longitudinal biobehavioral characterization of MS in rats is sparse and conflicting, warranting more studies. We conducted an MS paradigm involving 6-hour daily separation at unpredictable start times from P2 to P21. We hypothesized this severe form of MS would lead to developmentally emerging maladaptive biobehavioral consequences from juvenile through adult periods compared to Controls (C), especially in social behaviors. We tested: (1) own dam odor preference shortly after weaning; (2) juvenile and adult anxiety-like, sociability, and play behaviors using the light-dark test, three-chambered social interaction test, and video-coded juvenile play behavior; and (3) adult coping behaviors and neuroendocrine response using the forced swim test and blood corticosterone responses. Our results show minimal effects on biobehavioral outcomes across the lifespan. Recently weaned MS male rats had a stronger preference for their dams odor. Juvenile MS females spent more time in rough-and-tumble play than C female rats. No differences in sociability were found in the juvenile or adult periods. MS promoted a decrease in anxiety-like behavior that persisted from juvenile to adult periods. Finally, MS led to deficits in coping behavior in male adults, but basal and reactive corticosterone levels were unaltered by MS. More studies are needed to validate our surprising findings and probe the neural mechanisms underlying some of the observed protective effects.

Significance StatementMaternal separation (MS), a type of early life stress, has been shown to lead to short and long-term adverse socioemotional consequences in humans and biobehavioral outcomes in rodents. Available data on MS exposed rats are sparse, conflicting, and often lack longitudinal outcomes. We designed a 6-hour unpredictable daily MS paradigm from postnatal day (P2) to P21 to severely disrupt normal dam-pup interactions. Our results show MS leads to increased preference for own dam odor, persisting reductions in anxiety-like behaviors from juvenile to adulthood, and no effects on sociability. Adverse effects on coping behaviors were uniquely identified in males. The present study warrants reevaluation of the central dogma that MS leads to maladaptive biobehavioral outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Behring, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyle, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manganaro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaidbey, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludwig, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumitriu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.07.447289</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A severe form of maternal separation in rat consisting of nineteen-day 6-hour daily separation at unpredictable times minimally affects behavior across lifespan and possibly confers protection against some maladaptive outcomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.07.447328v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Constitutive AP2gamma deficiency reduces postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis and induces behavioral deficits in juvenile mice that persist during adulthood 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.07.447328v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The transcription factor activating protein two gamma (AP2{gamma}) is an important regulator of neurogenesis both during embryonic development as well as in the postnatal brain, but its role for neurophysiology and behavior at distinct postnatal periods is still unclear. In this work, we explored the neurogenic, behavioral, and functional impact of a constitutive AP2{gamma} heterozygous deletion in mice from early postnatal development until adulthood. Constitutive AP2{gamma} heterozygous deletion in mice caused a reduction of hippocampal transient amplifying progenitors (TAPs) in the postnatal brain, inducing significant impairments on hippocampal-dependent emotional- and cognitive-behavioral tasks including anxiety-like behavior and cognitive deficits, typically associated with an intact neurogenic activity. Moreover, AP2{gamma} deficiency impairs dorsal hippocampus-to-prefrontal cortex functional connectivity.

We observed a progressive and cumulative impact of constitutive AP2{gamma} deficiency on the hippocampal glutamatergic neurogenic process, as well as alterations on limbic-cortical connectivity, together with impairments on emotional and cognitive behaviors from juvenile to adult periods. Collectively, the results herein presented demonstrate the importance of AP2{gamma} in the generation of glutamatergic neurons in the postnatal brain and its impact on behavioral performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Loureiro-Campos, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alves, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mateus-Pinheiro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patricio, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soares-Cunha, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sardinha, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendes-Pinheiro, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silveira-Rosa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sousa, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.07.447328</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Constitutive AP2gamma deficiency reduces postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis and induces behavioral deficits in juvenile mice that persist during adulthood]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.07.447452v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activity in the dorsomedial striatum decreases with improvement in motor coordination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.07.447452v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It has been suggested that the dorsomedial striatum (DMS) facilitates the early stages of motor learning for goal-directed actions, whereas at later stages, control is transferred to the dorsolateral striatum (DLS), which enables the motor actions to become a skill or habit. It is unknown whether these striatal regions are simultaneously active while expertise is acquired during skill learning. To address this question, we developed the "treadmill training task" to track changes in mouse locomotor coordination during practice at running that simultaneously provides a means to measure local neuronal activity using photometry. We analyzed body position and paw movement to evaluate changes in motor coordination over practice sessions on the treadmill using DeepLabCut and custom-built code. By correlating improvements in motor coordination during training with simultaneous neuronal calcium activity in the striatum, we found that DMS direct pathway neurons exhibited decreased activity as the mouse gains proficiency at running. In contrast, direct pathway activity in the DLS was similar throughout training and did not correlate with learned skill proficiency. Pharmacological blockade of D1 dopamine receptors in these subregions during task performance confirmed that dopamine neurotransmission in the DMS direct pathway activity is necessary for efficient motor coordination learning, while dopamine signalling in the DLS is important for both coordination learning and maintenance of the acquired skill. These results provide new tools to measure changes in fine motor skills during simultaneous recordings of brain activity, revealing fundamental features of the neuronal substrates of motor learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cataldi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacefield, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>N, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulzer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.07.447452</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activity in the dorsomedial striatum decreases with improvement in motor coordination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.08.447603v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PRDM9 losses in vertebrates are coupled to the loss of at least three other meiotic genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.08.447603v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In most mammals and likely throughout vertebrates, the gene PRDM9 specifies the locations of meiotic double strand breaks; in mice and humans at least, it also aids in their repair. For both roles, many of the molecular partners remain unknown. Here, we take a phylogenetic approach to identify genes that may be interacting with PRDM9, by leveraging the fact that PRDM9 arose before the origin of vertebrates, but was lost many times, either partially or entirely--and with it, its role in recombination. As a first step, we characterize PRDM9 domain composition across 446 vertebrate species, inferring at least thirteen independent losses. We then use the interdigitation of PRDM9 orthologs across vertebrates to test whether it co-evolved with any of 241 candidate genes co-expressed with PRDM9 in mice or associated with recombination phenotypes in mammals. Accounting for the phylogenetic relationship among species, we find two genes whose presence and absence is unexpectedly coincident with that of PRDM9: ZCWPW1, which was recently shown to facilitate double strand break repair, and its paralog ZCWPW2, as well as more tentative evidence for TEX15 and FBXO47. ZCWPW2 is expected to be recruited to sites of PRDM9 binding; its tight coevolution with PRDM9 across vertebrates suggests that it is a key interactor, with a role either in recruiting the recombination machinery or in double strand break repair.

Author SummaryOur understanding of meiotic recombination in mammals has seen great progress over the past 15 years, spurred in part by the convergence of lines of evidence from molecular biology, statistical genetics and evolutionary biology. We now know that in most mammals and likely in many vertebrates, the gene PRDM9 specifies the location of meiotic double strand breaks and that in mice and humans at least, it also aids in their repair. For both roles, however, many of the molecular partners remain unknown. To search for these, we take a phylogenetic approach, leveraging the fact that the complete PRDM9 has been lost at least thirteen times in vertebrates and thus that its presence is interdigitated across species. By this approach, we identify two genes whose presence or absence across vertebrates is coupled to the presence or absence of PRDM9, ZCWPW1 and ZCWPW2, as well as two genes for which the evidence is weaker, TEX15 and FBXO47. ZCWPW1 was recently shown to be recruited to sites of PRDM9 binding and to aid in the repair of double strand breaks. ZCWPW2 is likely recruited to sites of PRDM9 binding as well; its tight coevolution with PRDM9 across vertebrates suggests that it plays an important role either in double strand break formation, potentially as the missing link that recruits the recombination machinery to sites of PRDM9 binding, or in double strand break repair.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cavassim, M. I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoge, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schierup, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przeworski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.08.447603</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PRDM9 losses in vertebrates are coupled to the loss of at least three other meiotic genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.09.447813v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Toward a More Accurate 3D Atlas of C. elegans Neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.09.447813v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Determining cell identity in volumetric images of tagged neuronal nuclei is an ongoing challenge in contemporary neuroscience. Frequently, cell identity is determined by aligning and matching tags to an "atlas" of labeled neuronal positions and other identifying characteristics. Previous analyses of such C. elegans datasets have been hampered by the limited accuracy of such atlases, especially for neurons present in the ventral nerve cord, and also by time-consuming manual elements of the alignment process. We present a novel automated alignment method for sparse and incomplete point clouds of the sort resulting from typical C. elegans fluorescence microscopy datasets. This method involves a tunable learning parameter and a kernel that enforces biologically realistic deformation. We also present a pipeline for creating alignment atlases from datasets of the recently developed NeuroPAL transgene. In combination, these advances allow us to label neurons in volumetric images with confidence much higher than previous methods. We release, to the best of our knowledge, the most complete C. elegans 3D positional neuron atlas, encapsulating positional variability derived from 7 animals, for the purposes of cell-type identity prediction for myriad applications (e.g., imaging neuronal activity, gene expression, and cell-fate).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>SKUHERSKY, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yemini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyden, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tegmark, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.09.447813</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Toward a More Accurate 3D Atlas of C. elegans Neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.12.448205v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain network dynamics codify heterogeneity in seizure propagation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.12.448205v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dynamic functional brain connectivity facilitates adaptive cognition and behavior. Abnormal alterations within such connectivity could result in disrupted functions observed across various neurological conditions. As one of the most common neurological disorders, epilepsy is defined by the seemingly random occurrence of spontaneous seizures. A central but unresolved question concerns the mechanisms by which extraordinarily diverse dynamics of seizures emerge. Here, we apply a graph-theoretical approach to assess dynamic reconfigurations in the functional brain connectivity before, during, and after seizures that display heterogeneous propagation patterns despite sharing similar origins. We demonstrate unique reconfigurations in globally-defined network properties preceding seizure onset that predict propagation patterns of impending seizures, and in locally-defined network properties that differentiate post-onset dynamics. These results characterize quantitative network features underlying the heterogeneity of seizure dynamics and the accompanying clinical manifestations. Decoding these network properties could improve personalized preventative treatment strategies for epilepsy as well as other neurological disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rungratsameetaweemana, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lainscsek, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cash, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sejnowski, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bansal, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.12.448205</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain network dynamics codify heterogeneity in seizure propagation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.14.448190v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Preterm birth is associated with xenobiotics and predicted by the vaginal metabolome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.14.448190v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB) is a leading cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality, yet both its prevention and early risk stratification are limited. The vaginal microbiome has been associated with PTB risk, possibly via metabolic or other interactions with its host. Here, we performed untargeted metabolomics on 232 vaginal samples, in which we have previously profiled the microbiota using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Samples were collected at 20-24 weeks of gestation from women with singleton pregnancies, of which 80 delivered spontaneously before 37 weeks of gestation. We find that the vaginal metabolome correlates with the microbiome and separates into six clusters, three of which are associated with spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB) in Black women. Furthermore, while we identify five metabolites that associate with sPTB, another five associate with sPTB only when stratifying by race. We identify multiple microbial correlations with metabolites associated with sPTB, including intriguing correlations between vaginal bacteria that are considered sub-optimal and metabolites that were enriched in women who delivered at term. We propose that several sPTB-associated metabolites may be exogenous, and investigate another using metabolic models. Notably, we use machine learning models to predict sPTB risk using metabolite levels, weeks to months in advance, with high accuracy. We show that these predictions are more accurate than microbiome-based and maternal covariates-based models. Altogether, our results demonstrate the potential of vaginal metabolites as early biomarkers of sPTB and highlight exogenous exposures as potential risk factors for prematurity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kindschuh, W. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerson, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anton, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gajer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elovitz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korem, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.14.448190</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Preterm birth is associated with xenobiotics and predicted by the vaginal metabolome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.14.448355v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cross-species metabolomic analysis of DDT and Alzheimer's disease-associated tau toxicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.14.448355v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe formation of hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau) protein tangles in neurons is a pathological marker of Alzheimers disease (AD). Exposure to the pesticide dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) has been associated with increased risk of AD.

ObjectivesTo determine if there was a connection between DDT exposure and tau toxicity we investigated whether exposure to DDT can exacerbate tau protein toxicity in C. elegans. In addition, we examined the association between p-tau protein and metabolism in a human population study and in a transgenic C. elegans strain neuronally expressing a mutant tau protein fragment that is prone to aggregation.

MethodsIn the human population study, we used a metabolome-wide association framework to determine the association between p-tau measured in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and metabolomic features measured in both plasma (n = 142) and CSF (n = 78) using high-resolution metabolomics (HRM). Using the same HRM method, we determined changes in metabolomic features in the transgenic C. elegans strain compared to its control strain. Metabolites associated with p-tau in both species were analyzed for overlap. We also examined the effect of DDT and aggregating tau protein on growth, swim behavior, mitochondrial function, metabolism, learning, and lifespan in C. elegans.

ResultsPlasma and CSF-derived features associated with p-tau level were related to drug, amino acid, fatty acid and mitochondrial metabolism pathways. Five metabolites overlapped between plasma and C. elegans, and 4 between CSF and C. elegans. DDT exacerbated the inhibitory effect of aggregating tau protein on growth and basal respiration. In the presence of aggregating tau protein, DDT induced more curling and was associated with reduced levels of amino acids but increased levels of uric acid and adenosylselenohomocysteine. Developmental exposure to DDT blunted the lifespan reduction caused by aggregating tau protein.

ConclusionThe model organism C. elegans can complement human studies by providing a means to study mechanisms of environmental toxicants. Specifically, our C. elegans data show that DDT exposure and tau protein aggregation both inhibit mitochondrial function and DDT exposure can exacerbate the mitochondrial inhibitory effects of tau protein aggregation providing a plausible explanation for the observed human associations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kalia, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niedzwiecki, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradner, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, F. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bucher, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manz, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coates Fuentes, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pennell, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.14.448355</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cross-species metabolomic analysis of DDT and Alzheimer's disease-associated tau toxicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.16.448390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PET-BIDS, an extension to the brain imaging data structure for positron emission tomography 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.16.448390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Brain Imaging Data Structure (BIDS) is a standard for organizing and describing neuroimaging datasets. It serves not only to facilitate the process of data sharing and aggregation, but also to simplify the application and development of new methods and software for working with neuroimaging data. Here, we present an extension of BIDS to include positron emission tomography (PET) data (PET-BIDS). We describe the PET-BIDS standard in detail and share several open-access datasets curated following PET-BIDS. Additionally, we highlight several tools which are already available for converting, validating and analyzing PET-BIDS datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Norgaard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matheson, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Searle, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizzo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veronese, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giacomel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaqub, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tonietto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Funck, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boniface, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Routier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalenberg, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betthauser, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feingold, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markiewicz, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorgolewski, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blair, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appelhoff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niso, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pernet, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oostenveld, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carson, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallezot, J.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knudsen, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Innis, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.16.448390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PET-BIDS, an extension to the brain imaging data structure for positron emission tomography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.16.448614v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NSun2 deficiency promotes tau hyperphosphorylation and neurodegeneration through epitranscriptomic regulation of miR-125b 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.16.448614v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Overproduction or suppression of certain microRNAs (miRNAs) in Alzheimers disease (AD) brains promote alterations in tau proteostasis and neurodegeneration. However, the mechanisms governing how specific miRNAs are dysregulated in AD brains are still under investigation. Epitranscriptomic regulation adds a layer of post-transcriptional control to brain function during development and adulthood. NOP2/Sun RNA methyltransferase 2 (NSun2) is one of the few known brain-enriched methyltransferases able to modify mammalian non-coding RNAs and loss of function autosomal-recessive mutations in NSUN2 have been associated with neurological abnormalities in humans. Here, we provide evidence that NSun2 is expressed in adult human neurons in the hippocampal formation and prefrontal cortex. When we evaluated NSun2 protein expression in post-mortem brain tissue from AD patients we find is dysregulated which was also found in mice and human cellular AD models. To probe these observed alterations were unique to AD we further evaluated brain tissue from other tauopathies, observing NSun2 protein levels were similar between cases and controls. In a well-established Drosophila melanogaster model of tau-induced toxicity we investigated the pathological role of NSun2 observing that reduction of NSun2 protein levels exacerbated tau toxicity, while overexpression of NSun2 partially abrogated the toxic effects. We further show using human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) derived neuronal cultures that NSun2 deficiency results in tau hyperphosphorylation and we found in primary hippocampal neuronal cultures NSun2 levels decrease in response to amyloid-beta oligomers (A{beta}O). Furthermore, in mice, we observed that NSun2 deficiency promotes aberrant levels of m6A methylated miR-125b and tau hyperphosphorylation. Altogether, our study supports that neuronal NSun2 deficiency in AD promotes neurodegeneration by altering tau phosphorylation and tau toxicity through an epitranscriptomic regulatory mechanism and highlights a novel avenue for therapeutic targeting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaze, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winters, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sproul, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartolini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbarian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hargus, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santa-Maria, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.16.448614</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NSun2 deficiency promotes tau hyperphosphorylation and neurodegeneration through epitranscriptomic regulation of miR-125b]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.16.448640v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 envelope-protein corruption of homeostatic signaling mechanisms in mammalian cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.16.448640v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During a SARS-CoV2 infection, host cells produce large amounts of the viral envelope protein (Ep-CoV2). Ep-CoV2 is partially inserted into the membrane of nascent viral particles and into cellular membranes. To mimic the pathophysiological impact of the cellular protein fraction, Ep-CoV2 was overexpressed in mammalian cells and effects on key signaling parameters were monitored. By tagging with green fluorescent protein (GFP), we found that Ep-CoV2 protein is mostly present in the endoplasmic reticulum with additional trace amounts in the plasma membrane. We observed that wild-type Ep-CoV2 and, to a lesser extent, its mutants (N15A, V25F) corrupted some of the most important homeostatic mechanisms in cells. The same was observed with isolated transmembrane domains of the protein. The Ep-CoV2-evoked elevation of intracellular Ca2+ and pH as well as the induced membrane depolarization produced by the presence of the protein interfere with major signal transduction cascades in host cells. These functions of Ep-CoV2, which likely contribute to the pathogenesis of the viral protein, result from the ion-channel activity of the viral protein. Two independent assays, a functional reconstitution of Ep-CoV2 protein in artificial membranes and a rescue of K+-deficient yeast mutants, confirm that Ep-CoV2 generates a cation-conducting channel with a low unitary conductance and a complex ion selectivity. The data presented here suggest that specific channel function inhibitors of Ep-CoV2 can provide cell protection and virostatic effects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schulze, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoeler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hemming, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehn, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tandl, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greiner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shepard, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moroni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rauh, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.16.448640</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 envelope-protein corruption of homeostatic signaling mechanisms in mammalian cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.16.448685v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Semi-supervised sequence modeling for improved behavioral segmentation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.16.448685v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A popular approach to quantifying animal behavior from video data is through discrete behavioral segmentation, wherein video frames are labeled as containing one or more behavior classes such as walking or grooming. Sequence models learn to map behavioral features extracted from video frames to discrete behaviors, and both supervised and unsupervised methods are common. However, each approach has its drawbacks: supervised models require a time-consuming annotation step where humans must hand label the desired behaviors; unsupervised models may fail to accurately segment particular behaviors of interest. We introduce a semi-supervised approach that addresses these challenges by constructing a sequence model loss function with (1) a standard supervised loss that classifies a sparse set of hand labels; (2) a weakly supervised loss that classifies a set of easy-to-compute heuristic labels; and (3) a self-supervised loss that predicts the evolution of the behavioral features. With this approach, we show that a large number of unlabeled frames can improve supervised segmentation in the regime of sparse hand labels and also show that a small number of hand labeled frames can increase the precision of unsupervised segmentation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Whiteway, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffer, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchanan, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onder, O. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.16.448685</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Semi-supervised sequence modeling for improved behavioral segmentation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.16.448689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Behavioral and nociceptor states of inflammatory painacross timescales in 2D and 3D 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.16.448689v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ongoing pain is often driven by direct activation of pain-sensing neurons and neuroimmune mediated sensitization. These heightened states of pain alter physiology, reduce motor function, and alter motivation to engage in normal behaviors. The complexity of the pain state has evaded a comprehensive definition, especially in nonverbal animals. Here in mice, we capture the physiological state of sensitized pain neurons at different time points post-inflammation and used computational tools to automatically map behavioral signatures of evoked and spontaneous displays of pain. First, retrograde labeling coupled with electrophysiology of neurons innervating the site of localized inflammation defined critical time points of pain sensitization. Next, we used high-speed videography combined with supervised and unsupervised machine learning tools and uncovered sensory-evoked defensive coping postures to pain. Using 3D pose analytics inspired by natural language processing, we identify movement sequences that correspond to robust representations of ongoing pain states. Surprisingly, with this analytical framework, we find that a commonly used anti-inflammatory painkiller does not return an animals behavior back to a pre-injury state. Together, these findings reveal the previously unidentified signatures of pain and analgesia at timescales when inflammation induces heightened pain states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bohic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pattison, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jhumka, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thackray, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricci, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mossazghi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yttri, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tischfield, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, E. S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdus-Saboor, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraira, V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.16.448689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Behavioral and nociceptor states of inflammatory painacross timescales in 2D and 3D]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.16.448753v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coupling of Ca2+-triggered unclamping and membrane fusion during neurotransmitter release 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.16.448753v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurotransmitter (NT) release is accomplished by a machinery that unclamps fusion in response to calcium and then fuses the synaptic vesicle and plasma membranes. These are often thought of as distinct tasks assigned to non-overlapping components. Vesicle release rates have a power law dependence on [Ca2+] with an exponent of 3-5, long taken to indicate that 3-5 Ca2+ ions bind the calcium sensor Synaptotagmin to trigger release. However, dependencies at low [Ca] are inconsistent with simple sequential binding to a single Ca2+ sensor followed by a final fusion step. Here we developed coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations of the NT release machinery accounting for Synaptotagmin-mediated unclamping and SNARE-mediated fusion. Calcium-triggered unclamping and SNARE-mediated fusion emerged from simulations as contemporaneous, coupled processes. Increasing cytosolic [Ca2+], the instantaneous fusion rate increased as SNAREpins were progressively and reversibly released by dissociation of Synaptotagmin-SNAREpin complexes. Simulations reproduced the observed dependence of release rates on [Ca2+], but the power law was unrelated to the number of Ca2+ ions required. Action potential-evoked vesicle release probabilities depended on the number of transiently unclamped SNAREpins, explaining experimental dependencies of release probabilities on both unclamping and membrane-fusing machinery components. These results describe a highly cooperative NT release machinery with intrinsically inseparable unclamping and membrane-fusing functionalities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McDargh, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Shaughnessy, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.16.448753</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coupling of Ca2+-triggered unclamping and membrane fusion during neurotransmitter release]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.16.448755v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural event segmentation of continuous experience in human infants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.16.448755v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How infants experience the world is fundamental to understanding their cognition and development. A key principle of adult experience is that, despite receiving continuous sensory input, we perceive this input as discrete events. Here we investigate such event segmentation in infants and how it differs from adults. Research on event cognition in infants often uses simplified tasks in which (adult) experimenters help solve the segmentation problem for infants by defining event boundaries or presenting discrete actions/vignettes. This presupposes which events are experienced by infants and leaves open questions about the principles governing infant segmentation. We take a different, data-driven approach by studying infant event segmentation of continuous input. We collected whole-brain fMRI data from awake infants (and adults, for comparison) watching a cartoon and used a hidden Markov model to identify event states in the brain. We quantified the existence, timescale, and organization of multiple event representations across brain regions. The adult brain exhibited a known hierarchical gradient of event timescales, from shorter events in early visual regions to longer events in later visual and associative regions. In contrast, the infant brain only represented longer events, even in early visual regions, with no timescale hierarchy. The boundaries defining these infant events only partially overlapped with boundaries defined from adult brain activity and behavioral judgments. These findings suggest that events are organized differently in infants, with longer timescales and more stable neural patterns, even in sensory regions. This may indicate greater temporal integration and reduced temporal precision during dynamic, naturalistic perception.

Significance StatementSensory input is continuous and yet humans perceive discrete events. This event segmentation has been studied in adults by asking them to indicate natural breaks in continuous input. This classic parsing task is impossible in infants who cannot understand or follow instructions. We circumvent this barrier by testing how the infant brain parses. We applied a computational model to rare awake fMRI data from infants to identify how their brains transitioned between stable states during a cartoon. Whereas adults showed a gradient in event timescales, from shorter events in sensory regions to longer events in associative regions, infants persistently segmented fewer, longer events across the cortical hierarchy. These findings provide new neuroscientific insight into how infants represent their environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yates, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skalaban, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bracher, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldassano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk-Browne, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.16.448755</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural event segmentation of continuous experience in human infants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.17.448790v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alzheimer's disease-associated P460L mutation in ephrin receptor type A1 (EphA1) leads to dysregulated Rho-GTPase signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.17.448790v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recently, late onset AD (LOAD) genome-wide association studies identified EphA1, a member of receptor tyrosine kinase family (RTK) as a disease associated loci. In the follow-up study where 3 independent LOAD cohorts were performed, a P460L coding mutation in EphA1 loci showed a significant association with LOAD. However, the role of EphA1 and P460L mutant EphA1 in AD is not fully understood. We have characterized this mutation biophysically and biochemically. Our structural in silico model and in vitro biochemical analysis demonstrate that EphA1-P460L mutation makes the receptor constitutively active suggesting a gain-of-toxic function leading to chronic EphA1 signaling in the brain. Moreover, we report that the EphA1 P460L variant triggers Rho-GTPase signaling dysregulation that could potentially contribute to spine morphology abnormalities and synaptic dysfunction observed in AD pathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasso, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardarajan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santa-Maria, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lefort, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.17.448790</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alzheimer's disease-associated P460L mutation in ephrin receptor type A1 (EphA1) leads to dysregulated Rho-GTPase signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.18.449029v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recovery of conformational continuum from single-particle cryo-EM data: Optimization of ManifoldEM informed by ground-truth studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.18.449029v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This work is based on the manifold-embedding approach to study biological molecules exhibiting continuous conformational changes. Previous work established a method capable of reconstructing 3D movies and accompanying energetics of atomic-level structures from single-particle cryo-EM images of macromolecules displaying multiple conformational degrees of freedom. Here, we introduce an unsupervised geometric machine learning approach that is informed by detailed heuristic analysis of manifolds formed by simulated heterogeneous cryo-EM datasets generated from an atomic structure. These simulated data were generated with increasing complexity to account for multiple conformational motions, state occupancies and typical microscope parameters in a wide range of signal-to-noise ratios. Using these datasets as ground-truth, we provide detailed exposition of our findings using several conformational motions while exploring the available parameter space. Guided by these insights, we build a framework to leverage the high-dimensional geometric information obtained towards reconstituting a quasi-continuum of conformational states in the form of a free-energy landscape and respective 3D density maps for all states therein. As shown by a direct comparison of results, this framework offers substantial improvements relative to the previous work.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seitz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwander, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acosta-Reyes, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maji, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.18.449029</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recovery of conformational continuum from single-particle cryo-EM data: Optimization of ManifoldEM informed by ground-truth studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.18.449082v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Measles fusion complexes from central nervous system clinical isolates: decreased interaction between hemagglutinin and fusion proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.18.449082v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Measles virus (MeV) viral entry is mediated by a fusion complex comprised of a receptor binding protein (hemagglutinin, H) and a fusion protein (F). The wild type H/F complex requires interaction with specific proteinaceous receptors (CD150/SLAM and nectin-4) in order to be activated. In contrast the H/F complexes isolated from viruses infecting the central nervous system (CNS) do not require a specific receptor. A single amino acid change in the F protein (L454W) was previously identified in two patients with lethal sequelae of MeV CNS infection, and the F bearing this mutation mediates fusion even without the H protein. We show here that viruses bearing the L454W fusion complex are less efficient than wt virus at targeting receptor expressing cells and that this defect is associated with a decreased interaction between the H and the F proteins.

ImportanceMeasles (Mev) infection can cause serious complications including measles inclusion body encephalitis (MIBE) and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). MIBE and SSPE are relatively rare but lethal. We have shown that the fusion complex of CNS adapted clinical samples can spread in the absence of known receptor. We now provide evidence that HRC mutations leading to CNS adaptation come at a cost to the efficiency of viral entry.

One Sentence SummaryMeasles CNS adapted fusion complexes have altered H/F interaction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mathieu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nascimento Figueira, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Decker, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferren, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bovier, F. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jurgens, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcink, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moscona, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porotto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.18.449082</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Measles fusion complexes from central nervous system clinical isolates: decreased interaction between hemagglutinin and fusion proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.20.449152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large-scale neural recordings with single-cell resolution in human cortex using high-density Neuropixels probes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.20.449152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in multi-electrode array technology have made it possible to monitor large neuronal ensembles at cellular resolution. In humans, however, current approaches either restrict recordings to only a few neurons per penetrating electrode or combine the signals of thousands of neurons in local field potential (LFP) recordings. Here, we describe a new probe variant and set of techniques which enable simultaneous recording from over 200 well-isolated cortical single units in human participants during intraoperative neurosurgical procedures using silicon Neuropixels probes. We characterized a diversity of extracellular waveforms with eight separable single unit classes, with differing firing rates, positions along the length of the linear electrode array, spatial spread of the waveform, and modulation by LFP events such as inter-ictal discharges and burst suppression. While some additional challenges remain in creating a turn-key recording system, high-density silicon arrays provide a path for studying human-specific cognitive processes and their dysfunction at unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paulk, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kfir, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khanna, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mustroph, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trautmann, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soper, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stavisky, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welkenhuysen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenoy, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hochberg, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cash, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.20.449152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large-scale neural recordings with single-cell resolution in human cortex using high-density Neuropixels probes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.20.449175v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A hemifused complex is the hub in a network of pathways to membrane fusion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.20.449175v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Membrane fusion is a critical step for many essential processes, from neurotransmission to fertilization. For over 40 years protein-free fusion driven by calcium or other cationic species has provided a simplified model of biological fusion, but the mechanisms remain poorly understood. Cation-mediated membrane fusion and permeation are essential in their own right to drug delivery strategies based on cell-penetrating peptides or cation-bearing lipid nanoparticles. Experimental studies suggest calcium drives anionic membranes to a hemifused intermediate which constitutes a hub in a network of pathways, but the pathway selection mechanism is unknown. Here we develop a mathematical model that identifies the network hub as a highly dynamical hemifusion complex. Multivalent cations drive expansion of this high tension hemifusion interface between interacting vesicles during a brief transient. The fate of this interface determines the outcome, either fusion, dead-end hemifusion or vesicle lysis. The model reproduces the unexplained finding that calcium-driven fusion of vesicles with planar membranes typically stalls at hemifusion, and we show the equilibrated hemifused state is a novel lens-shaped complex. Thus, membrane fusion kinetics follow a stochastic trajectory within a network of pathways, with outcome weightings set by a hemifused complex intermediate.

SignificanceCells use multicomponent machineries to fuse membranes for neurotransmitter and hormone release and other fundamental processes. Protein-free fusion using calcium or other multivalent cationic fusogens has long been studied as a simplifying model. Cation-mediated membrane fusion or permeation are key events for a number of current drug delivery strategies. However, the mechanisms determining outcomes are unknown. Here we develop a mathematical model that identifies a dynamic hemifusion complex as the decision hub that stochastically sets the outcome in a network of pathways. Cations transiently grow a high tension hemifusion interface between membrane-enclosed compartments, whose fate governs whether fusion, dead-end hemifusion or vesicle lysis occurs. The model provides a systematic framework to predict outcomes of cationic fusogen-mediated interactions between membrane-enclosed compartments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Warner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stratton, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Shaughnessy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.20.449175</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A hemifused complex is the hub in a network of pathways to membrane fusion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.22.449527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SNAREs and Synaptotagmin cooperatively determine the Ca2+ sensitivity of neurotransmitter release in fixed stoichiometry modules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.22.449527v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurotransmitter release is accomplished by a multi-component machinery including the membrane-fusing SNARE proteins and Ca2+-sensing Synaptotagmin molecules. However, the Ca2+ sensitivity of release was found to increase or decrease with more or fewer SNARE complexes at the release site, respectively, while the cooperativity is unaffected (Acuna et al., 2014; Arancillo et al., 2013), suggesting that there is no simple division of labor between these two components. To examine the mechanisms underlying these findings, we developed molecular dynamics simulations of the neurotransmitter release machinery, with variable numbers of Synaptotagmin molecules and assembled SNARE complexes at the release site. Ca2+ uncaging simulations showed that increasing the number of SNARE complexes at fixed stoichiometric ratio of Synaptotagmin to SNAREs increased the Ca2+ sensitivity without affecting the cooperativity. The physiological cooperativity of ~4-5 was reproduced with 2-3 Synaptotagmin molecules per SNARE complex, suggesting that Synaptotagmin and SNAREs cooperate in fixed stoichiometry modules. In simulations of action potential-evoked release, increased numbers of Synaptotagmin-SNARE modules increased release probability, consistent with experiment. Our simulations suggest that the final membrane fusion step is driven by SNARE complex-mediated entropic forces, and by vesicle-tethering forces mediated by the long Synaptotagmin linker domains. In consequence, release rates are increased when more SNARE complexes and Synaptotagmin monomers are present at the fusion site.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McDargh, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Shaughnessy, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.22.449527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SNAREs and Synaptotagmin cooperatively determine the Ca2+ sensitivity of neurotransmitter release in fixed stoichiometry modules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.23.449657v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dopamine Neurons Evaluate Natural Fluctuations in Performance Quality 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.23.449657v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many motor skills are learned by comparing ongoing behavior to internal performance benchmarks. Dopamine neurons encode performance error in behavioral paradigms where error is externally induced, but it remains unknown if dopamine also signals the quality of natural performance fluctuations. Here we recorded dopamine neurons in singing birds and examined how spontaneous dopamine spiking activity correlated with natural fluctuations in ongoing song. Antidromically identified basal ganglia-projecting dopamine neurons correlated with recent, and not future, song variations, consistent with a role in evaluation, not production. Furthermore, dopamine spiking was suppressed following the production of outlying vocal variations, consistent with a role for active song maintenance. These data show for the first time that spontaneous dopamine spiking can evaluate natural behavioral fluctuations unperturbed by experimental events such as cues or rewards.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duffy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latimer, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fairhall, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gadagkar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.23.449657</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dopamine Neurons Evaluate Natural Fluctuations in Performance Quality]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.23.449668v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Why are SNAREpins rod-shaped? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.23.449668v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SNARE proteins are the core components of the cellular machineries that fuse membranes for neurotransmitter or hormone release and other fundamental processes. Fusion is accomplished when SNARE proteins hosted by apposing membranes form SNARE complexes called SNAREpins, but the mechanism of fusion remains unclear. Computational simulations of SNARE-mediated membrane fusion are challenging due to the millisecond timescales of physiological membrane fusion. Here we used ultra-coarse-grained (UCG) simulations to investigate the minimal requirements for a molecular intracellular fusogen, and to elucidate the mechanisms of SNARE-mediated fusion. We find fusion by simple body forces that push vesicles together is highly inefficient. Inter-vesicle fusogens with different aspect ratios can fuse vesicles only if they are rodlike, of sufficient length to clear the fusogens from the fusion site by entropic forces. Simulations with rod-shaped SNAREpin-like fusogens fused 50-nm vesicles on ms timescales, driven by entropic forces along a reproducible fusion pathway. SNARE-SNARE and SNARE-membrane entropic forces cleared the fusion site and pressed the vesicles into an extended contact zone (ECZ), drove stalk nucleation at the high curvature ECZ boundary, and expanded the stalk into a long-lived hemifusion diaphragm in which a simple pore completed fusion. Our results provide strong support for the entropic hypothesis of SNARE-mediated membrane fusion, and implicate the rodlike structure of the SNAREpin complex as a necessity for entropic force production and fusion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zeng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDargh, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Shaughnessy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.23.449668</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Why are SNAREpins rod-shaped?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.25.449700v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contractile ring constriction and septation in fission yeast are integrated mutually stabilizing processes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.25.449700v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In common with other cellular machineries, the actomyosin contractile ring that divides cells during cytokinesis does not operate in isolation. Contractile rings in animal cells interact with contiguous actomyosin cortex, while ring constriction in many cell-walled organisms couples tightly to cell wall growth. In fission yeast, a septum grows in the wake of the constricting ring, ensuring cytokinesis leaves two daughter cells fully enclosed by cell wall. Here we mathematical modeled the integrated constriction-septation system in fission yeast, with a kinetic growth model evolving the 3D septum shape coupled to a molecularly explicit simulation of the contractile ring highly constrained by experimental data. Simulations revealed influences in both directions, stabilizing the ring-septum system as a whole. By providing a smooth circular anchoring surface for the ring, the inner septum leading edge stabilized ring organization and tension production; by mechanically regulating septum circularity and in-plane growth, ring tension stabilized septum growth and shape. Genetic or pharmacological perturbation of either subsystem destabilized this delicate balance, precipitating uncontrolled positive feedback with disastrous morphological and functional consequences. Thus, high curvature septum irregularities triggered bridging instabilities, in which contractile ring segments became unanchored. Bridging abolished the local tension-mediated septum shape regulation, exacerbating the irregularity in a mutually destabilizing runaway process. Our model explains a number of previously mysterious experimental observations, including unanchoring of ring segments observed in cells with mutations in the septum-growing {beta}-glucan synthases, and irregular septa in cells with mutations in the contractile ring myosin-II Myo2. Thus, the contractile ring and cell wall growth cellular machineries operate as a single integrated system, whose stability relies on mutual regulation by the two subsystems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thiyagarajan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDargh, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Shaughnessy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.25.449700</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contractile ring constriction and septation in fission yeast are integrated mutually stabilizing processes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.25.449994v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fast 3D Clear: A Fast, Aqueous-Based, Reversible Three-Day Tissue Clearing Method for Adult and Embryonic Mouse Brain and Whole Body 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.25.449994v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To date, a variety of optical clearing methods have emerged that serve as powerful tools to study intact organs and neuronal circuits. Here we describe a newly developed, aqueous clearing protocol named "Fast 3D Clear", which relies on tetrahydrofuran (THF) for tissue delipidation, and iohexol (Histodenz) for clearing, such that tissues can be imaged under immersion oil in light sheet imaging systems. Fast 3D Clear requires three days to achieve high transparency of adult and embryonic mouse tissues, while maintaining their anatomical integrity, and preserving a vast array of transgenic and viral/dye fluorophores, such as GCaMP3/6, tdTomato, Fast Blue, and IRF670. A unique advantage of Fast 3D Clear is its complete reversibility and thus compatibility with tissue sectioning and immunohistochemistry. Fast 3D Clear can be easily and quickly applied to a wide range of biomedical studies, thereby greatly facilitating the acquisition of high-resolution, two - and three -dimensional images.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kosmidis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Negrean, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dranovsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Losonczy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kandel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.25.449994</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fast 3D Clear: A Fast, Aqueous-Based, Reversible Three-Day Tissue Clearing Method for Adult and Embryonic Mouse Brain and Whole Body]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.25.450008v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamical transitions of the actomyosin cortex can trigger single cell morphogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.25.450008v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Morphogenetic changes driven by actomyosin contractile forces are well-characterized at the tissue level. At the single cell level, shape changes steered by actomyosin contractile forces include mitotic rounding and cytokinetic furrow ingression. In some cases, more complex shape transitions associated with spatial patterning of the cortex were observed. The actomyosin cortex was widely studied using active gel frameworks, and stabilized contractile instabilities were shown to generate patterns, but whether complex shapes can emerge from these cortical patterns is not established. Here we show that complex morphogenetic changes at the single cell level can accompany cortical patterns, using a minimal active gel model. For sufficiently low membranecortex drag, an initially homogeneous cortex spontaneously develops stripes associated with stable furrows, similar to furrowing observed in cells. Our work suggests that controlled cortical instability can trigger morphogenesis at the cellular level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonso-Matilla, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDargh, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Shaughnessy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.25.450008</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamical transitions of the actomyosin cortex can trigger single cell morphogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.28.449297v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interrogation of genome-wide, experimentally dissected gene regulatory networks reveals mechanisms underlying dynamic cellular state control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.28.449297v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pooled CRISPRi-mediated silencing of >1,000 transcriptional regulators expressed in single colorectal adenocarcinoma cells, followed by single-cell RNA-seq profiling at two timepoints, 1 day and 4 days, allowed reverse engineering the underlying tumor context-specific, causal regulatory network. Furthermore, the availability of experimentally derived, highly multiplexed gene reporter assays for each regulator, as identified by this analysis, allowed accurate assessment of differential protein activity following silencing of each regulator, thus providing proof-of-concept for generating comprehensive, tissue-specific networks of transcriptional and post-translational interactions. Analysis of this causal network allowed elucidation of complex autoregulatory mechanisms that have eluded previous computational approaches and supported systematic elucidation of cooperative mechanisms, where one regulatory protein can modulate the activity of another regulatory protein, as well as transcriptional mimicry, where one regulatory protein can phenocopy others.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turunen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paull, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salvatori, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.28.449297</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interrogation of genome-wide, experimentally dissected gene regulatory networks reveals mechanisms underlying dynamic cellular state control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.28.450186v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Delayed effects of climate on vital rates lead to demographic divergence in Amazonian forest fragments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.28.450186v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deforestation often results in landscapes where remaining forest habitat is highly fragmented, with remnants of different sizes embedded in an often highly contrasting matrix. Local extinction of species from individual fragments is common, but the demographic mechanisms underlying these extinctions are poorly understood. It is often hypothesized that altered environmental conditions in fragments drive declines in reproduction, recruitment, or survivorship. The Amazon basin, in addition to experiencing continuing fragmentation, is experiencing climate change related increases in the frequency and intensity of droughts and unusually wet periods. Whether plant populations in tropical forest fragments are particularly susceptible to extremes in precipitation remains unclear. Most studies of plants in fragments are relatively short (1-6 years), focus on a single life-history stage, and often do not compare to populations in continuous forest. Even fewer studies consider delayed effects of climate on demographic vital rates despite the importance of delayed effects in studies that consider them. Using a decade of demographic and climate data from an experimentally fragmented landscape in the Central Amazon, we assess the effects of climate on populations of an understory herb (Heliconia acuminata, Heliconiaceae). We used distributed lag non-linear models to understand the delayed effects of climate (measured as standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index, SPEI) on survival, growth, and flowering. We detected delayed effects of climate up to 36 months. Extremes in SPEI in the previous year reduced survival, drought in the wet season 8-11 months prior to the February census increased growth, and drought two dry seasons prior increased flowering probability. Effects of extremes in precipitation on survival and growth were more pronounced in forest fragments compared to continuous forest. The complex delayed effects of climate and habitat fragmentation in our study point to the importance of long-term demography experiments in understanding the effects of anthropogenic change on plant populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scott, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruna, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uriarte, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.28.450186</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Delayed effects of climate on vital rates lead to demographic divergence in Amazonian forest fragments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.28.450265v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using diffusion MRI data acquired with ultra-high gradients to improve tractography in routine-quality data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.28.450265v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The development of scanners with ultra-high gradients, spearheaded by the Human Connectome Project, has led to dramatic improvements in the spatial, angular, and diffusion resolution that is feasible for in vivo diffusion MRI acquisitions. The improved quality of the data can be exploited to achieve higher accuracy in the inference of both microstructural and macrostructural anatomy. However, such high-quality data can only be acquired on a handful of Connectom MRI scanners worldwide, while remaining prohibitive in clinical settings because of the constraints imposed by hardware and scanning time. In this study, we first update the classical protocols for tractography-based, manual annotation of major white-matter pathways, to adapt them to the much greater volume and variability of the streamlines that can be produced from todays state-of-the-art diffusion MRI data. We then use these protocols to annotate 42 major pathways manually in data from a Connectom scanner. Finally, we show that, when we use these manually annotated pathways as training data for global probabilistic tractography with anatomical neighborhood priors, we can perform highly accurate, automated reconstruction of the same pathways in much lower-quality, more widely available diffusion MRI data. The outcomes of this work include both a new, comprehensive atlas of WM pathways from Connectom data, and an updated version of our tractography toolbox, TRActs Constrained by UnderLying Anatomy (TRACULA), which is trained on data from this atlas. Both the atlas and TRACULA are distributed publicly as part of FreeSurfer. We present the first comprehensive comparison of TRACULA to the more conventional, multi-region-of-interest approach to automated tractography, and the first demonstration of training TRACULA on high-quality, Connectom data to benefit studies that use more modest acquisition protocols.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maffei, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Planich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramprasad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trainor, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urban, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofmann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pizzagalli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auerbach, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabrieli, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitfield-Gabrieli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greve, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haber, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yendiki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.28.450265</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using diffusion MRI data acquired with ultra-high gradients to improve tractography in routine-quality data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.29.450397v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neutralizing antibody 5-7 defines a distinct site of vulnerability in SARS-CoV-2 spike N-terminal domain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.29.450397v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibodies that potently neutralize SARS-CoV-2 target mainly the receptor-binding domain or the N-terminal domain (NTD). Over a dozen potently neutralizing NTD-directed antibodies have been studied structurally, and all target a single antigenic supersite in NTD (site 1). Here we report the 3.7 [A] resolution cryo-EM structure of a potent NTD-directed neutralizing antibody 5-7, which recognizes a site distinct from other potently neutralizing antibodies, inserting a binding loop into an exposed hydrophobic pocket between the two sheets of the NTD {beta}-sandwich. Interestingly, this pocket has been previously identified as the binding site for hydrophobic molecules including heme metabolites, but we observe their presence to not substantially impede 5-7 recognition. Mirroring its distinctive binding, antibody 5-7 retains a distinctive neutralization potency with variants of concern (VOC). Overall, we reveal a hydrophobic pocket in NTD proposed for immune evasion can actually be used by the immune system for recognition.

HighlightsO_LICryo-EM structure of neutralizing antibody 5-7 in complex with SARS CoV-2 spike
C_LIO_LI5-7 recognizes NTD outside of the previously identified antigenic supersite
C_LIO_LI5-7 binds to a site known to accommodate numerous hydrophobic ligands
C_LIO_LIStructural basis of 5-7 neutralization tolerance to some variants of concern
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cerutti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katsamba, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahna, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddem, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.29.450397</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neutralizing antibody 5-7 defines a distinct site of vulnerability in SARS-CoV-2 spike N-terminal domain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.29.450459v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glutathione synthetase overexpression in Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans improves halotolerance of iron oxidation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.29.450459v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans are well-studied iron- and sulfur-oxidizing acidophilic chemolithoautotrophs that are exploited for their ability to participate in the bioleaching of metal sulfides. Here, we overexpressed the endogenous glutamate--cysteine ligase and glutathione synthetase genes in separate strains and found that glutathione synthetase overexpression increased intracellular glutathione levels. We explored the impact of pH on the halotolerance of iron oxidation in wild type and engineered cultures. The increase in glutathione allowed the modified cells to grow under salt concentrations and pH conditions that are fully inhibitory to wild type cells. These results indicate that glutathione overexpression can be used to increase halotolerance in A. ferrooxidans and would likely be a useful strategy on other acidophilic bacteria.

ImportanceThe use of acidophilic bacteria in the hydrometallurgical processing of sulfide ores can enable many benefits including the potential reduction of environmental impacts. The cells involved in bioleaching tend to have limited halotolerance, and increased halotolerance could enable several benefits, including a reduction in the need for fresh water resources. We show that the genetic modification of A. ferrooxidans for the overproduction of glutathione is a promising strategy to enable cells to resist the oxidative stress that can occur during growth in the presence of salt.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Inaba, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.29.450459</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glutathione synthetase overexpression in Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans improves halotolerance of iron oxidation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.30.450414v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Probing molecular specificity with deep sequencing and biophysically interpretable machine learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.30.450414v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantifying sequence-specific protein-ligand interactions is critical for understanding and exploiting numerous cellular processes, including gene regulation and signal transduction. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) based assays are increasingly being used to profile these interactions with high-throughput. However, these assays do not provide the biophysical parameters that have long been used to uncover the quantitative rules underlying sequence recognition. We developed a highly flexible machine learning framework, called ProBound, to define sequence recognition in terms of biophysical parameters based on NGS data. ProBound quantifies transcription factor (TF) behavior with models that accurately predict binding affinity over a range exceeding that of previous resources, captures the impact of DNA modifications and conformational flexibility of multi-TF complexes, and infers specificity directly from in vivo data such as ChIP-seq without peak calling. When coupled with a new assay called Kd-seq, it determines the absolute affinity of protein-ligand interactions. It can also profile the kinetics of kinase-substrate interactions. By constructing a biophysically robust foundation for profiling sequence recognition, ProBound opens up new avenues for decoding biological networks and rationally engineering protein-ligand interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rube, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rastogi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kribelbauer, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becerra, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melo, L. A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do, B. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bussemaker, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.30.450414</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Probing molecular specificity with deep sequencing and biophysically interpretable machine learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.30.450605v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long Term Study of Motivational and Cognitive Effects of Low-intensity Focused Ultrasound Neuromodulation in the Dorsal Striatum of Nonhuman Primates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.30.450605v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Noninvasive brain stimulation using focused ultrasound (FUS) has many potential applications as a research and clinical tool, including incorporation into neural prosthetics for cognitive rehabilitation. To develop this technology, it is necessary to evaluate the safety and efficacy of FUS neuromodulation for specific brain targets and cognitive functions. It is also important to test whether repeated long-term application of FUS to deep brain targets improves or degrades behavioral and cognitive function. To this end, we investigated the effects of FUS in the dorsal striatum of nonhuman primates (NHP) performing a visual-motor decision-making task for small or large rewards. Over the course of 2 years, we performed 129 and 147 FUS applications, respectively, in two NHP. FUS (0.5 MHz @ 0.2 - 0.8 MPa) was applied to the putamen and caudate in both hemispheres to evaluate the effects on movement accuracy, motivation, decision accuracy, and response time. Sonicating the caudate or the putamen unilaterally resulted in modest but statistically significant improvements in motivation and decision accuracy, but at the cost of slower reaction times. The effects were dose (i.e., FUS pressure) and reward dependent. There was no effect on reaching accuracy, nor was there long-term behavioral impairment or neurological trauma evident on T1-weighted, T2-weighted, or susceptibility-weighted MRI scans. Sonication also resulted in significant changes in resting state functional connectivity between the caudate and multiple cortical regions. The results indicate that applying FUS to the dorsal striatum can positively impact the motivational and cognitive aspects of decision making. The capability of FUS to improve motivation and cognition in NHPs points to its therapeutic potential in treating a wide variety of human neural diseases, and warrants further development as a novel technique for non-invasive deep brain stimulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Munoz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meaney, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pouliopoulos, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konofagou, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrera, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.30.450605</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long Term Study of Motivational and Cognitive Effects of Low-intensity Focused Ultrasound Neuromodulation in the Dorsal Striatum of Nonhuman Primates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.02.450719v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GLIS1 regulates trabecular meshwork function and intraocular pressure and is associated with glaucoma in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.02.450719v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronically elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is the major risk factor of primary open- angle glaucoma, a leading cause of blindness. Dysfunction of the trabecular meshwork (TM), which controls the outflow of aqueous humor (AqH) from the anterior chamber, is the major cause of elevated IOP. Here, we demonstrate that mice deficient in the Kruppel- like zinc finger transcriptional factor GLI-similar-1 (GLIS1) develop chronically elevated IOP. Magnetic resonance imaging and histopathological analysis reveal that deficiency in GLIS1 expression induces progressive degeneration of the TM, leading to inefficient AqH drainage from the anterior chamber and elevated IOP. Transcriptome and cistrome analyses identified several glaucoma- and extracellular matrix-associated genes as direct transcriptional targets of GLIS1. We also identified a significant association between GLIS1 variant rs941125 and glaucoma in humans (P=4.73x10-6), further supporting a role for GLIS1 into glaucoma etiology. Our study identifies GLIS1 as a critical regulator of TM function and maintenance, AqH dynamics, and IOP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nair, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choquet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, Y.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimm, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutherland, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badea, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okamoto, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kizhatil, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borras, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zode, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakrabarti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, S. W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorgenson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jetten, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.02.450719</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GLIS1 regulates trabecular meshwork function and intraocular pressure and is associated with glaucoma in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.02.450762v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Broad-scale variation in human genetic diversity levels is predicted by purifying selection on coding and non-coding elements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.02.450762v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Analyses of genetic variation in many taxa have established that neutral genetic diversity is shaped by natural selection at linked sites. Whether the mode of selection is primarily the fixation of strongly beneficial alleles (selective sweeps) or purifying selection on deleterious mutations (background selection) remains unknown, however. We address this question in humans by fitting a model of the joint effects of selective sweeps and background selection to autosomal polymorphism data from the 1000 Genomes Project. After controlling for variation in mutation rates along the genome, a model of background selection alone explains [~]60% of the variance in diversity levels at the megabase scale. Adding the effects of selective sweeps driven by adaptive substitutions to the model does not improve the fit, and when both modes of selection are considered jointly, selective sweeps are estimated to have had little or no effect on linked neutral diversity. The regions under purifying selection are best predicted by phylogenetic conservation, with [~]80% of the deleterious mutations affecting neutral diversity occurring in non-exonic regions. Thus, background selection is the dominant mode of linked selection in humans, with marked effects on diversity levels throughout autosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murphy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elyashiv, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amster, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sella, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.02.450762</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Broad-scale variation in human genetic diversity levels is predicted by purifying selection on coding and non-coding elements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.02.450956v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Signatures of rapid synaptic learning in the hippocampus during novel experiences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.02.450956v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons in the hippocampus exhibit striking selectivity for specific combinations of sensory features, forming representations which are thought to subserve episodic memory. Even during a completely novel experience, ensembles of hippocampal "place cells" are rapidly configured such that the population sparsely encodes visited locations, stabilizing within minutes of the first exposure to a new environment. What cellular mechanisms enable this fast encoding of experience? Here we leverage virtual reality and large scale neural recordings to dissect the effects of novelty and experience on the dynamics of place field formation. We show that the place fields of many CA1 neurons transiently shift locations and modulate the amplitude of their activity immediately after place field formation, consistent with rapid plasticity mechanisms driven by plateau potentials and somatic burst spiking. These motifs were particularly enriched during initial exploration of a novel context and decayed with experience. Our data suggest that novelty modulates the effective learning rate in CA1, favoring burst-driven field formation to support fast synaptic updating during new experience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Priestley, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowler, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolotti, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fusi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Losonczy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.02.450956</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Signatures of rapid synaptic learning in the hippocampus during novel experiences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.03.451001v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Network-based identification and pharmacological targeting of host cell master regulators induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.03.451001v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precise characterization and targeting of host cell transcriptional machinery hijacked by SARS-CoV-2 remains challenging. To identify therapeutically targetable mechanisms that are critical for SARS-CoV-2 infection, here we elucidated the Master Regulator (MR) proteins representing mechanistic determinants of the gene expression signature induced by SARS-CoV-2. The analysis revealed coordinated inactivation of MR-proteins linked to regulatory programs potentiating efficiency of viral replication (detrimental host MR-signature) and activation of MR-proteins governing innate immune response programs (beneficial MR-signature). To identify MR-inverting compounds capable of rescuing activity of inactivated host MR-proteins, with-out adversely affecting the beneficial MR-signature, we developed the ViroTreat algorithm. Overall, >80% of drugs predicted to be effective by this methodology induced significant reduction of SARS-CoV-2 infection, without affecting cell viability. ViroTreat is fully generalizable and can be extended to identify drugs targeting the host cell-based MR signatures induced by virtually any pathogen.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Laise, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanifer, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosker, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Triana, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doldan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Manna, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Menna, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Realubit, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pampou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandrov, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruithof-de Julio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boulant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.03.451001</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Network-based identification and pharmacological targeting of host cell master regulators induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.05.450786v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Projecting genetic associations through gene expression patterns highlights disease etiology and drug mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.05.450786v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genes act in concert with each other in specific contexts to perform their functions. Determining how these genes influence complex traits requires a mechanistic understanding of expression regulation across different conditions. It has been shown that this insight is critical for developing new therapies. In this regard, the role of individual genes in disease-relevant mechanisms can be hypothesized with transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS), which have represented a significant step forward in testing the mediating role of gene expression in GWAS associations. However, modern models of the architecture of complex traits predict that gene-gene interactions play a crucial role in disease origin and progression. Here we introduce PhenoPLIER, a computational approach that maps gene-trait associations and pharmacological perturbation data into a common latent representation for a joint analysis. This representation is based on modules of genes with similar expression patterns across the same conditions. We observed that diseases were significantly associated with gene modules expressed in relevant cell types, and our approach was accurate in predicting known drug-disease pairs and inferring mechanisms of action. Furthermore, using a CRISPR screen to analyze lipid regulation, we found that functionally important players lacked TWAS associations but were prioritized in trait-associated modules by PhenoPLIER. By incorporating groups of co-expressed genes, PhenoPLIER can contextualize genetic associations and reveal potential targets missed by single-gene strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pividori, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, W.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Namjou, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiryluk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kullo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skarke, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritchie, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, S. F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.05.450786</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Projecting genetic associations through gene expression patterns highlights disease etiology and drug mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.05.451111v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Meta-analysis of exhausted CD8+ T cells from Homo sapiens and Mus musculus provides robust targets for immunotherapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.05.451111v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
T cell exhaustion is a state of T cell dysfunction during chronic infection and cancer. Antibody-targeting immune checkpoint inhibitors to reverse T cell exhaustion is a promising approach for cancer immunotherapy. However, the therapeutic efficacy of known immune checkpoint inhibitors remains low. To expand the potential effective targets to reverse T cell exhaustion, a meta-analysis was performed to integrate seven exhaustion datasets caused by multiple diseases in both humans and mice. In this study, an overlap of 21 upregulated and 37 downregulated genes was identified in human and mouse exhausted CD8+ T cells. These genes were significantly enriched in exhaustion response-related pathways, such as signal transduction, immune system processes, and regulation of cytokine production. Gene expression network analysis revealed that the well-documented exhaustion genes were defined as hub genes in upregulated genes, such as programmed cell death protein 1 and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4. In addition, a weighted gene co-expression analysis identified 175 overlapping genes that were significantly correlated with the exhaustion trait in both humans and mice. This study found that nine genes, including thymocyte selection associated high mobility group box and CD200 receptor 1, were significantly upregulated and highly related to T cell exhaustion. These genes should be additional robust targets for immunotherapy and T-cell dysfunction studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.05.451111</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Meta-analysis of exhausted CD8+ T cells from Homo sapiens and Mus musculus provides robust targets for immunotherapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.05.451192v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain-like functional specialization emerges spontaneously in deep neural networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.05.451192v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The last quarter century of cognitive neuroscience has revealed numerous cortical regions in humans with distinct, often highly specialized functions, from recognizing faces to understanding language to thinking about what other people are thinking. But it remains unclear why the cortex exhibits this high degree of functional specialization in the first place. Here, we consider the case of face perception, using artificial neural networks to test the hypothesis that functional segregation of face recognition in the brain reflects the computational requirements of the task. We find that networks trained on generic object recognition perform poorly on face recognition and vice versa, and further that networks optimized for both tasks spontaneously segregate themselves into separate systems for faces and objects. Thus, generic visual features that suffice for object recognition are apparently suboptimal for face recognition and vice versa. We then show functional segregation to varying degrees for other visual categories, revealing a widespread tendency for optimization (without built-in task-specific inductive biases) to lead to functional specialization in machines and, we conjecture, also brains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dobs, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kell, A. J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanwisher, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.05.451192</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain-like functional specialization emerges spontaneously in deep neural networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.06.451295v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Re-convolving the compositional landscape of primary and recurrent glioblastoma using single nucleus RNA sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.06.451295v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive diffusely infiltrating neoplasm that spreads beyond surgical resection margins, where it intermingles with non-neoplastic brain cells. This complex microenvironment harboring infiltrating glioma and non-neoplastic brain cells is the origin of tumor recurrence. Thus, understanding the cellular and molecular features of the glioma microenvironment is therapeutically and prognostically important. We used single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNAseq) to determine the cellular composition and transcriptional states in primary and recurrent glioma and identified three compositional  tissue-states defined by the observed patterns of cohabitation between neoplastic and non-neoplastic brain cells. These comprise states enriched in A) neurons and non-neoplastic glia, B) reactive astrocytes and inflammatory cells, and C) proliferating tumor cells. The tissue states also showed distinct associations with the different transcriptional states of GBM cells. Spatial transcriptomics revealed that the cell-types/transcriptional-states associated with each tissue state colocalize in space. Tissue states are clinically significant because they correlate with radiographic, histopathologic, and prognostic features. Importantly, we found that our compositionally-defined tissue states are enriched in distinct metabolic pathways. One such pathway is fatty acid biosynthesis, which was enriched in tissue state B - a state enriched in recurrent glioblastoma and associated with shorter overall survival- and composed of astrocyte-like/mesenchymal glioma cells, reactive astrocytes, and monocyte-like myeloid cells. We showed that treating acute slices of GBM with a fatty acid synthesis inhibitor is sufficient to deplete the transcriptional signature of tissue state B. Our findings define a novel compositional approach to analyze glioma-infiltrated tissue which allows us to discover prognostic and targetable features, paving the way to new mechanistic and therapeutic discoveries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Al-Dalahmah, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Argenziano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyett, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Save, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuddenham, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>goldberg, a. r.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dovas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furnari, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudhakar, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bush, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lassman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruce, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sims, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canoll, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.06.451295</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Re-convolving the compositional landscape of primary and recurrent glioblastoma using single nucleus RNA sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.06.451396v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A single-cell transcriptomic atlas characterizes liver non-parenchymal cells in healthy and diseased mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.06.451396v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The heterogeneity of liver non-parenchymal cells (NPCs) is essential for liver structure and function. However, the current understanding of liver NPCs, especially in different liver diseases, remains incompletely elucidated. Here, a single-cell transcriptome atlas of 171,814 NPCs from healthy and 5 typical liver disease mouse models, including alcoholic liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), drug-induced liver injury, cholestatic, and ischemia-reperfusion liver injury is constructed. The inter- and intra-group heterogeneity of 12 types (and numerous subtypes) of NPCs involving endothelial cells, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), neutrophils, T cells, and mononuclear phagocytes (MPs) are summarized. A protective subtype of neutrophils characterized by Chil3high is validated and found significantly increasing only in drug-induced and cholestatic liver injury models. Transcriptional regulatory network analysis reveals disease-specific transcriptional reprogramming. Metabolic activity analysis indicates that fibrosis is accompanied by increases in glycolysis and retinol metabolism in activated HSCs and MPs. Moreover, we found that cell-cell interactions between cholangiocytes and immune cells contribute more to cholestatic liver fibrosis compared with NASH, while HSCs are more important for NASH fibrosis. Our atlas, together with an interactive website provides a systematic view of highly heterogeneous NPCs and a valuable resource to better understand pathological mechanisms underlying liver diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.06.451396</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A single-cell transcriptomic atlas characterizes liver non-parenchymal cells in healthy and diseased mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.07.451322v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pre-trial predictors of conflict response efficacy in human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.07.451322v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to perform motor actions depends, in part, on the brains initial state, that is, the ensemble firing rate pattern prior to the initiation of action. We hypothesized that the same principle would apply to cognitive functions as well. To test this idea, we examined a unique set of single unit data collected in human dorsolateral prefrontal (dlPFC) cortex. Data were collected in a conflict task that interleaves Simon (motor-type) and Eriksen (flanker-type) conflict trials. In dlPFC, variability in pre-trial firing rate predicted the ability to resolve conflict, as inferred from reaction times. Ensemble patterns that predicted faster Simon reaction times overlapped slightly with those predicting Erikson performance, indicating that the two conflict types are associated with near-orthogonal initial states, and suggesting that there is a weak abstract or amodal conflict preparatory state in this region. These codes became fully orthogonalized in the response state. We interpret these results in light of the initial state hypothesis, arguing that the firing patterns in dlPFC immediately preceding the start of a task predispose it for the efficient implementation of cognitive action.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herman, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKhann, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botvinick, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayden, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.07.451322</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pre-trial predictors of conflict response efficacy in human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.08.450573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intracellular phase separation of globular proteins facilitated by short cationic peptides 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.08.450573v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phase separation provides intracellular organization and underlies a variety of cellular processes. These biomolecular condensates exhibit distinct physical and material properties. Current strategies for engineering condensate formation include using intrinsically disordered domains and altering protein surface charge by chemical supercharging or site-specific mutagenesis. We add to this toolbox by designing short, highly charged peptide tags that provide several key advantages for engineering protein phase separation. Herein, we report the use of short cationic peptide tags for sequestration of proteins of interest into bacterial condensates. Using a panel of GFP variants, we demonstrate how cationic tag and globular domain charge contribute to intracellular phase separation in E. coli and observe that the tag can affect condensate disassembly at a given net charge near the phase separation boundary. We showcase the broad applicability of these tags by appending them onto enzymes and demonstrating that the sequestered enzymes remain catalytically active.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=113 SRC="FIGDIR/small/450573v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yeong, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.-w.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horn, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obermeyer, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.08.450573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intracellular phase separation of globular proteins facilitated by short cationic peptides]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.09.451866v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Directional Gaussian Mixture Models of the gut microbiome elucidate microbial spatial structure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.09.451866v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The gut microbiome is spatially heterogeneous, with environmental niches contributing to the distribution and composition of microbial populations. A recently developed mapping technology, MaPS-seq, aims to characterize the spatial organization of the gut microbiome by providing data about local microbial populations. However, information about the global arrangement of these populations is lost by MaPS-seq. To address this, we propose a class of Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM) with spatial dependencies between mixture components in order to computationally recover the relative spatial arrangement of microbial communities. We demonstrate on synthetic data that our spatial models can identify global spatial dynamics, accurately cluster data, and improve parameter inference over a naive GMM. We applied our model to three MaPS-Seq datasets taken from varying regions of the mouse intestine. On cecal and distal colon datasets, we find our model accurately recapitulates known spatial behaviors of the gut microbiome, including compositional differences between mucus and lumen-associated populations. Our model also seem to capture the role of a pH gradient on microbial populations in the mouse ileum and proposes new behaviors as well.

ImportanceThe spatial arrangement of the microbes in the gut microbiome is a defining characteristic of its behavior. Various experimental studies have attempted to provide glimpses into the mechanisms that contribute to microbial arrangements. However, many of these descriptions are qualitative. We developed a computational method that takes microbial spatial data and learns many of the experimentally validated spatial factors. We can then use our model to propose previously unknown spatial behaviors. Our results demonstrate that the gut microbiome, while exceptionally large, has predictable spatial patterns that can be used to help us understand its role in health and disease.

Code availabilitygithub.com/amepas/Spatial_Mbiome
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pasarkar, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe'er, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.09.451866</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Directional Gaussian Mixture Models of the gut microbiome elucidate microbial spatial structure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.11.451874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamics of glioma-associated microglia and macrophages reveals their divergent roles in the immune response of brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.11.451874v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glioma microenvironment contains numerous myeloid cells, including brain-resident microglia and recruited monocytes and macrophages (Mo/M{varphi}). When studied collectively, these cells presented pro-tumor effects. Yet, little is known about the differences among these myeloid populations. Using single-cell sequencing analysis, we studied the phenotypic characteristics, spatial variances, and dynamic changes of these relatively heterogeneous cell populations. Microglia populations with distinct spatial distribution presented different functional states, including tumor-associated subsets with phagocytic and lipid metabolism signature. Notably, this subset of glioma-associated microglia shared similar trait in a diverse spectrum of neuropathogenesis. In contrast, Mo/M{varphi} highly expressed genes related to angiogenesis, tumor invasion, and immune evasion. Moreover, identifying the Mo/M{varphi} subsets had prognostic and classificatory value in clinical application. These results thus eliminate the long-existing ambiguity about the role of microglia and Mo/M{varphi} in glioma pathogenesis, and reveal their prognostic and therapeutic value for glioma patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.11.451874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamics of glioma-associated microglia and macrophages reveals their divergent roles in the immune response of brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.451657v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Making Strides in Doctoral-Level Career Outcomes Reporting: Surveying the Landscape of Classification and Visualization Methodologies and Creating a Crosswalk Tool 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.451657v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The recent movement underscoring the importance of career taxonomies has helped usher in a new era of transparency in PhD career outcomes. The convergence of discipline-specific organizational movements, interdisciplinary collaborations, and federal initiatives have all helped to increase PhD career outcomes tracking and reporting. Transparent and publicly available PhD career outcomes are being used by institutions to attract top applicants, as prospective graduate students are factoring these in when deciding on the program and institution in which to enroll for their PhD studies. Given the increasing trend to track PhD career outcomes, the number of institutional efforts and supporting offices for these studies have increased, as has the variety of methods being used to classify and report/visualize outcomes. This report identifies and summarizes currently available PhD career taxonomy tools, resources, and visualization options to help catalyze and empower institutions to develop and publish their own PhD career outcomes. Similar fields between taxonomies were mapped to create a new crosswalk tool. This work serves as an empirical review of the career outcome tracking systems available and highlights organizations, consortia, and funding agencies that are impacting policy change toward greater transparency in PhD career outcomes reporting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Collins, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramadoss, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Layton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacDonald, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bankston, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stayart, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson-Hamm, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinche, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burghart, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlsen-Bryan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eswara, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasna, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.12.451657</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Making Strides in Doctoral-Level Career Outcomes Reporting: Surveying the Landscape of Classification and Visualization Methodologies and Creating a Crosswalk Tool]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.13.452149v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vivo evidence that SORL1, encoding the endosomal recycling receptor SORLA, can function as a causal gene in Alzheimer's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.13.452149v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The few established causal genes in Alzheimers disease (AD), mutations in APP and PSENs, have been functionally characterized using biomarkers, capturing an in vivo profile reflecting the diseases initial preclinical phase. SORL1, a gene encoding the endosome recycling receptor SORLA, epidemiologically behaves as a causal gene when truncating mutations lead to partial loss of protein function. Here, in an effort to test whether SORL1 can indeed function as an AD causal gene, we used CRISPR-Cas9-based gene editing to develop a novel model of SORL1 haploinsufficiency in Gottingen Minipigs taking advantage of porcine models for biomarker investigations. SORL1 haploinsufficiency in young minipigs was found to phenocopy the preclinical in vivo profile of AD observed with other causal genes, resulting in spinal fluid abnormalities in A{beta} and tau, with no evident neurodegeneration or amyloid plaque formation. These studies provide functional support that SORL1 is a bona fide causal gene in AD, and when taken together with recent insight on other AD-causal genes, support the idea that dysfunctional endosomal recycling is a dominant pathogenic pathway in the disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Andersen, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boegh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landau, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ploeen, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, A. M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulhoei, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyengaard, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobsen, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joergensen, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holm, I. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kristensen, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teunissen, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breidenbach, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Droescher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedersen, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callesen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolund, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laustsen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Small, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikkelsen, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soerensen, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.13.452149</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vivo evidence that SORL1, encoding the endosomal recycling receptor SORLA, can function as a causal gene in Alzheimer's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.13.452183v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Motor memories of object dynamics are categorically organized 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.13.452183v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to predict the dynamics of objects, linking applied force to motion, underlies our capacity to perform many of the tasks we carry out on a daily basis. Thus, a fundamental question is how the dynamics of the myriad objects we interact with are organized in memory. Using a custom-built three-dimensional robotic interface that allowed us to simulate objects of varying appearance and weight, we examined how participants learned the weights of sets of objects that they repeatedly lifted. We find strong support for the novel hypothesis that motor memories of object dynamics are organized categorically, in terms of families, based on covariation in their visual and mechanical properties. A striking prediction of this hypothesis, supported by our findings and not predicted by standard associative map models, is that outlier objects with weights that deviate from the family-predicted weight will never be learned despite causing repeated lifting errors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cesanek, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingram, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolpert, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flanagan, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.13.452183</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Motor memories of object dynamics are categorically organized]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.13.452276v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Floxed exon (Flexon) approach to Cre-mediated conditional gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.13.452276v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Conditional gene expression allows for genes to be manipulated and lineages to be marked during development. In the established "lox-stop-lox" approach, Cre-mediated tissue-specific gene expression is achieved by excising the stop cassette, a lox-flanked translational stop that is inserted into the 5' untranslated region of a gene to halt its expression. Although lox-stop-lox has been successfully used in many experimental systems, the design of traditional stop cassettes also has common issues and limitations. Here, we describe the Floxed exon (Flexon), a stop cassette within an artificial exon that can be inserted flexibly into the coding region of any gene to cause premature termination of translation and nonsense-mediated decay of the mRNA. We demonstrate its efficacy in C. elegans by showing that, when promoters that cause weak and/or transient cell-specific expression are used to drive Cre in combination with a gfp(flexon) transgene, strong and sustained expression is obtained in specific lineages. We also describe several potential additional applications for using Flexon for developmental studies, including more precise control of gene expression using intersectional methods, tissue-specific protein degradation or RNAi, and generation of genetic mosaics. The Flexon approach should be feasible in any system where any site-specific recombination-based method may be applied.

Summary statementThe Floxed exon (Flexon), a stop cassette that can be inserted flexibly into the coding region of any gene, facilitates Cre-mediated conditional gene expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shaffer, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenwald, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.13.452276</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Floxed exon (Flexon) approach to Cre-mediated conditional gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.14.452366v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ing4-deficiency enhances HSC quiescence and confers resistance to inflammatory stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.14.452366v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hematopoiesis is tightly regulated by a network of transcription factors and complexes that are required for the development and maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). We recently identified the tumor suppressor, Ing4, as a critical regulator of HSC homeostasis. Though the Ing4 mechanism of action remains poorly characterized, it has been shown to promote stem-like cell characteristics in malignant cells. This activity is, in part, due to Ing4 mediated regulation of several major signaling pathways, including NF-{kappa}B and c-Myc. In murine hematopoiesis, Ing4 deficiency induces G0 arrest in HSCs, while simultaneously promoting gene expression signatures associated with differentiation. This results in a poised state for Ing4-deficient HSCs. Long term HSCs are unable to overcome this block, but short-term HSCs convert the poised state into regenerative capacity during hematopoietic challenges, including irradiation and transplantation. Overall, our findings suggest that Ing4 plays a crucial role in the regulation of hematopoiesis. Our model provides key tools for further identification and characterization of pathways that control quiescence and differentiation in HSCs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thompson, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabriel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binder, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kathrein, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.14.452366</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ing4-deficiency enhances HSC quiescence and confers resistance to inflammatory stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.14.452380v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recording Temporal Signals with Minutes Resolution Using Enzymatic DNA Synthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.14.452380v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Employing DNA as a high-density data storage medium has paved the way for next-generation digital storage and biosensing technologies. However, the multipart architecture of current DNA-based recording techniques renders them inherently slow and incapable of recording fluctuating signals with sub-hour frequencies. To address this limitation, we developed a simplified system employing a single enzyme, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT), to transduce environmental signals into DNA. TdT adds nucleotides to the 3 ends of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) in a template-independent manner, selecting bases according to inherent preferences and environmental conditions. By characterizing TdT nucleotide selectivity under different conditions, we show that TdT can encode various physiologically relevant signals like Co2+, Ca2+, Zn2+ concentrations and temperature changes in vitro. Further, by considering the average rate of nucleotide incorporation, we show that the resulting ssDNA functions as a molecular ticker tape. With this method we accurately encode a temporal record of fluctuations in Co2+ concentration to within 1 minute over a 60-minute period. Finally, we engineer TdT to allosterically turn off in the presence of physiologically relevant concentration of calcium. We use this engineered TdT in concert with a reference TdT to develop a two-polymerase system capable of recording a single step change in Ca2+ signal to within 1 minute over a 60-minute period. This work expands the repertoire of DNA-based recording techniques by developing a novel DNA synthesis-based system that can record temporal environmental signals into DNA with minutes resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhan, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castinado, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaser, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalhor, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strutz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyden, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Church, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kording, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.14.452380</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recording Temporal Signals with Minutes Resolution Using Enzymatic DNA Synthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.15.452499v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synaptic decline precedes dopaminergic neuronal loss in human midbrain organoids harboring a triplication of the SNCA gene 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.15.452499v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1.Increased levels of the protein alpha-synuclein (-syn) are associated with the development of neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinsons disease (PD). In physiological conditions, -syn modulates synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis and neuronal survival. However, its pathogenic accumulation and aggregation results in toxicity and neurodegeneration.

Here, we used a PD patient specific midbrain organoid model derived from induced pluripotent stem cells harboring a triplication in the SNCA gene to study PD-associated phenotypes. The model recapitulates the two main hallmarks of PD, which are -syn aggregation and loss of dopaminergic neurons. Additionally, impairments in astrocyte differentiation were detected. Transcriptomics data indicate that synaptic function is impaired in PD specific midbrain organoids. This is further confirmed by alterations in synapse number and electrophysiological activity. We found that synaptic decline precedes neurodegeneration. Finally, this study substantiates that patient specific midbrain organoids allow a personalized phenotyping, which make them an interesting tool for precision medicine and drug discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Modamio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saraiva, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Giro, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickels, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarazo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antony, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbuti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halder, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaeger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krueger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaab, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwamborn, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.15.452499</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synaptic decline precedes dopaminergic neuronal loss in human midbrain organoids harboring a triplication of the SNCA gene]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.16.452702v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GAIT-GM integrative cross-omics analyses reveal cholinergic defects in a C. elegans model of Parkinson's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.16.452702v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundParkinsons disease (PD) is a disabling neurodegenerative disorder in which multiple cell types, including dopaminergic and cholinergic neurons, are affected. The mechanisms of neurodegeneration in PD are unknown, limiting the development of therapies directed at disease-relevant molecular targets. C. elegans is a genetically tractable model system that can be used to disentangle disease mechanisms in complex diseases such as PD. Such mechanisms can be studied combining high-throughput molecular profiling technologies such as transcriptomics and metabolomics. However, the integrative analysis of multi-omics data in order to unravel disease mechanisms is a challenging task without advanced bioinformatics training. Galaxy, a widely-used resource for enabling bioinformatics analysis by the broad scientific community, has poor representation of multi-omics integration pipelines.

ResultsWe present the integrative analysis of gene expression and metabolite levels of a C. elegans PD model using GAIT-GM, a new Galaxy tool for multi-omics data analysis. Using GAIT-GM, we discovered an association between branched-chain amino acid metabolism and cholinergic neurons in the C. elegans PD model. An independent follow-up experiment uncovered cholinergic neurodegeneration in the C. elegans model that is consistent with cholinergic cell loss observed in PD.

ConclusionGAIT-GM is an easy to use Galaxy-based tool for generating novel testable hypotheses of disease mechanisms involving gene-metabolite relationships.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mor, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huertas, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morse, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaletsky, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalia, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moskalenko, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conesa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McIntyre, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.16.452702</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GAIT-GM integrative cross-omics analyses reveal cholinergic defects in a C. elegans model of Parkinson's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.18.452793v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Reinforcement Meta-Learning Framework of Executive Function and Information Demand 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.18.452793v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gathering information is crucial for maximizing fitness, but requires diverting resources from searching directly for primary rewards to actively exploring the environment. Optimal decision-making thus maximizes information while reducing effort costs, but little is known about the neural implementation of these tradeoffs. We present a Reinforcement Meta-Learning (RML) computational mechanism that solves the trade-offs between the value and costs of gathering information. We implement the RML in a biologically plausible architecture that links catecholaminergic neuromodulators, the medial prefrontal cortex and topographically organized visual maps and show that it accounts for neural and behavioral findings on information demand motivated by instrumental incentives and intrinsic utility. Moreover, the utility function used by the RML, encoded by dopamine, is an approximation of free-energy. Thus, the RML presents a biologically plausible mechanism through which coordinated motivational, executive and sensory systems generate visual information gathering policies that minimize free energy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Silvetti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasaponara, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottlieb, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.18.452793</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Reinforcement Meta-Learning Framework of Executive Function and Information Demand]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.18.452853v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PLIGHT: A tool to assess privacy risk by inferring identifying characteristics from sparse, noisy genotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.18.452853v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from omics data carry a high risk of reidentification for individuals and their relatives. While the ability of thousands of SNPs (especially rare ones) to identify individuals has been repeatedly demonstrated, the ready availability of small sets of noisy genotypes - such as from environmental DNA samples or functional genomics data - motivated us to quantify their informativeness. Here, we present a computational tool suite, PLIGHT ("Privacy Leakage by Inference across Genotypic HMM Trajectories"), that employs population-genetics-based Hidden Markov Models of recombination and mutation to find piecewise alignment of small, noisy query SNP sets to a reference haplotype database. We explore cases where query individuals are either known to be in a database, or not, and consider a variety of queries, including simulated genotype "mosaics" (composites from 2 source individuals) and genotypes from swabs of coffee cups from a known individual. Using PLIGHT on a database with ~5,000 haplotypes, we find for common, noise-free SNPs that only ten are sufficient to identify individuals, ~20 can identify both components in two-individual simulated mosaics, and 20-30 can identify first-order relatives (parents, children, and siblings). Using noisy coffee-cup-derived SNPs, PLIGHT identifies an individual (within the database) using ~30 SNPs. Moreover, even when the individual is not in the database, local genotype matches allow for some phenotypic information leakage based on coarse-grained GWAS SNP imputation and polygenic risk scores. Overall, PLIGHT maximizes the identifying information content of sparse SNP sets through exact or partial matches to databases. Finally, by quantifying such privacy attacks, PLIGHT helps determine the value of selectively sanitizing released SNPs without explicit assumptions about underlying population membership or allele frequencies. To make this practical, we provide a sanitization tool to remove the most identifying SNPs from a query set.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Emani, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gursoy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miranker, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.18.452853</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PLIGHT: A tool to assess privacy risk by inferring identifying characteristics from sparse, noisy genotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.19.452923v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Protein Co-Regulation in the Human Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.19.452923v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial respiratory chain (RC) function requires the stoichiometric interaction among dozens of proteins but their co-regulation has not been defined in the human brain. Here, using quantitative proteomics across three independent cohorts we systematically characterized the co-regulation patterns of mitochondrial RC proteins in the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Whereas the abundance of RC protein subunits that physically assemble into stable complexes were correlated, indicating their co-regulation, RC assembly factors exhibited modest co-regulation. Within complex I, nuclear DNA-encoded subunits exhibited >2.5-times higher co-regulation than mitochondrial (mt)DNA-encoded subunits. Moreover, mtDNA copy number was unrelated to mtDNA-encoded subunits abundance, suggesting that mtDNA content is not limiting. Alzheimers disease (AD) brains exhibited reduced abundance of complex I RC subunits, an effect largely driven by a 2-4% overall lower mitochondrial protein content. These findings provide foundational knowledge to identify molecular mechanisms contributing to age- and disease-related erosion of mitochondrial function in the human brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trumpff, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owusu-Ansah, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, H.-U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petyuk, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingo, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thambisetty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrucci, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seyfried, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.19.452923</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Protein Co-Regulation in the Human Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.20.453075v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcription factor regulation of eQTL activity across individuals and tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.20.453075v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tens of thousands of genetic variants associated with gene expression (cis-eQTLs) have been discovered in the human population. These eQTLs are active in various tissues and contexts, but the molecular mechanisms of eQTL variability are poorly understood, hindering our understanding of genetic regulation across biological contexts. Since many eQTLs are believed to act by altering transcription factor (TF) binding affinity, we hypothesized that analyzing eQTL effect size as a function of TF level may allow discovery of mechanisms of eQTL variability. Using GTEx Consortium eQTL data from 49 tissues, we analyzed the interaction between eQTL effect size and TF level across tissues and across individuals within specific tissues and generated a list of 6,262 TF-eQTL interactions across 1,598 genes that are supported by at least two lines of evidence. These TF-eQTLs were enriched for various TF binding measures, supporting with orthogonal evidence that these eQTLs are regulated by the implicated TFs. We also found that our TF-eQTLs tend to overlap genes with gene-by-environment regulatory effects and to colocalize with GWAS loci, implying that our approach can help to elucidate mechanisms of context-specificity and trait associations. Finally, we highlight an interesting example of IKZF1 TF regulation of an APBB1IP gene eQTL that colocalizes with a GWAS signal for blood cell traits. Together, our findings provide candidate TF mechanisms for a large number of eQTLs and offer a generalizable approach for researchers to discover TF regulators of genetic variant effects in additional QTL datasets.

Author SummaryGene expression is regulated by local genomic sequence and can be affected by genetic variants. In the human population, tens of thousands of cis-regulatory variants have been discovered that are associated with altered gene expression across tissues, cell types, or environmental conditions. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of how these small changes in the genome sequence affect genome function would offer insight to the genetic regulatory code and how gene expression is controlled across tissues and environments. Current research efforts suggest that many regulatory variants effects on gene expression are mediated by them altering the binding of transcription factors, which are proteins that bind to DNA to regulate gene expression. Here, we exploit the natural variation of TF activity among 49 tissues and between 838 individuals to elucidate which TFs regulate which regulatory variants. We find 6,262 TF-eQTL interactions across 1,598 genes that are supported by at least two lines of evidence. We validate these interactions using functional genomic and experimental approaches, and we find indication that they may pinpoint mechanisms of environment-specific genetic regulatory effects and genetic variants associated to diseases and traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Flynn, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsu, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasela, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim-Hellmuth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardlie, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bussemaker, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammadi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lappalainen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.20.453075</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcription factor regulation of eQTL activity across individuals and tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.20.453090v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell genomics reveals region-specific developmental trajectories underlying neuronal diversity in the prenatal human hypothalamus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.20.453090v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The development and diversity of neuronal subtypes in the human hypothalamus has been insufficiently characterized. We sequenced the transcriptomes of 40,927 cells from the prenatal human hypothalamus spanning from 6 to 25 gestational weeks and 25,424 mature neurons in regions of the adult human hypothalamus, revealing a temporal trajectory from proliferative stem cell populations to mature neurons and glia. Developing hypothalamic neurons followed branching trajectories leading to 170 transcriptionally distinct neuronal subtypes in ten hypothalamic nuclei in the adult. The uniqueness of hypothalamic neuronal lineages was examined developmentally by comparing excitatory lineages present in cortex and inhibitory lineages in ganglionic eminence from the same individuals, revealing both distinct and shared drivers of neuronal maturation across the human forebrain. Cross-species comparisons to the mouse hypothalamus identified human-specific POMC populations expressing unique combinations of transcription factors and neuropeptides. These results provide the first comprehensive transcriptomic view of human hypothalamus development at cellular resolution.

One-Sentence SummaryUsing single-cell genomics, we reconstructed the developmental lineages by which precursor populations give rise to 170 distinct neuronal subtypes in the human hypothalamus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herb, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glover, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhaduri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casella, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bale, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriegstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doege, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ament, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.20.453090</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell genomics reveals region-specific developmental trajectories underlying neuronal diversity in the prenatal human hypothalamus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.20.453107v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uncertainty modulates visual maps during non-instrumental information demand 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.20.453107v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals are intrinsically motivated to resolve uncertainty and predict future events. This motivation is encoded in cortical and subcortical structures, but a key open question is how it generates concrete policies for attending to informative stimuli. We examined this question using neural recordings in the monkey lateral intraparietal area (LIP), a visual area implicated in attention and gaze, during non-instrumental information demand. We show that the uncertainty that was resolved by a visual cue enhanced visuo-spatial responses of LIP cells independently of reward probability. This enhancement was independent of immediate saccade plans but correlated with the sensitivity to uncertainty in eye movement behavior on longer time scales (across sessions/days). The findings suggest that topographic visual maps receive motivational signals of uncertainty, which enhance the priority of informative stimuli and the likelihood that animals will orient to the stimuli to reduce uncertainty.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daddaoua, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottlieb, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.20.453107</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uncertainty modulates visual maps during non-instrumental information demand]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.20.453126v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differences in the dynamics of the tandem-SH2 modules of the Syk and ZAP-70 tyrosine kinases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.20.453126v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The catalytic activity of Syk-family tyrosine kinases is regulated by a tandem-SH2 module (tSH2 module). In the autoinhibited state, this module adopts a conformation which stabilizes an inactive conformation of the kinase domain. The binding of the tSH2 module to doubly-phosphorylated tyrosine-containing motifs necessitates a conformational change, thereby relieving kinase inhibition and promoting activation. We determined the crystal structure of the isolated tSH2 module of Syk and find, in contrast to ZAP-70, that its conformation more closely resembles that of the peptide-bound state, rather than the autoinhibited state. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange by mass spectrometry, as well as molecular dynamics simulations, reveal that the dynamics of the tSH2 modules of Syk and ZAP-70 differ, with most of these differences occurring in the C-terminal SH2 domain. Our data suggest that the conformational landscapes of the tSH2 modules in Syk and ZAP-70 have been tuned differently, such that the auto-inhibited conformation of the Syk tSH2 module is less stable. This feature of Syk likely contributes to its ability to more readily escape autoinhibition when compared to ZAP-70, consistent with tighter control of downstream signaling pathways in T cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hobbs, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badroos, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gee, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuriyan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.20.453126</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differences in the dynamics of the tandem-SH2 modules of the Syk and ZAP-70 tyrosine kinases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.21.453274v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combination of Antiviral Drugs to Inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Polymerase and Exonuclease as Potential COVID-19 Therapeutics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.21.453274v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 has an exonuclease-based proofreader, which removes nucleotide inhibitors such as Remdesivir that are incorporated into the viral RNA during replication, reducing the efficacy of these drugs for treating COVID-19. Combinations of inhibitors of both the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and the exonuclease could overcome this deficiency. Here we report the identification of hepatitis C virus NS5A inhibitors Pibrentasvir and Ombitasvir as SARS-CoV-2 exonuclease inhibitors. In the presence of Pibrentasvir, RNAs terminated with the active forms of the prodrugs Sofosbuvir, Remdesivir, Favipiravir, Molnupiravir and AT-527 were largely protected from excision by the exonuclease, while in the absence of Pibrentasvir, there was rapid excision. Due to its unique structure, Tenofovir-terminated RNA was highly resistant to exonuclease excision even in the absence of Pibrentasvir. Viral cell culture studies also demonstrate significant synergy using this combination strategy. This study supports the use of combination drugs that inhibit both the SARS-CoV-2 polymerase and exonuclease for effective COVID-19 treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sacramento, C. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jockusch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaves, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fintelman-Rodrigues, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chien, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temerozo, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garzia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuschl, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bozza, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Souza, T. M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ju, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.21.453274</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combination of Antiviral Drugs to Inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Polymerase and Exonuclease as Potential COVID-19 Therapeutics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.22.453400v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
How clustered protocadherin binding specificity is tuned for neuronal self/non-self-recognition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.22.453400v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The stochastic expression of fewer than 60 clustered protocadherin (cPcdh) isoforms provides diverse identities to individual vertebrate neurons and a molecular basis for self/non-self- discrimination. cPcdhs form chains mediated by alternating cis and trans interactions between apposed membranes, which has been suggested to signal self-recognition. Such a mechanism requires that cPcdh cis dimers form promiscuously to generate diverse recognition units, and that trans interactions have precise specificity so that isoform mismatches terminate chain growth. However, the extent to which cPcdh interactions fulfill these requirements has not been definitively demonstrated. Here we report biophysical experiments showing that cPcdh cis interactions are promiscuous, but with preferences favoring formation of heterologous cis dimers. Trans-homophilic interactions are remarkably precise, with no evidence for heterophilic interactions between different isoforms. A new C-type cPcdh crystal structure and mutagenesis data help to explain these observations. Overall, the interaction characteristics we report for cPcdhs help explain their function in neuronal self/non-self-discrimination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goodman, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katsamba, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubinstein, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahlsen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahna, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mannepalli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sampogna, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honig, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.22.453400</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[How clustered protocadherin binding specificity is tuned for neuronal self/non-self-recognition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.22.453441v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel Class of Psychedelic Iboga Alkaloids Disrupts Opioid Addiction States 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.22.453441v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Substance use and related mental health epidemics are causing increasing suffering and death in diverse communities.1,2 Despite extensive efforts focused on developing pharmacotherapies for treating substance use disorders, there is an urgent need for radically different therapeutic approaches.3,4 Ibogaine provides an important drug prototype in this direction, as a psychoactive iboga alkaloid suggested to have the ability to interrupt opioid use in drug-dependent humans.5 However, ibogaine and its major metabolite noribogaine present considerable safety risk associated with cardiac arrhythmias.6 We introduce a new class of iboga alkaloids - "oxa-iboga" - defined as benzofuran-containing iboga analogs and created via structural editing of the iboga skeleton. The oxa-iboga compounds act as potent kappa opioid receptor agonists in vitro and in vivo, but exhibit atypical behavioral features compared to standard kappa psychedelics. We show that oxa-noribogaine has greater therapeutic efficacy in rat models of opioid use, and no cardiac pro-arrhythmic potential, in contrast to noribogaine. Oxa-noribogaine induces long-lasting suppression of morphine and fentanyl intake after a single dose, persistent reduction of morphine intake and reinforcing efficacy after a short treatment regimen, and suppression of morphine and fentanyl drug seeking in relapse models. Oxa-noribogaine also induces a lasting elevation of neurotrophin proteins in the ventral tegmental area and medial prefrontal cortex, consistent with targeted neuroplasticity induction and alteration of addiction-like states. As such, oxa-iboga compounds represent candidates for a novel type of pharmacotherapy for treatment of opioid use disorder.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Havel, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruegel, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bechand, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McIntosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stallings, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodges, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wulf, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunkele, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ansonoff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pintar, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abi-Gerges, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidi, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katritch, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javitch, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majumdar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hemby, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sames, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.22.453441</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel Class of Psychedelic Iboga Alkaloids Disrupts Opioid Addiction States]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.27.453843v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular Pathophysiology of Cardiac Injury and Cardiac Microthrombi in Fatal COVID-19: Insights from Clinico-histopathologic and Single Nuclei RNA Sequencing Analyses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.27.453843v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cardiac injury is associated with critical COVID-19, yet its etiology remains debated. To elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms of COVID-19-associated cardiac injury, we conducted a single-center prospective cohort study of 69 COVID-19 decedents. Of six cardiac histopathologic features, microthrombi was the most commonly detected (n=48, 70%). We tested associations of cardiac microthrombi with biomarkers of inflammation, cardiac injury, and fibrinolysis and with in-hospital antiplatelet therapy, therapeutic anticoagulation, and corticosteroid treatment, while adjusting for multiple clinical factors, including COVID-19 therapies. Higher peak ESR and CRP during hospitalization were independently associated with higher odds of microthrombi. Using single nuclei RNA-sequence analysis, we discovered an enrichment of pro-thrombotic/anti-fibrinolytic, extracellular matrix remodeling, and immune-potentiating signaling amongst cardiac fibroblasts in microthrombi-positive COVID-19 hearts relative to microthrombi-negative COVID-19. Non-COVID-19 non-failing hearts were used as reference controls. Our cumulative findings identify the specific transcriptomic changes in cardiac fibroblasts as salient features of COVID-19-associated cardiac microthrombi.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fukuma, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hulke, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brener, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golob, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zilinyi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzimas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGroder, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfeiffer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkhoff, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leon, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maurer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moses, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uhlemann, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hibshoosh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uriel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szabolcs, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redfors, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marboe, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldwin, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.27.453843</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular Pathophysiology of Cardiac Injury and Cardiac Microthrombi in Fatal COVID-19: Insights from Clinico-histopathologic and Single Nuclei RNA Sequencing Analyses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.454109v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
miR-17~92 exerts stage-specific effects in adult V-SVZ neural stem cell lineages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.454109v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the adult mouse brain, neural stem cells (NSCs) in the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) generate neurons and glia throughout life. microRNAs are important regulators of cell states, frequently acting in a stage- or context-dependent manner. Here, miRNA profiling of FACS-purified populations identified miR-17[~]92 as highly upregulated in activated NSCs and transit amplifying cells (TACs) in comparison to quiescent NSCs. Conditional deletion of miR-17[~]92 in NSCs reduced stem cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. In contrast, in TACs, miR-17[~]92 deletion caused a selective shift from neurogenic DLX2+ TACs towards oligodendrogenic OLIG2+ TACs, resulting in increased oligodendrogenesis to the corpus callosum. miR-17[~]92 deletion also decreased proliferation and maturation of intraventricular oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. Together, these findings reveal stage- and cell-type-specific functions of the miR-17[~]92 cluster within adult V-SVZ neural stem cell lineages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Favaloro, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeLeo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgado, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doetsch, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.28.454109</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[miR-17~92 exerts stage-specific effects in adult V-SVZ neural stem cell lineages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.454201v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An atlas of healthy and injured cell states and niches in the human kidney 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.454201v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding kidney disease relies upon defining the complexity of cell types and states, their associated molecular profiles, and interactions within tissue neighborhoods. We have applied multiple single-cell or -nucleus assays (>400,000 nuclei/cells) and spatial imaging technologies to a broad spectrum of healthy reference (n = 42) and disease (n = 42) kidneys. This has provided a high resolution cellular atlas of 100 cell types that include rare and novel cell populations. The multi-omic approach provides detailed transcriptomic profiles, epigenomic regulatory factors, and spatial localizations for major cell types spanning the entire kidney. We further identify and define cellular states altered in kidney injury, encompassing cycling, adaptive or maladaptive repair, transitioning and degenerative states affecting several segments. Molecular signatures of these states permitted their localization within injury neighborhoods using spatial transcriptomics, and large-scale 3D imaging analysis of [~]1.2 million neighborhoods provided linkages to active immune responses. These analyses further defined biological pathways relevant to injury niches, including signatures underlying the transition from reference to predicted maladaptive states that were associated with a decline in kidney function during chronic kidney disease. This human kidney cell atlas, including injury cell states and neighborhoods, will be a valuable resource for future studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lake, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winfree, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalhor, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barwinska, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otto, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferkowicz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diep, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plongthongkum, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knoten, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urata, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naik, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eddy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salamon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balderrama, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoover, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vijayan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waikar, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palevsky, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiryluk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedor, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toto, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parikh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macosko, E. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kharchenko, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaut, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodgin, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eadon, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dagher, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Achkar, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kretzler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>KPMP Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.28.454201</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An atlas of healthy and injured cell states and niches in the human kidney]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.30.454065v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Subcellular and regional localization of mRNA translation in midbrain dopamine neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.30.454065v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Local translation within excitatory and inhibitory neurons is involved in neuronal development and synaptic plasticity. Despite the extensive dendritic and axonal arborizations of central monoaminergic neurons, the subcellular localization of protein synthesis is not well-characterized in these populations. Here, we investigated mRNA localization and translation in midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons, cells with enormous axonal and dendritic projections, both of which exhibit stimulation-evoked dopamine (DA) release. Using highly-sensitive ribosome-bound RNA-sequencing and imaging approaches in mDA axons, we found no evidence for axonal mRNA localization or translation. In contrast, mDA neuronal dendritic projections into the substantia nigra reticulata (SNr) contain ribosomes and mRNAs encoding the major components of DA synthesis, release, and reuptake machinery. Surprisingly, we also observed dendritic localization of mRNAs encoding synaptic vesicle-related proteins, including those involved in vesicular exocytic fusion. Our results are consistent with a role for local translation in the regulation of DA release from dendrites, but not from axons. Our translatome data further defined a molecular signature of the sparse mDA neurons resident in the SNr, including enrichment of Atp2a3/SERCA3, an ER calcium pump previously undescribed in mDA neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hobson, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angelo, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lieberman, O. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosharov, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herzog, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulzer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sims, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.30.454065</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Subcellular and regional localization of mRNA translation in midbrain dopamine neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.30.454370v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural temporal context reinstatement of event structure during memory recall 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.30.454370v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although life unfolds continuously, experiences are generally perceived and remembered as discrete events. Accumulating evidence suggests that event boundaries disrupt temporal representations and weaken memory associations. However, less is known about the consequences of event boundaries on temporal representations during retrieval, especially when temporal information is not tested explicitly. Using a neural measure of temporal context extracted from scalp electroencephalography, we found reduced temporal context similarity between studied items separated by an event boundary when compared to items from the same event. Further, while participants free recalled list items, neural activity reflected reinstatement of temporal context representations from study, including temporal disruption. A computational model of episodic memory, the Context Maintenance and Retrieval model (CMR; Polyn, Norman & Kahana, 2009), predicted these results, and made novel predictions regarding the influence of temporal disruption on recall order. These findings implicate the impact of event structure on memory organization via temporal representations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lohnas, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Healey, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davachi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.30.454370</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural temporal context reinstatement of event structure during memory recall]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.31.454578v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NusG links transcription and translation in Escherichia coli extracts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.31.454578v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In bacteria, transcription is coupled to, and can be regulated by, translation. Although recent structural studies suggest that the N-utilization substance G (NusG) transcription factor can serve as a direct, physical link between the transcribing RNA polymerase (RNAP) and the lead ribosome, mechanistic studies investigating the potential role of NusG in mediating transcription-translation coupling are lacking. Here, we report development of a cellular extract- and reporter gene-based, in vitro biochemical system that supports transcription-translation coupling as well as the use of this system to study the role of NusG in coupling. Our findings show that NusG is required for coupling and that the enhanced gene expression that results from coupling is dependent on the ability of NusG to directly interact with the lead ribosome. Moreover, we provide strong evidence that NusG-dependent coupling enhances gene expression through a mechanism in which the lead ribosome that is tethered to the RNAP by NusG suppresses spontaneous backtracking of the RNAP on its DNA template that would otherwise inhibit transcription.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bailey, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottesman, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.31.454578</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NusG links transcription and translation in Escherichia coli extracts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.02.454840v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-sequence protein structure prediction using language models from deep learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.02.454840v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AlphaFold2 and related systems use deep learning to predict protein structure from co-evolutionary relationships encoded in multiple sequence alignments (MSAs). Despite dramatic, recent increases in accuracy, three challenges remain: (i) prediction of orphan and rapidly evolving proteins for which an MSA cannot be generated, (ii) rapid exploration of designed structures, and (iii) understanding the rules governing spontaneous polypeptide folding in solution. Here we report development of an end-to-end differentiable recurrent geometric network (RGN) able to predict protein structure from single protein sequences without use of MSAs. This deep learning system has two novel elements: a protein language model (AminoBERT) that uses a Transformer to learn latent structural information from millions of unaligned proteins and a geometric module that compactly represents C backbone geometry. RGN2 outperforms AlphaFold2 and RoseTTAFold (as well as trRosetta) on orphan proteins and is competitive with designed sequences, while achieving up to a 106-fold reduction in compute time. These findings demonstrate the practical and theoretical strengths of protein language models relative to MSAs in structure prediction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chowdhury, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouatta, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rochereau, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Church, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorger, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>AlQuraishi, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.02.454840</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-sequence protein structure prediction using language models from deep learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.03.454638v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A programmable probiotic encapsulation system enhances therapeutic delivery in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.03.454638v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in therapeutic modulation of human microbiota have driven new efforts to engineer living microbial medicines using synthetic biology. However, a long-standing challenge for live bacterial therapies is balancing the high dose required to achieve robust efficacy with the potential for sepsis. Here, we developed a genetically encoded microbial encapsulation system with tunable and dynamic expression of surface capsular polysaccharides to enhance therapeutic delivery. Following a synthetic small RNA knockdown screen of the capsular biosynthesis pathway, we constructed synthetic gene circuits that regulate bacterial encapsulation based on sensing the levels of environmental inducer, bacterial density, and blood pH. The induced encapsulation system enabled tunable immunogenicity and survivability of the probiotic Escherichia coli, resulting in increased maximum tolerated dose and enhanced efficacy in murine cancer models. Furthermore, triggering in situ encapsulation was found to increase microbial translocation between mouse tumors, leading to efficacy in distal tumors. The programmable encapsulation system demonstrates a new approach to control microbial therapeutic profiles in vivo using synthetic biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harimoto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hahn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harr, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chowdhury, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nimura, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arpaia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leong, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danino, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.03.454638</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A programmable probiotic encapsulation system enhances therapeutic delivery in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.03.454854v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resurrecting essential amino acid biosynthesis in a mammalian cell 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.03.454854v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Major genomic deletions in independent eukaryotic lineages have led to repeated ancestral loss of biosynthesis pathways for nine of the twenty canonical amino acids1. While the evolutionary forces driving these polyphyletic deletion events are not well understood, the consequence is that extant metazoans are unable to produce nine essential amino acids (EAAs). Previous studies have highlighted that EAA biosynthesis tends to be more energetically costly2,3, raising the possibility that these pathways were lost from organisms with access to abundant EAAs in the environment4,5. It is unclear whether present-day metazoans can reaccept these pathways to resurrect biosynthetic capabilities that were lost long ago or whether evolution has rendered EAA pathways incompatible with metazoan metabolism. Here, we report progress on a large-scale synthetic genomics effort to reestablish EAA biosynthetic functionality in a mammalian cell. We designed codon-optimized biosynthesis pathways based on genes mined from Escherichia coli. These pathways were de novo synthesized in 3 kilobase chunks, assembled in yeasto and genomically integrated into a Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell line. One synthetic pathway produced valine at a sufficient level for cell viability and proliferation, and thus represents a successful example of metazoan EAA biosynthesis restoration. This prototrophic CHO line grows in valine-free medium, and metabolomics using labeled precursors verified de novo biosynthesis of valine. RNA-seq profiling of the valine prototrophic CHO line showed that the synthetic pathway minimally disrupted the cellular transcriptome. Furthermore, valine prototrophic cells exhibited transcriptional signatures associated with rescue from nutritional starvation. This work demonstrates that mammalian metabolism is amenable to restoration of ancient core pathways, thus paving a path for genome-scale efforts to synthetically restore metabolic functions to the metazoan lineage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trolle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McBee, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinglay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>German, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pacold, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boeke, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.03.454854</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resurrecting essential amino acid biosynthesis in a mammalian cell]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.03.454907v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
St18 specifies globus pallidus projection neuron identity in MGE lineage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.03.454907v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) is a progenitor domain in the subpallium that produces both locally-projecting interneurons which undergo tangential migration in structures such as the cortex as well as long-range projection neurons that occupy subcortical nuclei. Very little is known about the transcriptional mechanisms specifying the migratory behavior and axonal projection patterns of these two broad classes of MGE-derived neurons. In this study, we identify St18 as a novel transcriptional determinant specifying projection neuron fate in the MGE lineage. St18 is transiently expressed in the MGE subventricular zone (SVZ) and mantle, and we assessed its function using an ES cell-based model of MGE development. Induction of St18 is sufficient to direct ES-derived MGE neurons to adopt a projection neuron-like identity as defined by migration and morphology. Using genetic loss-of-function in mice, we find that St18 is required for the production of globus pallidus pars externa (GPe) prototypic projection neurons. Single cell RNA sequencing revealed that St18 regulates MGE output of specific neuronal populations: in the absence of St18, we observe a large expansion of cortical interneurons at the expense of putative GPe neurons. Through gene expression analysis we identified a downstream effector of St18, Cbx7, which is a component of Polycomb repressor complex 1. We find that Cbx7 is essential for projection neuron-like migration and is not involved in St18-mediated projection neuron-like morphology. Our results characterize a novel transcriptional determinant that directs GPe prototypic projection neuron identity. Further, we identified a downstream target of St18, Cbx7, which regulates only the migratory behavior of long-range projection neurons, suggesting that specific features of MGE projection neuron identity may be governed in a compartmentalized fashion by distinct transcriptional modules downstream of St18.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nunnelly, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Au, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.03.454907</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[St18 specifies globus pallidus projection neuron identity in MGE lineage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.03.454949v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mnemonic content and hippocampal patterns shape judgments of time 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.03.454949v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our experience of time can feel dilated or compressed, rather than reflecting true "clock time." Although many contextual factors influence the subjective perception of time, it is unclear how memory accessibility plays a role in constructing our experience of and memory for time. Here, we used a combination of behavioral and fMRI measures to ask the question of how memory is incorporated into temporal duration judgments. Behaviorally, we found that event boundaries, which have been shown to disrupt ongoing memory integration processes, result in the temporal compression of duration judgments. Additionally, using a multivoxel pattern similarity analysis of fMRI data, we found that greater temporal pattern change in the left hippocampus within individual trials was associated with longer duration judgments. Together, these data suggest that mnemonic processes play a role in constructing representations of time.

Statement of RelevanceOur everyday experiences convey a powerful truth: That our perception of time often diverges from the reality of time. When enjoying an active vacation with family, time moves quickly: hours go by in minutes. When sitting through an unnecessary meeting, time moves slowly: minutes go by in hours. What is the origin of these phenomenologically compelling illusions of time perception? Past research has examined how a range of specific factors, from emotions to blinking, contribute to the distortion of time. Here, in contrast, we evaluate how the content and accessibility of our memories shapes time perception. We show that context shifts, known to disrupt memory processing, also lead to robust contractions of perceived time. We discuss how both effects -- memory disruptions and time distortions -- may be linked via the hippocampus.

"An hour, once it lodges in the queer element of the human spirit, may be stretched to fifty or a hundred times its clock length; on the other hand, an hour may be accurately represented on the timepiece of the mind by one second." -- Virginia Woolf
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sherman, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DuBrow, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winawer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davachi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.03.454949</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mnemonic content and hippocampal patterns shape judgments of time]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.04.455137v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The road not taken: disconnection of a human-unique cortical pathway in schizophrenia and its effects on naturalistic social cognition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.04.455137v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundEfficient processing of complex and dynamic social scenes relies on intact connectivity of many underlying cortical areas and networks, but how connectivity deficits affect this functioning in social cognition remains unknown. Here we measure these relationships using functionally based localization of social cognition areas, resting-state functional connectivity, and movie-watching data.

MethodsIn 42 schizophrenia participants (SzP) and 41 healthy controls (HC), we measured the functional connectivity of areas localized by face-emotion processing, theory-of-mind, and attention tasks. We quantified the weighted shortest path length between visual and medial prefrontal theory-of-mind areas in both populations to assess the impact of functional connectivity deficits on network structure. We then correlated connectivity along the shortest path in each group with movie-evoked activity in a key node of the theory-of-mind network (TPJp).

ResultsSzP had pronounced connectivity deficits in temporoparietal junction/posterior superior temporal sulcus (TPJ-pSTS) areas involved in face-emotion processing (t(81)=4.4, p=0.00002). In HC the shortest path connecting visual and medial prefrontal theory-of-mind areas passed through TPJ-pSTS, whereas in SzP the shortest path passed through prefrontal cortex (PFC). While movie-evoked TPJp activity correlated with connectivity along the TPJ-pSTS pathway in both groups (r=0.43, p=0.002), it additionally correlated with connectivity along the PFC pathway only in SzP (rSzP=0.56, p=0.003).

ConclusionsConnectivity along the human-unique TPJ-pSTS pathway affects both the network architecture and functioning of areas involved in processing complex dynamic social scenes. These results demonstrate how focal deficits can have widespread impacts across cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patel, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruskin, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamerson, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz-Betancourt, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klim, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Pena, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartel, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grinband, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ochsner, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leopold, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javitt, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.04.455137</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The road not taken: disconnection of a human-unique cortical pathway in schizophrenia and its effects on naturalistic social cognition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.06.455443v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal responses to focused ultrasound are gated by pre-stimulation brain rhythms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.06.455443v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundOwing to its high spatial resolution and penetration depth, transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation (tFUS) is one of the most promising approaches to non-invasive neuromodulation. Identifying the impact of the stimulation waveform and endogenous neural activity on neuromodulation outcome is critical to harnessing the potential of tFUS.

ObjectiveHere we tested a new form of tFUS where the amplitude of the ultrasonic waveform is modulated at a rate much slower than the operating frequency. Moreover, we sought to identify the relationship between pre-stimulation neural activity and the neuronal response to tFUS.

MethodsWe applied three minutes of amplitude modulated (AM) tFUS at 40 Hz to the rat hippocampus while recording local field potentials (LFP) and multi-unit activity (MUA)from the sonicated region. To assess the role of AM, we also tested continuous-wave (CW) stimulation.

ResultsAM tFUS reduced firing rate during and immediately after stimulation. On the other hand, CW tFUS produced an acute firing rate increase that was abolished after sonication. For both waveforms, firing rate changes were stronger in units exhibiting high baseline LFP power, particularly in the gamma band (30-250 Hz). The neuromodulatory effect was also influenced by the prevalence of sharp wave ripples (SWR) during the pre-stimulation period, with firing rates modulated by up to 33% at units showing frequent baseline SWR.

ConclusionOur findings suggest that AM and CW tFUS produce qualitatively different neuronal outcomes, and that baseline rhythms may effectively "gate" the response to tFUS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konofagou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dmochowski, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.06.455443</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal responses to focused ultrasound are gated by pre-stimulation brain rhythms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.08.455318v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanisms of ecological divergence with gene flow in a reef-building coral on an isolated atoll in Western Australia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.08.455318v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the mechanisms driving phenotypic variation in traits facing intensified selection from climate change is a crucial step in developing effective conservation and restoration initiatives. This is particularly true for reef-building corals, which are among the most vulnerable to climate change and are in dramatic decline globally. At the Rowley Shoals in Western Australia, the prominent reef flat becomes exposed on low tide and the stagnant water in the shallow atoll lagoons heats up, creating a natural laboratory for characterising the mechanisms that control phenotypic responses to different environments. We combined whole genome re-sequencing, common garden heat stress experiments, transcriptome-wide gene expression analyses, and symbiont metabarcoding to explore the mechanisms that facilitate survival in contrasting habitat conditions. Our data show that, despite high gene flow between habitats, spatially varying selection drives subtle shifts in allele frequencies at hundreds of loci. These changes were concentrated into several islands of divergence spanning hundreds of SNPs that showed strong linkage disequilibrium and were associated with a coordinated increase in minor allele frequencies in corals taken from the lagoon habitat, where the range of environmental conditions is greatest. Common garden heat stress assays showed individuals from the lagoon exhibited higher bleaching resistance than colonies from the reef slope, and RNAseq identified pronounced physiological differences between the corals from the two habitats, primarily associated with molecular pathways including cell signalling, ion transport and metabolism. Despite the pronounced physioloigical and environmental differences between habitats, metabarcoding of the Symbiodiniaceae ITS2 region revealed all colonies to be associated exclusively with the genus Cladocopium, with no detectable differences between habitats. This study contributes to the growing number of studies documenting the complex mechanisms that facilitate coral survival in extreme environments, and showcases the utility of combining multiple sequencing techniques to unravel complex climate-related traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thomas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Underwood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuller, Z. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugal, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimaldi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richards, Z. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooke, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palumbi, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilmour, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.08.455318</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanisms of ecological divergence with gene flow in a reef-building coral on an isolated atoll in Western Australia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.09.455682v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MiSDEED: a synthetic multi-omics engine for microbiome power analysis and study design 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.09.455682v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryMiSDEED is a command-line tool for generating synthetic longitudinal multi-omics data from simulated microbial environments. It generates relative-abundance timecourses under perturbations for an arbitrary number of samples and patients. All simulation parameters are exposed to the user to facilitate rapid power analysis and aid in study design. Users who want additional flexibility may also use MiSDEED as a Python package.

Availability and implementationMiSDEED is written in Python and is freely available at https://github.com/pchlenski/misdeed.

Contactpac@cs.columbia.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chlenski, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe'er, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.09.455682</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MiSDEED: a synthetic multi-omics engine for microbiome power analysis and study design]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.09.455687v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The epigenetic evolution of gliomas is determined by their IDH1 mutation status and treatment regimen 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.09.455687v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tumor adaptation or selection is thought to underlie therapy resistance of gliomas. To investigate the longitudinal epigenetic evolution of gliomas in response to therapeutic pressure, we performed an epigenomic analysis of 143 matched initial and recurrent patients with IDH-wildtype (IDHwt) and IDH-mutant (IDHmut) gliomas. IDHwt gliomas showed a longitudinally stable epigenome with relatively low levels of global methylation, whereas the epigenome of IDHmut gliomas showed initial high levels genome-wide of DNA methylation that was progressively reduced to levels similar to those of IDHwt tumors. By integrating DNA methylation and gene expression data, adaptive changes of putative master regulators of the cell cycle and of differentiation were seen in IDHmut recurrent tumors. Furthermore, relapses of IDHmut tumors were accompanied by histological progression which in turn influenced survival, as validated in an independent cohort. Finally, the initial cell composition of the tumor microenvironment differed between IDHwt and IDHmut tumors and changed differentially following treatment, suggesting increased neo-angiogenesis and T-cell infiltration upon treatment for IDHmut gliomas. Our study provides one of the largest cohorts of paired glioma samples profiled with epigenomics, transcriptomics and genomics; and our results demonstrate that the treatment of IDHmut gliomas reshapes the epigenome towards an IDHwt-like phenotype. Accordingly, the prevalent practice of early genotoxic treatment in this patient population may need to be revisited.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Malta, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabedot, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Datta, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garofano, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vallentgoed, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varn, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldape, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Angelo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnholtz-Sloan, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gan, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasanain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hau, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khasraw, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kocakavuk, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kouwenhoven, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Migliozzi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niclou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niers, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ormond, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paek, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reifenberger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smitt, P. A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smits, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stead, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Bent, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Meir, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walenkamp, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westerman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ylstra, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wesseling, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasorella, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>French, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poisson, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The GLASS Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verhaak, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iavarone, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noushme</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.09.455687</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The epigenetic evolution of gliomas is determined by their IDH1 mutation status and treatment regimen]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.09.455744v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple macroecological laws do characterize various aspects of microbiota dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.09.455744v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this letter we address the potential confusion related to our recent demonstration that multiple macroecological laws describe short- and long-term dynamics of microbial communities. Specifically, we clarify that these laws, similarly to many other relationships observed in nature, are characterized not just by the existence of scaling, but also by certain characteristic values of the scaling exponents. By performing proper statistical analysis, we demonstrate that the relationships sensitive to temporal bacterial dynamics are not reproduced in the shuffled data. We also discuss that there is no clear evidence in the data that macroecological relationships in microbiota are primarily driven by external or environmental factors. Proper statistical analyses of the data suggest that the dynamics of gut microbiota, even on a constant diet, contains rich temporal structure. Therefore, it is likely that complex and non-linear internal dynamics may be primarily responsible for the observed macroecological laws in microbiota and other ecological communities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tchourine, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carballo-Pacheco, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitkup, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.09.455744</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple macroecological laws do characterize various aspects of microbiota dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.10.455813v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High Leaf Respiration Rates May Limit the Success of White Spruce Saplings growing in The Kampfzone at the Arctic Treeline 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.10.455813v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Arctic Treeline is the transition from the boreal forest to the treeless tundra and may be determined by growing season temperatures. The physiological mechanisms involved in determining the relationship between the physical and biological environment and the location of treeline are not fully understood. In Northern Alaska we studied the relationship between temperature and leaf respiration in 36 white spruce (Picea glauca) trees, sampling both the upper and lower canopy, to test two research hypotheses (H0). The first H01 is that canopy position will not influence leaf respiration. The associated alternative hypothesis (HA) is that the upper canopy leaves which are more directly coupled to the atmosphere will experience more challenging environmental conditions and thus have higher respiration rates to facilitate metabolic function. The second H02 is that tree size will not influence leaf respiration. The associated HA is that saplings (stems that are 5-10 cm DBH (diameter at breast height)) will have higher respiration rates than trees (stems [&ge;] 10 cm DBH) since saplings represent the transition from seedlings growing in the more favorable aerodynamic boundary layer, to trees which are fully coupled to the atmosphere but of sufficient size to persist. Respiration did not change with canopy position, however respiration at 25{degrees}C was 42% higher in saplings compared to trees (3.43 {+/-} 0.19 vs. 2.41 {+/-} 0.14 mol m-2 s-1). Furthermore, there were significant differences in the temperature response of respiration, and seedlings reached their maximum respiration rates at 59{degrees}C, more than two degrees higher than trees. Our results demonstrate that the respiratory characteristics of white spruce saplings at treeline are extreme, imposing a significant carbon cost that may contribute to their lack of perseverance beyond treeline. In the absence of thermal acclimation, the rate of leaf respiration could increase by 57% by the end of the century, posing further challenges to the ecology of this massive ecotone.

This paper is dedicated to the memory of James N. Siedow, Professor of Botany at Duke University. I am honored to have learned from, and to have been inspired by Jim. I will always be grateful for the time he spent helping me, the depth of education he gave me, and his steady mentoring as part of my thesis committee. His devotion to science and push for deeper knowledge of plant respiration set an example for all of us, particularly those who were lucky enough to study with him. Jim was also a memorable Father Christmas at the departmental holiday parties, always keeping us laughing with his particular brand of quick wit and sarcasm. - Kevin L. Griffin
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Griffin, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmeige, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruner, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boelman, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vierling, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eitel, J. U. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.10.455813</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High Leaf Respiration Rates May Limit the Success of White Spruce Saplings growing in The Kampfzone at the Arctic Treeline]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.10.455873v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improved blind demixing methods for recovering dense neuronal morphology from barcode imaging data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.10.455873v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular barcoding methods offer the exciting possibility of  infinite-pseudocolor anatomical reconstruction -- i.e., assigning each neuron its own random unique barcoded  pseudocolor, and then using these pseudocolors to trace the microanatomy of each neuron. Here we use simulations, based on densely-reconstructed electron microscopy microanatomy, with signal structure matched to real barcoding data, to quantify the feasibility of this procedure. We develop a new blind demixing approach to recover the barcodes that label each neuron. We also develop a neural network which uses these barcodes to reconstruct the neuronal morphology from the observed fluorescence imaging data,  connecting the dots between discontiguous amplicon signals. We find that accurate recovery should be feasible, provided that the barcode signal density is sufficiently high. This study suggests the possibility of mapping the morphology and projection pattern of many individual neurons simultaneously, at high resolution and at large scale, via conventional light microscopy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loper, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.10.455873</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improved blind demixing methods for recovering dense neuronal morphology from barcode imaging data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.10.455879v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A systematic data-driven approach to analyze sensor-level EEG connectivity: Identifying robust phase-synchronized network components using surface Laplacian with spectral-spatial PCA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.10.455879v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although conventional averaging across predefined frequency bands reduces the complexity of EEG functional connectivity (FC), it obscures the identification of resting-state brain networks (RSN) and impedes accurate estimation of FC reliability. Extending prior work, we combined scalp current source density (CSD; spherical spline surface Laplacian) and spectral-spatial PCA to identify FC components. Phase-based FC was estimated via debiased weighted phase-locking index from CSD-transformed resting EEGs (71 sensors, 8 min, eyes open/closed, 35 healthy adults, 1-week retest). Spectral PCA extracted 6 robust alpha and theta factors (86.6% variance). Subsequent spatial PCA for each spectral factor revealed seven robust regionally-focused (posterior, central, frontal) and long-range (posterior-anterior) alpha components (peaks at 8, 10 and 13 Hz) and a midfrontal theta (6 Hz) component, accounting for 37.0% of FC variance. These spatial FC components were consistent with well-known networks (e.g., default mode, visual, sensorimotor), and four were sensitive to eyes open/closed conditions. Most FC components had good-to-excellent internal consistency (odd/even epochs, eyes open/closed) and test-retest reliability (ICCs [&ge;] .8). Moreover, the FC component structure was generally present in subsamples (session x odd/even epoch, or smaller subgroups [n = 7-10]), as indicated by similarity of factor loadings across PCA solutions. Apart from systematically reducing FC dimensionality, our approach avoids arbitrary thresholds and allows quantification of meaningful and reliable network components that may prove to be of high relevance for basic and clinical research applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bel-Bahar, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kayser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.10.455879</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A systematic data-driven approach to analyze sensor-level EEG connectivity: Identifying robust phase-synchronized network components using surface Laplacian with spectral-spatial PCA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.12.455556v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phase transition specified by a binary code patterns the vertebrate eye cup 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.12.455556v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The developing vertebrate eye cup is partitioned into the neural retina (NR), the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) and the ciliary margin (CM). By single cell analysis, we showed that a gradient of FGF signaling regulates demarcation and subdivision of the CM and controls its stem cell-like property of self-renewal, differentiation and survival. This regulation by FGF is balanced by an evolutionarily conserved Wnt signaling gradient induced by the lens ectoderm and the periocular mesenchyme, which specifies the CM and the distal RPE. These two morphogen gradients converge in the CM where FGF signaling promotes Wnt signaling by stabilizing {beta}-catenin in a GSK3{beta}-independent manner. We further showed that activation of Wnt signaling converts the NR to either the CM or the RPE depending on the level of FGF signaling. Conversely, activation of FGF transforms the RPE to the NR or CM dependent on Wnt activity. We demonstrated that the default fate of the eye cup is the NR, but synergistic FGF and Wnt signaling promotes CM formation both in vivo and in retinal organoid culture of human iPS cells. Our study reveals that the vertebrate eye develops through phase transition determined by a combinatorial code of FGF and Wnt signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Balasubramanian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinn, P. M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giudice, Q. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polanco, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makrides, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peregrin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouaziz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buenaventura, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsang, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabre, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.12.455556</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phase transition specified by a binary code patterns the vertebrate eye cup]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.12.456160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mixed selectivity in the cerebellar Purkinje-cell response during visuomotor association learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.12.456160v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although the cerebellum has been traditionally considered to be exclusively involved in motor control, recent anatomical and clinical studies show that it also has a role in reward-processing. However, the way in which the movement related and the reward related neural activity interact at the level of the cerebellar cortex and contribute towards learning is still unclear. Here, we studied the simple spike activity of Purkinje cells in the mid-lateral cerebellum when monkeys learned to associate a right or left-hand movement with one of two visual symbolic cues. These cells had distinctly different discharge patterns between an overtrained symbol-hand association and a novel symbol-hand association, responding in association with the movement of both hands, although the kinematics of the movement did not change between the two conditions. The activity change was not related to the pattern of the visual symbols, the movement kinematics, the monkeys reaction times or the novelty of the visual symbols. The simple spike activity changed with throughout the learning process, but the concurrent complex spikes did not instruct that change. Although these neurons also have reward-related activity, the reward-related and movement-related signals were independent. We suggest that this mixed-selectivity may facilitate the flexible learning of difficult reinforcement learning problems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sendhilnathan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ipata, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.12.456160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mixed selectivity in the cerebellar Purkinje-cell response during visuomotor association learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.16.456452v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Seizures, behavioral deficits and adverse drug responses in two new genetic mouse models of HCN1 epileptic encephalopathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.16.456452v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
De novo mutations in voltage- and ligand-gated channels have been associated with an increasing number of cases of developmental and epileptic encephalopathies, which often fail to respond to classic antiseizure medications. Here, we examine two knock-in mouse models replicating de novo mutations in the HCN1 voltage-gated channel gene, p.G391D and p.M153I (Hcn1G380D/+ and Hcn1M142I/+ in mouse), associated with severe drug-resistant neonatal- and childhood-onset epilepsy, respectively. Heterozygous mice from both lines displayed spontaneous generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Hcn1G380D/+ animals had an overall more severe phenotype, with pronounced alterations in the levels and distribution of HCN1 protein, including disrupted targeting to the axon terminals of basket cell interneurons. In line with clinical reports from HCN1 patients, administration of the antiepileptic Na+ channel antagonists lamotrigine and phenytoin resulted in the paradoxical induction of seizures in both lines, consistent with an effect to further impair inhibitory neuron function. We also show that these variants can render HCN1 channels unresponsive to classic antagonists, indicating the need to screen mutated channels to identify novel compounds with diverse mechanism of action. Our results underscore the need to tailor effective therapies for specific channel gene variants, and how strongly validated animal models may provide an invaluable tool towards reaching this objective.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Santoro, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merseburg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasemir, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buss, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leroy, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bock, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tröder, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engeland, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stockebrand, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moroni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegelbaum, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isbrandt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.16.456452</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Seizures, behavioral deficits and adverse drug responses in two new genetic mouse models of HCN1 epileptic encephalopathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.18.456715v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Variation in white spruce needle respiration across the species range 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.18.456715v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
White spruce (Picea glauca) spans a massive range from arctic treeline to temperate forests, yet the variability in respiratory physiology and related implications for tree carbon balance at the extremes of this distribution remain as enigmas. Working at both the most northern and southern extents of the white spruce distribution range more than 5000 km apart, we measured the short- term temperature response of dark respiration (R/T) at upper and lower canopy positions. R/T curves were fit to both polynomial and thermodynamic models so that model parameters could be compared among locations, canopy positions, and with previously published data. Respiration measured at 25{degrees}C (R25) was 68% lower at the southern location than at the northern location (0.73{+/-}0.15 vs. 2.27{+/-}0.02 mol m-2 s-1), resulting in a significantly lower (p< 0.01) intercept in R/T response in temperate trees. Only at the southern location did upper canopy leaves have a steeper temperature response than lower canopy leaves, likely reflecting steeper canopy gradients in light. No differences were observed in the maximum temperature of respiration. At the northern range limit respiration is nearly twice that of the average R25 reported in a global leaf respiration database. This large carbon cost likely challenges tree survival and contributes to restricting the location of the northern treeline. We predict that without significant thermal acclimation, foliage respiration will increase with projected end-of-the-century warming and will likely constrain the future range limits of this important boreal species.

Summary StatementWhite spruce (Picea glauca) needle respiration at the northern limit of the species range is three times higher than at the southern range limit (when measured at 25 {degrees}C). This high carbon cost likely challenges tree survival and contributes to the location of the northern treeline.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Griffin, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmiege, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruner, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boelman, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vierling, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eitel, J. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.18.456715</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Variation in white spruce needle respiration across the species range]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.18.456879v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying Therapeutic Strategies in IgA Nephropathy through Comprehensive Transcriptomic Characterization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.18.456879v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is an autoimmune disease and the most common primary glomerulonephritis. The four-hit hypothesis describes mechanism of the disease, from synthesis of galactose deficient IgA (GD-IgA), to recognition of GD-IgA by anti-glycan antibodies and deposition of the formed immune complex in the mesangium. Complement and coagulation cascade activation ensues, resulting in mesangial activation and cytokine release, podocyte injury, mesangial sclerosis and tubulointerstitial damage. Currently, there is no disease cure, and 30-40% of patients progress to end stage renal disease.

Using complementary bioinformatic approaches, we demonstrate different levels of deviation of the transcriptome of the glomerulus in IgAN from normal, with the aim of identifying therapeutic targets. Approaches used herein include, deconvolution of the transcriptome to estimate immune constitution, co-regulation-based functional analysis of differentially expressed genes, modular co-expression analysis, network analysis of metabolic pathways and differential gene correlation analysis.

We describe the immune composition in IgAN and the relatively low fold changes of the abundance of different immune cells and strength of immune signatures compared with control. Additionally, we identify enrichment of the intestinal network for IgA synthesis, repression of expression and dysregulation of networks of amino acid metabolism and PPAR signaling pathways in IgAN glomeruli. We also find loss of correlation between expression of matrix synthesizing and matrix degrading genes in IgAN.

We conclude by discussing how therapies based on some nodes in these altered pathways described have been shown to be efficacious in IgAN and/or other inflammatory diseases and the potential of others in effective treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ofori, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yakubu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rai, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.18.456879</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying Therapeutic Strategies in IgA Nephropathy through Comprehensive Transcriptomic Characterization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.19.456710v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lifelong single-cell profiling of cranial neural crest diversification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.19.456710v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cranial neural crest generates a huge diversity of derivatives, including the bulk of connective and skeletal tissues of the vertebrate head. How neural crest cells acquire such extraordinary lineage potential remains unresolved. By integrating single-cell transcriptome and chromatin accessibility profiles of cranial neural crest-derived cells across the zebrafish lifetime, we observe region-specific establishment of enhancer accessibility for distinct fates. Neural crest-derived cells rapidly diversify into specialized progenitors, including multipotent skeletal progenitors, stromal cells with a regenerative signature, fibroblasts with a unique metabolic signature linked to skeletal integrity, and gill-specific progenitors generating cell types for respiration. By retrogradely mapping the emergence of lineage-specific chromatin accessibility, we identify a wealth of candidate lineage-priming factors, including a Gata3 regulatory circuit for respiratory cell fates. Rather than multilineage potential being an intrinsic property of cranial neural crest, our findings support progressive and region-specific chromatin remodeling underlying acquisition of diverse neural crest lineage potential.

HighlightsO_LISingle-cell transcriptome and chromatin atlas of cranial neural crest
C_LIO_LIProgressive emergence of region-specific cell fate competency
C_LIO_LIChromatin accessibility mapping identifies candidate lineage regulators
C_LIO_LIGata3 function linked to gill-specific respiratory program
C_LI

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=173 SRC="FIGDIR/small/456710v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (69K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c4ca91org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@cf0d10org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@162bfe9org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@2565fd_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fabian, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, K.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiruppathy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arata, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smeeton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crump, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.19.456710</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lifelong single-cell profiling of cranial neural crest diversification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.19.456961v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oculomotor freezing tracks perception and is immune to decision bias 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.19.456961v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The appearance of a salient stimulus rapidly inhibits saccadic eye movements. Curiously, this "oculomotor freezing" reflex is triggered only by stimuli that the observer reports seeing. It remains unknown, however, if oculomotor freezing is linked to the observers sensory experience, or their decision that a stimulus was present. To dissociate between these possibilities, we manipulated decision criterion via monetary payoffs and stimulus probability in a detection task. These manipulations greatly shifted observers decision criteria but did not affect the degree to which microsaccades were inhibited by stimulus presence. Moreover, the link between oculomotor freezing and explicit reports of stimulus presence was stronger when the criterion was conservative rather than liberal. We conclude that the sensory threshold for oculomotor freezing is independent of decision bias. Provided that conscious experience is also unaffected by such bias, oculomotor freezing is an implicit indicator of sensory awareness.

New & NoteworthySometimes a visual stimulus reaches awareness, and sometimes it does not. To understand why, we need objective, bias-free measures of awareness. We discovered that a reflexive freezing of small eye movements indicates when an observer detects a stimulus. Furthermore, when we biased observers decisions to report seeing the stimulus, the oculomotor reflex was unaltered. This suggests that the threshold for conscious perception is independent of the decision criterion and is revealed by oculomotor freezing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>White, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreland, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolfs, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.19.456961</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oculomotor freezing tracks perception and is immune to decision bias]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.20.456128v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Homologous recombination induced by a replication fork barrier requires cooperation between strand invasion and strand annealing activities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.20.456128v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Replication stress and abundant repetitive sequences have emerged as primary conditions underlying genomic instability in eukaryotes. Elucidating the mechanism of recombination between repeated sequences in the context of replication stress is essential to understanding how genome rearrangements occur. To gain insight into this process, we used a prokaryotic Tus/Ter barrier designed to induce transient replication fork stalling near inverted repeats in the budding yeast genome. Remarkably, we show that the replication fork block stimulates a unique recombination pathway dependent on Rad51 strand invasion and Rad52-Rad59 strand annealing activities, as well as Mph1/Rad5 fork remodelers, Mre11/Exo1 short and long-range resection machineries, Rad1-Rad10 nuclease and DNA polymerase {delta}. Furthermore, we show recombination at stalled replication forks is limited by the Srs2 helicase and Mus81-Mms4/Yen1 structure-selective nucleases. Physical analysis of replication-associated recombinants revealed that half are associated with an inversion of sequence between the repeats. Based on our extensive genetic characterization, we propose a model for recombination of closely linked repeats at stalled replication forks that can actively contribute to genomic rearrangements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marie, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Symington, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.20.456128</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Homologous recombination induced by a replication fork barrier requires cooperation between strand invasion and strand annealing activities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.20.457136v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Different neural codes serve long and short-term memory functions in primate Hippocampus and Lateral Prefrontal Cortex during virtual navigation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.20.457136v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hippocampus (HPC) and the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) are two cortical areas of the primate brain deemed essential to cognition. Here we hypothesize that the codes mediating neuronal communication in HPC and LPFC microcircuits have distinctively evolved to serve plasticity and memory function at different spatiotemporal scales. We used a virtual reality task in which animals navigated through a maze using a joystick and selected one of two targets in the arms of the maze according to a learned context-color rule. We found that neurons and neuronal populations in both regions encode similar information about the task. Moreover, we demonstrate that many HPC neurons concentrate spikes into bursts, whereas most layer II/III LPFC neurons sparsely distribute spikes over time. As the animals learned the task HPC neurons, but not LPFC neurons, increased their burst rate as a function of performance. When integrating spike rates over short intervals, HPC neuronal ensembles reached maximum decoded information with fewer neurons than LPFC ensembles. Our results show that during associative learning HPC principal cells concentrate spikes in bursts enabling temporal summation and fast synaptic plasticity in small populations of neurons and ultimately facilitating rapid encoding of associative memories. On the other hand, layers II/III LPFC pyramidal cells fire spikes more sparsely distributed in time and over a larger number of neurons. The latter would facilitate broadcasting of signals loaded in short term memory across neuronal populations without necessarily triggering fast synaptic plasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Corrigan, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulli, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doucet, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roussy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luna, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachs, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Trujillo, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.20.457136</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Different neural codes serve long and short-term memory functions in primate Hippocampus and Lateral Prefrontal Cortex during virtual navigation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457332v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Innate and adaptive immunity to transfused allogenic red blood cells in mice requires MyD88 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457332v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion therapy is essential for the survival of patients with hematological disorders such as sickle cell anemia. A potentially fatal complication of transfusion is development of non-ABO alloantibodies to polymorphic RBC antigens, yet mechanisms of alloantibody formation remain unclear. Human and mouse RBCs acquire a "storage lesion" prior to transfusion, which in mice contributes to immunogenicity. We previously reported that mouse splenic dendritic cells (DCs) are required for RBC alloimmunization and are activated by sterile and leukoreduced mouse RBCs after storage. Yet how syngeneic RBCs activate innate immune pathways to induce DC activation is unknown. We now show that DC activation to transfused RBCs occurs regardless of alloantigen presence, suggesting that RBC damage induced during storage triggers innate immune receptors. We discovered an unexpected dependence of RBC alloimmunization on the Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling adaptor molecule MyD88. TLRs are a class of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that regulate DC activation and signal through two adaptor molecules, MyD88 and TRIF. We show that the inflammatory cytokine response, DC activation, and the subsequent alloantibody response to transfused syngeneic RBCs require MyD88 but not TRIF, suggesting a restricted set of PRRs are responsible for sensing RBCs and triggering alloimmunization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Soldatenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyt, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabro, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallman, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stowell, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luckey, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimring, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santhanakrishnan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendrickson, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenbarth, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.24.457332</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Innate and adaptive immunity to transfused allogenic red blood cells in mice requires MyD88]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.25.456956v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microenvironmental correlates of immune checkpoint inhibitor response in human melanoma brain metastases revealed by T cell receptor and single-cell RNA sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.25.456956v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Melanoma-derived brain metastases (MBM) represent an unmet clinical need due to central nervous system (CNS) progression as a frequent, end-stage site of disease. Immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) represents a clinical opportunity against MBM; however, the MBM tumor microenvironment (TME) has not been fully elucidated in the context of ICI. To dissect unique MBM-TME elements and correlates of MBM-ICI response, we collected 32 fresh MBM and performed single cell RNA sequencing of the MBM-TME and T cell receptor clonotyping on T cells from MBM and matched blood and extracranial lesions. We observed myeloid phenotypic heterogeneity, most notably multiple distinct neutrophil states including an IL-8 expressing population that correlated with malignant cell epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Additionally, we observe significant relationships between intracranial T cell phenotypes and the distribution of T cell clonotypes intracranially and peripherally. We found that the phenotype, clonotype, and overall number of MBM-infiltrating T cells were associated with response to ICI, suggesting that ICI-responsive MBMs interact with peripheral blood in a manner similar to extracranial lesions. These data demonstrate unique features of the MBM-TME, which may represent potential targets to improve clinical outcomes for patients with MBM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alvarez-Breckenridge, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markson, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stocking, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nayyar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lastrapes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strickland, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Sauvage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larson, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mora, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navia, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuter, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gill, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertalan, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danish, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahid, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pauken, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frederick, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boland, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Lage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frosch, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstner, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nahed, B. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curry, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cahill, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharpe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suv?, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bra</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.25.456956</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microenvironmental correlates of immune checkpoint inhibitor response in human melanoma brain metastases revealed by T cell receptor and single-cell RNA sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.25.457430v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oxo-M and 4-PPBP Delivery via Multi-Domain Peptide Hydrogel Toward Tendon Regeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.25.457430v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We have recently identified novel small molecules, Oxo-M and 4-PPBP, which specifically stimulates endogenous tendon stem/progenitor cells (TSCs) leading to potential regenerative healing of fully-transected tendons. Here we investigated an injectable, multi-domain peptide (MDP) hydrogel providing a controlled delivery of the small molecules for regenerative tendon healing. We investigated the release kinetics of Oxo-M and 4-PPBP from MDP hydrogels and the effect of MDP-released small molecules on tenogenic differentiation of TSCs and in vivo tendon healing. In vitro, MDP showed a sustained release of Oxo-M and 4-PPBP and a slower degradation compared to fibrin. In addition, tenogenic gene expression was significantly increased in TSC with MDP-released Oxo-M and 4-PPBP as compared to the fibrin-released. In vivo, MDP releasing Oxo-M and 4-PPBP significantly improved tendon healing, likely associated with prolonged effects of Oxo-M and 4-PPBP on suppression of M1 macrophages and promotion of M2 macrophages. Comprehensive analyses including histomorphology, digital image processing, and modulus mapping with nanoindentation consistently suggested that Oxo-M and 4-PPBP delivered via MDP further improved tendon healing as compared to fibrin-based delivery. In conclusion, MDP delivered with Oxo-M and 4-PPBP may serve as an efficient regenerative therapeutic for in situ tendon regeneration and healing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, G. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarafder, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eyen, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siddiqui, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.25.457430</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oxo-M and 4-PPBP Delivery via Multi-Domain Peptide Hydrogel Toward Tendon Regeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.25.457543v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A TET1-PSPC1-Neat1 molecular axis modulates PRC2 functions in controlling stem cell bivalency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.25.457543v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TET1 maintains hypomethylation at bivalent promoters through its catalytic activity in embryonic stem cells (ESCs). However, whether and how TET1 exerts catalytic activity-independent functions in regulating bivalent genes is not well understood. Using a proteomics approach, we mapped the TET1 interactome in mouse ESCs and identified PSPC1 as a novel TET1 partner. Genome-wide location analysis reveals that PSPC1 functionally associates with TET1 and Polycomb repressive complex-2 (PRC2) complex. We establish that PSPC1 and TET1 repress, and Neat1, the PSPC1 cognate lncRNA, activates the bivalent gene expression. In ESCs, Neat1 tethers the TET1-PSPC1 pair with PRC2 at bivalent promoters. During the ESC-to-formative epiblast-like stem cell (EpiLC) transition, PSPC1 and TET1 promote PRC2 chromatin occupancy at bivalent gene promoters while restricting Neat1 functions in facilitating PRC2 binding to bivalent gene transcripts. Our study uncovers a novel TET1-PSPC1-Neat1 molecular axis that modulates PRC2 binding affinity to chromatin and bivalent gene transcripts in controlling stem cell bivalency.

In BriefTET1 is a transcriptional repressor for bivalent genes in pluripotent stem cells, but its mechanistic action on stem cell bivalency is unclear. Huang et al. use proteomics and genetic approaches to reveal that catalytic activity-independent functions of TET1, coordinated with the paraspeckle components PSPC1 and its cognate lncRNA Neat1, dynamically regulates stem cell bivalency by modulating PRC2 binding affinity to chromatin and bivalent gene transcripts in pluripotent state transition.

HighlightsO_LIThe TET1 interactome identifies PSPC1 as a novel partner in ESCs
C_LIO_LITET1 and PSPC1 repress bivalent genes by promoting PRC2 chromatin occupancy
C_LIO_LINeat1 facilitates bivalent gene activation by promoting PRC2 binding to their mRNAs
C_LIO_LINeat1 bridges the TET1-PSPC1 and PRC2 complexes in regulating bivalent gene transcription
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bashkenova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guallar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malik, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.25.457543</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A TET1-PSPC1-Neat1 molecular axis modulates PRC2 functions in controlling stem cell bivalency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.25.457718v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The impact of genetic modifiers on variation in germline mutation rates within and among human populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.25.457718v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutation rates and spectra differ among human populations. Here, we examine whether this variation could be explained by evolution at mutation modifiers. To this end, we consider genetic modifier sites at which mutations, "mutator alleles", increase genome-wide mutation rates and model their evolution under purifying selection due to the additional deleterious mutations that they cause, genetic drift, and demographic processes. We solve the model analytically for a constant population size and characterize how evolution at modifier sites impacts variation in mutation rates within and among populations. We then use simulations to study the effects of modifier sites under a plausible demographic model for Africans and Europeans. When comparing populations that evolve independently, weakly selected modifier sites (2Nes {approx} 1), which evolve slowly, contribute the most to variation in mutation rates. In contrast, when populations recently split from a common ancestral population, strongly selected modifier sites (2Nes >> 1), which evolve rapidly, contribute the most to variation between them. Moreover, a modest number of modifier sites (e.g., 10 per mutation type in the standard classification into 96 types) subject to moderate to strong selection (2Nes > 1) could account for the variation in mutation rates observed among human populations. If such modifier sites indeed underlie differences among populations, they should also cause variation in mutation rates within populations and their effects should be detectable in pedigree studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Milligan, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amster, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sella, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.25.457718</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The impact of genetic modifiers on variation in germline mutation rates within and among human populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.26.457832v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Peer teaching as bioinformatics training strategy: incentives, challenges, and benefits. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.26.457832v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As biomedical research becomes more data-intensive, bioinformatics is becoming essential to understanding biological processes, systems, and diseases. In this paper we describe the use of a series of peer teaching workshops as a strategy to respond to the bioinformatics training needs at a research-intensive institution. In addition to the data collected from the workshops, we also used personal experiences of researchers who participated as peer teachers to understand the incentives, challenges, and benefits of peer teaching. Developing communication skills such as confidence in teaching, explaining complex concepts, and better understanding of the topic emerged as primary benefits that the teachers obtained from this experience. Lack of time for teaching and the struggles of classroom management were identified as two major challenges. We suggest that peer teaching can be beneficial not only to train researchers in bioinformatics, but also as a professional development opportunity for graduate students and postdoctoral trainees.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rahman, N.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thakral, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Milian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obaid, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.26.457832</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Peer teaching as bioinformatics training strategy: incentives, challenges, and benefits.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.457864v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PySeq2500: An open source toolkit for repurposing HiSeq 2500 sequencing systems as versatile fluidics and imaging platforms. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.457864v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fluorescence microscopy is a key method in the life sciences. State of the art -omics methods combine fluorescence microscopy with complex protocols to visualize tens to thousands of features in each of millions of pixels across samples. These -omics methods require precise control of temperature, reagent application, and image acquisition parameters during iterative chemistry and imaging cycles conducted over the course of days or weeks. Automated execution of such methods enables robust and reproducible data generation. However, few commercial solutions exist for temperature controlled, fluidics coupled fluorescence imaging, and implementation of bespoke instrumentation requires specialized engineering expertise. Here we present PySeq2500, an open source Python code base and flow cell design that converts the Illumina HiSeq 2500 instrument into an open platform for programmable applications. Customizable PySeq2500 protocols enable experimental designs involving simultaneous 4-channel image acquisition, temperature control, reagent exchange, stable positioning, and sample integrity over extended experiments. To demonstrate accessible automation of complex, multi-day workflows, we use the PySeq2500 system for unattended execution of iterative indirect immunofluorescence imaging (4i). Our automated 4i method uses off-the-shelf antibodies over multiple cycles of staining, imaging, and antibody elution to build highly multiplexed maps of cell types and pathological features in mouse and postmortem human spinal cord sections. As demonstrated here, PySeq2500 enables non-specialists to develop and implement state of the art fluidics coupled imaging methods in a widely available benchtop system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pandit, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrescu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuevas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephenson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smibert, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phatnani, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maniatis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.27.457864</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PySeq2500: An open source toolkit for repurposing HiSeq 2500 sequencing systems as versatile fluidics and imaging platforms.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.457908v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tightly-coupled inhibitory and excitatory functional networks in the early visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.457908v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intracortical inhibition plays a critical role in shaping activity patterns in the mature cortex. However, little is known about the structure of inhibition in early development prior to the onset of sensory experience, a time when spontaneous activity exhibits long-range correlations predictive of mature functional networks. Here, using calcium imaging of GABAergic neurons in the early ferret visual cortex, we show that spontaneous activity in inhibitory neurons is already highly organized into distributed modular networks before visual experience. Inhibitory neurons exhibit spatially modular activity with long-range correlations and precise local organization that is in quantitative agreement with excitatory networks. Furthermore, excitatory and inhibitory networks are strongly co-aligned at both millimeter and cellular scales. These results demonstrate a remarkable degree of organization in inhibitory networks early in the developing cortex, providing support for computational models of self-organizing networks and suggesting a mechanism for the emergence of distributed functional networks during development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mulholland, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hein, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaschube, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.27.457908</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tightly-coupled inhibitory and excitatory functional networks in the early visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.457931v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The brain uses invariant dynamics to generalize outputs across movements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.457931v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It has been proposed that the nervous system has the capacity to generate a wide variety of movements because it re-uses some invariant code. Previous work has identified that dynamics of neural population activity are similar during different movements, where dynamics refer to how the instantaneous spatial pattern of population activity changes in time. Here we test whether invariant dynamics of neural populations are actually used to issue the commands that direct movement. Using a brain-machine interface that transformed rhesus macaques motor cortex activity into commands for a neuroprosthetic cursor, we discovered that the same command is issued with different neural activity patterns in different movements. However, these different patterns were predictable, as we found that the transitions between activity patterns are governed by the same dynamics across movements. These invariant dynamics are low-dimensional, and critically, they align with the brain-machine interface, so that they predict the specific component of neural activity that actually issues the next command. We introduce a model of optimal feedback control that shows that invariant dynamics can help transform movement feedback into commands, reducing the input that the neural population needs to control movement. Altogether our results demonstrate that invariant dynamics drive commands to control a variety of movements, and show how feedback can be integrated with invariant dynamics to issue generalizable commands.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Athalye, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khanna, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gowda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orsborn, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmena, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.27.457931</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The brain uses invariant dynamics to generalize outputs across movements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.457981v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
What do we gain when tolerating loss? The information bottleneck, lossy compression, and detecting horizontal gene transfer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.457981v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most microbes have the capacity to acquire genetic material from their environment. Recombination of foreign DNA yields genomes that are, at least in part, incongruent with the vertical history of their species. Dominant approaches for detecting these transfers are phylogenetic, requiring a painstaking series of analyses including alignment and phylogenetic tree reconstruction. These traditional pan-genomic methods do not scale. Here we propose an unsupervised, alignment-free and tree-free technique based on the sequential information bottleneck (SIB), an optimization procedure designed to extract some portion of relevant information from one random variable conditioned on another. In our case, this joint probability distribution tabulates occurrence counts of k-mers against their genomes of origin with the expectation that recombination will create a strong signal that unifies certain sets of co-occuring k-mers. We conceptualize the technique as a rate-distortion problem, measuring distortion in the relevance information as k-mers are compressed into clusters based on their co-occurrence in the source genomes. The result is fast, model-free, lossy compression of k-mers into groups that learns tracts of shared genome sequence differentiating recombined elements from the vertically inherited core. We show that the technique yields a new recombination measure based purely on information, divorced from any biases and limitations inherent to alignment and phylogeny.

SignificanceThe information bottleneck, a lossy compression technique borrowed from the information theoretic and Natural Langauge Processing literature, is well suited to detecting evolutionary patterns in sets of co-occuring k-mers. Here we show that we can detect simulated and real recombination events while highlighting a core set of k-mers that comprise the vertically inherited portion of any set of genomes. Moreover, the compressibility of any given set of genomes offers a new way to compare the pangenomes of clades across the microbial tree of life. In our application, the bottleneck is informed by genome origin, our relevance variable, but the technique is general. The information bottleneck can be used for any biological contingency matrix where the goal is to learn groups from unstructured data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Narechania, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeSalle, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathema, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreiswirth, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Planet, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.27.457981</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[What do we gain when tolerating loss? The information bottleneck, lossy compression, and detecting horizontal gene transfer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.29.457876v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unique Microglial Transcriptomic Signature within the Hippocampal Neurogenic Niche 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.29.457876v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, are crucial in the development of the nervous system. Recent evidence demonstrates that microglia modulate adult hippocampal neurogenesis by inhibiting cell proliferation of neural precursors and survival both in vitro and in vivo, thus maintaining a balance between cell division and cell death in the neural stem cell pool. There are increasing reports suggesting these microglia found in neurogenic niches differ from their counterparts in non-neurogenic areas. Here, we present evidence that microglia in the hippocampal neurogenic niche are a specialized population that express genes known to regulate neurogenesis. By comprehensively profiling myeloid lineage cells in the hippocampus using single cell RNA-sequencing, we resolve transcriptomic differences in microglia originating from the subgranular zone. These cells have lower expression of genes associated with homeostatic microglia and increased expression of genes associated with phagocytosis. Intriguingly, this small yet distinct population expresses a gene signature with substantial overlap with previously characterized phenotypes, including disease associated microglia (DAM), a particularly unique and compelling microglial state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chintamen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaur, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradshaw, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kernie, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.29.457876</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unique Microglial Transcriptomic Signature within the Hippocampal Neurogenic Niche]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.30.458213v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Critical period for vision-dependent modulation of postnatal retinal neurogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.30.458213v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is generally accepted that retinal neurogenesis in mammals ceases shortly after birth and that stem/progenitor cells found in the postnatal eyes of mice and humans are in the quiescent state. In the present study, we have investigated postnatal retinal neurogenesis and its modulation by visual experience in the mouse model. Four age groups (P26, P45, P72, and P94) of transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the retinal progenitor cells under the control of nestin regulatory elements were examined for the presence of nestin-GFP-positive proliferating progenitor cells in the retina. Contrary to the previously held belief, we found a significant number of proliferating progenitors at the retinal periphery in all age groups examined. The majority of these cells gave rise to photoreceptors as revealed by the genetic cell fate mapping experiments. The intensity of neurogenesis was declining with age, and strongly correlated with eye growth. Visual form deprivation resulted in a significant increase in the intensity of peripheral neurogenesis, which correlated strongly with the induced ocular growth. The susceptibility to both form-deprivation-induced increase in the peripheral neurogenesis and form-deprivation-induced increase in the ocular growth declined with age ceasing completely around P70, which marked the end of the critical period for the vision-dependent modulation of both ocular growth and postnatal retinal neurogenesis. Thus, neurogenesis in the peripheral retina of young mice is modulated by visual input, but only during a critical period in postnatal development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tkatchenko, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michurina, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomarev, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakaya, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enikolopov, G. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tkatchenko, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.30.458213</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Critical period for vision-dependent modulation of postnatal retinal neurogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.31.458347v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neck motor unit activity displays neural signatures of temporal control during sequential saccade planning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.31.458347v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Goal-directed behavior involves the transformation of neural movement plans into appropriate muscle activity patterns. Studies involving single saccades have shown that a rapid, direct pathway links saccade planning in frontal eye fields (FEF) to neck muscle activity. It is unknown if the rapid connection between FEF and neck muscle is maintained during sequential saccade planning. We show that sequence planning signals in the FEF are preserved in the neck EMG, although the activity is delayed specifically for the second saccade. Our results suggest that while the direct link between FEF and neck muscle facilitates downstream continuation of FEF response patterns, an indirect route exists through an inhibitory control center like the basal ganglia, limiting the information flow during processing of saccade sequences. Thus, the indirect and direct pathways from the FEF may function together to enable rapid synchronous, but controlled eye-head responses to sequential gaze shifts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Basu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sendhilnathan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murthy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.31.458347</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neck motor unit activity displays neural signatures of temporal control during sequential saccade planning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.31.458410v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SMN controls neuromuscular junction integrity through U7 snRNP 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.31.458410v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an essential synapse for animal survival whose loss is a key hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). While insights into the function of the causative genes implicate RNA dysregulation in NMJ pathogenesis, the RNA-mediated mechanisms controlling the biology of this specialized synapse that go awry in disease remain elusive. Here, we show that activity of the SMA-determining SMN protein in the assembly of U7 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP), which functions in the 3-end processing of replication-dependent histone mRNAs, is required for NMJ integrity. AAV9-mediated gene delivery of U7-specific Lsm10 and Lsm11 proteins selectively enhances U7 snRNP assembly, corrects histone mRNA processing defects, and rescues key structural and functional abnormalities of neuromuscular pathology in SMA mice - including NMJ denervation, reduced synaptic transmission, and skeletal muscle atrophy. Furthermore, U7 snRNP dysfunction induced by SMN deficiency drives selective loss of the synaptic organizing protein Agrin at NMJs innervating vulnerable axial muscles of SMA mice, revealing an unanticipated link between U7-dependent histone mRNA processing and motor neuron-derived expression of an essential factor for NMJ biology. Together, these findings establish a direct contribution of U7 snRNP dysfunction to the neuromuscular phenotype in SMA and the requirement of RNA-mediated histone gene regulation for maintaining functional synaptic connections between motor neurons and muscles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tisdale, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Alstyne, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mentis, G. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellizzoni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.31.458410</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SMN controls neuromuscular junction integrity through U7 snRNP]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.01.458529v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fluid-structure interaction simulation of tissue degradation and its effects on intra-aneurysm hemodynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.01.458529v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tissue degradation plays a crucial role in vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and aneurysms. Computational modeling of vascular hemodynamics incorporating both arterial wall mechanics and tissue degradation has been a challenging task. In this study, we propose a novel finite element method-based approach to model the microscopic degradation of arterial walls and its interaction with blood flow. The model is applied to study the combined effects of pulsatile flow and tissue degradation on the deformation and intra-aneurysm hemodynamics. Our computational analysis reveals that tissue degradation leads to a weakening of the aneurysmal wall, which manifests itself in a larger deformation and a smaller von Mises stress. Moreover, simulation results for different heart rates, blood pressures and aneurysm geometries indicate consistently that, upon tissue degradation, wall shear stress increases near the flow-impingement region and decreases away from it. These findings are discussed in the context of recent reports regarding the role of both high and low wall shear stress for the progression and rupture of aneurysms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uhlmann, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vedula, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balzani, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varnik, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.01.458529</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fluid-structure interaction simulation of tissue degradation and its effects on intra-aneurysm hemodynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.01.458573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Secretory MPP3 reinforce myeloid differentiation trajectory and amplify myeloid cell production 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.01.458573v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent lineage tracing analyses revealed multipotent progenitors (MPP) to be major functional contributors to steady-state hematopoiesis (1-6). However, we are still lacking a precise resolution of myeloid differentiation trajectories and cellular heterogeneity in MPPs. Here, we found that myeloid-biased MPP3 (2, 3) are functionally and molecularly heterogeneous, with a distinct subset of myeloid-primed secretory cells with high endoplasmic reticulum (ER) volume and Fc{gamma}R expression. We show that Fc{gamma}R+/ERhigh MPP3 are a transitional population for rapid production of granulocyte/macrophage progenitors (GMP), which directly amplify myelopoiesis through inflammation-triggered secretion of cytokines in the local bone marrow (BM) microenvironment. Our results identify a novel regulatory function for a subset of secretory MPP3 that controls myeloid differentiation through lineage-priming and cytokine production, and act as a self-reinforcing amplification compartment in stress and disease conditions.

One-Sentence SummaryA secretory subset of multipotent hematopoietic progenitors augment myelopoiesis in stress and diseases conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kang, Y.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warr, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Passegue, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.01.458573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Secretory MPP3 reinforce myeloid differentiation trajectory and amplify myeloid cell production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.02.458744v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coding of social odors in the hippocampal CA2 region as a substrate for social memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.02.458744v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to encode and update information about individuals is critical for lasting social relationships. Although the hippocampus is important for social recognition memory, its underlying neural representations remain elusive. Here we investigate the neural codes mediating social recognition and learning by examining social odor recognition and associative odor-reward learning in mice. We performed high-resolution calcium imaging from the hippocampal CA2 region of awake head-fixed mice, as CA2 is necessary for social recognition memory. We find that CA2 encodes specific neural representations of novel social odors that are further refined during associative odor-reward learning. Optogenetic silencing of CA2 impairs the formation of reward associations. Furthermore, CA2 population activity represents odors in a geometry that enables abstract representations of social versus non-social odors. Thus, CA2 distinguishes multiple forms of olfactory stimuli to enhance the learning of social odors and associations, which are poised to serve as substrates of social memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hassan, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bigler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegelbaum, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.02.458744</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coding of social odors in the hippocampal CA2 region as a substrate for social memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.03.458378v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Category-specific representational patterns in left inferior frontal and temporal cortex reflect similarities and differences in the sensorimotor and distributional properties of concepts. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.03.458378v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal populations code similar concepts by similar activity patterns across the human brains networks supporting language comprehension. However, it is unclear to what extent such meaning-to-symbol mapping reflects statistical distributions of symbol meanings in language use, as quantified by word co-occurrence frequencies, or, rather, experiential information thought to be necessary for grounding symbols in sensorimotor knowledge. Here we asked whether integrating distributional semantics with human judgments of grounded sensorimotor semantics better approximates the representational similarity of conceptual categories in the brain, as compared with each of these methods used separately. We examined the similarity structure of activation patterns elicited by action- and object-related concepts using multivariate representational similarity analysis (RSA) of fMRI data. The results suggested that a semantic vector integrating both sensorimotor and distributional information yields best category discrimination on the cognitive-linguistic level, and explains the corresponding activation patterns in left posterior inferior temporal cortex. In turn, semantic vectors based on detailed visual and motor information uncovered category-specific similarity patterns in fusiform and angular gyrus for object-related concepts, and in motor cortex, left inferior frontal cortex (BA 44), and supramarginal gyrus for action-related concepts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carota, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriegeskorte, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>nili, h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pulvermueller, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.03.458378</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Category-specific representational patterns in left inferior frontal and temporal cortex reflect similarities and differences in the sensorimotor and distributional properties of concepts.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.03.458873v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein Structure Prediction Using a Maximum Likelihood Formulation of a Recurrent Geometric Network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.03.458873v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Only [~]40% of the human proteome has structural coordinates available from experiment (i.e., X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, or cryo-EM) or homology modeling with quality templates (i.e., 30% sequence identity or greater), leaving most of the proteome structurally unsolved. Deep learning (DL) methods for predicting protein structure can help close knowledge gaps where experimental and homology models are difficult to obtain. Recent advances in these DL methods have shown promising results in expanding structural coverage to the scale of the entire human proteome, providing researchers with more complete protein structural information. Here, we improve upon an existing DL algorithm for protein structure prediction, the Recurrent Geometric Network (RGN). We first expand the training dataset to include experimental uncertainty data in the form of atomic displacement parameters, then derive a maximum likelihood loss function that incorporates this uncertainty data into model training. Compared to the original RGN, our novel maximum likelihood model improves the rate of convergence of initial model training and ultimately results in more accurate structure prediction according to the root mean square deviation (RMSD) of backbone atoms, the Global Distance Test (GDT), the Global Distance Test High Accuracy (GDT-HA), and the Template-Modeling Score (TM-Score). Our model also predicts structures with more favorable backbone torsions, which provide more accurate starting coordinates for downstream physics-based simulations. Based on these results, our maximum likelihood reformulation provides a framework for improving existing or future machine learning algorithms for protein structure prediction. The augmented dataset, data collection scripts, reformulated RGN source code, and a series of trained models are publicly available at https://github.com/SchniedersLab/likelihood-rgn.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tollefson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogal, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, R. J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>AlQuraishi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnieders, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.03.458873</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein Structure Prediction Using a Maximum Likelihood Formulation of a Recurrent Geometric Network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.05.459037v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Serine Starvation Silences Estrogen Receptor Signaling through Histone Hypoacetylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.05.459037v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Estrogen receptor (ER) plays important roles in regulating normal development and female reproductive system function. Loss of ER pathway activity is a hallmark of breast cancer progression, associated with accelerated tumor proliferation and resistance to endocrine therapy. How ER loss occurs remains poorly understood. Here, we show that serine starvation, a metabolic stress often found in solid tumors, downregulates estrogen receptor alpha (ER) expression, represses transcriptional targets such as progesterone receptor (PR), and reduces sensitivity to antiestrogens, suggesting a transition of ER-positive (ER+) breast cancer cells to an ER/PR-negative (ER-/PR-) state. ER downregulation under serine starvation is accompanied by a global loss of histone acetylation. These chromatin changes are driven by metabolic reprogramming triggered by serine starvation, particularly lower glucose flux through glycolysis and the TCA cycle, leading to reduced acetyl-CoA levels and histone hypoacetylation. Supplementation with acetate or glycerol triacetate (GTA), precursors of acetyl-CoA, restores H3K27 acetylation and ER expression under serine starvation. Therefore, a major consequence of serine starvation in breast cancer could be global chromatin changes that influence lineage-specific gene expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, M.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruber, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rankin, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.05.459037</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Serine Starvation Silences Estrogen Receptor Signaling through Histone Hypoacetylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.06.459189v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The 14-3-3 Proteins Bmh1 and Bmh2 Are Key Regulators of Meiotic Commitment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.06.459189v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Induction of meiosis requires exogenous signals that activate internal gene regulatory networks. Meiotic commitment ensures the irreversible continuation of meiosis, even upon withdrawal of the meiosis inducing signals. Budding yeast cells have a unique property in that cells enter meiosis when starved, but if given nutrient-rich medium prior to the commitment point, they exit meiosis and enter mitosis. After the meiotic commitment point in prometaphase I, cells remain in meiosis even with addition of nutrients. Despite the importance of meiotic commitment in ensuring the production of gametes, only a few genes involved in the commitment process are known. We performed a genome-scale screen in budding yeast and discovered new regulators of meiotic commitment including Bcy1, which is involved in nutrient sensing, the meiosis-specific kinase Ime2, Polo kinase Cdc5, and the 14-3-3 proteins Bmh1 and Bmh2. Importantly, we found that Bmh1 and Bmh2 are involved in multiple processes throughout meiosis including the maintenance of the middle meiosis transcription factor Ndt80, activation of Cdc5, and interaction with an RNA-binding protein Pes4, which is important for regulating the timing of translation of several mRNAs in meiosis II. This study identifies a meiotic commitment regulatory network with the 14-3-3 proteins functioning as central regulators.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gavade, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puccia, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herod, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinidad, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berchowitz, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacefield, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.06.459189</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The 14-3-3 Proteins Bmh1 and Bmh2 Are Key Regulators of Meiotic Commitment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.08.459260v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Artemisia annua hot-water extracts show potent activity in vitro against Covid-19 variants including delta 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.08.459260v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ethnopharmacological relevanceFor millennia in Southeast Asia, Artemisia annua L. was used to treat "fever". This medicinal plant is effective against numerous infectious microbial and viral diseases and is used by many global communities as a source of artemisinin derivatives that are first-line drugs to treat malaria.

Aim of the StudyThe SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) global pandemic has killed millions and evolved numerous variants, with delta being the most transmissible to date and causing break-through infections of vaccinated individuals. We further queried the efficacy of A. annua cultivars against new variants.

Materials and MethodsUsing Vero E6 cells, we measured anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of dried-leaf hot-water A. annua extracts of four cultivars, A3, BUR, MED, and SAM, to determine their efficacy against five fully infectious variants of the virus: alpha (B.1.1.7), beta (B.1.351), gamma (P.1), delta (B.1.617.2), and kappa (B.1.617.1).

ResultsIn addition to being effective against the original wild type WA1, A. annua cultivars A3, BUR, MED and SAM were also potent against all five variants. IC50 and IC90 values based on measured artemisinin content ranged from 0.3-8.4 M and 1.4-25.0 M, respectively. The IC50 and IC90 values based on dried leaf weight (DW) used to make the tea infusions ranged from 11.0-67.7 g DW and 59.5-160.6 g DW, respectively. Cell toxicity was insignificant at a leaf dry weight of [&le;]50 g in the extract of any cultivar.

ConclusionsResults suggest that oral consumption of A. annua hot-water extracts (tea infusions), could provide a cost-effective therapy to help stave off the rapid global spread of these variants, buying time for broader implementation of vaccines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nair, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fidock, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Towler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weathers, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.08.459260</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Artemisia annua hot-water extracts show potent activity in vitro against Covid-19 variants including delta]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.08.459433v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive analysis of DNA replication timing in genetic diseases and gene knockouts identifies MCM10 as a novel regulator of the replication program 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.08.459433v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular proliferation depends on the accurate and timely replication of the genome. Several genetic diseases are caused by mutations in key DNA replication genes; however, it remains unclear whether these genes influence the normal program of DNA replication timing. Similarly, the factors that regulate DNA replication dynamics are poorly understood. To systematically identify trans-acting modulators of replication timing, we profiled replication in 184 cell lines from three cell types, encompassing 60 different gene knockouts or genetic diseases. Through a rigorous approach that considers the background variability of replication timing, we concluded that most samples displayed normal replication timing. However, mutations in two genes showed consistently abnormal replication timing. The first gene was RIF1, a known modulator of replication timing. The second was MCM10, a highly conserved member of the pre-replication complex. MCM10 mutant cells demonstrated replication timing variability comprising 46% of the genome and at different locations than RIF1 knockouts. Replication timing alterations in MCM10-mutant cells was predominantly comprised of replication initiation defects. Taken together, this study demonstrates the remarkable robustness of the human replication timing program and reveals MCM10 as a novel modulator of DNA replication timing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Caballero, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rebelo, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuccaro, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanagaraj, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vershkov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smogorzewska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smolka, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benvenisty, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egli, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mace, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.08.459433</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive analysis of DNA replication timing in genetic diseases and gene knockouts identifies MCM10 as a novel regulator of the replication program]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.10.459856v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deficits in decision-making induced by parietal cortex inactivation are compensated at two time scales 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.10.459856v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Perceptual decisions arise through the transformation of samples of evidence into a commitment to a proposition or plan of action. Such transformation is thought to involve cortical circuits capable of computation over time scales associated with working memory, attention, and planning. Neurons in the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) are thought to play a role in all of these functions, and much of what is known about the neurobiology of decision making has been influenced by studies of LIP and its network of cortical and subcortical connections. However a causal role of neurons in LIP remains controversial. We used pharmacological and chemogenetic methods to inactivate LIP in one hemisphere of four rhesus monkeys. Inactivation produced clear biases in decisions, but the effects dissipated despite the persistence of neural inactivation, implying compensation by other unaffected areas. Compensation occurs on a rapid times scale, within an experimental session, and more gradually, across sessions. The findings resolve disparate studies and inform interpretation of focal perturbations of brain function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jeurissen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shushruth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Shamayleh, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horwitz, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadlen, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.10.459856</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deficits in decision-making induced by parietal cortex inactivation are compensated at two time scales]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.12.459854v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disentangling dimensions of animacy in human brain and behaviour 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.12.459854v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Distinguishing animate from inanimate things is of great behavioural importance. Despite distinct brain and behavioural responses to animate and inanimate things, it remains unclear which object properties drive these responses. Here, we investigate the importance of five object dimensions related to animacy ("being alive", "looking like an animal", "having agency", "having mobility", and "being unpredictable") in brain (fMRI, EEG) and behaviour (property and similarity judgements) of 19 participants. We used a stimulus set of 128 images, optimized by a genetic algorithm to disentangle these five dimensions. The five dimensions explained much variance in the similarity judgments. Each dimension also explained a modest but significant amount of variance in the brain representations, except, surprisingly, "being alive". Different brain regions sensitive to animacy may represent distinct dimensions, either as accessible perceptual stepping stones toward detecting whether something is alive or because they are of behavioural importance in their own right.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jozwik, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Najarro, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Bosch, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charest, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriegeskorte, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cichy, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.12.459854</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disentangling dimensions of animacy in human brain and behaviour]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.14.460286v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reward enhances memory via age-varying online and offline neural mechanisms across development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.14.460286v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reward motivation enhances memory through interactions between mesolimbic, hippocampal, and cortical systems -- both during and after encoding. Developmental changes in these distributed neural circuits may lead to age-related differences in reward-motivated memory and the underlying neural mechanisms. Converging evidence from cross-species studies suggests that subcortical dopamine signaling is increased during adolescence, which may lead to stronger memory representations of rewarding, relative to mundane, events and changes in the contributions of underlying subcortical and cortical brain mechanisms across age. Here, we used fMRI to examine how reward motivation influences the "online" encoding and "offline" post-encoding brain mechanisms that support long-term associative memory from childhood to adulthood in human participants of both sexes. We found that reward motivation led to both age-invariant enhancements and nonlinear age-related differences in associative memory after 24 hours. Furthermore, reward-related memory benefits were linked to age-varying neural mechanisms. During encoding, interactions between the prefrontal cortex and ventral tegmental area (VTA) were associated with better high-reward memory to a greater degree with increasing age. Pre- to post-encoding changes in functional connectivity between the anterior hippocampus and VTA were also associated with better high-reward memory, but more so at younger ages. Our findings suggest that there may be developmental differences in the contributions of offline subcortical and online cortical brain mechanisms supporting reward-motivated memory.

Significance StatementA substantial body of research has examined the neural mechanisms through which reward influences memory formation in adults. However, despite extensive evidence that both reward processing and associative memory undergo dynamic change across development, few studies have examined age-related changes in these processes. We found both age-invariant and nonlinear age-related differences in reward-motivated memory. Moreover, our findings point to developmental differences in the processes through which reward modulates the prioritization of information in long-term memory - with greater early reliance on offline subcortical consolidation mechanisms and increased contribution of systems-level online encoding circuitry with increasing age. These results highlight dynamic developmental changes in the cognitive and neural mechanisms through which motivationally salient information is prioritized in memory from childhood to adulthood.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohen, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glover, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phaneuf, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avallone, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davachi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartley, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.14.460286</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reward enhances memory via age-varying online and offline neural mechanisms across development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.14.460315v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inositol hexakisphosphate is a critical regulator of Integrator assembly and function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.14.460315v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Integrator has critical roles in noncoding RNA 3'-end processing as well as transcription attenuation of selected mRNAs. IntS11 is the endonuclease for RNA cleavage, as a part of the IntS4-IntS9-IntS11 complex (Integrator cleavage module, ICM). Our structure of the Drosophila ICM, determined by cryo-electron microscopy at 2.74 [A] resolution, unexpectedly revealed the stable association of an inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) molecule. The binding site is located in a highly electropositive pocket at an interface among all three subunits of ICM, 55 [A] away from the IntS11 active site and generally conserved in other ICMs. IP6 binding is also confirmed in human ICM. Mutations of residues in this binding site or disruption of IP6 biosynthesis significantly reduced Integrator assembly and activity in snRNA 3'-end processing. Our structural and functional studies reveal that Integrator is subject to intricate cellular control and IP6 is a critical regulator of Integrator assembly and function in Drosophila, humans, and likely other organisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, M.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elrod, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, K.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.14.460315</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inositol hexakisphosphate is a critical regulator of Integrator assembly and function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.14.460395v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
"Understanding Cortical Arousals during Sleep from Leg Movements: A Pilot Study." 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.14.460395v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Leg movements during sleep occur in patients with sleep pathology and healthy individuals. Some (but not all) leg movements during sleep are related to cortical arousals which occur without conscious awareness of the patient but have a significant effect of sleep fragmentation. Detecting leg movements during sleep that are associated with cortical arousals can provide unique insight into the nature and quality of sleep in both health and disease. In this study, a novel leg movement monitor is used in conjunction with polysomnography to better understand the relationship between leg movement and electroencephalogram (EEG) defined cortical arousals. In an approach that we call neuro-extremity analysis, graph theoretic, directed connectivity metrics are used to interrogate the causal links between neural activity measured by EEG and leg movements measured by the sensors within the leg movement monitor. The leg movement monitor in this study utilizes novel capacitive displacement sensors, and a 9-axis inertial measurement unit to characterize leg and foot movements. First, the capacitive displacement measures more closely related to EEG-defined cortical arousals than inertial measurements. Second, the neuro-extremity analysis reveals a temporally evolving connectivity pattern that is consistent with a model of cortical arousals in which brainstem dysfunction leads to near-instantaneous leg movements and a delayed, filtered signal to the cortex. Neuro-extremity analysis reveals causal relationships between EEG and leg movement sensor time-series data that may aid researchers to better understand the pathophysiology of cortical arousals associated with leg movements during sleep.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bansal, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feltch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Earley, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robucci, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.14.460395</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA["Understanding Cortical Arousals during Sleep from Leg Movements: A Pilot Study."]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.15.460290v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CD56 at the human NK cell lytic immunological synapse 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.15.460290v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CD56 is the main identifying cell surface molecule of NK cells and has been recently identified as a regulator of cytotoxic function in NK cell lines. Despite its newly defined role in lytic granule polarization and exocytosis, biological questions remain involving the localization and function of CD56 at the immunological synapse. Here we use confocal and structured illumination microscopy to demonstrate recruitment of CD56 to the peripheral supramolecular activating cluster (pSMAC) of the immunological synapse of lytic effector cells. We provide additional data demonstrating that cell lines that are less dependent on CD56 for function are not utilizing alternative pathways of cytotoxicity, and that those that are dependent on CD56 have normal expression of activating and adhesion receptors. Finally, we use actin reporter (LifeAct) expressing NK92 cell lines and live cell confocal microscopy to visualize live cell killing events with WT and CD56-KO cells. This work further characterizes the novel role for CD56 in cytotoxic function of NK cells and provides deeper insight into the role of CD56 at the NK cell immunological synapse.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martinez, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunesch, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mace, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.15.460290</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CD56 at the human NK cell lytic immunological synapse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.15.460321v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic behavior of cell-free mitochondrial DNA in human saliva 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.15.460321v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondria contain their own genome that can be released in multiple biofluids such as blood and cerebrospinal fluid, as cell-free mitochondrial DNA (cf-mtDNA). In clinical studies, single measures of blood cf-mtDNA predict mortality, and higher cf-mtDNA levels are associated with mental and physical stress. However, the dynamics of cf-mtDNA has not been defined, and whether it can be measured non-invasively like other neuroendocrine markers in saliva has not been examined. Here we report cf-mtDNA in human saliva and establish its natural within-person dynamic behavior across multiple weeks. In a small proof-of-principle cohort of healthy adults, we first develop an approach to rapidly quantify salivary cf-mtDNA without DNA extraction, and demonstrate the existence of saliva cf-mtDNA. We then deploy this approach to perform an intensive repeated-measures analysis of two healthy men studied at 4 daily timepoints over 53-60 consecutive days (n=212-220 observations each) with parallel measures of steroid hormones, self-reported daily mood, and health-related behaviors. Salivary cf-mtDNA exhibited a robust awakening response reaching up to two orders of magnitude 30-45 minutes after awakening, varied from day-to-day, and moderately correlated with the cortisol awakening response. No consistent association with self-reported daily mood/health-related behaviors were found, although this requires further examination in more extensive studies. Dynamic variation in cf-mtDNA was inversely related with salivary interleukin 6 (IL6), inconsistent with a pro-inflammatory effect of salivary cf-mtDNA. The highly dynamic behavior of salivary cf-mtDNA opens the door to non-invasive studies examining the relevance of mtDNA signaling in relation to human health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trumpff, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rausser, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haahr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karan, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gouspillou, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirschbaum, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.15.460321</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic behavior of cell-free mitochondrial DNA in human saliva]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.15.460354v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A structured evaluation of cryopreservation in generating single cell transcriptomes from cerebrospinal fluid 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.15.460354v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ImportanceA robust cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cell cryopreservation protocol using high resolution single-cell (sc) transcriptomic data would enable the deployment of this important modality in multi-center translational research studies and clinical trials in which many sites do not have the expertise or resources to produce data from fresh samples. It would also serve to reduce technical variability in larger projects.

ObjectiveTo test a reliable cryopreservation protocol adapted for CSF cells, facilitating the characterization of these rare, fragile cells in moderate to large scale studies.

DesignDiagnostic lumbar punctures were performed on twenty-one patients at two independent sites. Excess CSF was collected and cells were isolated. Each cell sample was split into two fractions for single cell analysis using one of two possible chemistries: 3 sc-RNA-Sequencing or 5sc-RNA-Sequencing. One cell fraction was processed fresh while the second sample was cryopreserved and profiled at a later time after thawing.

SettingThe research protocol was deployed at two academic medical centers taking care of multiple sclerosis and other neurological conditions.

Participants21 subjects (age 24 - 72) were recruited from individuals undergoing a diagnostic lumbar puncture for suspected neuroinflammatory disease or another neurologic illness; they donated excess CSF.

FindingsOur comparison of fresh and cryopreserved data from the same individuals demonstrates highly efficient recovery of all known CSF cell types. The proportion of all cell types was similar between the fresh and the cryopreserved cells processed, and RNA expression was not significantly different. Results were comparable at both performance sites, and with different single cell sequencing chemistries. Cryopreservation also did not affect recovery of T and B cell clonotype diversity.

Conclusion and relevanceOur cryopreservation protocol for CSF-cells provides an important alternative to fresh processing of fragile CSF cells: cryopreservation enables the involvement of sites with limited capacity for experimental manipulation and reduces technical variation by enabling batch processing and pooling of samples.

Key pointsO_ST_ABSQuestionC_ST_ABSHow efficient is CSF cryopreservation for single-cell transcriptome analysis and can it be implemented in large multi-center translational and clinical trial settings?

FindingsWe compared single-cell transcriptomes of paired fresh and cryopreserved CSF from 21 patients at two independent sites. We validate the efficacy of a simple and cost effective CSF cryopreservation method that preserves the composition and the transcriptomes of CSF cells stored for weeks-months. The protocol is deployed in a large multicenter Phase 4 MS clinical trial.

MeaningA validated CSF cryopreservation method that would significantly advance basic science and biomarker research in neurological disorders by implementing single-cell transcriptome analyses in multi-center research and clinical trials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Touil, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roostaei, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calini, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaconu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epstein, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raposo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craveiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callegiri, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryois, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riley, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derfuss, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malhotra, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.15.460354</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A structured evaluation of cryopreservation in generating single cell transcriptomes from cerebrospinal fluid]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.15.460504v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Source-to-Target Automatic Rotating Estimation (STARE) -- A publicly-available, blood-free quantification approach for PET tracers with irreversible kinetics: Theoretical framework and validation for FDG 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.15.460504v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionFull quantification of positron emission tomography (PET) data requires an input function. This generally means arterial blood sampling, which is invasive, labor-intensive and burdensome. There is no current, standardized method to fully quantify PET radiotracers with irreversible kinetics in the absence of blood data. Here, we present Source-to-Target Automatic Rotating Estimation (STARE), a novel, data-driven approach to quantify the net influx rate (Ki) of irreversible PET radiotracers, that requires only individual-level PET data and no blood data. We validate STARE with [18F]FDG PET and assess its performance using simulations.

MethodsSTARE builds upon a source-to-target tissue model, where the tracer time activity curves (TACs) in multiple "target" regions are expressed at once as a function of a "source" region, based on the two-tissue irreversible compartment model, and separates target region Ki from source Ki by fitting the source-to-target model across all target regions simultaneously. To ensure identifiability, data-driven, subject-specific anchoring is used in the STARE minimization, which takes advantage of the PET signal in a vasculature cluster in the FOV that is automatically extracted and partial volume-corrected. To avoid the need for any a priori determination of a single source region, each of the considered regions acts in turn as the source, and a final Ki is estimated in each region by averaging the estimates obtained in each source rotation.

ResultsIn a large dataset of [18F]FDG human scans (N=69), STARE Ki estimates were in good agreement with corresponding arterial blood-based estimates (regression slope=0.88, r=0.80), and were precisely estimated, as assessed by comparing STARE Ki estimates across several runs of the algorithm (coefficient of variation across runs=6.74 {+/-} 2.48%). In simulations, STARE Ki estimates were largely robust to factors that influence the individualized anchoring used within its algorithm.

ConclusionThrough simulations and application to [18F]FDG PET data, feasibility is demonstrated for STARE blood-free, data-driven quantification of Ki. Future work will include applying STARE to PET data obtained with a portable PET camera and to other irreversible radiotracers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogden, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanderigo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.15.460504</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Source-to-Target Automatic Rotating Estimation (STARE) -- A publicly-available, blood-free quantification approach for PET tracers with irreversible kinetics: Theoretical framework and validation for FDG]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.15.460509v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Relationships between individual differences in dual process and electrophysiological signatures of familiarity and recollection during retrieval 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.15.460509v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our everyday memories can vary in terms of accuracy and phenomenology. According to one theoretical account, these differences hinge on whether the memories contain information about both an item itself as well as associated details (remember) versus those that are devoid of these associated contextual details (familiar). This distinction has been supported by computational modeling of behavior, studies in patients, and neuroimaging work including differences both in electrophysiological and functional magnetic resonance imaging. At present, however, little evidence has emerged to suggest that neurophysiological measures track individual differences in estimates of recollection and familiarity. Here, we conducted electrophysiological recordings of brain activity during a recognition memory task designed to differentiate between behavioral indices of recollection and familiarity. Non-parametric cluster-based permutation analyses revealed associations between electrophysiological signatures of familiarity and recollection with their respective behavioral estimates. These results support the idea that recollection and familiarity are distinct phenomena and is the first, to our knowledge, to identify distinct electrophysiological signatures that track individual differences in these processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dimsdale-Zucker, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maciejewska, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yonelinas, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranganath, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.15.460509</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Relationships between individual differences in dual process and electrophysiological signatures of familiarity and recollection during retrieval]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.16.459819v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Influence of Rule and Reward-based Strategies on Inferences of Serial Order by Monkeys 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.16.459819v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Knowledge of transitive relationships between items can contribute to learning the order of a set of stimuli from pairwise comparisons. However, cognitive mechanisms of transitive inferences based on rank order remain unclear, as are contributions of reward magnitude and rule-based inference. To explore these issues, we created a conflict between rule- and reward-based learning during a serial ordering task. Rhesus macaques learned two lists, each containing five stimuli, that were trained exclusively with adjacent pairs. Selection of the higher-ranked item resulted in rewards. "Small reward" lists yielded 2 drops of fluid reward, while "large reward" lists yielded 5 drops. Following training of adjacent pairs, monkeys were tested on novels pairs. One item was selected from each list, such that a ranking rule could conflict with preferences for large rewards. Differences in associated reward magnitude had a strong influence on accuracy, but we also observed a symbolic distance effect. That provided evidence of a rule-based influence on decisions. Reaction time comparisons suggested a conflict between rule and reward-based processes. We conclude that performance reflects the contributions of two strategies, and that a model-based strategy is employed in the face of a strong countervailing reward incentive.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ferhat, A.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terrace, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrera, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.16.459819</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Influence of Rule and Reward-based Strategies on Inferences of Serial Order by Monkeys]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.17.460143v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Zoonotic potential of a novel bat morbillivirus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.17.460143v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Morbilliviruses are amongst the most contagious viral pathogens that infect mammals. Metagenomic surveys have identified numerous morbillivirus sequences in bats, but no full-length authentic morbillivirus has been isolated or characterized from bats. Here we detail the discovery of full-length Myotis Bat Morbillivirus (MBaMV) from a bat surveillance program in Brazil. After determining that MBaMV utilizes bat CD150 but not human CD150 as an entry receptor, we generated an infectious clone of MBaMV using reverse genetics. MBaMV exhibited features consistent with other morbilliviruses, including pleomorphic virions, P-editing and the rule-of-six. MBaMV replicated well in human epithelial cell lines in a nectin-4 dependent manner. Surprisingly, MBaMV was able to infect human macrophages in a CD150-independent manner. However, MBaMV was restricted by cross-neutralizing human sera and did not evade the human innate immune system, indicating that while zoonotic spillover into humans may be possible, MBaMV replication in humans would likely be restricted.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ikegame, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmichael, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furler, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acklin, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, H.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oguntuyo, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kowdle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eckley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hashiguchi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durigon, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schountz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epstein, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plemper, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daszak, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anthony, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.17.460143</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Zoonotic potential of a novel bat morbillivirus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.20.461152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct ground state and activated state modes of spiking in forebrain neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.20.461152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal firing patterns have significant spatiotemporal variability with no agreed upon theoretical framework. Using a combined experimental and modeling approach, we found that spike interval statistics can be described by discrete modes of activity. Of these, a "ground state" (GS) mode of low-rate spiking is universal among forebrain excitatory neurons and characterized by irregular spiking at neuron-specific rates. In contrast, "activated state" (AS) modes consist of spiking at characteristic timescales and regularity that are specific to neuron populations in a given region and brain state. The majority of spiking is contributed by GS mode, while neurons can transiently switch to AS spiking in response to stimuli or in coordination with population activity patterns. We hypothesize that GS spiking serves to maintain a persistent backbone of neuronal activity while AS modes support communication functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levenstein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girardeau, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gornet, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grosmark, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huszar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peyrache, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senzai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rinzel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buzsaki, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.20.461152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct ground state and activated state modes of spiking in forebrain neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.21.461288v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ion currents through Kir potassium channels are gated by anionic lipids. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.21.461288v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ion currents through potassium channels are gated. Constriction of the ion conduction pathway at the inner helix bundle, the textbook  gate of Kir potassium channels, has been shown to be an ineffective permeation control, creating a rift in our understanding of how these channels are gated. Here we present the first evidence that anionic lipids act as interactive response elements sufficient to gate potassium conduction. We demonstrate the limiting barrier to K+ permeation lies within the ion conduction pathway and show that this  gate is operated by the fatty acyl tails of lipids that infiltrate the conduction pathway via fenestrations in the walls of the pore. Acyl tails occupying a surface groove extending from the cytosolic interface to the conduction pathway provide a potential means of relaying cellular signals, mediated by anionic lipid head groups bound at the canonical lipid binding site, to the internal gate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Black, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, O. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolla, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Periasamy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wardak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czabotar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colman, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laver, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulbis, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.21.461288</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ion currents through Kir potassium channels are gated by anionic lipids.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.22.461242v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Comparison of Methods to Harmonize Cortical Thickness Measurements Across Scanners and Sites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.22.461242v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Results of neuroimaging datasets aggregated from multiple sites may be biased by site- specific profiles in participants demographic and clinical characteristics, as well as MRI acquisition protocols and scanning platforms. We compared the impact of four different harmonization methods on results obtained from analyses of cortical thickness data: (1) linear mixed-effects model (LME) that models site-specific random intercepts (LMEINT), (2) LME that models both site-specific random intercepts and age-related random slopes (LMEINT+SLP), (3) ComBat, and (4) ComBat with a generalized additive model (ComBat-GAM). Our test case for comparing harmonization methods was cortical thickness data aggregated from 29 sites, which included 1,343 cases with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (6.2-81.8 years old) and 2,067 trauma-exposed controls without PTSD (6.3-85.2 years old). We found that, compared to the other data harmonization methods, data processed with ComBat-GAM were more sensitive to the detection of significant case-control differences in regional cortical thickness (X2(3) = 34.339, p < 0.001), and case-control differences in age-related cortical thinning (X2(3) = 15.128, p = 0.002). Specifically, ComBat-GAM led to larger effect size estimates of cortical thickness reductions (corrected p-values < 0.001), smaller age-appropriate declines (corrected p-values < 0.001), and lower female to male contrast (corrected p-values < 0.001) in cases compared to controls relative to other harmonization methods. Harmonization with ComBat-GAM also led to greater estimates of age-related declines in cortical thickness (corrected p-values < 0.001) in both cases and controls compared to other harmonization methods. Our results support the use of ComBat-GAM for harmonizing cortical thickness data aggregated from multiple sites and scanners to minimize confounds and increase statistical power.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rakesh, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke-Rubright, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haswell, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Leary, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cotton, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanshad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salminen, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomopolous, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashid, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ching, C. R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, S. B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frijling, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawijn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Zuiden, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez-Jimenez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sierk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manthey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Rooij, S. J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bomyea, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koerte, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Werff, S. J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vermeiren, R. R. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herzog, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebois, L. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ressler, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straube, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korgaonkar, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.22.461242</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Comparison of Methods to Harmonize Cortical Thickness Measurements Across Scanners and Sites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.22.461355v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of touch neurons underlying dopaminergic pleasurable touch and sexual receptivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.22.461355v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pleasurable touch during social behavior is the key to building familial bonds and meaningful connections. One form of social touch occurs during sexual encounters. Although sexual behavior is initiated in part by touch, and touch is ongoing throughout copulation, the identity and role of sensory neurons that transduce sexual touch remain unknown. A population of sensory neurons labeled by the G-protein coupled receptor Mrgprb4 detect stroking touch in mice, however, these neurons have never been implicated in any natural social behaviors. Here, we study the social relevance of Mrgprb4-lineage neurons by genetically engineering mice to allow activation or ablation of this population and reveal that these neurons are required for sexual receptivity and sufficient to induce dopamine release in the brain. Even in social isolation, optogenetic stimulation of Mrgprb4-lineage neurons through the back skin is sufficient to induce a conditioned place preference and a striking dorsiflexion resembling the lordotic copulatory posture in females. In the absence of Mrgprb4-lineage neurons, female mice no longer find male mounts rewarding: sexual receptivity is supplanted by aggression and a coincident decline in dopaminergic release in the mesolimbic reward pathway. In addition to sexual behavior, Mrgprb4-lineage neurons are also required for social postures induced by female-to-female back touch. Together, these findings establish that Mrgprb4-lineage neurons are the first neurons of a skin-to-brain circuit encoding the rewarding quality of social touch.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Middleton, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Succi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gradwell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ejoh, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraira, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdus-Saboor, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.22.461355</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of touch neurons underlying dopaminergic pleasurable touch and sexual receptivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.22.461356v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Signatures of visuospatial information foraging during learning of complex environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.22.461356v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the real world, making sequences of decisions to achieve goals often depends upon the ability to learn aspects of the environment that are not directly perceptible. Learning these so-called latent features requires seeking information about them, a process distinct from learning about near-term reward contingencies. Prior efforts to study latent feature learning often use single decisions, use few features, and fail to distinguish between reward-seeking and informationseeking. To overcome this, we designed a task in which humans and monkeys made a series of choices to search for shapes hidden on a grid. Reward and information outcomes from uncovering parts of shapes were not perfectly correlated and their effects could be disentangled. Members of both species adeptly learned the shapes and preferred to select informative tiles earlier in trials than rewarding ones, searching a part of the grid until their outcomes dropped below the average information outcome-a pattern consistent with foraging behavior. In addition, how quickly humans learned the shapes was predicted by how well their choice sequences matched the foraging pattern. This adaptive search for information may underlie the ability in humans and monkeys to learn latent features to support goal-directed behavior in the long run.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barack, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakkour, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shohamy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzman, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.22.461356</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Signatures of visuospatial information foraging during learning of complex environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.22.461422v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbial Biotextiles for a Circular Materials Economy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.22.461422v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The synthesis and bottom-up assembly of nanocellulose by microbes offers unique advantages to tune and meet key design criteria--rapid renewability, low toxicity, scalability, performance, and degradability--for multi-functional, circular economy textiles. However, development of green processing methods that meet these criteria remains a major research challenge. Here, we harness microbial biofabrication of nanocellulose and draw inspiration from ancient textile techniques to engineer sustainable biotextiles with a circular life cycle. The unique molecular self-organization of microbial nanocellulose (MC) combined with bio-phosphorylation with a lecithin treatment yields a compostable material with superior mechanical and flame-retardant properties. Specifically, treatment of MC with a lecithin-phosphocholine emulsion makes sites available to modulate cellulose cross-linking through hydroxyl, phosphate and methylene groups, increasing the interaction between cellulose chains. The resultant bioleather exhibits enhanced tensile strength and high ductility. Bio-phosphorylation with lecithin also redirects the combustion pathway from levoglucosan production towards the formation of foaming char as an insulating oxygen barrier, for outstanding flame retardance. Controlled color modulation is demonstrated with natural dyes. Life cycle impact assessment reveals that MC bioleather has up to an order of magnitude lower carbon footprint than conventional textiles, and a thousandfold reduction in the carcinogenic impact of leather production. Eliminating the use of hazardous substances, these high performance materials disrupt linear production models and strategically eliminate its toxicity and negative climate impacts, with widespread application in fashion, interiors and construction. Importantly, the biotextile approach developed in this study demonstrates the potential of biofabrication coupled with green chemistry for a circular materials economy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schiros, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antrobus, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farias, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, Y.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esdaille, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchiricco, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miquelon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chitu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goetz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chasse, A. M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuckolls, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.22.461422</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbial Biotextiles for a Circular Materials Economy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.23.461548v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A rise-to-threshold signal for a relative value deliberation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.23.461548v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whereas progress has been made in identifying neural signals related to rapid, cued decisions1-4, less is known about how brains guide and terminate more ethologically relevant deliberations, where an animals own behavior governs the options experienced over minutes5-8. Drosophila search for many seconds to minutes for egg-laying sites with high relative value9, 10 and neurons, called oviDNs, exist whose activity fulfills necessity and sufficiency criteria for initiating the egg-deposition motor program11. Here we show that oviDNs express a calcium signal that rises over seconds to minutes as a fly deliberates whether to lay an egg. The calcium signal dips when an egg is internally prepared (ovulated), rises at a rate related to the relative value of the current substrate being experienced, and reaches a consistent peak just prior to the abdomen bend for egg deposition. We provide perturbational evidence that the egg-deposition motor program is initiated once this signal hits a threshold and that sub-threshold variation in the signal regulates the time spent deliberating and, ultimately, the option chosen. These results argue that a rise-to-threshold signal guides Drosophila to lay eggs on substrate options with high relative value, with each egg-laying event representing a self-paced decision similar to real-world decisions made by humans and other mammals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vijayan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakravorty, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adachi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akhlaghpour, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickson, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maimon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.23.461548</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A rise-to-threshold signal for a relative value deliberation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.23.461557v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning of biased representations in LIP through interactions between recurrent connectivity and Hebbian plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.23.461557v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When monkeys learn to group visual stimuli into arbitrary categories, lateral intraparietal area (LIP) neurons become category-selective. Surprisingly, the representations of learned categories are overwhelmingly biased: nearly all LIP neurons in a given animal prefer the same category over other behaviorally equivalent categories. We propose a model where such biased representations develop through the interplay between Hebbian plasticity and the recurrent connectivity of LIP. In this model, two separable processes of positive feedback unfold in parallel: in one, category selectivity emerges from competition between prefrontal inputs; in the other, bias develops due to lateral interactions among LIP neurons. This model reproduces the levels of category selectivity and bias observed under a variety of conditions, as well as the redevelopment of bias after monkeys learn redefined categories. It predicts that LIP receptive fields would spatially cluster by preferred category, which we experimentally confirm. In summary, our model reveals a mechanism by which LIP learns abstract representations and assigns meaning to sensory inputs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottlieb, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.23.461557</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning of biased representations in LIP through interactions between recurrent connectivity and Hebbian plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.24.461743v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Caspase-4/11 exacerbates disease severity in SARS-CoV-2 infection by promoting inflammation and thrombosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.24.461743v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 is a worldwide health concern, and new treatment strategies are needed 1. Targeting inflammatory innate immunity pathways holds therapeutic promise, but effective molecular targets remain elusive. Here, we show that human caspase-4 (CASP4), and its mouse homologue, caspase-11 (CASP11), are upregulated in SARS-CoV-2 infections, and that CASP4 expression correlates with severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans. SARS-CoV-2-infected Casp11-/- mice were protected from severe weight loss and lung pathology, including blood vessel damage, compared to wild-type (WT) and gasdermin-D knock out (Gsdmd-/-) mice. GSDMD is a downstream effector of CASP11 and CASP1. Notably, viral titers were similar in the three genotypes. Global transcriptomics of SARS-CoV-2-infected WT, Casp11-/- and Gsdmd-/- lungs identified restrained expression of inflammatory molecules and altered neutrophil gene signatures in Casp11-/- mice. We confirmed that protein levels of inflammatory mediators IL-1{beta}, IL6, and CXCL1, and neutrophil functions, were reduced in Casp11-/- lungs. Additionally, Casp11-/- lungs accumulated less von Willebrand factor, a marker for endothelial damage, but expressed more Kruppel-Like Factor 2, a transcription factor that maintains vascular integrity. Overall, our results demonstrate that CASP4/11, promotes detrimental SARS-CoV-2-associated inflammation and coagulopathy, largely independently of GSDMD, identifying CASP4/11 as a promising drug target for treatment and prevention of severe COVID-19.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eltobgy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenney, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estfanous, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badr, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carafice, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daily, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitham, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pietrzak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webb, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawahara, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eddy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denz, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>KC, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peeples, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Que, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosas Mejia, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rayner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall-Stoodley, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seveau, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gavrilin, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tedeschi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Partida-Sanchez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberto, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hemann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdelrazik, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forero, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nimjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyaka, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cormet-Boyaka, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yount, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.24.461743</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Caspase-4/11 exacerbates disease severity in SARS-CoV-2 infection by promoting inflammation and thrombosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.25.461789v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glycerol-driven Denitratation: Process Kinetics, Microbial Ecology, and Operational Controls 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.25.461789v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Denitratation, the selective reduction of nitrate to nitrite, is a novel process when coupled with anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) could achieve resource-efficient biological nitrogen removal of ammonium- and nitrate-laden waste streams. Using a fundamentally-based, first principles approach, this study optimized a stoichiometrically-limited, glycerol-driven denitratation process and characterized mechanisms supporting nitrite accumulation with results that aligned with expectations. Glycerol supported selective nitrate reduction to nitrite and near-complete nitrate conversion, indicating its viability in a denitratation system. Glycerol-supported specific rates of nitrate reduction (135.3 mg-N/g-VSS/h) were at least one order of magnitude greater than specific rates of nitrite reduction (14.9 mg-N/g-VSS/h), potentially resulting in transient nitrite accumulation and indicating glycerols superiority over other organic carbon sources in denitratation systems. pH and ORP inflection points in nitrogen transformation assays corresponded to maximum nitrite accumulation, indicating operational setpoints to prevent further nitrite reduction. Denitratation conditions supported enrichment of Thauera sp. as the dominant genus. Stoichiometric limitation of influent organic carbon, coupled with differential nitrate and nitrite reduction kinetics, optimized operational controls, and a distinctively enriched microbial ecology, was identified as causal in glycerol-driven denitratation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baideme, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plante, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butkus, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandran, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.25.461789</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glycerol-driven Denitratation: Process Kinetics, Microbial Ecology, and Operational Controls]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.25.461804v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flygenvectors: The spatial and temporal structure of neural activity across the fly brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.25.461804v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
What are the spatial and temporal scales of brainwide neuronal activity, and how do activities at different scales interact? We used SCAPE microscopy to image a large fraction of the central brain of adult Drosophila melanogaster with high spatiotemporal resolution while flies engaged in a variety of behaviors, including running, grooming and flailing. This revealed neural representations of behavior on multiple spatial and temporal scales. The activity of most neurons across the brain correlated (or, in some cases, anticorrelated) with running and flailing over timescales that ranged from seconds to almost a minute. Grooming elicited a much weaker global response. Although these behaviors accounted for a large fraction of neural activity, residual activity not directly correlated with behavior was high dimensional. Many dimensions of the residual activity reflect the activity of small clusters of spatially organized neurons that may correspond to genetically defined cell types. These clusters participate in the global dynamics, indicating that neural activity reflects a combination of local and broadly distributed components. This suggests that microcircuits with highly specified functions are provided with knowledge of the larger context in which they operate, conferring a useful balance of specificity and flexibility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schaffer, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteway, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vancura, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voleti, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillman, E. M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Axel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.25.461804</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flygenvectors: The spatial and temporal structure of neural activity across the fly brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.27.460811v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Compartment-specific tuning of hippocampal dendritic feature selectivity by intracellular Ca2+ release 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.27.460811v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dendritic Ca2+ signaling is central to neural plasticity mechanisms allowing animals to adapt to the environment. Intracellular Ca2+ release (ICR) from endoplasmic reticulum has long been thought to shape these mechanisms. However, ICR has not been investigated in mammalian neurons in vivo. We combined electroporation of single CA1 pyramidal neurons, simultaneous imaging of dendritic and somatic activity during spatial navigation, optogenetic place field induction, and acute genetic augmentation of ICR cytosolic impact to reveal that ICR supports the establishment of dendritic feature selectivity and shapes integrative properties determining output-level receptive fields. This role for ICR was more prominent in apical than in basal dendrites. Thus, ICR cooperates with circuit-level architecture in vivo to promote the emergence of behaviorally-relevant plasticity in a compartment-specific manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Hare, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirabayashi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hewitt, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blockus, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szoboszlay, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolotti, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiller, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Negrean, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chelur, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Losonczy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polleux, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.27.460811</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Compartment-specific tuning of hippocampal dendritic feature selectivity by intracellular Ca2+ release]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.27.461739v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fragile X syndrome patient-derived neurons developing in the mouse brain show FMR1 -dependent phenotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.27.461739v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Abnormal neuronal development in Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is poorly understood. Data on FXS patients remain scarce and FXS animal models have failed to yield successful therapies. In vitro models do not fully recapitulate the morphology and function of human neurons. Here, we co-injected neural precursor cells (NPCs) from FXS patient-derived and corrected isogenic control induced pluripotent stem cells into the brain of neonatal immune-deprived mice. The transplanted cells populated the brain and a proportion differentiated into neurons and glial cells. Single-cell RNA sequencing of transplanted cells revealed upregulated excitatory synaptic transmission and neuronal differentiation pathways in FXS neurons. Immunofluorescence analyses showed accelerated maturation of FXS neurons after an initial delay. Additionally, increased percentages of Arc- and Egr1-positive FXS neurons and wider dendritic protrusions of mature FXS striatal medium spiny neurons pointed to an increase in synaptic activity and synaptic strength as compared to control. This transplantation approach provides new insights into the alterations of neuronal development in FXS by facilitating physiological development of cells in a 3D context, and could be used to test new therapeutic compounds correcting neuronal development defects in FXS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krzisch, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitfield, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrett-Engele, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cacace, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrykovich, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rietjens, R. G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sur, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaenisch, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.27.461739</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fragile X syndrome patient-derived neurons developing in the mouse brain show FMR1 -dependent phenotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.27.461900v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prospective isolation of mouse and human hematopoietic stem cells using Plexin domain containing 2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.27.461900v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Numerous strategies exist to isolate hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) using complex combinations of markers and flow cytometry. However, robust identification of HSCs using imaging techniques is substantially more challenging which has prompted the recent development of HSC reporter mice. To date, none of the molecules used in these reporters have been useful for human HSC identification. Here we report that PLXDC2 is a useful marker for both mouse and human HSCs. Using a green fluorescent protein (GFP) knock-in at the Plxdc2 locus in mice (hereafter denoted as Plxdc2-GFP), we showed that Plxdc2-GFP is highly expressed in HSCs with 1 in 2.8 Plxdc2-GFP+CD150+ cells giving long-term multi-lineage reconstitution in transplantation. Moreover, we developed a novel human PLXDC2 antibody and showed that human PLXDC2+ HSCs have stronger long-term multilineage reconstitution ability compared with PLXDC2- HSCs in a xenograft model. Thus, our study identifies PLXDC2 as a highly relevant molecule in HSC identification, potentially allowing greater purity and live in vivo tracking of these cells.

SummaryTo date, few molecules are available for isolation of HSCs across species. The present study shows that PLXDC2 is a highly useful molecule for isolation of HSCs, which works across mouse and human.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kubota, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lieberam, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barlow, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bramley, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakuma, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shibata, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakagawa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurosawa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maruyama, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okumura, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akuta, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kent, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jessell, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goyama, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimura, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitamura, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.27.461900</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prospective isolation of mouse and human hematopoietic stem cells using Plexin domain containing 2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.27.461935v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The activities of LRRK2 and GCase are positively correlated in clinical biospecimens and experimental models of Parkinson's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.27.461935v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
LRRK2 is a kinase involved in different cellular functions, including autophagy, endolysosomal pathways and vesicle trafficking. Mutations in LRRK2 cause autosomal dominant forms of Parkinsons disease (PD). Heterozygous mutations in GBA1, the gene encoding the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GCase), are the most common genetic risk factors for PD. Moreover, GCase function is altered in idiopathic PD and in other genetic forms of the disease. Recent work suggests that LRRK2 kinase activity can regulate GCase function. However, both a positive and a negative correlation have been described. To gain insights into the impact of LRRK2 on GCase, we investigated GCase levels and activity in LRRK2 G2019S knockin mice, in clinical biospecimens from PD patients carrying this mutation and in patient-derived cellular models. In these models we found a positive correlation between the activities of LRRK2 and GCase, which was further confirmed in cell lines with genetic and pharmacological manipulation of LRRK2 kinase activity. Overall, our study indicates that LRRK2 kinase activity affects both the levels and the catalytic activity of GCase.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kedariti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frattini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baden, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cogo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Civiero, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziviani, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aureli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaganovich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cookson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefanis, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surface, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deleidi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Fonzo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcalay, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rideout, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greggio, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plotegher, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.27.461935</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The activities of LRRK2 and GCase are positively correlated in clinical biospecimens and experimental models of Parkinson's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.28.462068v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Here's the twist: How the brain updates naturalistic event memories as our understanding of the past changes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.28.462068v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brain actively reshapes our understanding of past events in light of new incoming information. In the current study, we ask how the brain supports this updating process during the encoding and recall of naturalistic stimuli. One group of participants watched a movie ("The Sixth Sense") with a cinematic "twist" at the end that dramatically changed the interpretation of previous events. Next, participants were asked to verbally recall the movie events, taking into account the new "twist" information. Most participants updated their recall to incorporate the twist. Two additional groups recalled the movie without having to update their memories during recall: one group never saw the twist; another group was exposed to the twist prior to the beginning of the movie, and thus the twist information was incorporated both during encoding and recall. We found that providing participants with information about the twist beforehand altered neural response patterns during movie-viewing in the default mode network (DMN). Moreover, presenting participants with the twist at the end of the movie changed the neural representation of the previously-encoded information during recall in a subset of DMN regions. Further evidence for this transformation was obtained by comparing the neural activation patterns during encoding and recall and correlating them with behavioral signatures of memory updating. Our results demonstrate that neural representations of past events encoded in the DMN are dynamically integrated with new information that reshapes our understanding in natural contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zadbood, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nastase, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasson, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.28.462068</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Here's the twist: How the brain updates naturalistic event memories as our understanding of the past changes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.30.462231v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structures of core eukaryotic protein complexes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.30.462231v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein-protein interactions play critical roles in biology, but despite decades of effort, the structures of many eukaryotic protein complexes are unknown, and there are likely many interactions that have not yet been identified. Here, we take advantage of recent advances in proteome-wide amino acid coevolution analysis and deep-learning-based structure modeling to systematically identify and build accurate models of core eukaryotic protein complexes, as represented within the Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteome. We use a combination of RoseTTAFold and AlphaFold to screen through paired multiple sequence alignments for 8.3 million pairs of S. cerevisiae proteins and build models for strongly predicted protein assemblies with two to five components. Comparison to existing interaction and structural data suggests that these predictions are likely to be quite accurate. We provide structure models spanning almost all key processes in Eukaryotic cells for 104 protein assemblies which have not been previously identified, and 608 which have not been structurally characterized.

One-sentence summaryWe take advantage of recent advances in proteome-wide amino acid coevolution analysis and deep-learning-based structure modeling to systematically identify and build accurate models of core eukaryotic protein complexes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Humphreys, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnakumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anishchenko, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ovchinnikov, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ness, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banjade, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagde, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stancheva, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barerro, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szakal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Branzei, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biggins, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keeney, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fromme, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendrickson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cong, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.30.462231</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structures of core eukaryotic protein complexes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.30.462607v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A role for cell polarity in lifespan and mitochondrial quality control in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.30.462607v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Babies are born young, largely independent of the age of their mothers. Mother-daughter age asymmetry in yeast is achieved, in part, by inheritance of higher-functioning mitochondria by daughter cells and retention of some high-functioning mitochondria in mother cells. The mitochondrial F-box protein, Mfb1p, tethers mitochondria at both poles in a cell cycle-regulated manner: it localizes to and anchors mitochondria to the mother cell tip throughout the cell cycle, and to the bud tip prior to cytokinesis. Here, we report that cell polarity and polarized localization of Mfb1p decline with age in S. cerevisiae. Moreover, deletion of BUD1/RSR1, a Ras protein required for cytoskeletal polarization during asymmetric yeast cell division, results in depolarized Mfb1p localization, defects in mitochondrial distribution and quality control, and reduced replicative lifespan. Our results demonstrate a role for the polarity machinery in lifespan through modulating Mfb1 function in asymmetric inheritance of mitochondria during yeast cell division.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pernice, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pon, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.30.462607</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A role for cell polarity in lifespan and mitochondrial quality control in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.30.462684v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Powassan Viruses Spread Cell to Cell During Direct Isolation from IxodesTicks and Persistently Infect Human Brain Endothelial Cells and Pericytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.30.462684v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Powassan viruses (POWVs) are neurovirulent tick-borne flaviviruses emerging in the Northeastern U.S., with a 2% prevalence in Long Island (LI) deer ticks (Ixodes scapularis). POWVs are transmitted in as little as 15 minutes of a tick bite, and enter the CNS to cause encephalitis (10% fatal) and long-term neuronal damage. POWV-LI9 and POWV-LI41 present in LI Ixodes ticks were isolated by directly inoculating VeroE6 cells with tick homogenates and detecting POWV infected cells by immunoperoxidase staining. Inoculated POWV-LI9 and LI41 were exclusively present in infected cell foci, indicative of spread cell to cell, despite growth in liquid culture without an overlay. Cloning and sequencing establish POWV-LI9 as a phylogenetically distinct lineage II POWV strain circulating in LI deer ticks. Primary human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs) and pericytes form a neurovascular complex that restricts entry into the CNS. We found that POWV-LI9, -LI41 and Lineage I POWV-LB, productively infect hBMECs and pericytes and that POWVs were basolaterally transmitted from hBMECs to lower chamber pericytes without permeabilizing polarized hBMECs. Synchronous POWV-LI9 infection of hBMECs and pericytes induced proinflammatory chemokines, interferon-{beta} (IFN{beta}) and IFN-stimulated genes, with delayed IFN{beta} secretion by infected pericytes. IFN inhibited POWV infection, but despite IFN secretion a subset of POWV infected hBMECs and pericytes remained persistently infected. These findings suggest a potential mechanism for POWVs (LI9/LI41 and LB) to infect hBMECs, spread basolaterally to pericytes and enter the CNS. hBMEC and pericyte responses to POWV infection suggest a role for immunopathology in POWV neurovirulence and potential therapeutic targets for preventing POWV spread to neuronal compartments.

ImportanceWe isolated POWVs from LI deer ticks (I. scapularis) directly in VeroE6 cells and sequencing revealed POWV-LI9 as a distinct lineage II POWV strain. Remarkably, inoculating VeroE6 cells with POWV containing tick homogenates resulted in infected cell foci in liquid culture, consistent with cell to cell spread. POWV-LI9, -LI41, and Lineage I POWV-LB strains infected hBMECs and pericytes that comprise neurovascular complexes. POWVs were nonlytically transmitted basolaterally from infected hBMECs to lower chamber pericytes, suggesting a mechanism for POWV transmission across BBB. POWV-LI9 elicited inflammatory responses from infected hBMEC and pericytes that may contribute to immune cell recruitment and neuropathogenesis. This study reveals a potential mechanism for POWVs to enter the CNS by infecting hBMECs and spreading basolaterally to abluminal pericytes. Our findings reveal that POWV-LI9 persists in cells that form a neurovascular complex spanning the BBB, and suggest potential therapeutic targets for preventing POWV spread to neuronal compartments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Conde, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Vicente, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saladino, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorbunova, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schutt, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mladinich, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Himmler, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benach, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackow, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.30.462684</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Powassan Viruses Spread Cell to Cell During Direct Isolation from IxodesTicks and Persistently Infect Human Brain Endothelial Cells and Pericytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.01.462586v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct signatures of loss of consciousness during Focal Impaired Awareness (FIA) versus Focal to Bilateral Tonic-Clonic (FBTC) seizures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.01.462586v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Loss of consciousness (LOC) is a hallmark of many epileptic seizures and carries risks of serious injury and sudden death. While cortical sleep-like activities accompany LOC during focal impaired awareness (FIA) seizures, the mechanisms of LOC during focal to bilateral tonic-clonic (FBTC) seizures remain unclear. Quantifying differences in markers of cortical activation and ictal recruitment between FIA and FBTC seizures may also help to understand their different consequences for clinical outcomes and to optimize neuromodulation therapies.

We quantified clinical signs of LOC and intracranial EEG (iEEG) activity during 129 FIA and 50 FBTC from 41 patients. We characterized iEEG changes both in the seizure onset zone (SOZ) and in areas remote from SOZ with a total of 3386 electrodes distributed across brain areas. First, we compared the dynamics of iEEG sleep-like activities: slow-wave activity (SWA; 1-4 Hz) and beta/delta ratio (B/D; a validated marker of cortical activation) during FIA vs. FBTC. Second, we quantified differences between FBTC and FIA for a marker validated to detect ictal cross-frequency coupling: phase-locked high-gamma (PLHG; high gamma phased locked to low frequencies) and a marker of ictal recruitment: the epileptogenicity index (i.e. the number of channels crossing an energy ratio threshold for high vs. low frequency power). Third, we assessed changes in iEEG activity preceding and accompanying behavioral generalization onset and their correlation with electromyogram (EMG) channels. In addition, we analyzed human cortical multi-unit activity recorded with Utah arrays during three FBTC.

Compared to FIA, FBTC seizures were characterized by deeper LOC and by stronger increases in SWA in parieto-occipital cortex. FBTC also displayed more widespread increases in cortical activation (B/D), ictal cross-frequency coupling (PLHG) and ictal recruitment (epileptogenicity index). Even before generalization, FBTC displayed deeper LOC; this early LOC was accompanied by a paradoxical increase in B/D in fronto-parietal cortex. Behavioral generalization coincided with complete loss of responsiveness and a subsequent increase in high-gamma in the whole brain, which was especially synchronous in deep sources and could not be explained by EMG. Similarly, multi-unit activity analysis of FBTC revealed sustained increases in cortical firing rates during and after generalization onset in areas remote from the SOZ.

Unlike during FIA, LOC during FBTC is characterized by a paradoxical increase in cortical activation and neuronal firing. These findings suggest differences in the mechanisms of ictal LOC between FIA and FBTC and may account for the more negative prognostic consequences of FBTC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Juan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorska, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozma, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papantonatos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bugnon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kremen, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worrell, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Struck, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bateman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merricks, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blumenfeld, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tononi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schevon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.01.462586</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct signatures of loss of consciousness during Focal Impaired Awareness (FIA) versus Focal to Bilateral Tonic-Clonic (FBTC) seizures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.02.462778v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanically active integrins direct cytotoxic secretion at the immune synapse 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.02.462778v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The secretory output of cell-cell interfaces must be tightly controlled in space and time to ensure functional efficacy. This is particularly true for the cytotoxic immune synapse (IS), the stereotyped junction formed between a cytotoxic lymphocyte and the infected or transformed target cell it aims to destroy1. Cytotoxic lymphocytes kill their targets by channeling a mixture of granzyme proteases and the pore forming protein perforin directly into the IS2, 3. The synaptic secretion of these toxic molecules constrains their deleterious effects to the target cell alone, thereby protecting innocent bystander cells in the surrounding tissue from collateral damage. Despite the importance of this process for immune specificity, the molecular and cellular mechanisms that establish secretory sites within the IS remain poorly understood. Here, we identified an essential role for integrin mechanotransduction in cytotoxic secretion using a combination of single cell biophysical measurements, ligand micropatterning, and functional assays. Upon ligand-binding, the L{beta}2 integrin LFA-1 functioned as a spatial cue, attracting lytic granules containing perforin and granzyme and inducing their fusion at closely adjacent sites within the synaptic membrane. LFA-1 molecules were subjected to pulling forces within these secretory domains, and genetic or pharmacological suppression of these forces abrogated cytotoxicity. We conclude that lymphocytes employ an integrin-dependent mechanical checkpoint to enhance both the potency and the security of their cytotoxic output.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jesus, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kam, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salaita, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huse, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.02.462778</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanically active integrins direct cytotoxic secretion at the immune synapse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.02.462793v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification and validation of a non-genetically encoded vulnerability to XPO1 inhibition in malignant rhabdoid tumors - expanding patient-driven discovery beyond the Nof1. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.02.462793v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Malignant rhabdoid tumors (MRTs) are rare, aggressive pediatric solid tumors, characterized by a 22q11 deletion that inactivates the SMARCB1 gene. Outcomes remain poor despite multimodality treatment. MRTs are among the most genomically stable cancers and lack therapeutically targetable genetic mutations. We utilized metaVIPER, an extension of the Virtual Inference of Protein-activity by Enriched Regulon (VIPER) algorithm, to computationally infer activated druggable proteins in the tumor of an eight month old patient and then expanded the analysis to TCGA and TARGET cohorts. In vitro studies were performed on a panel of MRT and atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor cell lines. Two patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mouse models of MRT were used for in vivo efficacy studies. MetaVIPER analysis from the patients tumor identified significantly high inferred activity of nuclear export protein Exportin-1 (XPO1). Expanded metaVIPER analysis of TCGA and TARGET cohorts revealed consistent elevations in XPO1 inferred activity in MRTs compared to other cancer types. All MRT cell lines demonstrated baseline activation of XPO1. MRT cell lines demonstrated in vitro sensitivity to the XPO1 inhibitor, selinexor which led to cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis. Targeted inhibition of XPO1 in patient-derived xenograft models of MRT using selinexor resulted in abrogation of tumor growth. Selinexor demonstrates efficacy in preclinical models of MRT. These results support investigation of selinexor in a phase II study in children with MRT and illustrate the importance of an N-of-1 approach in driving discovery beyond the single patient.

Statement of Translational RelevanceWe describe the patient-driven discovery of XPO1 activation as a non-genetically encoded vulnerability in MRTs. The application of metaVIPER analysis to tumors lacking actionable oncogenic alterations represents a novel approach for identifying potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers of response. Our preclinical validation of selinexor confirms XPO1 inhibition as a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of MRT.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marks, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diolaiti, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mundi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaviria, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rainey, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamashiro, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fazlollahi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hosoi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katsumi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuwahara, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dela Cruz, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kung, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.02.462793</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification and validation of a non-genetically encoded vulnerability to XPO1 inhibition in malignant rhabdoid tumors - expanding patient-driven discovery beyond the Nof1.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.02.462873v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Information Theoretic Framework for Protein Activity Measurement 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.02.462873v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nonparametric analytical Rank-based Enrichment Analysis (NaRnEA) is a novel gene set analysis method which leverages an analytical null model derived under the Principle of Maximum Entropy. NaRnEA critically improves over two widely used methods - Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and analytical Rank-based Enrichment Analysis (aREA) - as shown by differential activity measurement of ~2,500 transcriptional regulatory proteins across three cohorts in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) based on the enrichment of their transcriptional targets in differentially expressed genes. Phenotype-matched proteomic data from the Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium (CPTAC) was used to evaluate measurement accuracy. We show that the sample-shuffling empirical null models leveraged by GSEA and aREA are overly conservative, a shortcoming that is critically addressed by NaRnEAs optimal analytical null model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Griffin, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vlahos, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiuzan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.02.462873</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Information Theoretic Framework for Protein Activity Measurement]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.03.462951v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pre-clinical validation of an RNA-based precision oncology platform for patient-therapy alignment in a diverse set of human malignancies resistant to standard treatments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.03.462951v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predicting tumor sensitivity to antineoplastics remains an elusive challenge, with no methods demonstrating predictive power. Joint analysis of tumors--from patients with distinct malignancies who had progressed on multiple lines of therapy--and drug perturbation transcriptional profiles predicted sensitivity to 28 of 350 drugs, 26 of which (93%) were confirmed in low-passage, patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models. Drugs were prioritized based on their ability to either invert the activity of individual Master Regulator proteins, with available high-affinity inhibitors, or of the modules they comprise (Tumor-Checkpoints), based on de novo mechanism of action analysis. Of 138 PDX mice enrolled in 16 single and 18 multi-protein treatment arms, a disease control rate (DCR) of 68% and 91 %, and an objective response rate (ORR) of 12% and 17%, were achieved respectively, compared to 6% and 0% in the negative controls arm, with multi-protein drugs achieving significantly more durable responses. Thus, these approaches may effectively complement and expand current precision oncology approaches, as also illustrated by a case study.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mundi, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dela Cruz, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grunn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diolaiti, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mauguen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siddiquee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Realubit, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortiz, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Accordino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aloni, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brogan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruce, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caescu, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvajal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crew, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Decastro, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heaney, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henick, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hershman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwamoto, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jurcic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiran, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kluger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreisl, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamanna, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lassman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manji, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKhann, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKiernan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neugut, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olive, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenblat, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sisti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tergas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vattakalam, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wenske, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hibshoosh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalinsky, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aburi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sim</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.03.462951</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pre-clinical validation of an RNA-based precision oncology platform for patient-therapy alignment in a diverse set of human malignancies resistant to standard treatments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.05.463282v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 hijacks neutralizing dimeric IgA for enhanced nasal infection and injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.05.463282v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Robust severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in nasal turbinate (NT) accounts for high viral transmissibility, yet whether neutralizing IgA antibodies can control it remains unknown. Here, we evaluated receptor binding domain (RBD)-specific monomeric B8-mIgA1 and B8-mIgA2, and dimeric B8-dIgA1 and B8-dIgA2 against intranasal SARS-CoV-2 challenge in Syrian hamsters. These antibodies exhibited comparably potent neutralization against authentic virus by competing with human angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor for RBD binding. While reducing viruses in lungs, pre-exposure intranasal B8-dIgA1 or B8-dIgA2 led to 81-fold more infectious viruses and severer damage in NT than placebo. Virus-bound B8-dIgA1 and B8-dIgA2 could engage CD209 as an alternative receptor for entry into ACE2-negative cells and allowed viral cell-to-cell transmission. Cryo-EM revealed B8 as a class II neutralizing antibody binding trimeric RBDs in 3-up or 2-up/1-down conformation. Therefore, RBD-specific neutralizing dIgA engages an unexpected action for enhanced SARS-CoV-2 nasal infection and injury in Syrian hamsters.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, J. F.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinot, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, H. Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C. C.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poon, V. K.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwan, K.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C. C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chik, K. K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Au, K.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Man, H.-O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeung, M.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>To, K. K.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakrabarti, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuen, K.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.05.463282</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 hijacks neutralizing dimeric IgA for enhanced nasal infection and injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.07.463532v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-invasive Imaging of Sense of Smell by Tracking the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel NaV1.7 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.07.463532v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The sense of smell (olfaction) is one of the most important senses for animals including humans. Despite significant advances in the understanding mechanism of olfaction, currently, there are no objective non-invasive methods that can identify loss of smell. Covid-19-related loss of smell has highlighted the need to develop methods that can identify loss of olfaction. Voltage-gated sodium channel 1.7 (NaV1.7) plays a critical role in olfaction by aiding the signal propagation to the olfactory bulb. We have identified several conditions such as chronic inflammation and viral infections such as Covid-19 that lead to loss of smell correlate with downregulation of NaV1.7 expression at transcript and protein levels in the olfactory epithelium. Leveraging this knowledge, we have developed a novel fluorescent probe Tsp1a-IR800 that targets NaV1.7. Using fluorescence imaging we can objectively measure the loss of sense of smell in live animals non-invasively. We also demonstrate that our non-invasive method is semiquantitative because the loss of fluorescence intensity correlates with the level of smell loss. Our results indicate, that our probe Tsp1a-IR800, can objectively diagnose anosmia in animal and human subjects using infrared fluorescence. We believe this method to non-invasively diagnose loss of smell objectively is a significant advancement in relation to current methods that rely on highly subjective behavioral studies and can aid in studying olfaction loss and the development of therapeutic interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adilbay, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzales, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demetrio de Souza Franca, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viray, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ordonez, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caroll, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillarsetty, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.07.463532</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-invasive Imaging of Sense of Smell by Tracking the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel NaV1.7]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.07.463535v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of a novel modulator of the actin cytoskeleton, mitochondria, nutrient metabolism and lifespan in yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.07.463535v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In yeast, actin cables are F-actin bundles that are essential for cell division through their function as tracks for cargo movement from mother to daughter cell. Actin cables also affect yeast lifespan by promoting transport and inheritance of higher-functioning mitochondria to daughter cells. Here, we report that actin cable stability declines with age. Our genome-wide screen for genes that affect actin cable stability identified the open reading frame YKL075C. Deletion of YKL075C results in increases in actin cable stability and abundance, mitochondrial fitness, and replicative lifespan. Transcriptome analysis revealed a role for YKL075C in regulating branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism. Consistent with this, modulation of BCAA metabolism or decreasing leucine levels promotes actin cable stability and function in mitochondrial quality control. Our studies support a role for actin stability in yeast lifespan, and demonstrate that this process is controlled by BCAA and a previously uncharacterized ORF YKL075C, which we refer to as actin, aging and nutrient modulator protein 1 (AAN1).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sing, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipkin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huckaba, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsang, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coughlin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boldogh, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higuchi-Sanabria, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.07.463535</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of a novel modulator of the actin cytoskeleton, mitochondria, nutrient metabolism and lifespan in yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.08.463601v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Age-related change in task-evoked amygdala-prefrontal circuitry: a multiverse approach with an accelerated longitudinal cohort aged 4-22 years 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.08.463601v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The amygdala and its connections with medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) play central roles in the development of emotional processes. While several studies have suggested that this circuitry exhibits functional changes across the first two decades of life, findings have been mixed - perhaps resulting from differences in analytic choices across studies. Here we used multiverse analyses to examine the robustness of task-based amygdala-mPFC function findings to analytic choices within the context of an accelerated longitudinal design (4-22 years- old; N=98; 183 scans; 1-3 scans/participant). Participants, recruited from the greater Los Angeles area, completed an event-related emotional face (fear, neutral) task. Parallel analyses varying in preprocessing and modeling choices found that age-related change estimates for amygdala reactivity were more robust than task-evoked amygdala-mPFC functional connectivity to varied analytical choices. Specification curves indicated evidence for age-related decreases in amygdala reactivity to faces, though within-participant changes in amygdala reactivity could not be differentiated from between-participant differences. In contrast, amygdala--mPFC functional connectivity results varied across methods much more, and evidence for age-related change in amygdala-mPFC connectivity was not consistent. Generalized psychophysiological interaction (gPPI) measurements of connectivity were especially sensitive to whether a deconvolution step was applied. Our findings demonstrate the importance of assessing the robustness of findings to analysis choices, although the age-related changes in our current work cannot be overinterpreted given low test-retest reliability. Together, these findings highlight both the challenges in estimating developmental change in longitudinal cohorts and the value of multiverse approaches in developmental neuroimaging for assessing robustness of results. (Preprint: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.08.463601v1).

Key PointsO_LIMultiverse analyses applied to fMRI data are valuable for determining the robustness of findings to varied analytical choices
C_LIO_LIIn the current study, age-related change estimates for amygdala reactivity were relatively robust to analytical decisions, though gPPI functional connectivity analyses were much more sensitive, leading some estimates to flip sign
C_LIO_LIBoth test-retest reliability and robustness to analytical choices are important considerations for developmental research
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bloom, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VanTieghem, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabard-Durnam, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gee, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flannery, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldera, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Telzer, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphreys, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fareri, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Algharazi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolger, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tottenham, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.08.463601</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Age-related change in task-evoked amygdala-prefrontal circuitry: a multiverse approach with an accelerated longitudinal cohort aged 4-22 years]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.08.463652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A sense-antisense RNA interaction promotes breast cancer metastasis via regulation of NQO1 expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.08.463652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antisense RNAs are ubiquitous in human cells, yet the role that they play in healthy and diseased states remains largely unexplored. Here, we developed a computational framework to catalog and profile antisense RNAs and applied it to poorly and highly metastatic breast cancer cell lines. We identified one antisense RNA that plays a functional role in driving breast cancer progression by upregulating the redox enzyme NQO1, and hence named NQO1-antisense RNA or NQO1-AS. This upregulation occurs via a stabilizing interaction between NQO1-AS and its complementary region in the 3UTR of NQO1 mRNA. By increasing expression of NQO1 protein, breast cancer cells are able to tolerate higher levels of oxidative stress, enabling them to colonize the lung. During this process the cancer cells become dependent on NQO1 to protect them from ferroptosis. We have shown that this dependence can be exploited therapeutically in xenograft models of metastasis. Together, our findings establish a previously unknown role for NQO1-AS in the progression of breast cancer by serving as a post-transcriptional regulator of RNA processing and decay for its sense mRNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Culbertson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markett, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asgharian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fish, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navickas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nanda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabinowitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodarzi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.08.463652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A sense-antisense RNA interaction promotes breast cancer metastasis via regulation of NQO1 expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.10.463366v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Probiotic-guided CAR-T cells for universal solid tumor targeting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.10.463366v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synthetic biology enables the engineering of interactions between living medicines to overcome the specific limitations of any singular therapy. One major challenge of tumor-antigen targeting therapies like chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells is the identification of targetable antigens that are specifically and uniformly expressed on heterogenous solid tumors. In contrast, certain species of bacteria selectively colonize immune-privileged tumor cores and can be readily engineered as antigen-independent platforms for therapeutic delivery. Bridging these approaches, we develop a platform of probiotic-guided CAR-T cells (ProCARs), in which T cells are engineered to sense synthetic antigens (SA) that are produced and released by tumor-colonizing probiotic bacteria. We demonstrate increased CAR-T cell activation and tumor-cell lysis when SAs anchor to components of the extracellular matrix. Moreover, we show that ProCARs are intratumorally activated by probiotically-delivered SAs, receive further stimulation from bacterial TLR agonists, and are safe and effective in multiple xenograft models. This approach repurposes tumor-colonizing bacteria as beacons that guide the activity of engineered T cells, and in turn builds the foundation for communities of living medicines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vincent, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurbatri, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redenti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arpaia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danino, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.10.463366</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Probiotic-guided CAR-T cells for universal solid tumor targeting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.11.463903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CD47 cross-dressing by extracellular vesicles expressing CD47 inhibits phagocytosis without transmitting cell death signals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.11.463903v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transgenic CD47 overexpression is an encouraging approach to ameliorating xenograft rejection and alloresponses to pluripotent stem cells, and the efficacy correlates with the level of CD47 expression. However, CD47, upon ligation, also transmits signals leading to cell dysfunction or death, raising a concern that overexpressing CD47 could be harmful. Here, we unveiled an alternative source of cell surface CD47. We showed that extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes (Exos), released from normal or tumor cells overexpressing CD47 (transgenic or native) can induce efficient CD47 cross-dressing on pig or human cells. Like the autogenous CD47, CD47 cross-dressed on cell surfaces is capable of interacting with SIRP to inhibit phagocytosis. However, ligation of the autogenous, but not cross-dressed, CD47 induced cell death. Thus, CD47 cross-dressing provides an alternative source of cell surface CD47 that may elicit its anti-phagocytic function without transmitting harmful signals to the cells. CD47 cross-dressing also suggests a previously unidentified mechanism for tumor-induced immunosuppression. Our findings should help to further optimize the CD47 transgenic approach that may improve outcomes by minimizing the harmful effects of CD47 overexpression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Federzoni, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dharmawan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawley, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sykes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.11.463903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CD47 cross-dressing by extracellular vesicles expressing CD47 inhibits phagocytosis without transmitting cell death signals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.12.464153v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Taxonomic classification methods reveal a new subgenus in the paramyxovirus subfamily Orthoparamyxovirinae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.12.464153v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As part of a broad One Health surveillance effort to detect novel viruses in wildlife and people, we report several paramyxoviruses sequenced primarily from bats during 2013 and 2014 in Brazil and Malaysia, including seven from which we recovered full-length genomes. Of these, six represent the first full-length paramyxovirus genomes sequenced from the Americas, including two sequences which are the first full-length bat morbillivirus genomes published to date. Our findings add to the vast number of viral sequences in public repositories that have been increasing considerably in recent years due to the rising accessibility of metagenomics. Taxonomic classification of these sequences in the absence of phenotypic data has been a significant challenge, particularly in the paramyxovirus subfamily Orthoparamyxovirinae, where the rate of discovery of novel sequences has been substantial. Using pairwise amino acid sequence classification (PASC), we describe a novel genus within this subfamily tentatively named Jeishaanvirus, which we propose should include as subgenera Jeilongvirus, Shaanvirus, and a novel South American subgenus Cadivirus. We also highlight inconsistencies in the classification of Tupaia virus and Mojiang virus using the same demarcation criteria and show that members of the proposed subgenus Shaanvirus are paraphyletic. Importantly, this study underscores the critical importance of sequence length in PASC analysis as well as the importance of biological characteristics such as genome organization in the taxonomic classification of viral sequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wells, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nava, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sukor, J. R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarrete-Macias, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firth, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epstein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rostal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zambrana-Torrelio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daszak, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazet, J. A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durigon, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anthony, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.12.464153</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Taxonomic classification methods reveal a new subgenus in the paramyxovirus subfamily Orthoparamyxovirinae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.13.464307v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A monoclonal antibody that neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 variants, SARS-CoV, and other sarbecoviruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.13.464307v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The repeated emergence of highly pathogenic human coronaviruses as well as their evolving variants highlight the need to develop potent and broad-spectrum antiviral therapeutics and vaccines. By screening monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) isolated from COVID-19-convalescent patients, we found one mAb, 2-36, with cross-neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV. We solved the cryo-EM structure of 2-36 in complex with SARS-CoV-2 or SARS-CoV spike, revealing a highly conserved epitope in the receptor-binding domain (RBD). Antibody 2-36 neutralized not only all current circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants and SARS-COV, but also a panel of bat and pangolin sarbecoviruses that can use human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a receptor. We selected 2-36-escape viruses in vitro and confirmed that K378T in SARS-CoV-2 RBD led to viral resistance. Taken together, 2-36 represents a strategic reserve drug candidate for the prevention and treatment of possible diseases caused by pre-emergent SARS-related coronaviruses. Its epitope defines a promising target for the development of a pan-sarbecovirus vaccine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casner, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, J. F. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerutti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iketani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuen, K.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.13.464307</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A monoclonal antibody that neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 variants, SARS-CoV, and other sarbecoviruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.19.464914v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genotype-Phenotype Correlation of T Cell Subtypes Reveals Senescent and Cytotoxic Genes in Alzheimer's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.19.464914v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies identifying expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) in immune cells have uncovered important links between disease risk alleles and gene expression trends in monocytes, T cells, and other cell types. However, these studies are generally done with young, healthy subjects, limiting the utility of their findings for age-related conditions such as Alzheimers disease (AD). We have performed RNA sequencing on four T cell subsets in genome-wide genotyped and well-characterized AD subjects and age- and sex-matched healthy controls from the Religious Orders Study/Memory and Aging Project. Correlating gene expression data with AD neuropathological traits, and with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to detect eQTLs, we identified several significant genes involved in T cell senescence and cytotoxicity, consistent with T cell RNA sequencing studies in aged/AD cohorts. We identified unexpected eQTLs previously associated with neuropsychiatric disease traits. Finally, we discovered that pathways related to axon guidance and synaptic function were enriched among trans-eQTLs in coding regions of the genome. Overall, our data sheds more light on the genetic basis behind phenotypic changes in T cells during aging and AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dressman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buttrick, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cimpean, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradshaw, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardarajan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elyaman, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.19.464914</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genotype-Phenotype Correlation of T Cell Subtypes Reveals Senescent and Cytotoxic Genes in Alzheimer's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.19.465019v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel graph theoretic biological pathway network analytics methods for analyzing and discovering Alzheimer's disease related genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.19.465019v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAlzheimers disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia among older people. It is a complex disease and the genetics and environmental factors behind it are not conclusive yet. Traditional statistical analyses are inadequate to identify variants, genes, or pathways capable of explaining AD as a unit. In this context, pathway network analysis based on a set of curated AD-specific genes identified in the literature can elucidate biological mechanisms underneath AD. Through the network, we can infer influential pathways that can together explain AD. Consequently, we can target those pathways and corresponding genes for further analysis to develop new drugs, discover novel AD-related genes, combine multiple hypotheses, and so forth.

MethodsWe have developed a novel graph theoretic algorithm that can elucidate complex biology from a given set of disease-related genes. It constructs a weighted network of enriched pathways where similarity score between a pair of pathways is defined in a context-specific manner. To make the network robust, we employ topological overlap techniques on top of the raw similarity measure. We then provide the importance of each pathway with respect to the entire network, functional modules and importance of each pathway in a specific module, gene clusters, and so forth. We also provide a method to identify a set of novel genes that can further explain the disease-related genes and the disease itself.

ResultsWe have employed our algorithms onto a set of AD-specific genes. It identified three distinct functional modules that are related to metabolism, cancer, and infectious disease related pathways. These findings are matched with three recognized hypotheses in Alzheimers disease, e.g. "metabolism hypothesis," "cell cycle hypothesis," and "infectious disease hypothesis." By analyzing the curated genes common among those functional modules, we can attain more understanding about this fateful disease. We have also identified 24 novel AD-related genes of which at least 14 genes are known to be involved in AD.

ConclusionsWe developed a computational framework for analyzing biological pathways in a context-specific manner. It can be used in any sets of disease-related genes. We manifest its efficacy, reliability, and accuracy by employing a set of AD-specific genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soliman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajasekaran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.19.465019</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel graph theoretic biological pathway network analytics methods for analyzing and discovering Alzheimer's disease related genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.19.465042v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Social mobility and biological aging among older adults in the United States 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.19.465042v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lower socioeconomic status is associated with faster biological aging, the gradual and progressive decline in system integrity that accumulates with advancing age. Efforts to promote upward social mobility may therefore extend healthy lifespan. However, recent studies suggest that upward mobility may also have biological costs related to the stresses of crossing social boundaries. We analyzed blood-chemistry and DNA methylation (DNAm) data from n=9286 participants in the 2016 Health and Retirement Study (HRS) Venous Blood Study to test associations of life-course social mobility with biological aging. We quantified social mobility from childhood to later-life using data on childhood family characteristics, educational attainment, and wealth accumulation. We quantified biological aging using three DNA methylation "clocks" and three blood-chemistry algorithms. We observed substantial social mobility among study participants. Those who achieved upward mobility exhibited less-advanced and slower biological aging. Associations of upward mobility with less-advanced and slower aging were consistent for blood-chemistry and DNAm measures of biological aging and were similar for men and women and for Black and White Americans (Pearson-r effect-sizes ~0.2 for blood-chemistry measures and the DNAm GrimAge clock and DunedinPoAm pace-of-aging measures; effect-sizes were smaller for the DNAm PhenoAge clock). Analysis restricted to educational mobility revealed differential effects by racial identity, suggesting that mediating links between educational mobility and healthy aging may be disrupted by structural racism. In contrast, mobility producing accumulation of wealth appeared to benefit White and Black Americans equally, suggesting economic intervention to reduce wealth inequality may have potential to heal disparities in healthy aging.

Significance StatementUpward social mobility may disrupt effects of early-life disadvantage on aging-related health decline. However, the stresses of crossing social boundaries can have biological costs. To investigate the balance of these forces, we analyzed social mobility from reports of childhood circumstances, education, and later-life wealth in 9,286 older adults in the US Health and Retirement Study. We quantified life-course health impacts of social mobility from blood-chemistry and DNA-methylation analysis of biological aging. We found that educational mobility alone benefited Black Americans less than White Americans, whereas mobility that produced accumulation of wealth into later-life was associated with delayed biological aging across social categories. Black-White disparities in healthy-aging outcomes of educational mobility may reflect inequalities in social gains realized from education.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Graf, G. H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domingue, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kothari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muennig, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belsky, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.19.465042</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Social mobility and biological aging among older adults in the United States]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.20.465141v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Limited specificity of molecular interactions incurs an environment-dependent fitness cost in bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.20.465141v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reliable operation of cellular programs depends crucially on the specificity of biomolecular interactions. In gene regulatory networks, the appropriate expression of genes is determined through the specific binding of transcription factors (TFs) to their cognate DNA sequences. However, the large genomic background likely contains many DNA sequences showing similarity to TF target motifs, potentially allowing for substantial non-cognate TF binding with low specificity. Whether and how non-cognate TF binding impacts cellular function and fitness remains unclear. We show that increased expression of different transcriptional regulators in Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica can significantly inhibit population growth across multiple environments. This effect depends upon (i) TF binding to a large number of DNA sequences with low specificity, (ii) TF cooperativity, and (iii) the ratio of TF to DNA. DNA binding due to the limited specificity of promiscuous or non-native TFs can thus severely impact fitness, giving rise to a fundamental biophysical constraint on gene regulatory design and evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Igler, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fourcade, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldminghaus, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pauler, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santhanam, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tkacik, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guet, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.20.465141</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Limited specificity of molecular interactions incurs an environment-dependent fitness cost in bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.20.465187v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Abstract representations emerge naturally in neural networks trained to perform multiple tasks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.20.465187v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans and other animals demonstrate a remarkable ability to generalize knowledge across distinct contexts and objects during natural behavior. We posit that this ability to generalize arises from a specific representational geometry, that we call abstract and that is referred to as disentangled in machine learning. These abstract representations have been observed in recent neurophysiological studies. However, it is unknown how they emerge. Here, using feedforward neural networks, we demonstrate that the learning of multiple tasks causes abstract representations to emerge, using both supervised and reinforcement learning. We show that these abstract representations enable few-sample learning and reliable generalization on novel tasks. We conclude that abstract representations of sensory and cognitive variables may emerge from the multiple behaviors that animals exhibit in the natural world, and, as a consequence, could be pervasive in high-level brain regions. We also make several specific predictions about which variables will be represented abstractly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnston, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fusi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.20.465187</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Abstract representations emerge naturally in neural networks trained to perform multiple tasks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.21.465345v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A positively Tuned Voltage Indicator Reveals Electrical Correlates of Calcium Activity in the Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.21.465345v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal spiking activity is routinely recorded using genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs), but calcium imaging is limited in temporal resolution and does not report subthreshold voltage changes. Genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) offer better temporal resolution and subthreshold sensitivity, but spike detection with fast GEVIs has required specialized imaging equipment. Here, we report the ASAP4 subfamily of genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) that brighten in response to membrane depolarization, inverting the fluorescence-voltage relationship of previous ASAP GEVIs. Two variants, ASAP4b and ASAP4e, feature 128% and 178% fluorescence increases over 100-mV of depolarization, respectively, facilitating spike detection in single trials in vivo with standard 1 and 2-photon imaging systems. Simultaneous voltage and calcium imaging confirms improved temporal resolution and spike discernment by ASAP4 GEVIs. Thus, positively tuned ASAP4 voltage indicators enable recording of neuronal spiking activity using similar equipment as calcium imaging, while providing higher temporal resolution.

One Sentence SummaryUpward ASAPs increase detection capability of GEVIs in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Evans, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavarha, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plitt, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taxidis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madruga, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Keulen, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, F.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reese, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pradhan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suomivuori, C.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Negrean, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clandinin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dror, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bi, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makinson, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golshani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giocomo, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Losonczy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, M. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.21.465345</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A positively Tuned Voltage Indicator Reveals Electrical Correlates of Calcium Activity in the Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.22.465199v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RAGE antagonist peptide mitigates AGE-mediated endothelial hyperpermeability and accumulation of glycoxidation products in human ascending aortas and in a murine model of aortic aneurysm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.22.465199v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAortic dissection and aneurysm are the result of altered biomechanical forces associated with structural weakening of the aortic wall caused by genetic or acquired factors. Current guidelines recommend replacement of the ascending aorta when the diameter is >5.5 cm in tricuspid aortic valve patients. Aortopathies are associated with altered wall stress and stiffness as well as endothelial cell dysfunction and synthetic vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotype. We reported that these mechanisms are mediated by glycoxidation products [Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Advance Glycation End products (AGE)]. This study addresses the role of glycoxidation on endothelial function and AGE-mediated aortic stiffness.

Hypothesis and aimsHere we investigate how circulating glycation products infiltrate the aortic wall via AGE-mediated endothelial hyperpermeability and contribute to both VSMC synthetic phenotype and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling in vivo and ex vivo. We also study how RAGE antagonist peptide (RAP) can rescue the effect of AGEs in vitro and in vivo in eNOS-/- vs WT mice.

Methods and resultsHuman ascending aortas (n=30) were analyzed for AGE, ROS, and ECM markers. In vitro glycation was obtained by treating VSMC or human and murine aortas with glyoxal. Endothelial permeability was measured under glycation treatment. Vascular stiffness was measured by a pressure myograph comparing wild-type mice {+/-} glyoxal. eNOS-/- mice, a model of increased endothelial permeability, were treated for 28 days with hyperlipidemic diet {+/-} Angiotensin II (1000ng/kg/min) with or without anti-glycation treatment (RAP 20mg/kg). Echo data of aortic diameter were collected. Murine vascular stiffness was measured by a pressure myograph (n=5/group). Glycoxidation products were detected in all human aortas independently of aortic diameter, with stronger accumulation on the lumen and the adventitia layer. AGEs increased endothelial permeability, induce synthetic phenotypic switch in human VSMCs, and inhibit cell migration. RAP pre-treatment rescue the effect of glyoxal on endothelial cells. Ex vivo glycation treatment of murine arteries impacted on ECM and increased stiffness. Aortic stiffness was higher in eNOS-/- vs WT mice. Ang II-mediated aortopathies results in aortic dilation, and AGE/ROS accumulation, which is rescued by RAGE antagonist peptide treatment of eNOS-/- mice.

ConclusionsGlycoxidation reaction mediate EC permeability, VSMCs phenotype, and ECM remodeling leading to dysfunctional microstructure of the ascending aorta, altered vascular stiffness and increasing aortic susceptibility to dilation and rupture. Moreover, we show that RAP can mitigate AGE-mediated endothelial hyper-permeability in vitro and impact on ascending aneurysm in vivo
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Camillo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillero, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frasca, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurade, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiegel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaPar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grau, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assoian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bavaria, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takayama, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrari, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.22.465199</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RAGE antagonist peptide mitigates AGE-mediated endothelial hyperpermeability and accumulation of glycoxidation products in human ascending aortas and in a murine model of aortic aneurysm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.22.465444v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Longitudinal single-cell transcriptional dynamics throughout neurodegeneration in SCA1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.22.465444v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurodegeneration is a protracted process involving progressive changes in myriad cell types that ultimately result in neuronal death. Changes in vulnerable neuronal populations are highly influenced by concomitant changes in surrounding cells, complicating experimental approaches to interrogate the simultaneous events that underlie neurodegeneration. To dissect how individual cell types within a heterogeneous tissue contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of a neurodegenerative disorder, we performed longitudinal single-nucleus RNA sequencing of the mouse and human spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) cerebellum, establishing continuous dynamic trajectories of each population. Furthermore, we defined the precise transcriptional changes that precede loss of Purkinje cells and identified early oligodendroglial impairments that can profoundly impact cerebellar function. Finally, we applied a deep learning method to accurately predict disease state and identify drivers of disease. Together, this work uncovers new roles for diverse cerebellar cell types in SCA1 and provides a generalizable analysis framework for studying neurodegeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tejwani, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravindra, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luttik, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gionco, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haidery, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ro, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orr, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranum, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shakkottai, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faust, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Dijk, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.22.465444</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Longitudinal single-cell transcriptional dynamics throughout neurodegeneration in SCA1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.22.465474v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The post-transcriptional regulation of TFs in immature motoneurons shapes the axon-muscle connectome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.22.465474v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Temporal factors expressed sequentially in neural stem cells, such as RNA binding proteins (RBPs) or transcription factors (TFs), are key elements in the generation of neuronal diversity. The molecular mechanism underlying how the temporal identity of stem cells is decoded into their progeny to generate neuronal diversity is largely unknown. Here, we used genetic and new computational tools to study with precision the unique fates of the progeny of a stem cell producing 29 morphologically distinct leg motoneurons (MNs) in Drosophila. We identified 40 TFs expressed in this MN lineage, 15 of which are expressed in a combinatorial manner in immature MNs just before their morphological differentiation. By following TF expression patterns at an earlier developmental stages, we discovered 19 combinatorial codes of TFs that were progressively established in immature MNs as a function of their birth order. The comparison of the RNA and protein expression profiles of 6 TFs revealed that post-transcriptional regulation plays an essential role in shaping these TF codes. We found that the two known RBPs, Imp and Syp, expressed sequentially in neuronal stem cells, are upstream regulators of the TF codes. Both RBPs are key players in the construction of axon-muscle connectome through the post-transcriptional regulation of 5 of the 6 TFs examined. By deciphering the function of Imp in the immature MNs with respect to the stem cell of the same lineage, we propose a model where RBPs shape the morphological fates of MNs through post-transcriptional regulation of TF codes in immature MNs. Taken together, our study reveals that immature MNs are plastic cells that have the potential to acquire many morphological fates. The molecular basis of MN plasticity originates in the broad expression of different TF mRNA, that are post-transcriptionally shaped into TF codes by Imp and Syp, and potentially by other RBPs that remain to be discovered, to determine their morphological fates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>GUAN, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellemin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouchet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatasubramanian, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillermin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurencon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherif, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darmas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urdy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>S. Mann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enriquez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.22.465474</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The post-transcriptional regulation of TFs in immature motoneurons shapes the axon-muscle connectome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.22.465487v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ARP2/3- and resection-coupled genome reorganization facilitates translocations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.22.465487v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA end-resection and nuclear actin-based movements orchestrate clustering of double-strand breaks (DSBs) into homology-directed repair (HDR) domains. Here, we analyze how actin nucleation by ARP2/3 affects damage-dependent and -independent 3D genome reorganization and facilitates pathologic repair. We observe that DNA damage, followed by ARP2/3-dependent establishment of repair domains enhances local chromatin insulation at a set of damage-proximal boundaries and affects compartment organization genome-wide. Nuclear actin polymerization also promotes interactions between DSBs, which in turn facilitates aberrant intra- and inter-chromosomal rearrangements. Notably, BRCA1 deficiency, which decreases end-resection, DSB mobility, and subsequent HDR, nearly abrogates recurrent translocations between AsiSI DSBs. In contrast, loss of functional BRCA1 yields unique translocations genome-wide, reflecting a critical role in preventing spontaneous genome instability and subsequent rearrangements. Our work establishes that the assembly of DSB repair domains is coordinated with multiscale alterations in genome architecture that enable HDR despite increased risk of translocations with pathologic potential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zagelbaum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schooley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schrank, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottesman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nussenzweig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabadan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gautier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.22.465487</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ARP2/3- and resection-coupled genome reorganization facilitates translocations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.22.465514v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
E-Cannula reveals anatomical diversity in sharp-wave ripples as a driver for the recruitment of distinct hippocampal assemblies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.22.465514v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hippocampus plays a critical role in spatial navigation and episodic memory. However, research on in vivo hippocampal activity dynamics has mostly relied on single modalities such as electrical recordings or optical imaging, with respectively limited spatial and temporal resolution. This technical difficulty greatly impedes multi-level investigations into network state-related changes in cellular activity. To overcome these limitations, we developed the E-Cannula integrating fully transparent graphene microelectrodes with imaging-cannula. The E-Cannula enables the simultaneous electrical recording and two-photon calcium imaging from the exact same population of neurons across an anatomically extended region of the mouse hippocampal CA1 stably across several days. These large-scale simultaneous optical and electrical recordings showed that local hippocampal sharp wave ripples (SWRs) are associated with synchronous calcium events involving large neural populations in CA1. We show that SWRs exhibit spatiotemporal wave patterns along multiple axes in 2D space with different spatial extents (local or global) and temporal propagation modes (stationary or travelling). Notably, distinct SWR wave patterns were associated with, and decoded from, the selective recruitment of orthogonal CA1 cell assemblies. These results suggest that the diversity in the anatomical progression of SWRs may serve as a mechanism for the selective activation of the unique hippocampal cell assemblies extensively implicated in the encoding of distinct memories. Through these results we demonstrate the utility of the E-Cannula as a versatile neurotechnology with the potential for future integration with other optical components such as green lenses, fibers or prisms enabling the multi-modal investigation of cross-time scale population-level neural dynamics across brain regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terada, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramezani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grosmark, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Losonczy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuzum, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.22.465514</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[E-Cannula reveals anatomical diversity in sharp-wave ripples as a driver for the recruitment of distinct hippocampal assemblies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.24.465600v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A transcriptomic axis predicts state modulation of cortical interneurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.24.465600v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcriptomics has revealed the exquisite diversity of cortical inhibitory neurons1-7, but it is not known whether these fine molecular subtypes have correspondingly diverse activity patterns in the living brain. Here, we show that inhibitory subtypes in primary visual cortex (V1) have diverse correlates with brain state, but that this diversity is organized by a single factor: position along their main axis of transcriptomic variation. We combined in vivo 2-photon calcium imaging of mouse V1 with a novel transcriptomic method to identify mRNAs for 72 selected genes in ex vivo slices. We used transcriptomic clusters (t-types)4 to classify inhibitory neurons imaged in layers 1-3 using a three-level hierarchy of 5 Families, 11 Classes, and 35 t-types. Visual responses differed significantly only across Families, but modulation by brain state differed at all three hierarchical levels. Nevertheless, this diversity could be predicted from the first transcriptomic principal component, which predicted a cell types brain state modulation and correlations with simultaneously recorded cells. Inhibitory t-types with narrower spikes, lower input resistance, weaker adaptation, and less axon in layer 1 as determined in vitro8 fired more in resting, oscillatory brain states. Transcriptomic types with the opposite properties fired more during arousal. The former cells had more inhibitory cholinergic receptors, and the latter more excitatory receptors. Thus, despite the diversity of V1 inhibitory neurons, a simple principle determines how their joint activity shapes state-dependent cortical processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bugeon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duffield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dipoppa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prankerd, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritoux, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicoloutsopoulos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orme, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forrest, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viduolyte, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai Reddy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isogai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carandini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.24.465600</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A transcriptomic axis predicts state modulation of cortical interneurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.25.465475v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The number of Follicle Stem Cells in a Drosophila ovariole. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.25.465475v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A paper by Reilein et al (2017) presented several fundamental new insights into the behavior of adult Follicle Stem Cells (FSCs) in the Drosophila ovary, including evidence that each ovariole hosts a large number of FSCs (14-16) maintained by population asymmetry (Reilein et al., 2017), rather than just two FSCs, dividing with largely individually asymmetric outcomes, as originally proposed (Margolis and Spradling, 1995; Nystul and Spradling, 2007). Fadiga and Nystul (2019) contest some of these conclusions on the basis of their repetition of a multicolor lineage strategy used by Reilein et al (2017) and repetition of earlier single-color lineage analysis. Here we outline a number of shortcomings in the execution and interpretation of those experiments that, in our opinion, undermine their conclusions. The central issue of general relevance concerns the importance of comprehensively analyzing all stem cell lineages, independent of any pre-conceptions, in order to identify all constituents and capture heterogeneous behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kalderon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melamed, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.25.465475</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The number of Follicle Stem Cells in a Drosophila ovariole.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.25.465583v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep neural networks and visuo-semantic models explain complementary components of human ventral-stream representational dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.25.465583v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep neural networks (DNNs) are promising models of the cortical computations supporting human object recognition. However, despite their ability to explain a significant portion of variance in neural data, the agreement between models and brain representational dynamics is far from perfect. We address this issue by asking which representational features are currently unaccounted for in neural timeseries data, estimated for multiple areas of the ventral stream via source-reconstructed magnetoencephalography (MEG) data acquired in human participants (9 females, 6 males) during object viewing. We focus on the ability of visuo-semantic models, consisting of human-generated labels of object features and categories, to explain variance beyond the explanatory power of DNNs alone. We report a gradual reversal in the relative importance of DNN versus visuo-semantic features as ventral-stream object rep-resentations unfold over space and time. While lower-level visual areas are better explained by DNN features, especially during the early phase of the response (< 128 ms after stimulus onset), higher-level cortical dynamics are best accounted for by visuo-semantic features during a later time window (starting 146 ms after stimulus onset). Among the visuo-semantic features, object parts and basic categories drive the advantage over DNNs. These results show that a significant component of the variance unexplained by DNNs in higher-level cortical dynamics is structured, and can be explained by readily nameable aspects of the objects. We conclude that current DNNs fail to fully capture dynamic representations in higher-level human visual cortex and suggest a path toward more accurate models of ventral stream computations.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWhen we view objects such as faces and cars in our visual environment, their neural representations dynamically unfold over time at a millisecond scale. These dynamics reflect the cortical computations that support fast and robust object recognition. Deep neural networks (DNNs) have emerged as a promising framework for modeling these computations but cannot yet fully account for the neural dynamics. Using magnetoencephalography data acquired in human observers during object viewing, we show that readily nameable aspects of objects, such as "eye", "wheel", and "face", can account for variance in the neural dynamics over and above DNNs. These findings suggest that DNNs and humans may in part rely on different object features for visual recognition and provide guidelines for model improvement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jozwik, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kietzmann, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cichy, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriegeskorte, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mur, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.25.465583</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep neural networks and visuo-semantic models explain complementary components of human ventral-stream representational dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.27.466097v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Eicosanoids in the pancreatic tumor microenvironment: a multicellular, multifaceted progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.27.466097v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eicosanoids, oxidized fatty acids that serve as cell-signaling molecules, have been broadly implicated in tumorigenesis. To identify eicosanoids relevant to pancreatic tumorigenesis, we profiled normal pancreas and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in mouse models and patient samples using mass spectrometry. We interrogated RNA sequencing datasets for eicosanoid synthase or receptor expression. Findings were confirmed by immunostaining. In murine models, we identified elevated levels of PGD2, prostacyclin, and thromboxanes in neoplasia while PGE2, 12-HHTre, HETEs, and HDoHEs are elevated specifically in tumors. Analysis of scRNA-seq datasets suggests that PGE2 and prostacyclins are derived from fibroblasts, PGD2 and thromboxanes from myeloid cells, and PGD2 and 5-HETE from tuft cells. In patient samples, we identified a transition from PGD2 to PGE2-producing enzymes in the epithelium during the transition to PDAC, fibroblast/tumor expression of PTGIS, and myeloid/tumor cell expression of TBXAS1. Altogether, our analyses identify key changes in eicosanoid species during pancreatic tumorigenesis and the cell types responsible for their synthesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gubbala, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jyotsana, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinh, V. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maurer, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naeem, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lytle, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>singh, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olive, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, M. C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaech, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wahl, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DelGiorno, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.27.466097</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Eicosanoids in the pancreatic tumor microenvironment: a multicellular, multifaceted progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.29.466535v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diverse operant control of different motor cortex populations during learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.29.466535v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During motor learning, as well as during neuroprosthetic learning, animals learn to control motor cortex activity in order to generate behavior. Two different population of motor cortex neurons, intra-telencephalic (IT) and pyramidal tract (PT) neurons, convey the resulting cortical signals within and outside the telencephalon. Although a large amount of evidence demonstrates contrasting functional organization among both populations, it is unclear whether the brain can equally learn to control the activity of either class of motor cortex neurons. To answer this question, we used a Calcium imaging based brain-machine interface (CaBMI) and trained different groups of mice to modulate the activity of either IT or PT neurons in order to receive a reward. We found that animals learn to control PT neuron activity faster and better than IT neuron activity. Moreover, our findings show that the advantage of PT neurons is the result of characteristics inherent to this population as well as their local circuitry and cortical depth location. Taken together, our results suggest that motor cortex is optimized to control the activity of pyramidal track neurons, embedded deep in cortex, and relaying motor commands outside of the telencephalon.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vendrell-Llopis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmena, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.29.466535</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diverse operant control of different motor cortex populations during learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.30.466508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A neural substrate for Bayesian integration in human parietal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.30.466508v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Making adaptive decisions often requires inferring unobservable states based on unreliable information. Bayesian logic prescribes that individuals form probabilistic beliefs about a state by integrating the likelihood of new evidence with their prior beliefs, but human neuroimaging studies on probability representations have not typically examined this integration process. We developed an inference fMRI task in which participants estimated the posterior probability of a hidden state while we parametrically modulated the prior probability of the state, the likelihood of the supporting evidence, and a monetary penalty for estimation inaccuracy. Consistent with a neural substrate for Bayesian integration, activation in left posterior parietal cortex tracked the estimated posterior probability of the solicited state and its components of prior probability and likelihood, all independently of expected value. This activation further reflected deviations in individual reports from objective probabilities. Thus, this region may provide a neural substrate for humans ability to approximate Bayesian inference.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singletary, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottlieb, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horga, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.30.466508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A neural substrate for Bayesian integration in human parietal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.31.466684v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal Pattern of Synaptic Activation Determines the Longevity of Structural Plasticity at Single Dendritic Spines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.31.466684v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Individual synapses are the points at which information is passed between neurons, yet it is unknown how the diverse patterns of activity that are observed in vivo effect plasticity at the level of single inputs. Here, we aimed to determine what are the structural plasticity consequences of naturalistic patterns of activity at single spines, as these reflect changes in synaptic efficacy. Utilizing two- photon fluorescence imaging and glutamate uncaging, we studied structural plasticity of individual CA1 hippocampal dendritic spines using activation patterns sampled from a Poisson distribution, which resemble endogenous firing patterns from their CA3 inputs. We found that while the majority of inputs initially undergo structural changes, the robustness of this plasticity is determined by the timing structure of the Poisson sampled naturalistic stimulation patterns. Further, we found that structural plasticity elicited by these naturalistic patterns is both NMDAR and protein synthesis dependent, consistent with requirements for other forms of plasticity. Lastly, we found that during the delivery of naturalistic activity patterns, spines underwent rapid and dynamic structural growth that predicted the longevity of plasticity, which was not the case during non-naturalistic stimulation protocols. These data suggest that dendritic spines are able to integrate incoming temporal information and accordingly modulate the longevity of plasticity that is induced.

HighlightsO_LINaturalistic stimulation of single dendritic spines of CA1 hippocampal neurons induces long lasting structural plasticity that depends on the temporal distribution of the synaptic events.
C_LIO_LIStructural plasticity induced by naturalistic stimulation patterns requires NMDA receptor activation and new protein-synthesis.
C_LIO_LIRapid spine structural dynamics during naturalistic activity, but not regular patterns, predict the longevity of subsequent structural plasticity.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Argunsah, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Israely, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.31.466684</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal Pattern of Synaptic Activation Determines the Longevity of Structural Plasticity at Single Dendritic Spines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.01.466615v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reversal of lineage plasticity in RB1/TP53-deleted prostate cancer through FGFR and Janus kinase inhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.01.466615v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The inherent plasticity of tumor cells provides a mechanism of resistance to many molecularly targeted therapies, exemplified by adeno-to-neuroendocrine lineage transitions seen in prostate and lung cancer. Here we investigate the root cause of this lineage plasticity in a primary murine prostate organoid model that mirrors the lineage transition seen in patients. These cells lose luminal identity within weeks following deletion of Trp53 and Rb1, ultimately acquiring an Ar-negative, Syp+ phenotype after orthotopic in vivo transplantation. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis revealed progressive mixing of luminal-basal lineage features after tumor suppressor gene deletion, accompanied by activation of Jak/Stat and Fgfr pathway signaling and interferon-a and -g gene expression programs prior to any morphologic changes. Genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of Jak1/2 in combination with FGFR blockade restored luminal differentiation and sensitivity to antiandrogen therapy in models with residual AR expression. Collectively, we show lineage plasticity initiates quickly as a largely cell-autonomous process and, through newly developed computational approaches, identify a pharmacological strategy that restores lineage identity using clinical grade inhibitors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karthaus, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Setty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Love, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choo, Z.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Persad, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaClair, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawrence, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhary, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masilionis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazutis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaligne, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe'er, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawyers, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.01.466615</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reversal of lineage plasticity in RB1/TP53-deleted prostate cancer through FGFR and Janus kinase inhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.01.466797v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defining the architecture of cerebrospinal fluid cellular communities in neuroinflammatory diseases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.01.466797v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers are important for multiple sclerosis (MS) diagnosis. Moreover, absent of autopsy or biopsy tissue, CSF is the most relevant source for studying the immune cells involved in MS pathophysiology. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) provides new opportunities to advance our understanding of disease-associated changes in CSF immune cells. Here, using scRNA-seq data generated from 58 CSF and 10 PBMC samples, we provide an updated atlas of the immune cells present in human CSF in MS and other neuroinflammatory conditions, including novel lymphoid and myeloid cell clusters. Our atlas can thus serve as a reference for future studies of immune cells in neuroinflammation. Our further characterization of CSF myeloid cells suggests that most CSF microglia-like cells resemble two of the previously-described brain microglia signatures. Additionally, our data from a sex-mismatched bone marrow transplant recipient suggest that CSF microglia-like cells are of peripheral origin. Our comparisons between MS and other neuroinflammatory disorders show a highly-specific increase in plasma cells, along with reductions in the proportion of microglia-like cells in MS CSF. Furthermore, our analyses on MS patients receiving anti-CD20 therapy ocrelizumab suggest that the treatment effects are not limited to B cell depletion, and ocrelizumab appears to reverse some MS-associated T and myeloid changes in CSF. Finally, we utilized our atlas to prioritize (1) CSF cell types expressing genes associated with MS susceptibility, and (2) ligand-receptor gene pairs that are differentially expressed in MS CSF, providing targets for further mechanistic and causal investigations in pathophysiology and treatment of MS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roostaei, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaconu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Touil, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harbison, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epstein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuddenham, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryois, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiendl, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer zu Hörste, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malhotra, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riley, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.01.466797</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defining the architecture of cerebrospinal fluid cellular communities in neuroinflammatory diseases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.01.466839v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteomic and single-cell transcriptomic dissection of human plasmacytoid dendritic cell response to influenza virus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.01.466839v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells [pDCs] represent a rare innate immune subset uniquely endowed with the capacity to produce substantial amounts of type-I interferons [IFN-I]. This function of pDCs is critical for effective antiviral defenses and has been implicated in autoimmunity. While IFN-I and select cytokines have been recognized as pDC secreted products, a comprehensive agnostic profiling of the pDC secretome in response to a physiologic stimulus has not been reported. We applied LC-MS/MS to catalogue the repertoire of proteins secreted by pDCs in response to challenge with live influenza H1N1. Additionally, using single-cell RNA-seq [scRNA-seq], we perform multidimensional analyses of pDC transcriptional diversification following stimulation. Our data reveal an abundance of protein species released by pDCs in addition to IFN-I, and evidence highly specialized roles within the pDC population ranging from dedicated cytokine super-producers to cells with APC-like functions. Moreover, dynamic expression of transcription factors and surface markers characterize activated pDC fates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghanem, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalili, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werth, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakrabarty, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpfendorfer, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregersen, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.01.466839</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteomic and single-cell transcriptomic dissection of human plasmacytoid dendritic cell response to influenza virus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.02.466832v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A gradient of electrophysiological novelty responses along the human hippocampal long axis. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.02.466832v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hippocampus is implicated in novelty detection, thought to be important for regulating entry of information into long-term memory. Whether electrophysiological responses to novelty differ along the human hippocampal long axis is currently unknown. By recording from electrodes implanted longitudinally in the hippocampus of epilepsy patients, here we show a gradual increase of theta frequency oscillatory power from anterior to posterior in response to unexpected stimuli, superimposed on novelty responses common to all long axis portions. Intracranial event-related potentials (iERPs) were larger for unexpected vs. expected stimuli and demonstrated a polarity inversion between the hippocampal head (HH) and body (HB). We observed stronger theta coherence between HH and hippocampal tail (HT) than between HB and HT, similarly for expected and unexpected stimuli. This was accompanied by theta and alpha traveling waves with surprisingly variable direction of travel characterized by a [~]180{degrees} phase lag between hippocampal poles. Interestingly, this phase lag showed a pronounced phase offset between anterior and middle (HH-HB) hippocampal portions coinciding anatomically with a drop in theta coherence and the novelty iERP polarity inversion. Our findings indicate common response properties along the hippocampal long axis to unexpected stimuli, as well as a multifaceted, non-uniform engagement along the long axis for novelty processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yebra, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moratti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Axmacher, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strange, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.02.466832</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A gradient of electrophysiological novelty responses along the human hippocampal long axis.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.02.466952v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic Flux Balance Analysis Game 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.02.466952v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Flux balance analysis (FBA) for microbial communities often assumes a global objective function that all species cooperatively maximize in addition to maximizing their own growth. Combining community FBA with dynamic FBA to understand the time course and steady states of communities typically entails discretizing time and solving a community FBA model at each time point, a time-intensive process. We propose a dynamic community FBA model where species compete for metabolites to grow off of without needing to cooperate to maximize a community-level objective. An efficient method for computing steady state community compositions is provided, as well as methods for determining the stability of a steady state community to perturbations in biomass and invasion by species outside the community. The model and methods are applied to a model of four E. coli mutants with elements of competition (for shared metabolites) and cooperation (via mutants being auxotrophic for metabolites exported by other mutants), as well as a nine-species gut microbiome model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iyengar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.02.466952</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic Flux Balance Analysis Game]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.03.467167v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fine-mapping from summary data with the "Sum of Single Effects" model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.03.467167v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In recent work, Wang et al introduced the "Sum of Single Effects" (SuSiE) model, and showed that it provides a simple and efficient approach to fine-mapping genetic variants from individual-level data. Here we present new methods for fitting the SuSiE model to summary data, for example to single-SNP z-scores from an association study and linkage disequilibrium (LD) values estimated from a suitable reference panel. To develop these new methods, we first describe a simple, generic strategy for extending any individual-level data method to deal with summary data. The key idea is to replace the usual regression likelihood with an analogous likelihood based on summary data. We show that existing fine-mapping methods such as FINEMAP and CAVIAR also (implicitly) use this strategy, but in different ways, and so this provides a common framework for understanding different methods for fine-mapping. We investigate other common practical issues in fine-mapping with summary data, including problems caused by inconsistencies between the z-scores and LD estimates, and we develop diagnostics to identify these inconsistencies. We also present a new refinement procedure that improves model fits in some data sets, and hence improves overall reliability of the SuSiE fine-mapping results. Detailed evaluations of fine-mapping methods in a range of simulated data sets show that SuSiE applied to summary data is competitive, in both speed and accuracy, with the best available fine-mapping methods for summary data.

Author summaryThe goal of fine-mapping is to identify the genetic variants that causally affect some trait of interest. Fine-mapping is challenging because the genetic variants can be highly correlated, due to a phenomenon called linkage disequilibrium (LD). The most successful current approaches to fine-mapping frame the problem as a variable selection problem, and here we focus on one such approach based on the "Sum of Single Effects" (SuSiE) model. The main contribution of this paper is to extend SuSiE to work with summary data, which is often accessible when the full genotype and phenotype data are not. In the process of extending SuSiE, we also developed a new mathematical framework that helps to explain existing fine-mapping methods for summary data, why they work well (or not), and under what circumstances. In simulations, we show that SuSiE applied to summary data is competitive with the best available fine-mapping methods for summary data. We also show how different factors such as accuracy of the LD estimates can affect the quality of the fine-mapping.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carbonetto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.03.467167</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fine-mapping from summary data with the "Sum of Single Effects" model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.04.467286v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparisons of ribonuclease HI homologs and mutants uncover a multi-state model for substrate recognition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.04.467286v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribonuclease HI (RNHI) non-specifically cleaves the RNA strand in RNA:DNA hybrid duplexes in a myriad of biological processes, including retroviral reverse transcription. Several RNHI homologs contain an extended domain, termed the handle region, that is critical to substrate binding. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have suggested a kinetic model in which the handle region can exist in open (substrate-binding competent) or closed (substrate-binding incompetent) states in homologs containing arginine or lysine at position 88 (using sequence numbering of E. coli RNHI), while the handle region populates a state intermediate between the open and closed conformers in homologs with asparagine at residue 88 [Stafford, K. A., et al., PLoS Comput. Biol. 2013, 9, 1-10]. NMR parameters characterizing handle region dynamics are highly correlated with enzymatic activity for RNHI homologs with two-state (open/closed) handle regions [Martin, J. A., et al., Biochemistry 2020, 59, 3201-3205]. The work presented herein shows that homologs with one-state (intermediate) handle regions display distinct structural features compared with their two-state counterparts. Comparisons of RNHI homologs and site-directed mutants with arginine at position 88 support a kinetic model for handle region dynamics that includes 12 unique transitions between eight conformations. Overall, these findings present an example of the structure-function relationships of enzymes and spotlight the use of NMR spectroscopy and MD simulations in uncovering fine details of conformational preferences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martin, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.04.467286</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparisons of ribonuclease HI homologs and mutants uncover a multi-state model for substrate recognition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.05.465336v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Immune Signatures Data Resource: A compendium of systems vaccinology datasets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.05.465336v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vaccines are among the most cost-effective public health interventions for preventing infection-induced morbidity and mortality, yet much remains to be learned regarding the mechanisms by which vaccines protect. Systems immunology combines traditional immunology with modern  omic profiling techniques and computational modeling to promote rapid and transformative advances in vaccinology and vaccine discovery. The NIH/NIAID Human Immunology Project Consortium (HIPC) has leveraged systems immunology approaches to identify molecular signatures associated with the immunogenicity of many vaccines, including those targeting seasonal influenza, yellow fever, and hepatitis B. These data are made available to the broader scientific community through the ImmuneSpace data portal and analysis engine leveraging the NIH/NIAID ImmPort repository1,2. However, a barrier to progress in this area is that comparative analyses have been limited by the distributed nature of some data, potential batch effects across studies, and the absence of multiple relevant studies from non-HIPC groups in ImmPort. To support comparative analyses across different vaccines, we have created the Immune Signatures Data Resource, a compendium of standardized systems vaccinology datasets. This data resource is available through ImmuneSpace, along with code to reproduce the processing and batch normalization starting from the underlying study data in ImmPort and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). The current release comprises 1405 participants from 53 cohorts profiling the response to 24 different vaccines and includes transcriptional profiles and antibody response measurements. This novel systems vaccinology data release represents a valuable resource for comparative and meta-analyses that will accelerate our understanding of mechanisms underlying vaccine responses.


[Table 1]
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Diray-Arce, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, H. E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henrich, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerritsen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mule, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fourati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gygi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomalin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rychov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazmin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chawla, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Human Immunology Project Consortium (HIPC),</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarwal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pulendran, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sekaly, R.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Floratos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottardo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinstein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez-Farinas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.05.465336</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Immune Signatures Data Resource: A compendium of systems vaccinology datasets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.05.465894v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct profiles of LRRK2 activation and Rab GTPase phosphorylation in clinical samples from different PD cohorts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.05.465894v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite several advances in the field, pharmacodynamic outcome measures reflective of LRRK2 kinase activity in clinical biofluids remain urgently needed. A variety of targets and approaches have been utilized including assessments of LRRK2 itself (levels, phosphorylation), or its substrates (e.g. Rab10 or other Rab GTPases). We have previously shown that intrinsic kinase activity of LRRK2 isolated from PBMCs of G2019S carriers is elevated, irrespective of disease status. In the present study we find that phosphorylation of Rab10 is also elevated in G2019S carriers, but only those with PD. Additionally, phosphorylation of this substrate is also elevated in 2 separate idiopathic PD cohorts, but not in carriers of the A53T mutation in -synuclein. In contrast, Rab29 phosphorylation was specifically reduced in urinary exosomes from A53T and idiopathic PD patients. Taken together, our findings highlight the need for the assessment of multiple complimentary targets for a more comprehensive picture of the disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peptropoulou-Vathi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simitsi, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valkimadi, P.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kedariti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimitrakopoulos, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koros, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papadimitriou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papadimitriou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefanis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcalay, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rideout, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.05.465894</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct profiles of LRRK2 activation and Rab GTPase phosphorylation in clinical samples from different PD cohorts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.05.467503v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Three-dimensional spike localization and improved motion correction for Neuropixels recordings 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.05.467503v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuropixels (NP) probes are dense linear multi-electrode arrays that have rapidly become essential tools for studying the electrophysiology of large neural populations. Unfortunately, a number of challenges remain in analyzing the large datasets output by these probes. Here we introduce several new methods for extracting useful spiking information from NP probes. First, we use a simple point neuron model, together with a neural-network denoiser, to efficiently map single spikes detected on the probe into three-dimensional localizations. Previous methods localized individual spikes in two dimensions only; we show that the new localization approach is significantly more robust and provides an improved feature set for clustering spikes according to neural identity ("spike sorting"). Next, we denoise the resulting three-dimensional point-cloud representation of the data, and show that the resulting 3D images can be accurately registered over time, leading to improved tracking of time-varying neural activity over the probe, and in turn, crisper estimates of neural clusters over time. Open source code is available at https://github.com/int-brain-lab/spikes_localization_registration.git.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boussard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varol, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dethe, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.05.467503</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Three-dimensional spike localization and improved motion correction for Neuropixels recordings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.06.467552v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mushroom body input connections form independently of sensory activity in Drosophila melanogaster 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.06.467552v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Associative brain centers, such as the insect mushroom body, need to represent sensory information in an efficient manner. In Drosophila melanogaster, the Kenyon cells of the mushroom body integrate inputs from a random set of olfactory projection neurons, but some projection neurons -- namely those activated by a few ethologically meaningful odors -- connect to Kenyon cells more frequently than others. This biased and random connectivity pattern is conceivably advantageous, as it enables the mushroom body to represent a large number of odors as unique activity patterns while prioritizing the representation of a few specific odors. How this connectivity pattern is established remains largely unknown. Here, we test whether the mechanisms patterning the connections between Kenyon cells and projection neurons depend on sensory activity or whether they are hardwired. We mapped a large number of mushroom body input connections in anosmic flies -- flies lacking the obligate odorant co-receptor Orco -- and in wildtype flies. Statistical analyses of these datasets reveal that the random and biased connectivity pattern observed between Kenyon cells and projection neurons forms normally in the absence of most olfactory sensory activity. This finding supports the idea that even comparatively subtle, population-level patterns of neuronal connectivity can be encoded by fixed genetic programs and are likely to be the result of evolved prioritization of ecologically and ethologically salient stimuli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hayashi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacKenzie, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganguly, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smihula, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litwin-Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caron, S. J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.06.467552</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mushroom body input connections form independently of sensory activity in Drosophila melanogaster]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.06.467573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cohort Profile: Genetic data in the German Socio-Economic Panel Innovation Sample (Gene-SOEP) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.06.467573v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) serves a global research community by providing representative annual longitudinal data of private households in Germany. The sample provides a detailed life course perspective based on a rich collection of information about living conditions, socio-economic status, family relationships, personality, values, preferences, and health. We collected genetic data from 2,598 individuals in the SOEP Innovation Sample, yielding the first genotyped sample that is representative of the entire German population (Gene-SOEP). The Gene-SOEP sample is a longitudinal study that includes 107 full-sibling pairs, 501 parent-offspring pairs, and 152 parent-offspring trios that are overlapping with the parent-offspring pairs. We constructed a repository of 66 polygenic indices in the Gene-SOEP sample based on results from well-powered genome-wide association studies. The Gene-SOEP data provides a valuable resource to study individual differences, inequalities, life-course development, health, and interactions between genetic predispositions and environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koellinger, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okbay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kweon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweinert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlsson Linner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goebel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richter, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiber, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zweck, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biroli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mata, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker-Drob, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harden, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hertwig, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.06.467573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cohort Profile: Genetic data in the German Socio-Economic Panel Innovation Sample (Gene-SOEP)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.07.467642v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optogenetic dissection of the roles of actomyosin in the mechanics underlying tissue fluidity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.07.467642v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rapid epithelial tissue flows are essential to building and shaping developing embryos. However, it is not well understood how the mechanical properties of tissues and the forces driving them to flow are jointly regulated to accommodate rapid tissue remodeling. To dissect the roles of actomyosin in the mechanics of epithelial tissue flows, here we use two optogenetic tools, optoGEF and optoGAP, to manipulate Rho/Rho-kinase signaling and actomyosin contractility in the germband epithelium, which flows via convergent extension movements during Drosophila body axis elongation. The ability to perturb actomyosin in the tissue allows us to analyze the effects of actomyosin on cell rearrangements, tissue tensions, and tissue mechanical properties. We find that either optogenetic activation or deactivation of Rho1 signaling and actomyosin contractility at the apical surface of the germband disrupts cell rearrangements and tissue-level flows. Rho1 activation leads to poorly oriented rearrangements that are associated with a redistribution of myosin II from the junctional to the medial-apical domain, whereas Rho1 deactivation leads to fewer, slower cell rearrangements that are associated with decreased junctional and medial myosin. By probing mechanical tensions in the tissue using laser ablation and inferring tissue mechanical properties from cell packings, we find that actomyosin influences both the anisotropic forces that drive tissue flow and the mechanical properties of the tissue that resist flow, leading to complex relationships between actomyosin activity and tissue fluidity. Moreover, our results link the subcellular distribution of myosin II to tissue tension and cell packings, revealing how junctional and medial myosin have differential roles in promoting and orienting cell rearrangements during tissue flow.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herrera-Perez, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cupo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dagle, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasza, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.07.467642</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optogenetic dissection of the roles of actomyosin in the mechanics underlying tissue fluidity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.08.467782v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying Causal Subsequent Memory Effects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.08.467782v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over 40 years of accumulated research has detailed associations between neuroimaging signals measured during a memory encoding task and later memory performance, across a variety of brain regions, measurement tools, statistical approaches and behavioral tasks. But the interpretation of these Subsequent Memory Effects (SMEs) remains unclear: if the identified signals reflect cognitive and neural mechanisms of memory encoding then the underlying neural activity must be causally related to future memory. However, almost all previous SME analyses do not control for potential confounders of this causal interpretation, such as serial position and item effects. We collect a large fMRI dataset and use a novel experimental design and analysis approach that allows us to statistically adjust for all exogenous confounding variables. We find that, using standard approaches without adjustment, we replicate several univariate and multivariate subsequent memory effects and are able to predict memory performance across people. However, we are unable to identify any signal that reliably predicts subsequent memory after adjusting for confounding variables, bringing into doubt the causal status of these effects. We apply the same approach to subjects judgments of learning collected during an encoding period, and show that these behavioral measures of encoding quality do predict memory after adjustments, suggesting that it is possible to measure signals at the time of encoding that reflect causal mechanisms but that existing neuroimaging measures may not have the precision and specificity to do so.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Halpern, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tubridy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davachi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gureckis, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.08.467782</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying Causal Subsequent Memory Effects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.08.467831v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Individual differences in frontoparietal plasticity in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.08.467831v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuroplasticity, defined as the brains potential to change in response to its environment, has been extensively studied at the cellular and molecular levels. Work in animal models suggests that stimulation to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) enhances plasticity, and that myelination constrains plasticity. Little is known, however, about whether proxy measures of these properties in the human brain are associated with learning. Here, we investigated the plasticity of the frontoparietal system by asking whether VTA resting-state functional connectivity and myelin map values (T1w/T2w ratios) predicted learning after short-term training on the adaptive n-back (n = 46, ages 18-25). We found that stronger baseline connectivity between VTA and lateral prefrontal cortex predicted greater improvements in accuracy. Lower myelin map values predicted improvements in response times, but not accuracy. Our findings suggest that proxy markers of neural plasticity can predict learning in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boroshok, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fotiadis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velasquez, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tooley, U. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forde, J. C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgado Reyes, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tisdall, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassett, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackey, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.08.467831</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Individual differences in frontoparietal plasticity in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.09.467963v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of tendon viscoelasticity in the distribution of forces over sutures in a model tendon-to-bone repair 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.09.467963v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tears to the rotator cuff often require surgical repair. These repairs often culminate in re-tearing when sutures break through the tendon in the weeks following repair. Although numerous studies have been performed to identify suturing strategies that reduce this risk by balancing forces across sutures, none have accounted for how the viscoelastic nature of tendon influences load sharing. With the aim of providing insight into this problem, we studied how tendon viscoelasticity, tendon stiffness, and suture anchor spacing affect this balancing of forces across sutures. Results from a model of a three-row sutured re-attachment demonstrated that optimized distributions of suture stiffnesses and of the spacing of suture anchors can balance the forces across sutures to within a few percent, even when accounting for tendon viscoelasticity. Non-optimized distributions resulted in concentrated force, typically in the outermost sutures. Results underscore the importance of accounting for viscoelastic effects in the design of tendon to bone repairs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>hoppe, e.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurtaliaj, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomopoulos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genin, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.09.467963</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of tendon viscoelasticity in the distribution of forces over sutures in a model tendon-to-bone repair]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.10.468076v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Similarities Between Somatosensory Cortical Responses Induced via Natural Touch and Microstimulation in the Ventral Posterior Lateral Thalamus in Macaques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.10.468076v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lost sensations, such as touch, could be restored by microstimulation (MiSt) along the sensory neural substrate. Such neuroprosthetic sensory information can be used as feedback from an invasive brain-machine interface (BMI) to control a robotic arm/hand, such that tactile and proprioceptive feedback from the sensorized robotic arm/hand is directly given to the BMI user. Microstimulation in the human somatosensory thalamus (Vc) has been shown to produce somatosensory perceptions. However, until recently, systematic methods for using thalamic stimulation to evoke naturalistic touch perceptions were lacking. We have recently presented rigorous methods for determining a mapping between ventral posterior lateral thalamus (VPL) MiSt, and neural responses in the somatosensory cortex (S1), in a rodent model (Choi et al., 2016; Choi and Francis, 2018). Our technique minimizes the difference between S1 neural responses induced by natural sensory stimuli and those generated via VPL MiSt. Our goal is to develop systems that know what MiSt will produce a given neural response and possibly a more natural "sensation." To date, our optimization has been conducted in the rodent model and simulations. Here we present data from simple non-optimized thalamic MiSt during peri-operative experiments, where we MiSt in the VPL of macaques with a somatosensory system more like humans. We implanted arrays of microelectrodes across the hand area of the macaque S1 cortex as well as in the VPL thalamus. Multi and single-unit recordings were used to compare cortical responses to natural touch and thalamic MiSt in the anesthetized state. Post stimulus time histograms were highly correlated between the VPL MiSt and natural touch modalities, adding support to the use of VPL MiSt towards producing a somatosensory neuroprosthesis in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Francis, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozenboym, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Kraus, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chhatbar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semework, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawley, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapin, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.10.468076</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Similarities Between Somatosensory Cortical Responses Induced via Natural Touch and Microstimulation in the Ventral Posterior Lateral Thalamus in Macaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.10.468144v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning enhances behaviorally relevant representations in apical dendrites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.10.468144v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Learning alters cortical representations and improves perception. Apical tuft dendrites in Layer 1, which are unique in their connectivity and biophysical properties, may be a key site of learning-induced plasticity. We used both two-photon and SCAPE microscopy to longitudinally track tuft-wide calcium spikes in apical dendrites of Layer 5 pyramidal neurons in barrel cortex as mice learned a tactile behavior. Mice were trained to discriminate two orthogonal directions of whisker stimulation. Reinforcement learning, but not repeated stimulus exposure, enhanced tuft selectivity for both directions equally, even though only one was associated with reward. Selective tufts emerged from initially unresponsive or low-selectivity populations. Animal movement and choice did not account for changes in stimulus selectivity. Enhanced selectivity persisted even after rewards were removed and animals ceased performing the task. We conclude that learning produces long-lasting realignment of apical dendrite tuft responses to behaviorally relevant dimensions of a task.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benezra, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez Campos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillman, E. M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruno, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.10.468144</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning enhances behaviorally relevant representations in apical dendrites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.11.465186v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Abolishing the prelamin A ZMPSTE24 cleavage site leads to progeroid phenotypes with near-normal longevity in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.11.465186v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prelamin A is a farnesylated precursor of lamin A, a nuclear lamina protein. Accumulation of the farnesylated prelamin A variant progerin, with an internal deletion including its processing site, causes Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. Loss of function mutations in ZMPSTE24, which encodes the prelamin A processing enzyme, lead to accumulation of full-length farnesylated prelamin A and cause related progeroid disorders. Some data suggest that prelamin A also accumulates with physiological aging. Zmpste24-/- mice die young, at ~20 weeks. Because ZMPSTE24 has functions in addition to prelamin A processing, we generated a mouse model to examine effects solely due to the presence of permanently farnesylated prelamin A. These mice have an L648R amino acid substitution in prelamin A that blocks ZMPSTE24-catalyzed processing to lamin A. The LmnaL648R/L648R mice express only prelamin and no mature protein. Notably, nearly all survive to 65-70 weeks, with approximately 40% of male and 75% of female LmnaL648R/L648R mice having near-normal lifespans of 90 weeks (almost 2 years). Starting at ~10 weeks of age, LmnaL648R/L648R mice of both sexes have lower body masses and body fat than controls. By ~20-30 weeks of age, they exhibit detectable cranial, mandibular and dental defects similar to those observed in Zmpste24-/- mice, and have decreased vertebral bone density compared to age- and sex-matched controls. Cultured embryonic fibroblasts from LmnaL648R/L648R mice have aberrant nuclear morphology that is reversible by treatment with a protein farnesyltransferase inhibitor. These novel mice provide a robust model to study the effects of farnesylated prelamin A during physiological aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiladardi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odinammadu, K. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maruyama, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damoci, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spear, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaelis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worman, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.11.465186</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Abolishing the prelamin A ZMPSTE24 cleavage site leads to progeroid phenotypes with near-normal longevity in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.12.465807v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibition of Interactions Between NDPK-B and NDPK-C in Presence of Graphene Oxide 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.12.465807v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During a heart failure, higher amount of nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) enzyme in the sarcolemma membrane inhibits the synthesis of second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), which is required for the regulation of the calcium ion balance for normal functioning of the heart. In a dependent pathway, NDPK normally phosphorylates the stimulatory guanosine diphosphate, GDP(s), to a guanosine triphosphate, GTP(s), on the heterotrimeric (, {beta} and {gamma} subunits) guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), resulting in the stimulation of the cAMP formation. In case of a heart failure, an increased quantity of NDPK also reacts with the inhibitory GDP(i), which is converted to a GTP(i), resulting in the inhibition of the cAMP formation. Typically, the {beta}{gamma} dimer of the G protein binds with hexameric NDPK-B/C complex and receives the phosphate at the residue His266 from residue His118 of NDPK-B. It is known that NDPK-C is required for NDPK-B to phosphorylate the G protein. In this work, the interactions between NDPK-B and NDPK-C are quantified in the presence and absence of graphene oxide (GO) as well as those between NDPK-B and GO through stability analysis involving hydrogen bonds, center of mass (COM), root mean square deviation (RMSD), and salt bridges, and energetics analysis involving van der Waals (VDW) and electrostatic energies. Furthermore, the role of water molecules at the interface of NDPK-B and NDPK-C as well as between NDPK-B and GO is investigated to understand the nature of interactions. It is found that the adsorption of NDPK-B on GO triggers a potential conformational change in the structure of NDPK-B, resulting in a diminished interaction with NDPK-C. This is confirmed through a reduced center of mass (COM) distance between NDPK-B and GO (from 40 A{square} to 30 A{square}) and an increased COM distance between NDPK-B and NDPK-C (from 50 A{square} to 60 A{square}). Furthermore, this is also supported by fewer salt bridges between NDPK-B and NDPK-C, and an increased number of hydrogen bonds formed by the interfacial water molecules. As NDPK-C is crucial to be complexed with NDPK-B for successful interaction of NDPK-B with the G protein, this finding shows that GO can suppress the interactions between NDPK-B/C and G proteins, thereby providing an additional insight into the role of GO in the heart failure mechanism.

AUTHOR SUMMARYWe report a novel computational understanding of the interactions between the enzymes NDPK-B and NDPK-C with GO as a potential inhibitor to such interactions and its implications. These types of interactions can play influential roles in many biochemical processes including those that take place during heart failure. A second messenger called cAMP is needed for proper cardiac contraction through the actions of NDPK-B/NDPK-C. It is needed to study the interactions between NDPK-B and NDPK-C to control the synthesis of cAMP. Towards this end, GO is tested through molecular simulations to understand the interactions between NDPK-B and NDPK-C. Influencing or modifying such enzyme active sites has been very less explored and, in this work, the molecular simulations suggest that GO is able to interact with the active site of NDPK-B to provide a sustained cAMP synthesis for longer duration. We found that conformational changes within NDPK-B and NDPK-C influence the interactions between them and such conformational changes are found to be governed by their adsorption on GO. Finally, we found the role of interfacial water molecules between NDPK-B and GO to be crucial in maintaining the interface between them.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zaznaev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macwan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.12.465807</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibition of Interactions Between NDPK-B and NDPK-C in Presence of Graphene Oxide]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.12.467812v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
'Constituent length' effects in fMRI do not provide evidence for abstract syntactic processing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.12.467812v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human language has a remarkable capacity to encode complex ideas. This capacity arises because language is compositional: the form and arrangement of words in sentences (structure) determine the conceptual relations that hold between the words referents (meaning). A foundational question in human cognition is whether the brain regions that support language are similarly factored into structure-selective and meaning-selective areas. In an influential study, Pallier et al. (2011, PNAS) used fMRI to investigate the brain response to sequences of real words and pseudowords and reported a sharp dissociation between structure-selective and meaning-selective brain regions. In the present study, we argue that no such dissociation emerges when individual differences in brain anatomy are considered. We report three experiments (including a close conceptual replication of Pallier et al.s original study) that use precision fMRI methods to capture separation or overlap of function in the brains of individual participants. Our results replicate Pallier et al.s finding that the brains response is modulated by the sequential structure of language but paint a different picture with respect to the structure-meaning relationship. Instead of distinct structure-selective and meaning-selective brain areas, we find distributed sensitivity to both linguistic structure and meaning throughout a broad frontotemporal brain network. Our results join a growing body of evidence for an integrated network for language in the human brain within which internal specialization is primarily a matter of degree rather than kind, in contrast with influential proposals that advocate distinct specialization of different brain areas for different types of linguistic functions.

Significance StatementUsing fMRI, we show that a broad network of frontal and temporal areas in the left hemisphere of the human brain is sensitive to both the structure of language and the meaning that it encodes. This finding challenges many current theories of the neurobiology of language, which propose a sharp separation between areas that encode structure and areas that encode meaning. Instead, results support a broad distribution of word- and sentence-level processing across an integrated brain network for language.

This PDF file includes:

Main Text

Figures 1 to 3

Tables 1 to 1
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shain, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kean, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipkin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Affourtit, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegelman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mollica, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedorenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.12.467812</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA['Constituent length' effects in fMRI do not provide evidence for abstract syntactic processing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.12.468345v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural brain connectivity predicts acute pain after mild traumatic brain injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.12.468345v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mild traumatic brain injury, mTBI, is a leading cause of disability worldwide, with acute pain manifesting as one of its most debilitating symptoms. Understanding acute post-injury pain is important since it is a strong predictor of long-term outcomes. In this study, we imaged the brains of 172 patients with mTBI, following a motorized vehicle collision and used a machine learning approach to extract white matter structural and resting state fMRI functional connectivity measures to predict acute pain. Stronger white matter tracts within the sensorimotor, thalamic-cortical, and default-mode systems predicted 20% of the variance in pain severity within 72 hours of the injury. This result generalized in two independent groups: 39 mTBI patients and 13 mTBI patients without whiplash symptoms. White matter measures collected at 6-months after the collision still predicted mTBI pain at that timepoint (n = 36). These white-matter connections were associated with two nociceptive psychophysical outcomes tested at a remote body site - namely conditioned pain modulation and magnitude of suprathreshold pain-, and with pain sensitivity questionnaire scores. Our validated findings demonstrate a stable white-matter network, the properties of which determine a significant amount of pain experienced after acute injury, pinpointing a circuitry engaged in the transformation and amplification of nociceptive inputs to pain perception.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Branco, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosak, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bielefeld, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cong, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granovsky, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahn, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarnitsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apkarian, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.12.468345</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural brain connectivity predicts acute pain after mild traumatic brain injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.12.468448v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Multi-Omics and Bioenergetics Longitudinal Aging Dataset in Primary Human Fibroblasts with Mitochondrial Perturbations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.12.468448v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging is a process of progressive change. In order to develop biological models of aging, longitudinal datasets with high temporal resolution are needed. Here we report a multi-omic longitudinal dataset for cultured primary human fibroblasts measured across their replicative lifespans. Fibroblasts were sourced from both healthy donors (n=6) and individuals with lifespan-shortening mitochondrial disease (n=3). The dataset includes cytological, bioenergetic, DNA methylation, gene expression, secreted proteins, mitochondrial DNA copy number and mutations, cell-free DNA, telomere length, and whole-genome sequencing data. This dataset enables the bridging of mechanistic processes of aging as outlined by the "hallmarks of aging", with the descriptive characterization of aging such as epigenetic age clocks. Here we focus on bridging the gap for the hallmark mitochondrial metabolism. Our dataset includes measurement of healthy cells, and cells subjected to over a dozen experimental manipulations targeting oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos), glycolysis, and glucocorticoid signaling, among others. These experiments provide opportunities to test how cellular energetics affect the biology of cellular aging. All data are publicly available at our webtool: https://columbia-picard.shinyapps.io/shinyapp-Lifespan_Study/
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sturm, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monzel, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karan, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michelson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ware, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardenas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bris, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santhanam, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belsky, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Procaccio, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.12.468448</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Multi-Omics and Bioenergetics Longitudinal Aging Dataset in Primary Human Fibroblasts with Mitochondrial Perturbations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.13.468497v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insightful inference compensates for distorted perception 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.13.468497v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Introspective agents can recognize the extent to which their internal perceptual experiences deviate from the actual states of the external world. This ability, also known as insight, is critically required for reality testing and is impaired in psychosis, yet very little is known about its cognitive underpinnings. We developed a Bayesian modeling framework and a novel psychophysics paradigm to quantitatively characterize this type of insight while participants experienced a motion after-effect illusion. Participants could incorporate knowledge about the illusion into their decisions when judging the actual direction of a motion stimulus, compensating for the illusion (and often overcompensating). Furthermore, confidence, reaction-time, and pupil-dilation data all showed signatures consistent with inferential adjustments in the Bayesian insight model. Our results suggest that people can question the veracity of what they see by making insightful inferences that incorporate introspective knowledge about internal distortions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mihali, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broeker, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horga, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.13.468497</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insightful inference compensates for distorted perception]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.15.468588v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting human decision making in psychological tasks with recurrent neural networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.15.468588v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Unlike traditional time series, the action sequences of human decision making usually involve many cognitive processes such as beliefs, desires, intentions and theory of mind, i.e. what others are thinking. This makes predicting human decision making challenging to be treated agnostically to the underlying psychological mechanisms. We propose to use a recurrent neural network architecture based on long short-term memory networks (LSTM) to predict the time series of the actions taken by the human subjects at each step of their decision making, the first application of such methods in this research domain. In this study, we collate the human data from 8 published literature of the Iterated Prisoners Dilemma comprising 168,386 individual decisions and postprocess them into 8,257 behavioral trajectories of 9 actions each for both players. Similarly, we collate 617 trajectories of 95 actions from 10 different published studies of Iowa Gambling Task experiments with healthy human subjects. We train our prediction networks on the behavioral data from these published psychological experiments of human decision making, and demonstrate a clear advantage over the state-of-the-art methods in predicting human decision making trajectories in both single-agent scenarios such as the Iowa Gambling Task and multi-agent scenarios such as the Iterated Prisoners Dilemma. In the prediction, we observe that the weights of the top performers tends to have a wider distribution, and a bigger bias in the LSTM networks, which suggests possible interpretations for the distribution of strategies adopted by each group.

Author summaryThe challenge of predicting human decision is important for many application domains like economy, marketing and artificial intelligence. But the domain where the human behavior modeling is especially crucial is psychology, where the goal is to describe, explain and predict these behaviors. Within this domain, creating agents that effectively mimic human decision making is particularly important. However, despite the many behavioral tasks and analytical methods developed to simulate the process of human decision making in real situations, there have not been a predictive model that can well predict the human decision making trajectories in these psychological tasks. In this predictive modeling problem, we propose to use the long short-term memory networks (LSTM), a popular recurrent neural network architecture and effectively predict the time series of the actions taken by the human subjects at each step of their decision making in both the Iowa Gambling Task, a single-agent game with monetary reward, and the Iterated Prisoners Dilemma, a complex multi-agent social game with non-monetary capital at stake. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first application of such methods in this research domain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouneffouf, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cecchi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.15.468588</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting human decision making in psychological tasks with recurrent neural networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.16.468862v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complementary population codes in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus during associative learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.16.468862v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals associate cues with outcomes and continually update these associations as new information is presented. The hippocampus is crucial for this, yet how neurons track changes in cue-outcome associations remains unclear. Using 2-photon calcium imaging, we tracked the same dCA1 and vCA1 neurons across days to determine how responses evolve across phases of odor-outcome learning. We find that, initially, odors elicited robust responses in dCA1, whereas in vCA1 responses emerged after learning, including broad representations that stretched across cue, trace, and outcome periods. Population dynamics in both regions rapidly reorganized with learning, then stabilized into ensembles that stored odor representations for days, even after extinction or pairing with a different outcome. Finally, we found stable, robust signals across CA1 when anticipating reward, but not when anticipating inescapable shock. These results identify how the hippocampus encodes, stores, and updates learned associations, and illuminates the unique contributions of dorsal and ventral hippocampus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Biane, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladow, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefanini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boddu, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dundar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apodaca-Montano, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khierbek, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.16.468862</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complementary population codes in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus during associative learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.17.468969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping morphological malformation to genetic dysfunction in blood vessel organoids with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.17.468969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DiGeorge Syndrome, or 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2 DS), is a genetic disorder caused by microdeletions in chromosome 22, impairing the function of endothelial cells (EC) and/or mural cells and leading to deficits in blood vessel development such as abnormal aortic arch morphology, tortuous retinal vessels, and tetralogy of Fallot. The mechanism by which dysfunctional endothelial cells and pericytes contribute to the vasculopathy, however, remains unknown. In this study, we used human blood vessel organoids (VOs) generated from iPSC of 22q11.2 DS patients to model the vascular malformations and genetic dysfunctions. We combined high-resolution lightsheet imaging and single-cell transcriptome analysis to link the genetic profile and vascular phenotype at the single-cell level. We developed a comprehensive analytical methodology by integrating deep learning-mediated blood vessel segmentation, network graph construction, and tessellation analysis for automated morphology characterization. We report that 22q11.2DS VOs demonstrate a smaller size with increased angiogenesis/sprouting, suggesting a less stable vascular network. Overall, clinical presentations of smaller vascular diameter, less connected vasculature, and increased branch points were recapitulated in 22q11.2DS VOs. Single-cell transcriptome profiling showed heterogeneity in both 22q11.2DS and control VOs, but the former demonstrated alterations in endothelial characteristics that are organ-specific and suggest a perturbation in the vascular developmental process. Intercellular communication analysis indicated that the vascular dysfunctions in 22q11.2 deletion were due to a lower cell-cell contact and upregulated extracellular matrix organization involving collagen and fibronectin. Voronoi diagram-based tessellation analysis also indicated that the colocalization of endothelial tubes and mural cells was different between control and 22q11.2 VOs, indicating that alterations in EC and mural interactions might contribute to the deficits in vascular network formation. This study illustrates the utility of VO in revealing the pathogenesis of 22q11.2DS vasculopathy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lao, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chauhan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willner, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McElroy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azizi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leong, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.17.468969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping morphological malformation to genetic dysfunction in blood vessel organoids with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.19.469350v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robust Identification of Temporal Biomarkers in Longitudinal Omics Studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.19.469350v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Longitudinal studies increasingly collect rich  omics data sampled frequently over time and across large cohorts to capture dynamic health fluctuations and disease transitions. However, the generation of longitudinal omics data has preceded the development of analysis tools that can efficiently extract insights from such data. In particular, there is a need for statistical frameworks that can identify not only which omics features are differentially regulated between groups but also over what time intervals. Additionally, longitudinal omics data may have inconsistencies, including nonuniform sampling intervals, missing data points, subject dropout, and differing numbers of samples per subject. In this work, we developed a statistical method that provides robust identification of time intervals of temporal omics biomarkers. The proposed method is based on a semi-parametric approach, in which we use smoothing splines to model longitudinal data and infer significant time intervals of omics features based on an empirical distribution constructed through a permutation procedure. We benchmarked the proposed method on five simulated datasets with diverse temporal patterns, and the method showed specificity greater than 0.99 and sensitivity greater than 0.72. Applying the proposed method to the Integrative Personal Omics Profiling (iPOP) cohort revealed temporal patterns of amino acids, lipids, and hormone metabolites that are differentially regulated in male versus female subjects following a respiratory infection. In addition, we applied the longitudinal multi-omics dataset of pregnant women with and without preeclampsia, and the method identified potential lipid markers that are temporally significantly different between the two groups. We provide an open-source R package, OmicsLonDA (Omics Longitudinal Differential Analysis): https://bioconductor.org/packages/OmicsLonDA to enable widespread use.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Metwally, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellogg, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.19.469350</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robust Identification of Temporal Biomarkers in Longitudinal Omics Studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.20.469390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A fast variational algorithm to detect the clonal copy number substructure of tumors from single-cell data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.20.469390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here we report Single CEll Variational ANeuploidy analysis (SCEVAN), a fast variational algorithm for the deconvolution of the clonal substructure of tumors from single cell data. It uses a multichannel segmentation algorithm exploiting the assumption that all the cells in a given copy number clone share the same breakpoints. Thus, the smoothed expression profile of every individual cell constitutes part of the evidence of the copy number profile in each subclone. SCEVAN can automatically and accurately discriminate between malignant and non-malignant cells, resulting in a practical framework to analyze tumors and their microenvironment. We apply SCEVAN to several datasets encompassing 106 samples and 93,322 cells from different tumors types and technologies. We demonstrate its application to characterize the intratumor heterogeneity and geographic evolution of malignant brain tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>De Falco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caruso, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, X. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iavarone, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceccarelli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.20.469390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A fast variational algorithm to detect the clonal copy number substructure of tumors from single-cell data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.22.469502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Crosstalk between guanosine nucleotides regulates cellular heterogeneity in protein synthesis during nutrient limitation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.22.469502v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phenotypic heterogeneity of microbial populations can facilitate survival in dynamic environments by generating sub-populations of cells that may have differential fitness in a future environment. Bacillus subtilis cultures experiencing nutrient limitation contain distinct sub-populations of cells exhibiting either comparatively high or low protein synthesis activity. This heterogeneity requires the production of phosphorylated guanosine nucleotides (pp)ppGpp by three synthases: SasA, SasB, and RelA. Here we show that these enzymes differentially affect this bimodality: RelA and SasB are necessary to generate the sub-population of cells exhibiting low protein synthesis whereas SasA is necessary to generate cells exhibiting comparatively higher protein synthesis. The RelA product (pppGpp) allosterically activates SasB and we find, in contrast, that the SasA product (pGpp) competitively inhibits this activation. Finally, we provide in vivo evidence that this antagonistic interaction mediates the observed heterogeneity in protein synthesis. This work therefore identifies the mechanism underlying phenotypic heterogeneity in the central physiological process of protein synthesis.

Author SummaryUpon encountering conditions that are unfavorable to growth, such as nutrient limitation, bacteria enter into a quiescent phenotype that is mediated by group of guanosine nucleotides collectively known as (pp)pGpp. These nucleotides direct the down-regulation of energy intensive processes and are essential for a striking heterogeneity in protein synthesis observed during exit from rapid growth. Here, we show that a network of (pp)pGpp synthases is responsible for this heterogeneity and describe a mechanism that allows for the integration of multiple signals into the decision to down regulate the most energy intensive process in a cell.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Diez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hydorn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whalen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dworkin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.22.469502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Crosstalk between guanosine nucleotides regulates cellular heterogeneity in protein synthesis during nutrient limitation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.23.469656v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parent-offspring inference in highly inbred populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.23.469656v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genealogical relationships are fundamental components of genetic studies. However, it is often challenging to infer correct and complete pedigrees even when genome-wide information is available. For example, inbreeding can obfuscate genetic differences between individuals, making it difficult to even distinguish first-degree relatives such as parent-offspring from full siblings. Similarly, genotyping errors can interfere with the detection of genetic similarity between parents and their offspring. Inbreeding is common in natural, domesticated, and experimental populations and genotyping of these populations often has more errors than in human datasets, so efficient methods for building pedigrees under these conditions are necessary. Here, we present a new method for parent-offspring inference in inbred pedigrees called SPORE (Specific Parent-Offspring Relationship Estimation). SPORE is vastly superior to existing pedigree-inference methods at detecting parent-offspring relationships, in particular when inbreeding is high or in the presence of genotyping errors, or both. SPORE therefore fills an important void in the arsenal of pedigree inference tools.

Author SummaryKnowing the genealogical relationships among individuals is critical for genetic analyses, such as for identifying the mutations that cause diseases or that contribute to valuable agricultural traits such as milk production. Although many tools exist for establishing pedigrees using genetic information, these tools fail when individuals are highly inbred, such as in domesticated animals, or in groups of people in which consanguineous matings are common. Furthermore, existing tools do not work well when genetic information has errors at levels observed in modern datasets. Here, we present a novel approach to solve these problems. Our method is significantly more accurate than existing tools and more tolerant of errors in the genetic data. We expect that our method, which is simple to use and computationally efficient, will be a useful tool in a diversity of settings, from the studies of human and natural populations, to agricultural and experimental settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Runge, J.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>König, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindholm, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bendesky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.23.469656</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parent-offspring inference in highly inbred populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.23.469734v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quasi-universal scaling in mouse-brain neuronal activity stems from edge-of-instability critical dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.23.469734v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brain is in a state of perpetual reverberant neural activity, even in the absence of specific tasks or stimuli. Shedding light on the origin and functional significance of such a dynamical state is essential to understanding how the brain transmits, processes, and stores information. An inspiring, albeit controversial, conjecture proposes that some statistical characteristics of empirically observed neuronal activity can be understood by assuming that brain networks operate in a dynamical regime near the edge of a phase transition. Moreover, the resulting critical behavior, with its concomitant scale invariance, is assumed to carry crucial functional advantages. Here, we present a data-driven analysis based on simultaneous high-throughput recordings of the activity of thousands of individual neurons in various regions of the mouse brain. To analyze these data, we synergistically combine cutting-edge methods for the study of brain activity (such as a phenomenological renormalization group approach and techniques that infer the general dynamical state of a neural population), while designing complementary tools. This strategy allows us to uncover strong signatures of scale invariance that is "quasi-universal" across brain regions and reveal that all these areas operate, to a greater or lesser extent, near the edge of instability. Furthermore, this framework allows us to distinguish between quasi-universal background activity and non-universal input-related activity. Taken together, this study provides strong evidence that brain networks actually operate in a critical regime which, among other functional advantages, provides them with a scale-invariant substrate of activity covariances that can sustain optimal input representations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>B. Morales, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Santo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.23.469734</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quasi-universal scaling in mouse-brain neuronal activity stems from edge-of-instability critical dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.28.470278v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal activity in the human amygdala and hippocampus enhances emotional memory encoding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.28.470278v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Emotional events comprise our strongest and most valuable memories, yet it is unknown how the brain prioritizes emotional information for storage. Here, we examined the neural basis of this prioritization using direct brain recording, deep brain stimulation, and psychometric assessment, with human subjects performing an episodic memory task in which they showed improved performance for emotional stimuli. During the task, high-frequency activity (HFA), a correlate of neuronal spiking activity, increased in both the hippocampus and amygdala when subjects successfully encoded emotionally arousing stimuli. Applying inhibitory electrical stimulation to these regions decreased HFA and specifically reversed the enhancement of memory for emotional stimuli, indicating that neuronal activity in the amygdalohippocampal circuit has a direct role in prioritizing emotional memories. Finally, we found abnormal patterns of amygdalohippocampal HFA in depressed individuals which correlated with a bias for negative memories in these subjects. Going forward, targeted modulation that upregulates neuronal excitation in the amygdalohippocampal circuit may have a causal and translational role in modulating emotional memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qasim, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohan, U. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.28.470278</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal activity in the human amygdala and hippocampus enhances emotional memory encoding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.469764v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Importance of Mentors and How to Handle More Than One Mentor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.469764v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionWorking with multiple mentors is a critical way for students to expand their network, gain opportunities, and better prepare for future scholastic or professional ventures. However, students from underrepresented groups (UR) are less likely to be mentored or have access to mentors, particularly in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. We developed and implemented a workshop, to provide the necessary foundation for students to be better prepared for establishing future mentorships throughout graduate and professional school.

MethodsFaculty well-versed in the area of effective mentorship from multiple universities developed and delivered a 1.5-hour workshop to address the roles of a mentor, especially when it comes to UR students, and how students may effectively work with multiple mentors. This workshop was delivered to a group of students from the HBCU Winston Salem State University, and a pre/post-Likert scale-based survey was administered.

ResultsWe analyzed the raw data with nonparametric tests for comparison within paired samples. Wilcoxon matched-pairs and signed-rank tests showed statistically significant growth in student self-ratings related to the workshop learning objectives.

ConclusionsThe "How to Handle More than One Mentor to Achieve Excellence" workshop was well received as a component of pre-graduate and pre-professional training. Incorporating workshops like this may increase student preparedness around developing and cultivating healthy mentorship relationships throughout STEM training.

EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVESBy the end of this workshop, learners will be able to:

O_LIDescribe the role of mentors in developing the next generation of trainees.
C_LIO_LIDescribe current research on mentorship among underrepresented populations.
C_LIO_LIApply skills on effective communication needed in the development of successful mentorship relationships.
C_LIO_LIWork with multiple mentors at one time while maintaining solid professional and personal relationships.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brady, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palavicino-Maggio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neikirk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beasley, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza Lopez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuler, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spencer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.29.469764</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Importance of Mentors and How to Handle More Than One Mentor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.469904v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using a Champion-Oriented Mindset to Overcome the Challenges of Graduate School 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.469904v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite efforts to increase diversity, a glaring underrepresentation of minorities (URM) persists in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Graduate school can be a stressful step in the STEM pipeline, especially for students previously unaware of the structure and challenges of post-graduate education. To promote successful minority participation in STEM and prepare prospective students for the impending challenges of graduate school, we developed a workshop based on the mentoring and fostering of a champion-oriented mindset entitled, "The Trials and Tribulations of Graduate School: How Do You Make an Impact?". We administered the workshop to a cohort of university undergraduates and conducted pre- and post-workshop surveys to measure students perceived need for instruction on specific workshop topics. The results suggest that the workshop was well received by the students and provided information that they considered helpful to help navigate the graduate school process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palavicino-Maggio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neikirk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beasley, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuler, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spencer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.29.469904</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using a Champion-Oriented Mindset to Overcome the Challenges of Graduate School]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.470343v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epistasis is not a strong constraint on the recurrent evolution of toxin-resistant Na+,K+-ATPases among tetrapods 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.470343v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A growing body of theoretical and experimental evidence suggests that intramolecular epistasis is a major determinant of rates and patterns of protein evolution and imposes a substantial constraint on the evolution of novel protein functions. Here, we examine the role of intramolecular epistasis in the recurrent evolution of resistance to cardiotonic steroids (CTS) across tetrapods, which occurs via specific amino acid substitutions to the -subunit family of Na,K-ATPases (ATP1A). After identifying a series of recurrent substitutions at two key sites of ATP1A that are predicted to confer CTS resistance in diverse tetrapods, we then performed protein engineering experiments to test the functional consequences of introducing these substitutions onto divergent species backgrounds. In line with previous results, we find that substitutions at these sites can have substantial background-dependent effects on CTS resistance. Globally, however, these substitutions also have pleiotropic effects that are consistent with additive rather than background-dependent effects. Moreover, the magnitude of a substitutions effect on activity does not depend on the overall extent of ATP1A sequence divergence between species. Our results suggest that epistatic constraints on the evolution of CTS-resistant forms of Na,K-ATPase likely depend on a small number of sites, with little dependence on overall levels of protein divergence. We propose that dependence on a limited number sites may account for the observation of convergent CTS resistance substitutions observed among taxa with highly divergent Na,K-ATPases.

Significance StatementIndividual amino acid residues within a protein work in concert to produce a functionally coherent structure that must be maintained even as orthologous proteins in different species diverge over time. Given this dependence, we expect identical mutations to have more similar effects on protein function in more closely related species. We tested this hypothesis by performing protein-engineering experiments on ATP1A, an enzyme mediating target-site insensitivity to cardiotonic steroids (CTS) in diverse animals. These experiments reveal that the phenotypic effects of substitutions can sometimes be background-dependent, but also that the magnitude of these phenotypic effects does not correlate with overall levels of ATP1A sequence divergence. Our results suggest that epistatic constraints are determined by states at a small number of sites, potentially explaining the frequent convergent CTS resistance substitutions among Na,K-ATPases of highly divergent taxa.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mohammadi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrera-Alvarez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Ordonez, M. d. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andolfatto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.29.470343</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epistasis is not a strong constraint on the recurrent evolution of toxin-resistant Na+,K+-ATPases among tetrapods]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.470428v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OxPhos Dysfunction Causes Hypermetabolism and Reduces Lifespan in Cells and in Patients with Mitochondrial Diseases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.470428v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Patients with primary mitochondrial diseases present with fatigue and multi-system disease, are often lean, and die prematurely, but the mechanistic basis for this clinical picture remains unclear. Integrating data from 17 cohorts of patients with mitochondrial diseases (n=690), we find that clinical mitochondrial disorders increase resting energy expenditure, a state termed hypermetabolism. In a longitudinal cellular model of primary patient-derived fibroblasts from multiple donors, we show that genetic and pharmacological disruptions of oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) similarly trigger increased energy consumption in a cell-autonomous manner, despite near-normal OxPhos coupling efficiency. Hypermetabolism is associated with mtDNA instability, activation of the integrated stress response, increased extracellular secretion of age-related cytokines and metabokines including GDF15, as well as an accelerated rate of telomere erosion and epigenetic aging, and a reduced Hayflick limit. Together with these dynamic measures, we have generated a longitudinal RNASeq and DNA methylation resource dataset, which reveals conserved, energetically demanding, genome-wide recalibrations in response to OxPhos dysfunction. The increased energetic cost of living, or hypermetabolism, in cells and organisms with OxPhos defects has important biological and clinical implications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sturm, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karan, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santhanham, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taivassalo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bris, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duplaga, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cross, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Towheed, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higgins-Chen, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McManus, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardenas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epel, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vissing, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grassi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haller, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenaers, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavazoie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Procaccio, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seifert, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monzel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.29.470428</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OxPhos Dysfunction Causes Hypermetabolism and Reduces Lifespan in Cells and in Patients with Mitochondrial Diseases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.470434v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adolescent rats extend help to outgroup members, highlighting a neural network for group identity categorization. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.470434v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prosocial behavior, in particular helping others in need, occurs preferentially in response to the perceived distress of ones own group members, or ingroup. The development of neural mechanisms underlying social selectivity towards ingroup members are not well established. Here, we used a rat helping behavior test to explore the development and neural basis of ingroup bias for prosocial behavior in adolescent rats. We previously found that adult rats selectively help others from their own social group, and that this selectivity is associated with activation in reward and motivation circuits. Surprisingly, we found that adolescent rats helped both ingroup and outgroup members, evidence suggesting that ingroup bias emerges in adulthood. Analysis of brain-wide neural activity, indexed by expression of the early-immediate gene c-Fos, revealed increased activity for ingroup members across a broad set of regions, which was congruent for adults and adolescents. However, adolescents showed reduced hippocampal and insular activity, and increased orbitofrontal cortex activity compared to adults. Adolescent rats who did not help trapped others also demonstrated increased amygdala connectivity. Together, these findings demonstrate that biases for group-dependent prosocial behavior develop with age in rats and suggest that specific brain regions contribute to this prosocial selectivity, overall pointing to possible targets for the functional modulation of ingroup bias.

One Sentence SummaryProsocial selectivity increases with age in parallel with hippocampal and insular activation, providing insight into the neural classification of group membership.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Breton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisner, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gandhi, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musick, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, K. L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perloff, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lalchandani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barraza, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kantor, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Ami Bartal, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.29.470434</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adolescent rats extend help to outgroup members, highlighting a neural network for group identity categorization.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.30.470032v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA-guided cell targeting with CRISPR/RfxCas13d collateral activity in human cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.30.470032v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While single-cell sequencing has allowed rapid identification of novel cell types or states and associated RNA markers, functional studies remain challenging due to the lack of tools that are able to target specific cells based on these markers. Here we show that targeting a single marker RNA with CRISPR/RfxCas13d led to collateral transcriptome destruction in human cells, which can be harnessed to inhibit cell proliferation or to suppress cell state transition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aparicio, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kesner, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trehan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.30.470032</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA-guided cell targeting with CRISPR/RfxCas13d collateral activity in human cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.30.470650v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The enteric nervous system of C. elegans is specified by the Sine Oculis-like homeobox gene ceh-34 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.30.470650v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Overarching themes in the terminal differentiation of the enteric nervous system, an autonomously acting unit of animal nervous systems, have so far eluded discovery. We describe here the overall regulatory logic of enteric nervous system differentiation of the nematode C. elegans that resides within the foregut (pharynx) of the worm. A Caenorhabditis elegans homolog of the Drosophila Sine Oculis homeobox gene, ceh-34, is expressed in all 14 classes of interconnected pharyngeal neurons from their birth throughout their life time, but in no other neuron type of the entire animal. Constitutive and temporally controlled ceh-34 removal shows that ceh-34 is required to initiate and maintain the neuron type-specific terminal differentiation program of all pharyngeal neuron classes, including their circuit assembly, without affecting panneuronal features. Through additional genetic loss of function analysis, we show that within each pharyngeal neuron class, ceh-34 cooperates with different homeodomain transcription factors to individuate distinct pharyngeal neuron classes. Our analysis underscores the critical role of homeobox genes in neuronal identity specification and links them to the control of neuronal circuit assembly of the enteric nervous system. Together with the pharyngeal nervous system simplicity as well as its specification by a Sine Oculis homolog, our findings invite speculations about the early evolution of nervous systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vidal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, W. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tekieli, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.30.470650</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The enteric nervous system of C. elegans is specified by the Sine Oculis-like homeobox gene ceh-34]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.30.470682v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ligand-induced changes in dynamics mediate long-range allostery in the lac repressor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.30.470682v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Allostery, broadly defined as a proteins functional response to distal perturbations, is fundamental to biological regulation. In classical models, allosteric ligand binding produces a defined set of structural changes in the protein, resulting in a different low-energy conformation. Proteins that undergo ligand-induced allostery with few observable structural changes therefore frustrate interpretations by classical models. Here we used hydrogen-deuterium exchange with mass spectrometry (HDX/MS) to map the allosteric effects in a paradigm ligand-responsive allosteric transcription factor, the lac repressor (LacI). X-ray crystal structures of the core domain of LacI bound to different small molecule ligands, or the DNA operator, show less than 1.5 [A] difference in the protein all-atom root-mean-square-deviation (RMSD) between any two structures. Despite this high degree of similarity among static structures, our HDX/MS experiments reveal widespread and unexpected differences in the flexibility of secondary structures in the LacI core domain in each functional state. We propose a model in which ligand binding allosterically switches the functional response of the repressor by selectively changing the dynamics of particular secondary structure elements relative to each other, shifting the conformational ensemble of the protein between mutually incompatible DNA-bound and inducer-bound states. Our model also provides a mechanistic context for the altered functions of thousands of documented LacI mutants. Furthermore, our approach provides a platform for characterizing and engineering allosteric responses in proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Glasgow, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobbs, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kortemme, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.30.470682</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ligand-induced changes in dynamics mediate long-range allostery in the lac repressor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.05.471286v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Role of oxidation of excitation-contraction coupling machinery in age-dependent loss of muscle function in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.05.471286v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Age-dependent loss of body wall muscle function and impaired locomotion occur within 2 weeks in C. elegans; however, the underlying mechanism has not been fully elucidated. In humans, age-dependent loss of muscle function occurs at about 80 years of age and has been linked to dysfunction of ryanodine receptor (RyR)/intracellular calcium (Ca2+) release channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). Mammalian skeletal muscle RyR1 channels undergo age-related remodeling due to oxidative overload, leading to loss of the stabilizing subunit calstabin1 (FKBP12) from the channel macromolecular complex. This destabilizes the closed state of the channel resulting in intracellular Ca2+ leak, reduced muscle function, and impaired exercise capacity. We now show that the C. elegans RyR homolog, UNC-68, exhibits a remarkable degree of evolutionary conservation with mammalian RyR channels and similar age-dependent dysfunction. Like RyR1 in mammals UNC-68 encodes a protein that comprises a macromolecular complex which includes the calstabin1 homolog FKB-2 and is immunoreactive with antibodies raised against the RyR1 complex. Further, as in aged mammals, UNC-68 is oxidized and depleted of FKB-2 in an age-dependent manner, resulting in "leaky" channels, depleted SR Ca2+ stores, reduced body wall muscle Ca2+ transients, and age-dependent muscle weakness. FKB-2 (ok3007)-deficient worms exhibit reduced exercise capacity. Pharmacologically induced oxidization of UNC-68 and depletion of FKB-2 from the channel independently caused reduced body wall muscle Ca2+ transients. Preventing FKB-2 depletion from the UNC-68 macromolecular complex using the Rycal drug S107 improved muscle Ca2+ transients and function. Taken together, these data suggest that UNC-68 oxidation plays a role in age-dependent loss of muscle function. Remarkably, this age-dependent loss of muscle function induced by oxidative overload, which takes ~2 years in mice and ~80 years in humans, occurs in less than 2-3 weeks in C. elegans, suggesting that reduced anti-oxidant capacity may contribute to the differences in life span amongst species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>dridi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forrester, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Umanskaya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiken, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacampagne, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marks, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.05.471286</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Role of oxidation of excitation-contraction coupling machinery in age-dependent loss of muscle function in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.06.470803v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Imaging-Guided Bioreactor for De-Epithelialization and Long-Term Cultivation of Ex Vivo Rat Trachea 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.06.470803v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent synergistic advances in organ-on-chip and tissue engineering technologies offer opportunities to create in vitro-grown tissue or organ constructs that can faithfully recapitulate their in vivo counterparts. Such in vitro tissue or organ constructs can be utilized in multiple applications, including rapid drug screening, high-fidelity disease modeling, and precision medicine. Here, we report an imaging-guided bioreactor that allows in situ monitoring of the lumen of ex vivo airway tissues during controlled in vitro tissue manipulation and cultivation of isolated rat trachea. Using this platform, we demonstrated selective removal of the rat tracheal epithelium (i.e., de-epithelialization) without disrupting the underlying subepithelial cells and extracellular matrix. Through different tissue evaluation assays, such as immunofluorescent staining, DNA/protein quantification, and electron beam microscopy, we showed that the epithelium of the tracheal lumen can be effectively removed with negligible disruption in the underlying tissue layers, such as cartilage and blood vessel. Notably, using a custom-built micro-optical imaging device integrated with the bioreactor, the trachea lumen was visualized at the cellular level in real time, and removal of the endogenous epithelium and distribution of locally delivered exogenous cells were demonstrated in situ. Moreover, the de-epithelialized trachea supported on the bioreactor allowed attachment and growth of exogenous cells seeded topically on its denuded tissue surface. Collectively, the results suggest that our imaging-enabled rat trachea bioreactor and selective cell replacement method can facilitate creating of bioengineered in vitro airway tissue that can be used in different biomedical applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mir, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinezich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neill, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vunjak-Novakovic, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.06.470803</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Imaging-Guided Bioreactor for De-Epithelialization and Long-Term Cultivation of Ex Vivo Rat Trachea]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.06.471440v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Summary statistics knockoff inference empowers identification of putative causal variants in genome-wide association studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.06.471440v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in genome sequencing and imputation technologies provide an exciting opportunity to comprehensively study the contribution of genetic variants to complex phenotypes. However, our ability to translate genetic discoveries into mechanistic insights remains limited at this point. In this paper, we propose an efficient knockoff-based method, GhostKnockoff, for genome-wide association studies (GWAS) that leads to improved power and ability to prioritize putative causal variants relative to conventional GWAS approaches. The method requires only Z-scores from conventional GWAS and hence can be easily applied to enhance existing and future studies. The method can also be applied to meta-analysis of multiple GWAS allowing for arbitrary sample overlap. We demonstrate its performance using empirical simulations and two applications: (1) analysis of 1,403 binary phenotypes from the UK Biobank data in 408,961 samples of European ancestry, and (2) a meta-analysis for Alzheimers disease (AD) comprising nine overlapping large-scale GWAS, whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing studies. The UK Biobank analysis demonstrates superior performance of the proposed method compared to conventional GWAS in both statistical power (2.05-fold more discoveries) and localization of putative causal variants at each locus (46% less proxy variants due to linkage disequilibrium). The AD meta-analysis identified 55 risk loci (including 31 new loci) with ~70% of the proximal genes at these loci showing suggestive signal in downstream single-cell transcriptomic analyses. Our results demonstrate that GhostKnockoff can identify putatively functional variants with weaker statistical effects that are missed by conventional association tests.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belloy, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Guen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sossin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyss-Coray, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabatti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Candes, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greicius, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ionita-Laza, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.06.471440</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Summary statistics knockoff inference empowers identification of putative causal variants in genome-wide association studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.06.471498v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An effective workshop on How to be an Effective Mentor for Underrepresented STEM Trainees 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.06.471498v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite an increase in programming to promote persons excluded by their ethnicity or race (PEER) scholars, minorities remain underrepresented in many STEM programs. The academic pipeline is largely leaky for underrepresented minority (URM) scholars due to a lack of effective mentorship. Many URM students experience microaggressions and discrimination from their mentors due to a lack of quality mentorship training. In this workshop, we provide a framework for how to be an effective mentor to URM trainees. Mentees, especially URM trainees, can flourish in effective mentoring environments where they feel welcomed and can comfortably develop new ideas without feeling threatened by external factors. Effective mentoring environments provide motivational support, empathy, cultural competency, and training.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palavicino-Maggio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spencer, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beasley, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza Lopez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conley, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neikirk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brady, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuler, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.06.471498</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An effective workshop on How to be an Effective Mentor for Underrepresented STEM Trainees]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.07.470215v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A multi-layer functional genomic analysis to understand noncoding genetic variation in lipids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.07.470215v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major challenge of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) is to translate phenotypic associations into biological insights. Here, we integrate a large GWAS on blood lipids involving 1.6 million individuals from five ancestries with a wide array of functional genomic datasets to discover regulatory mechanisms underlying lipid associations. We first prioritize lipid-associated genes with expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) colocalizations, and then add chromatin interaction data to narrow the search for functional genes. Polygenic enrichment analysis across 697 annotations from a host of tissues and cell types confirms the central role of the liver in lipid levels, and highlights the selective enrichment of adipose-specific chromatin marks in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides. Overlapping transcription factor (TF) binding sites with lipid-associated loci identifies TFs relevant in lipid biology. In addition, we present an integrative framework to prioritize causal variants at GWAS loci, producing a comprehensive list of candidate causal genes and variants with multiple layers of functional evidence. Two prioritized genes, CREBRF and RRBP1, show convergent evidence across functional datasets supporting their roles in lipid biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramdas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Judd, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanoni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surakka, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wenz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chesi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatti, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vedantam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkler, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Locke, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marouli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zajac, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, K.-H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ntalla, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klarin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilliard, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorleifsson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helgadottir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudbjartsson, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holm, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olafsson, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akiyama, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakaue, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brumpton, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasheed, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Havulinna, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veturi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pacheco, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenthal, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lingren, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kullo, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narita, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takayama,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.07.470215</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A multi-layer functional genomic analysis to understand noncoding genetic variation in lipids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.07.471572v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemical induction of gut β-like-cells by combined FoxO1/Notch inhibition as a glucose-lowering treatment for diabetes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.07.471572v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lifelong insulin replacement remains the mainstay of type 1 diabetes treatment. Genetic FoxO1 ablation promotes enteroendocrine cell (EECs) conversion into glucose-responsive {beta}-like cells. Here, we tested whether chemical FoxO1 inhibitors can generate {beta}-like gut cells. Pan-intestinal epithelial FoxO1 ablation expanded the EEC pool, induced {beta}-like cells, and improved glucose tolerance in Ins2Akita/+ mice. This genetic effect was phenocopied by small molecule FoxO1 inhibitor, Cpd10. Cpd10 induced {beta}-like cells that released insulin in response to glucose in mouse gut organoids, and this effect was strengthened by the Notch inhibitor, DBZ. In Ins2Akita/+ mice, a five-day course of either Cpd10 or DBZ induced insulin-immunoreactive {beta}-like cells in the gut, lowered glycemia, and increased plasma insulin levels without apparent adverse effects. These results provide proof of principle of gut cell conversion into {beta}-like cells by a small molecule FoxO1 inhibitor, paving the way for clinical applications.

One Sentence SummaryOrally available small molecule FoxO1 inhibitor phenocopied genetic FoxO1 ablation in generating gut {beta}-like cells
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kitamoto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKimpson, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sultana, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leibel, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belvedere, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Accili, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.07.471572</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemical induction of gut β-like-cells by combined FoxO1/Notch inhibition as a glucose-lowering treatment for diabetes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.07.471617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Spatial Reach of Neuronal Coherence and Spike-field Coupling across the Human Neocortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.07.471617v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal coherence is thought to be a fundamental mechanism of communication in the brain, where synchronized field potentials coordinate synaptic and spiking events to support plasticity and learning. Although the spread of field potentials has garnered great interest, little is known about the spatial reach of phase synchronization, or neuronal coherence. Functional connectivity between different brain regions is known to occur across long distances, but the locality of coherence within a brain region is understudied. Here we used simultaneous recordings from electrocorticography (ECoG) grids and high-density microelectrode arrays to estimate the spatial reach of neuronal coherence and spike-field coherence (SFC) across frontal, temporal, and occipital cortices during cognitive tasks in humans. We observed the strongest coherence within a 2-3 cm distance from the microelectrode arrays, potentially defining an effective range for local communication. This range was relatively consistent across brain regions, spectral frequencies, and cognitive tasks. The magnitude of coherence showed power law decay with increasing distance from the microelectrode arrays, where the highest coherence occurred between ECoG contacts, followed by coherence between ECoG and deep cortical LFP, and then SFC (i.e., ECoG > LFP > SFC). The spectral frequency of coherence also affected its magnitude. Alpha coherence (8-14 Hz) was generally higher than other frequencies for signals nearest the microelectrode arrays, whereas delta coherence (1-3 Hz) was higher for signals that were farther away. Action potentials in all brain regions were most coherent with the phase of alpha oscillations, which suggests that alpha waves could play a larger, more spatially local role in spike timing than other frequencies. These findings provide a deeper understanding of the spatial and spectral dynamics of neuronal coherence, further advancing knowledge about how activity propagates across the human brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Myers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leszczynski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Sullivan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKhann, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesgarani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schevon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.07.471617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Spatial Reach of Neuronal Coherence and Spike-field Coupling across the Human Neocortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.07.471625v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intermittent brain network reconfigurations and the resistance to social media influence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.07.471625v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Since their development, social media has grown as a source of information and has a significant impact on opinion formation. Individuals interact with others and content via social media platforms in a variety of ways but it remains unclear how decision making and associated neural processes are impacted by the online sharing of informational content, from factual to fabricated. Here, we use EEG to estimate dynamic reconfigurations of brain networks and probe the neural changes underlying opinion change (or formation) within individuals interacting with a simulated social media platform. Our findings indicate that the individuals who changed their opinions are characterized by less frequent network reconfigurations while those who did not change their opinions tend to have more flexible brain networks with frequent reconfigurations. The nature of these frequent network configurations suggests a fundamentally different thought process between intervals in which individuals are easily influenced by social media and those in which they are not. We also show that these reconfigurations are distinct to the brain dynamics during an in-person discussion with strangers on the same content. Together, these findings suggest that brain network reconfigurations may not only be diagnostic to the informational context but also the underlying opinion formation.

Author SummaryDistinctive neural underpinnings of opinion formation and change during in-person and online social interactions are not well understood. Here, we analyze EEG recordings of the participants interacting with a simulated social media platform and during an in-person discussion using a network-based analysis approach. We show that the structure of network reconfigurations during these interactions is diagnostic of the opinion change and the context in which information was received.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lima Dias Pinto, I. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rungratsameetaweemana, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flaherty, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Periyannan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meghdadi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berka, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bansal, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omar Garcia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.07.471625</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intermittent brain network reconfigurations and the resistance to social media influence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.07.471633v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconfigurations in brain networks upon awakening from slow wave sleep: Interventions and implications in neural communication 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.07.471633v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sleep inertia is the brief period of impaired alertness and performance experienced immediately after waking. While the neurobehavioral symptoms of sleep inertia are well-described, less is known about the neural mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. A better understanding of the neural processes during sleep inertia may offer insight into the cognitive impairments observed and the awakening process generally. We observed brain activity following abrupt awakening from slow wave sleep during the biological night. Using electroencephalography (EEG) and a network science approach, we evaluated power, clustering coefficient, and path length across frequency bands under both a control condition and a blue-enriched light intervention condition in a within-subject design. We found that under control conditions, the awakening brain is typified by an immediate reduction in global theta, alpha, and beta power. Simultaneously, we observed a decrease in the clustering coefficient and an increase in path length within the delta band. Exposure to blue-enriched light immediately after awakening ameliorated these changes, but only for clustering. Our results suggest that long-range network communication within the brain is crucial to the waking process and that the brain may prioritize these long-range connections during this transitional state. Our study highlights a novel neurophysiological signature of the awakening brain and provides a potential mechanistic explanation for the effect of light in improving performance after waking.

One sentence summaryBlue-enriched light partially accelerates the rapid prioritization of long-range communication within the human brain that characterizes sleep inertia
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hilditch, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bansal, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chachad, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bathurst, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feick, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santamaria, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shattuck, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn-Evans, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.07.471633</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconfigurations in brain networks upon awakening from slow wave sleep: Interventions and implications in neural communication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.07.471637v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting the Toxicity of Druggable Proteins to Human Tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.07.471637v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Assessing in vivo tissue toxicity of therapeutic targets remains a major challenge in drug development and drug safety research. We developed TissueTox, an algorithm that learns from multi-omic features of a target protein and predicts toxicity in human body systems and tissues. Predicted TissueTox scores accurately differentiate drugs that failed clinical trials from those that succeeded, and, importantly, can be used to identify the tissues where toxic events occurred.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thangaraj, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tatonetti, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.07.471637</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting the Toxicity of Druggable Proteins to Human Tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.07.471662v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural Oscillatory Characteristics of Feedback Associated Activity in Globus Pallidus Interna 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.07.471662v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural oscillatory activities in basal ganglia have prominent roles in cognitive processes on local and global scales. However, the characteristics of high frequency oscillatory activities during cognitive tasks have not been extensively explored in human Globus Pallidus internus (GPi). This study aimed to investigate amplitude and interhemispheric coupling of bilateral GPi high gamma bursts in dystonia and Parkinsons Disease (PD) patients, in on and off medication states, after feedback during the Intra-Extra-Dimension shift (IED) task. Bilateral GPi Local Field Potentials (LFP) activity was recorded via externalized DBS electrodes during the IED task. Inter hemisphere phase synchrony was assessed using Inter-Site Phase Clustering (ISPC). Transient high gamma activity ([~]100-150Hz) was observed immediately after feedback in the dystonia patient. Moreover, these bursts were phase synchronous between left and right GPis with an antiphase clustering of phase differences. In contrast, no synchronous high gamma activity was detected in the PD patient with or without dopamine administration. The off-med PD patient displayed enhanced low frequency clusters ameliorated by medication in the on-med state. Furthermore, an increased low frequency activity was observed after feedback of incorrect trials in both disease states. The current study provides a rare report of antiphase homotopic synchrony in human GPi, potentially related to incorporating and processing feedback information. The absence of these activities in off and on-med PD indicates the potential presence of impaired medication independent circuits related to feedback processing. Together, these findings are helpful in pointing to the potential role of GPis synchronized high frequency activity in cognitive tasks and feedback information processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choubdar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahdavi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rostami, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zabeh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillies, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aziz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lashgari, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.07.471662</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural Oscillatory Characteristics of Feedback Associated Activity in Globus Pallidus Interna]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.08.471502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Role of Mentoring in Promoting Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in STEM Education and Research 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.08.471502v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mentoring success is derived from active and respectful listening and the willingness to learn and accept opportunities for personal growth. Mentoring shapes every trainee and their career path in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Productive mentoring relationships cultivate rapport, stimulate moments of introspection, and provide constructive feedback. Effective mentoring in STEM allows trainees, especially underrepresented minorities (URMs), to flourish in welcoming and supportive environments. However, URM trainees often experience inadequate mentoring due to their mentors inexperience with URM groups, poor mentorship training, or a lack of understanding of their mentees journey. To promote diversity, equity, and inclusion in STEM education and research, it is essential for mentors and mentees to work together with creativity, authenticity, and networking. In this workshop, we will focus on mentees perspective on how mentors can enhance their training, professional and career development, and improve their focus. We analyzed data on feedback obtained from students interested in pursuing graduate education who attended a recent workshop. Our results show that despite low initial expectations for the workshop, many students were satisfied with the knowledge they learned. The future of increasing the URM representation in STEM lies in providing adequate community support and mentorship throughout the careers of URM professionals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palavicino-maggio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spencer, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beasley, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza- Lopez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conley, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neikirk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brady, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuler, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.08.471502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Role of Mentoring in Promoting Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in STEM Education and Research]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.08.471803v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Gulf Coast tick, Amblyomma maculatum (Ixodida: Ixodidae) and spotted fever group Rickettsia in the highly urbanized northeastern US 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.08.471803v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report the multi-year collection of the Gulf Coast tick, Amblyomma maculatum Koch (Acaridae: Ixodida: Ixodidae) in Staten Island, New York City (NYC) as well as their detection in Brooklyn, NYC, and in Atlantic and Cumberland counties in southern NJ, USA. The first detections on all sites were of adults but in Freshkills Park on Staten Island larvae were collected in a following year. Based on known observations on birds of this tick species, it is likely A. maculatum are expanding north on migratory birds, which are now often seen in Freshkills Park. The presence of larvae indicates that adults are being successful at finding hosts in Staten Island. We describe the landscape features of the area in Staten Island where populations were highest and larvae were detected, which could have facilitated the establishment of A. maculatum. Notably, we also report the presence of human pathogens Rickettsia parkeri in 5/10 (50%) of adults tested and R. felis in 1/24 (4.17%) of larvae tested. In addition to established populations in Staten Island we found evidence of A. maculatum in NJ and other NYC boroughs, suggesting current or future establishment is possible. The failure thus far to detect established populations in these areas may be due to inherent difficulties in detecting low density, spatially heterogeneous incipient populations, which could require targeted surveillance efforts for this species. We discuss the consequences to public health of the establishment of A. maculatum and detection of two additional rickettsial pathogens in the densely populated Northeastern US.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bajwa, W. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsynman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egizi, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tokarz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maestas, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonseca, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.08.471803</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Gulf Coast tick, Amblyomma maculatum (Ixodida: Ixodidae) and spotted fever group Rickettsia in the highly urbanized northeastern US]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.08.471871v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dopamine D2Rs Coordinate Cue-Evoked Changes in Striatal Acetylcholine Levels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.08.471871v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the striatum, acetylcholine (ACh) neuron activity is modulated co-incident with dopamine (DA) release in response to unpredicted rewards and reward predicting cues and both neuromodulators are thought to regulate each other. While this co-regulation has been studied using stimulation studies, the existence of this mutual regulation in vivo during natural behavior is still largely unexplored. One long-standing controversy has been whether striatal DA is responsible for the induction of the cholinergic pause or whether D2R modulate a pause that is induced by other mechanisms. Here, we used genetically encoded sensors in combination with pharmacological and genetic inactivation of D2Rs from cholinergic interneurons (CINs) to simultaneously measure ACh and DA levels after CIN D2R inactivation. We found that CIN D2Rs are not necessary for the induction of cue induced dips in ACh levels but regulate dip lengths and rebound ACh levels. Importantly, D2R inactivation strongly decreased the temporal correlation between DA and Ach signals not only at cue presentation but also during the intertrial interval. This points to a general mechanism by which D2Rs coordinate both signals. At the behavioral level D2R antagonism increased the latency to lever press, which was not observed in CIN-selective D2R knock out mice. This latency correlated with the cue evoked dip length supporting a role of the ACh dip and its regulation by D2Rs in motivated behavior. Overall, our data indicate that striatal DA coordinate phasic ACh and DA signals via CIN D2Rs which is important for the regulation of motivated behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kellendonk, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martyniuk, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres-Herraez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubinstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labouesse, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.08.471871</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dopamine D2Rs Coordinate Cue-Evoked Changes in Striatal Acetylcholine Levels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.10.472091v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robust regulatory architecture of pan-neuronal gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.10.472091v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pan-neuronally expressed genes, such as genes involved in the synaptic vesicle release cycle or in neuropeptide maturation, are critical for proper function of all neurons, but the transcriptional control mechanisms that direct such genes to all neurons of a nervous system remain poorly understood. We show here that six members of the CUT family of homeobox genes control pan-neuronal identity specification in C. elegans. Single CUT mutants show barely any effects on pan-neuronal gene expression or global nervous system function, but such effects become apparent and progressively worsen upon removal of additional CUT family members, indicating a critical role of gene dosage. Overexpression of each individual CUT gene rescued the phenotype of compound mutants, corroborating that gene dosage, rather than the activity of specific members of the gene family, is critical for CUT gene function. Genome-wide binding profiles as well as mutation of CUT binding sites by CRISPR/Cas9 genome engineering show that CUT genes directly control the expression of pan-neuronal features. Moreover, CUT genes act in conjunction with neuron-type specific transcription factors to control pan-neuronal gene expression. Our study, therefore, provides a previously missing key insight into how neuronal gene expression programs are specified and reveals a highly buffered and robust mechanism that controls the most critical functional features of all neuronal cell types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leyva-Diaz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.10.472091</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robust regulatory architecture of pan-neuronal gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.10.472117v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular architecture of 40S initiation complexes on the Hepatitis C virus IRES: from ribosomal attachment to eIF5B-mediated reorientation of initiator tRNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.10.472117v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hepatitis C virus mRNA contains an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) that mediates end-independent translation initiation, requiring a subset of eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs). Direct binding of the IRES to the 40S subunit places the initiation codon into the P site, where it base-pairs with eIF2-bound Met-tRNAiMet forming a 48S initiation complex. Then, eIF5 and eIF5B mediate subunit joining. Initiation can also proceed without eIF2, in which case Met-tRNAiMet is recruited directly by eIF5B. Here, we present cryo-EM structures of IRES initiation complexes at resolutions up to 3.5 [A] that cover all major stages from initial ribosomal association, through eIF2-containing 48S initiation complexes, to eIF5B-containing complexes immediately prior to subunit joining. These structures provide insights into the dynamic network of 40S/IRES contacts, highlight the role for IRES domain II, and reveal conformational changes that occur during the transition from eIF2- to eIF5B-containing 48S complexes that prepare them for subunit joining.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brown, Z. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abaeva, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hellen, C. U. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pestova, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.10.472117</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular architecture of 40S initiation complexes on the Hepatitis C virus IRES: from ribosomal attachment to eIF5B-mediated reorientation of initiator tRNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.10.472125v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mouse models of NADK2 deficiency analyzed for metabolic and gene expression changes to elucidate pathophysiology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.10.472125v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
NADK2 encodes the mitochondrial isoform of NAD Kinase, which phosphorylates nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). Rare recessive mutations in human NADK2 are associated with a syndromic neurological mitochondrial disease that includes metabolic changes such as hyperlysinemia and 2,4 dienoyl CoA reductase (DECR) deficiency. However, the full pathophysiology resulting from NADK2 deficiency is not known. Here we describe two chemically-induced mouse mutations in Nadk2, S326L and S330P, which cause a severe neuromuscular disease and shorten lifespan. The S330P allele was characterized in detail and shown to have marked denervation of neuromuscular junctions by 5 weeks of age and muscle atrophy by 11 weeks of age. Cerebellar Purkinje cells also showed progressive degeneration in this model. Transcriptome profiling on brain and muscle was performed at early and late disease stages. In addition, metabolomic profiling was performed on brain, muscle, liver, and spinal cord at the same ages. Combined transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses identified hyperlysinemia, DECR deficiency, and generalized metabolic dysfunction in Nadk2 mutant mice, indicating relevance to the human disease. We compared findings from the Nadk model to equivalent RNAseq and metabolomic datasets from a mouse model of infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy, caused by recessive mutations in Pla2g6. This enabled us to identify disrupted biological processes that are common between these mouse models of neurological disease, such as translation, and those processes that are gene-specific such as glycolysis and acetylcholine binding. These findings improve our understanding of the pathophysiology of both Nadk2 and Pla2g6 mutations, as well as pathways common to neuromuscular/neurodegenerative diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murray, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bais, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tadenev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morelli, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroder, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doty, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiehn, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bult, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgess, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.10.472125</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mouse models of NADK2 deficiency analyzed for metabolic and gene expression changes to elucidate pathophysiology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.11.472236v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Isolation and comparative analysis of antibodies that broadly neutralize sarbecoviruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.11.472236v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The devastation caused by SARS-CoV-2 has made clear the importance of pandemic preparedness. To address future zoonotic outbreaks due to related viruses in the sarbecovirus subgenus, we identified a human monoclonal antibody, 10-40, that neutralized or bound all sarbecoviruses tested in vitro and protected against SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV in vivo. Comparative studies with other receptor-binding domain (RBD)-directed antibodies showed 10-40 to have the greatest breadth against sarbecoviruses and thus its promise as an agent for pandemic preparedness. Moreover, structural analyses on 10-40 and similar antibodies not only defined an epitope cluster in the inner face of the RBD that is well conserved among sarbecoviruses, but also uncovered a new antibody class with a common CDRH3 motif. Our analyses also suggested that elicitation of this class of antibodies may not be overly difficult, an observation that bodes well for the development of a pan-sarbecovirus vaccine.

One sentence summaryA monoclonal antibody that neutralizes or binds all sarbecoviruses tested and represents a reproducible antibody class.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iketani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddem, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerutti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castagna, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corredor, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsuji, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuen, K.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.11.472236</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Isolation and comparative analysis of antibodies that broadly neutralize sarbecoviruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.13.472381v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A rare human centenarian variant of SIRT6 enhances genome stability and interaction with Lamin A 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.13.472381v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) is a deacylase and mono-ADP ribosyl transferase (mADPr) enzyme involved in multiple cellular pathways implicated in the regulation of aging and metabolism. Targeted sequencing identified a SIRT6 allele containing two linked substitutions (N308K/A313S) as enriched in Ashkenazi Jewish (AJ) centenarians as compared to AJ control individuals. Characterization of this SIRT6 (centSIRT6) allele demonstrated it to be a stronger suppressor of LINE1 retrotransposons, confer enhanced stimulation of DNA double strand break repair, and more robust cancer cell killing compared to the wild type. Surprisingly, centSIRT6 displayed weaker deacetylase activity, but stronger mADPr activity, over a range of NAD+ concentrations and substrates. Additionally, centSIRT6 displayed a stronger interaction with Lamin A/C (LMNA), which correlated with enhanced ribosylation of LMNA. Our results suggest that enhanced SIRT6 function contributes to human longevity by improving genome maintenance via increased mADPr activity and enhanced interaction with LMNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gorbunova, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trombline, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Earley, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gigas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zagorulya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robbins, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vijg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seluanov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suh, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuen, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pope, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Meter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmrich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moody, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barzilai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atzmon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaff, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.13.472381</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A rare human centenarian variant of SIRT6 enhances genome stability and interaction with Lamin A]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.13.472449v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leukocyte cytokine responses in adult patients with mitochondrial DNA defects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.13.472449v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Patients with oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) defects causing mitochondrial diseases appear particularly vulnerable to infections. Although OxPhos defects modulate cytokine production in vitro and in animal models, little is known about how circulating leukocytes of patients with inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) defects respond to acute immune challenges. In a small cohort of healthy controls (n=21) and patients (n=12) with either the m.3243A>G mutation or single, large-scale mtDNA deletions, we examined: i) cytokine responses (IL-6, TNF-, IL-1{beta}) in response to acute lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure, and ii) sensitivity to the immunosuppressive effects of glucocorticoid signaling (dexamethasone) on cytokine production. In dose-response experiments to determine the half-maximal effective LPS concentration (EC50), relative to controls, leukocytes from patients with mtDNA deletions showed 74 - 79% lower responses for IL-6 and IL-1{beta} (pIL-6=0.031, pIL-1{beta}=0.009). Moreover, IL-6 response to LPS in presence of GC was also blunted in cells from patients with mtDNA deletions (pIL-6=0.006), but not in leukocytes from patients with the m.3243A>G mutation. Overall, these ex vivo data provide preliminary evidence that some systemic OxPhos defects may compromise immune cytokine responses and glucocorticoid sensitivity. Further work in larger cohorts is needed to define the nature of immune dysregulation in patients with mitochondrial disease, and their potential implications for disease phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karan, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trumpff, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cross, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Englestad, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsland, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGuire, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.13.472449</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leukocyte cytokine responses in adult patients with mitochondrial DNA defects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.13.472505v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genuine Selective Caspase-2 Inhibition with new Irreversible Small Peptidomimetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.13.472505v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Caspase-2 (Casp2) is a promising therapeutic target in several human diseases including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and Alzheimers disease (AD). However, the design of active-site-directed inhibitor selective to individual caspase family members is challenging because caspases have extremely similar active sites. Here we present new peptidomimetics derived from the VDVAD pentapeptide structure, harboring non-natural modifications at the P2 position and an irreversible warhead. Enzyme kinetics shows that these new compounds, such as LJ2 or its specific isomer LJ2a, and LJ3a, strongly and irreversibly inhibit Casp2 with genuine selectivity. According to Casp2 role in cellular stress responses, LJ2 inhibits cell death induced by microtubule destabilization or hydroxamic acid-based deacetylase inhibition. The most potent peptidomimetic, LJ2a, inhibits human Casp2 with a remarkably high inactivation rate (k3/Ki ~ 5 500 000 M-1s-1) and the most selective inhibitor, LJ3a, has a near to 1000 times higher inactivation rate on Casp2 as compared to Casp3. Structural analysis of LJ3a shows that spatial configuration of C at the P2 position determines inhibitor efficacy. In transfected human cell lines overexpressing site-1 protease (S1P), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2) and Casp2, LJ2a and LJ3a fully inhibit SREBP2 activation, suggesting a potential to prevent NASH development. Furthermore, in primary hippocampal neurons treated with {beta}-amyloid oligomers, submicromolar concentrations of LJ2a and of LJ3a prevent synapse loss, indicating a potential for further investigations in AD treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bosc, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anastasie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soualmia, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coric, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duplus, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tixador, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brugg, b.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reboud-Ravaux, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouaziz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El Amri, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacotot, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.13.472505</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genuine Selective Caspase-2 Inhibition with new Irreversible Small Peptidomimetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.14.472594v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural Readout of a Latency Code in the Active Electrosensory System 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.14.472594v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The latency of spikes relative to a stimulus conveys sensory information across modalities. However, in most cases it remains unclear whether and how such latency codes are utilized by postsynaptic neurons. In the active electrosensory system of mormyrid fish, a latency code for stimulus amplitude in electroreceptor afferent nerve fibers (EAs) is hypothesized to be read out by a central reference provided by motor corollary discharge (CD). Here we demonstrate that CD enhances sensory responses in postsynaptic granular cells of the electrosensory lobe, but is not required for reading out EA input. Instead, diverse latency and spike count tuning across the EA population gives rise to graded information about stimulus amplitude that can be read out by standard integration of converging excitatory synaptic inputs. Inhibitory control over the temporal window of integration renders two granular cell subclasses differentially sensitive to information derived from relative spike latency versus spike count.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sawtell, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perks, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.14.472594</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural Readout of a Latency Code in the Active Electrosensory System]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.14.472617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PHASE: A MATLAB Based Program for the Analysis of Drosophila Phase, Activity, and Sleep under Entrainment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.14.472617v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The problem of entrainment is central to circadian biology. In this regard, Drosophila has been an important model system. Owing to the simplicity of its nervous system and the availability of powerful genetic tools, the system has shed significant light on the molecular and neural underpinnings of entrainment. However, much remains to be learned regarding the molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying this important phenomenon. Under cyclic light/dark conditions, Drosophila melanogaster displays crepuscular patterns of locomotor activity with one peak anticipating dawn and the other anticipating dusk. These peaks are characterized through an estimation of their phase relative to the environmental light cycle and the extent of their anticipation of light transitions. In Drosophila chronobiology, estimations of phases are often subjective, and anticipation indices vary significantly between studies. Though there is increasing interest in building flexible analysis software tools in the field, none incorporates objective measures of Drosophila activity peaks in combination with the analysis of fly activity/sleep in the same program. To this end, we have developed PHASE, a MATLAB-based program that is simple and easy to use and (i) supports the visualization and analysis of activity and sleep under entrainment, (ii) allows analysis of both activity and sleep parameters within user-defined windows within a diurnal cycle, (iii) uses a smoothing filter for the objective identification of peaks of activity (and therefore can be used to quantitatively characterize them), and (iv) offers a series of analyses for the assessment of behavioral anticipation of environmental transitions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Persons, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abhilash, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopatkin, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roelofs, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, M. d. l. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shafer, O. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.14.472617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PHASE: A MATLAB Based Program for the Analysis of Drosophila Phase, Activity, and Sleep under Entrainment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.14.472624v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Preterm birth alters the maturation of the GABAergic system in the human prefrontal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.14.472624v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Developmental changes in GABAergic and glutamatergic systems during frontal lobe development have been hypothesized to play a key role in neurodevelopmental disorders seen in children born very preterm or low birth weight, but the associated cellular changes have not yet been identified. Here we studied the molecular development of the GABAergic system specifically in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, a region that that has been implicated in neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. The maturation state of the GABAergic system in this region was assessed in human post-mortem brain samples, from term infants ranging in age from 0 to 8 months (n=17 male, 9 female). Gene expression was measured for 47 GABAergic genes and used to calculate a maturation index. This maturation index was significantly more dynamic in male than female infants. To evaluate the impact of premature birth on the GABAergic system development, samples from one-month-old term (n=9 male, 4 female) and one-month corrected-age (n=8 male, 6 female) very preterm infants, were compared using the same gene list and methodology. The maturation index for the GABAergic system was significantly lower (-50% p<0.05) in male preterm infants, with major alterations in genes linked to GABAergic function in astrocytes, suggesting astrocytic GABAergic developmental changes as a new cellular mechanism underlying preterm brain injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lacaille, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vacher, C.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penn, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.14.472624</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Preterm birth alters the maturation of the GABAergic system in the human prefrontal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.14.472653v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wavelength-dependent DNA photodamage in a 3-D human skin model over the far-UVC and germicidal-UVC wavelength ranges from 215 to 255 nm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.14.472653v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The effectiveness of UVC to reduce airborne-mediated disease transmission is well-established. However conventional germicidal UVC (~254 nm) cannot be used directly in occupied spaces because of the potential for damage to the skin and eye. A recently studied alternative with the potential to be used directly in occupied spaces is far-UVC (200 to 235 nm, typically 222 nm), as it cannot penetrate to the key living cells in the epidermis. Optimal far-UVC use is hampered by limited knowledge of the precise wavelength dependence of UVC-induced DNA damage, and thus we have used a monochromatic UVC exposure system to assess wavelength-dependent DNA damage in a realistic 3-D human skin model. We exposed a 3-D human skin model to mono-wavelength UVC exposures of 100 mJ/cm2, at UVC wavelengths from 215 to 255 nm (5-nm steps). At each wavelength we measured yields of DNA-damaged keratinocytes, and their distribution within the layers of the epidermis. No increase in DNA damage was observed in the epidermis at wavelengths from 215 to 235 nm, but at higher wavelengths (240-255 nm) significant levels of DNA damage were observed. These results support use of far-UVC light to safely reduce the risk of airborne disease transmission in occupied locations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Welch, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aquino de Muro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buonanno, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.14.472653</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wavelength-dependent DNA photodamage in a 3-D human skin model over the far-UVC and germicidal-UVC wavelength ranges from 215 to 255 nm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.14.472719v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Striking Antibody Evasion Manifested by the Omicron Variant of SARS-CoV-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.14.472719v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant of SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) was only recently detected in southern Africa, but its subsequent spread has been extensive, both regionally and globally1. It is expected to become dominant in the coming weeks2, probably due to enhanced transmissibility. A striking feature of this variant is the large number of spike mutations3 that pose a threat to the efficacy of current COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) vaccines and antibody therapies4. This concern is amplified by the findings from our study. We found B.1.1.529 to be markedly resistant to neutralization by serum not only from convalescent patients, but also from individuals vaccinated with one of the four widely used COVID-19 vaccines. Even serum from persons vaccinated and boosted with mRNA-based vaccines exhibited substantially diminished neutralizing activity against B.1.1.529. By evaluating a panel of monoclonal antibodies to all known epitope clusters on the spike protein, we noted that the activity of 17 of the 19 antibodies tested were either abolished or impaired, including ones currently authorized or approved for use in patients. In addition, we also identified four new spike mutations (S371L, N440K, G446S, and Q493R) that confer greater antibody resistance to B.1.1.529. The Omicron variant presents a serious threat to many existing COVID-19 vaccines and therapies, compelling the development of new interventions that anticipate the evolutionary trajectory of SARS-CoV-2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iketani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, J. F.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chik, K. K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuen, T. T.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>To, K. K.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobieszczyk, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuen, K.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.14.472719</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Striking Antibody Evasion Manifested by the Omicron Variant of SARS-CoV-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.16.473034v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spontaneous Neuronal Oscillations in the Human Insula are Hierarchically Organized Traveling Waves 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.16.473034v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The insula plays a fundamental role in a wide range of adaptive human behaviors, but its electrophysiological dynamics are poorly understood. Here we used human intracranial electroencephalographic recordings to investigate the electrophysiological properties and hierarchical organization of spontaneous neuronal oscillations within the insula. We analyzed the neuronal oscillations of the insula directly and found that rhythms in the theta and beta frequency oscillations are widespread and spontaneously present. These oscillations are largely organized along the anterior-posterior axis of the insula. Both the left and right insula showed anterior-to-posterior decreasing gradients for the power of oscillations in the beta frequency band. The left insula also showed a posterior-to-anterior decreasing frequency gradient and an anterior-to-posterior decreasing power gradient in the theta frequency band. In addition to measuring the power of these oscillations, we also examined the phase of these signals across simultaneous recording channels and found that the insula oscillations in the theta and beta bands are traveling waves. The strength of the traveling waves in each frequency was positively correlated with the amplitude of each oscillation. However, the theta and beta traveling waves were uncoupled to each other in terms of phase and amplitude, which suggested that insula traveling waves in the theta and beta bands operate independently. Our findings provide new insights into the spatiotemporal dynamics and hierarchical organization of neuronal oscillations within the insula, which, given its rich connectivity with widespread cortical regions, indicates that oscillations and traveling waves have an important role in intra- and inter-insula communication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Das, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathura, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shofty, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metzger, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bijanki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheth, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.16.473034</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spontaneous Neuronal Oscillations in the Human Insula are Hierarchically Organized Traveling Waves]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.17.473193v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mesoscale cortex-wide neural dynamics predict self-initiated actions in mice several seconds prior to movement 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.17.473193v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Volition - the sense of control or agency over ones voluntary actions - is widely recognized as the basis of both human subjective experience and natural behavior in non-human animals. Several human studies have found peaks in neural activity preceding voluntary actions, e.g. the readiness potential (RP), and some have shown upcoming actions could be decoded even before awareness. Others propose that random processes underlie and explain pre-movement neural activity. Here we seek to address these issues by evaluating whether pre-movement neural activity in mice contains structure beyond that present in random neural activity. Implementing a self-initiated water-rewarded lever pull paradigm in mice while recording widefield [Ca++] neural activity we find that cortical activity changes in variance seconds prior to movement and that upcoming lever pulls could be predicted between 3 to 5 seconds (or more in some cases) prior to movement. We found inhibition of motor cortex starting at approximately - 5sec prior to lever pulls and activation of motor cortex starting at approximately 2sec prior to a random unrewarded left limb movement. We show that mice, like humans, are biased towards commencing self-initiated actions during specific phases of neural activity but that the pre-movement neural code changes over time in some mice and is widely distributed as behavior prediction improved when using all vs single cortical areas. These findings support the presence of structured multi-second neural dynamics preceding self-initiated action beyond that expected from random processes. Our results also suggest that neural mechanisms underlying self-initiated action could be preserved between mice and humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mitelut, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sekino, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyd, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolanos, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swindale, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silasi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saxena, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.17.473193</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mesoscale cortex-wide neural dynamics predict self-initiated actions in mice several seconds prior to movement]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.17.473207v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Environmental carcinogens disproportionally mutate genes implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.17.473207v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
De novo mutations contribute to a large proportion of sporadic psychiatric and developmental disorders, yet the potential role of environmental carcinogens as drivers of causal de novo mutations in neurodevelopmental disorders is poorly studied. We demonstrate that several mutagens, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), disproportionately mutate genes related to neurodevelopmental disorders including autism spectrum disorders (ASD), schizophrenia, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Other disease genes including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimers disease, congenital heart disease, orofacial clefts, and coronary artery disease were generally not mutated more than expected. Our findings support a new paradigm of neurodevelopmental disease etiology driven by a contribution of environmentally induced rather than random mutations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baker, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLarnan, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.17.473207</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Environmental carcinogens disproportionally mutate genes implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.17.473232v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Music-selective cortex is sensitive to structure in both pitch and time 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.17.473232v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Music is distinguished from other natural sounds by the presence of relatively discrete notes, which are then organized across pitch and time to convey melody, harmony, and rhythm. Growing evidence suggests that small clusters of neural populations within anterior and posterior human non-primary auditory cortex respond selectively to musical structure. However, it is unclear whether this selectivity reflects short-term musical structure at the level of individual notes, and/or the patterning of notes in pitch and time. We used fMRI voxel decomposition to measure the response of music-selective and non-selective auditory neural populations to synthetic music and drum stimuli whose notes were scrambled in pitch and/or time, disrupting musical pattern structure while largely preserving note-level structure. We observed reliably stronger responses to music with intact pitch and temporal pattern structure in both anterior and posterior music-selective regions bilaterally, but little difference between intact and scrambled music in non-selective populations. Further, only music-selective populations showed reliably stronger responses to note-scrambled music compared with non-music sounds. These results suggest that musical structure involving both individual notes and their patterning over time is specifically represented in localized music-selective neural populations of human non-primary auditory cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boebinger, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman-Haignere, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDermott, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanwisher, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.17.473232</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Music-selective cortex is sensitive to structure in both pitch and time]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.20.473435v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Platr4 is an ESC-specific lncRNA that exhibits its function downstream on meso/endoderm lineage commitment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.20.473435v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mammalian genome encodes thousands of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) that are developmentally regulated and differentially expressed across tissues, suggesting possible roles in cellular differentiation. Despite this expression pattern, little is known about how lncRNAs influence lineage commitment at the molecular level. Here, we reveal that perturbation of an embryonic stem cell (ESC)-specific lncRNA, Pluripotency associated transcript 4 (Platr4), in ESCs directly influences the downstream meso/endoderm differentiation program without affecting pluripotency. We further show that Platr4 interacts with the TEA domain transcription factor 4 (Tead4) to regulate the expression of a downstream target gene crucial in the cardiac lineage program known as connective tissue growth factor (Ctgf). Importantly, Platr4 knockout mice exhibit myocardial atrophy, valve mucinous degenration associated with reduced cardiac output and sudden heart failure. Together, our findings provide evidence that Platr4 expression in undifferentiated ESCs is critical for downstream lineage differentiation, highlighting its importance in disease modeling and regenerative medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hazra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brine, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chirathivat, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkinson, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyons, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spector, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.20.473435</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Platr4 is an ESC-specific lncRNA that exhibits its function downstream on meso/endoderm lineage commitment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.20.473454v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neonatal enthesis healing involves non-inflammatory formation of acellular scar through ECM secretion by resident cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.20.473454v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wound healing is a well-orchestrated process that typically recruits the immune and vascular systems to restore the structure and function of the injured tissue. Injuries to the enthesis, a hypocellular and avascular tissue, often result in fibrotic scar formation and loss of mechanical properties, thereby severely affecting musculoskeletal function and life quality. This raises questions about the healing capabilities of the enthesis.

Here, we established an injury model to the Achilles entheses of neonatal mice to study the possibility that at an early age, the enthesis can heal more effectively. Histology and immunohistochemistry analyses revealed an atypical process that did not involve inflammation or angiogenesis. Instead, neonatal enthesis healing was mediated by secretion of collagen types I and II by resident cells, which formed a permanent hypocellular and avascular scar. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the cellular response to injury, including ER stress, autophagy and cell death, varied between the tendon and cartilage ends of the enthesis. Single-molecule in situ hybridization, immunostaining, and TUNEL assays verified these differences. Finally, gait analysis showed that these processes effectively restored function of the injured leg.

Collectively, these findings reveal a novel healing mechanism in neonatal entheses, whereby local ECM secretion by resident cells forms an acellular ECM deposit in the absence of inflammation markers, allowing gait restoration. These insights into the healing mechanism of a complex transitional tissue may lead to new therapeutic strategies for adult enthesis injuries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vinestock, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felsenthal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assaraf, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinemann-Yerushalmi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krief, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dezorella, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin-Zaidman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsoory, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomopoulos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zelzer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.20.473454</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neonatal enthesis healing involves non-inflammatory formation of acellular scar through ECM secretion by resident cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.20.473561v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insight into the mechanism of H+-coupled nucleobase transport 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.20.473561v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Members of the nucleobase/ascorbic acid transporter (NAT) gene family are found in all kingdoms of life. In mammals, the concentrative uptake of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) by members of the NAT family is driven by the Na+ gradient, while the uptake of nucleobases in bacteria is powered by the H+ gradient. Here we report the structure and function PurTCp, a NAT family member from Colwellia psychrerythraea. The structure of PurTCp was determined to 2.80 [A] resolution by X-ray crystallography. PurTCp forms a homodimer and each protomer has 14 transmembrane segments folded into a substrate-binding domain (core domain) and an interface domain (gate domain) A purine base is present in the structure and defines the location of the substrate binding site. Functional studies reveal that PurTCp transports purines but not pyrimidines, and that purine binding and transport is dependent on the pH. Mutation of a conserved aspartate residue close to the substrate binding site reveals the critical role of this residue in H+-dependent transport of purines. Comparison of the PurTCp structure with transporters of the same structural fold suggests that rigid-body motions of the substrate-binding domain are central for substrate translocation across the membrane.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiriyasermkul, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iturbe, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quick, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.20.473561</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insight into the mechanism of H+-coupled nucleobase transport]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.473620v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for antibody resistance to SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.473620v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The recently reported B.1.1.529 Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 includes 34 mutations in the spike protein relative to the Wuhan strain that initiated the COVID-19 pandemic, including 15 mutations in the receptor binding domain (RBD). Functional studies have shown omicron to substantially escape the activity of many SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies. Here we report a 3.1 [A] resolution cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the Omicron spike protein ectodomain. The structure depicts a spike that is exclusively in the 1-RBD-up conformation with increased mobility and inter-protomer asymmetry. Many mutations cause steric clashes and/or altered interactions at antibody binding surfaces, whereas others mediate changes of the spike structure in local regions to interfere with antibody recognition. Overall, the structure of the omicron spike reveals how mutations alter its conformation and explains its extraordinary ability to evade neutralizing antibodies.

HighlightsO_LISARS-CoV-2 omicron spike exclusively adopts 1-RBD-up conformation
C_LIO_LIOmicron substitutions alter conformation and mobility of RBD
C_LIO_LIA subset of omicron mutations change the local conformation of spike
C_LIO_LIThe structure reveals the basis of antibody neutralization escape
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cerutti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lihong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.21.473620</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for antibody resistance to SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.22.473713v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Super-resolution vibrational imaging using expansion stimulated Raman scattering microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.22.473713v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy is an emerging technology that provides high chemical specificity for endogenous biomolecules and can circumvent common constraints of fluorescence microscopy including limited capabilities to probe small biomolecules and difficulty resolving many colors simultaneously due to spectral overlap. However, the resolution of SRS microscopy remains governed by the diffraction limit. To overcome this, we describe a new technique called Molecule Anchorable Gel-enabled Nanoscale Imaging of Fluorescence and stImulatEd Raman Scattering microscopy (MAGNIFIERS), that integrates SRS microscopy with expansion microscopy (ExM). ExM is a powerful strategy providing significant improvement in imaging resolution by physical magnification of hydrogel-embedded preserved biological specimens. MAGNIFIERS offers chemical-specific nanoscale imaging with sub-50 nm resolution and has scalable multiplexity when combined with multiplex Raman probes and fluorescent labels. We used MAGNIFIERS to visualize nanoscale features in a label-free manner with C-H vibration of proteins, lipids and DNA in a broad range of biological specimens, from mouse brain, liver and kidney to human lung organoid. In addition, we applied MAGNIFIERS to track nanoscale features of protein synthesis in protein aggregates using metabolic labeling of small metabolites. Finally, we used MAGNIFIERS to demonstrate 8-color nanoscale imaging in an expanded mouse brain section. Overall, MAGNIFIERS is a valuable platform for super-resolution label-free chemical imaging, high-resolution metabolic imaging, and highly multiplexed nanoscale imaging, thus bringing SRS to nanoscopy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klimas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wijesekara, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.22.473713</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Super-resolution vibrational imaging using expansion stimulated Raman scattering microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.23.474000v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning enhances encoding of time and temporal surprise in primary sensory cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.23.474000v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Primary sensory cortex has long been believed to play a straightforward role in the initial processing of sensory information. Yet, the superficial layers of cortex overall are sparsely active, even during sensory stimulation; moreover, cortical activity is influenced by other modalities, task context, reward, and behavioral state. Our study demonstrates that reinforcement learning dramatically alters representations among longitudinally imaged neurons in superficial layers of mouse primary somatosensory cortex. Learning an object detection task recruits previously unresponsive neurons, enlarging the neuronal population sensitive to touch and behavioral choice. In contrast, cortical responses decrease upon repeated exposure to unrewarded stimuli. Moreover, training improved population encoding of the passage of time, and unexpected deviations in trial timing elicited even stronger responses than touch did. In conclusion, the superficial layers of sensory cortex exhibit a high degree of learning-dependent plasticity and are strongly modulated by non-sensory but behaviorally-relevant features, such as timing and surprise.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rabinovich, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kato, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruno, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.23.474000</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning enhances encoding of time and temporal surprise in primary sensory cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.24.474136v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
eIF4A2 targets developmental potency and histone H3.3 transcripts for translational control of stem cell pluripotency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.24.474136v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Translational control has emerged as a fundamental regulatory layer of proteome complexity that governs cellular identity and functions. As initiation is the rate-limiting step of translation, we carried out an RNAi screen for key translation initiation factors required to maintain embryonic stem cell (ESC) identity. We identified eIF4A2 and defined its mechanistic action through Rps26-independent and -dependent ribosomes in translation initiation activation of mRNAs encoding pluripotency factors and the histone variant H3.3 with demonstrated roles in maintaining stem cell pluripotency. eIF4A2 also mediates translation initiation activation of Ddx6, which acts together with eIF4A2 to restrict the totipotent 2-cell transcription program in ESCs through Zscan4 mRNA degradation and translation repression. Accordingly, knockdown of eIF4A2 disrupts ESC proteome causing the loss of ESC identity. Collectively, we establish a translational paradigm of the protein synthesis of pluripotency transcription factors and epigenetic regulators imposed on their established roles in controlling pluripotency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.24.474136</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[eIF4A2 targets developmental potency and histone H3.3 transcripts for translational control of stem cell pluripotency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.26.474173v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Multimodal Approach to Investigate the Neural Mechanisms of Real World Social Vision 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.26.474173v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eye tracking and other behavioral measurements collected from patient-participants in their hospital rooms afford a unique opportunity to study immersive natural behavior for basic and clinical translational research. We describe an immersive social and behavioral paradigm implemented in patients undergoing evaluation for surgical treatment of epilepsy, with electrodes implanted in the brain to determine the source of their seizures. Our studies entail collecting eye tracking with other behavioral and psychophysiological measurements from patient-participants during unscripted behavior, including social interactions with clinical staff, friends and family, in the hospital room. This approach affords a unique opportunity to study the neurobiology of natural social behavior, though it requires carefully addressing distinct logistical, technical, and ethical challenges. Collecting neurophysiological data synchronized to behavioral and psychophysiological measures helps us to study the relationship between behavior and physiology. Combining across these rich data sources while participants eat, read, converse with friends and family, etc., enables clinical-translational research aimed at understanding the participants disorders and clinician-patient interactions, as well as basic research into natural, real-world behavior. We discuss data acquisition, quality control, annotation, and analysis pipelines that are required for our studies. We also discuss the clinical, logistical, and ethical and privacy considerations critical to working in the hospital setting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alreja, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russ, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bickel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Wouwe, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Martinez, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neimat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morency, L.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghuman, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.26.474173</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Multimodal Approach to Investigate the Neural Mechanisms of Real World Social Vision]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.27.474288v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional properties of the spike glycoprotein of the emerging SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.529 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.27.474288v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The recently emerged B.1.1.529 (Omicron) SARS-CoV-2 variant has a highly divergent spike (S) glycoprotein. We compared the functional properties of B.1.1.529 S with those of previous globally prevalent SARS-CoV-2 variants, D614G and B.1.617.2. Relative to these variants, B.1.1.529 S exhibits decreased processing, resulting in less efficient syncytium formation and lower S incorporation into virus particles. Nonetheless, B.1.1.529 S supports virus infection equivalently. B.1.1.529 and B.1.617.2 S glycoproteins bind ACE2 with higher affinity than D614G S. The unliganded B.1.1.529 S trimer is less stable at low temperatures than the other SARS-CoV-2 spikes, a property related to spike conformation. Upon ACE2 binding, the B.1.1.529 S trimer sheds S1 at 37 degrees but not at 0 degrees C. B.1.1.529 pseudoviruses are relatively resistant to neutralization by sera from convalescent COVID-19 patients and vaccinees. These properties of the B.1.1.529 spike glycoprotein likely influence the transmission, cytopathic effects and immune evasion of this emerging variant.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iketani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sodroski, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.27.474288</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional properties of the spike glycoprotein of the emerging SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.529]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.27.474306v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Functional Logic of Odor Information Processing in the Drosophila Antennal Lobe 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.27.474306v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The early olfactory system of the fruit fly, while sensing a complex odorant landscape, encodes the odorant object identity (semantic information) and the odorant concentration waveform (syntactic information) into a combinatorial neural code. Single-channel physiology recordings at the output of the Antenna Lobe (AL) exhibit concentration-invariance and contrast-boosting properties, indicating a decoupling of the odorant object identity from the concentration waveform in steady-state while responding strongly to odorant concentration onset and offset in transient states.

Through exhaustive computational explorations of the AL circuits, we show that the steady-state and transient response features of the AL are, respectively, due to presynaptic and postsynaptic Local Neurons (LNs). Theoretical analysis reveals that the LN pathways can be modeled as parallel differential Divisive Normalization Processors (DNPs). Differential DNPs robustly extract odorant identity (semantic information) and ON/OFF odorant event-timing (syntactic information), thereby providing for the AL the functional logic of ON-OFF odorant identity recovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lazar, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.27.474306</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Functional Logic of Odor Information Processing in the Drosophila Antennal Lobe]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.28.474399v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Programmable Ontology Encompassing the Functional Logic of the Drosophila Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.28.474399v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Drosophila brain has only a fraction of the number of neurons of higher organisms such as mice and humans. Yet the sheer complexity of its neural circuits recently revealed by large connectomics datasets suggests that computationally modeling the function of fruit fly brain circuits at this scale posits significant challenges.

To address these challenges, we present here a programmable ontology that expands the scope of the current Drosophila brain anatomy ontologies to encompass the functional logic of the fly brain. The programmable ontology provides a language not only for modeling circuit motifs but also for programmatically exploring their functional logic. To achieve this goal, we tightly integrated the programmable ontology with the workflow of the interactive FlyBrainLab computing platform. As part of the programmable ontology, we developed NeuroNLP++, a web application that supports free-form English queries for constructing functional brain circuits fully anchored on the available connectome/synaptome datasets, and the published worldwide literature.

In addition, we present a methodology for including a model of the space of odorants into the programmable ontology, and for modeling olfactory sensory circuits of the antenna of the fruit fly brain that detect odorant sources. Furthermore, we describe a methodology for modeling the functional logic of the antennal lobe circuit consisting of massive local feedback loops, a characteristic feature observed across Drosophila brain regions. Finally, using a circuit library, we demonstrate the power of our methodology for interactively exploring the functional logic of the massive number of feedback loops in the antennal lobe.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lazar, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turkcan, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.28.474399</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Programmable Ontology Encompassing the Functional Logic of the Drosophila Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.29.474476v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Natural history of nonhuman primates after conjunctival exposure to Ebola virus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.29.474476v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transmission of Ebola virus (EBOV) primarily occurs via contact exposure of mucosal surfaces with infected body fluids. Historically, nonhuman primate (NHP) challenge studies have employed intramuscular or small particle aerosol exposure, which are uniformly lethal routes of infection, but mimic worst-case scenarios such as a needlestick. When exposed by more likely routes of natural infection, limited NHP studies have shown delayed onset of disease and reduced mortality. Here we performed a series of systematic natural history studies in cynomolgus macaques with a range of conjunctival exposure doses. Challenge with 10,000 plaque forming units (PFU) of EBOV was uniformly lethal, whereas 5/6 subjects survived low and moderate dose challenges (100 or 500 PFU). Conjunctival challenge resulted in a protracted time-to death. Asymptomatic disease was observed in survivors with limited detection of EBOV replication. Inconsistent seropositivity in survivors may suggest physical or natural immunological barriers are sufficient to prevent widespread viral dissemination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cross, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasad, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woolsey, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agans, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borisevich, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobias, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comer, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deer, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geisbert, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmussen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipkin, W. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenton, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geisbert, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.29.474476</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Natural history of nonhuman primates after conjunctival exposure to Ebola virus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.30.474591v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
V1 receptive field structure contributes to neuronal response latency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.30.474591v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The timing of neuronal responses is considered to be important for information transferring and communication across individual neurons. However, the sources of variabilities in the timing of neuronal responses are not well understood and sometimes over-interpreted. A systematic variability in the response latencies of the primary visual cortex has been reported in presence of drifting grating stimulus. Whereas the response latencies are systematically dependent on stimulus orientation. To understand the underlying mechanism of these systematic latencies, we recorded the neuronal response of the cat visual cortex, area 17, and simulated the response latency of V1 neurons, with two geometric models. We showed that outputs of these two models significantly predict the response latencies of the electrophysiology recording during orientation tasks. The periodic patterns created in the raster plots were dependent on the relative position of the stimulus rotation center and the receptive-field sub-regions. We argue the position of stimulus is contributing to systematic response latencies, dependent on drifting orientation. Therefore, we provide a toolbox based on our geometrical model for determining the exact location of RF sub-regions. Our result indicates that a major source of neuronal variability is the lack of fine-tuning in the task parameters. Considering the simplicity of the orientation selectivity task, we argue fine-tuning of stimulus properties is crucial for deduction of neural variability in higher-order cortical areas and understanding their neural dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vafaei, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammadi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khadir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zabeh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>YazdaniBanafsheDaragh, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khorasani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lashgari, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.30.474591</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[V1 receptive field structure contributes to neuronal response latency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.04.474945v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of membrane lipid polyunsaturation on dopamine D2 receptor ligand binding and signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.04.474945v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The heterogenous and dynamic constitution of the membrane fine-tunes signal transduction. In particular, the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) tails of phospholipids influence the biophysical properties of the membrane, production of second messengers, or membrane partitioning. Few evidence mostly originating from studies of rhodopsin suggest that PUFAs directly modulate the conformational dynamic of transmembrane proteins. However, whether such properties translate to other G protein-coupled receptors remains unclear. We focused on the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R), a main target of antipsychotics. Membrane enrichment in n-3, but not n-6, PUFAs potentiates ligand binding. Molecular dynamics simulations show that the D2R preferentially interacts with n-3 over n-6 PUFAs. Furthermore, even though this mildly affects signalling in heterologous systems, in vivo n-3 PUFA deficiency blunts the effects of D2R ligands. These results suggest that n-3 PUFAs act as allosteric modulators of the D2R and provide a putative mechanism for their potentiating effect on antipsychotic efficacy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jobin, M.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Smedt-Peyrusse, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ducrocq, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oummadi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baccouch, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hauge Pedersen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medel Lacruz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van-Delft, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fouillen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mongrand, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selent, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolentino-Cortez, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreda-Gomez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregoire, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durroux, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javitch, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guixa-Gonzalez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alves, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trifilieff, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.04.474945</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of membrane lipid polyunsaturation on dopamine D2 receptor ligand binding and signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.06.475190v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Saturation-Mutagenesis Analysis of the Interplay Between Stability and Activation in Ras 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.06.475190v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer mutations in Ras occur predominantly at three hotspots: Gly 12, Gly 13, and Gln 61. Previously, we reported that deep mutagenesis of H-Ras using a bacterial assay identified many other activating mutations (Bandaru et al. eLife, 2017). We now show that the results of saturation mutagenesis of H-Ras in mammalian Ba/F3 cells correlate well with results of bacterial experiments in which H-Ras or K-Ras are co-expressed with a GTPase-activating protein (GAP). The prominent cancer hotspots are not dominant in the Ba/F3 data. We used the bacterial system to mutagenize Ras constructs of different stabilities and discovered a feature that distinguishes the cancer hotspots. While mutations at the cancer hotspots activate Ras regardless of construct stability, mutations at lower-frequency sites (e.g., at Val 14 or Asp 119) can be activating or deleterious, depending on the stability of the Ras construct. We characterized the dynamics of three non-hotspot activating Ras mutants by using NMR to monitor hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDX). These mutations result in global increases in HDX rates, consistent with the destabilization of Ras. An explanation for these observations is that mutations that destabilize Ras increase nucleotide dissociation rates, enabling activation by spontaneous nucleotide exchange. A further stability decrease can lead to insufficient levels of folded Ras - and subsequent loss of function. In contrast, the cancer hotspot mutations are mechanism-based activators of Ras that interfere directly with the action of GAPs. Our results demonstrate the importance of GAP surveillance and protein stability in determining the sensitivity of Ras to mutational activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hidalgo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nocka, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorday, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latorraca, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandaru, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Templeton, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karandur, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelton, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wemmer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuriyan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.06.475190</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Saturation-Mutagenesis Analysis of the Interplay Between Stability and Activation in Ras]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.07.475400v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defining the dynamics of naive CD4 and CD8 T cells across the mouse lifespan 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.07.475400v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Naive CD4 and CD8 T cells are cornerstones of adaptive immunity, but the dynamics of their establishment early in life and how their kinetics change as they mature following release from the thymus are poorly understood. Further, due to the diverse signals implicated in naive T cell survival, it has been a long-held and conceptually attractive view that they are sustained by active homeostatic control as thymic activity wanes. Here we employ multiple experimental systems to identify a unified model of naive CD4 and CD8 T cell population dynamics across the mouse lifespan. We infer that both subsets divide rarely and progressively increase their survival capacity with cell age. Strikingly, this simple model captures naive CD4 T cell dynamics throughout life. In contrast, we find that newly generated naive CD8 T cells are lost more rapidly during the first 3-4 weeks of life, likely due to increased recruitment into memory. We find no evidence for elevated division rates in neonates, or for feedback regulation of naive T cell numbers at any age. We show how confronting mathematical models with diverse datasets can reveal a quantitative and remarkably simple picture of naive T cell dynamics from birth into old age.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rane, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seddon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.07.475400</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defining the dynamics of naive CD4 and CD8 T cells across the mouse lifespan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.07.475468v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Seasonal variability in carbon:234thorium ratios of suspended and sinking particles in coastal Antarctic waters: Field data and modeling synthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.07.475468v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
238U-234Th disequilibrium is a powerful tool for investigating particle cycling and carbon export associated with the oceans biological carbon pump. However, the interpretation of this method is complicated by multiple processes that can modify carbon:thorium ratios over small spatial scales. We investigated seasonal variability in the thorium and carbon cycles at a coastal site in the Western Antarctic Peninsula. Throughout the ice-free summer season, we quantified carbon and 234Th vertical flux, total water column 234Th, particulate 234Th, and the C:234Th ratios of sinking material and bulk suspended material. Simultaneous identification and separation of fecal pellets from sinking material showed that fecal pellets (primarily from krill) contributed 56% of carbon flux and that as a result of lower C:234Th ratios than suspended particles, these fecal pellets were primary drivers of variability in the C:234Th ratios of sinking material. Bulk suspended particles had highly variable C:234Th ratios and were consistently elevated in the euphotic zone relative to deeper waters. The fraction of 234Th adsorbed onto particles was positively correlated with chlorophyll and particulate organic carbon (POC) concentrations. The C:234Th ratios of suspended particles were positively correlated with POC, although during the spring diatom bloom C:234Th ratios were lower than would have been predicted based on POC concentrations alone. We hypothesize that diatom production of transparent exopolymers may have led to enhanced rates of thorium adsorption during the bloom, thus decreasing the C:234Th ratios. We used a Bayesian model selection approach to develop and parameterize mechanistic models to simulate thorium sorption dynamics. The best model incorporated one slowly-sinking POC pool and rapidly-sinking fecal pellets, with second-order sorption kinetics. The model accurately simulated temporal patterns in the C:234Th ratios of sinking and suspended particles and the fraction of 234Th adsorbed to particles. However, it slightly over-estimated C:234Th ratios during the spring (diatom-dominated) bloom and underestimated C:234Th ratios during the fall (mixed-assemblage) bloom. Optimized model parameters for thorium sorption and desorption were 0.0047 {+/-} 0.0002 m3 mmol C-1 d-1 and 0.017 {+/-} 0.008 d-1, respectively. Our results highlight the important role that specific taxa can play in modifying the C:234Th ratio of sinking and suspended particles and provide guidance for future studies that use 234Th measurements to investigate the functional relationships driving the efficiency of the biological pump.

HIGHLIGHTSInvestigated thorium and carbon cycling over full ice-free season

C:234Th ratios of sinking particles were controlled by low C:234Th of fecal pellets

C:234Th ratios of suspended particles were correlated with chlorophyll and POC

Diatom abundance may have led to high particulate thorium during spring bloom

Second-order thorium sorption kinetics model accurately simulates C:234Th ratios
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stukel, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schofield, O. M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ducklow, H. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.07.475468</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Seasonal variability in carbon:234thorium ratios of suspended and sinking particles in coastal Antarctic waters: Field data and modeling synthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.08.473382v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA-sequencing of human post-mortem hypothalamus and nucleus accumbens identifies expression profiles associated with obesity. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.08.473382v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obesity, the accumulation of body fat to excess, may cause serious negative health effects, including increased risk of heart disease, type 2 diabetes, stroke and certain cancers. The biology of obesity is complex and not well understood, involving both environmental and genetic factors and affecting metabolic and endocrine mechanisms in tissues of the gut, adipose, and brain. Previous RNA sequencing studies have identified transcripts associated with obesity and body mass index in blood and fat, often using animal models, but RNA sequencing studies in human brain tissue related to obesity have not been previously undertaken. We conducted both large and small RNA sequencing of hypothalamus (207 samples) and nucleus accumbens (276 samples) from individuals defined as consistently obese (124 samples), consistently normal weight as controls (148 samples) or selected without respect to BMI and falling within neither case nor control definition (211 samples), based on longitudinal BMI measures. The samples were provided by three cohort studies with brain donation programs; the Framingham Heart Study (FHS), the Religious Orders Study (ROS) and the Rush Memory and Aging Project (MAP). For each brain region and large/small RNA sequencing set, differential expression of obesity, BMI, brain region and sex was performed. Analyses were done transcriptome-wide as well as with a priori defined sets of obesity or BMI-associated mRNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs). There are sixteen mRNAs and five microRNAs that are differentially expressed (adjusted p < 0.05) by obesity or BMI in these tissues, several of which were validated with qPCR data. The results include many that are BMI-associated, such as APOBR and CES1, as well as many associated with the immune system and some with addiction, such as the gene sets "cytokine signaling in immune system" and "opioid signaling". In spite of the relatively large number of samples, our study was likely under-powered to detect other transcripts or miRNA with relevant but smaller effects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wake, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bregu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labadorf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seshadri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeStefano, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.08.473382</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA-sequencing of human post-mortem hypothalamus and nucleus accumbens identifies expression profiles associated with obesity.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.10.475732v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The dorsal hippocampus' role in context-based timing in rodents 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.10.475732v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To act proactively, we must predict when future events will occur. Individuals generate temporal predictions using cues that indicate an event will happen after a certain duration elapses. Neural models of timing focus on how the brain represents these cue-duration associations. However, these models often overlook the fact that situational factors frequently modulate temporal expectations. For example, in realistic environments, the intervals associated with different cues will often covary due to a common underlying cause. According to the  common cause hypothesis, observers anticipate this covariance such that, when one cues interval changes, temporal expectations for other cues shift in the same direction. Furthermore, as conditions will often differ across environments, the same cue can mean different things in different contexts. Therefore, updates to temporal expectations should be context-specific. Behavioral work supports these predictions, yet their underlying neural mechanisms are unclear. Here, we asked whether the dorsal hippocampus mediates context-based timing, given its broad role in context-conditioning. Specifically, we trained rats with either hippocampal or sham lesions that two cues predicted reward after either a short or long duration elapsed (e.g., tone-8s / light-16s). Then, we moved rats to a new context and extended the long-cues interval (e.g., light-32s). This caused rats to respond later to the short cue, despite never being trained to do so. Importantly, when returned to the initial training context, sham rats shifted back toward both cues original intervals. In contrast, lesion rats continued to respond at the long cues newer interval. Surprisingly, they still showed contextual modulation for the short cue, responding earlier like shams. These data suggest the hippocampus only mediates context-based timing if a cue is explicitly paired and/or rewarded across distinct contexts. Furthermore, as lesions did not impact timing measures at baseline or acquisiton for the long cues new interval, our data suggests that the hippocampus only modulates timing when context is relevant.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>De Corte, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farley, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heslin, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeman, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.10.475732</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The dorsal hippocampus' role in context-based timing in rodents]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.12.475897v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel modification of Luminex assay for characterization of extracellular vesicle populations in biofluids. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.12.475897v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most approaches to extracellular vesicle (EV) characterization focus on EV size or density. However, such approaches provide few clues regarding EV origin, molecular composition, and function. New methods to characterize the EV surface proteins may aid our understanding of their origin, physiological roles, and biomarker potential. Recently developed immunoassays for intact EVs based on ELISA, NanoView, SIMOA and MesoScale platforms are highly sensitive, but have limited multiplexing capabilities, whereas MACSPlex FACS enables the detection of multiple EV surface proteins, but requires significant quantities of purified EVs, which limits its adoption. Here, we describe a novel Luminex-based immunoassay, which combines multiplexing capabilities with high sensitivity and, importantly, bypasses the enrichment and purification steps that require larger sample volumes. We demonstrate the methods specificity for detecting EV surface proteins using multiple EV depletion techniques, EVs of specific cellular origin isolated from culture media, and by co-localization with established EV surface markers. Using this novel approach, we elucidate differences in the tetraspanin profiles of the EVs carrying erythrocyte and neuron markers. Using size exclusion chromatography, we show that plasma EVs of putative neuronal and tissue macrophage origin are eluted in fractions distinct from those derived from erythrocytes, or from their respective cultured cells. In conclusion, our novel multiplexed assay differentiates between EVs from erythrocytes, macrophages, and neurons, and offers a new means for capture, classification, and profiling of EVs from diverse sources.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Volpert, O. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershun, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elgart, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalia, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baccarelli, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eren, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapogiannis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eitan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.12.475897</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel modification of Luminex assay for characterization of extracellular vesicle populations in biofluids.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.12.476030v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rare Genetic Variants Correlate with Better Processing Speed 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.12.476030v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) scores administered in 4207 family members of the Long Life Family Study (LLFS). Genotype data were imputed to the HRC panel of 64,940 haplotypes resulting in ~15M genetic variants with quality score > 0.7. The results were replicated using genetic data imputed to the 1000 Genomes phase 3 reference panel from two Danish twin cohorts: the study of Middle Aged Danish Twins and the Longitudinal Study of Aging Danish Twins. The GWAS in LLFS discovered 20 rare genetic variants (minor allele frequency (MAF) < 1.0%) that reached genome-wide significance (p-value < 5x10-8). Among these, 18 variants had large protective effects on the processing speed, including rs7623455, rs9821776, rs9821587, rs78704059 on chromosome 3, which were replicated in the combined Danish twin cohort. These SNPs are located in/near two genes, THRB and RARB, that belonged to thyroid hormone receptors family that may influence speed of metabolism and cognitive aging. The gene-level tests in LLFS confirmed that these two genes are associated with processing speed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurinovich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nygaard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mengel-From, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cosentino, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schupfs, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zmuda, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ukraintseva, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arbeev, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perls, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebastiani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.12.476030</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rare Genetic Variants Correlate with Better Processing Speed]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.12.476065v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamical Latent State Computation in the Posterior Parietal Cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.12.476065v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Success in many real-world tasks depends on our ability to dynamically track hidden states of the world. To understand the underlying neural computations, we recorded brain activity in posterior parietal cortex (PPC) of monkeys navigating by optic flow to a hidden target location within a virtual environment, without explicit position cues. In addition to sequential neural dynamics and strong interneuronal interactions, we found that the hidden state - monkeys displacement from the goal - was encoded in single neurons, and could be dynamically decoded from population activity. The decoded estimates predicted navigation performance on individual trials. Task manipulations that perturbed the world model induced substantial changes in neural interactions, and modified the neural representation of the hidden state, while representations of sensory and motor variables remained stable. The findings were recapitulated by a task-optimized recurrent neural network model, suggesting that neural interactions in PPC embody the world model to consolidate information and track task-relevant hidden states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lakshminarasimhan, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avila, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitkow, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angelaki, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.12.476065</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamical Latent State Computation in the Posterior Parietal Cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.12.476076v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bulk and Single-nucleus Transcriptomics Highlight Intra-telencephalic and Somatostatin Neurons in Alzheimer's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.12.476076v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCortical neuron loss is a pathological hallmark of late-onset Alzheimers disease (AD). However, it remains unclear which neuronal subtypes are most vulnerable to degeneration and contribute most to cognitive decline.

MethodsWe analyzed postmortem bulk brain RNA-sequencing (RNAseq) data collected from three studies of aging and AD comprising six neocortical regions (704 individuals; 1037 samples). We estimated relative cell type proportions from each brain sample using neuronal subclass-specific marker genes derived from ultra-high depth single-nucleus RNAseq data (snRNAseq). We associated cell type proportions with AD across all samples using mixed-effects mega-analyses. Bulk tissue analyses were complemented by analyses of three AD snRNAseq datasets using the same cell type definitions and diagnostic criteria (51 individuals). Lastly, we identified cell subtype associations with specific neuropathologies, cognitive decline, and residual cognition.

ResultsIn our mega-analyses, we identified the strongest associations of AD with fewer somatostatin (SST) inhibitory neurons ({beta}=-0.48, pbonf=8.98x10-9) and intra-telencephalic (IT) excitatory neurons ({beta}=-0.45, pbonf =4.32x10-7). snRNAseq-based cell type proportion analyses especially supported the association of SST neurons. Analyses of cell type proportions with specific AD-related phenotypes in ROS/MAP consistently implicated fewer SST neurons with greater brain-wide postmortem tau and beta amyloid ({beta}=-0.155, pFDR=3.1x10-4) deposition, as well as more severe cognitive decline prior to death ({beta}=0.309, pFDR=3.9x10-6). Greater IT neuron proportions were associated strongly with improved cognition ({beta}=0.173, pFDR=8.3x10-5) and residual cognition ({beta}=0.175, pFDR=1.2x10-5), but not canonical AD neuropathology.

ConclusionsProportionally fewer SST and IT neurons were significantly associated with AD diagnosis across multiple studies and cortical regions. These findings support seminal work implicating somatostatin and pyramidal neurons in the pathogenesis of AD and improves our current understanding of neuronal vulnerability in AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Consens, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathy, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.12.476076</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bulk and Single-nucleus Transcriptomics Highlight Intra-telencephalic and Somatostatin Neurons in Alzheimer's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.13.475405v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterizing the conformational free-energy landscape of RNA using single-molecule field-effect transistors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.13.475405v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We have developed and used high-time-resolution, single-molecule field-effect transistors (smFETs) to characterize the conformational free-energy landscape of RNA stem-loops. Stem-loops are some of the most common RNA structural motifs and serve as building blocks for the formation of more complex RNA structures. Given their prevalence and integral role in RNA folding, the kinetics of stem-loop (un)folding has been extensively characterized using both experimental and computational approaches. Interestingly, these studies have reported vastly disparate timescales of (un)folding, which has been recently interpreted as evidence that (un)folding of even simple stem-loops occurs on a highly rugged conformational energy landscape. Because smFETs do not rely on fluorophore reporters of conformation or on the application of mechanical (un)folding forces, they provide a unique and complementary approach that has allowed us to directly monitor tens of thousands of (un)folding events of individual stem-loops at a 200 s time resolution. Our results show that under our experimental conditions, stem-loops fold and unfold over a 1-200 ms timescale during which they transition between ensembles of unfolded and folded conformations, the latter of which is composed of at least two sub-populations. The 1-200 ms timescale of (un)folding we observe here indicates that smFETs report on complete (un)folding trajectories in which unfolded conformations of the RNA spend long periods of time wandering the free-energy landscape before sampling one of several misfolded conformations or, alternatively, the natively folded conformation. Our findings demonstrate how the combination of single-molecule sensitivity and high time resolution makes smFETs unique and powerful tools for characterizing the conformational free-energy landscape of RNA and highlight the extremely rugged landscape on which even the simplest RNA structural elements fold.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jang, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubnik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuckolls, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.13.475405</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterizing the conformational free-energy landscape of RNA using single-molecule field-effect transistors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.13.475833v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prom1 and Notch regulate ciliary length and dynamics in multiciliated cells of the airway epithelium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.13.475833v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Differences in ciliary morphology and dynamics among multiciliated cells of the respiratory tract have been well reported and known to contribute to efficient mucociliary clearance. Nevertheless, little is known about how phenotypic differences among multiciliated cells are established in the mammalian lung. Here we show that Prominin-1 (Prom1), a transmembrane protein widely used as stem cell and tumor-initiating marker, is crucial to this process. During airway differentiation, Prom1 becomes restricted to multiciliated cells, where it is expressed at distinct levels along the proximal-distal axis of the airways and in the adult airway epithelium in vitro. We found that Prom1 is induced by Notch in post-specified multiciliated cells and that Notch inactivation abolishes the gradients of Prom1 in the developing airways and in differentiating organotypic cultures. Prom1 was not required for multicilia formation and when inactivated resulted in longer cilia, which remained functional but beating at a lower frequency. Disruption of Notch resulted in opposite effects and suggested that Notch fine-tunes Prom1 levels to regulate the multiciliated cell phenotype and generate diversity among these cells in the respiratory tract. By controlling these features, this mechanism contributes to the innate defense of the lung against environmental agents and prevent pulmonary disease.

Significance StatementMulticiliated cells are integral components of the epithelia from a variety of organs. In the respiratory tract they are crucial for mucociliary clearance, a first line of defense against environmental agents and microorganisms. Regional differences in ciliary morphology and dynamics of multiciliated cells have been well described. However, little is known about the events generating phenotypical and functional differences among these cells in airways. Here we provide evidence of a novel mechanism in post-specified multiciliated progenitors whereby local Notch and Prom1 regulate ciliary length and ciliary beating to generate morphological and functional diversity among the multiciliated cells. The findings provide insights into the impact of these signals in maintaining the integrity and function of the airway epithelium, preventing pulmonary disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hurtado Serra, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mori, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardoso, W. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.13.475833</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prom1 and Notch regulate ciliary length and dynamics in multiciliated cells of the airway epithelium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.17.475672v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A deep learning pipeline for segmentation of Proteus mirabilis colony patterns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.17.475672v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The motility mechanisms of microorganisms are critical virulence factors, enabling their spread and survival during infection. Motility is frequently characterized by qualitative analysis of macroscopic colonies, yet the standard quantification method has mainly been limited to manual measurement. Recent studies have applied deep learning for classification and segmentation of specific microbial species in microscopic images, but less work has focused on macroscopic colony analysis. Here, we advance computational tools for analyzing colonies of Proteus mirabilis, a bacterium that produces a macroscopic bullseye-like pattern via periodic swarming, a process implicated in its virulence. We present a dual-task pipeline for segmenting (1) the macroscopic colony including faint outer swarm rings, and (2) internal ring boundaries, unique features of oscillatory swarming. Our convolutional neural network for patch-based colony segmentation and U-Net with a VGG-11 encoder for ring boundary segmentation achieved test Dice scores of 93.28% and 83.24%, respectively. The predicted masks at times improved on the ground truths from our automated annotation algorithms. We demonstrate how application of our pipeline to a typical swarming assay enables ease of colony analysis and precise measurements of more complex pattern features than those which have been historically quantified.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Doshi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tonea, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minyety, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laine, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danino, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.17.475672</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A deep learning pipeline for segmentation of Proteus mirabilis colony patterns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.17.476640v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploiting Color Space Geometry for Visual Stimulus Design across Animals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.17.476640v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Color vision represents a vital aspect of perception that ultimately enables a wide variety of species to thrive in the natural world. However, unified methods for constructing chromatic visual stimuli in a laboratory setting are lacking. Here, we present stimulus design methods and an accompanying programming package to efficiently probe the color space of any species in which the photoreceptor spectral sensitivities are known. Our hardware-agnostic approach incorporates photoreceptor models within the framework of the principle of univariance. This enables experimenters to identify the most effective way to combine multiple light sources to create desired distributions of light, and thus easily construct relevant stimuli for mapping the color space of an organism. We include methodology to handle uncertainty of photoreceptor spectral sensitivity as well as to optimally reconstruct hyperspectral images given recent hardware advances. Our methods support broad applications in color vision science and provide a framework for uniform stimulus designs across experimental systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Christenson, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mousavi, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heath, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behnia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.17.476640</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploiting Color Space Geometry for Visual Stimulus Design across Animals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476786v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 infection results in lasting and systemic perturbations post recovery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476786v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 has been found capable of inducing prolonged pathologies collectively referred to as Long-COVID. To better understand this biology, we compared the short- and long-term systemic responses in the golden hamster following either SARS-CoV-2 or influenza A virus (IAV) infection. While SARS-CoV-2 exceeded IAV in its capacity to cause injury to the lung and kidney, the most significant changes were observed in the olfactory bulb (OB) and olfactory epithelium (OE) where inflammation was visible beyond one month post SARS-CoV-2 infection. Despite a lack of detectable virus, OB/OE demonstrated microglial and T cell activation, proinflammatory cytokine production, and interferon responses that correlated with behavioral changes. These findings could be corroborated through sequencing of individuals who recovered from COVID-19, as sustained inflammation in OB/OE tissue remained evident months beyond disease resolution. These data highlight a molecular mechanism for persistent COVID-19 symptomology and characterize a small animal model to develop future therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Frere, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serafini, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pryce, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zazhytska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oishi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golynker, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimering, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horiuchi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoagland, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moller, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Overdevest, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kodra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canoll, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borczuk, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bram, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lomvardas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zachariou, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>tenOever, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.18.476786</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 infection results in lasting and systemic perturbations post recovery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476821v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A local translation program regulates centriole amplification in the airway epithelium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476821v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biogenesis of organelles requires targeting of a subset of proteins to specific subcellular domains by signal peptides or mechanisms controlling mRNA localization and local translation. How local distribution and translation of specific mRNAs for organelle biogenesis is achieved remains elusive and likely to be dependent on the cellular context. Here we identify Trinucleotide repeat containing-6a (Tnrc6a), a component of the miRNA pathway, distinctively localized to apical granules of differentiating airway multiciliated cells (MCCs) adjacent to centrioles. In spite of being enriched in TNRC6A and the miRNA-binding protein AGO2, they lack enzymes for mRNA degradation. Instead, we found these apical granules enriched in components of the mRNA translation machinery and newly synthesized proteins suggesting that they are specific hubs for target mRNA localization and local translation in MCCs. Consistent with this, Tnrc6a loss of function prevented formation of these granules and led to a broad reduction, rather than stabilization of miRNA targets. These included downregulation of key genes involved in ciliogenesis and was associated with defective multicilia formation both in vivo and in primary airway epithelial cultures. Similar analysis of Tnrc6a disruption in yolk sac showed stabilization of miRNA targets, highlighting the potential diversity of these mechanisms across organs.

HighlightsO_LITnrc6a is expressed in the lung selectively in differentiating multiciliated cells (MCC) adjacent to centrioles.
C_LIO_LITNRC6A localizes to apical granules containing AGO2, miRNAs and their targets, but lacking mRNA degradation enzymes.
C_LIO_LITNRC6A granules are enriched in components of the mRNA translation machinery and show evidence of concentrated newly-synthesized proteins
C_LIO_LILoss of Tnrc6a in the lung leads to reduction, not stabilization of miRNA targets.
C_LIO_LITnrc6a is required for efficient centriole amplification and multicilia formation.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Que, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mori, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fritzler, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardoso, W. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.18.476821</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A local translation program regulates centriole amplification in the airway epithelium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.19.476843v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phenotypic dissection of epithelial lineages and therapeutic manipulation of differentiation programs in human Adenoid Cystic Carcinomas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.19.476843v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and aggressive form of salivary gland cancer, characterized by the co-existence within tumor tissues of two distinct populations of malignant cells, phenotypically similar to the myoepithelial and ductal lineages of normal salivary glands. Using a novel computational approach for single-cell RNA-seq analysis, we identified two cell-surface markers (CD49f, KIT) that enable the differential purification of myoepithelial-like (CD49fhigh/KITneg) and ductal-like (CD49flow/KIT+) cells from ACC patient derived xenografts (PDX). Using prospective xeno-transplantation experiments, we demonstrate that myoepithelial-like cells act as progenitors of ductal-like cells. Using three-dimensional (3D) organoid cultures, we demonstrate that agonists of retinoic acid (RA) signaling promote differentiation of myoepithelial-like cells into ductal-like cells, while inhibitors of RA signaling selectively kill ductal-like cells. Finally, we demonstrate that BMS493, an inverse agonist of RA signaling, can be successfully leveraged for the in vivo treatment of human ACCs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Viragova, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aparicio, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valencia Salazar, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schurer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhuri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahoo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moskaluk, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabadan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalerba, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.19.476843</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phenotypic dissection of epithelial lineages and therapeutic manipulation of differentiation programs in human Adenoid Cystic Carcinomas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.19.476922v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Excessive self-grooming of Shank3 mutant mice is associated with gene dysregulation and imbalance between the striosome and matrix compartments in the striatum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.19.476922v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autism is characterised by atypical social communication and stereotyped behaviours. Mutations in the gene encoding the synaptic scaffolding protein SHANK3 are detected in 1-2% of patients with autism and intellectual disability (ID), but the mechanisms underpinning the symptoms remain largely unknown. Here, we characterised the behaviour of Shank3{Delta}11/{Delta}11 mice from three to twelve months of age. We observed decreased locomotor activity, increased stereotyped self-grooming and modification of socio-sexual interaction compared to wild-type littermates. We then used RNAseq on four brain regions of the same animals to identify differentially expressed genes (DEG). DEGs were identified mainly in the striatum and were associated with synaptic transmission (e.g. Grm2, Dlgap1), G-protein-signalling pathways (e.g. Gnal, Prkcg1, and Camk2g), as well as excitation/inhibition balance (e.g. Gad2). Downregulated and upregulated genes were enriched in the gene clusters of medium-sized spiny neurons expressing the dopamine 1 (D1-MSN) and the dopamine 2 receptor (D2-MSN), respectively. Several DEGs (Cnr1, Gnal1, Gad2, and Drd4) were reported as striosome markers. By studying the distribution of the glutamate decarboxylase GAD65, encoded by Gad2, we showed that the striosome compartment of Shank3{Delta}11/{Delta}11 mice was enlarged and displayed much higher expression of GAD65 compared to wild-type mice. Altogether, these results indicate altered gene expression in the striatum of SHANK3-deficient mice and strongly suggest, for the first time, that the impairment in behaviour of these mice are related to an imbalance striosomes/matrix.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ferhat, A.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verpy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forget, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Chaumont, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Sourd, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coqueran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rochefort, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rondi-Reig, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leboucher, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boland, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deleuze, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boeckers, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourgeron, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.19.476922</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Excessive self-grooming of Shank3 mutant mice is associated with gene dysregulation and imbalance between the striosome and matrix compartments in the striatum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.19.476997v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Overestimated Polygenic Prediction due to Overlapping Subjects in Genetic Datasets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.19.476997v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recently, polygenic risk score (PRS) has gained significant attention in studies involving complex genetic diseases and traits. PRS is often derived from summary statistics, from which the independence between discovery and replication sets cannot be monitored. Prior studies, in which the independence is strictly observed, report a relatively low gain from PRS in predictive models of binary traits. We hypothesize that the independence assumption may be compromised when using the summary statistics, and suspect an overestimation bias in the predictive accuracy. To demonstrate the overestimation bias in the replication dataset, prediction performances of PRS models are compared when overlapping subjects are either present or removed. We consider the task of Alzheimers disease (AD) prediction across genetics datasets, including the International Genomics of Alzheimers Project (IGAP), AD Sequencing Project (ADSP), and Accelerating Medicine Partnership - Alzheimers Disease (AMP-AD). PRS is computed from either sequencing studies for ADSP and AMP-AD (denoted as rPRS) or the summary statistics for IGAP (sPRS). Two variables with the high heritability in UK Biobank, hypertension, and height, are used to derive an exemplary scale effect of PRS. Based on the scale effect, the expected performance of sPRS is computed for AD prediction. Using ADSP as a discovery set for rPRS on AMP-AD, {Delta}AUC and {Delta}R2 (performance gains in AUC and R2 by PRS) record 0.069 and 0.11, respectively. Both drop to 0.0017 and 0.0041 once overlapping subjects are removed from AMP-AD. sPRS is derived from IGAP, which records {Delta}AUC and {Delta}R2 of 0.051{+/-}0.013 and 0.063{+/-}0.015 for ADSP and 0.060 and 0.086 for AMP-AD, respectively. On UK Biobank, rPRS performances for hypertension assuming a similar size of discovery and replication sets are 0.0036{+/-}0.0027 ({Delta}AUC) and 0.0032{+/-}0.0028 ({Delta}R2). For height, {Delta}R2 is 0.029{+/-}0.0037. Considering the high heritability of hypertension and height of UK Biobank, we conclude that sPRS results from AD databases are inflated. The higher performances relative to the size of the discovery set were observed in PRS studies of several diseases. PRS performances for binary traits, such as AD and hypertension, turned out unexpectedly low. This may, along with the difference in linkage disequilibrium, explain the high variability of PRS performances in cross-nation or cross-ethnicity applications, i.e., when there are no overlapping subjects. Hence, for sPRS, potential duplications should be carefully considered within the same ethnic group.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joo, Y. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loving, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cha, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.19.476997</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Overestimated Polygenic Prediction due to Overlapping Subjects in Genetic Datasets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.20.477106v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineered bacterial swarm patterns as spatial records of environmental inputs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.20.477106v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A diverse array of bacteria species naturally self-organize into durable macroscale patterns on solid surfaces via swarming motility--a highly coordinated, rapid movement of bacteria powered by flagella1-5. Engineering swarming behaviors is an untapped opportunity to increase the scale and robustness of coordinated synthetic microbial systems. Here we engineer Proteus mirabilis, which natively forms centimeter-scale bullseye patterns on solid agar through swarming, to "write" external inputs into a visible spatial record. Specifically, we engineer tunable expression of swarming-related genes that accordingly modify pattern features, and develop quantitative approaches to decode input conditions. Next, we develop a two-input system that modulates two swarming-related genes simultaneously, and show the resulting patterns can be interpreted using a deep learning classification model. Lastly, we show a growing colony can record dynamic environmental changes, which can be decoded from endpoint images using a segmentation model. This work creates an approach for building a macroscale bacterial recorder and expands the framework for engineering emergent microbial behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Doshi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tonea, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doshi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laine, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danino, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.20.477106</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineered bacterial swarm patterns as spatial records of environmental inputs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.21.477299v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Genome-wide CRISPR Screen Identifies WDFY3 as a Novel Regulator of Macrophage Efferocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.21.477299v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractsPhagocytic clearance of dying cells, termed efferocytosis, must occur efficiently to maintain homeostasis and prevent disease. Yet, our understanding of this important biological process remains incomplete. To search for novel regulators of efferocytosis, we performed a FACS-based genome-wide CRISPR knockout screen in primary murine macrophages. We identified a novel role for WDFY3 in efferocytosis by macrophages. WDFY3 deficiency in macrophages specifically impaired uptake, not binding, of apoptotic cells due to defective actin depolymerization. We further revealed that WDFY3 directly interacts with GABARAP, thus facilitating LC3 lipidation and subsequent lysosomal acidification to permit the degradation of apoptotic cell components. Although the C-terminus of WDFY3 was sufficient to rescue impaired degradation, full-length WDFY3 is still required for regulating uptake. Finally, WDFY3 is required for efficient efferocytosis in vivo in mice and in primary human macrophages. The work expands our knowledge of the mechanisms of macrophage efferocytosis, and more broadly, provides a general strategy for genome-wide CRISPR screen to interrogate complex functional phenotypes in primary macrophages.

HighlightsO_LIFunctional readout for pooled genome-wide CRISPR screen in primary macrophages.
C_LIO_LIWDFY3 is discovered as a regulator of macrophage efferocytosis in vitro and in vivo.
C_LIO_LIWDFY3 deficiency led to impaired uptake, as opposed to binding, of apoptotic cells due to defective actin depolymerization.
C_LIO_LIWDFY3 directly interacts with GABARAP, facilitating LC3 lipidation and subsequent lysosomal acidification to permit the degradation of apoptotic cell components.
C_LIO_LIC-terminal WDFY3 is sufficient to regulate the degradation of engulfed apoptotic cells while full-length WDFY is required for regulating uptake.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croce, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yurdagul, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doench, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarbalis, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabas, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamamoto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.21.477299</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Genome-wide CRISPR Screen Identifies WDFY3 as a Novel Regulator of Macrophage Efferocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.23.477393v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A brain atlas of the camouflaging dwarf cuttlefish, Sepia bandensis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.23.477393v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The coleoid cephalopods (cuttlefish, octopus, and squid) are a group of soft-bodied marine mollusks that exhibit an array of interesting biological phenomena, including dynamic camouflage, complex social behaviors, prehensile regenerating arms, and large brains capable of learning, memory, and problem-solving [1-10]. The dwarf cuttlefish, Sepia bandensis, is a promising model cephalopod species due to its small size, substantial egg production, short generation time, and dynamic social and camouflage behaviors [11]. Cuttlefish dynamically camouflage to their surroundings by changing the color, pattern and texture of their skin. Camouflage is optically-driven, and is achieved by expanding and contracting hundreds of thousands of pigment-filled saccules (chromatophores) in the skin, which are controlled by motor neurons emanating from the brain. We generated a dwarf cuttlefish brain atlas using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), deep learning, and histology, and we built an interactive web tool (cuttlebase.org) to host the data. Guided by observations in other cephalopods [12-20], we identified 32 brain lobes, including two large optic lobes (75% the total volume of the brain), chromatophore lobes whose motor neurons directly innervate the chromatophores of the color-changing skin, and a vertical lobe that has been implicated in learning and memory. This brain atlas provides a valuable tool for exploring the neural basis of cuttlefish behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Montague, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rieth, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gjerswold-Selleck, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Rosales, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aneja, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elkis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kentis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubino, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammond, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emiliano, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ober, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Axel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.23.477393</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A brain atlas of the camouflaging dwarf cuttlefish, Sepia bandensis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.23.477428v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chondroitin sulfates enhances the barrier function of basement membrane assembled by heparan sulfates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.23.477428v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are ubiquitously expressed polysaccharides attached to proteoglycans, but their functions in the retina are poorly understood. Here we generated conditional knockouts of biosynthetic enzymes for heparan sulfate (HS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) in retinal progenitor cells. We showed that ablation of HS polymerase Ext1 did not affect initial progression of retinal angiogenesis, but it disrupted the pruning of blood vessels and establishment of arterioles and venules. In the absence of retinal HS, blood vessels were also vulnerable to high oxygen tension in early postnatal stages, which can be rescued by exogenous VEGF, consistent with the role of retinal HS in the fine-tuning of VEGF signaling. Furthermore, we observed that the retinal inner limiting membrane (ILM) was disrupted by deletion of Ext1 in a timing specific manner, suggesting that retinal HS is required for the assembly but not the maintenance of the ILM. Lastly, we showed that further deletion of C4st1, a CS sulfation enzyme, did not affect the assembly of the ILM, but aggravated the ILM permeability when combined with Ext1 deletion. These results demonstrated an important role of CS and HS in establishing the barrier function of basement membrane.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makrides, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esko, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.23.477428</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chondroitin sulfates enhances the barrier function of basement membrane assembled by heparan sulfates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.24.477361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The geometry of hippocampal CA2 representations enables abstract coding of social familiarity and identity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.24.477361v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Social recognition consists of multiple memory processes, including the detection of familiarity - the ability to rapidly distinguish familiar from novel individuals - and recollection - the effortful recall of where a social episode occurred and who was present. At present, the neural mechanisms for these different social memory processes remain unknown. Here, we investigate the population code for novel and familiar individuals in mice using calcium imaging of neural activity in a region crucial for social memory, the dorsal CA2 area of the hippocampus. We report that familiarity changes CA2 representations of social encounters to meet the different demands of social memory. While novel individuals are represented in a low-dimensional geometry that allows for rapid generalization, familiar individuals are represented in a higher-dimensional geometry that supports high-capacity memory storage. The magnitude of the change in dimensionality of CA2 representations for a given individual predicts the performance of that individual in a social recognition memory test, suggesting a direct relationship between the representational geometry and memory-guided behavior. Finally, we show that familiarity is encoded as an abstract variable with neural responses generalizing across different identities and spatial locations. Thus, through the tuning of the geometry of structured neural activity, CA2 is able to meet the complex demands of multiple social memory processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boyle, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Posani, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irfan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegelbaum, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fusi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.24.477361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The geometry of hippocampal CA2 representations enables abstract coding of social familiarity and identity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.24.477510v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Morphological analysis of human and mouse dendritic spines reveals a morphological continuum and differences across ages and species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.24.477510v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dendritic spines have diverse morphologies, with a wide range of head and neck sizes, and these morphological differences likely generate different synaptic and functional properties. To explore how this morphological diversity differs across species we analyzed 3D confocal reconstructions of ~8,000 human spines and ~1,700 mouse spines, labeled by intracellular injections in fixed tissue. Using unsupervised machine-learning algorithms, we computationally separated spine heads and necks and systematically measured morphological features of spines in apical and basal dendrites from cortical pyramidal cells. Human spines had unimodal distributions of parameters, without any evidence of morphological subtypes. Their spine necks were longer and thinner in apical than in basal spines, and spine head volumes of an 85-years-old individual were larger than those of a 40-years-old individual. Human spines overall had longer and thicker necks and bigger head volumes than mouse spines. Our results indicate that human spines form part of a morphological continuum, are larger and longer than those of mice, and become larger with increasing adult age. These morphological differences in spines across species could generate functional differences in biochemical and electrical spine compartmentalization, or in synaptic properties, across species and ages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ofer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benavides-Piccione, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeFelipe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuste, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.24.477510</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Morphological analysis of human and mouse dendritic spines reveals a morphological continuum and differences across ages and species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.25.477729v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LET-dependence of radiation-induced makers of Immunogenic Cell Death in human cancer cell lines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.25.477729v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeIt has been suggested that heavy-ion radiation therapy may contribute to the control of distal metastases. These distant responses may include immune cell activation. Immunostimulation resulting from radiation-induced immunogenic cell death (ICD) of cancer cells, leads to the recruitment of anti-tumor T cells. Specific markers of ICD include translocation of calreticulin (CRT) and extracellular release of high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), and ATP. However, the LET dependence of these effects remains unknown.

Materials and MethodsExpression of the molecular indicators described above were tested in a panel of human cancer cell lines, that included pancreatic cancer (Panc1 and Paca2), glioblastoma (U87 and LN18) and melanoma (HTB129 and SK-Mel5). Cells were irradiated with 5 Gy of particles spanning a range of LETs, from 10 KeV/m to 150 KeV/m and assayed for relocalization of calreticulin and release of HMGB1 and ATP were assayed 24 hours later.

ResultsIn the pancreatic cancer cell lines (Panc1 and Paca2) there was a continued increase in the membrane relocalization of calreticulin as a function of increasing LET up to 150 KeV/m. The melanoma cell lines, HTB129 and Sk-Mel5 showed similar patterns. In contrast, calreticulin levels were higher, but not LET-dependent, in irradiated U87 and LN18 (glioblastoma) lines. With the exception of the response in Paca2, increases in LET correlated with increases in HMGB1 that seemed to peak at 100 KeV/m and then either remain unchanged or decrease at 150 KeV/m. while the ATP levels were elevated in media from some of the irradiated groups, there were no clear patterns either by cell type or LET.

ConclusionsOur results indicate that at equal doses, although there is an overall trend of increases in the responses to increasing LETs, there are significant cell line-specific differences in the patterns of expression of these key ICD markers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ponnaiya, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lomastro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grabham, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garty, g.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harken, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amundson, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillman, E. M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.25.477729</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LET-dependence of radiation-induced makers of Immunogenic Cell Death in human cancer cell lines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.27.477954v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CyclinD2-mediated regulation of neurogenic output from the retinal ciliary margin is perturbed in albinism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.27.477954v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In albinism, aberrations in the ipsi-/contralateral retinal ganglion cell (RGC) ratio compromise the functional integrity of the binocular circuit. We focus here on the mouse ciliary margin zone (CMZ), a neurogenic niche at the embryonic peripheral retina, to investigate developmental processes regulating RGC neurogenesis and identity acquisition. We found that the mouse ventral CMZ has the competence to generate predominantly ipsilaterally-projecting RGCs, but this competence is altered in the albino visual system due to CyclinD2 downregulation and disturbed temporal control of the cell cycle. Consequently, albino as well as CyclinD2-deficient pigmented mice exhibit a diminished ipsilateral retinogeniculate projection and compromised depth perception. Pharmacological stimulation of calcium channels in albino mice, known to upregulate CyclinD2 in other cell types, augmented CyclinD2-dependent neurogenesis of ipsilateral RGCs, and improved stereopsis. Together, these results implicate CMZ neurogenesis and its regulators as critical for the formation and function of the mammalian binocular circuit.

HighlightsO_LIThe mouse ventral CMZ produces predominantly ipsilateral RGCs.
C_LIO_LIIn the albino visual system, CyclinD2 downregulation leads to delayed G1/S transition toward mitotic exit of CMZ progenitors.
C_LIO_LIPerturbations in the temporal control of cell cycle by CyclinD2 lead to reduced Zic2+ RGCs and consequently, a diminished ipsilateral retinogeniculate projection and compromised depth perception.
C_LIO_LICalcium channel modulation during embryogenesis normalizes the levels of CyclinD2 and restores binocular vision in albino mice.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Slavi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balasubramanian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liapin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oaks-Leaf, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peregrin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potenski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troy, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrera, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosmidis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, S. W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.27.477954</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CyclinD2-mediated regulation of neurogenic output from the retinal ciliary margin is perturbed in albinism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.27.478084v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
STK25 inhibits PKA signaling by phosphorylating PRKAR1A 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.27.478084v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the heart, Protein Kinase A (PKA) is critical for activating calcium handling and sarcomeric proteins in response to beta adrenergic stimulation leading to increased myocardial contractility and performance. The catalytic activity of PKA is tightly regulated by regulatory subunits which inhibit the catalytic subunit until released by cAMP binding. Phosphorylation of Type II regulatory subunits promotes PKA activation, however the role of phosphorylation in Type I regulatory subunits remain uncertain. Here we utilized human induced pluripotent stem cell cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CM) to identify STK25 as a kinase of the Type Ia regulatory subunit PRKAR1A. Phosphorylation of PRKAR1A led to inhibition of PKA kinase activity and increased binding to the catalytic subunit in the presence of cAMP. Stk25 knockout in mice diminished Prkar1a phosphorylation, increased Pka activity and augmented contractile response to beta adrenergic stimulation. Together, these data support STK25 as a negative regulator of PKA signaling through phosphorylation of PRKAR1A.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nash, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lock, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamargo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soni, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belov, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vunjak-Novakovic, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fine, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.27.478084</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[STK25 inhibits PKA signaling by phosphorylating PRKAR1A]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.28.477987v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping SARS-CoV-2 antigenic relationships and serological responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.28.477987v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, multiple variants escaping pre-existing immunity emerged, causing concerns about continued protection. Here, we use antigenic cartography to analyze patterns of cross-reactivity among a panel of 21 variants and 15 groups of human sera obtained following primary infection with 10 different variants or after mRNA-1273 or mRNA-1273.351 vaccination. We find antigenic differences among pre-Omicron variants caused by substitutions at spike protein positions 417, 452, 484, and 501. Quantifying changes in response breadth over time and with additional vaccine doses, our results show the largest increase between 4 weeks and >3 months post-2nd dose. We find changes in immunodominance of different spike regions depending on the variant an individual was first exposed to, with implications for variant risk assessment and vaccine strain selection.

One sentence summaryAntigenic Cartography of SARS-CoV-2 variants reveals amino acid substitutions governing immune escape and immunodominance patterns.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wilks, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muhlemann, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tureli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeGresley, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Netzl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caniza, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chacaltana-Huarcaya, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniell, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Datto, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denny, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drosten, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fouchier, R. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halfmann, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jassem, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawaoka, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krammer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDanal, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pajon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stockwell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Bakel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webby, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montefiori, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.28.477987</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping SARS-CoV-2 antigenic relationships and serological responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.28.478116v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Haplotype-aware modeling of cis-regulatory effects highlights the gaps remaining in eQTL data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.28.478116v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Expression Quantitative Trait Loci (eQTLs) are critical to understanding the mechanisms underlying disease-associated genomic loci. Nearly all protein-coding genes in the human genome have been associated with one or more eQTLs. Here we introduce a multi-variant generalization of allelic Fold Change (aFC), aFC-n, to enable accurate quantification of the cis-regulatory effects in genes with multiple conditionally independent eQTLs. Applying aFC-n to 458,465 eQTLs in the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project data, we demonstrate significant improvement in accuracy over the current tools for estimating the eQTL effect size and predicting genetically regulated gene expression. We characterize some of the empirical properties of the eQTL data and use this framework to assess the current state of eQTL data in terms of characterizing cis-regulatory landscape in individual genomes. Notably, we show that 77.4% of the genes with an allelic imbalance in a sample show 0.5 log2 fold or more of residual imbalance after accounting for the eQTL data underlining the remaining gap in characterizing regulatory landscape in individual genomes. We further contrast this gap across tissue types, and ancestry backgrounds to identify its correlates and guide future studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ehsan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotis, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancuso, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammadi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.28.478116</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Haplotype-aware modeling of cis-regulatory effects highlights the gaps remaining in eQTL data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.29.478182v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An actionable map of arm and hand muscle responses to electrical stimulation of the dorsal cervical spinal cord in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.29.478182v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While epidural stimulation of the lumbar spinal cord has emerged as a powerful modality for recovery of movement, how it should be targeted to the cervical spinal cord to activate arm and hand muscles is not well-understood, particularly in humans. We sought to map muscle responses to posterior epidural cervical spinal cord stimulation in humans. We hypothesized that lateral stimulation over the dorsal root entry zone would be most effective, and responses would be strongest in the muscles innervated by the stimulated segment. Twenty-five people undergoing clinically indicated cervical spine surgery were consented to map motor responses. During surgery, stimulation was performed in midline and lateral positions at multiple exposed segments; six arm and three leg muscles were recorded on each side of the body. Across all segments and muscles tested, lateral stimulation produced stronger muscle responses than midline despite similar latency and shape of responses. Muscles innervated at a cervical segment had the largest responses from stimulation at that segment, but responses were also observed in muscles innervated at other cervical segments and in leg muscles. The cervical responses were clustered in rostral (C4-C6) and caudal (C7-T1) cervical segments. Strong responses to lateral stimulation are likely due to the proximity of stimulation to afferent axons. Small changes in response sizes to stimulation of adjacent cervical segments argues for local circuit integration, and distant muscle responses suggest activation of long propriospinal connections. This map can help guide cervical stimulation to improve arm and hand function.

New and noteworthyA map of muscle responses to cervical epidural stimulation during clinically indicated surgery revealed strongest activation when stimulating laterally compared to midline, and differences to be weaker than expected across different segments. In contrast, waveform shapes and latencies were most similar when stimulating midline and laterally indicating activation of overlapping circuitry. Thus, a map of the cervical spinal cord reveals organization and may help guide stimulation to activate arm and hand muscles strongly and selectively.

Graphical abstract

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>McIntosh, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joiner, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yasin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendiratta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karceski, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thuet, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modik, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shelkov, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandigo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riew, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harel, N. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Virk, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmel, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.29.478182</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An actionable map of arm and hand muscle responses to electrical stimulation of the dorsal cervical spinal cord in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.29.478314v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal membrane proteasomes homeostatically regulate neural circuit activity in vivo and are required for learning-induced behavioral plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.29.478314v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein degradation is critical for brain function through processes that remain poorly understood. Here we investigated the in vivo function of a recently reported neuronal membrane-associated proteasome (NMP) in the brain of Xenopus laevis tadpoles. We demonstrated that NMPs are present in the tadpole brain with biochemistry and electron microscopy, and showed that they actively degrade neuronal activity-induced nascent proteins. Using in vivo calcium imaging in the optic tectum, we showed that acute inhibition of NMP function rapidly increased spontaneous neuronal activity, resulting in hyper-synchronization among tectal neurons. At the circuit level, inhibiting NMPs abolished learning-dependent improvement in a visuomotor behavior paradigm in live animals. Our data provide the first in vivo characterization of NMP functions in the vertebrate nervous system and suggest that NMP-mediated degradation of activity-induced nascent proteins may serve as a homeostatic modulatory mechanism in neurons that is critical for regulating neuronal activity and experience-dependent circuit plasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, H.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandran, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLain, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faulkner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahsan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bera, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margolis, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cline, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.29.478314</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal membrane proteasomes homeostatically regulate neural circuit activity in vivo and are required for learning-induced behavioral plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.29.478345v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatiotemporal dissociation of brain network connectivity in salience processing: A simultaneous pupillometry-EEG-fMRI study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.29.478345v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The processing of salient stimuli involves a wide range of both bottom-up and top-down processes. Previous neuroimaging studies have identified multiple brain areas and networks for salience processing, including the salience network (SN), dorsal attention network (DAN), and the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) neuromodulatory system. However, interactions among these networks and the cortico-subcortical systems in salience processing remain unclear. Here, we simultaneously recorded pupillometry, electroencephalogram (EEG), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during an auditory oddball paradigm. Using EEG-informed fMRI analysis, we temporally dissociated the target stimulus evoked activation, allowing us to identify the cascades of cortical areas associated with salience processing. Furthermore, functional connectivity analysis uncovered spatiotemporal functional network organizations of these salience processing neural correlates. Using pupillometry as a psychophysiological marker of LC-NE activity, we also assessed brain-pupil relationships. With state-space modeling of target modulated effective connectivity, we found that the target evoked pupillary response is associated with the network causal couplings from late to early subsystems, as well as the network switching initiated by the SN. These findings indicate that the SN might cooperate with pupil-indexed brainstem neuromodulatory systems, such as the LC-NE system, in the reorganization and dynamic switching of cortical networks, and shed light on the implications of their integrative framework in various cognitive processes and neurological diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sajda, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.29.478345</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatiotemporal dissociation of brain network connectivity in salience processing: A simultaneous pupillometry-EEG-fMRI study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.31.478517v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid Carbon Dioxide Capture and Short-Term Biocompatible Sequestration in Aquatic Environments by Monoethanolamine Scrubbing within Calcium Alginate Gel 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.31.478517v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alginate is a biopolymer extracted from the cell walls of algae, and can crosslink with divalent cations to form an insoluble hydrogel. In this paper, we develop a method to immobilize monoethanolamine, an amine CO2 scrubber, within calcium alginate gel. By mixing monoethanolamine into an alginate solution as the gel was formed, we suspended the compound in the gel, facilitating a means to capture carbon dioxide directly from aquatic environments into the gel, while tethering monoethanolamine and the products formed from CO2 capture to the gel. To delay the eventual diffusion of monoethanolamine out of the gel, we investigated (1) the effect of increasing alginate concentration and (2) the effect of additional alginate layers on the outward diffusion of dye placed in the center of the bead. Using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy to quantify diffusion rates over time, we determined that increased alginate concentration paired with increased layering significantly decreased the rate of outward diffusion. Finally, we prepared beads using North Atlantic seawater as a solvent and compared the rate of dye leakage in seawater and distilled water to that in beads prepared in distilled water. Expectedly, we concluded that beads prepared with solvents isotonic to their environments would exhibit less leakage as well as greater mechanical stability, resisting swelling, bursting, or splitting behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ogundare, S. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.31.478517</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid Carbon Dioxide Capture and Short-Term Biocompatible Sequestration in Aquatic Environments by Monoethanolamine Scrubbing within Calcium Alginate Gel]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.31.478570v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Histone deacetylase inhibitor induces acetyl-CoA depletion leading to lethal metabolic stress in RAS-pathway activated cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.31.478570v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RAS-mutant cancers are among the most refractory to treatment. Apart from new G12C genotype targeted therapies, strategies to kill RAS-mutant cells by directly targeting RAS or its downstream effectors have been mostly unsuccessful, mainly due to pathway redundancy and heterogeneities in RAS-induced phenotypes. Here we identified a RAS-phenotype that can be targeted by the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) romidepsin. We showed that the hyperacetylation induced by romidepsin depleted acetyl-CoA, the cell donor substrate for acetylation, and led to metabolic stress and death in KRAS-activated cells. Elastic net analysis on transcriptomics from a 608-cell panel confirmed that HDACi sensitivity was linked to a difference in profiles in two pathways involved in acetyl-CoA metabolism. The analysis of a clinical dataset confirmed that perturbation of the two acetyl-CoA pathways were correlated with HDACi sensitivity in patients treated with belinostat. Our analysis suggests the potential utility of a RAS-associated acetyl-CoA phenotype to sharpen treatment choices for RAS-activated tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Basseville, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Violet, P.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sourbier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linehan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robey, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sackett, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bates, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.31.478570</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Histone deacetylase inhibitor induces acetyl-CoA depletion leading to lethal metabolic stress in RAS-pathway activated cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.01.478571v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic analysis of aging mouse sciatic nerve reveals early pathways leading to sarcopenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.01.478571v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSarcopenia, the age-associated decline in skeletal muscle mass and strength, has long been considered a disease of muscle only, but accumulating evidence suggests that sarcopenia could originate from the neural components controlling muscles. To identify early molecular changes in the efferent nerves that may drive sarcopenia initiation, we performed a longitudinal transcriptomic analysis of the sciatic nerve in aging mice.

MethodsSciatic nerve and gastrocnemius muscle were obtained from young adult, middleaged, old, and sarcopenic (5,18, 21 and 24 months old, respectively) C57BL/6J female mice (n=6 per age group). Sciatic nerve RNA was extracted and subjected to RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), with real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) validation of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Functional enrichment analysis of clusters of genes associated with patterns of gene expression across age groups was performed. Sarcopenia was confirmed with qRT-PCR of previously established markers of sarcopenia onset in gastrocnemius muscle.

ResultsWe detected 33 significant DEGs in sciatic nerve of 18-month-old mice compared to 5-month-old mice (absolute value of fold change > 2; false discovery rate [FDR] < 0.05) which we validated with qRT-PCR of the three top up- and down-regulated genes. Up-regulated genes were associated with circadian rhythm and the AMPK signaling pathway, while down-regulated genes were associated with biosynthesis and metabolic pathways and circadian rhythm. Strikingly, we detected a significant increase in Myog expression (log2 fold change = 18.93, FDR q-value = 1.54x10-12) in sciatic nerve of 18-month-old mice, before up-regulation in muscle was observed. We identified seven clusters of genes with similar expression patterns across groups. Functional enrichment analysis of these clusters revealed biological processes that may be implicated in sarcopenia initiation including extracellular matrix organization and circadian regulation of gene expression.

ConclusionsGene expression changes in mouse peripheral nerve can be detected prior to overt clinical onset of sarcopenia. These early molecular changes we report shed a new light on biological processes that may be implicated in sarcopenia initiation and pathogenesis. Future studies will validate which of the key changes we reported have disease modifying and/or biomarker potential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Comfort, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gade, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strait, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merwin, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antoniou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Memou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rideout, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kariya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Re, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.01.478571</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic analysis of aging mouse sciatic nerve reveals early pathways leading to sarcopenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.01.478608v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep Mendelian Randomization: Investigating the causal knowledge of genomic deep learning models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.01.478608v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multi-task deep learning (DL) models can accurately predict diverse genomic marks from sequence, but whether these models learn the causal relationships between genomic marks is unknown. Here, we describe Deep Mendelian Randomization (DeepMR), a method for estimating causal relationships between genomic marks learned by genomic DL models. By combining Mendelian Randomization with in silico mutagenesis, DeepMR obtains local (locus specific) and global estimates of (an assumed) linear causal relationship between marks. In a simulation designed to test recovery of pairwise causal relations between transcription factors (TFs), DeepMR gives accurate and unbiased estimates of the  true global causal effect, but its coverage decays in the presence of sequence-dependent confounding. We then apply DeepMR to examine the global relationships learned by a state-of-the-art DL model, BPNet [Avsec et al., 2020], between TFs involved in reprogramming. DeepMRs causal effect estimates validate previously hypothesized relationships between TFs and suggest new relationships for future investigation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Malina, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cizin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.01.478608</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep Mendelian Randomization: Investigating the causal knowledge of genomic deep learning models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.02.478736v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhanced excitability of the hippocampal CA2 region and its contribution to seizure generation in a mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.02.478736v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hippocampal CA2 region, an area important for social memory, has been suspected to play a role in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) because of its resistance to the degeneration observed in neighboring CA1 and CA3 regions in both human and rodent models of TLE. However, little is known about whether alterations in CA2 properties serve to promote seizure generation or propagation. Here we have used the pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (PILO-SE) model of TLE to explore the role of CA2. Ex vivo electrophysiological recordings from acute hippocampal slices revealed a set of coordinated changes that enhance CA2 intrinsic excitability, reduce CA2 local inhibitory input, and increase CA2 excitatory output to its major CA1 synaptic target. Moreover, selective silencing of CA2 pyramidal cells using a chemogenetic approach caused a significant decrease in the frequency of spontaneous seizures. These findings provide the first evidence that CA2 actively contributes to TLE seizure activity and may thus be a promising therapeutic target.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Whitebirch, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaFrancois, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leary, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santoro, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegelbaum, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharfman, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.02.478736</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhanced excitability of the hippocampal CA2 region and its contribution to seizure generation in a mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.02.478824v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CACNB4 overexpression decreases dendritic spine density in sex-specific manner 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.02.478824v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The canonical voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC) subunit complex is comprised of the 1 subunit, the ion permeable channel, plus three auxiliary subunits: {beta}, 2{delta} and {gamma}. {beta} is the most extensively studied auxiliary subunit and is necessary for proper forward trafficking of the 1 subunit to the plasma membrane. 1 subunits mediate voltagedependent movement of calcium ions into the cytoplasm of neurons, including at dendritic sites, where increased intracellular calcium initiates signaling cascades that shape structural and functional plasticity of dendritic spines. Genetic studies strongly implicate calcium signaling dysfunction in the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders including schizophrenia. Dendritic spine density (DSD) is significantly decreased in schizophrenia in primary auditory cortex where DSD is driven by loss of small spines, and small spine loss is associated with increased peptide levels of ALFDFLK found in the VGCC {beta} subunit {beta}4. Overexpessing CACNB4 to increase {beta}4 levels selectively reduced small spine density in cortical neuron cultures. The studies described herein set out to validate this in vitro observation in an intact mammalian system within a neurodevelopmental context. We overexpressed CACNB4 in neurodevelopment and assessed DSD and morphology in cerebral cortex of male and female mice at an adult timpoint. We then characterized {beta} protein levels and {beta}4 protein-protein interactions in male and female mouse cortex. Overexpression selectively reduced small dendritic spine density but this effect was present only in female mice and did not appear to result from estrous stage. Instead, the sex-dependent effect on DSD corresponded to sex differences in the {beta}4 interactome of male versus female mice: the VGCC {beta} subunit {beta}1b was significantly enriched in the {beta}4 interactome of brain tissue of male mice, and thus may have served to mitigate VGCC overexpression-mediated spine loss in male mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parker, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kindja, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeGiosio, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salisbury, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krivinko, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheetham, C. E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacDonald, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweet, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.02.478824</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CACNB4 overexpression decreases dendritic spine density in sex-specific manner]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.02.478909v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Superstitious learning of abstract order from random reinforcement 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.02.478909v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Survival depends on identifying learnable features of the environment that predict reward, and avoiding others that are random and unlearnable. However, humans and other animals often infer spurious associations among unrelated events, raising the question of how well they can distinguish learnable patterns from unlearnable events. Here, we tasked monkeys with discovering the serial order of two pictorial sets: a "learnable" set in which the stimuli were implicitly ordered and monkeys were rewarded for choosing the higher-rank stimulus and an "unlearnable" set in which stimuli were unordered and feedback was random regardless of the choice. We replicated prior results that monkeys reliably learned the implicit order of the learnable set. Surprisingly, the monkeys behaved as though some ordering also existed in the unlearnable set, showing consistent choice preference that transferred to novel untrained pairs in this set, even under a preference-discouraging reward schedule that gave rewards more frequently to the stimulus that was selected less often. In simulations, a model-free RL algorithm (Q-learning) displayed a degree of consistent ordering among the unlearnable set but, unlike the monkeys, failed to do so under the preference, discouraging reward schedule. Our results suggest that monkeys infer abstract structures from objectively random events using heuristics that extend beyond stimulus-outcome conditional learning to more cognitive model-based learning mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottlieb, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrera, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.02.478909</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Superstitious learning of abstract order from random reinforcement]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.03.478583v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Traveling waves in the monkey frontoparietal network predict recent reward memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.03.478583v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain function depends on neural communication, but the mechanisms of this communication are not well understood. Recent studies suggest that one form of neural communication is through traveling waves (TWs)--patterns of neural oscillations that propagate within and between areas. We show that TWs appear robustly in microarray recordings in monkey frontal and parietal cortex and encode memory for recent rewards. While making saccades to obtain probabilistic rewards, monkeys were sensitive to the (statistically irrelevant) prior reward, which is consistent with behavioral biases produced by reward history. TWs in frontal and parietal areas were stronger in trials following a prior reward versus a lack of reward and, in the frontal lobe, correlated with the monkeys sensitivity to the prior reward. The findings suggest that neural communication across fronto-parietal areas, reflected by TWs, maintains default reward memories, while communication within the frontal lobe mediates the read out of the memories for prospective expectations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zabeh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foley, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottlieb, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.03.478583</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Traveling waves in the monkey frontoparietal network predict recent reward memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.03.479014v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interaction of an α-synuclein epitope with HLA-DRB1*15:01 initiates early enteric features of Parkinson's disease in humanized mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.03.479014v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Enteric symptoms, including constipation, are hallmarks of prodromal Parkinsons disease (PD) that can appear decades before the onset of motor symptoms and diagnosis. PD patients possess circulating T cells that recognize specific -synuclein-(-syn)-derived epitopes. One epitope, -syn32-46, binds with strong affinity to the HLA-DRB1*15:01 allele implicated in autoimmune diseases. We report that -syn32-46 immunization in a mouse expressing HLA-DRB1*15:01 triggers intestinal inflammation leading to loss of enteric neurons, damage of enteric dopaminergic neurons, constipation and weight loss. -Syn32-46 immunization activates innate and adaptive immune gene signatures in the gut and induces changes in CD4+ TH1/ TH17 transcriptome that resemble tissue resident memory cells found in mucosal barriers during inflammation. Depletion of CD4+, but not CD8+, T cells partially rescues enteric neurodegeneration. Therefore, interaction of -syn32-46 and HLA-DRB1*15:0 is critical for gut inflammation and CD4+ T cell-mediated loss of enteric neurons in humanized mice, suggesting potential mechanisms of prodromal enteric PD.

HIGHLIGHTS AND eTOC BlurbO_LI-syn32-46 immunization of an HLA-DRB1*15:01 mouse triggers weight loss and constipation.
C_LIO_LI-syn32-46 immunizations induce gut inflammation, loss of enteric neurons and damage to dopaminergic neurons.
C_LIO_LI-syn32-46 immunization induces innate and adaptive immune responses in the gut.
C_LIO_LIDepletion of CD4+, but not CD8+, T cells partially rescues enteric neural loss.
C_LIO_LIAn interaction between -syn32-46 and HLA-DRB1*15:01 is critical for this model of prodromal PD.
C_LI

Parkinsons disease (PD) patients exhibit elevated number of circulating T cells that recognize -synuclein-(-syn)- epitopes, particularly during early disease stages. One epitope, -syn32-46, interacts with the HLA-DRB1*15:01; however, its role in PD pathogenesis remains unknown. Garretti et al. show that -syn32-46 immunization of a mouse expressing HLA-DRB1*15:01 triggers intestinal inflammation, a loss of enteric neurons, constipation and weight loss, suggesting a critical role for -syn autoimmunity in HLA-DRB1*15:01 carriers in prodromal PD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garretti, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monahan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sloan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shariar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sette, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutforth, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanter, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulzer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agalliu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.03.479014</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interaction of an α-synuclein epitope with HLA-DRB1*15:01 initiates early enteric features of Parkinson's disease in humanized mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.03.479059v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transfer Learning for Cognitive Reserve Quantification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.03.479059v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cognitive reserve (CR) has been introduced to explain individual differences in susceptibility to cognitive or functional impairment in the presence of age or pathology. We developed a deep learning model to quantify the CR as residual variance in memory performance using the structural MRI data from a lifespan healthy cohort. The generalizability of the sMRI-based deep learning model was tested in two independent healthy and Alzheimers cohorts using transfer learning framework.

Structural MRIs were collected from three cohorts: 495 healthy adults (initially aged 20-80) from RANN, 620 healthy participants (age 36-100) from lifespan Human Connectome Project Aging (HCPA), and 941 subjects from Alzheimers Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). Region of interest (ROI)-specific cortical thickness and volume measures were extracted using the Desikan-Killiany Atlas. Cognitive reserve was quantified by residuals which subtract the predicted memory from the true memory. Cascade neural network (CNN) models were used to train RANN dataset for memory prediction. Transfer learning was applied to transfer the T1 imaging-based model from source domain (using RANN) to the target domain (HCPA or ADNI).

The CNN model trained on the RANN dataset exhibited strong linear correlation between true and predicted memory based on the chosen T1 cortical thickness and volume predictors. In addition, the model generated from healthy lifespan data (RANN) was able to generalize to an independent healthy lifespan data (HCPA) and older demented participants (ADNI) across different scanner types. The estimated CR was correlated with CR proxies such education and IQ across all three datasets.

The current findings suggest that the transfer learning approach is an effective way to generalize the residual-based CR estimation. It is applicable to various diseases and may flexibly incorporate different imaging modalities such as fMRI and PET, making it a promising tool for scientific and clinical purposes.

HighlightO_LIQuantification of cognitive reserve using brain measures for pre-symptomatic Alzheimers patients can be estimated by leveraging lifespan data.
C_LIO_LIMulti-center, multi-scanner, multi-sequence can affect the performance of the quantification.
C_LIO_LILeveraging lifespan data from a single site can improve the performance.
C_LIO_LITransfer learning allows the pre-trained network to successfully reconstruct the dataset acquired from different domains or age groups.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habeck, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.03.479059</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transfer Learning for Cognitive Reserve Quantification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.03.479066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expectation for sweet taste changes peripheral glucose metabolism via basolateral amygdala 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.03.479066v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anticipatory physiological responses to food were first reported by Ivan Pavlov a century ago but the associated neural mechanism is still ill-defined. Here, we identified two types of neurons in the basolateral amygdala (BLA), which are activated by sweetener (saccharin) or water after sucrose conditioning, representing expected sweet taste and unmet expectation, respectively. Saccharin-induced met-expectation of sweet taste enhances, while H2O-induced unmet-expectation deteriorates, glucose metabolism in peripheral tissues. Deletion of saccharin-responsive neurons in BLA impaired saccharin-induced increase in insulin sensitivity. Deletion of H2O-responsive neurons in BLA improved glucose intolerance by unmet-expectation. Saccharin- and H2O-responsive neurons had different gene expressions. Our data suggest that the gap between the expected incoming sugar and sweet taste is evaluated by distinct BLA neurons to control peripheral glucose metabolism.

One-Sentence SummaryNeurons in the basolateral amygdala control blood glucose levels by comparing anticipated sugar intake and sweet taste
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yamamoto, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yonekura, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishimoto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, S.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iijima, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimura, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.03.479066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expectation for sweet taste changes peripheral glucose metabolism via basolateral amygdala]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.04.479011v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Demography and linked selection interact to shape the genomic landscape of codistributed woodpeckers during the Ice Age 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.04.479011v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The glacial cycles of the Pleistocene had a global impact on the evolution of species. Although the influence of genetic drift on population genetic dynamics is well understood, the role of selection in shaping patterns of genomic variation during these dramatic climatic changes is less clear. We used whole genome resequencing data to investigate the interplay between demography and natural selection and their influence on the genomic landscape of Downy and Hairy Woodpecker, species co-distributed in previously glaciated North America. Our results revealed a dynamic population history with repeated cycles of bottleneck and expansion, and genetic structure associated with glacial refugia. Levels of nucleotide diversity varied substantially along the genomes of Downy and Hairy Woodpecker, but this variation was highly correlated between the two species, suggesting the presence of conserved genomic features. Nucleotide diversity in both species was positively correlated with recombination rate and negatively correlated with gene density, suggesting that linked selection played a role in reducing diversity in regions of low recombination and high density of targets of selection. Despite strong temporal fluctuations in Ne, our demographic analyses indicate that Downy and Hairy Woodpecker were able to maintain relatively large effective population sizes during glaciations, which might have favored natural selection. The magnitude of the effect of linked selection seems to have been modulated by the individual demographic trajectory of populations and species, such that purifying selection has been more efficient in removing deleterious alleles in Hairy Woodpecker owing to its larger long-term Ne. These results highlight that while drift captures the expected signature of contracting and expanding populations during climatic perturbations, the interaction of multiple processes produces a predictable and highly heterogeneous genomic landscape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rocha Moreira, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klicka, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.04.479011</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Demography and linked selection interact to shape the genomic landscape of codistributed woodpeckers during the Ice Age]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.04.479203v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dopamine transporter and synaptic vesicle sorting defects initiate auxilin-linked Parkinson's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.04.479203v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Auxilin participates in the uncoating of clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs), thereby facilitating synaptic vesicle (SV) regeneration at presynaptic sites. Auxilin (DNAJC6/PARK19) loss-of- function mutations cause early-onset Parkinsons disease (PD). Here, we utilized auxilin-knockout (KO) mice to elucidate the mechanisms through which auxilin deficiency and clathrin-uncoating deficits lead to PD. We demonstrate that auxilin KO mice display the cardinal features of PD, including progressive motor deficits, -synuclein pathology, nigral dopaminergic loss, and neuroinflammation. Through unbiased proteomic and neurochemical analyses, we demonstrate that dopamine homeostasis is disrupted in auxilin KO brains, including via slower dopamine reuptake kinetics in vivo, an effect associated with dopamine transporter misrouting into axonal membrane deformities in the dorsal striatum. We also show that elevated macroautophagy and defective SV protein sorting contribute to ineffective dopamine sequestration and homeostasis, ultimately leading to neurodegeneration. This study advances our knowledge of how presynaptic endocytosis deficits lead to dopaminergic vulnerability and pathogenesis of PD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vidyadhara, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Somayaji, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wade, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yücel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shashaank, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ribaudo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sames, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulzer, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandra, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.04.479203</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dopamine transporter and synaptic vesicle sorting defects initiate auxilin-linked Parkinson's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.07.478903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transient oscillations of neural firing rate associated with routing of evidence in a perceptual decision 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.07.478903v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To form a perceptual decision the brain must acquire samples of evidence from the environment and incorporate them in computations that mediate choice behavior. While much is known about the neural circuits that process sensory information and those that form decisions, less is known about the mechanisms that establish the functional linkage between them. We trained monkeys to make difficult decisions about the net direction of visual motion under conditions that required trial-by-trial control of functional connectivity. In one condition, the motion appeared at different locations on different trials. In the other, two motion patches appeared, only one of which was informative. Neurons in the parietal cortex produced brief oscillations in their firing rate at the time routing was established: upon onset of the motion display when its location was unpredictable across trials, and upon onset of an attention cue that indicated in which of two locations an informative patch of dots would appear. The oscillation was absent when the stimulus location was fixed across trials. We interpret the oscillation as a manifestation of the mechanism that establishes the source and destination of flexibly routed information, but not the transmission of the information per se.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Odean, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanayei, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadlen, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.07.478903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transient oscillations of neural firing rate associated with routing of evidence in a perceptual decision]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.07.479306v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antibody Evasion Properties of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Sublineages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.07.479306v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The identification of the Omicron variant (B.1.1.529.1 or BA.1) of SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) in Botswana in November 20211 immediately raised alarms due to the sheer number of mutations in the spike glycoprotein that could lead to striking antibody evasion. We2 and others3-6 recently reported results in this Journal confirming such a concern. Continuing surveillance of Omicron evolution has since revealed the rise in prevalence of two sublineages, BA.1 with an R346K mutation (BA.1+R346K) and B.1.1.529.2 (BA.2), with the latter containing 8 unique spike mutations while lacking 13 spike mutations found in BA.1. We therefore extended our studies to include antigenic characterization of these new sublineages. Polyclonal sera from patients infected by wild-type SARS-CoV-2 or recipients of current mRNA vaccines showed a substantial loss in neutralizing activity against both BA.1+R346K and BA.2, with drops comparable to that already reported for BA.12,3,5,6. These findings indicate that these three sublineages of Omicron are antigenically equidistant from the wild-type SARS-CoV-2 and thus similarly threaten the efficacies of current vaccines. BA.2 also exhibited marked resistance to 17 of 19 neutralizing monoclonal antibodies tested, including S309 (sotrovimab)7, which had retained appreciable activity against BA.1 and BA.1+R346K2-4,6. This new finding shows that no presently approved or authorized monoclonal antibody therapy could adequately cover all sublineages of the Omicron variant.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iketani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobieszczyk, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.07.479306</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antibody Evasion Properties of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Sublineages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.07.479417v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A paternal bias in germline mutation is widespread across amniotes and can arise independently of cell divisions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.07.479417v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In humans and other mammals, germline mutations are more likely to arise in fathers than in mothers. Although this sex bias has long been attributed to DNA replication errors in spermatogenesis, recent evidence from humans points to the importance of mutagenic processes that do not depend on cell division, calling into question our understanding of this basic phenomenon. Here, we infer the ratio of paternal-to-maternal mutations, , in 42 species of amniotes, from putatively neutral substitution rates of sex chromosomes and autosomes. Despite marked differences in gametogenesis, physiologies and environments across species, fathers consistently contribute more mutations than mothers in all the species examined, including mammals, birds and reptiles. In mammals,  is as high as 4 and correlates with generation times; in birds and snakes,  appears more stable around 2. These observations are consistent with a simple model, in which mutations accrue at equal rates in both sexes during early development and at a higher rate in the male germline after sexual differentiation, with a conserved paternal-to-maternal ratio across species. Thus,  may reflect the relative contributions of two or more developmental phases to total germline mutations, and is expected to depend on generation time even if mutations do not track cell divisions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Manuel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przeworski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.07.479417</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A paternal bias in germline mutation is widespread across amniotes and can arise independently of cell divisions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.07.479466v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The direction and timing of theta and alpha traveling waves modulate human memory processing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.07.479466v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To support a range of behaviors, the brain must flexibly coordinate neural activity across widespread brain regions. One potential mechanism for this coordination is a traveling wave, in which a neural oscillation propagates across the brain while organizing the order and timing of activity across regions1,2. Although traveling waves are present across the brain in various species3-5, their potential functional relevance remained unknown. Here, using rare direct human brain recordings, we demonstrate two novel functional roles for traveling waves of theta- and alpha-band (2-13 Hz) oscillations in the cortex. First, traveling waves propagate in different directions during separate cognitive processes. In episodic memory, traveling waves tended to propagate in posterior-to-anterior and anterior-to-posterior directions, respectively, during encoding and retrieval. Second, traveling waves are informative about the timing of behavior, with the phase of ongoing traveling waves indicating when subjects would retrieve memories. Because traveling waves of oscillations correspond to local neuronal spiking, these patterns indicate that rhythmic pulses of activity move across the brain with different directions and timing for separate behaviors. More broadly, our results suggest a fundamental role for traveling waves and oscillations in dynamically coordinating neural connectivity, by flexibly organizing the timing and directionality of network interactions across the cortex to support cognition and behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mohan, U. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.07.479466</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The direction and timing of theta and alpha traveling waves modulate human memory processing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.07.479496v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Light/dark and temperature cycling modulate metabolic electron flow in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.07.479496v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sunlight drives phototrophic metabolism, which affects redox conditions and produces substrates for non-phototrophs. These environmental parameters fluctuate daily due to Earths rotation, and non-phototrophic organisms can therefore benefit from the ability to respond to, or even anticipate, such changes. Circadian rhythms, such as daily changes in body temperature, in host organisms can also affect local conditions for colonizing bacteria. Here, we investigated the effects of light/dark and temperature cycling on biofilms of the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14. We grew biofilms in the presence of a respiratory indicator dye and found that greater dye reduction occurred in biofilm zones that formed during dark intervals and at lower temperatures. This pattern formation occurred with cycling of blue, red, or far-red light, and a screen of mutants representing potential sensory proteins identified two with defects in pattern formation, specifically under red light cycling. We also found that the physiological states of biofilm subzones formed under specific light and temperature conditions were retained during subsequent condition cycling. Light/dark and temperature cycling affected expression of genes involved in primary metabolic pathways and redox homeostasis, including those encoding electron transport chain components. Consistent with this, we found that cbb3-type oxidases contribute to dye reduction under light/dark cycling conditions. Together, our results indicate that cyclic changes in light exposure and temperature have lasting effects on redox metabolism in biofilms formed by a non-phototrophic, pathogenic bacterium.

IMPORTANCEOrganisms that do not obtain energy from light can nevertheless be affected by daily changes in light exposure. Many aspects of animal and fungal physiology fluctuate in response to these changes, including body temperature and the activities of antioxidant and other redox enzymes that play roles in metabolism. Whether redox metabolism is affected by light/dark and temperature cycling in bacteria that colonize such circadian organisms has not been studied in detail. Here we show that growth under light/dark and temperature cycling leads to rhythmic changes in redox metabolism in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and identify proteins involved in this response. P. aeruginosa is a major cause of healthcare-associated infections and designated as a serious threat by the CDC due to its recalcitrance during treatments. Our findings have the potential to inform therapeutic strategies that incorporate controlled light exposure or consider P. aeruginosas responses to conditions in the host.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kahl, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eckartt, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morales, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price-Whelan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dietrich, L. E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.07.479496</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Light/dark and temperature cycling modulate metabolic electron flow in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.08.479587v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Principled clustering of functional signals reveals gradients in processing both within the anterior hippocampus and across its long axis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.08.479587v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A particularly elusive puzzle concerning the hippocampus is how the structural differences along its long, anteroposterior axis might beget meaningful functional differences, particularly in terms of the granularity of information processing. One measure posits to quantify this granularity by calculating the average statistical independence of the BOLD signal across neighboring voxels, or inter-voxel similarity (IVS), and has shown the anterior hippocampus to process coarser-grained information than that in the posterior hippocampus. This model of the hippocampus, however, conflicts with a number of task-oriented findings, many of which have varied in their fMRI acquisition parameters and hippocampal parcellation methods. In order to reconcile these findings, we measured IVS across two separate resting-state fMRI acquisitions and compared the results across many of the most widely used parcellation methods in a large young-adult sample (Acquisition 1, N = 253; Acquisition 2, N = 183). Finding conflicting results across acquisitions and parcellations, we reasoned that a principled, data-driven approach to hippocampal parcellation is necessary. To this end, we implemented a group masked independent components analysis (mICA) to identify functional subunits of the hippocampus, most notably separating the anterior hippocampus into separate anterior-medial, anterior-lateral, and posteroanterior-lateral components. Measuring IVS across these components revealed a decrease in IVS along the medial-lateral axis of the anterior hippocampus but an increase from anterior to posterior. We conclude that representational granularity may not change linearly or unidirectionally across the hippocampus, and that moving the study of the hippocampus towards reproducibility requires grounding it in a functionally informed approach.

Significance StatementProcessing information along hierarchical scales of granularity is critical for many of the feats of cognition considered most human. Recently, the changes in structure, cortical connectivity, and apparent functional properties across parcels of the hippocampal long axis have been hypothesized to underlie this hierarchical gradient in information processing. We show here, however, that the choice of parcellation method itself drastically affects the perceived granularity across the hippocampus, and that a principled, functionally informed approach to parcellation reveals gradients both within the anterior hippocampus and in non-linear form across the long axis. These results point to the issue of parcellation as a critical one in the study of the hippocampus and reorient interpretation of existing results.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thorp, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gasser, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blessing, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davachi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.08.479587</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Principled clustering of functional signals reveals gradients in processing both within the anterior hippocampus and across its long axis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.09.479479v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Motor cortical influence relies on task-specific activity covariation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.09.479479v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During limb movement, spinal circuits facilitate the alternating activation of antagonistic flexor and extensor muscles. Yet antagonist cocontraction is often required to stabilize joints, like when loads are handled. Previous results suggest that these different muscle activation patterns are mediated by separate flexion- and extension-related motor cortical output populations, while others suggest recruitment of task-specific populations. To distinguish between hypotheses, we developed a paradigm in which mice toggle between forelimb tasks requiring antagonist alternation or cocontraction and measured activity in motor cortical layer 5b. Our results conformed to neither hypothesis: consistent flexion- and extension-related activity was not observed across tasks, and no task-specific populations were observed. Instead, activity covariation among motor cortical neurons dramatically changed between tasks, thereby altering the relation between neural and muscle activity. This was also observed specifically for corticospinal neurons. Collectively, our findings indicate that motor cortex drives different muscle activation patterns via task-specific activity covariation.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIMice perform two forelimb tasks involving distinct antagonist muscle activity in a novel paradigm
C_LIO_LIL5b motor cortical neurons are not organized by task-specific activity
C_LIO_LIL5b motor cortical neurons do not encode muscle activity consistently across tasks
C_LIO_LITask-specific muscle activity is driven by a change in motor cortical activity covariation
C_LI

eTOC BLURBWarriner et al. simultaneously measured muscle and motor cortical activity in mouse during antagonist forelimb muscle alternation and cocontraction, revealing that these distinct muscle activation patterns are not driven through consistent flexion and extension programs nor through the activity of discrete, task-specific neuronal subsets. Instead, distinct patterns involve task-specific changes in firing pattern covariation among layer 5b neurons, and corticospinal neurons in particular, which change their relationship to muscle activity across tasks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Warriner, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fageiry, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saxena, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.09.479479</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Motor cortical influence relies on task-specific activity covariation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.09.479727v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selective integration of diverse taste inputs within a single taste modality 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.09.479727v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A fundamental question in sensory processing is how different channels of sensory input are processed to regulate behavior. Different input channels may converge onto common downstream pathways to drive the same behaviors, or they may activate separate pathways to regulate distinct behaviors. We investigated this question in the Drosophila bitter taste system, which contains diverse bitter-sensing cells residing in different taste organs. First, we optogenetically activated subsets of bitter neurons within each organ. These subsets elicited broad and highly overlapping behavioral effects, suggesting that they converge onto common downstream pathways, but we also observed behavioral differences that argue for biased convergence. Consistent with these results, transsynaptic tracing revealed that bitter neurons in different organs connect to overlapping downstream pathways with biased connectivity. We investigated taste processing in one type of second-order bitter neuron that projects to the higher brain. These neurons integrate input from multiple organs and regulate specific taste-related behaviors. We then traced downstream circuits, providing the first glimpse into taste processing in the higher brain. Together, these results reveal that different bitter inputs are selectively integrated early in the circuit, enabling the pooling of information, while the circuit then diverges into multiple pathways that may have different roles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deere, J. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uttley, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez Santana, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devineni, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.09.479727</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selective integration of diverse taste inputs within a single taste modality]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.10.479914v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Architecture of the human erythrocyte ankyrin-1 complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.10.479914v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The stability and shape of the erythrocyte membrane is provided by the ankyrin-1 complex, but how it tethers the spectrin-actin cytoskeleton to the lipid bilayer and the nature of its association with the band 3 anion exchanger and the Rhesus glycoproteins remains unknown. Here we present structures of ankyrin-1 complexes purified from human erythrocytes. We reveal the architecture of a core complex of ankyrin-1, the Rhesus proteins RhAG and RhCE, the band 3 anion exchanger, protein 4.2 and glycophorin A. The distinct T-shaped conformation of membrane-bound ankyrin-1 facilitates recognition of RhCE and unexpectedly, the water channel aquaporin-1. Together, our results uncover the molecular details of ankyrin-1 association with the erythrocyte membrane, and illustrate the mechanism of ankyrin-mediated membrane protein clustering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vallese, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yen, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noble, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cali, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, O. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.10.479914</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Architecture of the human erythrocyte ankyrin-1 complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.10.480014v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimal routing to cerebellum-like structures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.10.480014v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The vast expansion from mossy fibers to cerebellar granule cells produces a neural representation that supports functions including associative and internal model learning. This motif is shared by other cerebellum-like structures, including the insect mushroom body, electrosensory lobe of electric fish, and mammalian dorsal cochlear nucleus, and has inspired numerous theoretical models of its functional role. Less attention has been paid to structures immediately presynaptic to granule cell layers, whose architecture can be described as a "bottleneck" and whose functional role is not understood. We therefore develop a general theory of cerebellum-like structures in conjunction with their afferent pathways. This theory predicts the role of the pontine relay to cerebellar cortex and the glomerular organization of the insect antennal lobe. It also reconciles theories of nonlinear mixing with recent observations of correlated granule cell activity. More generally, it shows that structured compression followed by random expansion is an efficient architecture for flexible computation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muscinelli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litwin-Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.10.480014</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimal routing to cerebellum-like structures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.11.479456v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The OncoLoop network-based precision oncology framework 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.11.479456v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
At present, prioritizing cancer treatments at the individual patient level remains challenging, and performing co-clinical studies using patient-derived models in real-time is often not feasible. To circumvent these challenges, we introduce OncoLoop, a precision medicine framework to predict and validate drug sensitivity in human tumors and their pre-existing high-fidelity (cognate) model(s) by leveraging perturbational profiles of clinically-relevant oncology drugs. As proof-of-concept, we applied OncoLoop to prostate cancer (PCa) using a series of genetically-engineered mouse models (GEMMs) that recapitulate a broad spectrum of disease states, including castration-resistant, metastatic, and neuroendocrine prostate cancer. Interrogation of published cohorts using Master Regulator (MR) conservation analysis revealed that most patients were represented by at least one cognate GEMM-derived tumor (GEMM-DT). Drugs predicted to invert MR activity in patients and their cognate GEMM-DTs were successfully validated, including in two cognate allografts and one cognate patient-derived xenograft (PDX). OncoLoop is a highly generalizable framework that can be extended to other cancers and potentially other diseases.

Significance StatementOncoLoop is a transcriptomic-based experimental and computational framework that can support rapid-turnaround co-clinical studies to identify and validate drugs for individual patients, which can then be readily adapted to clinical practice. This framework should be applicable in many cancer contexts for which appropriate models and drug perturbation data are available.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vasciaveo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arriaga, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geraldes de Almeida, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglass, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shibata, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Calero, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Brot, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitrofanova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chua, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Realubit, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pampou, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abate-Shen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.11.479456</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The OncoLoop network-based precision oncology framework]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.11.480115v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vaccine-elicitation of cross-group neutralizing protective antibodies to influenza A viruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.11.480115v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current influenza vaccines predominantly induce immunity to the hypervariable viral hemagglutinin (HA) head, requiring frequent vaccine reformulation. Conversely, antigenic sites on the conserved HA stem are subdominant and harbor a supersite which is targeted by broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs), making it a prime target for universal vaccines. Here, we show that co-immunization of two stem immunogens derived from influenza A group 1 and 2 HAs elicits cross-group protective immunity and neutralizing antibody responses in mice, ferrets, and nonhuman primates (NHPs). Immunized mice were protected from multiple group 1 and 2 viruses, and all animal models showed broad serum neutralizing activity. A bnAb isolated from an immunized NHP broadly neutralized and conferred protection from viruses including H5N1 and H7N9. Genetic and structural analyses revealed a remarkable convergent evolution between macaque and human bnAbs, illustrating the biophysical constraints for acquiring immunoglobulins with cross-group specificity. Co-immunization of stem immunogens elicits not only group-specific protective immunity, but also cross-group bnAb responses, and represents a step towards broadly protective influenza vaccines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moin, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyington, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyoglu-Barnum, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillespie, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerutti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, C. S.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cagigi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brand, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prabhakaran, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsybovsky, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creanga, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ataca, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crank, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDermott, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mascola, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanekiyo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.11.480115</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vaccine-elicitation of cross-group neutralizing protective antibodies to influenza A viruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.11.480171v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vivo calcium imaging identifies functionally and molecularly distinct subsets of tongue-innervating mechanosensory neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.11.480171v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanosensory neurons in the mouth provide essential information to guide feeding and speech. How classes of oral mechanoreceptors contribute to oral behaviors is not well understood; in particular, the functional properties of lingual mechanoreceptors remain elusive. Previous work identified putative mechanosensory endings in the tongue with novel morphologies; how these fit into current knowledge of mechanosensory neuron classification is not known. To identify functional classes of lingual mechanosensory neurons, we used in vivo calcium imaging of trigeminal ganglia. We first investigated calcium responses of tongue-innervating trigeminal neurons to thermal and mechanical stimulation (e.g., pressure, fluid flow, temperature changes). We found that around 17% of neurons responded to pressure, and that these pressure responders were significantly larger than neurons that only responded to temperature changes. To further investigate the cadre of functionally distinct mechanosensory neurons, we tested responses to brushing and sustained pressures and found that brush-sensitive neurons comprise the majority of tongue-innervating mechanosensory trigeminal neurons. Qualitatively, mechanosensory neurons responded to pressure with distinct kinetics, suggesting the presence of multiple classes of mechanoreceptors. To determine the number of classes, we developed an unbiased multi-layer hierarchical clustering approach to classify calcium response characteristics to pressure stimulation. This approach revealed that mechanosensory neurons displayed five distinct stimulus-response profiles to pressure. Classes include neuronal populations with sustained, transient, high-threshold, and negative responses to force as well as neurons that responded only to brushing. Analysis of cluster representation in transgenic animals with only subsets of labeled neurons reveals molecular markers of clusters and end organ structures. These studies are amongst the first to determine the functional properties of low-threshold mechanosensory neurons innervating the mouse tongue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moayedi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obayashi, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, B. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerling, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lumpkin, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.11.480171</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vivo calcium imaging identifies functionally and molecularly distinct subsets of tongue-innervating mechanosensory neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.13.480272v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-modal single-cell and whole-genome sequencing of minute, frozen specimens to propel clinical applications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.13.480272v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell genomics are enabling technologies, but their broad clinical application remains challenging. We report an easily adaptable approach for single-cell transcriptome and T cell receptor (TCR)-sequencing, and matched whole-genome sequencing from tiny, frozen clinical specimens. We achieve similar quality and biological outputs while reducing artifactual signals compared to data from matched fresh tissue samples. Profiling sequentially collected melanoma samples from the KEYNOTE-001 trial, we resolve cellular, genomic, and clonotype dynamics that encapsulate molecular patterns of tumor evolution during anti-PD-1 therapy. To demonstrate applicability to banked biospecimens of rare diseases, we generate a large uveal melanoma liver metastasis single-cell and matched WGS atlas, which revealed niche-specific impairment of clonal T cell expansion. This study provides a foundational framework for propelling single-cell genomics to the clinical arena.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melms, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amin, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgis, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tagore, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abril-Rodriguez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biermann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofree, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caprio, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berhe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henick, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ribas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvajal, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azizi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.13.480272</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-modal single-cell and whole-genome sequencing of minute, frozen specimens to propel clinical applications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.14.480466v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional and effective connectivity between dorsolateral prefrontal and subgenual anterior cingulate cortex depends on the timing of transcranial magnetic stimulation relative to the phase of prefrontal alpha EEG 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.14.480466v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDThe communication through coherence model posits that brain rhythms are synchronized across different frequency bands and that effective connectivity strength between interacting regions depends on their phase relation. Evidence to support the model comes mostly from electrophysiological recordings in animals while evidence from human data is limited.

METHODSHere, an fMRI-EEG-TMS (fET) instrument capable of acquiring simultaneous fMRI and EEG during noninvasive single pulse TMS applied to dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) was used to test whether prefrontal EEG alpha phase moderates TMS-evoked top-down influences on subgenual, rostral and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Results in healthy volunteers (n=11) were compared to those from patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) (n=17) collected as part of a ongoing clinical trial investigation.

RESULTSIn both groups, TMS-evoked functional connectivity between DLPFC and subgenual ACC (sgACC) depended on the EEG alpha phase. TMS-evoked DLPFC to sgACC effective connectivity (EC) was moderated by EEG alpha phase in healthy volunteers, but not in the MDD patients. Top-down EC was inhibitory for TMS onsets during the upward slope of the alpha wave relative to TMS timed to the downward slope of the alpha wave. Prefrontal EEG alpha phase dependent effects on TMS-evoked fMRI BOLD activation of the rostral anterior cingulate cortex were detected in the MDD patient group, but not in the healthy volunteer group.

DISCUSSIONResults demonstrate that TMS-evoked top-down influences vary as a function of the prefrontal alpha rhythm, and suggest clinical applications whereby TMS is synchronized to the brains internal rhythms in order to more efficiently engage deep therapeutic targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pantazatos, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McIntosh, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saber, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doose, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teves, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blankenship, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huffman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sajda, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.14.480466</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional and effective connectivity between dorsolateral prefrontal and subgenual anterior cingulate cortex depends on the timing of transcranial magnetic stimulation relative to the phase of prefrontal alpha EEG]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.15.480548v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An integrated strain-level analytic pipeline utilizing longitudinal metagenomic data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.15.480548v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The development of sequencing technology and analytic tools have advanced our insights into the complexity of microbiome. Since different strains within species may display great phenotypic variability, studying within-species variations enhances the understanding of microbial biological processes. However, most existing methods for strain-level analysis do not allow for the simultaneous interrogation of strain proportions and genome-wide variants in longitudinal metagenomic samples. In this study, we introduce LongStrain, an integrated pipeline for the analysis of metagenomic data from individuals with longitudinal or repeated samples. Our algorithm improves the efficiency and accuracy of strain identification by jointly modeling the strain proportion and genomic variants in combined multiple samples within individuals. With simulation studies of a microbial community and single species, we show that LongStrain is superior to three extensively used methods in variant calling and proportion estimation. Furthermore, we illustrate the potential applications of LongStrain in the real data analysis of The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) study and a gastric intestinal metaplasia microbiome study. We investigate the association between the dynamic change of strain proportions and early life events, such as birth delivery mode, antibiotic treatment, and weaning. By joint analysis of phylogeny and strain transition, we also identify a subspecies clade of Bifidobacterium longum which is significantly correlated with breastfeeding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putzel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pironti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.15.480548</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An integrated strain-level analytic pipeline utilizing longitudinal metagenomic data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.16.478899v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decision formation in parietal cortex transcends a fixed frame of reference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.16.478899v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons in the lateral intraparietal cortex (area LIP) represent the formation of a decision when it is linked to a specific action, such as an eye movement to a choice target. However, these neurons should be unable to represent a decision that transpires across actions that would disrupt this linkage. We investigated this limitation by recording simultaneously from many neurons. While intervening actions disrupt the representation by single neurons, the ensemble achieves continuity of the decision process by passing information from currently active neurons to neurons that will become active after the action. In this way, the representation of an evolving decision can be generalized across actions and transcends the frame of reference that specifies the neural response fields. The finding extends previous observations of receptive field remapping, thought to support the stability of perception across eye movements, to the continuity of a thought process, such as a decision.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>So, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadlen, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.16.478899</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decision formation in parietal cortex transcends a fixed frame of reference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.17.480813v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A new insight into MYC action: control of RNA polymerase II methylation and transcription termination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.17.480813v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A common catastrophic event in most human cancers is deregulation of MYC, a multifunctional transcription factor that controls gene expression in partnership with MAX and drives key biological mechanisms of the cell. Restraining its activity impairs cancer cell features and prevents tumor development, as shown by Omomyc - a 90 amino acid mini-protein interfering with MYC activity. MYC regulates many aspects of transcription by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII), such as activation, pause release, and elongation. That it may have a role in transcription termination as well is suggested by our finding of an interaction between MYC and the Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5), which catalyzes symmetrical dimethylation of RNAPII at the arginine residue R1810 (R1810me2s) allowing proper termination and splicing of transcripts. Here we show that MYC overexpression strongly increases R1810me2s, while the concomitant expression of Omomyc or a MYC-specific shRNA counteracts this capacity. Omomyc impairs as well Serine 2 phosphorylation in the RNAPII carboxyterminal domain, a modification that sustains transcript elongation and is enhanced by MYC. By displacing MYC on DNA, Omomyc reshapes RNAPII distribution along genes, leading to greater occupancy of promoter and termination sites. It is unclear how this may affect expression of the variety of genes that control metabolic, biosynthetic, and other pathways and are up or down regulated upon MYC inhibition. Genes belonging to a signature of direct MYC targets are instead strongly downregulated following MYC inhibition, with a weak correlation with RNAPII occupancy at promoters. Our data point to a MYC/ PRMT5/RNAPII axis that controls termination via RNAPII dimethylation (R1810me2s) and may contribute to fine-tune the expression of genes altered by MYC overexpression in cancer cells. It remains to be seen which role this may have in tumor development and maintenance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scagnoli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scuoppo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Illi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.17.480813</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A new insight into MYC action: control of RNA polymerase II methylation and transcription termination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.17.480929v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A unique mineralizing pool of Gli1+ stem cells builds the tendon enthesis and demonstrates therapeutic potential 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.17.480929v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The enthesis, a fibrocartilaginous transition between tendon and bone, is necessary for the transfer of force from muscle to bone to produce joint motion. The enthesis is prone to injury due to mechanical demands, and it cannot regenerate. A better understanding of how the enthesis develops will lead to more effective therapies to prevent pathology and promote regeneration. Here, we used single-cell RNA sequencing to define the development transcriptome of the entheses over postnatal stages. Six resident cell types, including enthesis progenitors and mineralizing chondrocytes, were identified along with their transcription factor regulons and temporal regulation. Following our prior discovery of the necessity of Gli1-lineage cells for enthesis development and healing, we then examined their transcriptomes at single cell resolution and demonstrated their clonogenicity and multipotency. Transplantation of these Gli1- lineage cells to enthesis injuries improved healing, demonstrating their therapeutic potential for enthesis regeneration.

HighlightsO_LIThe transcriptome and differentiation trajectory of enthesis stem cells during postnatal development are defined at single cell resolution.
C_LIO_LITranscription factor regulons drive enthesis stem cell differentiation.
C_LIO_LIGli1-lineage enthesis stem cells demonstrate in vivo and in vitro clonogenicity and multipotency.
C_LIO_LITransplantation of Gli1-lineage enthesis stem cells to enthesis injuries improves healing.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zelzer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leong, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomopoulos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.17.480929</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A unique mineralizing pool of Gli1+ stem cells builds the tendon enthesis and demonstrates therapeutic potential]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.17.480956v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An NKX-COUP-TFII genomic code for mucosal vascular addressins and organ morphogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.17.480956v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immunoglobulin family and carbohydrate vascular addressins encoded by Madcam1 and St6gal1 control lymphocyte homing into intestinal tissues, regulating immunity and inflammation. The addressins are developmentally programmed to decorate endothelial cells lining gut post-capillary and high endothelial venules, providing a prototypical example of organ- and segment-specific endothelial specialization. We identify conserved NKX-COUP-TFII composite elements (NCCE) in regulatory regions of Madcam1 and St6gal1 that bind intestinal homeodomain protein NKX2-3 cooperatively with venous nuclear receptor COUP-TFII to activate transcription. The Madcam1 element also integrates repressive signals from arterial/capillary Notch effectors. Pan-endothelial COUP-TFII overexpression induces ectopic addressin expression in NKX2-3+ capillaries, while NKX2-3 deficiency abrogates expression by HEV. Phylogenetically conserved NCCE are enriched in genes involved in neuron migration and morphogenesis of the heart, kidney, pancreas and other organs. Our results define a genomic address code for targeted expression of mucosal vascular addressins and implicate NCCE in fundamental processes in cell specification and development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dinh, t. t.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajaraman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salazar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roper, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brulois, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Hara, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keifel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinh, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Red-Horse, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balogh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabris, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaszner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berta, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butcher, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.17.480956</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An NKX-COUP-TFII genomic code for mucosal vascular addressins and organ morphogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.17.480976v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Ferroptosis-mediated regulation of the biogenesis of the oxidative phosphorylation system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.17.480976v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several subunits in the matrix domain of mitochondrial complex I (CI) have been posited to be redox sensors for CI; but how elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) impinge on CI assembly is unknown. We report that when the mitochondrial NADPH-generating enzyme - Isocitrate Dehydrogenase 2 - is genetically disrupted, ROS levels are elevated and assembly of the oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS) is impaired. Mechanistically, this begins with a ROS-mediated inhibition of biosynthesis of the matrix domain of CI, which progresses to a point where ferroptotic signals are induced, the mitochondrial unfolded protein response is activated and multiple OXPHOS complexes are impaired. Disruption of other enzymes that eliminate hydrogen peroxide, but not those that eliminate the superoxide radical, recapitulates the phenotype; implicating hydrogen peroxide as the signaling molecule involved. Thus, the redox status of the mitochondrion modulates the assembly of the matrix domain of CI and ultimately that of the entire OXPHOS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhooms, S.-k.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hossain, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goparaju, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osei, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owusu-Ansah, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.17.480976</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Ferroptosis-mediated regulation of the biogenesis of the oxidative phosphorylation system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.18.481046v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mural norrin/β-catenin signaling regulates Lama2 expression to promote neurovascular unit assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.18.481046v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurovascular unit (NVU) assembly and barrier maturation rely on vascular basement membrane (vBM) composition. Laminins, a major vBM component, are critical for these processes, yet which signaling pathway(s) regulate their expression remains unknown. Here we show that mural cells have active Norrin/{beta}-catenin signaling during central nervous system development. Bulk RNA sequencing and validation using P10 and P14 wild-type versus Apcdd1-/- retinas reveal that Lama2 (Laminin-2 chain) mRNA and protein levels are increased in mutant vasculature undergoing higher Norrin/{beta}-catenin signaling. Mural cells are the main source of Lama2, and {beta}-catenin activation induces Lama2 expression in mural cells in vitro. Markers of mature astrocytes including Aquaporin-4 (a water channel in astrocyte endfeet) and Integrin-6 (a laminin receptor) are upregulated in Apcdd1-/- retinas following higher Lama2 vBM deposition. Thus, the Norrin/{beta}-catenin pathway regulates Lama2 expression in mural cells to promote NVU assembly and neurovascular barrier maturation.

SUMMARYBiswas et al., demonstrate that Norrin/{beta}-catenin signaling is active in CNS mural cells and regulates Lama2 deposition in the vascular basement membrane, promoting neurovascular unit assembly and blood-CNS barrier maturation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Biswas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahriar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giangreco, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arvanitis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tatonetti, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunken, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutforth, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agalliu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.18.481046</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mural norrin/β-catenin signaling regulates Lama2 expression to promote neurovascular unit assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.21.481355v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reactive microglia and cytokine release entails microtubule remodeling from acentrosomal to centrosomal arrays 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.21.481355v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microglia reactivity entails a large-scale remodeling of cellular geometry, but the role of the microtubule cytoskeleton during these changes remains unexplored. Here we show that reactive proinflammatory microglia provide a heretofore unique example of microtubule reorganization from a non-centrosomal array of parallel and stable microtubules to a radial array of more dynamic microtubules. While in the homeostatic state microglia nucleate microtubules at Golgi outposts, proinflammatory signaling induces recruitment of nucleating material nearby the centrosome and inhibition of centrosomal maturation enhances NLRP3 inflammasome activation and secretion of IL-1{beta}. Our results demonstrate that a hallmark of microglia reactivity is a striking remodeling of the microtubule cytoskeleton and suggest that pericentrosomal microtubule nucleation may serve as a distinct marker of microglia activation as well as a novel target to modulate cytokine-mediated inflammatory responses in chronic disease and tissue injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchini, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gosti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Panfilis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giubettini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debellis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catalano, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peruzzi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marotta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Indrieri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Leonibus, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ragozzino, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruocco, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Angelantonio, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartolini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.21.481355</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reactive microglia and cytokine release entails microtubule remodeling from acentrosomal to centrosomal arrays]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.22.481404v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic Elucidation and Pharmacological Targeting of Tumor-Infiltrating Regulatory T Cell Master Regulators 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.22.481404v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Due to their immunosuppressive role, tumor-infiltrating regulatory T cells (TI-Tregs) represent attractive therapeutic targets. Analysis of TI vs. peripheral Tregs (P-Tregs) from 36 patients, across four malignancies, identified 17 candidate Master Regulators (MRs), predicted to mechanistically regulate TI-Tregs transcriptional state. In vivo, pooled CRISPR-KO screening, using a hematopoietic stem cell transplant model, confirmed essentiality of 7 of 17 MRs in TI-Treg recruitment and/or retention to the TME, without affecting other T cell subtypes, while individual knockout of the most significant MR (TRPS1) significantly reduced tumor allograft growth. TI-Treg drug perturbation profile analysis identified drugs capable of inverting the TI-Treg-specific MR activity signature at low concentration. Low dose treatment with gemcitabine (top prediction) inhibited tumor growth in immunocompetent but not immunocompromised allografts, increased PD-1 inhibitor efficacy, and depleted TI-Tregs in vivo. The study provides key insight into Treg infiltration mechanism and a gene reporter assay to identify additional small molecule inhibitors.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=140 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/481404v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (26K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1cca60borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@a93ce6org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@dd2aa2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1a2c98_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Obradovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ager, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turunen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nirschl, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khosravi-Maharlooei, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yegnasubramanian, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeMarzo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allaf, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bivalacqua, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drake, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.22.481404</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic Elucidation and Pharmacological Targeting of Tumor-Infiltrating Regulatory T Cell Master Regulators]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.22.481546v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Myopia alters the structural organization of the retinal astrocyte template, associated vasculature and ganglion layer thickness. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.22.481546v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeTo describe the effect of myopic eye growth on the structure and distribution of astrocytes, vasculature and ganglion cell thickness, critical for inner retinal tissue homeostasis and survival.

MethodsAstrocyte and capillary distribution, retinal nerve fiber (RNFL) and ganglion cell layer (GCL) thicknesses were assessed using immunochemistry and spectral domain optical coherence tomography on eleven retinas of juvenile common marmosets (Callithrix Jacchus), six of which were induced with lens-induced myopia (refraction, Rx: -7.01{+/-}1.8D). Five untreated age-matched juvenile marmoset retinas were used as controls (Rx: -0.74{+/-}0.4D).

ResultsAs control marmoset eyes grew normally, there was an age-related increase in astrocyte numbers associated with RNFL thickening. Marmosets with induced myopia did not show this trend and, on the contrary, had reduced astrocyte numbers, increased positive GFAP immunopositive staining, thinner RNFL, lower peripheral capillary branching, and increased numbers of string vessels.

ConclusionThe myopic changes in retinal astrocytes, vasculature, and ganglion cell layer thickness suggest a reorganization of the astrocyte and vascular templates during myopia development and progression. Whether these adaptations are beneficial or harmful to the retina remains to be investigated.

Summary StatementThis article provides new information on how progressive myopia affects key elements of the retinal neurovascular unit.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toychiev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slavi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ablordeppey, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benavente-Perez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.22.481546</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Myopia alters the structural organization of the retinal astrocyte template, associated vasculature and ganglion layer thickness.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.22.481548v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chronic Glucocorticoid Stress Reveals Increased Energy Expenditure and Accelerated Aging as Cellular Features of Allostatic Load 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.22.481548v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stress triggers anticipatory physiological responses that promote survival, a phenomenon termed allostasis. However, the chronic activation of energy-dependent allostatic responses results in allostatic load, a dysregulated state that predicts functional decline, accelerates aging, and increases mortality in humans. The energetic cost and cellular basis for the damaging effects of allostatic load have not been defined. Here, by longitudinally profiling three unrelated primary human fibroblast lines across their lifespan, we find that chronic glucocorticoid exposure increases cellular energy expenditure by [~]60%, along with a metabolic shift from glycolysis to mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos). This state of stress-induced hypermetabolism is linked to mtDNA instability, non-linearly affects age-related cytokines secretion, and accelerates cellular aging based on DNA methylation clocks, telomere shortening rate, and reduced lifespan. Pharmacologically normalizing OxPhos activity while further increasing energy expenditure exacerbates the accelerated aging phenotype, pointing to total energy expenditure as a potential driver of aging dynamics. Together, our findings define bioenergetic and multi-omic recalibrations of stress adaptation, underscoring increased energy expenditure and accelerated cellular aging as interrelated features of cellular allostatic load.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bobba-Alves, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturm, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ware, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karan, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monzel, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bris, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Procaccio, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenaers, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higgins-Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santhanam, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epel, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.22.481548</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chronic Glucocorticoid Stress Reveals Increased Energy Expenditure and Accelerated Aging as Cellular Features of Allostatic Load]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.23.481713v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Three membrane fusion pore families determine the pathways of pore dilation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.23.481713v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During exocytosis secretory vesicles fuse with a target membrane and release neurotransmitters, hormones or other bioactive molecules through a membrane fusion pore. The initially small pore may subsequently dilate for full contents release, as commonly observed in amperometric traces. The size, shape and evolution of the pore is critical to the course of contents release, but exact fusion pore solutions accounting for membrane tension and bending energy constraints have not been available. Here we obtained exact solutions for fusion pores between two membranes. We find three families: a narrow pore, a wide pore and an intermediate tether-like pore. For high tensions these are close to the catenoidal and tether solutions recently reported for freely hinged membrane boundaries. We suggest membrane fusion initially generates a stable narrow pore, and the dilation pathway is a transition to the stable wide pore family. The unstable intermediate pore is the transition state that sets the energy barrier for this dilation pathway. Pore dilation is mechanosensitive, as the energy barrier is lowered by increased membrane tension. Finally, we study fusion pores in nanodiscs, powerful systems for the study of individual pores. We show that nanodiscs stabilize fusion pores by locking them into the narrow pore family.

SignificanceDuring neurotransmission, hormone release and other fundamental processes, secretory vesicles fuse their membranes with target membranes to release contents through an initially small membrane fusion pore that subsequently dilates. Dilation is assisted by proteins such as SNAREs and synaptotagmin. While macroscopic soap film shapes are well characterized, finding exact solutions for microscopic cellular membrane surfaces is made more complex by bending energy constraints. Here, computational analysis revealed three families of fusion pores between two membranes. Our work suggests membrane fusion generates a member of the narrow pore family, and pore dilation is a transition to the wide pore family. The energy barrier that SNAREs or synaptotagmin must surmount to achieve dilation is set by a third unstable intermediate pore family.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Su, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDargh, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Shaughnessy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.23.481713</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Three membrane fusion pore families determine the pathways of pore dilation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.23.481727v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Actin turnover protects the cytokinetic contractile ring from structural instability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.23.481727v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In common with other actomyosin contractile cellular machineries, actin turnover is required for normal function of the cytokinetic contractile ring. Cofilin is an actin-binding protein contributing to turnover by severing actin filaments, required for cytokinesis by many organisms. In fission yeast cofilin mutants, contractile rings suffer bridging instabilities in which actin bundles peel away from the plasma membrane into straight bridges. The origin of this behaviour is unclear. Here we used molecularly explicit simulations of the fission yeast contractile ring to examine the role of cofilin. Simulations reproduced the experimentally observed cycles of bridging and reassembly during constriction, each lasting [~] 6 min, and the tendency for bridging to occur in ring segments with low myosin II Myo2 density. The lack of cofilin severing produced [~] 2-fold longer filaments and, consequently, [~] 2-fold higher ring tensions. Simulations identified bridging as originating in the boosted ring tension, which increased centripetal forces that detached actin from Myo2 that anchored actin to the membrane. Thus, cofilin serves a critical role in cytokinesis by protecting the contractile ring from bridging, the principal structural threat.

Summary statementMolecularly explicit simulations showed that cofilin-mediated actin severing protects the fission yeast cytokinetic contractile ring from instabilities in which actin peels away into straight bridges.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McDargh, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Shaughnessy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.23.481727</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Actin turnover protects the cytokinetic contractile ring from structural instability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.25.481990v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cellular deconstruction of inflamed synovium defines diverse inflammatory phenotypes in rheumatoid arthritis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.25.481990v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a prototypical autoimmune disease that causes destructive tissue inflammation in joints and elsewhere. Clinical challenges in RA include the empirical selection of drugs to treat patients, inadequate responders with incomplete disease remission, and lack of a cure. We profiled the full spectrum of cells in inflamed synovium from patients with RA with the goal of deconstructing the cell states and pathways characterizing pathogenic heterogeneity in RA. Our multicenter consortium effort used multi-modal CITE-seq, RNA-seq, and histology of synovial tissue from 79 donors to build a >314,000 single-cell RA synovial cell atlas with 77 cell states from T, B/plasma, natural killer, myeloid, stromal, and endothelial cells. We stratified tissue samples into six distinct cell type abundance phenotypes (CTAPs) individually enriched for specific cell states. These CTAPs demonstrate the striking diversity of RA synovial inflammation, ranging from marked enrichment of T and B cells (CTAP-TB) to a congregation of specific myeloid, fibroblast, and endothelial cells largely lacking lymphocytes (CTAP-EFM). Disease-relevant cytokines, histology, and serology metrics are associated with certain CTAPs. This comprehensive RA synovial atlas and molecular, tissue-based CTAP stratification reveal new insights into RA pathology and heterogeneity, which could lead to novel targeted-treatment approaches in RA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonsson, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millard, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez-Arcelus, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apruzzese, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watts, G. F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weisenfeld, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rumker, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mears, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slowikowski, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinand, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orange, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangel-Moreno, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geraldino-Pardilla, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deane, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabechian, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceponis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestein, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maybury, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahbudin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Artzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandelin, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nerviani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivellese, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitzalis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horowitz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiCarlo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gravallese, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyce, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Accelerating Medicines Partnership Program: Rheumatoid Arthritis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.25.481990</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cellular deconstruction of inflamed synovium defines diverse inflammatory phenotypes in rheumatoid arthritis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.26.482133v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcription factor paralogs orchestrate alternative gene regulatory networks by context-dependent cooperation with multiple cofactors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.26.482133v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In eukaryotes, members of large transcription factor families often exhibit similar DNA binding properties in vitro, yet initiate paralog-specific gene regulatory networks in vivo. The serially homologous first (T1) and third (T3) thoracic legs of Drosophila, which result from alternative gene regulatory networks specified by the Hox proteins Scr and Ubx, respectively, offer a unique opportunity to address this paradox in vivo. Genome-wide analyses using epitope-tagged alleles of both Hox loci in the T1 and T3 leg imaginal discs, which are the precursors to the adult appendages and ventral body regions, show that [~]8% of Hox binding is paralog-specific. Binding specificity is mediated by interactions with distinct cofactors in different domains: the known Hox cofactor Exd acts in the proximal domain and is necessary for Scr to bind many of its paralog-specific targets, while in the distal leg domain, we identified the homeodomain protein Distal-less (Dll) as a novel Hox cofactor that enhances Scr binding to a different subset of genomic loci. Reporter genes confirm the in vivo roles of Scr+Dll and suggest that [~]1/3 of paralog-specific Hox binding in enhancers is functional. Together, these findings provide a genome-wide view of how Hox paralogs, and perhaps paralogs of other transcription factor families, orchestrate alternative downstream gene networks and suggest the importance of multiple, context-specific cofactors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rastogi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loker, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glassford, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rube, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bussemaker, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.26.482133</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcription factor paralogs orchestrate alternative gene regulatory networks by context-dependent cooperation with multiple cofactors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.482351v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibition of advanced glycation end product formation and serum protein infiltration in bioprosthetic heart valve leaflets: Investigations of anti-glycation agents. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.482351v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bioprosthetic heart valves (BHV) fabricated from glutaraldehyde pretreated heterograft tissue, such as bovine pericardium (BP) are the most commonly used heart valve replacements. However, BHV durability is limited by structural valve degeneration (SVD) resulting from both calcification and advanced glycation end product (AGE) deposition together with serum protein infiltration. In the present study we investigated the hypothesis that anti-AGE agents, Aminoguanidine (AG), Pyridoxamine (PYR), and N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) could mitigate AGE-serum protein mechanisms in model studies, both in vitro and in vivo, using rat subdermal implants of BP. In vitro studies demonstrated that each of these agents could significantly inhibit AGE formation in BP. However, in rat 28 days BP subdermal implants, only PYR demonstrated both significant inhibition of AGE and serum albumin accumulation per immunostaining. BHV calcification was not mitigated by PYR. It is concluded that AGE-serum protein pathophysiology contributing to SVD can be ameliorated by PYR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zakharchenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rock, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keeney, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takano, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krieger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrari, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.28.482351</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibition of advanced glycation end product formation and serum protein infiltration in bioprosthetic heart valve leaflets: Investigations of anti-glycation agents.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.482369v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
New Insights on the Evolutionary Relationships Between the Major Lineages of Amoebozoa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.482369v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The supergroup Amoebozoa unites a wide diversity of amoeboid organisms and encompasses enigmatic lineages recalcitrant to modern phylogenetics. Deep divergences, taxonomic placement of some key taxa and character evolution in the group largely remain poorly elucidated or controversial. We surveyed available Amoebozoa genomes and transcriptomes to mine conserved putative single copy genes, which were used to enrich gene sampling and generate the largest supermatrix (824 genes) in the group to date. We recovered a well-resolved and supported tree of Amoebozoa, revealing novel deep level relationships and resolving placement of enigmatic lineages congruent with morphological data. In our analysis the deepest branching group is Tubulinea. A recent proposed major clade Tevosa, uniting Evosea and Tubulinea, is not supported. Based on the new phylogenetic tree, paleoecological and paleontological data as well as data on the biology of presently living amoebozoans, we hypothesize that the evolution of Amoebozoa probably was driven with the need to disrupt and graze on microbial mats - a dominant ecosystem of the mid-Proterozoic period of the Earth history.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tekle, Y. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, O. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smirnov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.28.482369</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[New Insights on the Evolutionary Relationships Between the Major Lineages of Amoebozoa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.482410v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Case Study of Single-cell Protein Activity Based Drug Prediction for Precision Treatment of Cholangiocarcinoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.482410v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cholangiocarcinoma is a rare, aggressive malignancy with limited treatment options, due to a paucity of actionable mutations and low response to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Furthermore, its extreme heterogeneity prevents identification of actionable dependencies from bulk-tissue profiles. To address these challenges, we introduce a highly generalizable, single-cell framework for the mechanism-based prioritization of drugs to treat rare, highly heterogeneous tumors. Analysis of transformed cells, accounting for only 10% of a cholangiocarcinoma patient biopsy revealed three molecularly-distinct subpopulations, predicted to be sensitive to four drugs by regulatory network-based analysis. Validation in a low-passage, patient-derived xenograft (PDX) from the same patient confirmed tumor growth rate control by two of these drugs (plicamycin and dacinostat) and further validated predicted subpopulation-specific effects, suggesting they may represent promising candidates for follow-up clinical trials, either alone or in combination with current standard-of-care chemotherapies. The proposed approach can be generalized to elucidate complementary dependencies of rare, heterogeneous tumors, at the single cell level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Obradovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomassoni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Souto, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraser, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bates, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drake, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saenger, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz, F. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.28.482410</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Case Study of Single-cell Protein Activity Based Drug Prediction for Precision Treatment of Cholangiocarcinoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.01.482163v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-Wide DNA Methylation Profiling of the Failing Human Heart with Mechanical Unloading Identifies LINC00881 as an Essential Regulator of Calcium Handling in the Cardiomyocyte 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.01.482163v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundHuman heart failure is characterized by global alterations in the myocardial DNA methylation profile, yet little is known about epigenetic regulation of non-coding transcripts and potential reversibility of DNA methylation with left ventricular assist device (LVAD) support.

MethodGenome-wide mapping of myocardial DNA methylation was performed in 36 patients with end-stage heart failure at the time of LVAD implant, 8 patients at the time of LVAD explant, and 7 non-failing controls using high-density bead array platform. Transcriptomic and functional studies were performed in human induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes (iPSCs).

ResultsEtiology-specific analysis revealed 2079 differentially methylated positions (DMPs) in ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) and 261 DMPs in non-ischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM). 192 DMPs were common to ICM and NICM. Analysis of paired samples before and after LVAD support demonstrated reverse methylation of only 3.2% of HF-specific DMPs. Methylation-expression correlation analysis yielded several protein-coding genes that are hypomethylated and upregulated (HTRA1, FAM65A, FBXO16, EFCAB13, AKAP13, RPTOR) or hypermethylated and downregulated (TBX3) in ICM and NICM patients. A novel cardiac-specific super-enhancer lncRNA (LINC00881) is hypermethylated and downregulated in the failing human heart. LINC00881 is an upstream regulator of sarcomere and calcium channel gene expression including MYH6, CACNA1C, and RYR2. LINC00881 knockdown significantly reduced peak calcium amplitude in the beating human iPSCs.

ConclusionsFailing human heart exhibits etiology-specific changes in DNA methylation including coding and non-coding regions, which are minimally reversible with mechanical unloading. Epigenetic reprogramming may be necessary to achieve transcriptional normalization and sustained clinical recovery from heart failure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nash, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godier-Furnemont, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colombo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uriel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marx, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vunjak-Novakovic, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Topkara, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.01.482163</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-Wide DNA Methylation Profiling of the Failing Human Heart with Mechanical Unloading Identifies LINC00881 as an Essential Regulator of Calcium Handling in the Cardiomyocyte]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.01.482495v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EMC10 reduction in human neurons and adult mouse brain rescues cellular and behavioral deficits linked to 22q11.2 deletion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.01.482495v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adults and children with the 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome demonstrate cognitive, social and emotional impairments and high risk for schizophrenia. Work in mouse model of the 22q11.2 deletion provided compelling evidence for abnormal expression and processing of microRNAs. A major transcriptional effect of the microRNA dysregulation is up-regulation of Emc10, a component of the ER membrane complex, which promotes membrane insertion of a subset of polytopic and tail-anchored membrane proteins. We previously uncovered a key contribution of EMC10 in mediating the behavioral phenotypes observed in 22q11.2 deletion mouse models. Here we show that expression and processing of miRNAs is abnormal and EMC10 expression is elevated in neurons derived from 22q11.2 deletion carriers. Reduction of EMC10 levels restores defects in neurite outgrowth and calcium signaling in patient neurons. Furthermore, antisense oligonucleotide administration and normalization of Emc10 in the adult mouse brain not only alleviates cognitive deficits in social and spatial memory but remarkably sustains these improvements for over two months post injection, indicating its therapeutic potential. Broadly, our study integrates findings from both animal models and human neurons to elucidate the translational potential of modulating EMC10 levels and downstream targets as a specific venue to ameliorate disease progression in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thakur, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lackinger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamantopoulou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazur, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kordasiewicz, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shprintzen, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markx, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogos, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.01.482495</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EMC10 reduction in human neurons and adult mouse brain rescues cellular and behavioral deficits linked to 22q11.2 deletion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.01.482523v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A promoter-proximal silencer modifies the activity of a shared enhancer to mediate divergent expression of nub and pdm2 paralogs in wing development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.01.482523v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Duplication of genes and their associated cis-regulatory elements, or enhancers, is a key contributor to genome evolution and biological complexity. Moreover, many paralogs, particularly tandem duplicates, are fixed for long periods of time under the control of shared enhancers. However, in most cases the mechanism by which gene expression and function diverge following duplication is not known. Here we dissect the regulation and function of the paralogous nubbin/pdm2 genes during wing development in Drosophila melanogaster. We show that these paralogs play a redundant role in the wing and that their expression relies on a single shared wing enhancer. However, the two genes differ in their ability to respond to this enhancer, with nub responding in all wing progenitor cells and pdm2 only in a small subset. This divergence is a result of a pdm2-specific silencer element at the pdm2 promoter that receives repressive input from the transcription factor Rotund. Repression through this silencer also depends on nub, allowing pdm2 to fully respond to the wing enhancer when nub expression is perturbed and functional compensation to occur. Thus, expression divergence downstream of a shared enhancer arises as a consequence of silencing the promoter of one paralog.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Loker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.01.482523</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A promoter-proximal silencer modifies the activity of a shared enhancer to mediate divergent expression of nub and pdm2 paralogs in wing development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.01.482525v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NAC1 Modulates Autoimmunity by Suppressing Regulatory T Cell- Mediated Tolerance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.01.482525v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a distinct subset of CD4+ T cells integral to the maintenance of the balance of the immune system, and their dysregulation is a trigger of autoimmunity. We report here that nucleus accumbens-associated protein-1 (NAC1), a nuclear factor of the broad complex, tramtrack, bric-a-brac / poxvirus and zinc finger (BTB/POZ) gene family, is a negative regulator of FoxP3 in Tregs and a critical determinant of immune tolerance. Phenotypically, NAC1-/- mice show substantial tolerance to the induction of autoimmunity, as evidenced by the significantly decreased occurrences of autoimmune arthritis and colitis. Analysis of T cells from the wild-type (WT) or NAC1 knockout (-/-) mice found that NAC1 is crucially involved in the early stage of T cell development. NAC1 positively affects CD8+ T cell differentiation, but negatively regulates Treg development. Compared with WT animals, NAC1-/- mice displayed defects in CD8+ T cell development but generated a larger amount of CD4+ regulatory Tregs that exhibit a higher metabolic profile and immune suppressive activity, increased acetylation, and expression of FoxP3, and slower turnover of this transcriptional factor. Furthermore, treatment of Tregs with the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1{beta} or TNF- induced a robust upregulation of NAC1 but an evident downregulation of FoxP3 as well as the acetylated FoxP3, suggesting that the reduction of FoxP3 by the NAC1-mediated deacetylation and destabilization of this lineage-specific transcriptional factor contributes considerably to break of immune tolerance. These findings imply that the pro-inflammatory cytokines-stimulated upregulation of NAC1 acts as a trigger of the immune response through destabilization of Tregs and suppression of tolerance induction, and that therapeutic targeting of NAC1 warrants further exploration as a potential tolerogenic strategy for treatment of autoimmune disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>das, j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, H.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alainz, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Figueiredo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.01.482525</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NAC1 Modulates Autoimmunity by Suppressing Regulatory T Cell- Mediated Tolerance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.02.482743v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Connectomic Analysis of the Drosophila Lateral Neuron Clock Cells Reveals the Synaptic Basis of Functional Pacemaker Classes. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.02.482743v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The circadian clock orchestrates daily changes in physiology and behavior to ensure internal temporal order and optimal timing across the day. In animals, a central brain clock coordinates circadian rhythms throughout the body and is characterized by a remarkable robustness that depends on synaptic connections between constituent neurons. The clock neuron network of Drosophila, which shares network motifs with clock networks in the mammalian brain yet is built of many fewer neurons, offers a powerful model for understanding the network properties of circadian timekeeping. Here we report an assessment of synaptic connectivity within a clock network, focusing on the critical lateral neuron (LN) clock neuron classes. Our results reveal that previously identified anatomical and functional subclasses of LNs represent distinct connectomic types. Moreover, we identify a small number of clock cell subtypes representing highly synaptically coupled nodes within the clock neuron network. This suggests that neurons lacking molecular timekeeping likely play integral roles within the circadian timekeeping network. To our knowledge, this represents the first comprehensive connectomic analysis of a circadian neuronal network.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shafer, O. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mildenhall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spira, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marty, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazar, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, M. d. l. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.02.482743</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Connectomic Analysis of the Drosophila Lateral Neuron Clock Cells Reveals the Synaptic Basis of Functional Pacemaker Classes.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.03.482926v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The role of TGFβ signaling in Gli1+ tendon and enthesis cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.03.482926v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The development of musculoskeletal tissues such as tendon, enthesis, and bone relies on proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal progenitor cells. Gli1+ cells have been described as putative stem cells in several tissues and are presumed to play critical roles in tissue formation and maintenance. For example, the enthesis, a fibrocartilage tissue that connects tendon to bone, is mineralized postnatally by a pool of Gli1+ progenitor cells. These cells are regulated by hedgehog signaling, but it is unclear if TGF{beta} signaling, necessary for tenogenesis, also plays a role in their behavior. To examine the role of TGF{beta} signaling in Gli1+ cell function, the receptor for TGF{beta}, TbR2, was deleted in Gli1-lineage cells in mice at P5. Decreased TGF{beta} signaling in these cells led to defects in enthesis formation by P56, including deficient bone morphometry underlying the enthesis and decreased mechanical properties. In vitro experiments using Gli1+ cells isolated from mouse tail tendons demonstrated that TGF{beta} controls cell proliferation and differentiation through canonical and non-canonical pathways and that TGF{beta} directly controls the tendon transcription factor scleraxis by binding to its distant enhancer. These results have implications in the development of treatments for tendon and enthesis pathologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zelzer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomopoulos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.03.482926</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The role of TGFβ signaling in Gli1+ tendon and enthesis cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.04.482789v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emotion schema effects on associative memory differ across emotion categories at the behavioural, physiological and neural level 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.04.482789v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previous behavioural and neuroimaging studies have consistently reported that our memory is enhanced for associations congruent or incongruent with the structure of our prior knowledge, termed as schemas. However, it remains unclear if similar effects exist if encoded associations are emotional. Do emotional schemas also facilitate learning and subsequent retrieval? Does it depend on the type of experienced emotions?

Using a novel face-word pair association paradigm combined with fMRI and eye-tracking techniques, we demonstrated and replicated in two independent studies that congruency with emotion schemas and emotion category interact to affect associative memory. Overall, emotion schemas facilitated memory for associative context, paralleled by the recruitment of left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) during successful encoding of emotionally congruent vs. incongruent pairs. However, emotion schema effects differed across two negative emotion categories: disgust and fear, with disgust remembered better than fear. The IFG engagement was higher during successful encoding of congruent vs. incongruent pairs, but only in the case of disgust, suggestive of more semantic processing involved in learning disgust-related associations. On the contrary, the encoding of congruent vs. incongruent fear-related pairs was supported by activity in right fusiform gyrus (FG), suggesting greater sensory processing of faces. Successful memory formation for congruent disgust-related pairs was associated with a higher loading of pupil dilation component related to sympathetic activation, longer gaze time on words compared to faces, and more gaze switches between the two. This was reversed for fear-related pairs where the faces attracted more attention, as reflected by longer gaze time (compared to words).

Overall, our results at the behavioural, physiological, and neural level converge to suggest that emotional congruency influences memory similar to semantic schemas. However, encoding processes and neural effects vary depending on emotion category, reflecting the differential role of semantic processing and visual attention processes in the modulation of memory by disgust and fear.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Riegel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wypych, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wierzba, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szczepanik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jednorog, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vuilleumier, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchewka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.04.482789</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emotion schema effects on associative memory differ across emotion categories at the behavioural, physiological and neural level]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.04.482960v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NKG2A and HLA-E define a novel alternative immune checkpoint axis in bladder cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.04.482960v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PD-1/PD-L1-blockade immunotherapies have limited efficacy in the treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) and metastatic urothelial carcinoma. Here, we show that KLRC1 (NKG2A) expression associates with improved survival and responsiveness to PD-L1 blockade immunotherapy in CD8Ahigh bladder tumors. The loss of antigen presentation is a common mechanism for tumor escape in bladder cancer. NKG2A+ CD8 T cells are able to circumvent HLA-ABC loss through TCR-independent cytotoxicity, which is partly mediated by DNAM-1. In bladder tumors, NKG2A is acquired on a subset of PD-1+ CD8 T cells, alongside stronger tissue-residency memory features, TCR-independent cytotoxicity and evidence of recent proliferation. HLA-E is low but variably expressed on bladder tumors. When expressed, NKG2A+ CD8 T cell anti-tumor responses to HLA-ABC-deficient tumors are inhibited and partly restored upon NKG2A blockade. Overall, our study identifies an alternative path for CD8 T cell exhaustion, that is mediated by NKG2A upregulation and TCR-independent cytotoxicity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Salome, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sfakianos, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daza, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charap, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banchereau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farkas, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geanon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Real, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaumont, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shroff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y. S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thin, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Barros, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hegewisch-Solloa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mace, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donnell, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chowell, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Rodriguez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skobe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim-Schulze, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebra, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clancy-Thompson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammond, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamphorst, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malmberg, K.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcenaro, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrington, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehrazin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiklund, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mellman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mariath</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.04.482960</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NKG2A and HLA-E define a novel alternative immune checkpoint axis in bladder cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.06.483177v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LanA (Language Atlas): A probabilistic atlas for the language network based on fMRI data from >800 individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.06.483177v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Two analytic traditions characterize fMRI language research. One relies on averaging activations voxel-wise across individuals. This approach has limitations: because of inter-individual variability in the locations of language areas, a location in a common brain space cannot be meaningfully linked to function. An alternative approach relies on identifying language areas in each individual using a functional  localizer. Because of its greater sensitivity, functional resolution, and interpretability, functional localization is gaining popularity, but it is not always feasible, and cannot be applied retroactively to past studies. We provide a solution for bridging these currently disjoint approaches in the form of a probabilistic functional atlas created from fMRI data for an extensively validated language localizer in 806 individuals. This atlas enables estimating the probability that any given location in a common brain space belongs to the language network, and thus can help interpret group-level peaks and meta-analyses of such peaks, and lesion locations in patient investigations. More meaningful comparisons of findings across studies should increase robustness and replicability in language research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lipkin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuckute, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Affourtit, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Small, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mineroff, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kean, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jouravlev, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rakocevic, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pritchett, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegelman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoeflin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pongos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blank, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shruhl, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shannon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sathe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nieto-Castanon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedorenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.06.483177</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LanA (Language Atlas): A probabilistic atlas for the language network based on fMRI data from >800 individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.06.483198v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elevated HLA-E and NKG2A as a consequence of chronic immune activation defines resistance to M. bovis BCG immunotherapy in Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.06.483198v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), the first-line treatment for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), promotes the production of inflammatory cytokines, particularly interferon (IFN)-{gamma}. Prolonged inflammation and IFN-{gamma} exposure are known to cause an adaptive immune response, enabling immune escape and proliferation by tumor cells. We investigated HLA-E and NKG2A, a novel T and NK cell checkpoint pathway, as a driver of adaptive resistance in BCG unresponsive NMIBC. We observed ubiquitous inflammation in all patients after BCG immunotherapy, regardless of recurrence status. IFN-{gamma} was shown to drive tumor expression of HLA-E and PD-L1. Further, NKG2A-expressing NK and CD8 T cells were enriched in BCG unresponsive tumors and with enhanced capacity for cytolytic functions. Strikingly, in situ spatial analyses revealed that HLA-EHIGH tumors are activated to recruit NK and T cells via chemokine production, potentially sparing HLA-ELOW tumors that would otherwise be susceptible to lysis. Finally, blood-derived NK cells retained anti-tumor functions at the time of tumor recurrence. These data support combined NKG2A and PD-L1 blockade for BCG unresponsive disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ranti, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daza, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beiber, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salome, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merritt, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavallo, J.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hegewisch-Solloa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mace, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farkas, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geanon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dereal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim-Schulze, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thin, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Barros, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaumont, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaRoche, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tocheva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopkins, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiklund, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galsky, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhardwaj, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sfakianos, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horowitz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.06.483198</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elevated HLA-E and NKG2A as a consequence of chronic immune activation defines resistance to M. bovis BCG immunotherapy in Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.07.483329v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The genomic landscapes of desert birds are structured by contemporary features 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.07.483329v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial models show that genetic differentiation between populations can be explained by factors ranging from geographic distance to environmental resistance across the landscape. However, genomes exhibit a landscape of differentiation, which could indicate that multiple spatial models better explain divergence in different portions of the genome. We test whether alternative geographic predictors of intraspecific differentiation vary across the genome in ten bird species that co-occur in Sonoran and Chihuahuan Deserts of North America. Using population-level genomic data, we characterized the genomic landscapes across species and modeled five predictors that represented historical and contemporary mechanisms. The characteristics of genomic landscapes differed across the ten species, influenced by varying levels of population structuring and admixture between deserts. General dissimilarity matrix modeling indicated that the best-fit models differed from the whole genome and partitions along the genome. Almost all of the historical and contemporary mechanisms were important in explaining genetic distance, but particularly historical and contemporary environment, while contemporary abundance, position of the barrier to gene flow, and distance explained relatively less. Individual species have significantly different patterns of genomic variation. These results illustrate that the genomic landscape of differentiation was influenced by alternative geographic factors operating on different portions of the genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Provost, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shue, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forcellati, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.07.483329</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The genomic landscapes of desert birds are structured by contemporary features]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.08.483461v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biodiversity effects on seedling biomass growth are modulated by light environment across functional groups 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.08.483461v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LITree biodiversity has the potential to ensure consistency in the functioning of forest ecosystems, not just over space, but over long-timescales by maintaining composition through recruitment. However, for continued buffering in the face of global environmental change, the sensitivity of biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships to heterogeneous environments needs to be understood.
C_LIO_LISeedling recruitment in carbon-rich tropical forests is a result of biotic and abiotic drivers but their combined outcomes at the community-level remain poorly understood. Although biodiversity in seedling communities can potentially increase their growth and biomass accumulation, abiotic drivers like light can alter this effect through divergent effects on constituent species and functional groups. In forests with high baseline heterogeneity in microclimates, these processes can enhance or constrain regeneration.
C_LIO_LIWe tested the effects and interactions between species richness and canopy cover on the growth of seedling communities consisting of tropical broad-leaved evergreen and deciduous forest species using a fully crossed manipulated experiment in the Andaman Islands, India and compared these with field observations from a long-term forest plot in the same landscape.
C_LIO_LIWe show that in the critical seedling establishment phase, species richness and light increase community biomass independently. Accounting for variation across species, individual species on average accumulated more biomass in communities with both higher light and higher diversity.
C_LIO_LIWe also show that overyielding in species rich communities fits expectations from a model of complementarity with non-random overyielding than selection or spatial insurance effects.
C_LIO_LISynthesis Taken together, our results show that the potential for biodiversity to increase ecosystem functioning in seedling communities is modulated by light. Further understanding on the interaction of biodiversity with multiple abiotic drivers and their effect on regeneration dynamics is crucial for predicting future ecosystem functioning.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anujan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shabnam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankaran, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnadas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naeem, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.08.483461</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biodiversity effects on seedling biomass growth are modulated by light environment across functional groups]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.09.483625v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The lateral intraparietal area preferentially supports stimulus selection in directed tasks compared to undirected free behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.09.483625v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our reactions to the sensory world depend on context. For instance, explicit directions to search for a particular object or feature will induce a different treatment of the sensory world than exploration without a fixed goal. To understand how we navigate the sensory world, it is necessary to understand how both directed search and undirected exploration are produced by the brain. The lateral intraparietal area (LIP) in the posterior parietal cortex has an established role in visual stimulus selection. However, most studies of LIPs role in stimulus selection focus primarily on highly trained, directed tasks, in which animals are given explicit cues as to which stimulus they should select. Here, we compare neural activity in LIP across two tasks. In one task, the animal is given an explicit direction to select one of two natural images from an array; in the other, the animal is allowed to choose an image freely based on their innate preferences. We find that LIP reliably encodes the eye movement prior to its execution only in the directed task, while the eye movement encoding in the undirected task emerges significantly later. Further, LIPs encoding of the images behavioral relevance emerges after the decision in both tasks. These results indicate that LIP preferentially supports stimulus selection in highly trained and directed behaviors, as opposed to free behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnston, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tetrick, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedman, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.09.483625</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The lateral intraparietal area preferentially supports stimulus selection in directed tasks compared to undirected free behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.09.483665v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accurate in silico confirmation of rare copy number variant calls from exome sequencing data using transfer learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.09.483665v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exome sequencing has been widely used in genetic studies of human diseases and clinical genetic diagnosis. Accurate detection of copy number variants (CNVs) is important to fully utilize exome sequencing data. However, due to the nature of noisy data, none of the existing methods can achieve high precision and high recall rate at the same time. A common practice is to perform filtration with quality metrics followed by manual inspection of read depth of candidate CNV regions. This approach does not scale in large studies. To address this issue, we present a deep transfer learning method, CNV-espresso, for confirming rare CNVs from exome sequencing data in silico. CNV-espresso encodes candidate CNV regions from exome sequencing data as images and uses convolutional neural networks to classify the image into different copy numbers. We trained and evaluated CNV-espresso on a large-scale offspring-parents trio exome sequencing dataset, using inherited CNVs in probands as positives and CNVs with mendelian errors as negatives. We further tested the performance using samples that have both exome and whole genome sequencing (WGS) data. Assuming the CNVs detected from WGS data as proxy of ground truth, CNV-espresso significantly improves precision while keeping recall almost intact, especially for CNVs that span small number of exons in exome data. We conclude that CNV-espresso is an effective method to replace most of manual inspection of CNVs in large-scale exome sequencing studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.09.483665</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accurate in silico confirmation of rare copy number variant calls from exome sequencing data using transfer learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.10.483502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA Double Strand Breaks cause chromosome loss through sister chromatid tethering in human embryos 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.10.483502v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary paragraphGenome editing by DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) is currently being investigated as a tool to treat or even prevent heritable diseases1. However, DNA repair mechanisms in the human embryo remain poorly understood and DSBs may result in chromosome loss 2,3. Here we provide evidence of whole and segmental chromosome loss in over one third of chromosomes 16, 17 and X targeted by CRISPR/Cas9-induced DNA DSB, including pericentromeric and mid-arm sites. Chromosomal changes were asymmetric relative to the Cas9 cut site: segmental losses occurred on both centric as well as acentric chromosome arms, while gains were exclusively found on acentric arms, suggesting that centromeres in broken chromosomes continued to mediate sister chromatid separation. Using this pattern of chromosomal errors, we were able to define new genomic coordinates of the active centromere on chromosome 16. Asymmetry was also found in the attrition of gDNA at the break site: attrition occurred centromeric of the DSB, while telomeric to the break, chromosomal ends were protected. Thus, spindle forces at centromeres and end tethering and protection at DSBs are antagonistic forces that interfere with accurate segregation of sister chromatids. Thereby, a single DSB is sufficient to result in the loss of a chromosome from the embryo. These results highlight the risks of aneuploidy in CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, while also providing a mechanism for mitotically acquired aneuploidy caused by DNA breaks in human embryos.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Turocy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robles, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Treff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.10.483502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA Double Strand Breaks cause chromosome loss through sister chromatid tethering in human embryos]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.10.483826v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alterations to the broad-spectrum formin inhibitor SMIFH2 improve potency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.10.483826v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SMIFH2 is a small molecule inhibitor of the formin family of cytoskeletal regulators that was originally identified in a screen for suppression of actin polymerization induced by the mouse formin Diaphanous 1 (mDia1). Despite widespread use of this compound, it is unknown whether SMIFH2 inhibits all human formins. Additionally, the nature of protein/inhibitor interactions remains elusive. We assayed SMIFH2 against human formins representing six of the seven mammalian classes and found inhibitory activity against all formins tested. We synthesized a panel of SMIFH2 derivatives and found that, while many alterations disrupt SMIFH2 activity, substitution of an electron-donating methoxy group in place of the bromine along with halogenation of the furan ring increases potency by approximately five-fold. Similar to SMIFH2, the active derivatives are also pan-inhibitors for the formins tested. This result suggests that while potency can be improved, the goal of distinguishing between highly conserved FH2 domains may not be achievable using the SMIFH2 scaffold.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Orman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nambiar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gjeci, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klestzick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hachicho, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamm, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartolini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vadakkan, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rojas, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vizcarra, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.10.483826</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alterations to the broad-spectrum formin inhibitor SMIFH2 improve potency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.11.483948v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alveolar regeneration following viral infection is independent of tuft cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.11.483948v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe injuries following viral infection cause lung epithelial destruction with the presence of ectopic basal progenitor cells (EBCs), although the exact function of EBCs remains controversial. We and others previously showed the presence of ectopic tuft cells in the disrupted alveolar region following severe influenza infection. Here, we further revealed that the ectopic tuft cells are derived from EBCs. This process is amplified by Wnt signaling inhibition but suppressed by Notch inhibition. Further analysis revealed that p63-CreER labeled population de novo arising during regeneration includes alveolar epithelial cells when Tamoxifen was administrated after viral infection. The generation of the p63-CreER labeled alveolar cells is independent of tuft cells, demonstrating segregated differentiation paths of EBCs in lung repair. EBCs and ectopic tuft cells can also be found in the lung parenchyma post SARS-CoV-2 infection, suggesting a similar response to severe injuries in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Que, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biermann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melms, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danielsson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saqi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsumoto, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardoso, W. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emala, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.11.483948</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alveolar regeneration following viral infection is independent of tuft cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.12.484071v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-throughput Production of Diverse Xenobiotic Metabolites with P450-transduced Huh7 Hepatoma Cell Lines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.12.484071v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precision medicine requires methods to assess drug metabolism and distribution, including the identification of known and undocumented drug and chemical exposures as well as their metabolites. Recent work demonstrated high-throughput generation of xenobiotic metabolites with human liver S-9 fractions and detection in human plasma and urine. Here, we developed a panel of lentivirally transduced human hepatoma cell lines (Huh7) that stably express individual cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes and generate P450-specific xenobiotic metabolites. We verified protein expression by immunoblotting and demonstrated that the cell lines generate P450-specific metabolites from probe substrates. To increase analytical throughput, we used a pooling strategy where 36 chemicals were grouped into 12 unique mixtures, each mixture containing 6 randomly selected compounds, and each compound being present in two separate mixtures. Each mixture of compounds was incubated with 8 different P450 cell lines with cell extracts analyzed at 0 and 2 h. Extracts were analyzed using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Cell lines selectively metabolized test substrates, with pazopanib metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2C8 cells, bupropion by CYP2B6, and {beta}-naphthoflavone by CYP1A2 for example, showing substrate-enzyme specificity. Predicted metabolites from the remaining 33 compounds as well as many unidentified m/z features were detected. We also show that a specific metabolite generated by CYP2B6 cells, but not detected in the S9 system, was identified in human samples. Our data show that incubating these cell lines with chemical mixtures accelerated characterization of xenobiotic chemical space, while simultaneously allowing for the contributions of specific P450 enzymes to be identified.

Significance statementHigh resolution mass spectrometry enables the identification of exposures to drugs and other xenobiotics in human samples. This paper demonstrates a workflow for high throughput production of xenobiotic metabolites using a panel of engineered cytochrome P450-expressing hepatoma cells. Active substrate-enzyme pairs can be identified using this workflow and generated metabolites can be used as surrogate standards to validate xenobiotic detection in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.-m.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.12.484071</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-throughput Production of Diverse Xenobiotic Metabolites with P450-transduced Huh7 Hepatoma Cell Lines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.13.483961v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation of Cardiomyocyte Adhesion and Mechanosignalling Through Distinct Nanoscale Behaviour of Integrin Ligands Mimicking Healthy or Fibrotic ECM 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.13.483961v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The stiffness of the cardiovascular environment changes during ageing and in disease and contributes to disease incidence and progression. Changing collagen expression and crosslinking regulate the rigidity of the cardiac ECM. Additionally, basal lamina glycoproteins, especially laminin and fibronectin regulate cardiomyocyte adhesion formation, mechanics and mechano-signalling. Laminin is abundant in the healthy heart, but fibronectin is increasingly expressed in the fibrotic heart. ECM receptors are co-regulated with the changing ECM. Due to differences in integrin dynamics, clustering, and downstream adhesion formation this is expected to ultimately influence cardiomyocyte mechanosignalling; however details remain elusive. Here we sought to investigate how different cardiomyocyte ligand/integrin combinations are affecting adhesion formation, traction forces and mechanosignalling, using a combination of uniformly coated surfaces with defined stiffness, PDMS nanopillars, micropatterning and specifically designed bionanoarrays for precise ligand presentation. Thereby we find that neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (which express both laminin and fibronectin binding integrins) adhesion nanoscale organisation, signalling and traction force generation are strongly dependent on the integrin/ligand combination. Together our data indicates that the presence of fibronectin in combination with the enhanced stiffness in fibrotic areas will strongly impact on the cardiomyocyte behaviour and influence disease progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hawkes, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marhuenda, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neill, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, D. G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gondarenko, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hone, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gadegaard, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palma, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iskratsch, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.13.483961</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation of Cardiomyocyte Adhesion and Mechanosignalling Through Distinct Nanoscale Behaviour of Integrin Ligands Mimicking Healthy or Fibrotic ECM]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.15.484224v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Corticotropin-releasing hormone signaling from prefrontal cortex to lateral septum supports social novelty preference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.15.484224v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Social preference, the decision to interact with one member of the same species over another, is a key feature of optimizing social interactions. In rodents, social preference relies on both extrinsic factors, such as sex, strain and kinship, and intrinsic ones, such as the memory of previous encounters, which favors interactions with novel compared to familiar animals (social novelty preference). At present, it is unclear which neuronal circuits guide social preferences and whether such circuits promote social interactions with the preferred individuals or suppress interactions with the non-preferred ones. Although both the infra-limbic area of the pre-frontal cortex (ILA) and the lateral septum (LS) have been shown to support social novelty preference, the neuronal circuits and molecular mechanisms by which these brain regions interact to regulate social interactions are unknown. Here, we identify a population of inhibitory neurons in ILA that express the neuropeptide corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) and project to the rostro-dorsal region of LS (rdLS). Release of CRH from ILA in rdLS during interactions with familiar mice disinhibits rdLS neurons, thereby suppressing interactions with familiar mice and contributing to social novelty preference. We further demonstrate how the maturation of CRH expression during the first two post-natal weeks enables the developmental shift from a preference for littermates in juveniles to a preference for novel mice in adults.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>De Leon Reyes, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sierra Diaz, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogueira Manas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz-Pino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Solis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulkin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asok, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leroy, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.15.484224</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Corticotropin-releasing hormone signaling from prefrontal cortex to lateral septum supports social novelty preference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.16.484543v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Unique Cellular Organization of Human Distal Airways and Its Disarray in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.16.484543v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the human lung, terminal bronchioles (TBs), the most distal conducting airways, open to respiratory bronchioles (RBs) that lead to the alveolar region where gas exchange takes place. This transition occurs in pulmonary lobules, lung tissue units supplied by pre-TBs, which give rise to TBs. Accumulating evidence suggests that remodeling and loss of pre-TBs and TBs underlies progressive airflow limitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the third leading cause of death worldwide. Understanding the nature of these changes at the single-cell level has so far been limited by poor accessibility of pre-TBs and TBs. Here, we introduce a novel method of region-precise airway dissection, which enables capture of the entire anatomical continuum of peripheral airways, from pre-TBs to RBs, and the associated alveolar region within the lobule. This approach allowed us to identify terminal airway-enriched secretory cells (TASCs), a unique epithelial cell population of distal airways expressing secretoglobin 3A2 (SCGB3A2) and/or surfactant protein B (SFTPB). TASCs were enriched in TBs, particularly, in areas of TB-RB transition and exhibited an intermediate, broncho-alveolar molecular pattern. TASC frequency was markedly decreased in pre-TBs and TBs of COPD patients compared to those in non-diseased lungs, accompanied by changes in cellular composition of vascular and immune microenvironments. In vitro regeneration assays identified basal cells (BCs) of pre-TBs and TBs as a cellular origin of TASCs in the human lung. Generation of TASCs by these region-specific progenitors was suppressed by IFN-{gamma} signaling that was augmented in distal airways of COPD patients. Thus, altered maintenance of region-specific cellular organization of pre-TBs and TBs represents a key component of distal airway pathology in COPD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rustam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahjour, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rendeiro, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravichandran, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randell, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richmond, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polosukhin, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kropski, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackwell, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>d'Ovidio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elemento, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaykhiev, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.16.484543</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Unique Cellular Organization of Human Distal Airways and Its Disarray in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.16.484636v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
No evidence of induced skin cancer or other skin abnormalities after long term (66 week) chronic exposure to 222-nm far-UVC radiatio 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.16.484636v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Far-UVC radiation, typically defined as 200-235 nm, has similar or greater anti-microbial efficacy compared to conventional 254-nm germicidal radiation. In addition, biophysical considerations of the interaction of far-UVC with tissue, as well as multiple short-term safety studies in animal models and humans, suggest that far-UVC exposure may be safe for skin and eye tissue. Nevertheless, the potential for skin cancer after chronic long-term exposure to far-UVC has not been studied. Here, we assessed far-UVC induced carcinogenic skin changes and other pathological dermal abnormalities in 96 SKH-1 hairless mice of both sexes that were exposed to average daily dorsal skin doses of 396 mJ/cm2, 126 mJ/cm2 or 56 mJ/cm2 of 222 nm far-UVC radiation for 66 weeks, 5 days per week, 8 hours per day, as well as similarly-treated unexposed controls. No evidence for increased skin cancer, abnormal skin growths, or incidental skin pathology findings was observed in the far-UVC exposed mice. In addition, there were no significant changes in morbidity or mortality. The findings from this study support the long-term safety of long-term chronic exposure to far-UVC radiation, and therefore its potential suitability as a practical anti-microbial approach to reduce airborne viral and bacterial loads in occupied indoor settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Welch, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleiman, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arden, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuryla, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buonanno, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponnaiya, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.16.484636</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[No evidence of induced skin cancer or other skin abnormalities after long term (66 week) chronic exposure to 222-nm far-UVC radiatio]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.21.484748v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Triple Notch/Tgfβ/FoxO1 blockade converts multiple intestinal sub-lineages into β-like cells and lowers glycemia in diabetic animals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.21.484748v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insulin is the essential treatment of Type 1 (T1D) and is often used in Type 2 Diabetes. For nearly five decades, efforts have been focused on replenishing {beta}-cells in T1D patients as a more durable treatment. Gut endocrine cells can be converted into insulin-producing cells, but their numbers are limited. In this study we report that insulin-immunoreactive cells with Paneth/goblet cell features are present in human fetal intestine, in addition to enteroendocrine cells. Accordingly, lineage tracing experiments show that, besides enterochromaffin cells, the Paneth/goblet lineage can undergo conversion to the insulin lineage upon genetic or pharmacologic Foxo1 ablation in mice. We leveraged these data to design a screening platform in organoids to accurately quantitate {beta}-like cell reprogramming and fine-tune a combination treatment to increase the efficiency of the conversion process by expanding the intestinal secretory lineage. We identified a triple blockade of FoxO1, Notch, and Tgf{beta} that, when tested in insulin-deficient diabetic animals resulted in a near-normalization of glucose levels, associated with the appearance of gut insulin-producing cells. The findings illustrate a therapeutic approach to replace insulin treatment in diabetes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Du, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKimpson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Son, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitamoto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yunkyoung, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCune, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grubbs, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sultana, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balasubramanian, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belvedere, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Accili, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.21.484748</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Triple Notch/Tgfβ/FoxO1 blockade converts multiple intestinal sub-lineages into β-like cells and lowers glycemia in diabetic animals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.21.485049v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The CD58:CD2 axis is co-regulated with PD-L1 via CMTM6 and governs anti-tumor immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.21.485049v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cell autonomous balance of immune-inhibitory and -stimulatory signals is a critical yet poorly understood process in cancer immune evasion. Using patient-derived co-culture models and humanized mouse models, we show that an intact CD58:CD2 interaction is necessary for anti-tumor immunity. Defects in this axis lead to multi-faceted immune evasion through impaired CD2-dependent T cell polyfunctionality, T cell exclusion, impaired intra-tumoral proliferation, and concurrent protein stabilization of PD-L1. We performed genome-scale CRISPR-Cas9 and CD58 coimmunoprecipitation mass spectrometry screens identifying CMTM6 as a key stabilizer of CD58, and show that CMTM6 is required for concurrent upregulation of PD-L1 in CD58 loss. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis of patient melanoma samples demonstrates that most TILs lack expression of primary costimulatory signals required for response to PD-1 blockade (e.g. CD28), but maintain strong CD2 expression, thus providing an opportunity to mobilize a so far therapeutically untapped pool of TILs for anti-tumor immunity. We identify two potential therapeutic avenues, including rescued activation of human CD2-expressing TILs using recombinant CD58 protein, and targeted disruption of PD-L1/CMTM6 interactions. Our work identifies an underappreciated yet critical axis at the nexus of cancer immunity and evasion, uncovers a fundamental mechanism of co-inhibitory and -stimulatory signal balancing, and provides new approaches to improving cancer immunotherapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ho, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melms, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogava, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frangieh, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyrysyuk, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amin, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caprio, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fullerton, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soni, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ager, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biermann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fatima, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakhoum, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiner, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernatchez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mace, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wucherpfennig, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schadendorf, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.21.485049</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The CD58:CD2 axis is co-regulated with PD-L1 via CMTM6 and governs anti-tumor immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.21.485199v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative Analysis of Checkpoint Blockade Response in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.21.485199v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agents have transformed the treatment landscape of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). While our understanding of the biology underlying immune checkpoint blockade in NSCLC is still incomplete, studies to date have established predictive roles for PD-L1 tumor expression and tumor mutational burden (TMB). To expand our understanding of the molecular features underlying response to checkpoint inhibitors in NSCLC, we describe here the first joint analysis of the Stand Up 2 Cancer - Mark Foundation (SU2C-MARK) Cohort, a resource of whole exome and/or RNA sequencing from 393 patients with NSCLC treated with anti-PD-(L)1 therapy, along with matched clinical response annotation. We identify a number of associations between molecular features and outcome, including: 1) favorable (e.g., ATM altered), and unfavorable (e.g., TERT amplified) genomic subgroups, 2) distinct immune infiltration signatures associated with wound healing (unfavorable) and immune activation (favorable), and 3) a novel de-differentiated tumor-intrinsic subtype characterized by expression of endodermal lineage genes, immune activation, and enhanced response rate. Taken together, results from this cohort extend our understanding of NSCLC-specific predictors, providing a rich set of molecular and immunologic hypotheses with which to further our understanding of the biology of checkpoint blockade in NSCLC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ravi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gainor, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arniella, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeman, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leshchiner, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akiyama, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vokes, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakhi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamesan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizvi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricciuti, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forde, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anagnostou, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiss, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbons, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pennell, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velcheti, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Digumarthy, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mino-Kenudson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heymach, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbst, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brahmer, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schalper, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velculescu, V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henick, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizvi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janne, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awad, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenbaum, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luksza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolchok, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hacohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Getz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hellmann, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.21.485199</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative Analysis of Checkpoint Blockade Response in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.23.485500v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glioblastoma states are defined by cohabitating cellular populations with progression-, imaging- and sex-distinct patterns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.23.485500v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glioblastomas (GBMs) are biologically heterogeneous within and between patients. Many previous attempts to characterize this heterogeneity have classified tumors according to their omics similarities. These discrete classifications have predominantly focused on characterizing malignant cells, neglecting the immune and other cell populations that are known to be present. We leverage a manifold learning algorithm to define a low-dimensional transcriptional continuum along which heterogeneous GBM samples organize. This reveals three polarized states: invasive, immune/inflammatory, and proliferative. The location of each sample along this continuum correlates with the abundance of eighteen malignant, immune, and other cell populations. We connect these cell abundances with magnetic resonance imaging and find that the relationship between contrast enhancement and tumor composition varies with patient sex and treatment status. These findings suggest that GBM transcriptional biology is a predictably constrained continuum that contains a limited spectrum of viable cell cohabitation ecologies. Since the relationships between this ecological continuum and imaging vary with patient sex and tumor treatment status, studies that integrate imaging features with tumor biology should incorporate these variables in their design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bond, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curtin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkins-Daarud, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urcuyo, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Leon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sereduk, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singleton, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langworthy, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishna, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmerman, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patra, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bendok, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakaji, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donev, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baxter, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mrugala, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Dalahmah, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canoll, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swanson, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.23.485500</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glioblastoma states are defined by cohabitating cellular populations with progression-, imaging- and sex-distinct patterns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.23.485508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cyb5r3-based mechanism and reversal of secondary failure to sulfonylurea 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.23.485508v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sulfonylureas (SU) are effective and affordable anti-diabetic drugs. But chronic use leads to secondary failure, limiting their utilization. The mechanism of secondary failure is unknown. Here we identify Cyb5r3 downregulation as a mechanism of SU failure and successfully reverse it. Chronic exposure to SU impairs Cyb5r3 levels and reduces islet glucose utilization with a metabolomics signature characterized by low acetyl-CoA and amino acid levels. Cyb5r3 engages in a glucose-dependent interaction that stabilizes glucokinase (Gck) to maintain glucose utilization. Accordingly, activating Gck mutations in patients with hyperinsulinemia reduce Cyb5r3 binding, whereas inactivating MODY mutations increase it, providing evidence for a role of Cyb5r3 in determining flux through Gck. The Cyb5r3 activator tetrahydroindenoindole (THII) rescues secondary failure to SU in an animal model of chronic SU treatment and restores insulin secretion from ex vivo islets. We conclude that Cyb5r3 loss-of-function is a key factor in the secondary failure to SU and a potential target for its prevention, which may lead to a rehabilitation of SU use in diabetes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Son, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sui, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asahara, S.-i.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurland, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitamoto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyachi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Cabo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Accili, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.23.485508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cyb5r3-based mechanism and reversal of secondary failure to sulfonylurea]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.23.485541v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An optimized method for high-quality RNA extraction from distinctive intrinsic laryngeal muscles in the rat model. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.23.485541v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Challenges related to high-quality RNA extraction from post-mortem tissue have limited RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) application in certain skeletal muscle groups, including the intrinsic laryngeal muscles (ILMs). The present study identified critical factors contributing to substandard RNA extraction from the ILMs and established a suitable method that permitted high-throughput analysis. Here, standard techniques for tissue processing were adapted, and an effective means to control confounding effects during specimen preparation was determined. The experimental procedure consistently provided sufficient intact total RNA (N = 68) and RIN ranging between 7.0 and 8.6, which was unprecedented using standard RNA purification protocols. This study confirmed the reproducibility of the workflow through repeated trials at different postnatal time points and across the distinctive ILMs. High-throughput diagnostics from 90 RNA samples indicated no sequencing alignment scores below 70%, validating the extraction strategy. Significant differences between the standard and experimental conditions suggest circumvented challenges and broad applicability to other skeletal muscles. This investigation remains ongoing given the prospect of therapeutic insights to voice, swallowing, and airway disorders. The present methodology supports pioneering global transcriptome investigations in the larynx previously unfounded in literature.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kemfack, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-Morato, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moayedi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.23.485541</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An optimized method for high-quality RNA extraction from distinctive intrinsic laryngeal muscles in the rat model.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.24.485580v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal coordination between chromosome mobility and homologous recombination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.24.485580v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Homologous recombination (HR), a principal cellular pathway for double-strand break (DSB) repair, is linked to changes in chromosome movement. Although increased chromosome mobility in response to a DSB has been observed in a variety of species, its precise role in HR remains controversial. Here, we find that end resection, the recruitment of recombination proteins, increased chromosome mobility, the pairing of homologs and gene conversion are temporally linked in response to a DSB. In mre11{Delta} mutant cells, which exhibit a delay in the initial processing of a DSB, chromosome mobility and all subsequent recombination events are also delayed. Overexpression of the Dna2 nuclease suppresses the mre11{Delta} delay in end resection and restores the original timing of chromosome mobility and all subsequent downstream HR events. Thus, changing the timing of chromosome mobility results in a corresponding change in essential downstream HR events, reinforcing its mechanistic role in the DNA repair process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joseph, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reid, R. J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunjevaric, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothstein, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.24.485580</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal coordination between chromosome mobility and homologous recombination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.24.485646v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improving patient survival by direct targeting of chimeric protein-protein interaction networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.24.485646v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein fusions produced by the "slippage" of two genes or by chromosomal translocations are essential diagnostic biomarkers of cancer. Fusions produce novel protein-protein interactions, which eliminate other interactions by changing protein domains in such fusions. The impact of these changes disseminates along protein-protein interaction networks, thereby altering cancer-promoting activity and creating cancer phenotypes. Currently, for most patients, the determination of appropriate drugs is totally empirical. As such, a personalized therapy approach based on unique patient genomic markers is needed. In this study, we considered 672 aliquot IDs containing 3091 fusions from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), accounting for 25 cancer sub-types assigned as leukemias, lymphomas, sarcomas, melanoma, glioblastoma and carcinomas. Protein-protein interaction maps showed distinct patterns according to cancer sub-type, reflected as different phenotypic traits. We induced site-directed percolations, i.e., critical transitions, by selective knockouts of genes encoding proteins in a given interaction network so as to identify breakdown points. The number of genes that needed to be knocked out in a site-directed manner before inducing a breakdown ranged from 1-7 based on whether the fusion protein was part of a network hub. Quantitatively, in leukemia, lymphoma, melanoma and glioblastoma, breakdown was achieved in 218 fusion networks when only higher degree hubs were percolated, and in 280 networks when a combination of higher and lower degree hubs was targeted, with an FDR < 0.05. These were subsequently addressed in survival studies. We found that patient survival may be improved by considering  breakdown points as drug targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tagore, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frenkel-Morgenstern, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.24.485646</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improving patient survival by direct targeting of chimeric protein-protein interaction networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.24.485654v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Suboptimal foraging decisions and involvement of the ventral tegmental area in human opioid addiction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.24.485654v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Addiction is marked by a tendency to exploit sources of reward despite diminishing returns. This behavior is aptly captured by animal patch-foraging models that have recently been extended to humans. Dopamine and norepinephrine centrally mediate addictive behavior and activity in both catecholaminergic systems is proposed to reflect the computations necessary for optimal foraging. However, the specific neural bases of excessive foraging and their role in human addiction are largely unknown. To address this gap, we studied the behavior of people with and without opioid use disorder (OUD) on a patch-foraging task in which they made serial decisions to "harvest" a depleting resource ("patch") for reward or incur a varying cost to "travel" to a replenished patch. In a subset of participants, we used high-resolution neuromelanin-sensitive MRI to image neuromelanin concentration, a proxy for long-term catecholaminergic function, in distinct dopaminergic nuclei (ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra subregions) and the noradrenergic locus coeruleus. While all participants were sensitive to the long-run reward rates of different patch-foraging environments, OUD participants stayed in reward patches longer than optimal--markedly overharvesting a source of reward despite its declining value--and this correlated with more chronic drug use. Overharvesting was selectively associated with lower neuromelanin signal in the ventral tegmental area but not other dopaminergic nuclei, nor the locus coeruleus. Our findings suggest that foraging decisions relevant to addiction involve a ventral-tegmental-area circuit that may signal reward rates in dynamic environments and implicate this circuit in maladaptive reward pursuit in human addiction to opioids.

Significance statementPatch-foraging provides a potentially important translational framework for understanding addictive behavior by revealing how maladaptive reward pursuit emerges in more ecologically valid decision contexts. Here, we show that the tendency to exploit sources of reward despite diminishing returns is associated with chronic drug use in people with opioid use disorder, a particularly devastating form of addiction. We further use neuromelanin-sensitive MRI, a neuroimaging measure of the long-term function of dopamine neurons, to reveal that variation in ventral tegmental area neuromelanin signal selectively underlies individual differences in this overharvesting bias. These findings establish a role for specific dopaminergic circuits in patch-foraging decisions and advance understanding of the neurobiology of human addiction to opioids that has so far eluded the field.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raio, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biernacki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapoor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wengler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonagura, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constantino, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horga, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konova, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.24.485654</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Suboptimal foraging decisions and involvement of the ventral tegmental area in human opioid addiction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.24.485710v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stable working memory and perceptual representations in macaque lateral prefrontal cortex during naturalistic vision in virtual environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.24.485710v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Primates use perceptual and mnemonic visuospatial representations to perform everyday functions. Neurons in the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) have been shown to encode both of these representations during tasks where eye movements are strictly controlled and visual stimuli are reduced in complexity. This raises the question of whether perceptual and mnemonic representations encoded by LPFC neurons remain robust during naturalistic vision -- in the presence of a rich visual scenery and during eye movements. Here we investigate this issue by training macaque monkeys to perform working memory and perception tasks in a visually complex virtual environment that requires navigation using a joystick and allows for free visual exploration of the scene. We recorded the activity of 3950 neurons in the LPFC (areas 8a and 9/46) of two rhesus macaques using multi-electrode arrays, and measured eye movements using video tracking. We found that navigation trajectories to target locations and eye movement behavior differed between the perception and working memory tasks suggesting that animals employed different behavioral strategies. Single neurons were tuned to target location during cue encoding and working memory delay and neural ensemble activity was predictive of the animals behavior. Neural decoding of target location was stable throughout the working memory delay epoch. However, neural representations of similar target locations differed between the working memory and perception tasks. These findings indicate that during naturalistic vision, LPFC neurons maintain robust and distinct neural codes for mnemonic and perceptual visuospatial representations.

Significance StatementWe show that LPFC neurons encode working memory and perceptual representations during a naturalistic task set in a virtual environment. We show that despite eye movement and complex visual input, neurons maintain robust working memory representations of space which are distinct from neuronal representations for perception. We further provide novel insight on the use of virtual environments to construct behavioral tasks for electrophysiological experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roussy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corrigan, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luna, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulli, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachs, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palaniyappan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Trujillo, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.24.485710</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stable working memory and perceptual representations in macaque lateral prefrontal cortex during naturalistic vision in virtual environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.25.485798v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex-specific effects of chronic paternal stress on offspring development are partially mediated via mothers. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.25.485798v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Paternal stress exposure is known to impact the development of stress-related behaviors in offspring. Previous work has highlighted the importance of sperm mediated factors, such as RNAs, in transmitting the effects of parental stress. However, a key unanswered question is whether mothers behavior could drive or modulate the transmission of paternal stress effects on offspring development. Here we investigate how chronic variable stress in Balb/C mice influences the sex-specific development of anxiety- and depression-like neural and behavioral development in offspring. Moreover, we examined how stressed fathers influenced mate maternal investment towards their offspring and how this may modulate the transmission of paternal stress effects on offspring. We show that paternal stress leads to sex-specific effects on offspring behavior. Males that are chronically stressed sire female offspring that show increased anxiety and depression-like behaviors. However, male offspring of stressed fathers show reductions in anxiety- and depression-behaviors and are generally more exploratory. Moreover, we show that females mated with stressed males gain less weight during pregnancy and provide less care towards their offspring which additionally influenced offspring development. These data indicate that paternal stress can influence offspring development directly and indirectly via changes in mothers, with implications for divergent development between male and female offspring.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mashoodh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habrylo, I. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudsnuk, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Champagne, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.25.485798</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex-specific effects of chronic paternal stress on offspring development are partially mediated via mothers.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.25.485799v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuroimaging within the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer's Network (DIAN): PET and MRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.25.485799v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network (DIAN) Observational Study is an international collaboration studying autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease (ADAD). This rare form of Alzheimer disease (AD) is caused by mutations in the presenilin 1 (PSEN1), presenilin 2 (PSEN2), or amyloid precursor protein (APP) genes. As individuals from these families have a 50% chance of inheriting the familial mutation, this provides researchers with a well-matched cohort of carriers vs non-carriers for case-control studies. An important trait of ADAD is that the age at symptom onset is highly predictable and consistent for each specific mutation, allowing researchers to estimate an individuals point in their disease time course prior to symptom onset. Although ADAD represents only a small proportion (approximately 0.1%) of all AD cases, studying this form of AD allows researchers to investigate preclinical AD and the progression of changes that occur within the brain prior to AD symptom onset. Furthermore, the young age at symptom onset (typically 30-60 years) means age-related comorbidities are much less prevalent than in sporadic AD, thereby allowing AD pathophysiology to be studied independent of these confounds. A major goal of the DIAN Observational Study is to create a global resource for AD researchers. To that end, the current manuscript provides an overview of the DIAN magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) protocols and highlights the key imaging results of this study to date.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McKay, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hornbeck, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jack, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koeppe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keefe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobbs, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph-Mathurin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahmani, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCullough, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koudelis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chua, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ances, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millar, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickels, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrin, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allegri, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cash, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chhatwal, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farlow, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulham, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghetti, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graff-Radford, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikeuchi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klunk, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martins, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masters, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mori, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McConathy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noble, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salloway, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Valle, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schofield, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>S</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.25.485799</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuroimaging within the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer's Network (DIAN): PET and MRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.25.485808v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Human Motoneuron Expression Signature is Defined by ALS-Related Genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.25.485808v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mammalian spinal cord functions as a community of glial and neuronal cell types to accomplish sensory processing, autonomic control, and movement; conversely, the dysfunction of these cell types following spinal cord injury or disease states can lead to chronic pain, paralysis, and death. While we have made great strides in understanding spinal cellular diversity in animal models, it is crucial to characterize human biology directly to uncover specialized features of basic function and to illuminate human pathology. Here, we present a cellular taxonomy of the adult human spinal cord using single nucleus RNA-sequencing with spatial transcriptomics and antibody validation. We observed 29 glial clusters, including rare cell types such as ependymal cells, and 35 neuronal clusters, which we found are organized principally by anatomical location. To demonstrate the potential of this resource for understanding human disease, we analyzed the transcriptome of spinal motoneurons that are prone to degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and other diseases. We found that, compared with all other spinal neurons, human motoneurons are defined by genes related to cell size, cytoskeletal structure, and ALS, thereby supporting a model of a specialized motoneuron molecular repertoire that underlies their selective vulnerability to disease. We include a publicly available browsable web resource with this work, in the hope that it will catalyze future discoveries about human spinal cord biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yadav, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matson, K. J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hua, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaur, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alkaslasi, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galuta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dedek, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ameri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parnell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alshardan, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ququmji, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alhamad, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lonjon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vachiery-Lahaye, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nalls, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nalls, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hildebrand, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mery, P.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourinet, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauchet, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Pichon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.25.485808</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Human Motoneuron Expression Signature is Defined by ALS-Related Genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.25.485871v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SpyChIP identifies cell type-specific transcription factor occupancy from complex tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.25.485871v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is an important technique for characterizing protein-DNA binding in vivo. One drawback of ChIP based techniques is the lack of cell type-specificity when profiling complex tissues. To overcome this limitation, we developed SpyChIP to identify cell type-specific transcription factor (TF) binding sites in native physiological contexts without tissue dissociation or nuclei sorting. SpyChIP takes advantage of a specific covalent isopeptide bond that rapidly forms between the 15 amino acid SpyTag and the 17 kD protein SpyCatcher. In SpyChIP, the target TF is fused with SpyTag by genome engineering, and an epitope tagged SpyCatcher is expressed in cell populations of interest, where it covalently binds to SpyTag-TF. Cell type-specific ChIP is obtained by immunoprecipitating chromatin prepared from whole tissues using antibodies directed against the epitope-tagged SpyCatcher. Using SpyChIP, we identified the genome-wide binding profiles of the Hox protein Ubx in two distinct cell types of the Drosophila haltere disc. Our results revealed extensive region-specific Ubx-DNA binding events, highlighting the significance of cell type-specific ChIP and the limitations of whole tissue ChIP approaches. Analysis of Ubx::SpyChIP results provided novel insights into the relationship between chromatin accessibility and Ubx-DNA binding, as well as different mechanisms Ubx employs to regulate its downstream cis-regulatory modules (CRMs). In addition to SpyChIP, we suggest that SpyTag-SpyCatcher technology, as well as other covalent interaction peptide pairs, has many potential in vivo applications that were previously unachievable.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.25.485871</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SpyChIP identifies cell type-specific transcription factor occupancy from complex tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.26.485929v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-agent Foxo1 inhibition normalizes glycemia and induces gut β-like cells in streptozotocin-diabetic mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.26.485929v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insulin treatment remains the sole effective intervention for Type 1 Diabetes. Here, we investigated the therapeutic potential of converting intestinal epithelial cells to insulin-producing, glucose-responsive {beta}-like cells by targeted inhibition of Foxo1. We have shown that this can be achieved by genetic ablation in gut Neurogenin3 progenitors, adenoviral or shRNA-mediated inhibition in human gut organoids, and chemical inhibition in Akita mice, a model of insulin-deficient diabetes. In the present study, we provide evidence that two novel Foxo1 inhibitors, FBT432 and FBT374 have glucose-lowering and gut {beta}-like cell-inducing properties in mice rendered insulin-deficient by administration of streptozotocin. FBT432 is also highly effective in combination with a Notch inhibitor in this model. The data add to a growing body of evidence suggesting that Foxo1 inhibition be pursued as an alternative treatment to insulin administration in diabetes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sultana, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitamoto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leibel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Accili, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belvedere, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.26.485929</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-agent Foxo1 inhibition normalizes glycemia and induces gut β-like cells in streptozotocin-diabetic mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.27.485924v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nonlinear EEG signatures of mind wandering during breath focus meditation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.27.485924v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In meditation practices that involve focused attention to a specific object, novice practitioners often experience moments of distraction (i.e., mind wandering). Previous studies have investigated the neural correlates of mind wandering during meditation practice through Electroencephalography (EEG) using linear metrics (e.g., oscillatory power). However, their results are not fully consistent. Since the brain is known to be a chaotic/nonlinear system, it is possible that linear metrics cannot fully capture complex dynamics present in the EEG signal. In this study, we assess whether nonlinear EEG signatures can be used to characterize mind wandering during breath focus meditation in novice practitioners. For that purpose, we adopted an experience sampling paradigm in which 25 participants were iteratively interrupted during meditation practice to report whether they were focusing on the breath or thinking about something else. We compared the complexity of EEG signals during mind wandering and breath focus states using three different algorithms: Higuchis fractal dimension (HFD), Lempel-Ziv complexity (LZC), and Sample entropy (SampEn). Our results showed that EEG complexity was generally reduced during mind wandering relative to breath focus states. We conclude that EEG complexity metrics are appropriate to disentangle mind wandering from breath focus states in novice meditation practitioners, and therefore, they could be used in future EEG neurofeedback protocols to facilitate meditation practice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Larios, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.27.485924</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nonlinear EEG signatures of mind wandering during breath focus meditation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.27.485948v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Localized and Distributed Representations of Person Knowledge for Faces 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.27.485948v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modular neural models of face processing posit that face-associated person-knowledge is localized in, or accessed through, the ventral anterior temporal lobe (vATL). However, some studies have suggested that person-knowledge is more widely distributed within a larger face-processing network that includes the mid-fusiform gyrus ( fusiform face area). Here, we conducted an fMRI study to distinguish whether person-knowledge is localized or distributed by comparing brain responses evoked by synthetic faces, for which participants had learned person-knowledge (biographical facts) and faces for which the subjects had learned only physical facts. After extensive training, participants were cued to recall a particular biographical or physical fact about the upcoming face. In an alternate passive-viewing task, participants were shown the same faces but were not cued to recall biographical or physical facts. Classification analyses (MVPA) were performed on several a priori chosen face-selective regions (ROIs) in the ventral temporal cortex. Within each ROI tested in isolation, MVPA discriminated faces associated with person-knowledge from faces only associated with physical facts. This result is consistent with a distributed model for person-knowledge. However, when tested in a single model to separate shared and unique information, unique information was limited to the left mid-fusiform and vATL posterior (vATL-p) ROIs. Moreover, the feature weights from these two areas showed that only left vATL-p was specialized for processing biographical facts. This latter result was obtained only when these biographical facts were explicitly retrieved in the cueing task. Thus, our results indicate that the left vATL-p represents explicit recall of face-associated person-knowledge.

New & NoteworthyWhether person knowledge for faces is localized in a domain-specific region, vATL, or distributed in many domain-general brain regions, including the mid-fusiform gyrus, is hotly contested. We resolve this debate by using multivariate analyses to partial fMRI signal from different brain regions into unique and shared variance. Our findings show that unique information for person knowledge is found in both the vATL and mid-fusiform but only the vATL represents explicit recall of face-associated person knowledge.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shehzad, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.27.485948</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Localized and Distributed Representations of Person Knowledge for Faces]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.28.485354v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell type profiling in salamanders identifies innovations in vertebrate forebrain evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.28.485354v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolution of advanced cognition in vertebrates is associated with two independent innovations in the forebrain: the six-layered neocortex in mammals and the dorsal ventricular ridge (DVR) in sauropsids (reptiles and birds). How these novelties arose in vertebrate ancestors remains unclear. To reconstruct forebrain evolution in tetrapods, we built a cell type atlas of the telencephalon of the salamander Pleurodeles waltl. Our molecular, developmental, and connectivity data indicate that parts of the sauropsid DVR trace back to tetrapod ancestors. In contrast, the salamander dorsal pallium is devoid of cellular and molecular characteristics of the mammalian neocortex, yet shares similarities with entorhinal cortex and subiculum. Our findings chart the series of innovations that resulted in the emergence of the sauropsid DVR, and the mammalian six-layered neocortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Woych, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurrola, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deryckere, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaeger, E. C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gumnit, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merello, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Araus, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leigh, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tosches, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.28.485354</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell type profiling in salamanders identifies innovations in vertebrate forebrain evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.28.486156v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutated Tumor Suppressors Follow Oncogenes Profile by the Gene Hypermethylation of Partners in the Protein Interaction Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.28.486156v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As a result of current advances in the analysis of patient sequencing data, many tumors have been characterized in a personalized manner. Such data can also be used to characterize genes that act as either oncogenes or tumor suppressors. These include "defective" tumor suppressor genes which may function as driver oncogenes that play a key role in cancer proliferation due to various genetic alterations, specifically, chromosomal translocations. In this study, we considered protein networks, mutations, methylation data and cancer fusions to classify tumor suppressors that may convert into oncogenes. Moreover, we developed a novel network-based parameter called the  preferential attachment score to categorize genes as oncogenes and/or tumor suppressors. Such classification was achieved using a naive Bayes computation approach. We used an ABC-MCMC method for selecting features for training our classification algorithm. We then performed a survey of tumor suppressors and oncogenes from the perspective of somatic mutations and network properties for 691 TCGA cases. For comparative purposes, we chose currently well-established methods, such as MutSigCV, OncodriveCLUST, Oncodrive-FM, 20/20+, ActiveDriver, MuSiC, TUSON, OncodriveFML, and found that our algorithm outperformed these other tolls, with 93.3% efficiency. Based on 691 TCGA cohorts, we found that tumor suppressors presented the highest mutation frequency in most tumor types, relative to oncogenes. Using protein-protein interaction data, we found that essential proteins, tumor suppressors and oncogenes had higher degrees of connectivity and betweenness centrality, relative to normal proteins. Similarly, tumor suppressors and oncogenes had lower clustering coefficients, as well as shortest path distances (FDR < 0.05). Finally, most mutated tumor suppressors integrate hyper-methylated partners in the protein interaction networks of 3091 fusions, following the patterns of oncogenes (43%). Thus, these results further characterize cancer oncogenes and tumor suppressors in the context of deep analysis of cancer network alterations.

AvailabilitySource scripts are available at https://github.com/somnathtagore/NBC and the resource is available at http://ontum.md.biu.ac.il/index.html
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tagore, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frenkel-Morgenstern, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.28.486156</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutated Tumor Suppressors Follow Oncogenes Profile by the Gene Hypermethylation of Partners in the Protein Interaction Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.30.486450v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endothelial Caspase-9 Promotes Glial Changes, Inflammation, and Contrast Sensitivity Decline in Retinal Vascular Injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.30.486450v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retinal glial cells-- microglia, astrocytes, and Muller glia--provide homeostatic support, regulate vascular blood flow, and react to injury by releasing inflammatory cytokines. Glial reactivity has been shown to be relevant for retinal vascular pathology and neuronal death. Non-apoptotic expression of endothelial caspase-9 (EC Casp9) was recently identified as a key mediator of retinal edema, hypoxic-ischemic injury, and neurodegeneration in retinal vein occlusion (RVO). In the current study we aimed to determine the glial responses that are modulated by EC Casp9 as a means to identify relevant neuro-immune mechanisms for the development of retinal edema and neurodegeneration. To this end we used a mouse model of RVO and a tamoxifen inducible EC Casp9 KO mouse line. We show that EC Casp9 leads to an increase in reactive microglia and to macrogliosis in a time-dependent manner. RVO induced an EC Casp9 dependent astroglial caspase-6 and cleavage of GFAP. Cytokine array analysis revealed that RVO increases expression of inflammatory cytokines out of which CX3CL1, IGF-1, IL-4, LIX, IL-1, M-CSF, TNF-, IL-1{beta}, IL-10, and VEGF-A, were regulated by EC Casp9. Moreover, we found that EC Casp9 deletion resulted in protection from contrast sensitivity decline one day post-RVO. These results demonstrate that caspase-9 in hypoxic endothelial cells regulates retinal inflammatory signaling in microglia, astrocytes and Muller cells and changes in visual function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ortiz, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avrutsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smart, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troy, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.30.486450</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endothelial Caspase-9 Promotes Glial Changes, Inflammation, and Contrast Sensitivity Decline in Retinal Vascular Injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.30.486484v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hierarchical architecture of dopaminergic circuits enables second-order conditioning in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.30.486484v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dopaminergic neurons with distinct projection patterns and physiological properties compose memory subsystems in a brain. However, it is poorly understood whether or how they interact during complex learning. Here, we identify a feedforward circuit formed between dopamine subsystems and show that it is essential for second-order conditioning, an ethologically important form of higher-order associative learning. The Drosophila mushroom body comprises a series of dopaminergic compartments, each of which exhibits distinct memory dynamics. We find that a slow and stable memory compartment can serve as an effective "teacher" by instructing other faster and transient memory compartments via a single key interneuron, which we identify by connectome analysis and neurotransmitter prediction. This excitatory interneuron acquires enhanced response to reward-predicting odor after first-order conditioning and, upon activation, evokes dopamine release in the "student" compartments. These hierarchical connections between dopamine subsystems explain distinct properties of first- and second-order memory long known by behavioral psychologists.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yamada, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bushey, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hibbard, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sammons, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Funke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litwin-Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hige, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aso, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.30.486484</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hierarchical architecture of dopaminergic circuits enables second-order conditioning in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.01.486622v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GTP-bound E. coli FtsZ filaments are composed of Tense monomers: A DNP NMR study using interface detection. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.01.486622v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
FtsZ filaments are the major structural component of the bacterial Z-ring and are drivers of bacterial division. While crystal structures for FtsZ from some gram positive bacteria in the presence of GTP-analog like compounds suggest the possibility of a high energy "Tense" conformation, to date it remains an important question to elucidate whether this Tense form is the dominant form in filaments. Using dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) solid-state NMR and differential isotopic labelling, we directly detect residues located at the inter-monomer interface of GTP-bound WT Escherichia coli FtsZ filaments. We combine chemical shift prediction, homology modelling, and heteronuclear dipolar recoupling techniques to characterize the E. coli FtsZ filament interface and demonstrate that the monomers in active filaments assume a Tense conformation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCoy, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDermott, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.01.486622</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GTP-bound E. coli FtsZ filaments are composed of Tense monomers: A DNP NMR study using interface detection.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.02.486837v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Collagen remodeling dictates pancreatic cancer bioenergetics and outcome through DDR1 activation or degradation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.02.486837v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly desmoplastic, aggressive cancer that frequently progresses by liver metastasis1. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF), extracellular matrix (ECM), and type I collagen (Col I) support2-5 or restrain PDAC progression and may impede blood supply and nutrient availability6-8. The dichotomous role of the stroma in PDAC, and the mechanisms through which it influences patient survival and enables desmoplastic cancers escape nutrient limitation remain poorly understood. Here we show that matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-cleaved or intact Col I (cCol I and iCol I, respectively) exert opposing effects on PDAC bioenergetics, macropinocytosis (MP), tumor growth and liver metastasis. While cCol I activates DDR1 (discoidin domain receptor-1)-NF-{kappa}B-p62-NRF2 signaling to promote PDAC growth, iCol I triggers DDR1 degradation and restrains PDAC growth. Patients whose tumors are enriched in iCol I and low in DDR1 and NRF2 have improved median survival compared to those enriched in cCol I, DDR1 and NRF2. Inhibition of DDR1-stimulated NF-{kappa}B or mitochondrial biogenesis blocked tumorigenesis in wildtype mice but not in mice expressing MMP-resistant Col I. In summary, the diverse effects of tumor stroma on PDAC growth, metastasis, and patient survival are mediated through the Col I-DDR1-NF-{kappa}B-NRF2-mitochondrial biogenesis pathway, presenting multiple new opportunities for PDAC therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Su, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baglieri, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siruno, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dozier, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filliol, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenthal, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santini, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metallo, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwabe, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.02.486837</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Collagen remodeling dictates pancreatic cancer bioenergetics and outcome through DDR1 activation or degradation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.04.487045v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intracellular acidification is a hallmark of thymineless death in E. coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.04.487045v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Thymidine starvation causes rapid cell death. This enigmatic process known as thymineless death (TLD) is the underlying killing mechanism of diverse antimicrobial and antineoplastic drugs. Despite decades of investigation, we still lack a mechanistic understanding of the causal sequence of events that culminate in TLD. Here, we used a diverse set of unbiased approaches to systematically determine the genetic and regulatory underpinnings of TLD in Escherichia coli. In addition to discovering novel genes in previously implicated pathways, our studies revealed a critical and previously unknown role for intracellular acidification in TLD. We observed that a decrease in cytoplasmic pH is a robust early event in TLD across diverse genetic backgrounds. Furthermore, we show that acidification is a causal event in the death process, as chemical and genetic perturbations that increase intracellular pH substantially reduce killing. We also observe a decrease in intracellular pH in response to exposure to the antibiotic gentamicin, suggesting that intracellular acidification may be a common mechanistic step in the bactericidal effects of other antibiotics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ketcham, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freddolino, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavazoie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.04.487045</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intracellular acidification is a hallmark of thymineless death in E. coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.05.487195v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unaltered T cell responses to common antigens in individuals with Parkinson's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.05.487195v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background and ObjectivesParkinsons disease (PD) is associated with a heightened inflammatory state, including activated T cells. However, it is unclear whether these PD T cell responses are antigen specific or more indicative of generalized hyperresponsiveness. Our objective was to measure and compare antigen-specific T cell responses directed towards antigens derived from commonly encountered human pathogens/vaccines in patients with PD and age-matched healthy controls (HC).

MethodsPeripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 20 PD patients and 19 age-matched HCs were screened. Antigen specific T cell responses were measured by flow cytometry using a combination of the activation induced marker (AIM) assay and intracellular cytokine staining.

ResultsHere we show that both PD patients and HCs show similar T cell activation levels to several antigens derived from commonly encountered human pathogens/vaccines in the general population. Similarly, we also observed no difference between HC and PD in the levels of CD4 and CD8 T cell derived cytokines produced in response to any of the common antigens tested. These antigens encompassed both viral (coronavirus, rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, influenza, cytomegalovirus) and bacterial (pertussis, tetanus) targets.

ConclusionsThese results suggest the T cell dysfunction observed in PD may not extend itself to abnormal responses to commonly encountered or vaccine-target antigens. Our study supports the notion that the targets of inflammatory T cell responses in PD may be more directed towards autoantigens like -synuclein (-syn) rather than common foreign antigens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williams, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muskat, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frazier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mateus, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grifoni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antunes, R. d. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiskopf, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amara, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Standaert, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litvan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcalay, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulzer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arlehamn, C. S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sette, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.05.487195</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unaltered T cell responses to common antigens in individuals with Parkinson's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.05.487209v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrating bulk and single cell RNA-seq refines transcriptomic profiles of specific C. elegans neurons. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.05.487209v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuron-specific morphology and function are fundamentally tied to differences in gene expression across the nervous system. We previously generated a single cell RNA-seq (scRNA-Seq) dataset for every anatomical neuron class in the C. elegans hermaphrodite. Here we present a complementary set of bulk RNA-seq samples for 52 of the 118 canonical neuron classes in C. elegans. We show that the bulk RNA-seq dataset captures both lowly expressed and noncoding RNAs that are not detected in the scRNA-Seq profile, but also includes false positives due to contamination by other cell types. We present an analytical strategy that integrates the two datasets, preserving both the specificity of scRNA-Seq data and the sensitivity of bulk RNA-Seq. We show that this integrated dataset enhances the sensitivity and accuracy of transcript detection and differential gene analysis. In addition, we show that the bulk RNA-Seq data set detects differentially expressed non-coding RNAs across neuron types, including multiple families of non-polyadenylated transcripts. We propose that our approach provides a new strategy for interrogating gene expression by bridging the gap between bulk and single cell methodologies for transcriptomic studies. We suggest that these datasets advance the goal of delineating the mechanisms that define morphology and connectivity in the nervous system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barrett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varol, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinreb, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McWhirter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cros, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basavaraju, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poff, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tipps, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majeed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yemini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayer, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammarlund, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.05.487209</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrating bulk and single cell RNA-seq refines transcriptomic profiles of specific C. elegans neurons.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.07.487502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural insights into sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) substrate binding and specificity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.07.487502v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) is the essential plasma membrane protein that mediates active iodide (I-) transport into the thyroid gland, the first step in the biosynthesis of the thyroid hormones--the master regulators of intermediary metabolism. NIS couples the inward translocation of I- against its electrochemical gradient to the inward transport of Na+ down its electrochemical gradient. For nearly 50 years before its molecular identification, NIS was already the molecule at the center of the single most effective internal radiation cancer therapy ever devised: radioiodide (131I-) treatment for thyroid cancer. Mutations in NIS cause congenital hypothyroidism, which must be treated immediately after birth to prevent stunted growth and cognitive deficiency. To date, the structure of NIS has been unknown. Here, we report three structures of rat NIS, determined by single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM): one with no substrates bound, one with 2 Na+ and 1 I- bound, and one with 1 Na+ and the oxyanion perrhenate bound. Structural analyses, functional characterization, and computational studies reveal the substrate binding sites and residues key for transport activity. Our results yield insights into how NIS selects, couples, and translocates anions--thereby establishing a framework for understanding NIS function--and into how it transports different substrates with different stoichiometries and releases substrates from its substrate-binding cavity into the cytosol.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ravera, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicola, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salazar de Simone, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sigworth, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karakas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amzel, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bianchet, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrasco, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.07.487502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural insights into sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) substrate binding and specificity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.11.487751v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intradiscal Inflammatory Stimulation Induces Spinal Pain Behavior and Intervertebral Disc Degeneration In Vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.11.487751v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Degeneration of the intervertebral disc (IVD) is known to occur naturally over time, with the severity of pain varying widely. Other components of the degenerative environment, including structural disruption and inflammatory cytokine levels, and their correlation with pain severity have been studied. However, the role of the inflammatory environment in activating degenerative changes that manifest as a pain phenotype has not been elucidated. Previous studies have aimed to recreate the sustained inflammatory environment exhibited during human disc degeneration in a rat model. Most commonly, a puncture injury has been used causing structural damage and only initiating an acute inflammatory response. This study utilized injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a pro-inflammatory stimulus, into the rat disc in vivo to create the desired sustained inflammatory environment independent of physical disruption. LPS injections resulted in upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and an immunogenic response. The structural integrity of the IVD was also altered demonstrated by changes in histological score, disc height, and mechanical properties. Ultimately, a sustained inflammatory environment led to both local and radiating mechanical sensitivity, demonstrating that the pain phenotype experienced during disc degeneration can be initiated solely by a sustained inflammatory profile. Markers indicative of nerve ingrowth into the IVD were also expressed suggesting a potential mechanism for the pain exhibited by animals. This rat injury model will allow for future study of the direct relationship between inflammation and pain in the degenerative environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lisiewski, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobsen, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viola, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenawy, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiridly, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chahine, N. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.11.487751</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intradiscal Inflammatory Stimulation Induces Spinal Pain Behavior and Intervertebral Disc Degeneration In Vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.12.487877v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conserved cell-type specific signature of resilience to Alzheimer's disease nominates role for excitatory cortical neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.12.487877v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers disease (AD), the leading cause of dementia, affects millions of people worldwide. With no disease-modifying medication currently available, the human toll and economic costs are rising rapidly. Under current standards, a patient is diagnosed with AD when both cognitive decline and pathology (amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles) are present. Remarkably, some individuals who have AD pathology remain cognitively normal. Uncovering factors that lead to "cognitive resilience" to AD is a promising path to create new targets for therapies. However, technical challenges discovering novel human resilience factors limit testing, validation, and nomination of novel drugs for AD. In this study, we use single-nucleus transcriptional profiles of postmortem cortex from human individuals with high AD pathology who were either cognitively normal (resilient) or cognitively impaired (susceptible) at time of death, as well as mouse strains that parallel these differences in cognition with high amyloid load. Our cross-species discovery approach highlights a novel role for excitatory layer 4/5 cortical neurons in promoting cognitive resilience to AD, and nominates several resilience genes that include ATP1A1, GRIA3, KCNMA1, and STXBP1. This putative cell type has been implicated in resilience in previous studies on bulk RNA-seq tissue, but our single-nucleus and cross-species approach identifies particular resilience-associated gene signatures in these cells. These novel resilience candidate genes were tested for replication in orthogonal data sets and confirmed to be correlated with cognitive resilience. Based on these gene signatures, we identified several potential mechanisms of resilience, including regulation of synaptic plasticity, axonal and dendritic development, and neurite vesicle transport along microtubules that are potentially targetable by available therapeutics. Because our discovery of resilience-associated genes in layer 4/5 cortical neurons originates from an integrated human and mouse transcriptomic space from susceptible and resilient individuals, we are positioned to test causality and perform mechanistic, validation, and pre-clinical studies in our human-relevant AD-BXD mouse panel.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Telpoukhovskaia, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurdon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouellette, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neuner, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumitrescu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, K. M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dammer, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seyfried, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muzumdar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohman, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philip, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaczorowski, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.12.487877</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conserved cell-type specific signature of resilience to Alzheimer's disease nominates role for excitatory cortical neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.13.488246v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative genomics in Orobanchaceae provides insight into the origin and evolution of plant parasitism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.13.488246v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Orobanchaceae is the largest family of parasitic plants, containing autotrophic and parasitic plants with all degrees of parasitism. This makes it by far the best family for studying the origin and evolution of plant parasitism. Here we provide three high-quality genomes of orobanchaceous plants, the autotrophic Lindenbergia luchunensis and the holoparasitic plants Phelipanche aegyptiaca and Orobanche cumana. Phylogenomic analysis of these three genomes together with those previously published and the transcriptomes of other orobanchaceous species, created a robust phylogenetic framework for Orobanchaceae. We found that an ancient whole-genome duplication (WGD; about 73.48 Mya), which occurred earlier than the origin of Orobanchaceae, might have contributed to the emergence of parasitism. However, no WGD events occurred in any lineage of orobanchaceous parasites except for Striga after divergence from their autotrophic common ancestor, suggesting that, in contrast to previous speculations, WGD is not associated with the emergence of holoparasitism. We detected evident convergent gene loss in all parasites within Orobanchaceae and between Orobanchaceae and dodder Cuscuta australis. The gene families in the orobanchaceous parasites showed a clear pattern of recent gains and expansions. The expanded gene families are enriched in functions related to the development of the haustorium, suggesting that recent gene family expansions may have facilitated the adaptation of orobanchaceous parasites to different hosts. This study illustrates a stepwise pattern in the evolution of parasitism in the orobanchaceous parasites, and will facilitate future studies on parasitism and the control of parasitic plants in agriculture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, J.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eaton, D. A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.13.488246</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative genomics in Orobanchaceae provides insight into the origin and evolution of plant parasitism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.15.488484v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visual working memory recruits two functionally distinct alpha rhythms in posterior cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.15.488484v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oscillatory activity in the human brain is dominated by posterior alpha oscillations (8-14 Hz), which have been shown to be functionally relevant in a wide variety of cognitive tasks. Although posterior alpha oscillations are commonly considered a single oscillator anchored at an individual alpha frequency (IAF; [~]10 Hz), previous work suggests that IAF reflects a spatial mixture of different brain rhythms. In this study, we assess whether Independent Component Analysis (ICA) can disentangle functionally distinct posterior alpha rhythms in the context of visual short-term memory retention. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) was recorded in 33 subjects while performing a visual working memory task. Group analysis at sensor level suggested the existence of a single posterior alpha oscillator that increases in power and decreases in frequency during memory retention. Conversely, single-subject analysis of independent components revealed the existence of two dissociable alpha rhythms: one that increases in power during memory retention (Alpha1) and another one that decreases in power (Alpha2). Alpha1 and Alpha2 rhythms were differentially modulated by the presence of visual distractors (Alpha1 increased in power while Alpha2 decreased) and had an opposite relationship with accuracy (positive for Alpha1 and negative for Alpha2). In addition, Alpha1 rhythms showed a lower peak frequency, a narrower peak width, a greater relative peak amplitude and a more central source than Alpha2 rhythms. Together, our results demonstrate that modulations in posterior alpha oscillations during short-term memory retention reflect the dynamics of at least two distinct brain rhythms with different functions and spatiospectral characteristics.

Significance statementAlpha oscillations are the most prominent feature of the human brains electrical activity, and consist of rhythmic neuronal activity in posterior parts of the cortex. Alpha is usually considered a single brain rhythm that changes in power and frequency to support cognitive operations. We here show that posterior alpha entails at least two dissociable rhythms with distinct functions and characteristics. These findings could solve previous inconsistencies in the literature regarding the direction of task-related alpha power/frequency modulations and their relation to cognitive performance. In addition, the existence of two distinct posterior alpha rhythms could have important consequences for the design of neurostimulation protocols aimed at modulating alpha oscillations and subsequently cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez Larios, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ElShafei, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiehe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haegens, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.15.488484</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visual working memory recruits two functionally distinct alpha rhythms in posterior cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.15.488514v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RET Signaling Persists in the Adult Intestine and Stimulates Motility by Limiting PYY Release from Enteroendocrine Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.15.488514v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background & AimsRET receptor tyrosine kinase is necessary for enteric nervous system (ENS) development. Loss-of-function RET mutations cause Hirschsprung disease (HSCR), in which infants are born with aganglionic bowel. Despite surgical correction, HSCR patients often experience chronic defecatory dysfunction and enterocolitis, suggesting that RET is important after development. To test this hypothesis, we determined the location of postnatal RET and its significance in gastrointestinal (GI) motility.

MethodsRetCFP/+ mice and human transcriptional profiling data were studied to identify the enteric neuronal and epithelial cells that express RET. To determine whether RET signaling in these cells regulates adult gut motility in vivo, genetic and pharmacologic approaches were used to disrupt RET in either all RET-expressing cells, a major subset of enteric neurons, or intestinal epithelial cells.

ResultsDistinct subsets of enteric neurons and enteroendocrine cells expressed RET in the adult intestine. RET disruption in the intestinal epithelium, rather than in enteric neurons, slowed GI motility selectively in adult male mice. This effect was phenocopied by RET kinase inhibition. Most RET+ epithelial cells were either enterochromaffin cells that release serotonin (5-HT) or L-cells that release peptide YY (PYY), both of which can alter motility. RET kinase inhibition exaggerated PYY release in a nutrient-dependent manner without altering 5-HT secretion. PYY receptor blockade fully rescued dysmotility in mice lacking epithelial RET.

ConclusionRET signaling normally limits nutrient-dependent PYY release from L-cells and this activity is necessary for normal intestinal motility in male mice. These effects could contribute to post-operative dysmotility in HSCR, which predominantly affects males, and uncovers a mechanism that could be targeted to treat post-prandial GI dysfunction.



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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shepherd, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinstein, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rastelli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mezhibovsky, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthews, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muppirala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershon, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.15.488514</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RET Signaling Persists in the Adult Intestine and Stimulates Motility by Limiting PYY Release from Enteroendocrine Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.19.488754v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting A/B compartments from histone modifications using deep learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.19.488754v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomes fold into organizational units in the 3D space that can influence critical biological functions. In particular, the organization of chromatin into A and B compartments segregates its active regions from inactive regions. Compartments, evident in Hi-C contact matrices, have been used to describe cell-type specific changes in the A/B organization. However, obtaining Hi-C data for all cell and tissue types of interest is prohibitively expensive, which has limited the widespread consideration of compartment status. We present a prediction tool called Compartment prediction using Recurrent Neural Network (CoRNN) that models the relationship between the compartmental organization of the genome and histone modification enrichment. Our model predicts A/B compartments, in a cross-cell type setting, with an average area under the ROC curve of 90.9%. Our cell type-specific compartment predictions show high overlap with known functional elements. We investigate our predictions by systematically removing combinations of histone marks and find that H3K27ac and H3K36me3 are the most predictive marks. We then perform a detailed analysis of loci where compartment status cannot be accurately predicted from these marks. These regions represent chromatin with ambiguous compartmental status, likely due to variations in status within the population of cells. These ambiguous loci also show highly variable compartmental status between biological replicates in the same GM12878 cell type. Finally, we demonstrate the generalizability of our model by predicting compartments in independent tissue samples. Our software and trained model are publicly available at https://github.com/rsinghlab/CoRNN.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zheng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thakkar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aiden, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noble, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gursoy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.19.488754</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting A/B compartments from histone modifications using deep learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.19.488792v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
C. elegans Sine oculis/SIX-type homeobox genes act as homeotic switches to define neuronal subtype identities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.19.488792v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The classification of neurons into distinct types reveals hierarchical taxonomic relationships that reflect the extent of similarity between neuronal cell types. At the base of such taxonomies are neuronal cells that are very similar to one another but differ in a small number of reproducible and select features. How are very similar members of a neuron class that share many features instructed to diversify into distinct subclasses? We show here that the six very similar members of the C. elegans IL2 sensory neuron class, which are all specified by a homeobox terminal selector, unc-86/BRN3A/B, differentiate into two subtly distinct subclasses, a dorsoventral subclass and a lateral subclass, by the toggle switch-like action of the SIX/Sine-oculis homeobox gene unc-39. unc-39 is expressed only in the lateral IL2 neurons and loss of unc-39 leads to a homeotic transformation of the lateral into the dorsoventral class; conversely, ectopic unc-39 expression converts the dorsoventral subclass into the lateral subclass. Hence, a terminal selector homeobox gene controls both class-, as well as subclass-specific features, while a subordinate homeobox gene determines the ability of the class-specific homeobox gene to activate subtype-specific target genes. We find a similar regulatory mechanism to operate in a distinct class of six motor neurons. Our findings underscore the importance of homeobox genes in neuronal identity control and invite speculations about homeotic identity transformations as potential drivers of evolutionary novelty during cell type evolution in the brain.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAnatomical and molecular studies have revealed that in many animal nervous systems, neuronal cell types can often be subclassified into highly related subtypes with only small phenotypic differences. We decipher here the regulatory logic of such cell type diversification processes. We show that identity features of neurons that are highly similar to one another are controlled by master regulatory transcription factors and that phenotypic differences between related cell types are controlled by downstream acting transcription factors that promote or antagonize the ability of such a master regulatory factor to control unique identity features. Our findings help explain how neuronal cell types diversify and suggest hypothetical scenarios for neuronal cell type evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cros, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.19.488792</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[C. elegans Sine oculis/SIX-type homeobox genes act as homeotic switches to define neuronal subtype identities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.21.488985v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prefusion-Stabilized Lassa Virus Trimer Identifies Neutralizing Nanobodies and Reveals an Apex-Situated Site of Vulnerability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.21.488985v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lassa virus (LASV) is responsible for 100,000-300,000 zoonotic infections annually and poses a threat to public health. Development of antibody-based therapeutics or vaccines has been challenging because neutralizing antibodies - even among Lassa hemorrhagic fever survivors - are generally of low titer, and the target of neutralizing antibodies, the trimeric glycoprotein complex (GPC), a type 1-fusion machine with GP1 and GP2 subunits, has been difficult to produce. Here, we use structure-based design to obtain a soluble LASV GPC by engineering an inter-protomer disulfide (R207GCGP1-L326CGP2) and appending the T4-fibritin trimerization domain. We verified the antigenicity of this prefusion-stabilized LASV GPC against a panel of human antibodies and used electron microscopy (EM) to confirm its trimeric association. We panned the prefusion-stabilized LASV GPC against single domain  nanobody libraries and identified one of camel origin, which we named D5, which bound GPC with 27 nM affinity and neutralized the Josiah strain of LASV with an IC50 of 12 {micro}g/ml when formatted into a bivalent IgG2a context. The cryo-EM structure of a ternary complex of the D5 nanobody, the antigen-binding fragment of human antibody 8.11G, and LASV GPC revealed D5 to recognize a site-of-vulnerability at the trimer apex. The recognized site appeared to be specific to GPC lacking cleavage of between GP1 and GP2 subunits. Collectively, our findings suggest that GPC-cleavage intermediates may be targets for LASV neutralization and define an apex-situated site of vulnerability for vaccine development.

SignificanceLassa virus (LASV) infection is expanding outside its traditionally endemic areas in West Africa, posing a biothreat to the world. LASV-neutralizing antibodies, moreover, have proven difficult to elicit. To gain insight into requirements for antibody-mediated neutralization of LASV, we developed a prefusion-stabilized LASV glycoprotein trimer (GPC), panned it against phage libraries comprised single-domain antibodies or nanobodies from shark and camel, and identified one, D5, which - when placed into bivalent IgG2a context - could neutralize LASV. Cryo-EM analysis revealed D5 to recognize a cleavage-dependent site-of-vulnerability at the trimer apex. We propose this apex-situated site to be an attractive target for LASV vaccine and therapeutic development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gorman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, C. S.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyington, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biju, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bylund, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsybovsky, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verardi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mascola, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.21.488985</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prefusion-Stabilized Lassa Virus Trimer Identifies Neutralizing Nanobodies and Reveals an Apex-Situated Site of Vulnerability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.21.489030v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuromuscular denervation and deafferentation but not motor neuron death are disease features in the Smn 2B/- mouse model of SMA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.21.489030v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of motor neurons and skeletal muscle atrophy which is caused by ubiquitous deficiency in the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein. Several cellular defects contribute to sensory-motor circuit pathology in SMA mice, but the underlying mechanisms have often been studied in one mouse model without validation in other available models. Here, we used Smn2B/- mice to investigate specific behavioral, morphological, and functional aspects of SMA pathology that we previously characterized in the SMN{Delta}7 model. Smn2B/- SMA mice on a pure FVB/N background display deficits in body weight gain and muscle strength with onset in the second postnatal week and median survival of 19 days. Morphological analysis revealed severe loss of proprioceptive synapses on the soma of motor neurons and prominent denervation of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) in axial but not distal muscles. In contrast, no evidence of cell death emerged from analysis of several distinct pools of lumbar motor neurons known to be lost in the disease. Moreover, SMA motor neurons from Smn2B/- mice showed robust nuclear accumulation of p53 but lack of phosphorylation of serine 18 at its amino-terminal, which selectively marks degenerating motor neurons in the SMN{Delta}7 mouse model. These results indicate that NMJ denervation and deafferentation, but not motor neuron death, are conserved features of SMA pathology in Smn2B/- mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carlini, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Triplett, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellizzoni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.21.489030</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuromuscular denervation and deafferentation but not motor neuron death are disease features in the Smn 2B/- mouse model of SMA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.24.489292v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Saturation mutagenesis of a predicted ancestral Syk-family kinase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.24.489292v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many tyrosine kinases cannot be expressed readily in E. coli, limiting facile production of these proteins for biochemical experiments. We used ancestral sequence reconstruction to generate a spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) variant that can be expressed in bacteria and purified in soluble form, unlike the human members of this family (Syk and ZAP-70). The catalytic activity, substrate specificity, and regulation by phosphorylation of this Syk variant are similar to the corresponding properties of human Syk and ZAP-70. Taking advantage of the ability to express this novel Syk-family kinase in bacteria, we developed a two-hybrid assay that couples the growth of E.coli in the presence of an antibiotic to successful phosphorylation of a bait peptide by the kinase. Using this assay, we screened a site-saturation mutagenesis library of the kinase domain of this reconstructed Syk-family kinase. Sites of loss-of-function mutations identified in the screen correlate well with residues established previously as critical to function and/or structure in protein kinases. We also identified activating mutations in the regulatory hydrophobic spine and activation loop, which are within key motifs involved in kinase regulation. Strikingly, one mutation in an ancestral Syk-family variant increases the soluble expression of the protein by 75-fold. Thus, through ancestral sequence reconstruction followed by deep mutational scanning, we have generated Syk-family kinase variants that can be expressed in bacteria with very high yield.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hobbs, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoemaker, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amacher, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuriyan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.24.489292</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Saturation mutagenesis of a predicted ancestral Syk-family kinase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.26.489611v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Isthmal stem cells sustain intestinal homeostasis and regeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.26.489611v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The currently accepted intestinal epithelial cell organization model proposes that crypt base columnar (CBC) cells marked by high levels of Lgr5 expression represent the sole intestinal stem cell (ISC) compartment. However, previous studies have indicated that Lgr5+ cells are dispensable for intestinal regeneration, leading to two major hypotheses: one favoring the presence of a quiescent reserve stem cell population, the other calling for differentiated cell plasticity. To investigate these possibilities, we studied crypt epithelial cell organization, during homeostasis and regeneration, in unbiased fashion, via high-resolution single-cell profiling. These studies, combined with in vivo lineage tracing, show that Lgr5 is not a specific ISC marker and that stemness potential exists beyond the crypt base in the isthmus region, whose cells, contrary to differentiated cells, participate in tissue homeostasis and support intestinal regeneration. Our results provide a novel model of organization for the intestinal crypt epithelium in which stemness potential is not restricted to CBC cells and suggesting that neither de-differentiation nor reserve stem cell populations are drivers of intestinal regeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Malagola, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasciaveo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ochiai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Middelhoff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nienhuser, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaBella, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamechek, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guha, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.26.489611</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Isthmal stem cells sustain intestinal homeostasis and regeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.28.489780v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sensory regulation of absence seizures in a mouse model of Gnb1 encephalopathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.28.489780v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Absence seizures, a type of non-convulsive epilepsy manifested by spike-wave discharges (SWD) in the electroencephalogram (EEG), display synchronous reciprocal excitation between the neocortex and thalamus. Recent studies have revealed that inhibitory neurons in the reticular thalamic (RT) nucleus and excitatory thalamocortical (TC) neurons are two key subcortical players in generating SWD. However, the signals that drive SWD-related thalamic activity remain elusive. Here, we show that SWD predominately occurs during wakefulness in several mouse models of absence epilepsy. In more focused studies of Gnb1 mutant mice, we found that sensory input regulates SWD. Using in vivo recording, we demonstrate that TC cells are activated prior to the onset of SWD and then inhibited during SWD. On the contrary, RT cells are slightly inhibited prior to SWD, but are strongly activated during SWD. Furthermore, chemogenetic activation of TC cells leads to the enhancement of SWD in Gnb1 mice. Together, our results indicate that sensory input in the periphery can regulate SWD by activating the thalamocortical pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Teng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McRae, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frankel, W. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.28.489780</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sensory regulation of absence seizures in a mouse model of Gnb1 encephalopathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.28.489873v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular Characterization of the Tumor Microenvironment in Renal Medullary Carcinoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.28.489873v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Renal medullary carcinoma (RMC) is a highly aggressive disease associated with sickle hemoglobinopathies and universal loss of the tumor suppressor gene SMARCB1. RMC has a relatively low rate of incidence compared with other renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) that has hitherto made molecular profiling difficult. To probe this rare disease in detail we performed an in-depth characterization of the RMC tumor microenvironment using a combination of genomic, metabolic and single-cell RNA-sequencing experiments on tissue from a representative untreated RMC patient, complemented by retrospective analyses of archival tissue and existing published data. Our study of the tumor identifies a heterogenous population of malignant cell states originating from the thick ascending limb of the Loop of Henle within the renal medulla, displaying the hallmarks of increased resistance to cell death by ferroptosis and proteotoxic stress driven by MYC-induced proliferative signals. Specifically, genomic characterization of RMC tumors provides substantiating evidence for the recently proposed dependence of SMARCB1-difficient cancers on an intact CDKN2A-p53 pathway and we suggest increased cystine-mTORC-GPX4 signaling also plays a role within transformed RMC cells. We further propose that RMC has an immune landscape comparable to that of untreated RCCs, including heterogenous expression of the immune ligand CD70 within a sub-population of tumor cells, which could provide an immune-modulatory role that serves as a viable candidate for therapeutic targeting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tourigny, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zucker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlo, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hakimi, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotecha, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reznik, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.28.489873</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular Characterization of the Tumor Microenvironment in Renal Medullary Carcinoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.29.490095v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Widespread employment of conserved C. elegans homeobox genes in neuronal identity specification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.29.490095v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Homeobox genes are prominent regulators of neuronal identity, but the extent to which their function has been probed in animal nervous systems remains limited. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, each individual neuron class is defined by the expression of unique combinations of homeobox genes, prompting the question of whether each neuron class indeed requires a homeobox gene for its proper identity specification. We present here progress in addressing this question by extending previous mutant analysis of homeobox gene family members and describing multiple examples of homeobox gene function in different parts of the C. elegans nervous system. To probe homeobox function, we make use of a number of reporter gene tools, including a novel multicolor reporter transgene, NeuroPAL, which permits simultaneous monitoring of the execution of multiple differentiation programs throughout the entire nervous system. Using these tools, we add to the previous characterization of homeobox gene function by identifying neuronal differentiation defects for 12 homeobox genes in 20 distinct neuron classes that are mostly unrelated by location, function and lineage history. 10 of these 20 neuron classes had no homeobox gene function ascribed to them before, while in the other 10 neuron classes, we extend the combinatorial code of transcription factors required for specifying terminal differentiation programs. Furthermore, we demonstrate that in a particular lineage, homeotic identity transformations occur upon loss of a homeobox gene and we show that these transformations are the result of changes in homeobox codes. Combining the present with past analysis, 111 of the 118 neuron classes of C. elegans are now known to require a homeobox gene for proper execution of terminal differentiation programs. Such broad deployment indicates that homeobox function in neuronal identity specification may be an ancestral feature of animal nervous systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reilly, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tekieli, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cros, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toker, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leyva-Diaz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovacevic, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradford, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramadan, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kratsios, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.29.490095</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Widespread employment of conserved C. elegans homeobox genes in neuronal identity specification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.01.490196v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elevator mechanism dynamics in a sodium-coupled dicarboxylate transporter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.01.490196v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
VcINDY, the sodium-dependent dicarboxylate transporter from Vibrio cholerae, is responsible for C4- and C5-carboxylate uptake into cells. The molecular mechanism of how VcINDY physically moves substrates across the membrane, and does so in an energetically efficient manner, is unclear. Here, we use single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer experiments to directly observe the individual mechanistic steps that VcINDY takes to translocate substrates across a lipid bilayer, and then test key predictions of transport cycle mechanistic models. Our data provide the first direct evidence that VcINDY undergoes stochastic, elevator-type conformational motions that enable substrate translocation. Kinetic analysis suggests that the two protomers of the VcINDY homodimer undergo those motions in a non-cooperative manner, and thus catalyze two independent transport reactions. The relative substrate independence of those motions supports the notion that the VcINDY transport cycle maintains strict co-substrate coupling using a cooperative binding mechanism. Finally, thermodynamic modeling provides insight into how such a cooperative binding mechanism provides a generalized approach to optimizing transport for many secondary active transporters.

Significance StatementTransporter proteins use energy to move molecular materials into and out of cells. To be efficient, the transporter motions responsible for moving the molecules must be tightly choreographed to avoid wasting energy without transporting anything. By measuring the motions and kinetics of a prototypical transporter (VcINDY) at the single-molecule level, this study finds the first evidence that transporters like VcINDY achieve efficient transport by coordinating constantly dynamic, "elevator-type" motions while sitting in the cellular membrane. The efficiency of these surprisingly dynamic transporters is then revealed by thermodynamic modeling, which explains the molecular basis behind how highly cooperative, substrate binding reactions may have evolved as the optimal strategy for maximizing transporter efficiency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kinz-Thompson, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez Redondo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulligan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauer, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marden, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tajkhorshid, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stokes, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mindell, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.01.490196</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elevator mechanism dynamics in a sodium-coupled dicarboxylate transporter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.02.490321v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct observation of the neural computations underlying a single decision 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.02.490321v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurobiological investigations of perceptual decision-making have furnished the first glimpse of a flexible cognitive process at the level of single neurons (Shadlen and Newsome, 1996; Shadlen and Kiani, 2013). Neurons in the parietal and prefrontal cortex (Kim and Shadlen, 1999; Romo et al., 2004; Hernandez et al., 2002; Ding and Gold, 2012) are thought to represent the accumulation of noisy evidence, acquired over time, leading to a decision. Neural recordings averaged over many decisions have provided support for the deterministic rise in activity to a termination bound (Roitman and Shadlen, 2002). Critically, it is the unobserved stochastic component that is thought to confer variability in both choice and decision time (Gold and Shadlen, 2007). Here, we elucidate this drift-diffusion signal on individual decisions. We recorded simultaneously from hundreds of neurons in the lateral intraparietal cortex (LIP) of monkeys while they made decisions about the direction of random dot motion. We show that a single scalar quantity, derived from the weighted sum of the population activity, represents a combination of deterministic drift and stochastic diffusion. Moreover, we provide direct support for the hypothesis that this drift-diffusion signal approximates the quantity responsible for the variability in choice and reaction times. The population-derived signals rely on a small subset of neurons with response fields that overlap the choice targets. These neurons represent the integral of noisy evidence. Another subset of direction-selective neurons with response fields that overlap the motion stimulus appear to represent the integrand. This parsimonious architecture would escape detection by state-space analyses, absent a clear hypothesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steinemann, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stine, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trautmann, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zylberberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolpert, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadlen, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.02.490321</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct observation of the neural computations underlying a single decision]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.02.490327v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A neural mechanism for terminating decisions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.02.490327v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brain makes decisions by accumulating evidence until there is enough to stop and choose. Neural mechanisms of evidence accumulation are well established in association cortex, but the site and mechanism of termination is unknown. Here, we elucidate a mechanism for termination by neurons in the primate superior colliculus. We recorded simultaneously from neurons in lateral intraparietal cortex (LIP) and the superior colliculus (SC) while monkeys made perceptual decisions, reported by eye-movements. Single-trial analyses revealed distinct dynamics: LIP tracked the accumulation of evidence on each decision, and SC generated one burst at the end of the decision, occasionally preceded by smaller bursts. We hypothesized that the bursts manifest a threshold mechanism applied to LIP activity to terminate the decision. Focal inactivation of SC produced behavioral effects diagnostic of an impaired threshold sensor, requiring a stronger LIP signal to terminate a decision. The results reveal the transformation from deliberation to commitment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stine, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trautmann, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeurissen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadlen, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.02.490327</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A neural mechanism for terminating decisions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.02.490362v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
KINOMO: A non-negative matrix factorization framework for recovering intra- and inter-tumoral heterogeneity from single-cell RNA-seq data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.02.490362v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) is a powerful technology to uncover cellular heterogeneity in tumor ecosystems. Due to differences in underlying gene load, direct comparison between patient samples is challenging, and this is further complicated by the sparsity of data matrices in scRNA-seq. Here, we present a factorization method called KINOMO (Kernel dIfferentiability correlation-based NOn-negative Matrix factorization algorithm using Kullback-Leibler divergence loss Optimization). This tool uses quadratic approximation approach for error correction and an iterative multiplicative approach, which improves the quality assessment of NMF-identified factorization, while mitigating biases introduced by inter-patient genomic variability. We benchmarked this new approach against nine different methods across 15 scRNA-seq experiments and find that KINOMO outperforms prior methods when evaluated with an adjusted Rand index (ARI), ranging 0.82-0.91 compared to 0.68-0.77. Thus, KINOMO provides an improved approach for determining coherent transcriptional programs (and meta-programs) from scRNA-seq data of cancer tissues, enabling comparison of patients with variable genomic backgrounds.

ClassificationPhysical Sciences (Applied Mathematics; Biophysics and Computational Biology), Biological Sciences (Applied Biological Sciences; Biophysics and Computational Biology; Medical Sciences; Systems Biology.).

Significance StatementIdentification of shared or distinct cell programs in single-cell RNA-seq data of patient cancer cells is challenging due to underlying variability of gene load which determines transcriptional output. We developed an analytical approach to define transcriptional variability more accurately across patients and therefore enable comparison of program expression despite inherent genetic heterogeneity. Thus, this method overcomes challenges not adequately addressed by other methods broadly used for the analysis of single-cell genomics data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tagore, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biermann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabadan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azizi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.02.490362</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[KINOMO: A non-negative matrix factorization framework for recovering intra- and inter-tumoral heterogeneity from single-cell RNA-seq data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.03.490491v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Common genetic variants in CHRNA5 alter β-amyloid neuropathology and highlight chandelier cells in human aging and Alzheimer's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.03.490491v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Changes in high-affinity nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are intricately connected to neuropathology in Alzheimers Disease (AD). Protective and cognitive-enhancing roles for the nicotinic 5 subunit have been identified, but this gene has not been closely examined in the context of human aging and dementia. Therefore, we investigate the nicotinic 5 gene CHRNA5 and the impact of relevant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in prefrontal cortex from 922 individuals with matched genotypic and post-mortem RNA sequencing in the Religious Orders Study and Memory and Aging Project (ROS/MAP). We find that a genotype robustly linked to increased expression of CHRNA5 (rs1979905A2) predicts significantly reduced cortical {beta}-amyloid load. Intriguingly, co-expression analysis suggests CHRNA5 has a distinct cellular expression profile compared to other nicotinic receptor genes. Consistent with this prediction, single nucleus RNA sequencing from 22 individuals reveals CHRNA5 expression is disproportionately-elevated in chandelier neurons, a distinct subtype of inhibitory neuron known for its role in excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) balance. We show that chandelier neurons are enriched in amyloid-binding proteins compared to basket cells, the other major subtype of PVALB-positive interneurons. Consistent with the hypothesis that nicotinic receptors in chandelier cells normally protect against {beta}-amyloid, cell-type proportion analysis from 549 individuals reveals these neurons show amyloid-associated vulnerability only in individuals with impaired function/trafficking of nicotinic 5-containing receptors due to homozygosity of the missense CHRNA5 SNP (rs16969968A2). Taken together, these findings suggest that CHRNA5 and its nicotinic 5 subunit exert a neuroprotective role in aging and Alzheimers disease centered on chandelier interneurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rybnicek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLaurin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambe, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.03.490491</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Common genetic variants in CHRNA5 alter β-amyloid neuropathology and highlight chandelier cells in human aging and Alzheimer's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.03.490544v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Within- and between-subject reproducibility and variability in multi-modal, longitudinal brain networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.03.490544v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Network analysis provides new and important insights into the function of complex systems such as the brain by examining structural and functional networks constructed from diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging (dMRI), functional MRI (fMRI) and Electro/Magnetoencephalography (E/MEG) data. Although network models can shed light on cognition and pathology, questions remain regarding the importance of these findings, due in part to the reproducibility of the core measurements and subsequent modeling strategies. In order to ensure that results are reproducible, we need a better understanding of within- and between-subject variability over long periods of time. Here, we analyze a longitudinal, 8 session, multi-modal (dMRI, and simultaneous EEG-fMRI), and multiple task imaging data set. We first investigate the reproducibility of individual brain connections and network measures and find that across all modalities, within-subject reproducibility is higher than between-subject reproducibility, reaffirming the ability to detect individual differences in network structure in both structural and functional human brain networks. We see high variability in the reproducibility of pairwise connections between brain regions, but observe that in EEG-derived networks, during both rest and task, alpha-band connectivity is consistently more reproducible than networks derived from other frequency bands. Further, reproducible connections correspond to strong connections. Structural networks show a higher reliability in network statistics than functional networks, and certain measures such as synchronizability and eigenvector centrality are consistently less reliable than other network measures across all modalities. Finally, we find that structural dMRI networks outperform functional networks in their ability to identify individuals using a fingerprinting analysis. Our results highlight that functional networks likely reflect state-dependent variability not present in structural networks, and that the analysis of either structural or functional networks to study individual differences should depend on whether or not one wants to take into account state dependencies of the observed networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nakuci, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wasylyshyn, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cieslak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elliot, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bansal, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giesbrecht, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grafton, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vettel, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muldoon, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.03.490544</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Within- and between-subject reproducibility and variability in multi-modal, longitudinal brain networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.04.490169v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human papilloma virus E6 regulates therapy responses in oropharyngeal cancer by repressing the PGC-1α/ERRα axis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.04.490169v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Therapy with radiation plus cisplatin kills human papilloma virus-related (HPV+) oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCCs) by increasing reactive oxygen species beyond cellular antioxidant capacity. To explore why some patients fail these standard treatments, we evaluated whether the variation in HPV oncoprotein levels among HPV+ OPSCCs impacts mitochondrial metabolism, a source of antioxidant capacity. In cell line and patient-derived xenograft models, levels of HPV full-length E6 (fl-E6) inversely correlated with oxidative phosphorylation, antioxidant capacity, and therapy resistance, and fl-E6 was the only HPV oncoprotein to display such correlation. Ectopically expressing fl-E6 in models with low levels reduced mitochondrial mass, depleted antioxidant capacity, and sensitized to therapy. In this setting, fl-E6 repressed the PGC-1/ERR pathway for mitochondrial biogenesis by reducing p53-dependent PGC-1 transcription. Concordant observations were made in three clinical cohorts, where expression of mitochondrial components was higher in tumors of patients with reduced survival. These tumors contained the lowest fl-E6 levels, highest p53 target gene expression, and an activated PGC-1/ERR pathway. Our findings demonstrate that E6 can potentiate treatment responses by depleting mitochondrial antioxidant capacity and provide evidence for low E6 negatively impacting patient survival. E6s interaction with the PGC-1/ERR axis has implications for predicting and targeting treatment resistance in OPSCC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sannigrahi, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajagopalan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakagawa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jalaly, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Windle, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gimotty, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.04.490169</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human papilloma virus E6 regulates therapy responses in oropharyngeal cancer by repressing the PGC-1α/ERRα axis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.04.490593v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multivariate Analysis of PET Pharmacokinetic Parameters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.04.490593v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeIn positron emission tomography (PET) quantification, multiple pharmacokinetic parameters are typically estimated from each time activity curve. Conventionally, all but the parameter of interest are discarded before performing subsequent statistical analysis. However, we assert that these discarded parameters also contain relevant information which can be exploited to improve the precision and power of statistical analyses on the parameter of interest. Properly taking this into account can thereby draw more informative conclusions without collecting more data.

MethodsBy applying a hierarchical multifactor multivariate Bayesian approach, all estimated parameters from all regions can be analysed at once. We refer to this method as PuMBA (Parameters undergoing Multivariate Bayesian Analysis). We simulated patientcontrol studies with different radioligands, varying sample sizes and measurement error to explore its performance, comparing the precision, statistical power, false positive rate and bias of estimated group differences relative to univariate analysis methods.

ResultsWe show that PuMBA improves the statistical power for all examined applications relative to univariate methods without increasing the false positive rate. PuMBA improves the precision of effect size estimation, and reduces the variation of these estimates between simulated samples. Furthermore, we show that PuMBA yields performance improvements even in the presence of substantial measurement error. Remarkably, owing to its ability to leverage information shared between pharmacokinetic parameters, PuMBA even shows greater power than conventional univariate analysis of the true binding values from which the parameters were simulated. Across all applications, PuMBA exhibited a small degree of bias in the estimated outcomes, however this was small relative to the variation in estimated outcomes between simulated datasets.

ConclusionPuMBA improves the precision and power of statistical analysis of PET data without requiring the collection of additional measurements. This makes it possible to study new research questions in both new and previously collected data. PuMBA therefore holds great promise for the field of PET imaging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matheson, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogden, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.04.490593</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multivariate Analysis of PET Pharmacokinetic Parameters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.04.490634v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expression of GDNF Receptors Within Nucleus Ambiguus During Rat Development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.04.490634v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveUpregulation of GDNF and its receptors is observed during laryngeal reinnervation after nerve injury. In contrast, little is known regarding the expression of GDNF receptors in the formation of the nucleus ambiguus (NA) and its innervation of the larynx during embryogenesis. Differences may suggest therapeutic targets after nerve injury.

Study DesignLaboratory experiment.

MethodsRat brainstems at E14, E16, E18, E20, adult (4 animals/timepoint) were sectioned and stained for GDNF receptors: GFR-1, GFR-2, GFR-3, and Ret. Islet1 and ChAT were used as markers for motoneuron cell bodies. Sections were observed using Zeiss Axio Imager M2 Microscope and quantified using Image J.

ResultsExpression of all four GDNF receptors was identified within the nucleus ambiguus, as well as hypoglossal and facial nuclei of the adult rat brainstem. During rat development, GFR-3 and Ret exhibited upregulation within the nucleus ambiguus at E14 whereas GFR-1 began showing upregulation at E20. GFR-2 exhibited no upregulation at embryonic timepoints. Conclusion: Upregulation of the GDNF receptors within the nucleus ambiguus occur after laryngeal muscles innervation during development and may associated with maturation and maintenance of the neuromuscular synapses of the larynx before and after birth. No differences among ambiguus, hypoglossal, and facial nuclei was observed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blount, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-Morato, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moayedi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitman, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.04.490634</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expression of GDNF Receptors Within Nucleus Ambiguus During Rat Development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.04.490677v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Airway Basal Cells Show Regionally Distinct Potential to Undergo Metaplastic Differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.04.490677v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Basal cells are multipotent stem cells of a variety of organs, and in the lung are known as crucial components of the airway epithelium. However, it remains unclear how diverse basal cells are and whether distinct subpopulations respond differently to airway challenges. Using single cell RNA-sequencing and functional approaches, we report a significant and previously underappreciated degree of heterogeneity in the basal cell pool, leading to identification of six subpopulations in the murine trachea. Among these we found two major subpopulations comprising the most stem-like progenitor compartment, but with distinct signatures and ability to self-renew and differentiate. Notably, these occupy distinct ventral and dorsal tracheal niches and differ in their ability to initiate an aberrant program of differentiation in response to environmental perturbations in primary cultures and in injury mouse models in vivo. We found that such heterogeneity is acquired prenatally, when the basal cell pool and local niches are being established, and depends on the integrity of these niches, as supported by the altered basal cell phenotype of cartilage-deficient mouse mutants. Lastly, we show that key features that distinguish these progenitor subpopulations in murine airways are conserved in humans. Together, the data provide critical insights into the origin and impact of basal cell heterogeneity on the establishment of regionally distinct responses of the airway epithelium during injury-repair and in disease conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinner, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardoso, W. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.04.490677</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Airway Basal Cells Show Regionally Distinct Potential to Undergo Metaplastic Differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.04.490695v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel Computational Models of Evoked Dopamine Release In Vivo Measured by Fast Scan Cyclic Voltammetry Quantify the Regulation of Presynaptic Kinetics by Synucleins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.04.490695v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dopamine neurotransmission in the striatum is central to many normal and disease functions. Ventral midbrain dopamine neurons exhibit ongoing tonic firing that produce low extrasynaptic levels of dopamine below the detection of extrasynaptic electrochemical recordings ([~]10 - 20 nanomolar), with superimposed bursts that can saturate the dopamine uptake transporter and produce transient micromolar concentrations. The bursts have previously been shown to lead to presynaptic plasticity via multiple mechanisms, but analysis methods for these kinetic parameters are limited. To provide a deeper understanding of the mechanics of dopamine neurotransmission, we present three computational models of dopamine release with different levels of spatiotemporal complexity to analyze in vivo fast-scan cyclic voltammetry recordings from the dorsal striatum of mice. The models accurately fit to the cyclic voltammetry data and provide estimates of presynaptic dopamine facilitation/depression kinetics and dopamine transporter reuptake kinetics. We use the models to analyze the role of synuclein proteins in neurotransmission and quantify recent findings linking presynaptic protein -synuclein to the short-term facilitation and long-term depression of dopamine release.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>N, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Somayaji, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miotto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosharov, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruocco, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulzer, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.04.490695</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel Computational Models of Evoked Dopamine Release In Vivo Measured by Fast Scan Cyclic Voltammetry Quantify the Regulation of Presynaptic Kinetics by Synucleins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.05.490697v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TMEM106B is increased in Multiple Sclerosis plaques, and deletion causes accumulation of lipid after demyelination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.05.490697v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During inflammatory, demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) axonal damage is prevalent early in the disease course. Axonal damage includes swellings, defects in transport, and failure to clear damaged intracellular proteins, all of which affect recovery and compromise the integrity of neurons and remyelination. Autophagy and the clearance of damaged cell components by the proteasome are important for the maintenance of normal cellular turnover; and the restoration of cellular homeostasis. The gradual accumulation of insoluble proteins in the brain is known to impair recovery from several neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we used mass spectrometry to identify insoluble proteins within high-speed, mercaptoethanol/sarcosyl-insoluble pellets from purified white matter plaques isolated from the brains of individuals with MS. We determined that insoluble transmembrane protein106B (TMEM106B), expressed in neurons and glia and normally lysosomal-associated, is increased in MS plaques relative to normal-appearing white matter from individuals with Alzheimers disease and non-neurologic controls. We found that decreased TMEM106B protein in mice results in significant axonal damage and lipid droplet accumulation in the spinal cord following chronic myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. When TMEM106Bt/t mice were treated with cuprizone to experimentally induce demyelination, a significant increase in lipid deposition was observed in the corpus callosum of TMEM106Bt/t mice post-cuprizone withdrawal. Our study shows that the brain and spinal cord from challenged TMEM106Bt/t mice accumulate OilRedO+/Perilipin2+ lipid droplets. We postulate that increased insolubility of TMEM106B in MS plaques limits debris clearance by the lysosome which over time contributes to failed remyelination and axonal defects.

Abbreviated AbstractTransmembrane protein106B (TMEM106B), a lysosome-associated protein, is significantly less soluble in multiple sclerosis plaques than in white matter controls. Decreased TMEM106B produces significant axonal damage and lipid accumulation in mouse models of demyelinating diseases. TMEM106B insolubility and likely loss of function may limit lysosome transport and contribute to CNS pathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shafit-Zagardo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidoli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DuBois, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corboy, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strittmatter, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guzik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagra, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.05.490697</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TMEM106B is increased in Multiple Sclerosis plaques, and deletion causes accumulation of lipid after demyelination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.06.490824v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vertical gradients in physiological function and resource allocation of white spruce diverge at the northern- and southern-most range extremes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.06.490824v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Light availability drives vertical canopy gradients in photosynthetic functioning and carbon (C) balance, yet patterns of variability in these gradients remain unclear. We measured light availability, photosynthetic CO2 and light response curves, foliar C, nitrogen (N) and pigment concentrations, and the photochemical reflectance index (PRI) on upper and lower canopy needles of white spruce trees (Picea glauca) at the species northern and southern range extremes. We combined our photosynthetic data with previously published respiratory data to compare and contrast canopy C balance between latitudinal extremes. We found steep canopy gradients in irradiance, photosynthesis, and leaf traits at the southern range limit, but a lack of variation across canopy positions at the northern range limit. Thus, unlike many tree species from tropical to mid-latitude forests, high latitude trees may not require vertical gradients of metabolic activity to optimize photosynthetic C gain. Consequently, accounting for self-shading is less critical for predicting gross primary productivity at northern relative to southern latitudes. Northern trees also had a significantly smaller net positive leaf C balance than southern trees suggesting that, regardless of canopy position, low photosynthetic rates coupled with high respiratory costs may ultimately constrain the northern range limit of this widely distributed boreal species.

SUMMARY STATEMENTCanopy gradients in photosynthetic capacity of white spruce diminish at high compared to low latitudes. Low carbon balance in high latitude trees may determine the extent of northern treeline.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schmiege, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boelman, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vierling, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruner, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maguire, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eitel, J. U. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.06.490824</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vertical gradients in physiological function and resource allocation of white spruce diverge at the northern- and southern-most range extremes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.06.490968v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-Cell RNAseq Analysis Reveals Robust Anti-PD-1-Mediated Increase of Immune Infiltrate in Metastatic Castration-Sensitive Prostate Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.06.490968v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Compared to other malignancies, the tumor microenvironment (TME) of primary and castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is relatively devoid of immune infiltrates. While androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) induces a complex immune infiltrate in localized prostate cancer, both in animal models and humans, the TME composition of metastatic, castration-sensitive prostate cancer (mCSPC) is relatively unknown and the effects of ADT and other treatments are poorly characterized in this context. To address this challenge, we analyzed metastatic sites from patients enrolled on a phase 2 clinical trial (NCT03951831), in which men were treated with standard-of-care chemo-hormonal therapy with anti-PD-1 immunotherapy, at the single cell level. Longitudinal protein activity-based analysis of TME subpopulations identified immune subpopulations conserved across multiple metastatic sites, their dynamic, treatment-mediated evolution, and associated clinical response features. Our study revealed a therapy-resistant, transcriptionally distinct tumor subpopulation, which comprises an increasing number of cells in treatment-refractory patients, and identified several druggable targets in both tumor and immune cells as candidates to advance treatment and improve outcomes for patients with mCSPC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hawley, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obradovic, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dallos, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Runcie, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ager, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKiernan, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Decastro, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weintraub, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Virk, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowy, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaimowitz, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drake, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.06.490968</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-Cell RNAseq Analysis Reveals Robust Anti-PD-1-Mediated Increase of Immune Infiltrate in Metastatic Castration-Sensitive Prostate Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.07.490996v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Allele-specific knockouts reveal a role for apontic-like in the evolutionary loss of larval pigmentation in Bombyx mori 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.07.490996v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The domesticated silkworm, Bombyx mori, and its wild progenitor, B. mandarina, are extensively studied as a model case of the evolutionary process of domestication. A conspicuous difference between these species is the dramatic reduction in pigmentation in both larval and adult B. mori. Here we evaluate the efficiency of CRISPR/Cas9-targeted knockouts of pigment-related genes as a tool to understand their potential contributions to domestication-associated pigmentation loss in B. mori. To demonstrate the efficacy of targeted knockouts in B. mandarina, we generated a homozygous CRISPR/Cas9-targeted knockout of yellow-y. In yellow-y knockout mutants, black body color became lighter throughout the larval, pupal and adult stages, confirming a role for this gene in pigment formation. Further, we performed allele-specific CRISPR/Cas9-targeted knockouts of the pigment-related transcription factor, apontic-like (apt-like) in B. mori x B. mandarina F1 hybrid individuals. Knockout of the B. mandarina allele of apt-like in F1 embryos results in depigmented patches on the dorsal integument of larvae, whereas corresponding knockouts of the B. mori allele consistently exhibit normal F1 larval pigmentation. These results demonstrate a contribution of apt-like to the evolution of reduced pigmentation in B. mori. Together, our results demonstrate the feasibility of CRISPR/Cas9-targeted knockouts as a tool for understanding the genetic basis of traits associated with B. mori domestication.

Brief abstractBombyx mori and its wild progenitor are an important model for the study of phenotypic evolution associated with domestication. As proof-of-principle, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to generate targeted knockouts of two pigmentation-related genes. By generating a homozygous knockout of yellow-y in B. mandarina, we confirmed this gene"s role in pigment formation. Further, by generating allele-specific knockouts of apontic-like (apt-like) in B. mori x B. mandarina F1 hybrids, we establish that evolution of apt-like contributed to reduced pigmentation during B. mori domestication.

Graphical TOC/Abstract

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tomihara, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andolfatto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiuchi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.07.490996</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Allele-specific knockouts reveal a role for apontic-like in the evolutionary loss of larval pigmentation in Bombyx mori]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.07.491015v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Preconfigured dynamics in the hippocampus are guided by embryonic birthdate and rate of neurogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.07.491015v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The incorporation of novel information into the hippocampal network is likely be constrained by its innate architecture and internally generated activity patterns. However, the origin, organization, and consequences of such patterns remain poorly understood. Here, we show that hippocampal network dynamics are affected by sequential neurogenesis. We birthdated CA1 pyramidal neurons with in-utero electroporation over 4 embryonic days encompassing the peak of hippocampal neurogenesis, and compared their functional features in freely moving, adult mice. Neurons of the same birthdate displayed distinct connectivity, coactivity across brain states, and assembly dynamics. Same birthdate hippocampal neurons were topographically organized, in that anatomically clustered (<500{micro}m) neurons exhibited overlapping spatial representations. Overall, the wiring and functional features of CA1 pyramidal neurons reflected a combination of birthdate and the rate of neurogenesis. These observations demonstrate that sequential neurogenesis in embryonic development shapes the preconfigured forms of adult network dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huszar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blockus, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buzsaki, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.07.491015</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Preconfigured dynamics in the hippocampus are guided by embryonic birthdate and rate of neurogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.09.490778v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative genomics reveals insight into the evolutionary origin of massively scrambled genomes. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.09.490778v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ciliates are microbial eukaryotes that undergo extensive programmed genome rearrangement that converts long germline chromosomes into smaller gene-rich somatic chromosomes. Three well-studied ciliates include Oxytricha trifallax, Tetrahymena thermophila and Paramecium tetraurelia, but only the Oxytricha lineage has a massively scrambled genome whose assembly requires hundreds of thousands of precise DNA joining events. Here we study the emergence of genome complexity by examining the origin and evolution of discontinuous and scrambled genes in the Oxytricha lineage.

We sequenced, assembled and annotated the germline and somatic genomes of Euplotes woodruffi and the germline genome of Tetmemena sp., and compared their genome rearrangement features to that of the model ciliate Oxytricha trifallax. The germline genome of Tetmemena is as massively scrambled and interrupted as Oxytrichas: 13.6% of its gene loci rearrange via translocations and/or inversions. This study revealed that the earlier-diverged spirotrich, E. woodruffi, also has a scrambled genome, but approximately half as many loci (7.3%) are scrambled, supporting its position as a possible evolutionary intermediate in this lineage, in the process of accumulating complex genome rearrangements. Scrambled loci are more often associated with local duplications, supporting a simple model for the origin of scrambled genes via DNA duplication and decay.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neme, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beh, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landweber, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.09.490778</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative genomics reveals insight into the evolutionary origin of massively scrambled genomes.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.09.491042v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reproducibility of in-vivo electrophysiological measurements in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.09.491042v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding brain function relies on the collective work of many labs generating reproducible results. However, reproducibility has not been systematically assessed within the context of electrophysiological recordings during cognitive behaviors. To address this, we formed a multi-lab collaboration using a shared, open-source behavioral task and experimental apparatus. Experimenters in ten laboratories repeatedly targeted Neuropixels probes to the same location (spanning secondary visual areas, hippocampus, and thalamus) in mice making decisions; this generated a total of 121 experimental replicates, a unique dataset for evaluating reproducibility of electrophysiology experiments. Despite standardizing both behavioral and electrophysiological procedures, some experimental outcomes were highly variable. A closer analysis uncovered that variability in electrode targeting hindered reproducibility, as did the limited statistical power of some routinely used electrophysiological analyses, such as single-neuron tests of modulation by individual task parameters. Reproducibility was enhanced by histological and electrophysiological quality-control criteria. Our observations suggest that data from systems neuroscience is vulnerable to a lack of reproducibility, but that across-lab standardization, including metrics we propose, can serve to mitigate this.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>The International Brain Laboratory,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banga, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonacchi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruijns, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapuis, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchland, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davatolhagh, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faulkner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinmetz, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taheri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.09.491042</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reproducibility of in-vivo electrophysiological measurements in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.09.491217v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ocular and Facial Far-UVC Doses from Ceiling-Mounted 222 nm Far-UVC Fixtures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.09.491217v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Far-UVC radiation, commonly defined as wavelengths from 200 nm - 235 nm, is a promising tool to help prevent the spread of disease. The unique advantage of far-UVC technology over traditional ultraviolet germicidal irradiation lies in the potential for direct application of far-UVC into occupied spaces since antimicrobial doses of far-UVC are significantly below the recommended daily safe exposure limits. This study used a ceiling-mounted far-UVC fixture emitting at 222 nm to directly irradiate an indoor space and then evaluated the doses received upon a manikin. Radiation sensitive film was affixed to the head, nose, lip, and eyes of the manikin, and the 8-hour equivalent exposure dose was determined. Variables examined included manikin height (sitting or standing position), manikin offset from directly below the fixture, tilt of the manikin, the addition of glasses, the addition of hair, and different anatomical feature sizes. Importantly, at the manikin position with the highest dose to eyes, the average eye dose was only 5.8% of the maximum directly measured dose. These results provide the first experimental analysis of possible exposure doses a human would experience from an indoor far-UVC installation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duncan, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuryak, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.09.491217</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ocular and Facial Far-UVC Doses from Ceiling-Mounted 222 nm Far-UVC Fixtures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.09.491239v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design of an ultrafast pulsed ponderomotive phase plate for cryo-electron tomography 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.09.491239v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ponderomotive phase plates have shown temporally consistent phase contrast is possible within electron microscopes via high fluence static laser modes resonating in Fabry-Perot cavities. Here, we explore using pulsed laser beams as an alternative method of generating high fluences. We find through forward-stepping finite element models that picosecond-or-less interactions are required for meaningful fluences phase shifts, with higher pulse energies and smaller beam waists leading to the predicted higher fluences. An additional model based on quasiclassical assumptions is used to discover the shape of the phase plate by incorporating the oscillatory nature of the electric field. From these results, we find the transient nature of the laser pulses removes the influence of Kapitza-Dirac diffraction patterns that appear in the static resonator cases. The addition of a second laser aligned 90{degrees} to the first induces anisotropy to the shape of the phase plate. By incorporating a shifting-electron-beam algorithm, the effects of a finite electron beam crossover are also simulated. A total pulse energy of 8.7 J is enough to induce the required {pi}/2 phase shift for Zernike-like phase microscopy. As a brief thought experiment, we also explore the usage of high frequency lasers in a standard electron emission scheme to see if a pulsed electron beam is even necessary. Ultimately, frequency requirements limit the laser to nanosecond pulse durations, causing the required pulse energies to reach unreasonable levels before adequate phase shifts are achieved.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Du, D. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzpatrick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.09.491239</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design of an ultrafast pulsed ponderomotive phase plate for cryo-electron tomography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.10.491372v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of a novel deFADding activity in 5' to 3' exoribonucleases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.10.491372v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identification of metabolite caps including FAD on the 5 end of RNA has uncovered a previously unforeseen intersection between cellular metabolism and gene expression. To understand the function of FAD caps in cellular physiology, we characterised the proteins interacting with FAD caps in budding yeast. Here we demonstrate that highly conserved 5-3 exoribonucleases, Xrn1 and Rat1, physically interact with the RNA 5 FAD cap and both possess FAD cap decapping (deFADding) activity and subsequently degrade the resulting RNA. Xrn1 deFADding activity was also evident in human cells indicating its evolutionary conservation. Furthermore, we report that the recently identified bacterial 5-3 exoribonuclease RNase AM also possesses deFADding activity that can degrade FAD-capped RNAs in vitro and in E. coli cells. To gain a molecular understanding of the deFADding reaction, an RNase AM crystal structure with three manganese ions coordinated by a sulfate molecule and the active site amino acids was generated that provided details underlying hydrolysis of the FAD cap. Our findings reveal a general propensity for 5-3 exoribonucleases to hydrolyse and degrade RNAs with 5 end noncanonical caps in addition to their well characterized 5 monophosphate RNA substrates indicating an evolutionarily conserved intrinsic property of 5-3 exoribonucleases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doamekpor, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grudizen-Nogalska, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiledjian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.10.491372</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of a novel deFADding activity in 5' to 3' exoribonucleases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.10.491383v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Saccade-related modulation of oscillatory activity in primary auditory cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.10.491383v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The auditory and visual sensory systems are both used by the brain to obtain and organize information from our external environment, yet there are fundamental differences between these two systems. Visual information is acquired using systematic patterns of fixations and saccades, which are controlled by internal motor commands. Sensory input occurs in volleys that are tied to the timing of saccades. In contrast, the auditory system does not use such an overt motor sampling routine so the relationship between sensory input timing and motor activity is less clear. Previous studies of primary visual cortex (V1) in nonhuman primates (NHP) have shown that there is a cyclical modulation of excitability tied to the eye movement cycle and suggests that this excitability modulation stems from the phase reset of neuronal oscillations. We hypothesized that if saccades provide a supramodal temporal context for environmental information then we should also see saccade-related modulation of oscillatory activity in primary auditory cortex (A1) as NHPs shift their gaze around their surroundings. We used linear array multielectrodes to record cortical laminar neuroelectric activity profiles while subjects sat in a dark or dimly lit and silent chamber. Analysis of oscillatory activity in A1 suggests that saccades lead to a phase reset of neuronal oscillations in A1. Saccade-related phase reset of delta oscillations were observed across all layers while theta effects occurred primarily in extragranular layers. Although less frequent, alpha oscillations also showed saccade-related phase reset within the extragranular layers. Our results confirm that saccades provide a supramodal temporal context for the influx of sensory information into A1 and highlight the importance of considering the effects of eye position on auditory processing.

Significance StatementUsing laminar multielectrodes, the current study examined saccade-related neuronal activity during resting state while NHPs sat in a dark or dimly lit room. Our results confirm that saccade-related modulation of delta band oscillatory activity occurs across all layers of A1. Interestingly, our data also show a saccade-related phase reset of theta and alpha bands that preferentially occurs in extragranular layers. These results confirm that saccades provide a supramodal temporal context for the influx of environmental information into A1 and emphasizes the importance of considering eye position when examining auditory processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barczak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGinnis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakatos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.10.491383</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Saccade-related modulation of oscillatory activity in primary auditory cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.10.491392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accelerating the clock: Interconnected speedup of energetic and molecular dynamics during aging in cultured human cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.10.491392v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To understand how organisms age, we need reliable multimodal molecular data collected at high temporal resolution, in specific cell types, across the lifespan. We also need interpretative theory that connects aging with basic mechanisms and physiological tradeoffs. Here we leverage a simple cellular replicative aging system combined with mathematical theory to address organismal aging. We used cultured primary human fibroblasts from multiple donors to molecularly and energetically profile entire effective lifespans of up to nine months. We generated high-density trajectories of division rates, telomere shortening, DNA methylation, RNAseq, secreted proteins/cytokines and cell-free DNA, in parallel with bioenergetic trajectories of ATP synthesis rates derived from both mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis, reflecting total cellular mass-specific metabolic rate (MR). By comparing our cell culture data to data from cells in the body we uncover three fundamental speedups, or rescalings, of MR and molecular aging markers. To explain these rescalings we deploy the allometric theory of metabolism which predicts that the rate of biological aging is related to an organisms size, MR, and the partitioning of energetic resources between growth and maintenance processes. Extending this theory we report three main findings: 1) human cells isolated from the body with faster rates of growth allocate a substantially smaller fraction of their energy budget to maintenance, and correspondingly age 50-300x faster based on multiple molecular markers. 2) Over the course of the cellular lifespan, primary human fibroblasts acquire a >100-fold hypermetabolic phenotype characterized by increased maintenance costs, and associated with increased mtDNA genome density, upregulation of senescence-associated extracellular secretion, and induction of maintenance-related transcriptional programs. 3) Finally, manipulating MR with mitochondria-targeted metabolic, genetic, and pharmacological perturbations predictably altered the molecular rate of aging, providing experimental evidence for the interplay of MR and aging in a human system. These data highlight the key role that the partitioning of energetic resources between growth and maintenance/repair processes plays in cellular aging, and converge with predictions of cross-species metabolic theory indicating that energy metabolism governs how human cells age.

Significance StatementHow cells age is of fundamental importance to understanding the diversity of mammalian lifespans and the wide variation in human aging trajectories. By aging primary human fibroblasts over several months in parallel with multi-omics and energetic profiling, we find that as human cells age and progressively divide more slowly, surprisingly, they progressively consume energy faster. By manipulating cellular metabolic rates, we confirm that the higher the cellular metabolic rate, the faster cells experience telomere shortening and epigenetic aging - a speedup phenotype consistent with allometric scaling theory. By modeling robust energetic and molecular aging trajectories across donors and experimental conditions, we find that independent of cell division rates, molecular aging trajectories are predicted by the partitioning of the energy budget between growth and maintenance processes. These results integrate molecular and energetic drivers of aging and therefore have important long-term implications to understand biological aging phenomena ranging from cellular senescence to human longevity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sturm, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bobba-Alves, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tumasian, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michelson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrucci, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kempes, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.10.491392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accelerating the clock: Interconnected speedup of energetic and molecular dynamics during aging in cultured human cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.10.491406v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BigNeuron: A resource to benchmark and predict best-performing algorithms for automated reconstruction of neuronal morphology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.10.491406v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BigNeuron is an open community bench-testing platform combining the expertise of neuroscientists and computer scientists toward the goal of setting open standards for accurate and fast automatic neuron reconstruction. The project gathered a diverse set of image volumes across several species representative of the data obtained in most neuroscience laboratories interested in neuron reconstruction. Here we report generated gold standard manual annotations for a selected subset of the available imaging datasets and quantified reconstruction quality for 35 automatic reconstruction algorithms. Together with image quality features, the data were pooled in an interactive web application that allows users and developers to perform principal component analysis, t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding, correlation and clustering, visualization of imaging and reconstruction data, and benchmarking of automatic reconstruction algorithms in user-defined data subsets. Our results show that image quality metrics explain most of the variance in the data, followed by neuromorphological features related to neuron size. By benchmarking automatic reconstruction algorithms, we observed that diverse algorithms can provide complementary information toward obtaining accurate results and developed a novel algorithm to iteratively combine methods and generate consensus reconstructions. The consensus trees obtained provide estimates of the neuron structure ground truth that typically outperform single algorithms. Finally, to aid users in predicting the most accurate automatic reconstruction results without manual annotations for comparison, we used support vector machine regression to predict reconstruction quality given an image volume and a set of automatic reconstructions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manubens-Gil, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramanathan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bria, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillette, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radojevic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouchard, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roysam, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sironi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iascone, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conde-Sousa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguiar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nanda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muresan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fua, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, H.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staiger, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simonneau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oberlaender, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jefferis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ito, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Bellido, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cline, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nern, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, A.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roskams,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.10.491406</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BigNeuron: A resource to benchmark and predict best-performing algorithms for automated reconstruction of neuronal morphology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.11.491436v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Baseline control of optimal performance in recurrent neural networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.11.491436v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Changes in behavioral state, such as arousal and movements, strongly affect neural activity in sensory areas. Recent evidence suggests that they may be mediated by top-down projections regulating the statistics of baseline input currents to sensory areas, inducing qualitatively different effects across sensory modalities. What are the computational benefits of these baseline modulations? We investigate this question within a brain-inspired framework for reservoir computing, where we vary the quenched baseline inputs to a random neural network. We found that baseline modulations control the dynamical phase of the reservoir network, unlocking a vast repertoire of network phases. We uncover a new zoo of bistable phases exhibiting the simultaneous coexistence of fixed points and chaos, of two fixed points, and of weak and strong chaos. Crucially, we discovered a host of novel phenomena, including noise-driven enhancement of chaos and ergodicity breaking; neural hysteresis, whereby transitions across phase boundary retain the memory of the initial phase. Strikingly, we found that baseline control can achieve optimal performance without any fine tuning of recurrent couplings. In summary, baseline control of network dynamics opens new directions for brain-inspired artificial intelligence and provides a new interpretation for the ubiquitously observed behavioral modulations of cortical activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ogawa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fumarola, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazzucato, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.11.491436</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Baseline control of optimal performance in recurrent neural networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.11.491498v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Context-dependent transcriptional regulation by Drosophila Polycomb Response Elements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.11.491498v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polycomb Response Elements (PREs) are cis-acting DNA sequences that confer heritable states of Drosophila HOX gene expression by anchoring Polycomb and Trithorax Group (PcG and TrxG) chromatin modifiers. PREs are also associated with hundreds of other Drosophila genes, most of which are regulated dynamically in response to developmental and physiological context, rather than heritably like HOX genes. Here, we assess the role(s) PREs play at these other loci by analyzing how genomic inserts of a transgenic form of the HOX gene Ultrabithorax (Ubx) can both control and respond to neighboring genes depending on the presence of a single, excisable PRE. Our results support the view that PREs and their associated PcG and TrxG modifiers act primarily to confer quantitative, rather than qualitative, influences on gene expression with the response of any given gene depending on how it integrates this information with other regulatory elements in the local genomic milieu. They also show that PREs can act on neighboring genes selectively and at remarkably long range, but that any given gene can be susceptible or impervious to PRE/PcG/TrxG input depending on context. Finally, we find that transcription and PRE/PcG-dependent silencing are not mutually exclusive: a Ubx transgene inside the intron of a continuously transcribed "host" gene is nevertheless silenced by its resident PRE. We posit that the widely accepted roles of PcG and TrxG complexes in maintaining heritable states of gene expression apply only to a limited coterie of target genes such as HOX genes that are evolutionarily selected to exclude regulatory elements that can over-ride this control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coleman, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Struhl, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.11.491498</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Context-dependent transcriptional regulation by Drosophila Polycomb Response Elements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.12.491707v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SPACE-GM: geometric deep learning of disease-associated microenvironments from multiplex spatial protein profiles. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.12.491707v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiplexed immunofluorescence imaging enables high-dimensional molecular profiling at subcellular resolution. However, learning disease-relevant cellular environments from these rich imaging data is an open challenge. We developed SPAtial CEllular Graphical Modeling (SPACE-GM), a geometric deep learning framework that flexibly models tumor microenvironments (TMEs) as cellular graphs. We applied SPACE-GM to 658 head-and-neck and colorectal human cancer samples assayed with 40-plex immunofluorescence imaging to identify spatial motifs associated with cancer recurrence and patient survival after immunotherapy. SPACE-GM is substantially more accurate in predicting patient outcomes than previous approaches for modeling spatial data using neighborhood cell-type compositions. Computational interpretation of the disease-relevant microenvironments identified by SPACE-GM generates insights into the effect of spatial dispersion of tumor cells and granulocytes on patient prognosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trevino, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swanson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Angio, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preska, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charville, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalerba, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egloff, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uppaluri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duvvuri, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayer, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.12.491707</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SPACE-GM: geometric deep learning of disease-associated microenvironments from multiplex spatial protein profiles.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.13.491893v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integration of gene expression data in Bayesian association analysis of rare variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.13.491893v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present VBASS, a Bayesian method that integrates single-cell expression and de novo variant (DNV) data to improve power of disease risk gene discovery. VBASS models disease risk prior as a function of expression profiles, approximated by deep neural networks. It learns the weights of neural networks and parameters of Poisson likelihood models of DNV counts jointly from expression and genetics data. On simulated data, VBASS shows proper error rate control and better power than state-of-the-art methods. We applied VBASS to published datasets and identified more candidate risk genes with supports from literature or data from independent cohorts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhong, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.13.491893</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integration of gene expression data in Bayesian association analysis of rare variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.14.491930v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
tRNA Methylation Resolves Codon Usage Bias at the Limit of Cell Viability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.14.491930v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The codon usage of each genome is closely correlated with the abundance of tRNA isoacceptors. How codon-usage bias is resolved by tRNA post-transcriptional modifications is largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that the N1-methylation of guanosine at position 37 (m1G37) on the 3-side of the anticodon, while not directly responsible for reading of codons, is a neutralizer that resolves differential decoding of proline codons. A genome-wide suppressor screen of a non-viable E. coli strain, m1G37-lacking, identifies proS suppressor mutations, indicating a coupling of methylation with tRNA prolyl-aminoacylation that sets the limit of cell viability. Using these suppressors, where prolyl-aminoacylation is decoupled from tRNA methylation, we show that m1G37 neutralizes differential translation of proline codons by the major isoacceptor. Lacking of m1G37 inactivates this neutralization and exposes the need for a minor isoacceptor for cell viability. This work has medical implications for bacterial genomes that exclusively use the major isoacceptor for survival.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Masuda, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamaki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Detroja, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tagore, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maharjan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakano, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christian, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsubara, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowe, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frenkel-Morgenstern, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, Y.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.14.491930</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[tRNA Methylation Resolves Codon Usage Bias at the Limit of Cell Viability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492312v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bayesian statistics improves biological interpretability of metabolomics data from human cohorts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492312v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundUnivariate analyses of metabolomics data currently follow a frequentist approach, using p-values to reject a null-hypothesis. However, the usability of p-values is plagued by many misconceptions and inherent pitfalls. We here propose the use of Bayesian statistics to quantify evidence supporting different hypotheses and discriminate between the null hypothesis versus lack of statistical power.

MethodsWe use metabolomics data from three independent human cohorts that studied plasma signatures of subjects with myalgic encephalomyelitis / chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). Data are publicly available, covering 84-197 subjects in each study with 562-888 identified metabolites of which 777 were common between two studies, and 93 compounds reported in all three studies. By comparing results from classic multiple regression against Bayesian multiple regression we show how Bayesian statistics incorporates results from one study as  prior information into the next study, thereby improving the overall assessment of the likelihood of finding specific differences between plasma metabolite levels and disease outcomes in ME/CFS.

ResultsWhereas using classic statistics and Benjamini-Hochberg FDR-corrections, study 1 detected 18 metabolic differences, study 2 detected no differences. Using Bayesian statistics on the same data, we found a high likelihood that 97 compounds were altered in concentration in study 2, after using the results of study 1 as prior distributions. These findings included lower levels of peroxisome-produced ether-lipids, higher levels of long chain, unsaturated triacylglycerides, and the presence of exposome compounds that are explained by difference in diet and medication between healthy subjects and ME/CFS patients. Although study 3 reported only 92 reported compounds in common with the other two studies, these major differences were confirmed. We also found that prostaglandin F2alpha, a lipid mediator of physiological relevance, was significantly reduced in ME/CFS patients across all three studies.

ConclusionsThe use of Bayesian statistics led to biological conclusions from metabolomic data that were not found through the frequentist analytical approaches more commonly employed. We propose that Bayesian statistics to be highly useful for studies with similar research designs if similar metabolomic assays are used.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brydges, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Che, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipkin, W. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiehn, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.17.492312</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bayesian statistics improves biological interpretability of metabolomics data from human cohorts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.18.492332v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Jak2V617F Reversible Activation Shows an Essential Requirement for Jak2V617F in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.18.492332v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Janus kinases (JAKs) mediate cytokine signaling, cell growth and hematopoietic differentiation.1 Gain-of-function mutations activating JAK2 signaling are seen in the majority of myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) patients, most commonly due to the JAK2V617F driver allele.2 While clinically-approved JAK inhibitors improve symptoms and outcomes in MPNs, remissions are rare, and mutant allele burden does not substantively change with chronic JAK inhibitor therapy in most patients.3, 4 This has been postulated to be due to incomplete dependence on constitutive JAK/STAT signaling, alternative signaling pathways, and/or the presence of cooperating disease alleles;5 however we hypothesize this is due to the inability of current JAK inhibitors to potently and specifically abrogate mutant JAK2 signaling. We therefore developed a conditionally inducible mouse model allowing for sequential activation, and then inactivation, of Jak2V617F from its endogenous locus using a Dre-rox/Cre-lox dual orthogonal recombinase system. Deletion of oncogenic Jak2V617Fabrogates the MPN disease phenotype, induces mutant-specific cell loss including in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, and extends overall survival to an extent not observed with pharmacologic JAK inhibition. Furthermore, reversal of Jak2V617F in MPN cells with antecedent loss of Tet26, 7 abrogates the MPN phenotype and inhibits mutant stem cell persistence suggesting cooperating epigenetic-modifying alleles do not alter dependence on mutant JAK/STAT signaling. Our results suggest that mutant-specific inhibition of JAK2V617F represents the best therapeutic approach for JAK2V617F-mutant MPN and demonstrate the therapeutic relevance of a dual-recombinase system to assess mutant-specific oncogenic dependencies in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dunbar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izzo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karzai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jun Kim, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez Maestre, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waarts, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nazir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mowla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisman, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houston, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guzzardi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez Benitez, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viny, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koche, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landau, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.18.492332</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Jak2V617F Reversible Activation Shows an Essential Requirement for Jak2V617F in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.18.492540v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sparse RNNs can support high-capacity classification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.18.492540v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Feedforward network models performing classification tasks rely on highly convergent output units that collect the information passed on by preceding layers. Although convergent output-unit like neurons may exist in some biological neural circuits, notably the cerebellar cortex, neocortical circuits do not exhibit any obvious candidates for this role; instead they are highly recurrent. We investigate whether a sparsely connected recurrent neural network (RNN) can perform classification in a distributed manner without ever bringing all of the relevant information to a single convergence site. Our model is based on a sparse RNN that performs classification dynamically. Specifically, the interconnections of the RNN are trained to resonantly amplify the magnitude of responses to some external inputs but not others. The amplified and non-amplified responses then form the basis for binary classification. Furthermore, the network acts as an evidence accumulator and maintains its decision even after the input is turned off. Despite highly sparse connectivity, learned recurrent connections allow input information to flow to every neuron of the RNN, providing the basis for distributed computation. In this arrangement, the minimum number of synapses per neuron required to reach maximum memory capacity scales only logarithmically with network size. The model is robust to various types of noise, works with different activation and loss functions and with both backpropagation- and Hebbian-based learning rules. The RNN can also be constructed with a split excitation-inhibition architecture with little reduction in performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Turcu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.18.492540</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sparse RNNs can support high-capacity classification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.18.492543v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural learning rules for generating flexible predictions and computing the successor representation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.18.492543v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The predictive nature of the hippocampus is thought to be useful for memory-guided cognitive behaviors. Inspired by the reinforcement learning literature, this notion has been formalized as a predictive map called the successor representation (SR). The SR captures a number of observations about hippocampal activity. However, the algorithm does not provide a neural mechanism for how such representations arise. Here, we show the dynamics of a recurrent neural network naturally calculate the SR when the synaptic weights match the transition probability matrix. Interestingly, the predictive horizon can be flexibly modulated simply by changing the network gain. We derive simple, biologically plausible learning rules to learn the SR in a recurrent network. We test our model with realistic inputs and match hippocampal data recorded during random foraging. Taken together, our results suggest that the SR is more accessible in neural circuits than previously thought and can support a broad range of cognitive functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackevicius, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.18.492543</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural learning rules for generating flexible predictions and computing the successor representation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.18.492547v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The regulatory landscapes of human ovarian ageing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.18.492547v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary paragraphThe ovary is the first organ to age in the human body, affecting both fertility and overall health in women1-8. However, the biological mechanisms underlying human ovarian ageing remain poorly understood. Here we performed single-nuclei multi-omics analysis of young and reproductively aged human ovaries to understand the molecular and cellular basis of ovarian ageing in humans. Our analysis reveals coordinated changes in transcriptomic output and chromatin accessibility across cell types during ageing, including elevated mTOR and MAPK signaling, decreased activity of the oxidative phosphorylation and DNA damage repair pathways, and an increased signature of cellular senescence. By constructing cell type-specific regulatory networks, we uncover enhanced activity of the transcription factor CEBPD across cell types in the aged ovary, with a corresponding significant loss of activity of most cell identity-associated transcription factors. Moreover, by performing integrative analyses of our single-nuclei multi-omics data with common genetic variants associated with age at natural menopause (ANM) from genome-wide association studies, we demonstrate a global impact of functional variants on changes in gene regulatory networks across ovarian cell types. Finally, we nominate about a dozen of functional non-coding variants, their target genes and cell types and regulatory mechanisms that underlie genetic association with ANM. This work provides a comprehensive multimodal landscape of human ovarian ageing and mechanistic insights into inherited variation of ANM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Suh, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudgins, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamliel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pei, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contreras, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoeijmakers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campisi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lobo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenfeld, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.18.492547</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The regulatory landscapes of human ovarian ageing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.19.492472v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A comparative study of structural variant calling strategies using the Alzheimer's Disease Sequencing Project's whole genome family data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.19.492472v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundReliable detection and accurate genotyping of structural variants (SVs) and insertion/deletions (indels) from whole-genome sequence (WGS) data is a significant challenge. We present a protocol for variant calling, quality control, call merging, sensitivity analysis, in silico genotyping, and laboratory validation protocols for generating a high-quality deletion call set from whole genome sequences as part of the Alzheimers Disease Sequencing Project (ADSP). This dataset contains 578 individuals from 111 families.

MethodsWe applied two complementary pipelines (Scalpel and Parliament) for SV/indel calling, break-point refinement, genotyping, and local reassembly to produce a high-quality annotated call set. Sensitivity was measured in sample replicates (N=9) for all callers using in silico variant spike-in for a wide range of event sizes. We focused on deletions because these events were more reliably called. To evaluate caller specificity, we developed a novel metric called the D-score that leverages deletion sharing frequencies within and outside of families to rank recurring deletions. Assessment of overall quality across size bins was measured with the kinship coefficient. Individual callers were evaluated for computational cost, performance, sensitivity, and specificity. Quality of calls were evaluated by Sanger sequencing of predicted loss-of-function (LOF) variants, variants near AD candidate genes, and randomly selected genome-wide deletions ranging from 2 to 17,000 bp.

ResultsWe generated a high-quality deletion call set across a wide range of event sizes consisting of 152,301 deletions with an average of 263 per genome. A total of 114 of 146 predicted deletions (78.1%) were validated by Sanger sequencing. Scalpel was more accurate in calling deletions [&le;]100 bp, whereas for Parliament, sensitivity was improved for deletions > 900 bp. We validated 83.0% (88/106) and 72.5% (37/51) of calls made by Scalpel and Parliament, respectively. Eleven deletions called by both Parliament and Scalpel in the 101-900 bin were tested and all were confirmed by Sanger sequencing.

ConclusionsWe developed a flexible protocol to assess the quality of deletion detection across a wide range of sizes. We also generated a truth set of Sanger sequencing validated deletions with precise breakpoints covering a wide spectrum of sizes between 1 and 17,000 bp.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Malamon, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrell, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dombroski, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, W.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardarajan, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Way, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuzma, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valladares, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, Y. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scanlon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, I. A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brehony, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worley, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrer, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schellenberg, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.19.492472</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A comparative study of structural variant calling strategies using the Alzheimer's Disease Sequencing Project's whole genome family data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.19.492734v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Host adaptation drives genetic diversity in a vector-borne disease system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.19.492734v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The range of hosts a pathogen can infect is a key trait influencing human disease risk and reservoir host infection dynamics. Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (Bb), an emerging zoonotic pathogen, causes Lyme disease and is widely considered a host generalist, commonly infecting mammals and birds. Yet the extent of intraspecific variation in Bb host breadth, its role in determining host competence and potential implications to human infection remain unclear. We conducted a long-term study of Bb diversity, defined by the polymorphic ospC locus, across white-footed mice, passerine birds, and tick vectors leveraging long-read amplicon sequencing. Our results reveal strong variation in host breadth across Bb genotypes, exposing a spectrum of genotype-specific host-adapted phenotypes. We found support for multiple niche polymorphism maintaining Bb diversity in nature and little evidence of temporal shifts in genotype dominance, as would be expected under negative frequency-dependent selection. Passerine birds support the circulation of several human invasive strains in the local tick population and harbor greater Bb genotypic diversity compared to white-footed mice. Mouse-adapted Bb genotypes exhibited longer persistence in individual mice compared to non-adapted genotypes and infection communities infecting individual mice preferentially became dominated by mouse-adapted genotypes over time. We posit that intraspecific variation in Bb host breadth and specificity helps maintain overall species fitness in response to transmission by a generalist vector. Because pathogen genotypes vary in host breadth and result in diverse human disease manifestations, our findings indicate that a more nuanced definition of  host competence incorporating local genotype frequency is warranted.

SignificanceLyme disease is the most common vector-borne disease in the US with a causative agent (Borrelia burgdorferi) exhibiting high genetic diversity that partially correlates with human disease manifestations. Understanding the extent of host specificity in pathogens is critical for evaluating disease risk, but host specificity and mechanisms maintaining genetic diversity in Bb are unknown. We show that Bb genotypes exhibit variable host adaptation to white-footed mice and passerine birds, two common reservoir hosts, which appears to promote high intraspecific pathogen diversity. Conversely, we find limited evidence of negative frequency-dependent selection, an alternative mechanism for diversity maintenance. Our results reveal cryptic intraspecies host breadth variation and suggest that evaluating host competence depends on the frequency of host-adapted genotypes in local environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Combs, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tufts, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolokotronis, S.-O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diuk-Wasser, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.19.492734</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Host adaptation drives genetic diversity in a vector-borne disease system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.22.492882v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A global atlas of substrate specificities for the human serine/threonine kinome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.22.492882v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein phosphorylation is one of the most widespread post-translational modifications in biology. With the advent of mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics, more than 200,000 sites of serine and threonine phosphorylation have been reported, of which several thousand have been associated with human diseases and biological processes. For the vast majority of phosphorylation events, it is not yet known which of the more than 300 protein Ser/Thr kinases encoded in the human genome is responsible. Here, we utilize synthetic peptide libraries to profile the substrate sequence specificity of nearly every functional human Ser/Thr kinase. Viewed in its entirety, the substrate specificity of the kinome was substantially more diverse than expected and was driven extensively by negative selectivity. Our kinome-wide dataset was used to computationally annotate and identify the most likely protein kinases for every reported phosphorylation site in the human Ser/Thr phosphoproteome. For the small minority of phosphosites where the protein kinases involved have been previously identified, our predictions were in excellent agreement. When this approach was applied to examine the signaling response of tissues and cell lines to hormones, growth factors, targeted inhibitors, and environmental or genetic perturbations, it revealed unexpected insights into pathway complexity and compensation. Overall, these studies reveal the full extent of substrate specificity of the human Ser/Thr kinome, illuminate cellular signaling responses, and provide a rich resource to link unannotated phosphorylation events to biological pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaron, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huntsman, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerelsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, T.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liberatore, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cizin, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krismer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres Robles, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van de Kooij, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Vlimmeren, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andree-Busch, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Käufer, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorovkov, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryazanov, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takagi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kastenhuber, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncalves, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elemento, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taatjes, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maucuer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamashita, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Degterev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blenis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hornbeck, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaffe, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantley, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.22.492882</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A global atlas of substrate specificities for the human serine/threonine kinome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.23.493038v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-throughput deep learning variant effect prediction with Sequence UNET 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.23.493038v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the consequences of protein coding mutations is important for many applications in biology and medicine. The vast number of possible mutations across species makes comprehensive experimental characterisation impossible, even with recent high-throughput techniques, which means computationally predicting the consequences of variation is essential for many analyses. Previous variant effect prediction (VEP) tools, generally based on evolutionary conservation and protein structure, are often computationally intensive, making them difficult to scale and limiting potential applications. Recent developments in deep learning techniques, including protein language models, and biological data scale have led to a new generation of predictors. These models have improved prediction performance but are still often intensive to run because of slow training steps, hardware requirements and large model sizes. In this work we introduce a new highly scalable deep learning architecture, Sequence UNET, that classifies and predicts variant frequency directly from protein sequence. This model learns to build representations of protein sequence features at a range of scales using a fully convolutional U-shaped compression/expansion architecture. We show that it can generalise to pathogenicity prediction, achieving comparable performance on ClinVar to methods including EVE and ESM-1b at greatly reduced computational cost. We further demonstrate its scalability by analysing the consequences of 8.3 billion variants in 904,134 proteins detected in a large-scale proteomics analysis, showing a link between conservation and protein abundance. Sequence UNET can be run on modest hardware through an easy to use Python package.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dunham, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beltrao, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>AlQuraishi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.23.493038</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-throughput deep learning variant effect prediction with Sequence UNET]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.23.493062v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A critical role for touch neurons in a skin-brain pathway for stress resilience 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.23.493062v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Social touch can act as a stress buffer, reducing behavioral and physiological responses to stressful scenarios. However, skin-brain touch pathways that promote stress resilience remain unknown. Here, we show that mice with an early life genetic ablation of Mrgprb4-lineage touch neurons display stress vulnerability behaviors in adulthood. Chemogenetic activation of these touch neurons reduced corticosterone levels under mild acute stress conditions. In addition, whole-brain c-Fos activity mapping while chemogenetically turning on these neurons uncovered differential neural activity patterns in brain areas relevant to somatosensation, reward, and affect. To gain mechanistic insight into this skin-brain touch pathway for stress susceptibility, we used multi-circuit neurophysiological recordings across seven brain regions at baseline and after stress in mice that had Mrgprb4-lineage touch neurons ablated in early life. Interestingly, the Mrgprb4-lineage neuron-ablated mice have alterations in local field potential phase directionality and power in the theta frequencies in mesolimbic reward regions, which may underlie our observed stress susceptibility phenotype. Together, these studies revealed that sensory neurons in the skin engage networks across the brain to promote stress resilience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schaffler, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hing, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahler, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hultman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blendy, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hultman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdus-Saboor, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.23.493062</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A critical role for touch neurons in a skin-brain pathway for stress resilience]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.23.493101v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tissue-specific modifier alleles determine Mertk loss-of-function traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.23.493101v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Knockout (KO) mouse models play critical roles in elucidating biological processes behind disease-associated or disease-resistant traits. As a consequence of gene KO, mice display certain phenotypes. Based on insight into the molecular role of said gene in a biological process, it is inferred that the particular biological process causally underlies the trait. This approach has been crucial towards understanding the basis of pathological and/or advantageous traits associated with Mertk KO. MERTK is a receptor tyrosine kinase with a critical role in phagocytosis of apoptotic cells or cellular debris. Therefore, early-onset, severe retinal degeneration was described to be a direct consequence of failed phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments by retinal pigment epithelia. Similarly, enhanced anti-tumor immunity was inferred to result from the failure of macrophages to dispose cancer cell corpses, resulting in a pro-inflammatory tumor microenvironment. Here we report that the loss of Mertk alone is not sufficient for retinal degeneration. This trait only manifests when the function of the paralog Tyro3 is concomitantly lost. Additionally, the dramatic resistance against two syngeneic mouse tumor models observed in Mertk KO cannot, at least entirely, be ascribed to the loss of Mertk. The widely used Mertk KO carries multiple coincidental changes in its genome that affect the expression of a number of genes, including Tyro3. Nonetheless, neither Tyro3, nor macrophage phagocytosis by alternate genetic redundancy, accounts for the absence of anti-tumor immunity in two independent Mertk KOs. Collectively, our results indicate that context-dependent epistasis of independent modifier alleles determine Mertk KO traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Akalu, Y. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mercau, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ansems, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagage, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nevin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alberto, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, L.-Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarado, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philbrick, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finnemann, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iavarone, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasorella, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothlin, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.23.493101</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tissue-specific modifier alleles determine Mertk loss-of-function traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.23.493121v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anti-chemokine antibodies after SARS-CoV-2 infection correlate with favorable disease course 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.23.493121v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Infection by SARS-CoV-2 leads to diverse symptoms, which can persist for months. While antiviral antibodies are protective, those targeting interferons and other immune factors are associated with adverse COVID-19 outcomes. Instead, we discovered that antibodies against specific chemokines are omnipresent after COVID-19, associated with favorable disease, and predictive of lack of long COVID symptoms at one year post infection. Anti-chemokine antibodies are present also in HIV-1 infection and autoimmune disorders, but they target different chemokines than those in COVID-19. Monoclonal antibodies derived from COVID- 19 convalescents that bind to the chemokine N-loop impair cell migration. Given the role of chemokines in orchestrating immune cell trafficking, naturally arising anti-chemokine antibodies associated with favorable COVID-19 may be beneficial by modulating the inflammatory response and thus bear therapeutic potential.

One-Sentence SummaryNaturally arising anti-chemokine antibodies associate with favorable COVID-19 and predict lack of long COVID.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muri, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cecchinato, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavalli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shanbhag, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matkovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biggiogero, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maida, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toscano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghovehoud, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danelon-Sargenti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piffaretti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bianchini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crivelli, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Podesvova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedotti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarrossay, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sgrignani, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thelen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uhr, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernasconi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rauch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manzo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciurea, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocchi, M. B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varani, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moser, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thelen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garzoni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franzetti-Pellanda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uguccioni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robbiani, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.23.493121</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anti-chemokine antibodies after SARS-CoV-2 infection correlate with favorable disease course]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.24.493336v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Saccadic modulation of neural excitability in auditory areas of the neocortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.24.493336v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryIn natural "active" vision, humans and other primates use eye movements (saccades) to sample bits of information from visual scenes. In this process, nonretinal signals linked to saccades shift visual cortical neurons to a high excitability state as each saccade ends. The extent of this saccadic modulation outside of the visual system is unknown. Here, we show that during natural viewing, saccades modulate excitability in numerous auditory cortical areas, with a pattern complementary to that seen in visual areas. Bi-directional functional connectivity patterns suggest that these effects may arise from regions involved in saccade generation. By using saccadic signals to yoke excitability states in auditory areas to those in visual areas, the brain can improve information processing in complex natural settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leszczynski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bickel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nentwich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russ, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parra, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakatos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.24.493336</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Saccadic modulation of neural excitability in auditory areas of the neocortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.25.493080v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
γ-Protocadherins control synapse formation and peripheral branching of touch sensory neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.25.493080v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Light touch sensation begins with activation of low-threshold mechanoreceptor (LTMR) endings in the skin and propagation of their signals to the spinal cord and brainstem. We found that the clustered protocadherin gamma (Pcdhg) gene locus, which encodes 22 cell-surface homophilic binding proteins, is required in somatosensory neurons for normal behavioral reactivity to a range of tactile stimuli. Developmentally, distinct Pcdhg isoforms mediate LTMR synapse formation through neuron-neuron interactions and peripheral axonal branching through neuron-glia interactions. The Pcdhgc3 isoform mediates homophilic interactions between sensory axons and spinal cord neurons to promote synapse formation in vivo, and is sufficient to induce postsynaptic specializations in vitro. Moreover, loss of Pcdhgs and somatosensory synaptic inputs to the dorsal horn lead to fewer corticospinal synapses onto dorsal horn neurons. These findings reveal essential roles for Pcdhg isoform diversity in somatosensory neuron synapse formation, peripheral axonal branching, and step-wise assembly of central mechanosensory circuitry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meltzer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comeau, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chirila, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osei-Asante, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeLisle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalish, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasnim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuller, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flaherty, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lefebvre, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maniatis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrett, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginty, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.25.493080</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[γ-Protocadherins control synapse formation and peripheral branching of touch sensory neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.25.493352v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phylogenomic diversity elucidates mechanistic insights into Lyme borreliae host association 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.25.493352v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Host association- the selective adaptation of pathogens to specific host species - evolves through constant interactions between host and pathogens, leaving a lot yet to be discovered on immunological mechanisms and genomic determinants. The causative agents of Lyme disease (LD) are spirochete bacteria composed of multiple species of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex, including B. burgdorferi (Bb), the main LD pathogen in North America - a useful model for the study of mechanisms underlying host-pathogen association. Host adaptation requires pathogens ability to evade host immune responses, such as complement, the first-line innate immune defense mechanism. We tested the hypothesis that different host adapted phenotypes among Bb strains are linked to polymorphic loci that confer complement evasion traits in a host-specific manner. We first examined the survivability of 20 Bb strains in sera in vitro and/or bloodstream and tissues in vivo from rodent and avian LD models. Three groups of complement-dependent host association phenotypes emerged. We analyzed complement-evasion genes, identified a priori among all strains and sequenced and compared genomes for individual strains representing each phenotype. The evolutionary history of ospC loci is correlated with host-specific complement-evasion phenotypes, while comparative genomics suggests several gene families and loci are potentially involved in host association. This multidisciplinary work provides novel insights into the functional evolution of host adapted phenotypes, building a foundation for further investigation of the immunological and genomic determinants of host association.

IMPORTANCEHost association is the phenotype that is commonly found in many pathogens that preferential survive in particular hosts. The Lyme disease (LD) causing agent, B. burgdorferi (Bb), is an ideal model to study host association, as Bb is mainly maintained in nature through rodent and avian hosts. A widespread yet untested concept posits that host association in Bb strains is linked to Bb functional genetic variation conferring evasion to complement, an innate defense mechanism in vertebrate sera. Here, we tested this concept by grouping 20 Bb strains into three complement-dependent host association phenotypes based on their survivability in sera and/or bloodstream and distal tissues in rodent and avian LD models. Phylogenomic analysis of these strains further correlated several gene families and loci, including ospC, with host-specific complement-evasion phenotypes. Such multifaceted studies thus pave the road to further identify the determinants of host association, providing mechanistic insights into host-pathogen interaction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Combs, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcinkiewicz, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupuis, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lederman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nowak, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stout, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strle, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fingerle, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciota, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diuk-Wasser, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolokotronis, S.-O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.25.493352</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phylogenomic diversity elucidates mechanistic insights into Lyme borreliae host association]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.26.493517v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2.12.1, BA.4, and BA.5 subvariants evolved to extend antibody evasion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.26.493517v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants BA.2.12.1 and BA.4/5 have surged dramatically to become dominant in the United States and South Africa, respectively1,2. These novel subvariants carrying additional mutations in their spike proteins raise concerns that they may further evade neutralizing antibodies, thereby further compromising the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines and therapeutic monoclonals. We now report findings from a systematic antigenic analysis of these surging Omicron subvariants. BA.2.12.1 is only modestly (1.8-fold) more resistant to sera from vaccinated and boosted individuals than BA.2. However, BA.4/5 is substantially (4.2-fold) more resistant and thus more likely to lead to vaccine breakthrough infections. Mutation at spike residue L452 found in both BA.2.12.1 and BA.4/5 facilitates escape from some antibodies directed to the so-called class 2 and 3 regions of the receptor-binding domain3. The F486V mutation found in BA.4/5 facilitates escape from certain class 1 and 2 antibodies but compromises the spike affinity for the viral receptor. The R493Q reversion mutation, however, restores receptor affinity and consequently the fitness of BA.4/5. Among therapeutic antibodies authorized for clinical use, only bebtelovimab retains full potency against both BA.2.12.1 and BA.4/5. The Omicron lineage of SARS-CoV-2 continues to evolve, successively yielding subvariants that are not only more transmissible but also more evasive to antibodies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iketani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohri, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowen, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyers, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobieszczyk, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.26.493517</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2.12.1, BA.4, and BA.5 subvariants evolved to extend antibody evasion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.27.493715v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Taste cues elicit prolonged modulation of feeding behavior in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.27.493715v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Taste cues regulate immediate feeding behavior, but their ability to modulate future behavior has been less well-studied. Pairing one taste with another can modulate subsequent feeding responses through associative learning, but this requires simultaneous exposure to both stimuli. We investigated whether exposure to one taste modulates future responses to other tastes even when they do not overlap in time. Using Drosophila, we found that brief exposure to sugar enhanced future feeding responses, whereas bitter exposure suppressed them. This modulation relies on neural pathways distinct from those that acutely regulate feeding or mediate learning-dependent changes. Sensory neuron activity was required not only during initial taste exposure but also afterward, suggesting that ongoing sensory activity may maintain experience-dependent changes in downstream circuits. Thus, the brain stores a memory of each taste stimulus after it disappears, enabling animals to integrate information as they sequentially sample different taste cues that signal local food quality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deere, J. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devineni, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.27.493715</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Taste cues elicit prolonged modulation of feeding behavior in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.27.493753v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unifying model for three forms of contextual modulation including feedback input from higher visual areas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.27.493753v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensory systems must combine local features with context to infer meaning. Accordingly, context profoundly influences neural responses. We developed a unified circuit model demonstrating how feedforward and feedback inputs are integrated to produce three forms of contextual effects in mouse primary visual cortex (V1). First, reanalyzing existing data, we discovered that increasing stimulus size only weakly increases the area of V1 neural response, conflicting with previous models of surround suppression (SS). Second, through modeling, we found that, in Layer 2/3, (1) SS and its contrast dependence are largely inherited from Layer 4; (2) Inverse responses (IR) - size-tuned responses to a gray "hole" in a full-field grating - are driven by feedback connections provided they are sufficiently wide; (3) Cross-orientation surround facilitation is induced by the summation of feedback input driving IR with the feedforward-driven classical center response. The model accounts for many previous findings and makes multiple testable predictions.

HighlightsO_LIOne model explains three different types of contextual modulation
C_LIO_LIThe widths of spatial response patterns grow much more slowly than stimulus size.
C_LIO_LIInverse responses depend on the geometry of feedback response fields and projections
C_LIO_LISummation of classical and inverse response accounts for surround facilitation.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Di santo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dipoppa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scanziani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.27.493753</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unifying model for three forms of contextual modulation including feedback input from higher visual areas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.30.493765v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Potent and pan-neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern by DARPins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.30.493765v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report the engineering and selection of two synthetic proteins - FSR16m and FSR22 - for possible treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. FSR16m and FSR22 are trimeric proteins composed of DARPin SR16m or SR22 fused with a T4 foldon and exhibit broad spectrum neutralization of SARS-Cov-2 strains. The IC50 values of FSR16m against authentic B.1.351, B.1.617.2 and BA.1.1 variants are 3.4 ng/mL, 2.2 ng/mL and 7.4 ng/mL, respectively, comparable to currently used therapeutic antibodies. Despite the use of the spike protein from a now historical wild-type virus for design, FSR16m and FSR22 both exhibit increased neutralization against newly-emerged variants of concern (39- to 296-fold) in pseudovirus assays. Cryo-EM structures revealed that these DARPins recognize a region of the receptor binding domain (RBD, residues 455-456, 486-489) overlapping a critical portion of the ACE2-binding surface. K18-hACE2 transgenic mice inoculated with a B.1.617.2 variant and receiving intranasally-administered FSR16m were protected as judged by less weight loss and 10-100-fold reductions in viral burden in the upper and lower respiratory tracts. The strong and broad neutralization potency make FSR16m and FSR22 promising candidates for prevention and treatment of infection by current and potential future strains of SARS-CoV-2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chonira, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, Y.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Case, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ku, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simeon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casner, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olia, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyd, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsybovsky, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krammer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.30.493765</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Potent and pan-neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern by DARPins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.01.494338v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Radiation therapy promotes unsaturated fatty acids to maintain survival of glioblastoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.01.494338v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeRadiation therapy (RT) is essential for the management of glioblastoma (GBM). However, GBM frequently relapses within the irradiated margins, thus suggesting that RT might stimulate mechanisms of resistance that limits its efficacy. GBM is recognized for its metabolic plasticity, but whether RT-induced resistance relies on metabolic adaptation remains unclear.

MethodsWe analyzed in vitro extracellular flux and profiled targeted metabolites as well as free fatty acids in two syngenic models of glioblastomas 24hrs post RT. Metabolic adaptation of irradiated GBM were confirmed in vivo by mass spectrometry imaging. The role of the fatty acid synthase (FASN) in RT-induced lipid metabolites was assessed by genetical and pharmacological inhibition of Fasn in irradiated GBM cells. The impact of FASN-mediated lipids on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and apoptosis of irradiated GBM cells were performed by transmission electronic microscopy, western blot, clonogenic assay and flow cytometry. Inhibition of FASN combined with focal RT was assessed in mice. Analysis of a public dataset of GBM patients was performed to correlate preclinical findings.

ResultsHere, we show in vitro and in vivo that irradiated GBM tumors switch their metabolic program to accumulate lipids, especially unsaturated fatty acids. This resulted in an increase formation of lipid droplets to prevent ER stress. We uncovered that FASN is critical for lipid accumulation of irradiated GBM and demonstrate that genetic suppression and pharmacological inhibition of FASN lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis. Combination of FASN inhibition with focal RT improved the median survival of GBM-bearing mice. Supporting the translational value of these findings, retrospective analysis of the GLASS consortium dataset of matched GBM patients revealed an enrichment in lipid metabolism signature in recurrent GBM compared to primary.

ConclusionsOverall, these results demonstrate that RT drives GBM resistance by generating a lipogenic environment permissive to GBM survival. Targeting lipid metabolism might be required to develop more effective anti-GBM strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>De Martino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daviaud, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minns, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attarwala, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dephoure, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gartrell, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laiakis, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanpouille-Box, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.01.494338</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Radiation therapy promotes unsaturated fatty acids to maintain survival of glioblastoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.01.494342v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Connectome-based predictive modeling of cognitive reserve using task-based functional connectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.01.494342v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cognitive reserve supports cognitive function in the presence of pathology or atrophy. Functional neuroimaging may enable direct and accurate measurement of cognitive reserve which could have considerable clinical potential. The present study aimed to develop and validate a measure of cognitive reserve using task-based fMRI data that could then be applied to independent resting-state data. Connectome-based predictive modeling with leave-one-out cross-validation was applied to predict a residual measure of cognitive reserve using task-based functional connectivity from the Cognitive Reserve/Reference Ability Neural Network studies (n = 220, mean age = 51.91 years, SD = 17.04 years). Three network-strength predicted cognitive reserve measures were generated that accurately predicted the residual measures of unseen participants. The theoretical validity of these measures was established via a positive correlation with a socio-behavioural proxy of cognitive reserve (verbal intelligence) and a positive correlation with global cognition, independent of brain structure. This fitted model was then applied to external test data: resting-state functional connectivity data from The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA, n = 294, mean age = 68.3 years, SD = 7.18 years). The network-strength predicted measures were not positively associated with a residual measure of cognitive reserve nor with measures of verbal intelligence and global cognition. The present study demonstrated that task-based functional connectivity data can be used to generate theoretically valid measures of cognitive reserve. Further work is needed to establish if, and how, measures of cognitive reserve derived from task-based functional connectivity can be applied to independent resting-state data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boyle, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connaughton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGlinchey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Looze, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carey, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whelan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.01.494342</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Connectome-based predictive modeling of cognitive reserve using task-based functional connectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.02.493125v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Normative values of neuromelanin-sensitive MRI signal in older adults obtained using a standard protocol for acquisition and analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.02.493125v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe integrity and function of catecholamine neurotransmitter systems can be assessed using MRI sequences often referred to as neuromelanin-sensitive MRI (NM-MRI). The relevance of this method to neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders is becoming increasingly evident, and it has potential as a clinical biomarker. To support such future applications, we report here the normative range of NM-MRI signal and volume metrics in cognitively normal older adults.

Methods3 Tesla NM-MRI images and demographic and cognitive data were available from 152 cognitively normal older adults aged 53-86 years old at baseline; a subsample of 68 participants also had follow-up NM-MRI data collected around one-year later. NM-MRI images were processed to yield summary measures of volume and signal (contrast-to-noise ratio, CNR) for the substantia nigra (SN) and locus coeruleus (LC) using a recently developed software employing a fully automated algorithm. The extent of annual change in these metrics was quantified and tested for significance using 1-sample t-tests.

ResultsBaseline SN signal (CNR) was 10.02% (left SN) and 10.28% (right) and baseline LC signal was 24.71% (left) and 20.42% (right). The only NM-MRI metric to show a significant annual change was a decrease in left SN volume.

ConclusionWe report normative values for NM-MRI signal and volume in the SN and LC of cognitively normal older adults and normative values for their change over time. These values may help future efforts to use NM-MRI as a clinical biomarker for adults in this age range by facilitating identification of patients with extreme NM-MRI values.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Al Haddad, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamoun, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tardif, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guimond, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horga, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosa-Neto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassidy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.02.493125</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Normative values of neuromelanin-sensitive MRI signal in older adults obtained using a standard protocol for acquisition and analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.02.494568v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure-based prediction and characterization of photo-crosslinking in native protein-RNA complexes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.02.494568v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
UV-crosslinking of protein and RNA in direct contacts has been widely used to study protein-RNA complexes despite our poor understanding on the mechanisms of photo-crosslinking. This knowledge gap is due to the challenge to precisely map the crosslink sites in protein and RNA simultaneously in their native sequence and structural contexts. Here we developed PxR3D-map, a computational method to analyze protein-RNA interactions and photo-crosslinking by bridging crosslinked nucleotides and amino acids mapped using different assays with protein-RNA complex structures. PxR3D-map reliably predicts crosslink sites using structural information characterizing protein-RNA interaction interfaces. We found that photo-crosslinking is facilitated by base stacking with not only aromatic residues, but also dipeptide bonds that involve glycine, and distinct mechanisms are utilized by different types of RNA-binding domains. Our work suggests protein-RNA photocrosslinking is highly selective in the cellular environment, which can guide interpretation of data generated by UV-crosslinking-based assays and further technology development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, X.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ustianenko, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.02.494568</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure-based prediction and characterization of photo-crosslinking in native protein-RNA complexes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.03.494624v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
7-UP: generating in silico CODEX from a small set of immunofluorescence markers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.03.494624v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiplex immunofluorescence (mIF) assays multiple protein biomarkers on a single tissue section. Recently, high-plex CODEX (co-detection by indexing) systems enable simultaneous imaging of 40+ protein biomarkers, unlocking more detailed molecular phenotyping, leading to richer insights into cellular interactions and disease. However, high-plex imaging can be slower and more costly to collect, limiting its applications, especially in clinical settings. We propose a machine learning framework, 7-UP, that can computationally generate in silico 40-plex CODEX at single-cell resolution from a standard 7-plex mIF panel by leveraging cellular morphology. We demonstrate the usefulness of the imputed biomarkers in accurately classifying cell types and predicting patient survival outcomes. Furthermore, 7-UPs imputations generalize well across samples from different clinical sites and cancer types. 7-UP opens the possibility of in silico CODEX, making insights from high-plex mIF more widely available.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trevino, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swanson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Angio, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preska, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charville, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalerba, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duvvuri, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colevas, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunwoo, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayer, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.03.494624</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[7-UP: generating in silico CODEX from a small set of immunofluorescence markers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.03.494722v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenome-wide association study analysis of calorie restriction in humans, CALERIE™ Trial analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.03.494722v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDCalorie restriction (CR) increases healthy lifespan and is accompanied by slowing or reversal of aging-associated DNA methylation (DNAm) changes in animal models. In the Comprehensive Assessment of Long-term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy (CALERIE) human trial we evaluated associations of CR and changes in whole-blood DNAm.

METHODSCALERIE randomized 220 healthy, non-obese adults in a 2:1 allocation to two years of CR or ad libitum (AL) diet. The average CR in the treatment group through 24-months of follow-up was 12%. Whole blood (baseline, 12 and 24 month) DNAm profiles were measured. Epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) analysis tested CR-induced changes from baseline to 12- and 24-months in the n=197 participants with available DNAm data.

RESULTSNo CpG-site-specific changes with CR reached epigenome-wide significance (FDR<0.05). Secondary analyses of CpG sites identified in published EWAS suggest, we found that CR induced DNAm changes opposite those associated with body mass index (BMI) and smoking (p<0.003 at 12- and 24-month follow-ups). In contrast, CR altered DNAm at chronological-age associated CpG sites in the direction of older age (p<0.003 at 12- and 24-month follow-ups).

CONCLUSIONAlthough individual CpG site DNAm changes in response to CR were not identified, analyses of sets CpGs identified in prior EWAS revealed CR-induced changes to blood DNAm. Altered CpG sets were enriched for insulin-production, glucose-tolerance, inflammation, and DNA-binding and -regulation pathways, several of which are known to be modified by CR. DNAm changes may contribute to CR effects on aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramaker, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corcoran, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apsley, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraus, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraus, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobor, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orenduff, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waziry, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huffman, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belsky, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.03.494722</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenome-wide association study analysis of calorie restriction in humans, CALERIE™ Trial analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.04.494709v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A cross-disease human microglial framework identifies disease-enriched subsets and tool compounds for microglial polarization. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.04.494709v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human microglia play a pivotal role in neurological diseases, but few targeted therapies that directly modulate microglial state or function exist due to an incomplete understanding of microglial heterogeneity. We use single-cell RNA sequencing to profile live human microglia from autopsies or surgical resections across diverse neurological diseases and central nervous system regions. We observe a central divide between oxidative and heterocyclic metabolism and identify subsets associated with antigen presentation, motility, and proliferation. Specific subsets are enriched in susceptibility genes for neurodegenerative diseases or the disease-associated microglial signature. We validate subtypes in situ with an RNAscope-immunofluorescence pipeline and leverage our dataset as a classification resource, finding that iPSC model systems recapitulate substantial in vivo heterogeneity. Finally, we identify and validate candidates for chemically inducing subtype-specific states in vitro, showing that Camptothecin downregulates the transcriptional signature of disease-enriched subsets and upregulates a signature previously shown to be depleted in Alzheimers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tuddenham, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taga, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haage, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roostaei, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujita, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khairallah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frosch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopp, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beach, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corboy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habib, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, H.-U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soni, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teich, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hickman, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcalay, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shneider, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sims, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennet, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olah, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.04.494709</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A cross-disease human microglial framework identifies disease-enriched subsets and tool compounds for microglial polarization.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.08.495292v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell multi-omics defines the cell-type specific impact of splicing aberrations in human hematopoietic clonal outgrowths 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.08.495292v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA splicing factors are recurrently affected by alteration-of-function mutations in clonal blood disorders, highlighting the importance of splicing regulation in hematopoiesis. However, our understanding of the impact of dysregulated RNA splicing has been hampered by the inability to distinguish mutant and wildtype cells in primary patient samples, the cell-type complexity of the hematopoietic system, and the sparse and biased coverage of splice junctions by short-read sequencing typically used in single-cell RNA sequencing. To overcome these limitations, we developed GoT-Splice by integrating Genotyping of Transcriptomes (GoT) with enhanced efficiency long-read single-cell transcriptome profiling, as well as proteogenomics (with CITE-seq). This allowed for the simultaneous single-cell profiling of gene expression, cell surface protein markers, somatic mutation status, and RNA splicing. We applied GoT-Splice to bone marrow progenitors from patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) affected by mutations in the most prevalent mutated RNA splicing factor - the core RNA splicing factor SF3B1. High-resolution mapping of SF3B1mut vs. SF3B1wt hematopoietic progenitors revealed a fitness advantage of SF3B1mut cells in the megakaryocytic-erythroid lineage, resulting in an expansion of SF3B1mut erythroid progenitor (EP) cells. SF3B1mut EP cells exhibited upregulation of genes involved in regulation of cell cycle and mRNA translation. Long-read single-cell transcriptomes revealed the previously reported increase of aberrant 3 splicing site usage in SF3B1mut cells. However, the ability to profile splicing within individual cell populations uncovered distinct cryptic 3 splice site usage across different progenitor populations, as well as stage-specific aberrant splicing during erythroid maturation. Lastly, as splice factor mutations occur in clonal hematopoiesis (CH) with increased risk of neoplastic transformation, we applied GoT-Splice to CH samples. These data revealed that the erythroid lineage bias, as well as cell-type specific cryptic 3 splice site usage in SF3B1mut cells, precede overt MDS. Collectively, we present an expanded multi-omics single-cell toolkit to define the cell-type specific impact of somatic mutations on RNA splicing, from the earliest phases of clonal outgrowths to overt neoplasia, directly in human samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gaiti, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamely, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkins, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortes-Lopez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swett, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganesan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mouhieddine, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kluegel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaulaurier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drong, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hickey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dusaj, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullokandov, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaligne, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juul, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrington, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiseman, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghobrial, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdel-Wahab, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landau, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.08.495292</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell multi-omics defines the cell-type specific impact of splicing aberrations in human hematopoietic clonal outgrowths]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.08.495343v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Internal Model of Sensorimotor Context in Freely Swimming Electric Fish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.08.495343v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nervous systems are hypothesized to learn and store internal models that predict the sensory consequences of motor actions. However, little is known about the neural mechanisms for generating accurate predictions under real-world conditions in which the sensory consequences of action depend on environmental context. Using novel methods for underwater neural recording in freely swimming electric fish, we demonstrate that complex movement-related input to the active electrosensory system is effectively cancelled, despite being highly-dependent on the nearby environment. Computational modeling and closed-loop electrophysiological experiments indicate that the cerebellum-like circuitry of the electrosensory lobe generates context-specific predictions of self-generated input by combining motor signals with electrosensory feedback. These results provide mechanistic insight into sophisticated internal models supporting natural behavior in freely moving animals.

One-Sentence SummaryUnderwater recordings in electric fish reveal neural mechanisms for predicting the sensory consequences of behavior under natural conditions in freely moving animals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wallach, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawtell, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.08.495343</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Internal Model of Sensorimotor Context in Freely Swimming Electric Fish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.10.495369v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AAV-mediated neuronal expression of a scFv antibody selective for Aβ oligomers protects synapses and rescues memory in Alzheimer models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.10.495369v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain accumulation of soluble oligomers of the amyloid-{beta} peptide (A{beta}Os) has been implicated in synapse failure and memory impairment in Alzheimers disease. Here, we show that treatment with NUsc1, a single-chain variable fragment antibody (scFv) that selectively targets A{beta}Os, prevents the inhibition of long-term potentiation in hippocampal slices and memory impairment induced by A{beta}Os in mice. As a therapeutic approach for intracerebral antibody delivery, we developed an adeno-associated virus vector to drive neuronal expression of NUsc1 (AAV-NUsc1) within the brain. Transduction by AAV-NUsc1 induced NUsc1 expression and secretion in adult human brain slices, and inhibited A{beta}O binding to neurons and A{beta}O-induced loss of dendritic spine loss in primary rat hippocampal cultures. Treatment of mice with AAV-NUsc1 prevented memory impairment induced by A{beta}Os and, importantly, reversed memory deficits in aged APPswe/PS1{Delta}E9 Alzheimers disease model mice. These results support the feasibility of gene-mediated immunotherapy using single-chain antibodies as a potential therapeutic approach in Alzheimers disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Selles, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fortuna, J. T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cercato, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domett, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bitencourt, A. L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carraro, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Souza, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janickova, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Souza, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alves-Leon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prado, V. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prado, M. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epstein, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salvetti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arancio, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebollela, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Felice, F. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jerusalinsky, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.10.495369</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AAV-mediated neuronal expression of a scFv antibody selective for Aβ oligomers protects synapses and rescues memory in Alzheimer models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.13.495961v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Notch2 signaling guides B cells away from germinal centers towards marginal zone B cell and plasma cell differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.13.495961v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Notch2 signaling has a profound role in driving the development of Marginal Zone B (MZB) cells. We recently demonstrated that Follicular B (FoB) cells act as precursors for MZB cells in mice, but the mechanistic aspects of this differentiation pathway are still elusive. By studying Notch signaling in CBF:H2B-Venus Notch-reporter mice, we show that most B cells receive a Notch signal, which is highest in MZB cells. However, surprisingly, around one-third of MZB cells seem to lose their Notch signal with time. Conditional deletion or constitutive activation of Notch2 in mice upon T-cell-dependent (TD) immunization unraveled an interplay between antigen-induced activation and Notch2 signaling, in which FoB cells that turn off the Notch pathway enter germinal centers, whereas FoB cells with high Notch signals undergo MZB cell or plasmablast differentiation. Input of experimental data into a mathematical modeling framework reveals that MZB cells regularly emerge from antigen-activated FoB cells in a Notch2-dependent manner upon TD immunization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Babushku, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rane, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lechner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimber-Strobl, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strobl, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.13.495961</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Notch2 signaling guides B cells away from germinal centers towards marginal zone B cell and plasma cell differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.13.495975v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CaV1.2 channelopathic mutations evoke diverse pathophysiological mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.13.495975v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The first pathogenic mutation in CaV1.2 was identified in 2004 and was shown to cause a severe multisystem disorder known as Timothy syndrome (TS). The mutation was localized to the distal S6 region of the channel, a region known to play a major role in channel activation. TS patients suffer from life-threatening cardiac symptoms as well as significant neurodevelopmental deficits including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Since this discovery, the number and variety of mutations identified in CaV1.2 has grown tremendously, and the distal S6 regions remains a frequent locus for many of these mutations. While the majority of patients harboring these mutations exhibit cardiac symptoms which can be well explained by known pathogenic mechanisms, the same cannot be said for the ASD or neurodevelopmental phenotypes seen in some patients, indicating a gap in our understanding of the pathogenesis of CaV1.2 channelopathies. Here, we use of whole cell patch clamp, quantitative Ca2+ imaging, and single channel recordings to expand the known mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of CaV1.2 channelopathies. Specifically, we find that mutations within the S6 region can exert independent and separable effects on activation, voltage-dependent inactivation (VDI) and Ca2+-dependent inactivation (CDI). Moreover, the mechanisms underlying the CDI effects of these mutations are varied and include altered channel opening and possible disruption of CDI transduction. Overall, these results provide a structure-function framework to conceptualize the role of S6 mutations in pathophysiology and offer insight into the biophysical defects associated with distinct clinical manifestations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bamgboye, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herold, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vieira, D. C. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traficante, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Johny, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dick, I. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.13.495975</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CaV1.2 channelopathic mutations evoke diverse pathophysiological mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.13.495989v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Similar striatal activity exerts different control over automatic and flexible motor sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.13.495989v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to sequence movements in response to new task demands enables rich and adaptive behavior. Such flexibility, however, is computationally costly and can result in halting performances. Practicing the same motor sequence repeatedly can render its execution precise, fast, and effortless, i.e.,  automatic. The basal ganglia are thought to underlie both modes of sequence execution, yet whether and how their contributions differ is unclear. We parse this in rats trained to perform the same motor sequence in response to cues and in an overtrained, or  automatic, condition. Neural recordings in the sensorimotor striatum revealed a kinematic code independent of execution mode. While lesions affected the detailed kinematics similarly across modes, they disrupted high-level sequence structure for automatic, but not visually-guided, behaviors. These results suggest that the basal ganglia contribute to learned movement kinematics and are essential for  automatic motor skills but can be dispensable for sensory-guided motor sequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mizes, K. G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsey, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escola, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olveczky, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.13.495989</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Similar striatal activity exerts different control over automatic and flexible motor sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.14.495937v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Crowd-sourced benchmarking of single-sample tumour subclonal reconstruction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.14.495937v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tumours are dynamically evolving populations of cells. Subclonal reconstruction algorithms use bulk DNA sequencing data to quantify parameters of tumour evolution, allowing assessment of how cancers initiate, progress and respond to selective pressures. A plethora of subclonal reconstruction algorithms have been created, but their relative performance across the varying biological and technical features of real-world cancer genomic data is unclear. We therefore launched the ICGC-TCGA DREAM Somatic Mutation Calling -- Tumour Heterogeneity and Evolution Challenge. This seven-year community effort used cloud-computing to benchmark 31 containerized subclonal reconstruction algorithms on 51 simulated tumours. Each algorithm was scored for accuracy on seven independent tasks, leading to 12,061 total runs. Algorithm choice influenced performance significantly more than tumour features, but purity-adjusted read-depth, copy number state and read mappability were associated with performance of most algorithms on most tasks. No single algorithm was a top performer for all seven tasks and existing ensemble strategies were surprisingly unable to outperform the best individual methods, highlighting a key research need. All containerized methods, evaluation code and datasets are available to support further assessment of the determinants of subclonal reconstruction accuracy and development of improved methods to understand tumour evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Salcedo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarabichi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchanan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espiritu, S. M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, T.-H. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leshchiner, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anastassiou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haase, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshwar, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Umar, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dentro, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wintersinger, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiotti, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demeulemeester, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jolly, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scyza, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PCAWG-11 Working Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>SMC-Het Participants,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wedge, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, Q. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellrot, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Loo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boutros, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.14.495937</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Crowd-sourced benchmarking of single-sample tumour subclonal reconstruction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.14.496195v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibition of Fas Receptor Endocytosis Sensitizes Cancer Cells to Fas-induced Apoptosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.14.496195v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The transmembrane death receptor Fas transduces apoptotic signals upon binding its ligand, FasL. Although Fas is highly expressed in cancer cells, insufficient cell surface Fas expression desensitizes cancer cells to Fas-induced apoptosis. Here, we show that the increase in Fas microaggregate formation on the plasma membrane in response to the inhibition of endocytosis sensitizes cancer cells to Fas-induced apoptosis. We used a clinically accessible Rho-kinase inhibitor, fasudil, that reduces endocytosis dynamics by increasing plasma membrane tension. In combination with exogenous soluble FasL (sFasL), fasudil promoted cancer cell apoptosis, but this collaborative effect was substantially weaker in nonmalignant cells. The combination of sFasL and fasudil prevented glioblastoma cell growth in embryonic stem cell-derived brain organoids and induced tumor regression in a xenograft mouse model. Our results demonstrate that sFasL has strong potential for apoptosis-directed cancer therapy when Fas microaggregate formation is augmented by mechano-inhibition of endocytosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kural, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Djakbarova, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cakir, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madraki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sewanan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kural, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niklason, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.14.496195</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibition of Fas Receptor Endocytosis Sensitizes Cancer Cells to Fas-induced Apoptosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.15.496313v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glutamatergic neuron types in the amygdala of the urodele amphibian Pleurodeles waltl 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.15.496313v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The amygdala is a complex brain structure in the vertebrate telencephalon, essential for regulating social behaviors, emotions and (social) cognition. In contrast to the vast majority of neuron types described in the many nuclei of the mammalian amygdala, little is known about the neuronal diversity in non-mammals, making reconstruction of its evolution particularly difficult. Here, we characterize glutamatergic neuron types in the amygdala of the salamander Pleurodeles waltl. Our single-cell RNA sequencing data indicate the existence of at least ten distinct types and subtypes of glutamatergic neurons in the salamander amygdala. In situ hybridization for marker genes indicates that these neuron types are located in three major subdivisions: the lateral amygdala, the medial amygdala, and a newly-defined area demarcated by high expression of the transcription factor Sim1. The gene expression profiles of these neuron types suggest similarities with specific neuron types in the sauropsid and mammalian amygdala, and in particular the evolutionary conservation of Sim1-expressing amygdalar neurons in tetrapods. Taken together, our results reveal a surprising diversity of glutamatergic neuron types in the amygdala of salamanders, despite the anatomical simplicity of their brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deryckere, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woych, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaeger, E. C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tosches, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.15.496313</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glutamatergic neuron types in the amygdala of the urodele amphibian Pleurodeles waltl]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.16.496462v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineered bacteria recruit and orchestrate anti-tumor immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.16.496462v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tumors employ multiple mechanisms to actively exclude or suppress adaptive immune cells involved in anti-tumor immunity. Strategies focused on overcoming these immunosuppressive or exclusion signals - through localized delivery of chemokines that directly recruit immune cells into the tumor microenvironment - remain limited due to an inability to target therapeutics specifically to the tumor. Synthetic biology enables engineering of cells and microbes for tumor localized delivery, offering therapeutic candidates previously unavailable using conventional systemic administration techniques. Here, we engineer bacteria to produce and intratumorally release chemokines to attract adaptive immune cells into the tumor environment. Intravenous or intratumoral delivery of bacteria expressing an activating mutant of the human chemokine CXCL16 (hCXCL16K42A) leads to the recruitment of activated T cells within tumors and offers therapeutic benefit in multiple mouse tumor models. Furthermore, we rationally target an additional step in the immune activation cascade - specifically, the presentation of tumor-derived antigens by dendritic cells - using a second engineered bacterial strain expressing CCL20. This combined targeting approach led to the recruitment of type 1 conventional dendritic cells and effectively synergized with hCXCL16K42A-induced T cell recruitment to provide additional therapeutic benefit. In summary, we engineer bacteria to cooperatively recruit and activate both innate and adaptive anti-tumor immune responses, offering a new cancer immunotherapy strategy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Savage, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincent, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rae, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danino, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arpaia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.16.496462</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineered bacteria recruit and orchestrate anti-tumor immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.16.496513v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mcm2 promotes stem cell differentiation via its ability to bind H3-H4 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.16.496513v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mcm2, a subunit of the Mcm2-7 helicase best known for its role in DNA replication, contains a histone binding motif that facilitates the transfer of parental histones following DNA replication. Here we show that Mcm2 is important for the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. The Mcm2-2A mutation defective in histone binding impairs differentiation and disrupts the programmatic changes in gene expression and histone modifications during differentiation. Mcm2 localizes at transcription starting sites and the binding of Mcm2 at gene promoters is disrupted in both Mcm2-2A ES cells and neuro-precursor cells (NPCs). Reduced Mcm2 binding at bivalent chromatin domains containing repressive H3K27me3 and active H3K4me3 modifications in Mcm2-2A ES cells correlates with decreased chromatin accessibility at corresponding sites in NPCs. Together, our studies reveal a novel function of Mcm2 in ES cell differentiation, likely through manipulating chromatin landscapes at bivalent chromatin domains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hua, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.16.496513</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mcm2 promotes stem cell differentiation via its ability to bind H3-H4]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.17.496615v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generating New Musical Preferences from Hierarchical Mapping of Predictions to Reward 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.17.496615v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Much of what we know and love about music hinges on our ability to make successful predictions, which appears to be an intrinsically rewarding process. Yet the exact process by which learned predictions become pleasurable is unclear. Here, we created novel melodies in an alternative scale different from any established musical culture, to show how musical preference is generated de novo. Across nine studies (n=1185), participants learned to like more frequently-presented items that adhered to this rapidly-learned structure, suggesting that exposure and prediction errors both affected self-report liking ratings. Learning trajectories varied by music reward sensitivity, but were similar for USA and Chinese participants. Furthermore, fMRI activity in auditory areas reflected prediction errors whereas functional connectivity between auditory and medial prefrontal regions reflected both exposure and prediction errors. Collectively, results support predictive coding as a cognitive mechanism by which new musical sounds become rewarding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kathios, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachs, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loui, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.17.496615</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generating New Musical Preferences from Hierarchical Mapping of Predictions to Reward]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.17.496622v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Timing and causes of the evolution of the germline mutation spectrum in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.17.496622v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies have suggested that the human germline mutation rate and spectrum evolve rapidly. Variation in generation time has been linked to these changes, though its contribution remains unclear. We develop a framework to characterize temporal changes in polymorphisms within and between populations, while controlling for the effects of natural selection and biased gene conversion. Application to the 1000 Genomes Project dataset reveals multiple independent changes that arose after the split of continental groups, including a previously reported, transient elevation in TCC>TTC mutations in Europeans and novel signals of divergence in C>G and T>A mutation rates among population samples. We also find a significant difference between groups sampled in and outside of Africa, in old T>C polymorphisms that predate the out-of-Africa migration. This surprising signal is driven by TpG>CpG mutations, and stems in part from mis-polarized CpG transitions, which are more likely to undergo recurrent mutations. Finally, by relating the mutation spectrum of polymorphisms to parental age effects on de novo mutations, we show that plausible changes in the generation time cannot explain the patterns observed for different mutation types jointly. Thus, other factors--genetic modifiers or environmental exposures--must have had a non-negligible impact on the human mutation landscape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przeworski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moorjani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.17.496622</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Timing and causes of the evolution of the germline mutation spectrum in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.20.496467v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Semantic novelty modulates neural responses to visual change across the human brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.20.496467v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our continuous visual experience in daily life is dominated by change. Previous research has focused on visual change due to stimulus motion, eye movements or unfolding events, but not their combined impact across the brain, or their interactions with semantic novelty. We investigate the neural responses to these sources of novelty during film viewing. We analyzed intracranial recordings in humans across 6328 electrodes from 23 individuals. Responses associated with saccades and film cuts were dominant across the entire brain. Film cuts at semantic event boundaries were particularly effective in the temporal and medial temporal lobe. Saccades to visual targets with high visual novelty were also associated with strong neural responses. Specific locations in higher-order association areas showed selectivity to either high or low-novelty saccades. We conclude that neural activity associated with film cuts and eye movements is widespread across the brain and is modulated by semantic novelty.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nentwich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leszczynski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russ, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirsch, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markowitz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sapru, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bickel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parra, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.20.496467</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Semantic novelty modulates neural responses to visual change across the human brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.20.496900v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resource-Rational Account of Sequential Effects in Human Prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.20.496900v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An abundant literature reports on  sequential effects observed when humans make predictions on the basis of stochastic sequences of stimuli. Such sequential effects represent departures from an optimal, Bayesian process. A prominent explanation posits that humans are adapted to changing environments, and erroneously assume nonstationarity of the environment, even if the latter is static. As a result, their predictions fluctuate over time. We propose a different explanation in which sub-optimal and fluctuating predictions result from cognitive constraints (or costs), under which humans however behave rationally. We devise a framework of costly inference, in which we develop two classes of models that differ by the nature of the constraints at play: in one case the precision of beliefs comes at a cost, resulting in an exponential forgetting of past observations, while in the other beliefs with high predictive power are favored. To compare model predictions to human behavior, we carry out a prediction task that uses binary random stimuli, with probabilities ranging from .05 to .95. Although in this task the environment is static and the Bayesian belief converges, subjects predictions fluctuate and are biased toward the recent stimulus history. Both classes of models capture this  attractive effect, but they depart in their characterization of higher-order effects. Only the precision-cost model reproduces a  repulsive effect, observed in the data, in which predictions are biased away from stimuli presented in more distant trials. Our experimental results reveal systematic modulations in sequential effects, which our theoretical approach accounts for in terms of rationality under cognitive constraints.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prat-Carrabin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyniel, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>da Silveira, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.20.496900</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resource-Rational Account of Sequential Effects in Human Prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.22.497017v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial regulation of Drosophila ovarian Follicle Stem Cell division rates and cell cycle transitions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.22.497017v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drosophila ovarian Follicle Stem Cells (FSCs) present a favorable paradigm for understanding how stem cell division and differentiation are balanced in communities where they can be regulated independently. Many key extracellular signals for FSCs have been identified, including inversely graded Wnt and JAK-STAT pathway activators. FSCs also exhibit interesting functional spatial heterogeneity; posterior FSCs become proliferative Follicle Cells, while anterior FSCs become quiescent Escort Cells at a much lower rate. Here, by using live imaging and FUCCI cell-cycle reporters, we measured absolute division rates and found that posterior FSCs cycle 3-4 times faster than their anterior neighbors, matching their increased differentiation rate. We also found evidence for FSC G2/M cycling restrictions and G1/S restriction that increases more anteriorly, especially beyond the FSC domain. JAK-STAT signaling promotes both transitions but graded JAK-STAT signaling alone does not explain the graded cycling of FSCs. Genetic interaction tests and FUCCI reporter assays suggest that JAK-STAT signaling acts partly through Yorkie and can largely substitute for stimulation of division by Hh signaling. PI3 kinase signaling, in contrast to Hh signaling, acts largely independently of Yorkie induction and stimulates the G2/M transition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Melamed, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalderon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.22.497017</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial regulation of Drosophila ovarian Follicle Stem Cell division rates and cell cycle transitions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.22.497108v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ratchet, swivel, tilt and roll: A complete description of subunit rotation in the ribosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.22.497108v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein synthesis by the ribosome involves large-scale rearrangements of the "small" subunit (SSU; [~]1 MDa), which include inter- and intra-subunit rotational motions. With more than 1000 structures of ribosomes and ribosomal subunits now publicly available, it is becoming increasingly difficult to design precise experiments that are based on a comprehensive analysis of all known rotation states. To overcome this limitation, we present the Ribosome Angle Decomposition (RAD) method, where the orientation of each small subunit head and body is described in terms of three angular coordinates (rotation, tilt and tilt direction) and a single translation. To demonstrate the utility of the accompanying software (RADtool) we applied it to all published ribosome and mitoribosome structures. This identified and analyzed 1077 fully-assembled ribosome complexes, as well as 280 isolated small subunits from 48 organisms. The RAD approach quantitatively distinguishes between previously described qualitative rotational features, determines when rotation-only descriptions are insufficient, and shows that tilt-like rearrangements of the SSU head and body are pervasive in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes. Together, the presented database and technique provide a robust platform for systematically analyzing, visualizing, and comparing subunit orientations of ribosomes from all kingdoms of life. Accordingly, the RAD resource establishes a common foundation with which structural, simulation, single-molecule and biochemical efforts can precisely interrogate the dynamics of this prototypical molecular machine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hassan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byju, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freitas, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roc, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pender, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimbrough, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattingly, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, R. J. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunham, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitford, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.22.497108</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ratchet, swivel, tilt and roll: A complete description of subunit rotation in the ribosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.22.497254v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeted cortical stimulation reveals principles of cortical contextual interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.22.497254v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cross-orientation suppression is a classic form of contextual normalization in visual cortex, yet the degree to which cortical circuits participate in the normalization computation is unclear. We visualized orientation maps of individual ferrets, and provided patterned optogenetic stimulation to both excitatory and inhibitory cells in orientation columns that either matched or were orthogonal to the preferred visual orientation of neurons recorded with electrodes. When visual or optogenetic stimulation of columns preferring one orientation was combined with optogenetic stimulation of columns preferring the orthogonal orientation, we observed less suppression than when orthogonal stimulation was provided visually, suggesting that cortical circuits do not provide a large fraction of visual cross-orientation suppression. Integration of visual and optogenetic signals was linear when neurons exhibited low firing rates and became sublinear when neurons exhibited higher firing rates. We probed the nature of sublinearities in cortex by examining the influence of optogenetic stimulation of cortical interneurons. We observed a range of responses, including evidence for paradoxical responses in which interneuron stimulation caused a decrease in inhibitory firing rate, presumably due to the withdrawal of recurrent excitation. These results are compatible with cortical circuits that exhibit strong recurrent excitation with stabilizing inhibition that provides normalization, albeit normalization that is too weak across columns to account for cross-orientation suppression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmigiano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Hooser, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.22.497254</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeted cortical stimulation reveals principles of cortical contextual interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.23.497404v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Functional Landscape of SARS-CoV-2 3CL Protease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.23.497404v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) as the etiologic agent of COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) has drastically altered life globally. Numerous efforts have been placed on the development of therapeutics to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection. One particular target is the 3CL protease (3CLpro), which holds promise as it is essential to the virus and highly conserved among coronaviruses, suggesting that it may be possible to find broad inhibitors that treat not just SARS-CoV-2 but other coronavirus infections as well. While the 3CL protease has been studied by many groups for SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses, our understanding of its tolerance to mutations is limited, knowledge which is particularly important as 3CL protease inhibitors become utilized clinically. Here, we develop a yeast-based deep mutational scanning approach to systematically profile the activity of all possible single mutants of the SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro, and validate our results both in yeast and in authentic viruses. We reveal that the 3CLpro is highly malleable and is capable of tolerating mutations throughout the protein, including within the substrate binding pocket. Yet, we also identify specific residues that appear immutable for function of the protease, suggesting that these interactions may be novel targets for the design of future 3CLpro inhibitors. Finally, we utilize our screening results as a basis to identify E166V as a resistance-conferring mutation against the therapeutic 3CLpro inhibitor, nirmatrelvir, in clinical use. Collectively, the functional map presented herein may serve as a guide for further understanding of the biological properties of the 3CL protease and for drug development for current and future coronavirus pandemics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iketani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahari, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Culbertson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atanaki, F. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aditham, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kratz, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luck, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montazeri, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.23.497404</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Functional Landscape of SARS-CoV-2 3CL Protease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.25.497009v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hepatocyte Rap1a Contributes To Obesity- and Statin-Associated Hyperglycemia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.25.497009v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Excessive hepatic glucose production contributes to the development of hyperglycemia and is a key feature of type 2 diabetes. Here, we report that activation of hepatic Rap1a suppresses gluconeogenic gene expression and glucose production, whereas Rap1a silencing stimulates them. Rap1a activation is suppressed in obese mouse liver and restoring its activity lowers blood glucose and improves glucose intolerance. As Rap1as membrane localization and activation depends on its geranylgeranylation, which is inhibited by statins, we found lower active-Rap1a levels in statin-treated hepatocytes and the human liver. Similar to Rap1a inhibition, statins stimulated hepatic gluconeogenesis and increased fasting blood glucose in obese mice. Geranylgeraniol treatment, which acts as the precursor for geranylgeranyl isoprenoids, restored Rap1a activity and improved statin-mediated glucose intolerance. Mechanistically, we show that Rap1a activation induces actin polymerization, which suppresses gluconeogenesis by Akt-mediated FoxO1 inhibition. Thus, Rap1a regulates hepatic glucose homeostasis, and blocking its activity, via lowering geranylgeranyl isoprenoids, contributes to statin-induced glucose intolerance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spolitu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zadroga, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarecha, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozcan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.25.497009</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hepatocyte Rap1a Contributes To Obesity- and Statin-Associated Hyperglycemia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.26.497685v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rad51 and Dmc1 have similar tolerance for mismatches in yeast meiosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.26.497685v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In many eukaryotes, including both budding yeast and mammals, repair of double-strand breaks (DSBs) is carried out by different apparatus in somatic and meiotic cells. In mitotic cells, Rad51 recombinase, acting with Rad54, facilitates the search for homology and DNA strand exchange. In meiosis, Rad51 is inhibited by Hed1 and plays only an effector role, while strand exchange is driven by Rad51s homolog, Dmc1, acting with Rad54s homolog, Rdh54/Tid1. To directly compare the activities of Rad51 and Dmc1 and especially their tolerance for recombination between divergent sequences, we created diploids in which a site-specific DSB was created by HO endonuclease, either under control of a galactose-inducible promoter or a meiosis-specific SPO13 promoter. Homologous recombination was measured by an ectopic break-induced replication (BIR) assay in which a 108-bp homologous sequence shared between the DSB end and the donor sequence could be easily modified. As previously shown for a haploid mitotic strain, BIR efficiency decreased with increasing divergence between donor and recipient, but repair occurred even when every 6th base pair was mismatched. There was little difference in the tolerance of mismatches in mitotic haploids or meiotic diploids; however, there were notable differences in meiotic diploids when recombination was facilitated by Dmc1 or when Rad51 took over from Dmc1 in both hed1{Delta} and dmc1{Delta} hed1{Delta} mutants. We found that Dmc1 and Rad51 are similarly tolerant of mismatches during meiotic recombination in budding yeast. Surveillance of mismatches by the Msh2 mismatch repair protein proved to be Dmc1-specific. In all cases, assimilation of mismatches into the BIR product was dependent on the 3 to 5 exonuclease activity of DNA polymerase {delta}.

Author SummaryIn many eukaryotes, including both budding yeast and mammals, repair of double-strand breaks (DSBs) is carried out by different apparatus in somatic and meiotic cells. In mitotic cells, Rad51 recombinase, acting with Rad54, facilitates the search for homology and DNA strand exchange. In budding yeast meiosis, Rad51 is inhibited by Hed1 and plays only an effector role, while strand exchange is driven by Rad51s homolog, Dmc1, acting with Rad54s homolog, Rdh54/Tid1. To directly compare the activities of Rad51 and Dmc1 and especially their tolerance for recombination between divergent sequences, we created diploids in which a site-specific DSB was created by HO endonuclease. Homologous recombination was measured by an ectopic break-induced replication (BIR) assay in which recombination occurred between a 108-bp homologous sequence shared between the DSB end and the donor sequence. The donor sequence could be easily modified to introduce different arrangements of mismatches. BIR efficiency decreased with increasing divergence between donor and recipient, but repair occurred even when every 6th base pair was mismatched. There was little difference in the tolerance of mismatches in mitotic or meiotic diploids; however, there were notable differences in meiotic diploids when recombination was facilitated by Dmc1 or when Dmc1 was deleted and Rad51 was activated. We found that Dmc1 and Rad51 are similarly tolerant of mismatches during meiotic recombination. Surveillance of mismatches by the Msh2 mismatch repair protein proved to be Dmc1-specific. As in mitotic cells, the assimilation of mismatches into the BIR product was dependent on the 3 to 5 exonuclease activity of DNA polymerase {delta}.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haber, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.26.497685</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rad51 and Dmc1 have similar tolerance for mismatches in yeast meiosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.27.497544v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Determination of expression profiles for Drosophila ovarian Follicle Stem Cells (FSCs) using single-cell RNA sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.27.497544v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drosophila ovarian Follicle Stem Cells (FSC) present an excellent paradigm for understanding how a community of active stem cells maintained by population asymmetry is regulated. Here we describe single-cell RNA sequencing studies of a pre-sorted population of cells that include FSCs and the neighboring cell types, Escort Cells (ECs) and Follicle Cells (FCs), which they support. Cell-type assignment relies on anterior-posterior (AP) location within the germarium. We clarify the previously determined location of FSCs and use spatially targeted lineage studies as further confirmation. The scRNA profiles among four clusters are consistent with an AP progression from anterior ECs through posterior ECs and then FSCs, to early FCs. Several genes with graded profiles from ECs to FCs are highlighted as candidate effectors of the inverse gradients of the two principal signaling pathways, Wnt and JAK-STAT, that guide FSC differentiation and division.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dong, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thibault, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalderon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.27.497544</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Determination of expression profiles for Drosophila ovarian Follicle Stem Cells (FSCs) using single-cell RNA sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.27.497613v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single nuclei RNAseq analysis of HD mouse models and human brain reveals impaired oligodendrocyte maturation and potential role for thiamine metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.27.497613v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The complexity of affected brain regions and cell types is a challenge for Huntingtons disease (HD) treatment. Here we used single nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNAseq) to investigate mechanism of pathology in the cortex and striatum from R6/2 mice at 8 and 12w and in three regions of human HD post-mortem tissue. We identified cell type-specific and cell agnostic signatures and found changes suggesting oligodendrocytes (OLs) and oligodendrocyte precursors (OPCs) were arrested in intermediate maturation states. OL-lineage regulators OLIG1 and OLIG2 were negatively correlated with CAG length in human OPCs, and ATACseq analysis of HD mouse NeuN-negative cells showed decreased accessibility of sites regulated by OL maturation genes. Glucose and lipid metabolism were implicated in abnormal cell maturation and PRKCE and Thiamine Pyrophosphokinase 1 were identified as central genes. High dose thiamine/biotin treatment of R6/1 HD mice to target thiamine metabolism not only restored OL maturation, but also rescued pathology in neurons. These findings reveal insights into HD OL pathology that spans multiple brain regions and link OL maturation deficits to abnormal thiamine metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lim, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Dalahmah, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gold, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reidling, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dansu, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casaccia, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miramontes, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes-Ortiz, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paryani, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ofori, K. N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyoshi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geller, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flowers, X. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vonsattel, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swarup, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraenkel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.27.497613</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single nuclei RNAseq analysis of HD mouse models and human brain reveals impaired oligodendrocyte maturation and potential role for thiamine metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.27.497784v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Use of a ubiquitous gene-editing tool in budding yeast causes off-target repression of neighboring gene protein synthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.27.497784v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precision genome-editing approaches have long been available in budding yeast, enabling introduction of gene deletions, epitope tag fusions, and promoter swaps through a selection-based strategy. Such approaches allow loci to be modified without disruption of coding or regulatory sequences of neighboring genes. Use of this approach to delete DBP1 however, led to silencing of expression and the resultant loss of function for the neighboring gene MRP51. We found that insertion of a resistance cassette to delete DBP1, drove a 5 extended alternative transcript for MRP51 which dampened Mrp51 protein synthesis. Misregulation of MRP51 occurred through an integrated transcriptional and translational repressive long undecoded transcript isoform (LUTI)-based mechanism that was recently shown to naturally regulate gene expression in yeast and other organisms. Cassette-induced MRP51 repression drove all mutant phenotypes we detected in cells deleted for DBP1. Selection cassette-mediated aberrant transcription events are not specific to this locus or a unique cassette but can be prevented by insertion of transcription insulators flanking the cassette. Our study suggests the existence of confounding off-target mutant phenotypes resulting from misregulated neighboring loci following genome edits in yeast. Furthermore, features of LUTI-based regulation are broadly conserved to eukaryotic organisms which indicates the potential that similar misregulation could be unnoticed in other edited organisms as well.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Powers, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llacsahuanga Allcca, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doron-Mandel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brar, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.27.497784</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Use of a ubiquitous gene-editing tool in budding yeast causes off-target repression of neighboring gene protein synthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.27.497855v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hepatocytes deficient in nuclear envelope protein lamina-associated polypeptide 1 are an ideal mammalian system to study intranuclear lipid droplets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.27.497855v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipid droplets (LDs) are generally considered to be synthesized in the ER and utilized in the cytoplasm. However, LDs have been observed inside nuclei in some cells, although recent research on nuclear LDs has focused on cultured cell lines. To better understand nuclear LDs that occur in vivo, here we examined LDs in primary hepatocytes from mice following depletion of the nuclear envelope protein lamina-associated polypeptide 1 (LAP1). Microscopic image analysis showed that LAP1-depleted hepatocytes contain frequent nuclear LDs, which differ from cytoplasmic LDs in their associated proteins. We found type 1 nucleoplasmic reticula, which are invaginations of the inner nuclear membrane, are often associated with nuclear LDs in these hepatocytes. Furthermore, in vivo depletion of the nuclear envelope proteins lamin A and C from mouse hepatocytes led to severely abnormal nuclear morphology, but significantly fewer nuclear LDs than were observed upon depletion of LAP1. In addition, we show both high fat diet feeding and fasting of mice increased cytoplasmic lipids in LAP1-depleted hepatocytes, but reduced nuclear LDs, demonstrating a relationship of LD formation with nutritional state. Finally, depletion of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein did not change the frequency of nuclear LDs in LAP1-depleted hepatocytes, suggesting that it is not necessary for the biogenesis of nuclear LDs in these cells. Together, these data show that LAP1-depleted hepatocytes represent an ideal mammalian system to investigate the biogenesis of nuclear LDs and their partitioning between the nucleus and cytoplasm in response to changes in nutritional state and cellular metabolism in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ostlund, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-Ono, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dauer, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginsberg, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worman, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.27.497855</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hepatocytes deficient in nuclear envelope protein lamina-associated polypeptide 1 are an ideal mammalian system to study intranuclear lipid droplets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.28.498019v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-resolution magic angle spinning NMR of KcsA in liposomes: the highly mobile C-terminus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.28.498019v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The structure of the transmembrane domain of bacterial potassium channel KcsA has been extensively characterized, yet little information is available on the structure of its cytosolic N- and C-termini. This study presents high-resolution magic angle spinning (HR-MAS) and fractional deuteration as tools to study these poorly resolved regions for proteoliposome-embedded KcsA. Using 1H-detected HR-MAS NMR, we show that the C-terminus transitions from a rigid structure to a more dynamic structure as the solution is rendered acidic. We make previously unreported assignments of residues in the C-terminus of lipid embedded channels. Further, we also show evidence for hydrolysis of lipid head groups in proteoliposome samples during typical experimental timeframes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McDermott, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howarth, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.28.498019</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-resolution magic angle spinning NMR of KcsA in liposomes: the highly mobile C-terminus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.29.498077v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CoxMKF: A Knockoff Filter for High-Dimensional Mediation Analysis with a Survival Outcome in Epigenetic Studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.29.498077v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationIt is of scientific interest to identify DNA methylation CpG sites that might mediate the effect of an environmental exposure on a survival outcome in high-dimensional mediation analysis. However, there is a lack of powerful statistical methods that can provide a guarantee of false discovery rate (FDR) control in finite-sample settings.

ResultsIn this article, we propose a novel method called CoxMKF, which applies aggregation of multiple knockoffs to a Cox proportional hazards model for a survival outcome with high-dimensional mediators. The proposed CoxMKF can achieve FDR control even in finite-sample settings, which is particularly advantageous when the sample size is not large. Moreover, our proposed CoxMKF can overcome the randomness of the unstable model-X knockoffs. Our simulation results show that CoxMKF controls FDR well in finite samples. We further apply CoxMKF to a lung cancer data set from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project with 754 subjects and 365 306 DNA methylation CpG sites, and identify four DNA methylation CpG sites that might mediate the effect of smoking on the overall survival among lung cancer patients.

AvailabilityThe R package CoxMKF is publicly available at https://github.com/MinhaoYaooo/CoxMKF.

Contactzl2509@cumc.columbia.edu.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tian, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.29.498077</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CoxMKF: A Knockoff Filter for High-Dimensional Mediation Analysis with a Survival Outcome in Epigenetic Studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.29.498195v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell type- and state- resolved immune transcriptomic profiling identifies glucocorticoid-responsive molecular defects in multiple sclerosis T cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.29.498195v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The polygenic and multi-cellular nature of multiple sclerosis (MS) immunopathology necessitates cell-type-specific molecular studies in order to improve our understanding of the diverse mechanisms underlying immune cell dysfunction in MS. Here, by generating a dataset of 1,075 transcriptomes from 209 participants (167 MS and 42 healthy), we assessed MS-associated transcriptional changes in six implicated cell-type-states: naive and memory helper T cells and classical monocytes purified from peripheral blood, each in their primary (ex vivo, unstimulated) and in vitro stimulated states. Our data suggest that primary profiles show larger MS-associated differences than the post-stimulation contexts. We further identified shared and distinct changes in individual genes, biological pathways, and co-expressed gene modules in MS T cells and monocytes, and prioritized genes such as ZBTB16 as MS-associated regulators in both cell types. Of six identified MS-associated co-expressed gene modules, three (two lymphoid and one myeloid) were replicated in independent data from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and monocyte-derived macrophages. A subsequent in silico drug screen prioritized small-molecule compounds for reversing the perturbation of the MS-associated modules. The effects of glucocorticoid receptor agonists as the top-identified therapeutic class for the replicated T cell modules were validated using targeted in silico analyses and in vitro experiments, suggesting the coordinated dysregulation of glucocorticoid-responsive genes in MS T cells. In summary, our study identifies and validates individual genes and co-expressed gene modules from T and myeloid cells that are perturbed in MS, offering new targets for therapeutic discovery and biomarker development to guide the management of MS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roostaei, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabrin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kivisakk, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCabe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nejad, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Touil, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vlachos, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fransson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patsopoulos, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuchroo, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zujovic, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, H.-U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.29.498195</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell type- and state- resolved immune transcriptomic profiling identifies glucocorticoid-responsive molecular defects in multiple sclerosis T cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.30.498164v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nuclear architecture protein Distal antenna balances genome-binding and phase-separation properties to regulate neuroblast competence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.30.498164v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural progenitors transit through multiple competence states that restrict production of each neural cell type. In Drosophila neuroblasts, a timed genome reorganization relocates the cell fate gene, hunchback, to the nuclear periphery, terminating competence to produce early-born neurons. Distal antenna (Dan), a pipsqueak (Psq) superfamily protein, is transiently downregulated at mid-embryogenesis, which is required for this relocation. Here we find that Dan is a highly intrinsically disordered protein, and when its Psq DNA-binding domain is increasingly disrupted, Dan coalesces into steadily larger, interconnected hubs of rapid protein exchange. Consistent with these phase-separation properties, Dan has a predicted LARKS domain, a structural motif that forms reversible interactions associated with phase-separation. In the embryo, loss of either the Psq motif or the LARKS domain abrogates Dans ability to maintain neuroblast early competence upon misexpression, suggesting that Dan requires both DNA-binding and phase-separation to regulate neuroblast competence. Finally, we found that Dan strongly interacts with proteins of the nuclear pore complex (NPC), and Elys, a core NPC scaffold protein known to regulate genome architecture, binds the hb intron and is required for competence termination. Together, the results support a model for how Dans phase-separation properties can mediate dynamic restructuring by balancing genome-binding, self-association, and interaction among nuclear architecture regulators.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benchorin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohwi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.30.498164</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nuclear architecture protein Distal antenna balances genome-binding and phase-separation properties to regulate neuroblast competence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.01.497972v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dendrite architecture determines mitochondrial distribution patterns in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.01.497972v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondria are critical for neuronal function and must be reliably distributed through complex neuronal architectures. By quantifying in vivo mitochondrial transport and localization patterns in the dendrites of Drosophila visual system neurons, we show that mitochondria make up a dynamic system at steady-state, with significant transport of individual mitochondria within a stable global pattern. Mitochondrial motility patterns are unaffected by visual input, suggesting that neuronal activity does not directly regulate mitochondrial localization in vivo. Instead, we present a mathematical model in which four simple scaling rules enable the robust self-organization of the mitochondrial population. Experimental measurements of dendrite morphology validate key model predictions: to maintain equitable distribution of mitochondria across asymmetrically branched subtrees, dendritic branch points obey a parent-daughter power law that preserves cross-sectional area, and thicker trunks support proportionally bushier subtrees. Altogether, we propose that "housekeeping" requirements, including the need to maintain steady-state mitochondrial distributions, impose constraints on neuronal architecture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Donovan, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liberman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chua, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koslover, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnhart, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.01.497972</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dendrite architecture determines mitochondrial distribution patterns in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.02.498561v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rotating Frame Relaxation for Magic Angle Spinning Solid State NMR, A Promising Tool for Characterizing Biopolymer Motion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.02.498561v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Magic angle spinning NMR rotating frame relaxation measurements provide a powerful experimental strategy to probe biomolecules dynamics, as is illustrated by numerous recent applications. We discuss experimental strategies for this class of experiments, with a particular focus on systems where motion-driven modulation of the chemical shift interaction is the main mechanism for relaxation. We also explore and describe common strategies for interpreting the data sets and extracting motion timescale, activation energy, and angle or order parameters from rotating frame relaxation data. Using model free analysis, and numerical simulations, including time domain treatment, we explore conditions under which it is possible to obtain accurate and precise information about the timescales of motions. Overall, with rapid technical advances in solid state NMR, there is a bright future for this class of studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McDermott, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keeler, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.02.498561</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rotating Frame Relaxation for Magic Angle Spinning Solid State NMR, A Promising Tool for Characterizing Biopolymer Motion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.05.498877v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uncertainty alters the balance between incremental learning and episodic memory 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.05.498877v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A key question in decision making is how humans arbitrate between competing learning and memory systems to maximize reward. We address this question by probing the balance between the effects, on choice, of incremental trial-and-error learning versus episodic memories of individual events. Although a rich literature has studied incremental learning in isolation, the role of episodic memory in decision making has only recently drawn focus, and little research disentangles their separate contributions. We hypothesized that the brain arbitrates rationally between these two systems, relying on each in circumstances to which it is most suited, as indicated by uncertainty. We tested this hypothesis by directly contrasting contributions of episodic and incremental influence to decisions, while manipulating the relative uncertainty of incremental learning using a well-established manipulation of reward volatility. Across two large, independent samples of young adults, participants traded these influences off rationally, depending more on episodic information when incremental summaries were more uncertain. These results support the proposal that the brain optimizes the balance between different forms of learning and memory according to their relative uncertainties and elucidate the circumstances under which episodic memory informs decisions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nicholas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daw, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shohamy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.05.498877</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uncertainty alters the balance between incremental learning and episodic memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.05.498885v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human-specific progenitor sub-domain contributes to extended neurogenesis and increased motor neuron production 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.05.498885v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurogenesis lasts ~10 times longer in developing humans compared to mice, resulting in >1000-fold more neurons in the human central nervous system. Expansion of human neocortex has been in part attributed to the population of outer radial glia and amplifying progenitors that increase the output of neurogenic lineages. However, outer radial glia appear to be absent in many regions of the developing human nervous system, prompting us to search for alternative populations of progenitors that contribute to the expansion of human neurogenesis in one such region - the developing spinal cord. To this end, we performed high-temporal resolution single-cell expression analysis of human and mouse motor neuron progenitors generated from pluripotent stem cells in vitro. Alignment of human and mouse data using canonical correlation analysis identified "human-specific" progenitor clusters characterized by early co-expression of NKX2-2 and OLIG2 that lacked an orthologous murine counterpart. A matching progenitor population has been previously described in the human embryonic spinal cord1, but its function remained unknown. Our lineage tracing analysis demonstrates that these cells function as ventral motor neuron progenitors (vpMNs), but in contrast to classical pMNs, vpMNs exhibit increased Notch activity and generate motor neurons in a delayed and protracted manner. Concomitantly, vpMNs undergo more rounds of cell division before undergoing neurogenesis, leading to ~2-fold increase in total motor neuron output, and contributing preferentially to later-born, limb-innervating motor neuron subtypes. Thus, instead of relying on transit-amplifying progenitors, human spinal cord evolved a novel progenitor subdomain that extends timescales and expands output of human motor neurogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunmit, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wichterle, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.05.498885</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human-specific progenitor sub-domain contributes to extended neurogenesis and increased motor neuron production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498988v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular basis for the role of disulfide-linked αCTs in the activation of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor and insulin receptor 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498988v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The insulin receptor (IR) and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) control metabolic homeostasis and cell growth and proliferation. The IR and IGF1R form similar disulfide bonds linked homodimers in the apo-state; however, their ligand binding properties and the structures in the active state differ substantially. It has been proposed that the disulfide-linked C-terminal segment of -chain (CTs) of the IR and IGF1R control the cooperativity of ligand binding and regulate the receptor activation. Nevertheless, the molecular basis for the roles of disulfide-linked CTs in IR and IGF1R activation are still unclear. Here, we report the cryo-EM structures of full-length mouse IGF1R/IGF1 and IR/insulin complexes with modified CTs that have increased flexibility. Unlike the{Gamma} -shaped asymmetric IGF1R dimer with a single IGF1 bound, the IGF1R with the enhanced flexibility of CTs can form a T-shaped symmetric dimer with two IGF1s bound. Meanwhile, the IR with non-covalently linked CTs predominantly adopts an asymmetric conformation with four insulins bound, which is distinct from the T-shaped symmetric IR. Using cell-based experiments, we further showed that both IGF1R and IR with the modified CTs cannot activate the downstream signaling potently. Collectively, our studies demonstrate that the certain structural rigidity of disulfide-linked CTs is critical for optimal IR and IGF1R signaling activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, X.-c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.06.498988</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular basis for the role of disulfide-linked αCTs in the activation of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor and insulin receptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.499060v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Highly fucosylated N-glycans at the synaptic vesicle and neuronal plasma membrane 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.499060v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
At neuronal synapses, synaptic vesicles (SVs) require glycoproteins for normal trafficking, and N-linked glycosylation is required for delivery of the major SV glycoproteins synaptophysin and SV2A to SVs. The molecular compositions of SV N-glycans, which may drive important neurobiological processes, are largely unknown. In this study, we combined organelle isolation techniques, fluorescence detection of N-glycans, and high-resolution mass spectrometry to characterize N-glycosylation at synapses and SVs from mouse brain. Detecting over 2,500 unique glycopeptides from over 550 glycoproteins, we found that abundant SV proteins harbor N-glycans with fucose on their complex antennae, and we identify a highly fucosylated N-glycan enriched in SVs as compared to synaptosomes. Antennary fucosylation was also characteristic of plasma membrane proteins and cell adhesion molecules with established roles in synaptic function and development. Our results represent the first defined N-glycoproteome of a neuronal organelle and raise new questions in the glycobiology of synaptic pruning and neuroinflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bradberry, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters-Clarke, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapman, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coon, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.06.499060</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Highly fucosylated N-glycans at the synaptic vesicle and neuronal plasma membrane]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.07.499038v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep Phosphoproteomic Elucidation of Metformin-Signaling in Heterogenous Colorectal Cancer Cells 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.07.499038v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The biguanide drug metformin is a safe and widely prescribed drug for type 2 diabetes. Interestingly, hundreds of clinical trials were set to evaluate the potential role of metformin in the prevention and treatment of cancer including colorectal cancer (CRC). To interrogate cell signaling events and networks in CRC and explore the druggability of the metformin-rewired phosphorylation network, we performed a proteomic and phosphoproteomic analysis on a panel of 12 molecularly heterogeneous CRC cell lines. Using in-depth data-independent analysis mass spectrometry (DIA-MS), we profiled a total of 10,142 proteins and 56,080 phosphosites (P-sites) in CRC cells treated with metformin for 30 minutes and 24 hours. Our results indicate that metformin does not directly trigger or inhibit any immediate phosphorylation events. Instead, it primarily remodels cell signaling in the long-term. Strikingly, the phosphorylation response to metformin was highly heterogeneous in the CRC panel, uncovering four groups of metformin responsivity. We further performed a network analysis to systematically estimate kinase/phosphatase activities and reconstruct signaling cascades in each cell line. We created a "MetScore" which catalogs the most consistently perturbed P-sites among CRC cells for future studies. Finally, we leveraged the metformin P-site signature to identify pharmacodynamic interactions revealing a number of candidate metformin-interacting drugs. Together, we provide a data resource using state-of-the-art phosphoproteomics to understand the metformin-induced cell signaling for potential cancer therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Salovska, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller-Dott, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugourd, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saez-Rodriguez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.07.499038</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep Phosphoproteomic Elucidation of Metformin-Signaling in Heterogenous Colorectal Cancer Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.07.499169v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rescue of alveolar wall liquid secretion blocks fatal lung injury by influenza-staphylococcal coinfection 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.07.499169v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Secondary lung infection by inhaled Staphylococcus aureus (SA) is a common and lethal event in individuals infected with influenza A virus (IAV). It is unclear how IAV disrupts host defense to promote SA infection in lung alveoli, where fatal lung injury occurs. We addressed this issue using the first real-time determinations of alveolar responses to IAV in live, intact, perfused lungs. Our findings show IAV infection blocked defensive alveolar wall liquid (AWL) secretion and induced airspace liquid absorption, thereby reversing normal alveolar liquid dynamics and inhibiting alveolar clearance of inhaled bacteria. Loss of AWL secretion resulted from dephosphorylation, hence inhibition of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) ion channel in alveolar epithelium, and airspace liquid absorption was caused by alveolar epithelial stimulation of the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC). Loss of AWL secretion promoted alveolar stabilization by SA and alveolar damage by the secreted SA toxin, alpha hemolysin, but rescue of AWL secretion protected against fatal SA-induced lung injury in IAV-infected mice. These findings reveal a central role for AWL secretion in alveolar defense against inhaled bacteria and identify AWL inhibition as a critical mechanism of IAV lung pathogenesis. AWL rescue may represent a new therapeutic approach for IAV-SA coinfection.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=184 SRC="FIGDIR/small/499169v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jesus, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suthakaran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, S. K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathnasinghe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schotsaert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hook, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.07.499169</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rescue of alveolar wall liquid secretion blocks fatal lung injury by influenza-staphylococcal coinfection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.10.499494v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of FOXP3 function causes expansion of two pools of autoreactive T cells in patients with IPEX syndrome. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.10.499494v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The monogenic autoimmune disease Immunedysregulation polyendocrynopathy entheropathy X-linked syndrome (IPEX) has elucidated the essential function of the transcription factor FOXP3 and of thymic-derived regulatory T (Treg) cells in controlling autoimmunity. However, the presence of autoreactive T cells in IPEX remains undetermined, thus representing a crucial gap in understanding the origin of autoimmunity in a FOXP3 deficient immune system. Combining epigenetic analysis as a lineage marker of Treg identity and TCR sequencing to assess the self-reactive clones, we showed that IPEX patients have two pools of expanded autoreactive T cells. The first originates from the expansion of autoreactive effector T cells (Teff), likely due to loss of Treg suppressive function since it is absent in carrier mothers, in whom Treg cells are functional. The second pool originates, unexpectedly, from Treg cells which lose their phenotypic markers, including CD25 and FOXP3. We call these loss of identity Treg cells and show that they are i) suppressed by healthy donor Treg in a patient post hematopoietic transplantation despite low donor chimerism, and ii) not detectable in patients with Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy syndrome (APECED), a monogenic autoimmune disease of thymic origin. Moreover, we demonstrate that FOXP3 knock-out in Treg cells leads to increased Treg expansion and production of Th17 and Th2 cytokines, known to be increased in IPEX patients. These results suggest that the loss of identity Treg cells could directly contribute to immune dysregulation in IPEX. Collectively, we provide a better understanding of autoimmunity and novel ways to monitor the effects of Treg cell therapies in IPEX disease or other autoimmune diseases.

One Sentence SummaryMutations of FOXP3 gene in humans cause expansion of autoreactive T cells originating from both effector T cells and regulatory T cells which gain effector function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Borna, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakshmanan, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mavers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narula, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulze, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marois, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gernez, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertaina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roncarolo, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meffre, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacchetta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.10.499494</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of FOXP3 function causes expansion of two pools of autoreactive T cells in patients with IPEX syndrome.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.11.499380v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Homeostatic responses to hypoxia by the carotid body and adrenal medulla are based on mutual antagonism between HIF-1α and HIF-2α 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.11.499380v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Respiration and blood pressure (BP) are regulated to maintain optimal delivery of O2 to every cell in the body. Arterial hypoxemia is sensed by the carotid body (CB), which initiates sympathetic reflex arcs to the diaphragm to increase ventilation, and to the adrenal medulla (AM) to increase catecholamine secretion and thereby increase BP. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been fully delineated. Here, we report that the relative activities of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and HIF-2 determine the set point for the CB and AM, with respect to their maintenance of BP and respiration. In Hif2a+/- mice, which are heterozygous for a knockout allele at the locus encoding HIF-2, expression of HIF-1 and NADPH oxidase 2 was increased in the CB and AM, resulting in an oxidized intracellular redox state with augmented sensitivity to hypoxia, increased BP, and respiratory abnormalities, which were all normalized by treatment with a HIF-1 inhibitor or a superoxide anion scavenger. By contrast, in Hif1a+/- mice, which are heterozygous for a knockout allele at the locus encoding HIF-1, the expression of HIF-2 and superoxide dismutase 2 was increased in the CB and AM, resulting in a reduced intracellular redox state with impaired CB and ventilatory responses to chronic hypoxia, which were normalized by treatment with a HIF-2 inhibitor. None of the abnormalities that were observed in Hif1a+/- or Hif2a+/- mice were observed in Hif1a+/-; Hif2a+/- double- heterozygous mice. Our results demonstrate that redox balance in the CB and AM, which is determined by mutual antagonism between HIF- isoforms, establishes the set point for responses of the CB and AM to hypoxia, and is required for the maintenance of normal BP and respiration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makarenko, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nanduri, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semenza, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prabhakar, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.11.499380</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Homeostatic responses to hypoxia by the carotid body and adrenal medulla are based on mutual antagonism between HIF-1α and HIF-2α]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.13.499597v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanisms underlying reshuffling of visual responses by optogenetic stimulation in mice and monkeys 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.13.499597v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to optogenetically perturb neural circuits opens an unprecedented window into mechanisms governing circuit function. We analyzed and theoretically modeled neuronal responses to visual and optogenetic inputs in mouse and monkey V1. In both species, optogenetic stimulation of excitatory neurons strongly modulated the activity of single neurons, yet had weak or no effects on the distribution of firing rates across the population. Thus, the optogenetic inputs reshuffled firing rates across the network. Key statistics of mouse and monkey responses lay on a continuum, with mice/monkeys occupying the low/high rate regions, respectively. We show that neuronal reshuffling emerges generically in randomly connected excitatory/inhibitory networks, provided the coupling strength (combination of recurrent coupling and external input) is sufficient that powerful inhibitory feedback cancels the mean optogenetic input. A more realistic model, distinguishing tuned visual vs. untuned optogenetic input in a structured network, reduces the coupling strength needed to explain reshuffling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanzeni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmigiano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nassi, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Histed, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.13.499597</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanisms underlying reshuffling of visual responses by optogenetic stimulation in mice and monkeys]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.18.500246v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiset correlation and factor analysis enables exploration of multi-omic data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.18.500246v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multi-omics datasets are becoming more common, necessitating better integration methods to realize their revolutionary potential. Here, we introduce Multi-set Correlation and Factor Analysis, an unsupervised integration method that enables fast inference of shared and private factors in multi-modal data. Applied to 614 ancestry-diverse participant samples across five  omics types, MCFA infers a shared space that captures clinically relevant molecular processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brown, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasela, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachun, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tracy, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durda, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lui, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Den Berg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabriel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerzten, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clish, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papanicolau, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackwell, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotter, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardlie, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lappalainen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.18.500246</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiset correlation and factor analysis enables exploration of multi-omic data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.18.500485v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Versatile Multiple Object Tracking in Sparse 2D/3D Videos Via Diffeomorphic Image Registration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.18.500485v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tracking body parts in behaving animals, extracting fluorescence signals from cells embedded in deforming tissue, and analyzing cell migration patterns during development all require tracking objects with partially correlated motion. As dataset sizes increase, manual tracking of objects becomes prohibitively inefficient and slow, necessitating automated and semi-automated computational tools. Unfortunately, existing methods for multiple object tracking (MOT) are either developed for specific datasets and hence do not generalize well to other datasets, or require large amounts of training data that are not readily available. This is further exacerbated when tracking fluorescent sources in moving and deforming tissues, where the lack of unique features and sparsely populated images create a challenging environment, especially for modern deep learning techniques. By leveraging technology recently developed for spatial transformer networks, we propose ZephIR, an image registration framework for semi-supervised MOT in 2D and 3D videos. ZephIR can generalize to a wide range of biological systems by incorporating adjustable parameters that encode spatial (sparsity, texture, rigidity) and temporal priors of a given data class. We demonstrate the accuracy and versatility of our approach in a variety of applications, including tracking the body parts of a behaving mouse and neurons in the brain of a freely moving C. elegans. We provide an open-source package along with a web-based graphical user interface that allows users to provide small numbers of annotations to interactively improve tracking results.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nejatbakhsh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torkashvand, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gangadharan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seyedolmohadesin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatachalam, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.18.500485</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Versatile Multiple Object Tracking in Sparse 2D/3D Videos Via Diffeomorphic Image Registration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.18.500527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Event integration and temporal pattern separation: how hierarchical knowledge emerges in hippocampal subfields through learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.18.500527v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Everyday life is composed of events organized by changes in contexts, with each event containing an unfolding sequence of occurrences. A major challenge facing our memory systems is how to integrate sequential occurrences within events while also maintaining their details and avoiding over-integration across different contexts. Here we asked if and how distinct hippocampal subfields come to hierarchically, and in parallel, represent both event context and subevent occurrences with learning. Participants viewed sequential events defined as sequences of objects superimposed on shared color frames while undergoing high-resolution fMRI. Importantly, these events were repeated to induce learning. Event segmentation, as indexed by increased reaction times at event boundaries, was observed in all repetitions. Temporal memory decisions were quicker for items from the same event compared to across different events, indicating that events shaped memory behavior. With learning, hippocampal CA3 multivoxel activation patterns clustered to reflect the event context, with more clustering correlated with behavioral facilitation during event transitions. In contrast, in the dentate gyrus temporally proximal items that belonged to the same event became associated with more differentiated neural patterns. A computational model explained these results by dynamic inhibition in the dentate gyrus. Additional similarity measures support the notion that CA3 clustered representations reflect shared voxel populations, while dentate gyrus distinct item representations reflect different voxel populations. These findings suggest an interplay between temporal differentiation in dentate gyrus and attractor dynamics in CA3. They advance our understanding of how knowledge is structured through integration and separation across time and context.

SignificanceA major challenge of our memory system is to integrate experiences occurring in the same context to generalize context-appropriate knowledge, while also maintaining distinct representations of these same occurrences to avoid confusion. Here, we uncover a novel mechanism for hierarchical learning in the human hippocampus that might help to resolve this tension. In the CA3 subregion of the hippocampus, the neural representations of items presented sequentially in the same context, but not in different contexts, became more overlapping with learning. In contrast, adjacent items, appearing close in time and in the same context, became increasingly more differentiated in the dentate gyrus. Thus, multiple representations in different hippocampal subregions encoded in parallel might enable simultaneous generalization and specificity in memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bein, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davachi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.18.500527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Event integration and temporal pattern separation: how hierarchical knowledge emerges in hippocampal subfields through learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.18.500549v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Causal feature selection using a knowledge graph combining structured knowledge from the biomedical literature and ontologies: a use case studying depression as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.18.500549v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCausal feature selection is essential for estimating effects from observational data. Identifying confounders is a crucial step in this process. Traditionally, researchers employ content-matter expertise and literature review to identify confounders. Uncontrolled confounding from unidentified confounders threatens validity, conditioning on intermediate variables (mediators) weakens estimates, and conditioning on common effects (colliders) induces bias. Additionally, without special treatment, erroneous conditioning on variables combining roles introduces bias. However, the vast literature is growing exponentially, making it infeasible to assimilate this knowledge. To address these challenges, we introduce a novel knowledge graph (KG) application enabling causal feature selection by combining computable literature-derived knowledge with biomedical ontologies. We present a use case of our approach specifying a causal model for estimating the total causal effect of depression on the risk of developing Alzheimers disease (AD) from observational data.

MethodsWe extracted computable knowledge from a literature corpus using three machine reading systems and inferred missing knowledge using logical closure operations. Using a KG framework, we mapped the output to target terminologies and combined it with ontology-grounded resources. We translated epidemiological definitions of confounder, collider, and mediator into queries for searching the KG and summarized the roles played by the identified variables. We compared the results with output from a complementary method and published observational studies and examined a selection of confounding and combined role variables in-depth.

ResultsOur search identified 128 confounders, including 58 phenotypes, 47 drugs, 35 genes, 23 collider, and 16 mediator phenotypes. However, only 31 of the 58 confounder phenotypes were found to behave exclusively as confounders, while the remaining 27 phenotypes played other roles. Obstructive sleep apnea emerged as a potential novel confounder for depression and AD. Anemia exemplified a variable playing combined roles.

ConclusionOur findings suggest combining machine reading and KG could augment human expertise for causal feature selection. However, the complexity of causal feature selection for depression with AD highlights the need for standardized field-specific databases of causal variables. Further work is needed to optimize KG search and transform the output for human consumption.

HighlightsO_LIKnowledge of causal variables and their roles is essential for causal inference.
C_LIO_LIWe show how to search a knowledge graph (KG) for causal variables and their roles.
C_LIO_LIThe KG combines literature-derived knowledge with ontology-grounded knowledge.
C_LIO_LIWe design queries to search the KG for confounder, collider, and mediator roles.
C_LIO_LIKG search reveals variables in these roles for depression and Alzheimers disease.
C_LI

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=127 SRC="FIGDIR/small/500549v4_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (36K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c3f417org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ce1703org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@148d645org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@eb55e7_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG Statement of SignificanceO_ST_ABSProblemC_ST_ABSExtensive knowledge is required to identify confounders for estimating total effects in observational settings. The literature is too vast for humans to process. Bias may remain from not adjusting on unknown confounders or erroneously adjusting on a collider or mediator.

What is already knownStructured literature-derived knowledge is often useful but is noisy.

What this papers addsWe present a biomedical knowledge graph linking literature-derived and ontology-ground knowledge of biochemical processes with definitions of clinical disease. We search the KG to distill a model for estimating the (total) effect of depression on Alzheimers disease from observational data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Malec, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taneja, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaaban, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karim, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callahan, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munro, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyce, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.18.500549</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Causal feature selection using a knowledge graph combining structured knowledge from the biomedical literature and ontologies: a use case studying depression as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.19.500601v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epinephrine inhibits PI3K alpha via the Hippo kinases. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.19.500601v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The phosphoinositide 3-kinase, p110, is an essential mediator of insulin signaling and glucose homeostasis. We systematically interrogated the human serine, threonine, and tyrosine kinome to search for novel regulators of p110 and found that the Hippo kinases phosphorylate and completely inhibit its activity. This inhibitory state corresponds to a conformational change of a membrane binding domain on p110, which impairs its ability to engage membranes. In human primary hepatocytes, cancer cell lines, and rodent tissues, activation of the Hippo kinases, MST1/2, using forskolin or epinephrine is associated with phosphorylation and inhibition of p110, impairment of downstream insulin signaling, and suppression of glycolysis and glycogen synthesis. These changes are abrogated when MST1/2 are genetically deleted or inhibited with small molecules. Our study reveals a novel inhibitory pathway of PI3K signaling and a previously unappreciated link between epinephrine and insulin signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, T.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramsamooj, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liberatore, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lantier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karukurichi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, S.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kesicki, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kastenhuber, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiederhold, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaron, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paddock, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopkins, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGuinness, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantley, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncalves, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.19.500601</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epinephrine inhibits PI3K alpha via the Hippo kinases.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A unified model for the surveillance of translation in diverse noncoding sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Translation is pervasive outside of canonical coding regions, occurring in lncRNAs, UTRs, and introns. While the resulting polypeptides are often non-functional, translation in noncoding regions is nonetheless necessary for the birth of new coding regions. The mechanisms underlying the surveillance of translation in diverse noncoding regions and how escaped polypeptides evolve new functions remain unclear. Intriguingly, noncoding sequence-derived functional peptides often localize to membranes. Here, we show that the intrinsic nucleotide bias in the noncoding genome and in the genetic code frequently results in polypeptides with a hydrophobic C-terminal tail, which is captured by the ribosome-associated BAG6 membrane protein triage complex for either proteasomal degradation or membrane targeting. In contrast, canonical proteins have evolved to deplete C-terminal hydrophobic residues. Our results uncovered a fail-safe mechanism for the surveillance of unwanted translation from diverse noncoding regions and suggest a possible biochemical route for the preferential membrane localization of newly evolved proteins.

HighlightsO_LITranslation in diverse noncoding regions is mitigated by proteasomal degradation
C_LIO_LIC-terminal hydrophobicity is a hallmark of noncoding sequence derived polypeptides
C_LIO_LIA genome-wide CRISPR screen identified the BAG6 membrane protein triage pathway
C_LIO_LIRibosome-associated BAG6 complex targets C-terminal hydrophobicity for degradation
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kesner, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aparicio, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.20.500724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A unified model for the surveillance of translation in diverse noncoding sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500875v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptive decision making depends on pupil-linked arousal in rats performing tactile discrimination tasks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500875v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Perceptual decision making is a dynamic cognitive process and is shaped by many factors, including behavioral state, reward contingency, and sensory environment. To understand the extent to which adaptive behavior in decision making is dependent upon pupil-linked arousal, we trained head-fixed rats to perform perceptual decision making tasks and systematically manipulated the probability of Go and No-go stimuli while simultaneously measuring their pupil size in the tasks. Our data demonstrated that the animals adaptively modified their behavior in response to the changes in the sensory environment. The response probability to both Go and No-go stimuli decreased as the probability of the Go stimulus being presented decreased. Analyses within the signal detection theory framework showed that while the animals perceptual sensitivity was invariant, their decision criterion increased as the probability of the Go stimulus decreased. Simulation results indicated that the adaptive increase in the decision criterion will increase possible water rewards during the task. Moreover, the adaptive decision making is dependent upon pupil-linked arousal as the increase in the decision criterion was the largest during low pupil-linked arousal periods. Taken together, our results demonstrated that the rats were able to adjust their decision making to maximize rewards in the tasks, and that adaptive behavior in perceptual decision making is dependent upon pupil-linked arousal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Narasimhan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schriver, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.20.500875</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptive decision making depends on pupil-linked arousal in rats performing tactile discrimination tasks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.22.501017v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unbiased Classification of the Human Brain Proteome Resolves Distinct Clinical and Pathophysiological Subtypes of Cognitive Impairment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.22.501017v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hallmark amyloid-{beta} and tau deposition of Alzheimers disease (AD) represents only a fraction of its diverse pathophysiology. Molecular subtyping using large-scale -omic strategies can help resolve this biological heterogeneity. Using quantitative mass spectrometry, we measured ~8,000 proteins across >600 dorsolateral prefrontal cortex tissues from Religious Orders Study and Rush Memory and Aging Project participants with clinical diagnoses of no cognitive impairment, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and AD dementia. Unbiased classification of MCI and AD cases based on individual proteomic profiles resolved three classes with expression differences across numerous cell types and biological ontologies. Two classes displayed molecular signatures atypical of those previously observed in AD neurodegeneration, such as elevated synaptic and decreased inflammatory markers. In one class, these atypical proteomic features were associated with clinical and pathological hallmarks of cognitive resilience. These results promise to better define disease heterogeneity within AD and meaningfully impact its diagnostic and therapeutic precision.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Higginbotham, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dammer, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haque, R. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lah, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levey, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seyfried, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.22.501017</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unbiased Classification of the Human Brain Proteome Resolves Distinct Clinical and Pathophysiological Subtypes of Cognitive Impairment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.22.501141v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 omicron variants succumb in vitro to Artemisia annua hot water extracts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.22.501141v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) global pandemic continuous to infect and kill millions while rapidly evolving new variants that are more transmissible and evading vaccine-elicited antibodies. Artemisia annua L. extracts have shown potency against all previously tested variants. Here we further queried extract efficacy against omicron and its recent subvariants. Using Vero E6 cells, we measured the in vitro efficacy (IC50) of stored (frozen) dried-leaf hot-water A. annua L. extracts of four cultivars (A3, BUR, MED, and SAM) against SARS-CoV-2 variants: original WA1 (WT), BA.1.1.529+R346K (omicron), BA.2, BA.2.12.1, and BA.4. IC50 values normalized to the extract artemisinin (ART) content ranged from 0.5-16.5 {micro}M ART. When normalized to dry mass of the extracted A. annua leaves, values ranged from 20-106 {micro}g. Although IC50 values for these new variants are slightly higher than those reported for previously tested variants, they were within limits of assay variation. There was no measurable loss of cell viability at leaf dry weights [&le;]50 {micro}g of any cultivar extract. Results continue to indicate that oral consumption of A. annua hot-water extracts (tea infusions) could potentially provide a cost-effective approach to help stave off this pandemic virus and its rapidly evolving variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nair, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weathers, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.22.501141</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 omicron variants succumb in vitro to Artemisia annua hot water extracts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.26.498234v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenome-wide meta-analysis of BMI in nine population-based cohorts: examining the utility of methylation as a biomarker of BMI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.26.498234v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This study sought to examine the association between DNA methylation and body mass index (BMI) and the potential utility of these cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) sites in predicting metabolic health. We pooled summary statistics from six trans-ethnic EWAS of BMI representing nine cohorts (n=17058), replicated these findings in the Womens Health Initiative (WHI, n=4822) and developed an epigenetic prediction score of BMI. In the pooled EWAS, 1265 CpG sites were associated with BMI (p<1E-7), and 1238 replicated in the WHI (FDR < 0.05). We performed several stratified analyses to examine whether these associations differed between individuals of European descent and individuals of African descent. We found five CpG sites had a significant interaction with BMI by race/ethnicity. To examine the utility of the significant CpG sites in predicting BMI, we used elastic net regression to predict log normalized BMI in the WHI (80% training/20% testing). This model found 397 sites could explain 32% of the variance in BMI in the WHI test set. Individuals whose methylome-predicted BMI overestimated their BMI (high epigenetic BMI) had significantly higher glucose and triglycerides, and lower HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol compared to accurately predicted BMI. Individuals whose methylome-predicted BMI underestimated their BMI (low epigenetic BMI) had significantly higher HDL-cholesterol and lower glucose and triglycerides. This study identified 553 previously identified and 685 novel CpG sites associated with BMI. Participants with high epigenetic BMI had poorer metabolic health suggesting that the overestimation may be driven in part by cardiometabolic derangements characteristic of metabolic syndrome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Do, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meeks, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugue, P.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demerath, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milne, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adeyemo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agyemang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nassir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manson, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadyab, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assimes, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordahl, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baccarelli, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staimez, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitsel, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayan, K. M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conneely, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.26.498234</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenome-wide meta-analysis of BMI in nine population-based cohorts: examining the utility of methylation as a biomarker of BMI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.26.501512v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rhesus Infant Nervous Temperament Predicts Peri-Adolescent Central Amygdala Metabolism & Behavioral Inhibition Measured by a Machine-Learning Approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.26.501512v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anxiety disorders affect millions of people worldwide and impair health, happiness, and productivity on a massive scale. Developmental research points to a connection between early-life behavioral inhibition and the eventual development of these disorders. Our group has previously shown that measures of behavioral inhibition in young rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) predict anxiety-like behavior later in life. In recent years, clinical and basic researchers have implicated the central extended amygdala (EAc)--a neuroanatomical concept that includes the central nucleus of the amygdala (Ce) and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST)--as a key neural substrate for the expression of anxious and inhibited behavior. An improved understanding of how early-life behavioral inhibition relates to an increased lifetime risk of anxiety disorders--and how this relationship is mediated by alterations in the EAc--could lead to improved treatments and preventive strategies. In this study, we explored the relationships between infant behavioral inhibition and peri-adolescent defensive behavior and brain metabolism in 18 female rhesus monkeys. We coupled a mildly threatening behavioral assay with concurrent multimodal neuroimaging, and related those findings to various measures of infant temperament. To score the behavioral assay, we developed and validated UC-Freeze, a semi-automated machine-learning (ML) tool that uses unsupervised clustering to quantify freezing. Consistent with previous work, we found that heightened Ce metabolism predicted elevated defensive behavior (i.e., more freezing) in the presence of an unfamiliar human intruder. Although we found no link between infant inhibited temperament and peri-adolescent EAc metabolism or defensive behavior, we did identify infant nervous temperament as a significant predictor of peri-adolescent defensive behavior. Our findings suggest a connection between infant nervous temperament and the eventual development of anxiety and depressive disorders. Moreover, our approach highlights the potential for ML tools to augment existing behavioral neuroscience methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holley, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campos, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capitanio, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.26.501512</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rhesus Infant Nervous Temperament Predicts Peri-Adolescent Central Amygdala Metabolism & Behavioral Inhibition Measured by a Machine-Learning Approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.26.501541v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tenotomy-induced muscle atrophy is sex-specific and independent of NFκB 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.26.501541v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nuclear factor-{kappa}B (NF{kappa}B) pathway is a major thoroughfare for skeletal muscle atrophy and is driven by diverse stimuli. Targeted inhibition of NF{kappa}B through its canonical mediator IKK{beta} effectively mitigates loss of muscle mass across many conditions, from denervation to unloading to cancer. In this study, we used gain- and loss-of-function mouse models to examine the role of NF{kappa}B in muscle atrophy following rotator cuff tenotomy - a model of chronic rotator cuff tear. IKK{beta} was knocked down or constitutively activated in muscle-specific inducible transgenic mice to elicit a 2-fold gain or loss of NF{kappa}B signaling. Surprisingly, neither knockdown of IKK{beta} nor overexpression of caIKK{beta} significantly altered the loss of muscle mass following tenotomy. This finding was consistent across measures of architectural adaptation (fiber cross-sectional area, fiber length, fiber number), tissue pathology (fibrosis and fatty infiltration) and intracellular signaling (ubiquitin-proteasome, autophagy). Intriguingly, late-stage tenotomy-induced atrophy was exacerbated in male mice compared to female mice. This sex specificity was driven by ongoing decreases in fiber cross-sectional area, which paralleled the accumulation of large autophagic vesicles in male, but not female muscle. These findings suggest that tenotomy-induced atrophy is not dependent on NF{kappa}B and instead may be regulated by autophagy in a sex-specific manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meyer, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomopoulos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abu-Amer, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.26.501541</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tenotomy-induced muscle atrophy is sex-specific and independent of NFκB]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.27.501690v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Germ-cell specific eIF4E1B regulates maternal RNA translation to ensure zygotic genome activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.27.501690v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Translation of maternal mRNAs is detected before transcription of zygotic genes and is essential for mammalian embryo development. How certain maternal mRNAs are selected for translation instead of degradation and how this burst of translation affects zygotic genome activation remains unknown. Using gene-edited mice, we document that the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E family member 1B (eIF4E1B) is the regulator of maternal mRNA translation that ensures subsequent reprogramming of the zygotic genome. In oocytes, the germ-cell specific eIF4E1B binds to mRNAs encoding chromatin remodeling complexes as well as reprogramming factors to protect them from degradation and promote their translation in zygotes. These protein products establish an open chromatin landscape in one-cell zygotes and enable transcription. Our results define a program for rapid resetting of the zygotic epigenome that is regulated by maternal mRNA translation and provides new insight into the mammalian maternal-to-zygotic transition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dean, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.27.501690</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Germ-cell specific eIF4E1B regulates maternal RNA translation to ensure zygotic genome activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.27.501692v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perinatal correlated retinal activity is required for the wiring of visual axons in non-image forming nuclei 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.27.501692v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The development of the visual system is an intricate and multi-step process involving the precise connection of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axon terminals with their corresponding neurons in the visual nuclei of the brain. Upon reaching primary image-forming nuclei (IFN), such as the superior colliculus and the lateral geniculate nucleus, RGC axons undergo extensive arborization that refines over the first few postnatal weeks. The molecular mechanisms driving this activity-dependent remodeling process, which is influenced by spontaneous activity in the developing retina, are still not well understood. In this study, by manipulating the activity of RGCs in mice and analyzing their transcriptomic profiles before eye opening, we have identified gene programs involved in activity-dependent refinement. Furthermore, while RGC axons also target non-image forming nuclei (NIFN), the impact of spontaneous retinal activity on the development of these accessory nuclei, has not yet been elucidated. The analysis of visual terminals from mice with altered retinal activity revealed that spontaneous retinal waves occurring prior to visual experience also play a role in shaping the connectivity of the non-image forming circuit. Overall, these findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms governing activity-dependent axon refinement during the establishment of the visual circuit.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herrera, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Negueruela, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morenilla-Palao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrera, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coca, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florez-Paz, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Cascales, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.27.501692</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perinatal correlated retinal activity is required for the wiring of visual axons in non-image forming nuclei]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.29.501997v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proton and alpha radiation-induced mutational profiles in human cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.29.501997v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ionizing radiation (IR) is known to be DNA damaging and mutagenic, however less is known about which mutational footprints result from exposures of human cells to different types of IR. We were interested in the mutagenic effects of particle radiation exposures on genomes of various human cell types, in order to gauge the genotoxic risks of galactic cosmic radiation, and of certain types of tumor radiotherapy. To this end, we exposed cultured cell lines from the human blood, breast and lung to intermittent proton and alpha particle (helium nuclei) beams at doses sufficient to considerably affect cell viability. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that mutation rates were not overall markedly increased upon proton and alpha exposures. However, there were changes in mutation spectra and distributions, such as the increases in clustered mutations and of certain types of indels and structural variants. The spectrum of mutagenic effects of particle beams may be cell-type and/or genetic background specific. Overall, the mutational effects of recurrent exposures to proton and alpha radiation on human cells in culture appear subtle, however further work is warranted to understand effects of long-term exposures on various human tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Delhomme, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buonanno, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grilj, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biayna, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Supek, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.29.501997</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proton and alpha radiation-induced mutational profiles in human cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.31.502235v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antigenic characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariant BA.2.75 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.31.502235v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariant BA.2.75 emerged recently and appears to be spreading rapidly. It has nine mutations in its spike compared to BA.2, raising concerns it may further evade vaccine-elicited and therapeutic antibodies. Here, we found BA.2.75 to be moderately more neutralization resistant to sera from vaccinated/boosted individuals than BA.2 (1.8-fold), similar to BA.2.12.1 (1.1-fold), but more neutralization sensitive than BA.4/5 (0.6-fold). Relative to BA.2, BA.2.75 showed heightened resistance to class 1 and class 3 monoclonal antibodies to the receptor-binding domain, while gaining sensitivity to class 2 antibodies. The resistance was largely conferred by the G446S and R460K mutations. Of note, BA.2.75 was slightly resistant (3.7-fold) to bebtelovimab, the only therapeutic antibody with potent activity against all Omicron subvariants. BA.2.75 also exhibited higher receptor binding affinity than other Omicron subvariants. BA.2.75 provides yet another example of the ongoing evolution of SARS-CoV-2 as it gains transmissibility while incrementally evading antibody neutralization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iketani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.31.502235</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antigenic characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariant BA.2.75]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.01.502301v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Free energy perturbation calculations of mutation effects on SARS-CoV-2 RBD::ACE2 binding affinity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.01.502301v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The strength of binding between human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and the receptor binding domain (RBD) of viral spike protein plays a role in the transmissibility of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. In this study we focus on a subset of RBD mutations that have been frequently observed in infected individuals and probe binding affinity changes to ACE2 using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) measurements and free energy perturbation (FEP) calculations. Our SPR results are largely in accord with previous studies but discrepancies do arise due to differences in experimental methods and to protocol differences even when a single method is used. Overall, we find that FEP performance is superior to that of other computational approaches examined as determined by agreement with experiment and, in particular, by its ability to identify stabilizing mutations. Moreover, the calculations successfully predict the observed cooperative stabilization of binding by the Q498R N501Y double mutant present in Omicron variants and offer a physical explanation for the underlying mechanism. Overall, our results suggest that despite the significant computational cost, FEP calculations may offer an effective strategy to understand the effects of interfacial mutations on protein-protein binding affinities and in practical applications such as the optimization of neutralizing antibodies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sergeeva, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katsamba, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sampson, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahna, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mannepalli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morano, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friesner, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honig, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.01.502301</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Free energy perturbation calculations of mutation effects on SARS-CoV-2 RBD::ACE2 binding affinity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.01.502334v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-throughput profiling of sequence recognition by tyrosine kinases and SH2 domains using bacterial peptide display 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.01.502334v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tyrosine kinases and SH2 (phosphotyrosine recognition) domains have binding specificities that depend on the amino acid sequence surrounding the target (phospho)tyrosine residue. Although the preferred recognition motifs of many kinases and SH2 domains are known, we lack a quantitative description of sequence specificity that could guide predictions about signaling pathways or be used to design sequences for biomedical applications. Here, we present a platform that combines genetically-encoded peptide libraries and deep sequencing to profile sequence recognition by tyrosine kinases and SH2 domains. We screened several tyrosine kinases against a million-peptide random library and used the resulting profiles to design high-activity sequences. We also screened several kinases against a library containing thousands of human proteome-derived peptides and their naturally-occurring variants. These screens recapitulated independently measured phosphorylation rates and revealed hundreds of phosphosite-proximal mutations that impact phosphosite recognition by tyrosine kinases. We extended this platform to the analysis of SH2 domains and showed that screens could predict relative binding affinities. Finally, we expanded our method to assess the impact of non-canonical and post-translationally modified amino acids on sequence recognition. This specificity profiling platform will shed new light on phosphotyrosine signaling and could readily be adapted to other protein modification/recognition domains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voleti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagoski, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.01.502334</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-throughput profiling of sequence recognition by tyrosine kinases and SH2 domains using bacterial peptide display]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.01.502349v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Profile of the somatic mutational landscape in breast tumors from Hispanic/Latina women 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.01.502349v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Breast cancer causes the most cancer deaths among Hispanic/Latinas (H/L). However, limited tumor-sequencing data from H/L are available to guide treatment. To address this gap, we performed whole-exome sequencing of DNA from 140 HL germline and 146 matched breast tumors and RNA-seq for the tumors. We generated somatic-mutation profiles, identified copy-number alterations (CNAs), and compared results to non-Hispanic White (White) women in The Cancer Genome Atlas. Similar to Whites, PIK3CA and TP53 were the most commonly mutated genes in breast tumors from H/L. We found 4 common COSMIC mutation signatures (1, 2, 3, 13) and signature 16 not previously reported in other breast-cancer datasets. We observed recurrent amplifications in breast-cancer drivers including MYC, FGFR1, CCND1, and ERBB2, and a recurrent amplification on 17q11.2 associated with high KIAA0100 gene expression, implicated in breast-cancer aggressiveness. Expanded research is required to determine how these characteristics of H/L tumors impact treatment response and survival.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ding, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmolze, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huntsman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steele, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patrick, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fejerman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardner, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Napoles, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Stable, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitzel, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bengtsson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, F. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neuhausen, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziv, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.01.502349</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Profile of the somatic mutational landscape in breast tumors from Hispanic/Latina women]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.01.502386v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of fire regime on birds community in an Amazonian savanna 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.01.502386v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Savanna ecosystems are maintained by fires with a fire-adapted biota, and savannas occur in Amazonia in patches surrounded by tropical forest. Different fire regimes can generate structurally diverse vegetation, and the composition of savanna bird assemblages is known to be closely related to vegetation structure. However, long-term approaches and interaction of fire with other environmental factors need to be explored for the better understanding of the effects of fire on birds. In an Amazonian landscape composed by savanna and forest, we investigated the effects of different fire regimes in a 12-ha area in three periods through 23 years. We also examined the effects of frequency and extent of fires, tree cover, and distance to forest on bird composition in twelve 3.7- ha savanna plots. Birds were surveyed with mist-nets and species were classified as to their habitat use by comparison of registers in forest and savanna plots through visual/acoustical surveys. After 13 years without fire, many forest species colonized the area and some savanna species were lost. Fire regime affected avifauna assemblages. The avifauna was sensitive to the occurrence of fires. After one fire event in a plot that had not burned for 12 years, some savanna species returned. These results highlight the effects of the fire regime on birds and indicate that many savanna bird species depend on the occurrence of regular fires.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coelho, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritter, C. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lima, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cintra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnusson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanaiotti, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.01.502386</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of fire regime on birds community in an Amazonian savanna]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.02.502550v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A high-speed, modular display system for diverse neuroscience applications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.02.502550v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visual stimulation of animals in the laboratory is a powerful technique for studying sensory control of complex behaviors. Since commercial displays are optimized for human vision, we established a novel display system based on custom-built modular LED panels that provides millisecond refresh, precise synchronization, customizable color combinations, and varied display configurations. This system simplifies challenging experiments. With variants of this display, we probed the speed limits of motion vision and examined the role of color vision in behavioral experiments with tethered flying Drosophila. Using 2-photon calcium imaging, we comprehensively mapped the tuning of visual projection neurons across the flys field of view. Finally, using real-time behavior analysis, we developed low-latency interactive virtual environments and found that flying flies can independently control their navigation along two dimensions. This display system uniquely addresses most technical challenges of small animal vision experiments and is thoroughly documented for replicability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Isaacson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loesche, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganguly, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.02.502550</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A high-speed, modular display system for diverse neuroscience applications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.03.502677v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FAK-SFK Signaling Integrates ECM Rigidity Sensing and Engagement of ERBB2 to Activate YAP and Promote Invasive Growth and Metastasis in Breast Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.03.502677v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We have examined the mechanism through which fibrotic extracellular matrices promote tumor progression and metastasis in HER2+ breast cancer. We found that integrin-mediated mechano-transduction and engagement of ERBB2/ERBB3 cooperate to induce activation of YAP and invasive growth in stiff 3D Matrigel-Collagen I. Mechanistic studies revealed that joint activation of SRC Family Kinases (SFKs) by FAK and ERBB2/3 results in tyrosine phosphorylation and inactivation of LATS1/2 and MOB1. The ensuing activation of YAP enables HER2+ breast cancer cells to proliferate and invade in 3D Matrigel-Collagen I. In addition, tyrosine phosphorylation of LATS1/2 and MOB1 and activation of YAP are required for v-SRC-mediated transformation of fibroblasts. Finally, preclinical studies indicated that FAK-SRC signaling is required for primary tumor growth and lung metastasis in the MMTV-Neu mouse model of HER2+ breast cancer. Congruently, administration of dasatinib significantly increased the capacity of lapatinib to inhibit primary tumor growth and lung colonization in MMTV-Neu mice. These findings indicate that integrin-mediated mechano-transduction functions as a rheostat to regulate ERBB2 signaling to YAP and suggest that co-targeting ERBB2 and SFKs may exhibit therapeutic efficacy in HER2+ breast cancer.

Significance statementStromal stiffness, which ensues from increased deposition and crosslinking of linear collagens, promotes oncogenesis and tumor progression in the breast. Moreover, tumor fibrosis is increased in the more aggressive subtypes of breast cancer, such as Triple Negative (TN) and HER2+ breast cancer. However, the mechanisms through which extracellular matrix stiffness regulates intracellular signaling are poorly understood. In this study, we show that the Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK)-SRC Family Kinase (SFK) complex integrates the sensing of matrix rigidity by integrins and the activation of ERBB2/3 to promote activation of YAP and that YAP is required for breast cancer growth and invasion. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that SFKs can phosphorylate and inhibit LATS1 and MOB1, leading to activation of YAP. Simultaneous inhibition of ERBB2/3 with lapatinib and SFKs with dasatinib profoundly inhibits primary tumor growth and metastasis in a mouse model of HER2+ breast cancer. These findings suggest that the therapeutic efficacy of combinatorial blockade of ERBB2 and integrin-mediated mechano-transduction should be tested in biomarker-driven clinical trials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.03.502677</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FAK-SFK Signaling Integrates ECM Rigidity Sensing and Engagement of ERBB2 to Activate YAP and Promote Invasive Growth and Metastasis in Breast Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.04.502834v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oncogenic IDH mutations increase heterochromatin-related replication stress without impacting tumor mutation burden 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.04.502834v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oncogenic mutations in the metabolic enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1/2) have been found in a number of liquid and solid tumors. Their pathogenic mechanism of action involves production of 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG), an oncometabolite that acts in part by inhibiting members of a family of dioxygenases that modulate chromatin dynamics. Recent work has suggested that mutant IDH (mIDH) and 2HG also impact sensitivity to inhibitors of poly-ADP ribose polymerases (PARP) but the molecular basis for this sensitivity is unclear. Unlike PARP inhibitor-sensitive BRCA1/2 tumors which exhibit impaired homologous recombination, IDH-mutant tumors have a silent mutational profile and lack mutational signatures associated with impaired homologous recombination. Instead, 2HG-producing IDH mutations lead to heterochromatin-dependent slowing of DNA replication and increased replication stress, resulting in DNA double strand breaks. This replicative stress manifests as replication fork slowing but the breaks are repaired without a significant increase in the cellular mutation burden. Faithful resolution of replicative stress in IDH-mutant cells is dependent on poly-ADP ribosylation. Treatment with PARP inhibitors restores replication fork speed but results in incomplete repair of DNA breaks. These findings provide evidence of a requirement for PARP in the replication of heterochromatin and further validate PARP as a potential therapeutic target in IDH-mutant tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schvartzman, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forsyth, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walch, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatila, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santella, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menghrajani, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Vega, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koche, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.04.502834</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oncogenic IDH mutations increase heterochromatin-related replication stress without impacting tumor mutation burden]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.04.502839v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pollinator and host sharing lead to hybridization and introgression in Panamanian free-standing figs, but not in their pollinator wasps 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.04.502839v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obligate pollination mutualisms, in which plant and pollinator lineages depend on each other for reproduction, often exhibit high levels of species-specificity. However, cases in which two or more pollinator species share a single host species (host sharing), or two or more host species share a single pollinator species (pollinator sharing), are known to occur in current ecological time. Further, evidence for host switching in evolutionary time is increasingly being recognized in these systems. The degree to which departures from strict specificity differentially affect the potential for hybridization and introgression in the associated host or pollinator is unclear. We addressed this question using genome-wide sequence data from five sympatric Panamanian free-standing fig species (Ficus subgenus Pharmacosycea, section Pharmacosycea) and their six associated fig pollinator wasp species (Tetrapus). Two of the five fig species, F. glabrata and F. maxima, were found to regularly share pollinators. In these species, ongoing hybridization was demonstrated by the detection of several first-generation (F1) hybrid individuals and historical introgression was indicated by phylogenetic network analysis. In contrast, although two of the pollinator species regularly share hosts, all six species were genetically distinct and deeply divergent, with no evidence for either hybridization or introgression. This pattern is consistent with results from other obligate pollination mutualisms, suggesting that, in contrast to their host plants, pollinators appear to be reproductively isolated, even when different species of pollinators mate in shared hosts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Satler, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herre, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heath, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machado, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuniga, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jander, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eaton, D. A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nason, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.04.502839</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pollinator and host sharing lead to hybridization and introgression in Panamanian free-standing figs, but not in their pollinator wasps]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.07.499047v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple pathways for SARS-CoV-2 resistance to nirmatrelvir 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.07.499047v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nirmatrelvir, an oral antiviral targeting the 3CL protease of SARS-CoV-2, has been demonstrated to be clinically useful in reducing hospitalization or death due to COVID-191,2. However, as SARS-CoV-2 has evolved to become resistant to other therapeutic modalities3-9, there is a concern that the same could occur for nirmatrelvir. Here, we have examined this possibility by in vitro passaging of SARS-CoV-2 in increasing concentrations of nirmatrelvir using two independent approaches, including one on a large scale in 480 wells. Indeed, highly resistant viruses emerged from both, and their sequences revealed a multitude of 3CL protease mutations. In the experiment done at a larger scale with many replicates, 53 independent viral lineages were selected with mutations observed at 23 different residues of the enzyme. Yet, several common mutational pathways to nirmatrelvir resistance were preferred, with a majority of the viruses descending from T21I, P252L, or T304I as precursor mutations. Construction and analysis of 13 recombinant SARS-CoV-2 clones, each containing a unique mutation or a combination of mutations showed that the above precursor mutations only mediated low-level resistance, whereas greater resistance required accumulation of additional mutations. E166V mutation conferred the strongest resistance (~100-fold), but this mutation resulted in a loss of viral replicative fitness that was restored by compensatory changes such as L50F and T21I. Structural explanations are discussed for some of the mutations that are proximal to the drug-binding site, as well as cross-resistance or lack thereof to ensitrelvir, another clinically important 3CL protease inhibitor. Our findings indicate that SARS-CoV-2 resistance to nirmatrelvir does readily arise via multiple pathways in vitro, and the specific mutations observed herein form a strong foundation from which to study the mechanism of resistance in detail and to inform the design of next generation protease inhibitors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iketani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohri, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Culbertson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luck, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Annavajhala, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uhlemann, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.07.499047</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple pathways for SARS-CoV-2 resistance to nirmatrelvir]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.07.503107v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Centuries of genome instability and evolution in soft-shell clam transmissible cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.07.503107v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transmissible cancers are infectious parasitic clones of malignant cells that metastasize to new hosts, living past the death of the founder animal in which the cancer initiated. Several lineages of transmissible cancer have recently been identified in bivalves, including one that has spread through the soft-shell clam (Mya arenaria) population along the east coast of North America. To investigate the evolutionary history of this transmissible cancer lineage, we assembled a highly contiguous 1.2 Gb soft-shell clam reference genome and characterized somatic mutations from cancer sequences. We show that all cancer cases observed descend from a single founder and cluster into two geographically distinct sub-lineages. We discover a previously unreported clock-like mutational signature that predicts the cancer lineage to be 344 to 877 years old, indicating that it spread undetected long before it was first observed in the 1970s. We observe high mutation density, widespread copy number gain, structural rearrangement, loss of heterozygosity, variable telomere lengths, mitochondrial genome expansion, and transposable element activity, all indicative of an unstable cancer genome. Our study reveals the ability for an invertebrate cancer lineage to survive for centuries while its genome continues to structurally mutate, likely contributing to the ability of this lineage to adapt as a parasitic cancer.

SUMMARYThe genome of a contagious cancer in clams reveals structural instability of multiple types throughout the [~]500 years since its origin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hart, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yonemitsu, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giersch, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beal, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arriagada, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostrander, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metzger, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.07.503107</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Centuries of genome instability and evolution in soft-shell clam transmissible cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.08.503168v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The effects of ethnoracial-related stressors during pregnancy on the developing offspring brain. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.08.503168v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We are increasingly aware of the effects of ethnoracial stress on health, with emerging interest in the potential for intergenerational transmission before birth. Here, we investigate the effect of maternal prenatal discrimination and acculturation experiences on fetal growth, birth outcomes, and functional connectivity in the infant brain. In pregnant adolescent women, we collected self-report measures of acculturation (tailored to an adolescent and Latinx population), discrimination, and maternal distress (i.e., stress and depressive symptoms; n=165). Fetal growth were obtained via electronic health records (n=92), and infant amygdala seed connectivity was assessed using functional magnetic resonance imaging (n=38). We found that greater maternal prenatal assimilation to the host culture was associated with slower fetal growth, lower gestational age at birth, and weaker amygdala-fusiform connectivity. Maternal prenatal discrimination was associated with weaker amygdala-prefrontal connectivity. Together, these results suggest intergenerational effects of ethnoracial stressors on the growth and neural development of future generations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spann, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alleyne, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holland, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davids, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierre-Louis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oyeneye, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiflom, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shea, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monk, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheinost, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.08.503168</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The effects of ethnoracial-related stressors during pregnancy on the developing offspring brain.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.09.503400v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational pipeline provides mechanistic understanding of Omicron variant of concern neutralizing engineered ACE2 receptor traps 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.09.503400v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant, with 15 mutations in Spike receptor binding domain (Spike-RBD), renders virtually all clinical monoclonal antibodies against WT SARS-CoV-2 ineffective. We recently engineered the SARS-CoV-2 host entry receptor, ACE2, to tightly bind WT-Spike-RBD and prevent viral entry into host cells ("receptor traps"). Here we determine cryo-EM structures of our receptor traps in complex with full length Spike. We develop a multi-model pipeline combining Rosetta protein modeling software and cryo-EM to allow interface energy calculations even at limited resolution and identify interface side chains that allow for high affinity interactions between our ACE2 receptor traps and Spike-RBD. Our structural analysis provides a mechanistic rationale for the high affinity (0.53 - 4.2nM) binding of our ACE2 receptor traps to Omicron-RBD confirmed with biolayer interferometry measurements. Finally, we show that ACE2 receptor traps potently neutralize Omicron- and Delta-pseudotyped viruses, providing alternative therapeutic routes to combat this evolving virus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Remesh, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merz, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Britol, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chio, U. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizo, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pospiech, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lui, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurie, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glasgow, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, C. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diwanji, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pawar, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pourmal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRisi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kortemme, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glasgow, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verba, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.09.503400</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational pipeline provides mechanistic understanding of Omicron variant of concern neutralizing engineered ACE2 receptor traps]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.11.503594v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Relating pathogenic loss-of function mutations in humans to their evolutionary fitness costs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.11.503594v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Causal loss-of-function (LOF) variants for Mendelian and severe complex diseases are enriched in "mutation intolerant" genes. We show how such observations can be interpreted in light of a model of mutation-selection balance, and use the model to relate the pathogenic consequences of LOF mutations at present-day to their evolutionary fitness effects. To this end, we first infer posterior distributions for the fitness costs of LOF mutations in 17,322 autosomal and 679 X-linked genes from exome sequences in 56,855 individuals. Estimated fitness costs for the loss of a gene copy are typically above 1%; they tend to be largest for X-linked genes, whether or not they have a Y homolog, followed by autosomal genes and genes in the pseudoautosomal region. We then compare inferred fitness effects for all possible de novo LOF mutations to those of de novo mutations identified in individuals diagnosed with one of six severe, complex diseases or developmental disorders. Probands carry an excess of mutations with estimated fitness effects above 10%; as we show by simulation, such highly deleterious mutations are typically only a couple of generations old when sampled in the population. Moreover, the proportion of highly deleterious mutations carried by probands reflects the typical age of onset of the disease. The study design also has a discernible influence: a greater proportion of highly deleterious mutations is detected in pedigree than case-control studies, and for autism, in simplex than multiplex families and in female versus male probands. Thus, anchoring observations in human genetics to a population genetic model allows us to learn about the fitness effects of mutations identified by different mapping strategies and for different traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuller, Z. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przeworski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.11.503594</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Relating pathogenic loss-of function mutations in humans to their evolutionary fitness costs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.12.503713v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
D-cycloserine, a mixed NMDAR agonist/antagonist is Not Susceptible to Self-administration, unlike S-ketamine Using an Intravenous Self-administration Model in Naive and Ketamine-habituated Sprague-Dawley Rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.12.503713v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
OBJECTIVEN-methyl D-aspartate Receptor (NMDAR) antagonist antidepressants have known potential for abuse liability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the abuse liability of D-cycloserine (DCS), using a self-administration paradigm in which DCS was tested in its efficacy in substituting for ketamine in ketamine-dependent rats.

METHODSA standard Intravenous self-administration study was conducted in Male adult Sprague-Dawley rats. model to study compounds abuse liability. Potential for self-administration was assessed in ketamine-habituated subjects. Subjects were trained to press a lever to obtain food, prior to connection of the lever to intravenous drug administration apparatus. DCS was provided for self-infusion by test subjects at doses of 1.5, 5.0, and 15mg/kg per lever press.

RESULTSS-Ketamine was seen to substitute for ketamine and to result in self-administration at the same frequency. DCS was not seen to result in any self-administration at any of the test doses. The self-infusion behavior of DCS was the same as that of saline.

CONCLUSIONC-cycloserine, an a mixed agonist/antagonist of the NMDAR glycine site, which has been shown to have antidepressant and anti-suicidal properties in clinical studies has no apparent potential for abuse liability in a standard rodent self-administration model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Javitt, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javitt, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.12.503713</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[D-cycloserine, a mixed NMDAR agonist/antagonist is Not Susceptible to Self-administration, unlike S-ketamine Using an Intravenous Self-administration Model in Naive and Ketamine-habituated Sprague-Dawley Rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.14.503914v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Destabilized 3UTR ARE therapeutically degrades ERBB2 in drug-resistant ERBB2+ cancer models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.14.503914v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Breast, lung, and colorectal cancer resistance to molecular targeted therapy is a major challenge and unfavorably impacts clinical outcomes, leading to hundreds of thousands of deaths yearly. In ERBB2+ cancers regardless of the tissue of origin, ERBB2 is the driver oncogene of resistance. We discovered that the ERBB2+ cancers are enriched with poly U sequences on their 3UTR AU rich elements which are mRNA stabilizing sequences. We developed a novel technology, in which we engineered these ERBB2 mRNA stabilizing sequences to unstable forms and specifically controlled and degraded ERBB2 transcript and protein across multiple cancer types both in the wildtype and drug resistance settings in vitro and in vivo, offering a unique novel modality to control ERBB2 and other pervasive oncogenic signals where other therapies fail.

One-Sentence SummaryEngineered destabilized 3UTR ARE of ERBB2 degrades ERBB2 in many cancer types and controlled resistance.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=163 SRC="FIGDIR/small/503914v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (34K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@139d8dborg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@cc1fd3org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@13d9086org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@db69bf_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG A. Depiction represents multiple ERBB2 expressing cancer cells with stable 3UTR ARE and the signaling cascade known to cause chemo resistance. B. Depiction of the engineered destabilized 3UTR ARE of ERBB2 and the destabilization and degradation of the ERBB2 transcript, protein and kinases involved in mediation of drug resistance

C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Awah, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glemaud, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ansary, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ash, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiser, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogunwobi, O. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.14.503914</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Destabilized 3UTR ARE therapeutically degrades ERBB2 in drug-resistant ERBB2+ cancer models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.15.501889v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development and applications of a CRISPR activation system for facile genetic overexpression in Candida albicans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.15.501889v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For the fungal pathogen Candida albicans, genetic overexpression readily occurs via a diversity of genomic alterations, such as aneuploidy and gain-of-function mutations, with important consequences for host adaptation, virulence, and evolution of antifungal drug resistance. Given the important role of overexpression on C. albicans biology, it is critical to develop and harness tools that enable the analysis of genes expressed at high levels in the fungal cell. Here, we describe the development, optimization, and application of a novel, single-plasmid-based CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) platform for targeted genetic overexpression in C. albicans, which employs a guide RNA to target an activator complex to the promoter region of a gene of interest, thus driving transcriptional expression of that gene. Using this system, we demonstrate the ability of CRISPRa to drive high levels of gene expression in C. albicans, and we assess optimal guide RNA targeting for robust and constitutive overexpression. We further demonstrate the specificity of the system via RNA sequencing. We highlight the application of CRISPRa to overexpress genes involved in pathogenesis and drug resistance and contribute towards the identification of novel phenotypes. Together, this tool will facilitate a broad range of applications for the study of C. albicans genetic overexpression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gervais, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Bella, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wensing, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acquaviva, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Best, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uthayakumar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santiago-Tirado, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores-Mireles, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.15.501889</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development and applications of a CRISPR activation system for facile genetic overexpression in Candida albicans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.15.503962v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ERStruct: A Python Package for Inferring the Number of Top Principal Components from Whole Genome Sequencing Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.15.503962v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large-scale multi-ethnic DNA sequencing data is increasingly available owing to decreasing cost of modern sequencing technologies. Inference of the population structure with such sequencing data is fundamentally important. However, the ultra-dimensionality and complicated linkage disequilibrium patterns across the whole genome make it challenging to infer population structure using traditional principal component analysis (PCA) based methods and software. We present the ERStruct Python Package, which enables the inference of population structure using whole-genome sequencing data. By leveraging parallel computing and GPU acceleration, our package achieves significant improvements in the speed of matrix operations for large-scale data. Additionally, our package features adaptive data splitting capabilities to facilitate computation on GPUs with limited memory. Our Python package ERStruct is an efficient and user-friendly tool for estimating the number of top informative PCs that capture population structure from whole genome sequencing data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.15.503962</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ERStruct: A Python Package for Inferring the Number of Top Principal Components from Whole Genome Sequencing Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.15.504040v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Task-dependent optimal representations for cerebellarlearning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.15.504040v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cerebellar granule cell layer has inspired numerous theoretical models of neural representations that support learned behaviors, beginning with the work of Marr and Albus. In these models, granule cells form a sparse, combinatorial encoding of diverse sensorimotor inputs. Such sparse representations are optimal for learning to discriminate random stimuli. However, recent observations of dense, low-dimensional activity across granule cells have called into question the role of sparse coding in these neurons. Here, we generalize theories of cerebellar learning to determine the optimal granule cell representation for tasks beyond random stimulus discrimination, including continuous input-output transformations as required for smooth motor control. We show that for such tasks, the optimal granule cell representation is substantially denser than predicted by classic theories. Our results provide a general theory of learning in cerebellum-like systems and suggest that optimal cerebellar representations are task-dependent.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xie, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muscinelli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litwin-Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.15.504040</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Task-dependent optimal representations for cerebellarlearning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.17.504141v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cancer tissue of origin constrains the growth and metabolism of metastases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.17.504141v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metastases arise from a subset of cancer cells that disseminate from the primary tumor; however, the factors that contribute to proliferation of cancer cells in a secondary site are incompletely understood. The ability of cancer cells to thrive in a new tissue site is influenced by genetic and epigenetic changes that are important for disease initiation and progression, but these factors alone do not predict if and where cancers metastasize. Specific cancer types metastasize to consistent subsets of tissues, suggesting that factors associated with the primary tumor influence the tissue environments where cancers can grow. Using pancreatic cancer as a model, we find that primary and metastatic tumors share many metabolic similarities and that the tumor initiating capacity and proliferation of both primary- and metastasis-derived cells is favored in the primary site relative to the metastatic site. Moreover, propagating lung or liver metastatic cells in vivo to enrich for tumor cells adapted to grow in the lung or the liver does not enhance their relative ability to form large tumors in those sites, change their preference to grow in the primary site, nor stably alter some aspects of their metabolism relative to primary tumors. We also analyzed primary liver and lung cancer cells and find that these cells also exhibit a preference to grow in their primary site relative to metastatic sites. Together, these data suggest that the cancer tissue-of-origin influences the metabolism of both primary and metastatic tumors and may impact whether cancer cells can thrive in a metastatic site.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sivanand, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gultekin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winter, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vermeulen, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danai, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tchourine, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowder, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunchok, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darnell, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morita, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duda, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguirre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolpin, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitkup, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shalek, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vander Heiden, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.17.504141</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cancer tissue of origin constrains the growth and metabolism of metastases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.18.504406v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural sequences in primate prefrontal cortex encode working memory in naturalistic environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.18.504406v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Working memory is the ability to briefly remember and manipulate information after it becomes unavailable to the senses. The mechanisms supporting working memory coding in the primate brain remain controversial. Here we demonstrate that microcircuits in layers 2/3 of the primate lateral prefrontal cortex dynamically represent memory content in a naturalistic task through sequential activation of single neurons. We simultaneously recorded the activity of hundreds of neurons in the lateral prefrontal cortex of macaque monkeys during a naturalistic visuospatial working memory task set in a virtual environment. We found that the sequential activation of single neurons encoded trajectories to target locations held in working memory. Neural sequences were not a mere successive activation of cells with memory fields at specific spatial locations, but an abstract representation of the subjects trajectory to the target. Neural sequences were less correlated to target trajectories during perception and were not found during working memory tasks lacking the spatiotemporal structure of the naturalistic task. Finally, ketamine administration distorted neural sequences, selectively decreasing working memory performance. Our results indicate that neurons in the lateral prefrontal cortex causally encode working memory in naturalistic conditions via complex and temporally precise activation patterns.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roussy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luna, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leavitt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mofrad, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulli, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corrigan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minac, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachs, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palaniyappan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Trujillo, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.18.504406</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural sequences in primate prefrontal cortex encode working memory in naturalistic environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.18.504408v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Muscle-derived Cues are Required to Specify Proprioceptor Pool Identity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.18.504408v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The formation of spinal sensory-motor circuits requires the diversification of proprioceptive sensory neurons (pSNs). During embryonic development, pSNs acquire molecular identities aligned with the limb muscle that they supply, but the extent of pSN "pool" diversity and how it is established are poorly understood. We find that the gene v-set transmembrane domain-2b (vstm2b) is preferentially expressed in pSN pools supplying dorsal limb muscle targets along the proximodistal extent of the limb. Genetic removal of muscle precursor cells from the developing limb greatly reduces the number of pSNs expressing vstm2b, demonstrating a requirement for limb muscle in specifying pSN pool identity. Comparison of dorsal and ventral muscle precursors identifies spatially restricted expression of the genes lumican (lum), decorin (dcn), and BMP binding endothelial regulator (bmper), demonstrating that dorsal and ventral muscle groups possess distinct molecular identities early in embryonic development. Together, these findings show that limb muscle is required for the specification of pSN pool identity and define early molecular correlates of dorsoventral muscle identity that are positioned to drive neuronal diversity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Norovich, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner-Morton, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jessell, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.18.504408</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Muscle-derived Cues are Required to Specify Proprioceptor Pool Identity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.19.504537v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A systems biology-based identification and in vivo functional screening of Alzheimer's disease risk genes reveals modulators of memory function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.19.504537v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have uncovered over 40 genomic loci associated with risk for late-onset Alzheimers Disease (LOAD), but identification of the underlying causal genes remains challenging. While the role of glial biology in the mediation of LOAD genetic risk has been increasingly recognized, recent studies of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons from LOAD patients have demonstrated the existence of neuronal cell-intrinsic functional defects, absent interactions with other brain cell types or exposure to neurotoxic insults. Here, we searched for genetic contributions to neuronal dysfunction in LOAD pathobiology, using an integrative systems approach that incorporated multi-evidence-based gene-mapping and network analysis-based prioritization. We found widespread dysfunction in neuronal gene co-expression networks in the LOAD brain and identified synaptic and endolysosomal function as being specifically impacted by LOAD-associated genetic variation. A systematic perturbation screening of candidate risk genes in C. elegans revealed that neuronal knockdown of the LOAD risk gene orthologs vha-10 (ATP6V1G2), cmd-1 (CALM3), amph-1 (BIN1), ephx-1 (NGEF), and pho-5 (ACP2) significantly alters short/intermediate-term memory function, the cognitive domain affected earliest during LOAD progression. These results highlight the impact of LOAD risk genes on evolutionarily conserved memory function, as mediated through neuronal endosomal dysfunction, and identify new targets for further mechanistic interrogation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hudgins, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arey, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suh, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.19.504537</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A systems biology-based identification and in vivo functional screening of Alzheimer's disease risk genes reveals modulators of memory function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.19.504573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimating Waiting Distances Between Genealogy Changes under a Multi-Species Extension of the Sequentially Markov Coalescent 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.19.504573v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomes are composed of a mosaic of segments inherited from different ancestors, each separated by past recombination events. Consequently, genealogical relationships among multiple genomes vary spatially across different genomic regions. Expectations for the amount of genealogical variation among unlinked (uncorrelated) genomic regions is well described for either a single population (coalescent) or multiple structured populations (multispecies coalescent). However, the expected similarity among genealogies at linked regions of a genome is less well characterized. Recently, an analytical solution was derived for the expected distribution of waiting distances between changes in genealogical trees spatially across a genome for a single population with constant effective population size. Here we describe a generalization of this result, in terms of the expected distribution of waiting distances between changes in genealogical trees and topologies, for multiple structured populations with branch-specific effective population sizes (i.e., under the multispecies coalescent). Our solutions establish an expectation for genetic linkage in multispecies datasets and provide a new likelihood framework for linking demographic models with local ancestry inference across genomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McKenzie, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eaton, D. A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.19.504573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimating Waiting Distances Between Genealogy Changes under a Multi-Species Extension of the Sequentially Markov Coalescent]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.20.504608v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neurogenic induction by Ngfr reduces reactive astrocytic Lcn2/Slc22a17 signalling, amyloid deposition and Tau phosphorylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.20.504608v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurogenesis relates to the brain resilience and is reduced in Alzheimers disease (AD). Restoring healthy levels of neurogenesis could have beneficial effects for coping with neurodegeneration. However, molecular mechanisms that could enhance neurogenesis from astroglial progenitors in AD pathology are largely unknown. We used lentiviruses to express Ngfr in the hippocampus of the APP/PS1dE9 mouse model of AD, histologically analyzed the changes in proliferation of neural stem cells and neurogenesis; performed single-cell transcriptomics, spatial proteomics, and functional knockdown studies. We found that expression of Ngfr, a neurogenic determinant in pathology-induced neuroregeneration in zebrafish, stimulated proliferative and neurogenic outcome in the APP/PS1dE9 AD mouse model. Ngfr suppressed reactive astrocyte marker Lipocalin-2 (Lcn2) in astroglia. Blockage of Lcn2 receptor, Slc22a17, recapitulated the neurogenic effects of NGFR, and long-term Ngfr expression reduced amyloid plaques and Tau phosphorylation. Furthermore, immunostaining on postmortem human hippocampi with AD or primary age-related Tauopathy and 3D human astroglial cultures showed that elevated LCN2 levels correlate with gliosis. By comparing transcriptional changes in mouse hippocampus, zebrafish brain, and human AD brains in terms of cell intrinsic differential gene expression analyses as well as weighted gene co-expression network analysis, we observed common potential downstream effectors of NGFR signaling, C4B and PFKP, that are relevant to AD. Our study links the regulatory role of an autocrine molecular mechanism in astroglia to the neurogenic ability and modulatory effects on amyloid and tau phosphorylation, opening new research avenues and suggesting that neurogenesis-oriented therapeutic approaches could be a potential clinical intervention for AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Siddiqui, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cosacak, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>popova, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattarai, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santa-Maria, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>tosto, g.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kizil, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.20.504608</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neurogenic induction by Ngfr reduces reactive astrocytic Lcn2/Slc22a17 signalling, amyloid deposition and Tau phosphorylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.20.504643v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Imbalanced immune response and dysregulation of neural functions underline fatal opportunistic encephalitis caused by astrovirus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.20.504643v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The incidence of infections of the central nervous system (CNS) in humans is increasing due to emergence and reemergence of pathogens and an increase in the number of immunocompromised patients. Many viruses are opportunists and can invade the CNS if the immune response of the host is impaired. Here we investigate neuropathogenesis of a rare CNS infection in immunocompromised patients caused by astrovirus and show that it shares many features with another opportunistic infection of the CNS caused by human immunodeficiency virus. We show that astrovirus infects CNS neurons with a major impact on the brainstem. In the setting of impaired peripheral adaptive immunity, host responses in the astrovirus infected brain are skewed to the innate immune response with exuberant activation of microglia and macrophages. Astrovirus infection of neurons and responses by phagocytic cells lead to disrupted synaptic integrity, loss of afferent innervation related to infected neurons, and global impairment of both excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission. The response employed in the CNS against opportunistic viruses, such as astrovirus and HIV, may be a common compensatory defense mechanism which inadvertently leads to loss of neural functions due to the hosts exuberant innate immune response to pathogens when adaptive immunity is impaired.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maximova, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weller, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krogmann, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturdevant, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricklefs, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Virtaneva, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martens, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wollenberg, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, I. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauter, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barker, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipkin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seilhean, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nath, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.20.504643</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Imbalanced immune response and dysregulation of neural functions underline fatal opportunistic encephalitis caused by astrovirus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.22.504413v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Individual risk attitudes arise from noise in neurocognitive magnitude representations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.22.504413v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans are generally risk averse: they prefer options with smaller certain outcomes over those with larger uncertain ones. This risk aversion is classically explained with a concave utility function, meaning that successive increases in monetary payoffs should increase subjective valuations by progressively smaller amounts. Here, we provide neural and behavioural evidence that risk aversion may also arise from a purely perceptual bias: The noisy logarithmic coding of numerical magnitudes can lead individuals to underestimate the size of larger monetary payoffs, leading to apparent risk aversion even when subjective valuation increases linearly with the estimated amount. A formal model of this process predicts that risk aversion should systematically increase when individuals represent numerical magnitudes more noisily. We confirmed this prediction by measuring both the mental and neural acuity of magnitude representations during a purely perceptual task and relating these measures to individual risk attitudes during separate financial decisions. Computational model fitting suggested that subjects based both types of choices on similar mental magnitude representations, with correlated precision across the separate perceptual and risky choices. Increased stimulus noise due to the presentation format of risky outcomes led to increased risk aversion, just as predicted by the model. The precision of the underlying neural magnitude representations was estimated with a numerical population receptive field model fitted to the fMRI data of the perceptual task. Subjects with more precise magnitude representations in parietal cortex indeed showed less variable behaviour and less risk-aversion in the separate financial choices. Our results highlight that individual patterns of economic behaviour may, at least partially, be determined by capacity limitations in perceptual processing rather than by processes that assign subjective values to monetary rewards.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barretto Garcia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Hollander, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grueschow, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polania, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodford, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruff, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.22.504413</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Individual risk attitudes arise from noise in neurocognitive magnitude representations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.22.504728v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pupil-linked phasic arousal relates to the reduction of response inhibition: inferences from a simultaneous pupillometry and EEG-fMRI study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.22.504728v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Attention reorienting is a critical cognitive function which drives how we respond to novel and unexpected stimuli. In recent years, arousal has been linked to attention reorienting. The timing and spatial organization of the interactions between the arousal and reorienting systems, however, remain only partially revealed. Here, we investigate the dynamics between the two systems through simultaneous recordings of pupillometry, EEG, and fMRI of healthy human subjects while they performed an auditory target detection task. We used pupil diameter and activity in the noradrenergic locus coeruleus to infer arousal, and found these measures linked to distinct cortical activity at various temporal stages of the reorienting response. Specifically, our results provide the first demonstration in humans of how phasic pupil-linked arousal relates to the reduction of response inhibition, an inference which otherwise would remain hidden without the help of simultaneous multi-modal acquisitions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sajda, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.22.504728</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pupil-linked phasic arousal relates to the reduction of response inhibition: inferences from a simultaneous pupillometry and EEG-fMRI study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.22.504796v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting default mode network connectivity with mindfulness-based fMRI neurofeedback: A pilot study among adolescents with affective disorder history 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.22.504796v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adolescents experience alarmingly high rates of major depressive disorder (MDD), however, gold-standard treatments are only effective for ~50% of youth. Accordingly, there is a critical need to develop novel interventions, particularly ones that target neural mechanisms believed to potentiate depressive symptoms. Directly addressing this gap, we developed a mindfulness-based fMRI neurofeedback (mbNF) for adolescents that targets default mode network (DMN) hyperconnectivity, which has been implicated in the onset and maintenance of MDD. In this proof-of-concept study, adolescents (n = 9) with a lifetime history of depression and/or anxiety were administered clinical interviews and self-report questionnaires, and then, each participants DMN and central executive network (CEN) were personalized using a resting state fMRI localizer. After the localizer scan, adolescents completed a brief mindfulness training followed by a mbNF session in the scanner wherein they were instructed to volitionally reduce DMN relative to CEN activation by practicing mindfulness meditation. Several promising findings emerged. First, mbNF successfully engaged the target brain state during neurofeedback; participants spent more time in the target state with DMN activation lower than CEN activation. Second, in each of the nine adolescents, mbNF led to significantly reduced within-DMN connectivity, which correlated with post-mbNF increases in state mindfulness. Last, a reduction of within-DMN connectivity mediated the association between better mbNF performance and increased state mindfulness. These findings demonstrate that personalized mbNF can effectively and non-invasively modulate the intrinsic networks known to be associated with the emergence and persistence of depressive symptoms during adolescence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raya, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morfini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urban, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagliaccio, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yendiki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auerbach, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, C. C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitfield-Gabrieli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.22.504796</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting default mode network connectivity with mindfulness-based fMRI neurofeedback: A pilot study among adolescents with affective disorder history]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.23.504974v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generation of a mutator parasite to drive resistome discovery in Plasmodium falciparum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.23.504974v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In vitro evolution of drug resistance is a powerful approach for identifying antimalarial targets, however key obstacles to eliciting resistance are the parasite inoculum size and mutation rate. Here we sought to increase parasite genetic diversity to potentiate resistance selections by editing catalytic residues of Plasmodium falciparum DNA polymerase {delta}. Mutation accumulation assays revealed a [~]5-8 fold elevation in the mutation rate, with an increase of 13-28 fold in drug-pressured lines. When challenged with KAE609, high-level resistance was obtained more rapidly and at lower inoculum than wild-type parasites. Selections were also successful with an "irresistible" compound, MMV665794 that failed to yield resistance with other strains. Mutations in a previously uncharacterized gene, PF3D7_1359900, which we term quinoxaline resistance protein (QRP1), were validated as causal for resistance to MMV665794 and an analog, MMV007224. The increased genetic repertoire available to this "mutator" parasite can be leveraged to drive P. falciparum resistome discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumpornsin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochakarn, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoshizaki, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schindler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mok, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uhlemann, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cubel, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franco, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Lorenzo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamo, F.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winzeler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fidock, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chookajorn, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.23.504974</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generation of a mutator parasite to drive resistome discovery in Plasmodium falciparum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.23.504977v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal and spatial staging of lung alveolar regeneration is determined by the grainyhead transcription factor Tfcp2l1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.23.504977v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alveolar epithelial type 2 (AT2) cells harbor the facultative progenitor capacity in the lung alveolus to drive regeneration after lung injury. Using single cell transcriptomics, software-guided segmentation of tissue damage, and in vivo lineage tracing, we have identified the grainyhead transcription factor Tfcp2l1 as a key regulator of this regenerative process. Tfcp2l1 expression is initiated late in lung development and restricted to the AT2 cell population in the postnatal lung. Loss of Tfcp2l1 in adult AT2 cells decreased self-renewal and enhanced AT2-AT1 differentiation during active tissue regeneration. Conversely, Tfcp2l1 blunts the proliferative response to inflammatory signaling during the early acute phase after injury. This ability of Tfcp2l1 to temporally regulate the balance of AT2 self-renewal and differentiation is spatially restricted to zones undergoing active alveolar regeneration. Single-cell transcriptomics and lineage tracing reveal that Tfcp2l1 regulates cell fate dynamics by balancing the traffic across the AT2-AT1 differentiation axis and restricting the inflammatory program in AT2 cells. Organoid modeling shows that these cell fate dynamics are controlled by Tfcp2l1 regulation of IL-1 receptor expression and activity in AT2 cells. Together, these studies reveal the critical importance of properly staging lung alveolar regeneration and the integral role of Tfcp2l1 plays in balancing epithelial cell self-renewal and differentiation in this process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cardenas-Diaz, F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liberti, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leach, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barasch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Miranda, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ying, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morley, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrisey, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.23.504977</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal and spatial staging of lung alveolar regeneration is determined by the grainyhead transcription factor Tfcp2l1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.24.504986v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct Nrf2 Signaling Thresholds Mediate Lung Tumor Initiation and Progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.24.504986v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in the KEAP1-NRF2 pathway occur in up to a third of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cases and often confer resistance to therapy and poor outcomes. Here, we developed murine alleles of the KEAP1 and NRF2 mutations found in human NSCLC and comprehensively interrogated their impact on tumor initiation and progression. Chronic Nrf2 stabilization by Keap1 or Nrf2 mutation was not sufficient to induce tumorigenesis, even in the absence of tumor suppressors p53 or Lkb1. When combined with KrasG12D/+, constitutive Nrf2 activation promoted lung tumor initiation and early progression of hyperplasia to low-grade tumors but impaired their progression to advanced-grade tumors, which was reversed by Nrf2 deletion. Finally, NRF2 overexpression in KEAP1 mutant NSCLC cell lines was detrimental to cell proliferation, viability, and anchorage-independent colony formation. Collectively, our results establish the context-dependence and activity threshold for NRF2 during the lung tumorigenic process.

SignificanceThis study reports murine lung cancer models harboring mutations in the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway and highlights the context-dependent and diverse roles of Nrf2 during lung tumor initiation and progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeBlasi, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falzone, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldwell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, Y. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prieto-Farigua, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prigge, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chio, I. I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karreth, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeNicola, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.24.504986</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct Nrf2 Signaling Thresholds Mediate Lung Tumor Initiation and Progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.24.505151v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synergistic stabilization of microtubules by BUB-1, HCP-1 and CLS- 2 controls meiotic spindle assembly in C. elegans oocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.24.505151v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During cell division, chromosome segregation is orchestrated by a microtubule-based spindle. Interaction between spindle microtubules and kinetochores is central to the bi-orientation of chromosomes. Initially dynamic to allow spindle assembly and kinetochore attachments, which is essential for chromosome alignment, microtubules are eventually stabilized for efficient segregation of sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis I respectively. Therefore, the precise control of microtubule dynamics is of utmost importance during mitosis and meiosis. Here, we study the assembly and role of a kinetochore module, comprised of the kinase BUB-1, the two redundant CENP-F orthologs HCP-1/2, and the CLASP family member CLS-2 (hereafter termed the BHC module), in the control of microtubule dynamics in Caenorhabditis elegans oocytes. Using a combination of in vivo structure-function analyses of BHC components and in vitro microtubule-based assays, we show that BHC components stabilize microtubules, which is essential for meiotic spindle formation and accurate chromosome segregation. Overall, our results show that BUB-1 and HCP-1/2 do not only act as targeting components for CLS-2 at kinetochores, but also synergistically control kinetochore-microtubule dynamics by promoting microtubule pause. Together, our results suggest that BUB-1 and HCP-1/2 actively participate in the control of kinetochore-microtubule dynamics in the context of the BHC module to promote accurate chromosome segregation in meiosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Macaisne, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellutti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laband, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitayu-Nugroho, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gervais, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganeswaran, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geoffroy, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maton, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canman, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacroix, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumont, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.24.505151</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synergistic stabilization of microtubules by BUB-1, HCP-1 and CLS- 2 controls meiotic spindle assembly in C. elegans oocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.24.505159v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A genome-wide atlas of recurrent repeat expansions in human cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.24.505159v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Expansion of a single repetitive DNA sequence, termed a tandem repeat (TR), is known to cause more than 50 diseases. However, repeat expansions are often not explored beyond neurological and neurodegenerative disorders. In some cancers, mutations accumulate in short tracts of TRs (STRs), a phenomenon termed microsatellite instability (MSI); however larger repeat expansions have not been systematically analyzed in cancer. Here, we identified TR expansions in 2,622 cancer genomes, spanning 29 cancer types. In 7 cancer types, we found 160 recurrent repeat expansions (rREs); most of these (155/160) were subtype specific. We found that rREs were non-uniformly distributed in the genome with an enrichment near candidate cis-regulatory elements, suggesting a role in gene regulation. One rRE located near a regulatory element in the first intron of UGT2B7 was detected in 34% of renal cell carcinoma samples and was validated by long-read DNA sequencing. Moreover, targeting cells harboring this rRE with a rationally designed, sequence-specific DNA binder led to a dose-dependent decrease in cell proliferation. Overall, our results demonstrate that rREs are an important but unexplored source of genetic variation in human cancers, and we provide a comprehensive catalog for further study.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Erwin, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gursoy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Abri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suriyaprakash, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolzhenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoerner, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vadlakonda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vadlakonda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Kraut, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brannon, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumano, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirtikar, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erwin, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metzner, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuen, R. K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leppert, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eberle, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.24.505159</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A genome-wide atlas of recurrent repeat expansions in human cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.26.505457v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Target-enriched enzymatic methyl sequencing: flexible, scalable and inexpensive hybridization capture for quantifying DNA methylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.26.505457v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The increasing interest in studying DNA methylation to understand how traits or diseases develop requires new and flexible approaches for quantifying DNA methylation in a diversity of organisms. In particular, we need efficient yet cost-effective ways to measure CpG methylation states over large and complete regions of the genome. Here, we develop TEEM-Seq (target-enriched enzymatic methyl sequencing), a method that combines enzymatic methyl sequencing with a custom-designed hybridization capture bait set that can be scaled to reactions including large numbers of samples in any species for which a reference genome is available. Using DNA from a passerine bird, the superb starling (Lamprotornis superbus), we show that TEEM-Seq is able to quantify DNA methylation states similarly well to the more traditional approaches of whole-genome and reduced-representation sequencing. Moreover, we demonstrate its reliability and repeatability, as duplicate libraries from the same samples were highly correlated. Importantly, the downstream bioinformatic analysis for TEEM-Seq is the same as for any sequence-based approach to studying DNA methylation, making it simple to incorporate into a variety of workflows. We believe that TEEM-Seq could replace traditional approaches for studying DNA methylation in candidate genes and pathways, and be effectively paired with other whole-genome or reduced-representation sequencing approaches to increase project sample sizes. In addition, TEEM-Seq can be combined with mRNA sequencing to examine how DNA methylation in promoters or other regulatory regions is related to the expression of individual genes or gene networks. By maximizing the number of samples in the hybridization reaction, TEEM-Seq is an inexpensive and flexible sequence-based approach for quantifying DNA methylation in species where other capture-based methods are unavailable or too expensive, particularly for non-model organisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rubenstein, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solomon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.26.505457</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Target-enriched enzymatic methyl sequencing: flexible, scalable and inexpensive hybridization capture for quantifying DNA methylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.27.505513v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prioritizing landscapes to reconcile biodiversity conservation, ecosystem services, and human well-being in India 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.27.505513v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biodiversity conservation and human well-being are tightly interlinked; yet mismatches in the scale at which both priorities are planned and implemented have exacerbated biodiversity loss, erosion of ecosystem services, and declining human quality of life. India houses the second largest human population on the planet, while <5% of the countrys land area is effectively protected for conservation. This warrants landscape-level conservation planning through a judicious mix of land-sharing and land-sparing approaches, and co-production of ecosystem services. Through a multi-faceted assessment, we prioritize spatial extents of land parcels that, in the face of anthropogenic threats, can safeguard conservation landscapes across Indias biogeographic zones. We find that only a fraction (~15%) of such priority areas identified here are encompassed under Indias extant PA network, and several landscapes of high importance were omitted in all previous global-scale assessments. We then examined the spatial congruence of priority areas with administrative units earmarked for economic development by the Indian government, and propose management-zoning through state-driven and participatory approaches. Our spatially explicit insights can help meet the twin goals of biodiversity conservation and sustainable development in India and other countries across the Global South.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Srivathsa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasudev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakrabarti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chanchani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeFries, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deomurari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghose, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goswami, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nayak, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neelakantan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thatte, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaidyanathan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnaswamy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankaran, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramakrishnan, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.27.505513</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prioritizing landscapes to reconcile biodiversity conservation, ecosystem services, and human well-being in India]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.28.505598v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Boosting of neural circuit chaos at the onset of collective oscillations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.28.505598v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal spiking activity in cortical circuits is often temporally structured by collective rhythms. Rhythmic activity has been hypothesized to regulate temporal coding and to mediate the flexible routing of information flow across the cortex. Spiking neuronal circuits, however, are non-linear systems that, through chaotic dynamics, can amplify insignificant microscopic fluctuations into network-scale response variability. In nonlinear systems in general, rhythmic oscillatory drive can induce chaotic behavior or boost the intensity of chaos. Thus, neuronal oscillations could rather disrupt than facilitate cortical coding functions by flooding the finite population bandwidth with chaotically-boosted noise. Here we tackle a fundamental mathematical challenge to characterize the dynamics on the attractor of effectively delayed network models. We find that delays introduce a transition to collective oscillations, below which ergodic theory measures have a stereotypical dependence on the delay so far only described in scalar systems and low-dimensional maps. We demonstrate that the emergence of internally generated oscillations induces a complete dynamical reconfiguration, by increasing the dimensionality of the chaotic attractor, the speed at which nearby trajectories separate from one another, and the rate at which the network produces entropy. We find that periodic input drive leads to a dramatic increase of chaotic measures at a the resonance frequency of the recurrent network. However, transient oscillatory input only has a moderate role on the collective dynamics. Our results suggest that simple temporal dynamics of the mean activity can have a profound effect on the structure of the spiking patterns and therefore on the information processing capability of neuronal networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Palmigiano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelken, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.28.505598</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Boosting of neural circuit chaos at the onset of collective oscillations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.29.505637v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ALK signaling drives tumorigenicity and chemoresistance of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.29.505637v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an extremely aggressive disease characterized by its metastatic potential and chemoresistance. These traits are partially attributable to the highly tumorigenic pancreatic cancer stem cells (PaCSCs). Interestingly, these cells show unique features in order to sustain their identity and functionality, some of them amenable for therapeutic intervention. Screening of phospho-receptor tyrosine kinases revealed that PaCSCs harbored increased activation of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK). We subsequently demonstrated that oncogenic ALK signaling drives tumorigenicity in PDAC patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) by promoting stemness through ligand-dependent activation. Indeed, the ALK ligands midkine (MDK) or pleiotrophin (PTN) increased self-renewal, clonogenicity and CSC frequency in several in vitro local and metastatic PDX models. Conversely, treatment with the clinically-approved ALK inhibitors Crizotinib and Ensartinib decreased CSC content and functionality in vitro and in vivo, by inducing cell death. Strikingly, ALK inhibitors sensitized chemoresistant PaCSCs to Gemcitabine, as the most used chemotherapeutic agent for PDAC treatment. Consequently, ALK inhibition delayed tumor relapse after chemotherapy in vivo by effectively decreasing the content of PaCSCs. In summary, our results demonstrate that targeting the MDK/PTN-ALK axis with clinically-approved inhibitors impairs in vivo tumorigenicity and chemoresistance in PDAC suggesting a new treatment approach to improve the long-term survival of PDAC patients.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parejo-Alonso, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Royo-Garcia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espiau-Romera, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courtois, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curiel-Garcia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zagorac, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villaoslada, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olive, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heeschen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sancho, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.29.505637</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ALK signaling drives tumorigenicity and chemoresistance of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.30.505840v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SHINE: Protein Language Model based Pathogenicity Prediction for Inframe Insertion and Deletion Variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.30.505840v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inframe insertion and deletion variants (indels) alter protein sequence and length. Accurate pathogenicity predictions are important in genetic studies of human diseases. Indel Interpretation is challenging due to limitations in the available number of known pathogenic variants for training. Existing methods largely use manually encoded features including conservation, protein structure and function, and allele frequency. Recent advances in deep learning modeling of protein sequences and structures provide an opportunity to improve the representation of salient features based on large numbers of protein sequences. We developed a new pathogenicity predictor for SHort Inframe iNsertion and dEletion (SHINE). SHINE uses pre-trained protein language models to construct a latent representation of an indel and its protein context from protein sequences and multiple protein sequence alignments, and feeds the latent representation into supervised machine learning models for pathogenicity prediction. We curated training data from ClinVar and gnomAD, and created two test datasets from different sources. SHINE achieved better prediction performance than existing methods for both deletion and insertion variants in these two test datasets. Our work suggests that unsupervised protein language models can provide valuable information about proteins, and new methods based on these models can improve variant interpretation in genetic analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.30.505840</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SHINE: Protein Language Model based Pathogenicity Prediction for Inframe Insertion and Deletion Variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.31.506120v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Spectral Registration Using Deep Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.31.506120v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A novel convolutional neural network based spectral registration (CNN-SR) approach is introduced to achieve efficient and accurate simultaneous frequency-and-phase correction (FPC) of single-voxel MEGA-PRESS magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) data. For this approach, one neural network was trained and validated using a published simulated and in vivo MEGA-PRESS MRS dataset with a wide-range of artificial frequency (0-20 Hz) and phase (0-90{degrees}) offsets applied. The proposed CNN-SR approach was subsequently tested and compared to the sequential FPC deep learning approaches and demonstrated more effective and accurate performance. Furthermore, a large random Gaussian signal-to-noise ratio (SNR 20 and SNR 2.5) and line broadening (0-20 ms) was introduced to the original simulated dataset to investigate our model performance compared to the other deep learning models. The testing showed that CNN-SR was a more accurate quantification tool and resulted in a lower SNR when compared with the other deep learning methods, due to having smaller mean absolute errors in both frequency and phase offset predictions. For Off spectra, the CNN-SR model was capable of correcting frequency offsets with 0.014 {+/-} 0.010 Hz and phase offsets with 0.104 {+/-} 0.076{degrees} absolute errors on average for unseen simulated data with SNR 20 and correcting frequency offsets with 0.678 {+/-} 0.883 Hz and phase offsets with 2.367 {+/-} 2.616{degrees} absolute errors on average at very low SNR (2.5) and line broadening (0-20 ms) introduced. In addition, we tested the simulated dataset with additional SNR and line broadening on a more refined model (CNN-SR+) where the pre-trained CNN-SR was further optimized by minimizing the difference between individual spectra and a common template with unsupervised learning. The performance on Off spectra was improved to 0.058 {+/-} 0.050 Hz for correcting frequency offsets and to 0.416 {+/-} 0.317{degrees} for correcting phase offsets. We further evaluated the ability of our model to process the published Big GABA in vivo dataset and CNN-SR+ achieved the best performance. Moreover, additional frequency and phase offsets (i.e., small, moderate, large) were applied to the in vivo dataset, and CNN-SR+ also demonstrated better performance for FPC when compared to the other deep learning models. These results indicate the utility of using deep learning for spectral registration and demonstrate the application of unsupervised learning in further improving the model to achieve state-of-the-art performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harguindeguy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.31.506120</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Spectral Registration Using Deep Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.01.506169v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epistatic effects between amino acid insertions and substitutions mediate toxin-resistance of vertebrate Na+,K+-ATPases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.01.506169v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The recurrent evolution of resistance to cardiotonic steroids (CTS) across diverse animals most frequently involves convergent amino-acid substitutions to the H1-H2 extracellular loop of Na+,K+-ATPase (NKA). Previous work established that hystricognath rodents (e.g. chinchilla) and pterocliform birds (sandgrouse) have convergently evolved amino-acid insertions in the H1-H2 loop, but their functional significance is not known. Using protein engineering, we show that these insertions have distinct effects on CTS resistance of NKA in the two lineages that strongly depend on intramolecular interactions with other residues. Removing the insertion in the chinchilla lineage unexpectedly increases CTS resistance and decreases NKA activity. In the sandgrouse lineage, the insertion works in concert with the substitution Q111R to increase CTS resistance while maintaining wild-type ATPase activity levels. Molecular docking simulations provide additional insight into the biophysical mechanisms responsible for the context-specific CTS insensitivity of the enzyme. Our results highlight the diversity of genetic substrates that underlie CTS insensitivity in vertebrate NKA and reveal how amino-acid insertions can alter the phenotypic effects of point mutations at key sites in the same protein domain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mohammadi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Özdemir, H. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozbek, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumbul, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stiller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowland, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storz, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andolfatto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.01.506169</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epistatic effects between amino acid insertions and substitutions mediate toxin-resistance of vertebrate Na+,K+-ATPases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.05.506628v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resistance of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Subvariant BA.4.6 to Antibody Neutralization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.05.506628v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants BA.4.6, BA.4.7, and BA.5.9 have recently emerged, and BA.4.6 appears to be expanding even in the presence of BA.5 that is globally dominant. Compared to BA.5, these new subvariants harbor a mutation at R346 residue in the spike glycoprotein, raising concerns for further antibody evasion. We compared the viral receptor binding affinity of the new Omicron subvariants with BA.5 by surface plasmon resonance. We also performed VSV-based pseudovirus neutralization assays to evaluate their antigenic properties using sera from individuals who received three doses of a COVID-19 mRNA vaccine (boosted) and patients with BA.1 or BA.2 breakthrough infection, as well as using a panel of 23 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Compared to the BA.5 subvariant, BA.4.6, BA.4.7, and BA.5.9 showed similar binding affinities to hACE2 and exhibited similar resistance profiles to boosted and BA.1 breakthrough sera, but BA.4.6 was slightly but significantly more resistant than BA.5 to BA.2 breakthrough sera. Moreover, BA.4.6, BA.4.7, and BA.5.9 showed heightened resistance over to a class of mAbs due to R346T/S/I mutation. Notably, the authorized combination of tixagevimab and cilgavimab completely lost neutralizing activity against these three subvariants. The loss of activity of tixagevimab and cilgavimab against BA.4.6 leaves us with bebtelovimab as the only therapeutic mAb that has retained potent activity against all circulating forms of SARS-CoV-2. As the virus continues to evolve, our arsenal of authorized mAbs may soon be depleted, thereby jeopardizing the wellbeing of millions of immunocompromised persons who cannot robustly respond to COVID-19 vaccines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.05.506628</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resistance of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Subvariant BA.4.6 to Antibody Neutralization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.05.506682v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decomposing spatial heterogeneity of cell trajectories with Paella 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.05.506682v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial transcriptomics provides a unique opportunity to study continuous biological processes in a spatial context. We developed Paella, a computational method to decompose a cell trajectory into multiple spatial sub-trajectories and identify genes with differential temporal patterns across spatial sub-trajectories. Applied to spatial transcriptomics datasets of cancer, Paella identified spatially varying genes associated with tumor progression, providing insights into the spatial heterogeneity of cancer development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.05.506682</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decomposing spatial heterogeneity of cell trajectories with Paella]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.06.506813v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Noninvasive, low-cost RNA-sequencing enhances discovery potential of transcriptome studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.06.506813v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcriptome studies disentangle functional mechanisms of gene expression regulation and may elucidate the underlying biology of disease processes. However, the types of tissues currently collected typically assay a single post-mortem timepoint or are limited to investigating cell types found in blood. Noninvasive tissues may improve disease-relevant discovery by enabling more complex longitudinal study designs, by capturing different and potentially more applicable cell types, and by increasing sample sizes due to reduced collection costs and possible higher enrollment from vulnerable populations. Here, we develop methods for sampling noninvasive biospecimens, investigate their performance across commercial and in-house library preparations, characterize their biology, and assess the feasibility of using noninvasive tissues in a multitude of transcriptomic applications. We collected buccal swabs, hair follicles, saliva, and urine cell pellets from 19 individuals over three to four timepoints, for a total of 300 unique biological samples, which we then prepared with replicates across three library preparations, for a final tally of 472 transcriptomes. Of the four tissues we studied, we found hair follicles and urine cell pellets to be most promising due to the consistency of sample quality, the cell types and expression profiles we observed, and their performance in disease-relevant applications. This is the first study to thoroughly delineate biological and technical features of noninvasive samples and demonstrate their use in a wide array of transcriptomic and clinical analyses. We anticipate future use of these biospecimens will facilitate discovery and development of clinical applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martorella, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasela, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Flores, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gokden, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castel, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lappalainen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.06.506813</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Noninvasive, low-cost RNA-sequencing enhances discovery potential of transcriptome studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.07.506936v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide metabolite quantitative trait loci analysis (mQTL) in red blood cells from volunteer blood donors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.07.506936v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Red Blood Cell (RBC)-Omics study, part of the larger NHLBI-funded Recipient Epidemiology and Donor Evaluation Study (REDS-III), aims to understand the genetic contribution to blood donor RBC characteristics. Previous work identified donor demographic, behavioral, genetic and metabolic underpinnings to blood donation, storage, and - to a lesser extent - transfusion outcomes, but none have yet linked the genetic and metabolic bodies of work. We performed a Genome-Wide Association (GWA) analysis using RBC-Omics study participants with generated untargeted metabolomics data to identify metabolite quantitative trait loci (mQTL) in RBCs. We performed GWA analyses of 382 metabolites in 243 individuals imputed using the 1000 Genomes Project phase 3 all-ancestry reference panel. Analyses were conducted using ProbABEL and adjusted for sex, age, donation center, number of whole blood donations in the past two years, and first ten principal components of ancestry. Our results identified 423 independent genetic loci associated with 132 metabolites (p < 5x10-8). Potentially novel locus-metabolite associations were identified for FLVCR1 and choline, and for LPCAT3 and the lysophosphatidylserine 16.0, 18.0, 18.1, and 18.2; these associations are supported by published rare disease and mouse studies. We also confirmed previous metabolite GWA results for associations including N(6)-Methyl-L-lysine and PYROXD2, and various carnitines and SLC22A16. Association between pyruvate levels and G6PD polymorphisms was validated in an independent cohort and novel murine models of G6PD deficiency (African and Mediterranean variants). We demonstrate that it is possible to perform metabolomics-scale GWA analyses with a modest, trans-ancestry sample size.

Key pointsO_LIMetabolite heterogeneity in fresh (<14 day old) RBCs donated by volunteer donors is linked to genetic polymorphisms;
C_LIO_LIWe report 2,831 high-confidence SNP-metabolite linkages (p < 5.0 x 10-8). Pyruvate levels in fresh RBCs are associated with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) status
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moore, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busch, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dziewulska, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francis, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hod, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimring, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Alessandro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.07.506936</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide metabolite quantitative trait loci analysis (mQTL) in red blood cells from volunteer blood donors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.07.507008v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The functional impact of rare variation across the regulatory cascade 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.07.507008v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Each human genome has tens of thousands of rare genetic variants; however, identifying impactful rare variants remains a major challenge. We demonstrate how use of personal multi-omics can enable identification of impactful rare variants by using the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) which included several hundred individuals with whole genome sequencing, transcriptomes, methylomes, and proteomes collected across two time points, ten years apart. We evaluated each multi-omic phenotypes ability to separately and jointly inform functional rare variation. By combining expression and protein data, we observed rare stop variants 62x and rare frameshift variants 216x as frequently as controls, compared to 13x to 27x for expression or protein effects alone. We developed a Bayesian hierarchical model to prioritize specific rare variants underlying multi-omic signals across the regulatory cascade. With this approach, we identified rare variants that exhibited large effect sizes on multiple complex traits including height, schizophrenia, and Alzheimers disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferraro, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strober, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasela, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arvanitis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van de Wiel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hershberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardlie, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arking, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beer, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackwell, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clish, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabriel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerszten, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lappalainen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickerson, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papanicolaou, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pritchard, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qasba, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shojaie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotoodehnia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tracy, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van den Berg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotter, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.07.507008</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The functional impact of rare variation across the regulatory cascade]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.08.507140v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multilayer Networks of Plasmid Genetic Similarity Reveal Potential Pathways of Gene Transmission 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.08.507140v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major threat to public health. Plasmids are principal vectors of antimicrobial resistance genes, greatly contributing to their spread and mobility across hosts. Nevertheless little is known about the dynamics of plasmid genetic exchange across animal hosts. The cow rumen ecosystem is an excellent model system because it hosts diverse plasmid communities which interact and exchange genes. Here, we use theory and methodology from network and disease ecology to investigate the potential of gene transmission between plasmids using a data-set of 21 plasmidomes from a single dairy cow population. We constructed a multilayer network based on pairwise genetic similarity between plasmids serving as a signature for past genetic exchange to identify potential routes and mechanisms of gene transmission within and between cows. The transmission network was dominated by links between cows. Modularity analysis unraveled a major cross-cow transmission pathway with additional small pathways. Plasmid functions influenced network structure: plasmids containing mobility genes were more connected; those with the same AMR genes formed their own modules. We find signatures of gene superspreading in which a few plasmids and cows are responsible for most gene exchange. An agent-based transmission model showed that a new gene invading the cow population is likely to reach all cows. Finally, we showed that link weights contain a non-random signature for the mechanisms of gene transmission allowing us to differentiate between dispersal and genetic exchange. These results provide insights into the mechanisms by which genes, including those providing AMR, spread across animal hosts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zorea, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown Kav, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ontiveros, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizrahi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilosof, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.08.507140</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multilayer Networks of Plasmid Genetic Similarity Reveal Potential Pathways of Gene Transmission]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.09.507299v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Immune Cell Recirculation-Enabled Microfluidic Array to Study Dynamic Immunotherapeutic Activity in Recapitulated Tumor Microenvironment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.09.507299v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The efficacy of immunotherapeutic treatment protocols to enable immune cell mediated treatment of cancer is significantly modulated in the presence of tumor microenvironment (TME) which is a key factor in providing both a physical barrier and immunosuppressive stimuli. Herein, we developed a recirculating, high-throughput microfluidic cell array to capture these crucial players - cytotoxic T cells in circulation, endothelium, and tumor stroma. The system consisted of a three-layered cell array spatially emulating TME, with T cell circulation sustained via fluidic recirculating circuits. This allowed us to study the dynamic TME/circulation system and cancer cell response thereof. The system further revealed that tumor endothelium exhibited a hindrance to T cell infiltration into the breast cancer tumor compartment, which was alleviated when treated with anti-human PD-L1 antibody. The other key stromal component, cancer associated fibroblasts, further attenuated T cell infiltration, and led to reduced apoptosis activity in cancer cells. These results confirm the capability of our tumor-on-a-chip system to recapitulate some key immune cell interactions with the reconstructed TME, along with demon-strating as the feasibility of using this system for high-throughput cancer immunotherapeutic screening.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chi, C.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lao, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, A. H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merghoub, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leong, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.09.507299</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Immune Cell Recirculation-Enabled Microfluidic Array to Study Dynamic Immunotherapeutic Activity in Recapitulated Tumor Microenvironment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.10.506216v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Programmable Model for Exploring the Functional Logic of the Drosophila Antennal Lobe 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.10.506216v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent progress on connectomics has resulted in huge datasets of brain structures in single-synapse scale. This calls for the modeling of executable circuits to discover the functional logic of these neural circuits in different scales. To provide an approach to standardize analyses of neuropils with multiple-input-multi-output channels, we put forward a programmable model focusing on the antennal lobe (AL), a circuit at the periphery of the olfactory system with nonlinear computation. We present an approach for constructing and analyzing antennal lobe circuits using models of glomeruli and local feedback loops. We establish the composability of the connectivity of glomeruli with local neuron feedback loops by combining pairs of glomeruli, and then by combining all glomeruli together to characterize the I/O of the entire AL. We thus provide a methodology for the quantitative characterization of the I/O of the AL as a function of feedback loop motifs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lazar, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turkcan, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.10.506216</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Programmable Model for Exploring the Functional Logic of the Drosophila Antennal Lobe]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.10.506218v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Programmable Model for Exploring the Functional Logic of the Drosophila Mushroom Body 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.10.506218v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We advance a model of the Mushroom Body of the Drosophila brain based on the recently published fruit fly brain connectome. We quantify the effect of the connectivity from antennal lobe projection neurons to Kenyon Cells (KCs) and the effect of feedback between KCs and the anterior paired lateral (APL) neuron on the representation of odorants at the KC level. We then characterize odorant representation in the mushroom body output neurons (MBONs) as a function of semantics represented by the dopaminergic neurons (DANs). Finally, we evaluate the performance of associative learning in the MB that endows pure odorants with DAN semantics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lazar, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turkcan, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.10.506218</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Programmable Model for Exploring the Functional Logic of the Drosophila Mushroom Body]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.12.507623v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Environment-wide and epigenome-wide association study of adiposity in "Children of 1997" birth cohort 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.12.507623v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundIncreasing childhood adiposity is a global issue requiring potentially local solutions to ensure it does not continue into adulthood. We systematically identified potentially modifiable targets of adiposity at the onset and end of puberty in Hong Kong the most economically developed major Chinese city.

MethodsWe conducted an environment-wide association study (EWAS) and an epigenome-wide association study of adiposity to systematically assess associations with body mass index (BMI) and waist-hip ratio (WHR) in Hong Kongs population-representative "Children of 1997" birth cohort. Univariable linear regression was used to select exposures related to adiposity at ~11.5 years (BMI n[&le;]7,119, WHR n=5,691) and ~17.6 years (n = 3,618) at Bonferroni-corrected significance, and multivariable linear regression to adjust for potential confounders followed by replication (n=308) and CpG by CpG analysis (n=286) at ~23 years. Findings were compared with evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and Mendelian randomization (MR) studies.

ResultsAt ~11.5 and ~17.6 years the EWAS identified 14 and 37 exposures associated with BMI, as well as seven and 12 associated with WHR respectively. Most exposures had directionally consistent associations at ~23 years. Maternal second-hand smoking, maternal weight, and birth weight were consistently associated with adiposity. Diet (including dairy intake and artificially sweetened beverages), physical activity, snoring, binge eating, and earlier puberty were positively associated with BMI at ~17.6 years, while eating before sleep was inversely associated with BMI at ~17.6 years. Findings for birth weight, dairy intake, binge eating, and possibly earlier puberty are consistent with available evidence from RCTs or MR studies We found 21 CpGs related to BMI and 18 to WHR.

ConclusionsThese novel insights into potentially modifiable factors associated with adiposity at the outset and the end of puberty could, if causal, inform future interventions to improve population health in Hong Kong and similar Chinese settings.

FundingThis study was supported by the Health and Medical Research Fund Research Fellowship, Food and Health Bureau, Hong Kong SAR Government (#04180097). The DNA extraction was supported by CFS-HKU1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowling, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Au Yeung, S. L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baccarelli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>M. Leung, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schooling, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.12.507623</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Environment-wide and epigenome-wide association study of adiposity in "Children of 1997" birth cohort]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.12.507626v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Divergent regulation of KCNQ1/E1 by targeted recruitment of protein kinase A to distinct sites on the channel complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.12.507626v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The slow delayed rectifier potassium current, IKs, conducted through pore-forming Q1 and auxiliary E1 ion channel complexes is important for human cardiac action potential repolarization. During exercise or fright, IKs is up-regulated by protein kinase A (PKA)-mediated Q1 phosphorylation to maintain heart rhythm and optimum cardiac performance. Sympathetic upregulation of IKs requires recruitment of PKA holoenzyme (two regulatory- RI or RII- and two catalytic C subunits) to Q1 C-terminus by an A kinase anchoring protein (AKAP9). Mutations in Q1 or AKAP9 that abolish their functional interaction result in long QT syndrome type 1 and 11, respectively, which increases the risk of sudden cardiac death during exercise. Here, we investigated the utility of a targeted protein phosphorylation (TPP) approach to reconstitute PKA regulation of IKs in the absence of AKAP9. Targeted recruitment of endogenous C to E1-YFP using a GFP/YFP nanobody (nano) fused to RII enabled acute cAMP-mediated enhancement of IKs, reconstituting physiological regulation of the channel complex. By contrast, nano-mediated tethering of RII or C to Q1-YFP constitutively inhibited IKs by retaining the channel intracellularly in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi. Proteomic analysis revealed distinct phosphorylation sites are modified by C targeted to Q1-YFP compared to free C. Thus, functional outcomes of synthetically recruited PKA on IKs regulation is critically dependent on the site of recruitment within the channel complex. The results reveal insights into divergent regulation of IKs by phosphorylation across different spatial and time scales, and suggest a TPP approach to develop new drugs to prevent exercise-induced sudden cardiac death.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shanmugam, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanner, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sampson, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kass, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colecraft, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.12.507626</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Divergent regulation of KCNQ1/E1 by targeted recruitment of protein kinase A to distinct sites on the channel complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.12.507632v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PLAE web app enables powerful searching and multiple visualizations across one million unified single-cell ocular transcriptomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.12.507632v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PURPOSETo create a high performance reactive web application to query single cell gene expression data across cell type, species, study, and other factors.

METHODSWe updated the content and structure of the underlying data (single cell Eye in a Disk, scEiaD) and wrote the web application PLAE (https://plae.nei.nih.gov) to visualize and explore it.

RESULTSThe new portal provides quick visualization of over a million individual cells from vertebrate eye-and body transcriptomes encomopassing four species, 60 cell types, six ocular tissues, and 23 body tissues across 37 publications. To demonstrate the value of this unified pan-eye dataset, we replicate known neurogenic and cone macula markers as well as propose six new cone human region markers.

CONCLUSIONThe PLAE web application provides the eye community a powerful and quick means to test hypotheses related to gene expression across a highly diverse, community-derived database.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Swamy, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batz, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGaughey, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.12.507632</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PLAE web app enables powerful searching and multiple visualizations across one million unified single-cell ocular transcriptomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.13.506996v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping and modeling human colorectal carcinoma interactions with the tumor microenvironment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.13.506996v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The initiation and progression of cancer are inextricably linked to the tumor microenvironment (TME). Understanding the function of specific cancer-TME interactions poses a major challenge due in part to the complexity of the in vivo microenvironment. Here we predict cancer-TME interactions from single cell transcriptomic maps of both human colorectal cancers (CRCs) and mouse CRC models, ask how these interactions are altered in established, long-term human tumor organoid (tumoroid) cultures, and functionally recapitulate human myeloid-carcinoma interactions in vitro. Tumoroid cultures suppress gene expression programs involved in promoting inflammation and immune cell migration through receptor-ligand interactions, providing a reductive platform for re-establishing carcinoma-immune cell interactions in vitro. Introduction of human monocyte-derived macrophages into tumoroid cultures instructs macrophages to acquire pro-tumorigenic gene expression programs similar to those observed in vivo. This includes hallmark induction of SPP1, encoding Osteopontin, an extracellular CD44 ligand with established oncogenic effects. Taken together, these findings offer a framework for understanding CRC-TME interactions and provide a reductionist tool for modeling specific aspects of these interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cramer, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Folkert, I. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams-Tzivelekidis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sehgal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahmoud, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aarons, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roses, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas-Tikhonenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furth, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanger, B. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rustgi, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haldar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katona, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lengner, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.13.506996</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping and modeling human colorectal carcinoma interactions with the tumor microenvironment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.13.507735v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Association of Whole-Person Eigen-Polygenic Risk Scores with Alzheimer's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.13.507735v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Late-Onset Alzheimers Disease (LOAD) is a heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorder with complex etiology and high heritability. Its multifactorial risk profile and large portions of unexplained heritability suggest the involvement of yet unidentified genetic risk factors. Here we describe the "whole person" genetic risk landscape of polygenic risk scores for 2,218 traits in 2,044 elderly individuals and test if novel eigen-PRSs derived from clustered subnetworks of single-trait PRSs can improve prediction of LOAD diagnosis, rates of cognitive decline, and canonical LOAD neuropathology. Principal component analyses of thousands of PRSs found generally poor global correlation among traits. However, component loadings confirmed covariance of clinically and biologically related traits and diagnoses, with the top PCs representing autoimmune traits, cardiovascular traits, and general pain medication prescriptions, depending on the PRS variant inclusion threshold. Network analyses revealed distinct clusters of PRSs with clinical and biological interpretability. Novel eigen-PRSs (ePRS) derived from these clusters were significantly associated with LOAD-related phenotypes and improved predictive model performance over the state-of-the-art LOAD PRS alone. Notably, an ePRS representing clusters of traits related to cholesterol levels was able to improve variance explained in a model of brain-wide beta-amyloid burden by 1.7% (likelihood ratio test p=9.02x10-7). While many associations of ePRS with LOAD phenotypes were eliminated by the removal of APOE-proximal loci, some modules (e.g. retinal defects, acidosis, colon health, ischaemic heart disease) showed associations at an unadjusted type I error rate. Our approach reveals new relationships between genetic risk for vascular, inflammatory, and other age-related traits and offers improvements over the existing single-trait PRS approach to capturing heritable risk for cognitive decline and beta-amyloid accumulation. Our results are catalogued for the scientific community, to aid in the generation of new hypotheses based on our maps of clustered PRSs and associations with LOAD-related phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kharaghani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tio, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.13.507735</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Association of Whole-Person Eigen-Polygenic Risk Scores with Alzheimer's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.13.507818v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Social dominance status and social stability in spiny mice (Acomys cahirinus) and its relation to ear-hole regeneration and glucocorticoids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.13.507818v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spiny mice (Acomys cahirinus) are an emerging animal model in studies measuring tissue regeneration, but decades of research on social dominance in other animals indicates the relationships animals form in their home-cage may affect phenotypic plasticity in tissue regeneration and glucocorticoids. Studies in baboons and mice, for example, indicate that subordinate ranked animals heal wounds slower than their dominant group-mates, and have increased levels of basal glucocorticoids. Recent studies in tissue regeneration with salamanders and zebrafish indicate that increased glucocorticoids can delay tissue regeneration, but whether this effect extends to Acomys is unknown, especially regarding their social dominance relationships. Here we report that most adult Acomys had a social dominance status, but many groups had unclear social stability, with more frequent huddling than fighting during their active cycle. We also found no sex differences in social dominance behavior, and that Acomys more frequently fled than froze when chased or approached. After a 4mm ear-pinna biopsy, we found that social stability significantly accounted for variability in time to close the ear-hole but adding age to the statistical model removed the effect of social stability. When investigating glucocorticoid blood levels, there were no significant effects of social dominance status or social stability. A transcriptional enhancer for StAR, Nr5a1 had a significant effect for the interaction of social dominance status and social stability. This effect, however, was not reflected in StAR and unclear groups mostly had unclear social statuses, so this effect should be considered with caution. This is the first study to investigate home-cage social dominance behaviors in Acomys since the 1970s or measure any associations with their ability to regenerate tissue. This provides a platform for further work on their social dominance and glucocorticoids and highlights the need to consider the role of aging in their ability to regenerate tissue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Varholick, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godinez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mobin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romeo, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbazuk, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maden, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.13.507818</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Social dominance status and social stability in spiny mice (Acomys cahirinus) and its relation to ear-hole regeneration and glucocorticoids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.507926v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid learning of neural circuitry from holographic ensemble stimulation enabled by model-based compressed sensing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.507926v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Discovering how neural computations are implemented in the cortex at the level of monosynaptic connectivity requires probing for the existence of synapses from possibly thousands of presynaptic candidate neurons. Two-photon optogenetics has been shown to be a promising technology for mapping such monosynaptic connections via serial stimulation of neurons with single-cell resolution. However, this approach is limited in its ability to uncover connectivity at large scales because stimulating neurons one-by-one requires prohibitively long experiments. Here we developed novel computational tools that, when combined, enable learning of monosynaptic connectivity from high-speed holographic neural ensemble stimulation. First, we developed a model-based compressed sensing algorithm that identifies connections from postsynaptic responses evoked by stimulation of many neurons at once, considerably increasing the rate at which the existence and strength of synapses are screened. We show that this model-based approach, explicitly incorporating known biophysics of optogenetic mapping experiments, is critical for accurately determining synaptic connectivity using compressed sensing. Second, we developed a deep learning method that isolates the postsynaptic response evoked by each stimulus, allowing stimulation to rapidly switch between ensembles without waiting for the postsynaptic response to return to baseline. We then validated our approach by performing large-scale connectivity mapping experiments in slices from layer 2/3 of mouse primary visual cortex. Together, our system increases the throughput of monosynaptic connectivity mapping by an order of magnitude over existing approaches, enabling the acquisition of connectivity maps at speeds needed to discover the synaptic circuitry implementing neural computations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Triplett, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gajowa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadahiro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adesnik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.14.507926</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid learning of neural circuitry from holographic ensemble stimulation enabled by model-based compressed sensing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.15.505331v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Relative Brain Age Is Associated with Socioeconomic Status and Anxiety/Depression Problems in Youth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.15.505331v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Socioeconomic status (SES) has been linked to differences in brain structure and psychiatric risk across the lifespan. Despite many neuropsychiatric disorders emerging in childhood, few studies have examined the influence of SES on brain aging and psychopathology in youth.

We re-analyzed relative brain age (RBA) data from the Healthy Brain Network to examine the influence of SES components (parent education, occupation, household income-to-needs ratio (INR), public assistance enrollment) on RBA. RBA was previously determined using covariation patterns for cortical morphology, white, and subcortical gray matter volumes without SES in predictive models. We also examined associations between RBA and psychiatric symptoms (child behavior checklist). Full case analysis included 470 youth (5-17 years; 61.3% male), self-identifying as White (55%), African American (15%), Hispanic (9%), or multiracial (17.2%). Mean household income was 3.95{+/-}2.33 (Mean{+/-}SD) times the federal poverty threshold. Multiple linear regression examined if 1) SES components associated with RBA, and 2) RBA associated with psychiatric symptoms. Models covaried for sex, scan location, and parent psychiatric diagnoses.

RBA associated with public assistance (p = 0.03), parent occupation (p = 0.01), and parent psychiatric diagnosis (p = 0.01), but not with INR and parent education. Parent occupation (p = 0.02) and RBA (p = 0.04) associated with CBCL anxiety/depression scores.

Components of SES associated with brain aging, underscoring the risk of omitting these factors in developmental brain research. Further, delayed brain aging was associated with low parental occupational prestige and child anxiety/depression scores, suggesting a possible biological pathway from SES to mental health risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramphal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deserisy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagliaccio, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colcombe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milham, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margolis, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.15.505331</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Relative Brain Age Is Associated with Socioeconomic Status and Anxiety/Depression Problems in Youth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.16.508303v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Monitoring lineages of growing and dividing bacteria reveals an inducible memory of mar operon expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.16.508303v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In Gram negative bacteria, the multiple antibiotic resistance or mar operon, is known to control the expression of multi-drug efflux genes that protect bacteria from a wide range of drugs. Since different drugs induce this response, identifying the parameters that govern the dynamics of its induction is crucial to better characterize the process of tolerance and resistance. Most experiments have assumed that the properties of the mar transcriptional network can be inferred from population measurements. However, measurements from an asynchronous population of cells can mask underlying phenotypic variations of single cells. We monitored the activity of the mar promoter in single Escherichia coli cells in linear micro-colonies and established that the response to a steady level of inducer was heterogeneous within individual colonies. Specifically, sub-lineages defined by contiguous daughter-cells exhibited similar promoter activity, whereas activity was greatly variable between different sub-lineages. Specific sub-trees of uniform promoter activity persisted over several generations. Statistical analyses of the lineages suggest that the presence of these sub-trees is the signature of an inducible memory of the promoter state that is transmitted from mother to daughter cells. This single-cell study reveals that the degree of epigenetic inheritance changes as a function of inducer concentration, suggesting that phenotypic inheritance may be an inducible phenotype.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guet, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruneaux, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>oikonomou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldana, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cluzel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.16.508303</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Monitoring lineages of growing and dividing bacteria reveals an inducible memory of mar operon expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.16.508329v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic, clinical underpinnings of subtle early brain change along Alzheimer's dimensions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.16.508329v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers disease (AD) is associated with heterogeneous atrophy patterns. We employed a semi-supervised clustering technique known as Surreal-GAN, through which we identified two dominant dimensions of brain atrophy in symptomatic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD patients: the "diffuse-AD" (R1) dimension shows widespread brain atrophy, and the "MTL-AD" (R2) dimension displays focal medial temporal lobe (MTL) atrophy. Critically, only R2 was associated with widely known sporadic AD genetic risk factors (e.g., APOE {varepsilon}4) in MCI and AD patients at baseline. We then independently detected the presence of the two dimensions in the early stages by deploying the trained model in the general population and two cognitively unimpaired cohorts of asymptomatic participants. In the general population, genome-wide association studies found 77 genes unrelated to APOE differentially associated with R1 and R2. Functional analyses revealed that these genes were overrepresented in differentially expressed gene sets in organs beyond the brain (R1 and R2), including the heart (R1) and the pituitary gland, muscle, and kidney (R2). These genes were enriched in biological pathways implicated in dendritic cells (R2), macrophage functions (R1), and cancer (R1 and R2). Several of them were "druggable genes" for cancer (R1), inflammation (R1), cardiovascular diseases (R1), and diseases of the nervous system (R2). The longitudinal progression showed that APOE {varepsilon}4, amyloid, and tau were associated with R2 at early asymptomatic stages, but this longitudinal association occurs only at late symptomatic stages in R1. Our findings deepen our understanding of the multifaceted pathogenesis of AD beyond the brain. In early asymptomatic stages, the two dimensions are associated with diverse pathological mechanisms, including cardiovascular diseases, inflammation, and hormonal dysfunction - driven by genes different from APOE - which may collectively contribute to the early pathogenesis of AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>WEN, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasrallah, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erus, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdulkadir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mamourian, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varol, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boquet-Pujadas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toga, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saykin, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villeneuve, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gollub, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotiras, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wittfeld, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grabe, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tosun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilgel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcus, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaMontagne, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heckbert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Austin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Launer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espeland, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masters, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maruff, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fripp, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nick, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Resnick, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrucci, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohamad, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolk, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dav</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.16.508329</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic, clinical underpinnings of subtle early brain change along Alzheimer's dimensions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.17.506431v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Divisive Normalization Circuits Faithfully Represent Auditory and Visual Stimuli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.17.506431v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Divisive normalization is a canonical neural computation employed for sensory adaptation in vision, olfaction and attention modulation. While Divisive Normalization has been proposed to be an efficient coding algorithm, it remains unclear whether such transformation results in information loss in a dynamic setting. Leveraging a previously proposed general mathematical framework called the Divisive Normalization Processor (DNP), we first show that the DNP circuit describes a wide class of neural circuits as well as phenomenological models including the Linear-Nonlinear cascade model. We then demonstrate both theoretically and computationally that the DNP is an invertible operator that could faithfully represent input information given sufficient output samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lazar, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.17.506431</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Divisive Normalization Circuits Faithfully Represent Auditory and Visual Stimuli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.17.508184v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PrePCI: A structure- and chemical similarity-informed database of predicted protein compound interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.17.508184v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We describe the Predicting Protein Compound Interactions (PrePCI) database which comprises over 5 billion predicted interactions between nearly 7 million chemical compounds and 19,797 human proteins. PrePCI relies on a proteome-wide database of structural models based on both traditional modeling techniques and the AlphaFold Protein Structure Database. Sequence and structural similarity-based metrics are established between template proteins in the Protein Data Bank, T, that bind small molecules, C, and proteins in the models database, Q. When these metrics pass a sequence threshold value, it is assumed that C also binds to Q with a probability derived from machine learning. If the relationship is based on structure, this probability is based on a scoring function that measures the extent to which C is compatible with the binding site of Q as described in the LT-scanner algorithm. For every predicted complex derived in this way, chemical similarity based on the Tanimoto Coefficient identifies other small molecules that may bind to Q. A likelihood ratio for the binding of C to Q is obtained from naive Bayesian statistics. The PrePCI algorithm performs well under different validations. It can be queried by entering a UniProt ID for a protein and obtaining a list of compounds predicted to bind to it along with associated probabilities. Alternatively, entering an identifier for the compound outputs a list of proteins it is predicted to bind. Specific applications of the database are described and a strategy is introduced to use PrePCI as a first step in a docking screen.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trudeau, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathur, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Begum, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrey, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honig, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.17.508184</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PrePCI: A structure- and chemical similarity-informed database of predicted protein compound interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.18.508265v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Post-mating parental behavior trajectories differ across four species of deer mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.18.508265v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Among species, parental behaviors vary in their magnitude, onset relative to reproduction, and sexual dimorphism. In deer mice (genus Peromyscus), while most species are promiscuous with low paternal care, monogamy and biparental care have evolved at least twice under different ecological conditions. Here, in a common laboratory setting, we monitored parental behaviors of males and females of two promiscuous (eastern deer mouse P. maniculatus and white-footed mouse P. leucopus) and two monogamous (oldfield mouse P. polionotus and California mouse P. californicus) species from before mating to after giving birth. In the promiscuous species, females showed parental behaviors largely after parturition, while males showed little parental care. In contrast, both sexes of monogamous species performed parental behaviors. However, while oldfield mice began to display parental behaviors before mating, California mice showed robust parental care behaviors only postpartum. These different parental-care trajectories in the two monogamous species align with their socioecology. Oldfield mice have overlapping home ranges with relatives, so infants they encounter, even if not their own, are likely to be closely related. By contrast, California mice disperse longer distances into exclusive territories with possibly unrelated neighbors, decreasing the inclusive fitness benefits of caring for unfamiliar pups before parenthood. Together, we find that patterns of parental behaviors in Peromyscus are consistent with predictions from inclusive fitness theory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khadraoui, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merritt, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoekstra, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bendesky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.18.508265</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Post-mating parental behavior trajectories differ across four species of deer mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.19.508444v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A multiplex platform to identify mechanisms and modulators of proteotoxicity in neurodegeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.19.508444v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurodegenerative disorders are a family of diseases that remain poorly treated despite their growing global health burden. A shared feature of many neurodegenerative disorders is the accumulation of toxic misfolded proteins. To gain insight into the mechanisms and modulators of protein misfolding, we developed a multiplex reverse genetics platform. Using this novel platform 29 cell-based models expressing proteins that undergo misfolding in neurodegeneration were probed against more than a thousand genetic modifiers. The resulting data provide insight into the nature of modifiers that act on multiple misfolded proteins as compared to those that show activity on only one. To illustrate the utility of this platform, we extensively characterized a potent hit from our screens, the human chaperone DNAJB6. We show that DNAJB6 is a general modifier of the toxicity and solubility of multiple amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia (ALS/FTD)-linked RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), including FUS, TDP-43, and hnRNPA1. Biophysical examination of DNAJB6 demonstrated that it co-phase separates with, and alters the behavior of FUS containing condensates by locking them into a loose gel-like state which prevents their fibrilization. Domain mapping and a deep mutational scan of DNAJB6 support the critical importance for DNAJB6 phase separation in its effects on multiple RNA-binding proteins. Crucially, these studies also suggest that this property can be further tuned to generate novel variants with enhanced activity that might illuminate potential avenues for clinical translation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Resnick, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qamar, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nixon-Abell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melore, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shneider, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruggeri, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schierle, G. S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St George-Hyslop, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.19.508444</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A multiplex platform to identify mechanisms and modulators of proteotoxicity in neurodegeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.19.508591v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Posterior white matter hyperintensities are associated with reduced medial temporal lobe subregional integrity and long-term memory in older adults 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.19.508591v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
White matter hyperintensities are a marker of small vessel cerebrovascular disease that are strongly related to cognition in older adults. Similarly, medial temporal lobe atrophy is well-documented in aging and Alzheimers disease and is associated with memory decline. Here, we assessed the relationship between lobar white matter hyperintensities, medial temporal lobe subregional volumes, and hippocampal memory in older adults.

We collected MRI scans in a sample of 139 older adults without dementia (88 females, mean age (SD) = 76.95 (10.61)). Participants were administered the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT). Regression analyses tested for associations among medial temporal lobe subregional volumes, regional white matter hyperintensities and memory, while adjusting for age, sex, and education and correcting for multiple comparisons.

Increased occipital white matter hyperintensities were related to worse RAVLT delayed recall performance, and to reduced CA1, dentate gyrus, perirhinal cortex (Brodmann area 36), and parahippocampal cortex volumes. These medial temporal lobe subregional volumes were related to delayed recall performance. The association of occipital white matter hyperintensities with delayed recall performance was fully mediated statistically only by perirhinal cortex volume.

These results suggest that white matter hyperintensities may be associated with memory decline through their impact on medial temporal lobe atrophy. These findings provide new insights into the role of vascular pathologies in memory loss in older adults and suggest that future studies should further examine the neural mechanisms of these relationships in longitudinal samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rizvi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sathishkumar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marquez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granger, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larson, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miranda, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollearn, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMillan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tustison, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lao, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brickman, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenia, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corrada, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawas, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yassa, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.19.508591</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Posterior white matter hyperintensities are associated with reduced medial temporal lobe subregional integrity and long-term memory in older adults]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.20.508558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Odorant Mixture Separation in Drosophila Early Olfactory System 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.20.508558v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural odorant scenes are complex landscapes comprising mixtures of volatile compounds. It was previously proposed that the Antennal Lobe circuit recovers the odorant identity in a concentration-invariant manner via divisive normalization of Local Neurons. It remains unclear, however, how identities of odorant components in a mixture is represented or recovered in the fruit fly early olfactory pathway. In the current work, we take a different approach from the traditional steady-state analyses that classify odorant mixture encoding into configural vs. elemental schemes. Instead, we focus on the spatio-temporal responses of the early olfactory pathway at the levels of the Antennal Lobe and the Mushroom Body, and formulate the odorant demixing problem as a blind source separation problem - where the identities of each individual odorant component and their corresponding concentration waveforms are recovered from the spatio-temporal PSTH of Olfactory Sensory Neurons (OSNs), Projection Neurons (PNs), and Kenyon Cells (KCs) respectively. Building upon previous models of the Antenna and the Antennal Lobe, we advanced a feedback divisive normalization architecture of the Mushroom Body Calyx circuit comprised of PN, KC and the giant Anterior Paired Lateral (APL) neuron. We demonstrate that the PN-KC-APL circuit produces a high dimensional representation of odorant mixture with robust sparsity, and results in greater odorant demixing performance than the PN responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lazar, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.20.508558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Odorant Mixture Separation in Drosophila Early Olfactory System]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.20.508799v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Corticothalamic Neurons in Motor Cortex Have a Permissive Role in Motor Execution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.20.508799v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The primary motor cortex (M1) is a central hub for motor learning and execution. M1 is composed of heterogeneous cell types, many exhibiting varying relationships to movement. Here, we employed an unbiased screen to tag active neurons at different stages of performance of a motor task. We characterized the relative cell type composition of active neurons across training and identified one cell type consistently enriched as training progressed: corticothalamic neurons (M1CT). Using two-photon calcium imaging, we found that M1CT activity is largely suppressed during movement, and this negative correlation with movement scales with movement vigor and augments with training. Closed-loop optogenetic manipulation of this population revealed that increasing M1CT activity during forelimb movement significantly hinders execution, an effect that became stronger with training. Similar optogenetic manipulations, however, had little effect on locomotion. In contrast to M1CT neurons, we observed that M1 corticospinal neurons positively correlate with movement, and that this positive correlation increases with learning. Finally, by examining the connectivity between M1CT and corticospinal neurons, we uncovered that M1CT neurons can suppress M1 corticospinal activity via feedforward inhibition, and that this inhibition scales with training. These results identify a novel permissive role of corticothalamic neurons in movement execution through suppression of inhibition of corticospinal neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carmona, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tun, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kissner, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.20.508799</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Corticothalamic Neurons in Motor Cortex Have a Permissive Role in Motor Execution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.21.508905v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeted Protein Degradation via Nanoparticles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.21.508905v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Strategies that hijack selective proteins of interest (POIs) to the intracellular protein recycling machinery for targeted protein degradation (TPD) have recently emerged as powerful tools for undruggable targets in biomedical research and the pharmaceutical industry. However, targeting any new POI with current TPD tools requires laborious case-by-case design for different diseases and cell types, especially for those extracellular targets. Here, we observed that nanoparticles (NPs) can mediate the receptor-free internalization of hijacked protein and further developed a generic paradigm for both intra- and extracellular POI degradation, by making full use of clinically approved components. The phenomenon is general, as we found nanostructures such as lipid nanoparticle (LNP), liposomes, exosomes, polymeric nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles and their hybrid nanoparticles modified with POI-recognizing moiety (antibody, peptides, small molecule drugs) can mediate TPD for a wide range of extracellular/membrane and intracellular targets. The super flexible and feasible-to-synthesize TPD-NPs paradigm may revolutionize the current TPD tools development landscape and it provides fundamental knowledge to receptor mediated drug therapies.

HighlightsO_LINanoparticle mediated targeted protein degradation (TPD-NP) can be constructed by "Mix-and-Match" and do not require de novo synthesis or specific internalization design.
C_LIO_LITPD-NPs can be equipped with specific cell type targeting capacity, loading and controlled release of therapeutic cargos, as well as biological barrier penetration capacity.
C_LIO_LIAssembling components can be clinical-approved or biodegradable for translational medicine.
C_LIO_LITPD-NP highly boosted current application platforms of nano-delivery and TPD.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leong, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.21.508905</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeted Protein Degradation via Nanoparticles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.22.507905v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic refinement of behavioral structure mediates dopamine-dependent credit assignment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.22.507905v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals exhibit a diverse behavioral repertoire when exploring new environments and can learn which actions or action sequences produce positive outcomes. Dopamine release upon encountering reward is critical for reinforcing reward-producing actions1-3. However, it has been challenging to understand how credit is assigned to the exact action that produced dopamine release during continuous behavior. We investigated this problem with a novel self-stimulation paradigm in which specific spontaneous movements triggered optogenetic stimulation of dopaminergic neurons. Dopamine self-stimulation rapidly and dynamically changes the structure of the entire behavioral repertoire. Initial stimulations reinforced not only the stimulation-producing target action, but also actions similar to target and actions that occurred a few seconds before stimulation. Repeated pairings led to gradual refinement of the behavioral repertoire to home in on the target. Reinforcement of action sequences revealed further temporal dependencies of refinement. Action pairs spontaneously separated by long time intervals promoted a stepwise credit assignment, with early refinement of actions most proximal to stimulation and subsequent refinement of more distal actions. Thus, a retrospective reinforcement mechanism promotes not only reinforcement, but gradual refinement of the entire behavioral repertoire to assign credit to specific actions and action sequences that lead to dopamine release.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, J. C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paixao, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvalho, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klaus, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alves da Silva, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.22.507905</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic refinement of behavioral structure mediates dopamine-dependent credit assignment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.22.508749v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Haptoglobin (HP) Structural Variant Alters the Effect of APOE Alleles on Alzheimer's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.22.508749v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundHaptoglobin (HP) is an antioxidant of apolipoprotein E (APOE), and previous reports have shown HP binds with APOE and amyloid-{beta} (A{beta}) to aid its clearance. A common structural variant of the HP gene distinguishes it into two alleles: HP1 and HP2.

MethodsHP genotypes were imputed in 29 cohorts from the Alzheimers Disease (AD) Genetics Consortium (N=22,651). Associations between the HP polymorphism and AD risk and age of onset through APOE interactions were investigated using regression models.

ResultsThe HP polymorphism significantly impacts AD risk and age at onset in European-descent individuals (and in meta-analysis with African Americans) by modifying both the protective effect of APOE{varepsilon}2 and the detrimental effect of APOE{varepsilon}4, especially for APOE{varepsilon}4 carriers.

DiscussionThe effect modification of APOE by HP suggests adjustment and/or stratification by HP genotype is warranted when APOE risk is considered. Our findings also provided directions for further investigations on potential mechanisms behind this association.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bai, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naj, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benchek, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumitrescu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton-Nelson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kallianpur, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griswold, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardarajan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beecham, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Below, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schellenberg, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayeux, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pericak-Vance, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haines, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bush, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.22.508749</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Haptoglobin (HP) Structural Variant Alters the Effect of APOE Alleles on Alzheimer's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.22.508778v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Altered MAM function shifts mitochondrial metabolism in SOD1-mutant models of ALS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.22.508778v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial defects are a common hallmark of familial and sporadic forms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, the origin of these defects, including reduced pyruvate metabolism and reduced oxygen consumption, is poorly understood. These metabolic functions are regulated in specialized endoplasmic reticulum (ER) domains in close contact with mitochondria, called mitochondrial-associated ER membranes (MAM). Recently it has been shown that MAM domains are disrupted in ALS, but the connection between MAM dysregulation and mitochondrial defects in ALS cells remains unclear. Using human embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived motor neurons (hMNs) and mouse models with ALS-pathogenic mutations in superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), we found that the glycolytic deficiency in ALS is a direct consequence of the progressive disruption of MAM structure and function that hinders the use of glucose-derived pyruvate as a mitochondrial fuel and triggers a shift in mitochondrial substrates from pyruvate to fatty acids. This glycolytic deficiency, over time, induces significant alterations in mitochondrial electron flow and in the active/dormant (A/D) status of complex I in spinal cord, but not in brain. These data agree with a role for MAM in the maintenance and regulation of cellular glucose metabolism and suggest that MAM disruption in ALS could be the underlying cause of the bioenergetic deficits observed in the disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Larrea, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamucci, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabra, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velasco, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pera, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montesinos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smerdon, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowry, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stepanova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoval-Sanchez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galkin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wichterle, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Area-Gomez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.22.508778</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Altered MAM function shifts mitochondrial metabolism in SOD1-mutant models of ALS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.23.509067v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The impact of Mmu17 non-Hsa21 orthologous genes in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome: the "gold standard" revisited 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.23.509067v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite many successful preclinical treatment studies to improve neurocognition in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome (DS), translation to humans has failed. This raises critical questions about the appropriateness of the Ts65Dn mouse as the "gold standard" for DS research given that it carries, in addition to Mmu16 orthologous genes, triplication of 50 Mmu17 non-orthologous genes that might contribute to the observed brain and behavioral phenotypes. We used the novel Ts66Yah mouse that carries both an extra mini chromosome and the identical segmental Mmu16 trisomy as Ts65Dn, but in which the Mmu17 non-orthologous region was removed using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. We demonstrate that the Ts65Dn exhibits a more severe phenotype throughout the lifespan compared to the Ts66Yah mouse. Several Mmu17 non-orthologous genes were uniquely overexpressed in Ts65Dn embryonic forebrain; this produced major differences in dysregulated genes and pathways. Despite these genome-wide differences, the primary Mmu16 trisomic effects were highly conserved in both models, resulting in several commonly dysregulated disomic genes and pathways. During the neonatal period, delays in motor development, communication and olfactory spatial memory were observed in both Ts66Yah and Ts65Dn pups but were more pronounced in Ts65Dn. Adult Ts66Yah mice showed working memory deficits and sex-specific effects in exploratory behavior and spatial hippocampal memory, while long-term memory was preserved. Like the neonates, adult Ts66Yah mice exhibited fewer and milder behavioral deficits when compared to Ts65Dn mice. Our findings suggest that trisomy of the non-orthologous Mmu17 genes significantly contributes to the phenotype of the Ts65Dn mouse and may be one major reason why preclinical trials that used this model have unsuccessfully translated to human therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guedj, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kane, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pennings, J. L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herault, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bianchi, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.23.509067</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The impact of Mmu17 non-Hsa21 orthologous genes in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome: the "gold standard" revisited]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.23.509220v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leveraging vision to understand curiosity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.23.509220v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans are immensely curious and motivated to reduce uncertainty. Inspired by studies of sensory uncertainty, we hypothesized that visual areas provide multivariate representations of uncertainty, which are read out by higher-order areas that encode confidence and, ultimately, translated into curiosity. During fMRI, participants rated their confidence in identifying distorted images of animals and objects and their curiosity to see the clear image. We found that curiosity peaked at low confidence. To link sensory certainty and curiosity, we estimated "OTC Certainty" as the product of absolute and relative evidence for animals vs. object categories in occipitotemporal cortex (OTC) while participants viewed the distorted image. OTC Certainty negatively correlated with curiosity, while univariate activity in two frontal regions - vmPFC and ACC - positively correlated with confidence. The relationship between OTC certainty and curiosity was mediated by the vmPFC but not ACC. The results reveal neural mechanisms that generate curiosity from representations of uncertainty.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohanpour, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottlieb, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.23.509220</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leveraging vision to understand curiosity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.23.509242v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhancing Sox/Oct cooperativity induces higher-grade developmental reset 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.23.509242v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology by Shinya Yamanaka has truly enabled the stem cell field. After 16 years of intense research, the delivery methods and culture media have improved but the original factors--Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and Myc (OSKM)--remain central for driving reprogramming.

Here we define structural elements in chimeric Sox2/Sox17 transcription factors that rescued the ability of nonfunctional Oct factors to induce pluripotency. Most importantly, we discovered a single amino acid swap in the DNA-binding domain of Sox2, A61V, that stabilizes the Sox/Oct heterodimer on DNA through hydrophobic interaction with Oct. The highly cooperative Sox2AV mutant enables iPSC generation with Oct4 orthologs, such as Oct2 and Oct6, as well as rescues otherwise detrimental Oct4 mutants and domain deletions. Sox2AV has a dramatic effect on the cell fate reset, significantly improving the developmental potential of OSKM iPSCs. Moreover, by swapping multiple beneficial elements of Sox17 into Sox2 we have built a chimeric super-SOX factor--Sox2-17--that delivers unprecedented reprogramming efficiency and kinetics in five tested species. Sox2-17 enhances five-, four-, and three-factor reprogramming up to hundreds of times, enables two-factor generation of human iPSCs, and allows integration-free reprogramming of otherwise non-permissive aged human, non-human primate, and cattle fibroblasts.

Our study demonstrates that a complete developmental reset requires both robust activation of regulatory elements controlled by the canonical SoxOct motif and limiting cellular proliferation driven by Oct4 and Myc. A high level of Sox2 expression and Sox2/Oct4 heterodimerization emerge as the key determinants of high-grade pluripotency that fades along the naive-to-primed continuum. Transient expression of SK cocktail can restore the naivety, providing a powerful technology to induce more complete developmental reset in pluripotent cells across species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>MacCarthy, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malik, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velychko, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keshet, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jauch, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cojocaru, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velychko, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.23.509242</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhancing Sox/Oct cooperativity induces higher-grade developmental reset]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.508878v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multimodal mass spectrometry imaging reveals single-cell metabolic states in mammalian liver 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.508878v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We have developed a powerful workflow to imaging endogenous metabolism in single cells on frozen tissue, allowing us to discover new cell subtypes in human liver. Performing spatially integrated multiomics in single cells within tissues is at the leading frontier in biology but has been prevented by technological challenges. We developed a critical new technology, cryogenic water cluster ion beam secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging ((H2O)n>28K-GCIB-SIMS)) at 1 {micro}m single-cell resolution. This allowed us to perform multi-modal mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to detect metabolites, lipids, and proteins in single cells within functional liver zones and diverse cell types in the native tissue state. Our workflow utilizes the desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to build a reference map of metabolic heterogeneity and zonation across liver functional units. Then cryogenic (H2O)n>28K-GCIB-SIMS and C60-SIMS integrated metabolomics, lipidomic and proteomics, - characterizing the metabolic state in single cells on the same tissue section. We found for the first time that lipids and metabolites can classify liver metabolic zones and liver cell types beyond histological and protein-marker annotation. This provides a multi-modal workflow to define single-cell states in normal physiology and disease in mammalian tissue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajbhandari, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarolli, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Decker, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neelakantan, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angerer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zandkarimi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Remotti, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frache, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winograd, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stockwell, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.26.508878</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multimodal mass spectrometry imaging reveals single-cell metabolic states in mammalian liver]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509559v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Context-dependent requirement of G protein coupling for Latrophilin-2 in target selection of hippocampal axons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509559v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The formation of neural circuits requires extensive interactions of cell-surface proteins to guide axons to their correct target neurons. Trans-cellular interactions of the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor latrophilin-2 (Lphn2) with its partner teneurin-3 instruct the precise assembly of hippocampal networks by reciprocal repulsion. Lphn2 acts as a receptor in distal CA1 neurons to direct their axons to proximal subiculum, and as a repulsive ligand in proximal subiculum to direct proximal CA1 axons to distal subiculum. It remains unclear if Lphn2-mediated intracellular signaling is required for its role in either context. Here, we show that Lphn2 couples to G12/13 in heterologous cells, which is increased by constitutive exposure of the tethered agonist. Specific mutations of Lphn2s tethered agonist region disrupt its G protein coupling and autoproteolytic cleavage, whereas mutating the autoproteolytic cleavage site prevents cleavage but preserves a functional tethered agonist. Using an in vivo misexpression assay, we demonstrate that wild-type Lphn2 misdirects proximal CA1 axons to proximal subiculum and that Lphn2 tethered agonist activity is required for its role as a repulsive receptor. By contrast, neither tethered agonist activity nor autoproteolysis was necessary for Lphn2s role as a repulsive ligand. Thus, tethered agonist activity is required for Lphn2-mediated neural circuit assembly in a context-dependent manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pederick, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry-Hauser, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javitch, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.26.509559</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Context-dependent requirement of G protein coupling for Latrophilin-2 in target selection of hippocampal axons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.509618v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Specific connectivity optimizes learning in thalamocortical loops 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.509618v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1Cortico-thalamo-cortical loops have a central role in cognition and motor control, but precisely how thalamus contributes to these processes is unclear. Recent studies showing evidence of plasticity in thalamocortical synapses indicate a role for thalamus in shaping cortical dynamics - and thus behavior - through learning. Since corticothalamic projections compress cortical activity into a lower-dimensional thalamic activity space, we hypothesized that the computational role of thalamus would depend critically on the structure of corticothalamic connectivity. To test this, we identified the optimal corticothalamic structure that promotes biologically plausible learning in thalamocortical synapses. We found that corticothalamic structures specialized to carry an efference copy of the cortical output benefit motor control, while corticothalamic connections that communicate the directions of highest variance in cortical activity are optimal for working memory tasks. We analyzed neural recordings from mice performing grasping and delayed discrimination, and found corticothalamic interactions consistent with these predictions. These results suggest that thalamus orchestrates cortical dynamics in a functionally precise manner through structured connectivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lakshminarasimhan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauerbrei, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hantman, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litwin-Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escola, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.27.509618</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Specific connectivity optimizes learning in thalamocortical loops]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.509677v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decoding Age-specific Changes in Brain Functional Connectivity Using a Sliding-window Based Clustering Method 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.509677v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) permits detailed study of human brain function. Understanding the age-specific development of neural circuits in the typically developing brain may help us generate new hypotheses for developmental psychopathologies. Functional connectivity (FC), defined as the statistical associations between two brain regions, has been widely used in estimating functional networks from fMRI data. Previous research has shown that the evolution of FC does not follow a linear trend, particularly from childhood to young adulthood. Thus, this work aims to detect the nuanced FC changes with age from the non-linear curves and identify age-period-specific FC development patterns. We proposed a sliding-window based clustering approach to identify refined age interval of FC development. We used resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI) data from the human connectome project-development (HCP-D), which recruited children, adolescents, and young adults aged from 5 to 21 years. Our analyses revealed different developmental patterns of resting-state FC by sex. In general, females matured earlier than males, but males had a faster development rate during age 100 -120 months. We identified four developmental phases: network construction in late childhood, segregation and integration construction in adolescence, network pruning in young adulthood, and a unique phase in males -- U-shape development. In addition, we investigated the sex effect on the slopes of FC-age correlation. Males had higher slopes during late childhood and young adulthood. These results inform trajectories of normal FC development, information that can in the future be used to pinpoint when development might go awry in neurodevelopmental disorders.

HighlightO_LIPropose a novel sliding-window-based framework to identify refined age intervals of functional connectivity (FC) development.
C_LIO_LIIdentify four developmental phases: network construction in late childhood, segregation and integration in adolescence, network pruning in young adulthood, and a unique phase in males -- U-shape development.
C_LIO_LICharacterize the representative FC pattern for each developmental phase based on global network statistics, modular connectivity, and hub ROIs.
C_LIO_LIReveal sex differences in developmental timing, rate, and patterns of resting-state FC.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagliaccio, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.27.509677</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decoding Age-specific Changes in Brain Functional Connectivity Using a Sliding-window Based Clustering Method]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.509707v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Down the Penrose stairs: How selection for fewer recombination hotspots maintains their existence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.509707v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In many species, meiotic recombination events tend to occur in narrow intervals of the genome, known as hotspots. In humans and mice, double strand break (DSB) hotspot locations are determined by the DNA-binding specificity of the zinc finger array of the PRDM9 protein, which is rapidly evolving at residues in contact with DNA. Previous models explained this rapid evolution in terms of the need to restore PRDM9 binding sites lost to gene conversion over time, under the assumption that more PRDM9 binding always leads to more DSBs. In recent experimental work, however, it has become apparent that PRDM9 binding on both homologs facilitates DSB repair, and moreover that, in the absence of enough symmetric binding, meiosis no longer progresses reliably. We therefore consider the possibility that the benefit of PRDM9 stems from its role in coupling DSB formation and efficient repair. To this end, we model the evolution of PRDM9 from first principles: from its binding dynamics to the population processes that govern the evolution of the zinc finger array and its binding sites in the genome. As we show, the loss of a small number of strong binding sites leads to the use of a greater number of weaker ones, resulting in a sharp reduction in symmetric binding and favoring new PRDM9 alleles that restore the use of a smaller set of strong binding sites. This decrease in PRDM9 binding symmetry and in its ability to promote DSB repair drive the rapid zinc finger turnover. These results imply that the advantage of new PRDM9 alleles is in limiting the number of binding sites used effectively, rather than in increasing net PRDM9 binding, as previously believed. By extension, our model suggests that the evolutionary advantage of hotspots may have been to increase the efficiency of DSB repair and/or homolog pairing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baker, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przeworski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sella, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.27.509707</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Down the Penrose stairs: How selection for fewer recombination hotspots maintains their existence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.509755v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endosomal Chemokine Receptor Signalosomes Regulate Central Mechanisms Underlying Cell Migration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.509755v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chemokine receptors are GPCRs that regulate chemotactic migration of a wide variety of cells including immune and cancer cells. Most chemokine receptors contain features associated with the ability to stimulate G protein signaling during {beta}-arrestin-mediated receptor internalization into endosomes. As endosomal signaling of certain non-GPCR receptors plays a major role in cell migration, we chose to investigate the potential role of endosomal chemokine receptor signaling on mechanisms governing this function. Applying a combination of pharmacological and cell biological approaches, we demonstrate that the model chemokine receptor CCR7 recruits G protein and {beta}-arrestin simultaneously upon chemokine stimulation, which enables internalized receptors to activate G protein from endosomes. Furthermore, spatiotemporal-resolved APEX2 proteome profiling shows that endosomal CCR7 uniquely enriches specific Rho GTPase regulators as compared to plasma membrane CCR7, which is directly associated with enhanced activity of the Rho GTPase Rac1 and chemotaxis of immune T cells. As Rac1 drives the formation of membrane protrusions during chemotaxis, our findings suggest an important integrated function of endosomal chemokine receptor signaling in cell migration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hahn, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daly, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Little, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry-Hauser, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inoue, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plouffe, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomsen, A. R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.27.509755</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endosomal Chemokine Receptor Signalosomes Regulate Central Mechanisms Underlying Cell Migration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.509770v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A scalable screening platform for phenotypic subtyping of ALS patient-derived fibroblasts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.509770v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major challenge for understanding and treating Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is that most patients have no known genetic cause. Even within defined genetic subtypes, patients display considerable clinical heterogeneity. It is unclear how to identify subsets of ALS patients that share common molecular dysregulation or could respond similarly to treatment. Here, we developed a scalable microscopy and machine learning platform to phenotypically subtype readily available, primary patient-derived fibroblasts. Application of our platform identified robust signatures for the genetic subtype FUS-ALS, allowing cell lines to be scored along a spectrum from FUS-ALS to non-ALS. Our FUS-ALS phenotypic score negatively correlates with age of diagnosis and provides information that is distinct from transcript profiling. Interestingly, the FUS-ALS phenotypic score can be used to identify sporadic patient fibroblasts that have consistent pathway dysregulation with FUS-ALS. Further, we showcase how the score can be used to evaluate the effects of ASO treatment on patient fibroblasts. Our platform provides an approach to move from genetic to phenotypic subtyping and a first step towards rational selection of patient subpopulations for targeted therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumbier, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazzari-Dean, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waters, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korobeynikov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Consortium, N. Y. G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phatnani, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altschuler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.27.509770</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A scalable screening platform for phenotypic subtyping of ALS patient-derived fibroblasts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.28.509699v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Beyond the metropolis: Street tree densities and resident perceptions on ecosystem services in small urban centers in India 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.28.509699v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The role of urban street trees has been extensively studied in large metropolises, where they contribute significantly to faunal habitat, provide critical ecosystem services to residents and contribute to human well-being. On the other hand, rapidly urbanizing cities in India have been poorly studied, despite multiple types of irreplaceable losses related to tree cover. However, being early in their urbanization history, these centers also represent opportunity for urban sustainability with potentially high remnant vegetation and human-nature connections. While megacities in developed countries move towards biophilic urban planning and participatory decision making, basic information on tree communities and their perceived services is a bottleneck in achieving these goals in such small urban centers. We assessed the street tree community and resident perceptions of ecosystem service values in Kochi and Panjim, two coastal cities in India under rapid development, through a combination of field measurements (258 transects, 931 trees) and semi-structured interviews (497 individuals). We found that mean street tree density is low in both cities, especially so in Kochi, and corresponds to perceptions of recent change in tree cover (-28% in Kochi, -11% in Panjim). The street tree community in both cities were dominated by ornamental avenue trees such as Albizia saman and Peltophorum pterocarpum, but native coastal species like Cocos nucifera, Terminalia catappa and Thespesia populnea were also common. Despite recent urban growth, residents in both cities reported low value of trees for food, fodder and medicine, but high value for regulating services like shade and water. Moreover, we found strong evidence for aesthetic and cultural values of trees in both cities, including through qualitative interviews. Our study establishes critical baselines for biophilic planning in these small urban centers towards urban sustainability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anujan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velho, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuriakose, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>P J, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagendra, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.28.509699</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Beyond the metropolis: Street tree densities and resident perceptions on ecosystem services in small urban centers in India]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.28.509940v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting enzyme substrate chemical structure with protein language models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.28.509940v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The number of unannotated or orphan enzymes vastly outnumber those for which the chemical structure of the substrates are known. While a number of enzyme function prediction algorithms exist, these often predict Enzyme Commission (EC) numbers or enzyme family, which limits their ability to generate experimentally testable hypotheses. Here, we harness protein language models, cheminformatics, and machine learning classification techniques to accelerate the annotation of orphan enzymes by predicting their substrates chemical structural class. We use the orphan enzymes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as a case study, focusing on two protein families that are highly abundant in its proteome: the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductases (SDRs) and the S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)-dependent methyltransferases. Training machine learning classification models that take as input the protein sequence embeddings obtained from a pre-trained, self-supervised protein language model results in excellent accuracy for a wide variety of prediction tasks. These include redox cofactor preference for SDRs; small-molecule vs. polymer (i.e. protein, DNA or RNA) substrate preference for SAM-dependent methyltransferases; as well as more detailed chemical structural predictions for the preferred substrates of both enzyme families. We then use these trained classifiers to generate predictions for the full set of unannotated SDRs and SAM-methyltransferases in the proteomes of M. tuberculosis and other mycobacteria, generating a set of biochemically testable hypotheses. Our approach can be extended and generalized to other enzyme families and organisms, and we envision it will help accelerate the annotation of a large number of orphan enzymes.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=106 SRC="FIGDIR/small/509940v3_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (20K):
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jinich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nazia, S. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tellez, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rappoport, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhee, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.28.509940</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting enzyme substrate chemical structure with protein language models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.29.510093v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aberrant DNA repair is a vulnerability in histone H3.3-mutant brain tumors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.29.510093v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pediatric high-grade gliomas (pHGG) are devastating and incurable brain tumors with recurrent mutations in histone H3.3. These mutations promote oncogenesis by dysregulating gene expression through alterations of histone modifications. We identify aberrant DNA repair as an independent oncogenic mechanism, which fosters genome instability and tumor cell growth in H3.3 mutant pHGG, thus opening new therapeutic options. The two most frequent H3.3 mutations in pHGG, K27M and G34R, drive aberrant repair of replication-associated damage by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). Aberrant NHEJ is mediated by the DNA repair enzyme Polynucleotide Kinase 3-Phosphatase (PNKP), which shows increased association with mutant H3.3 at damaged replication forks. PNKP sustains the proliferation of cells bearing H3.3 mutations, thus conferring a molecular vulnerability, specific to mutant cells, with potential for therapeutic targeting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rondinelli, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giacomini, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piquet, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chevallier, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dabin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, S.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siddaway, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raught, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coyaud, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shan, C.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reid, R. J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toda, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothstein, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilhelm, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barra, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crane, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubois, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandopadhayay, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beroukhim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naim, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkins, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polo, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.29.510093</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aberrant DNA repair is a vulnerability in histone H3.3-mutant brain tumors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.30.509517v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanisms of insertions at a DNA double-strand break 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.30.509517v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insertions and deletions (indels) are common sources of structural variation, and insertions originating from spontaneous DNA lesions are frequent in cancer. We developed a highly sensitive assay in human cells (Indel-Seq) to monitor rearrangements at the TRIM37 acceptor locus which reports indels stemming from experimentally-induced and spontaneous genome instability. Templated insertions derive from sequences genome-wide and are enriched within 100 kb of donor regions flanking a DSB. Insertions require contact between donor and acceptor loci as well as DNA-PK catalytic activity. Notably, these templated insertions originate from actively transcribed loci, underscoring transcription as a critical source of spontaneous genome instability. Transcription-coupled insertions involve a DNA/RNA hybrid intermediate and are stimulated by DNA end-processing. Using engineered Cas9 breaks, we establish that ssDNA overhangs at the acceptor site greatly stimulate insertions. Indel-Seq revels that insertions are generated via at least three distinct pathways. Our studies indicate that insertions result from movement and subsequent contact between acceptor and donor loci followed invasion or annealing, then by non-homologous end-joining at the acceptor site.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Min, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zagelbaum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cummings, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schooley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottesman, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabadan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gautier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.30.509517</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanisms of insertions at a DNA double-strand break]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510626v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Entropic control of the free energy landscape of an archetypal biomolecular machine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510626v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biomolecular machines are complex macromolecular assemblies that utilize thermal and chemical energy to perform essential, multistep, cellular processes. Despite possessing different architectures and functions, an essential feature of the mechanisms-of-action of all such machines is that they require dynamic rearrangements of structural components. Surprisingly, biomolecular machines generally possess only a limited set of such motions, suggesting that these dynamics must be repurposed to drive different mechanistic steps. Although ligands that interact with these machines are known to drive such repurposing, the physical and structural mechanisms through which ligands achieve this remain unknown. Using temperature-dependent, single-molecule measurements analyzed with a time-resolution-enhancing algorithm, here we dissect the free energy landscape of an archetypal biomolecular machine, the bacterial ribosome, to reveal how its dynamics are repurposed to drive distinct steps during ribosome-catalyzed protein synthesis. Specifically, we show that the free energy landscape of the ribosome encompasses a network of allosterically coupled structural elements that coordinates the motions of these elements. Moreover, we reveal that ribosomal ligands which participate in disparate steps of the protein synthesis pathway repurpose this network by differentially modulating the structural flexibility of the ribosomal complex (i.e., the entropic component of the free energy landscape). We propose that such ligand-dependent entropic control of free energy landscapes has evolved as a general strategy through which ligands may regulate the functions of all biomolecular machines. Such entropic control is therefore an important driver in the evolution of naturally occurring biomolecular machines and a critical consideration for the design of synthetic molecular machines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ray, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinz-Thompson, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.03.510626</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Entropic control of the free energy landscape of an archetypal biomolecular machine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510669v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A neural model of proximity to reward 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510669v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Throughout learning, refinement of cortical activity in cortex, a process termed "credit assignment", underlies the refinement of behavioral actions leading to reward. While previous research shows striatums role in linking behavior to reward, striatums role in linking the underlying behaviorally-relevant cortical activity to reward remains unclear. Leveraging a neuroprosthetic task while recording from the rat cortex and striatum, we demonstrate that the striatum encodes the dynamics of the proximity of cortical activity to reward. Such encoding was independent from external task feedback and emerged as cortical activity consolidated over learning, with dorsal and ventral striatum playing complementary yet distinct roles. Striatal activity thus constitutes a neural model of cortical progress towards reward, suggesting one mechanism by which the brain implements credit assignment to refine behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Botros, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vendrell-Llopis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmena, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.03.510669</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A neural model of proximity to reward]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.04.509926v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Simple scaling laws control the genetic architectures of human complex traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.04.509926v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide association studies have revealed that the genetic architectures of complex traits vary widely, including in terms of the numbers, effect sizes, and allele frequencies of significant hits. However, at present we lack a principled way of understanding the similarities and differences among traits. Here, we describe a probabilistic model that combines mutation, drift, and stabilizing selection at individual sites with a genome-scale model of phenotypic variation. In this model, the architecture of a trait arises from the distribution of selection coefficients of mutations and from two scaling parameters. We fit this model for 95 diverse, highly polygenic quantitative traits from the UK Biobank. Notably, we infer similar distributions of selection coefficients across all these traits. This shared distribution implies that differences in architectures of highly polygenic traits arise mainly from the two scaling parameters: the mutational target size and heritability per site, which vary by orders of magnitude across traits. When these two scale factors are accounted for, the architectures of all 95 traits are nearly identical.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Simons, Y. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostafavi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pritchard, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sella, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.04.509926</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Simple scaling laws control the genetic architectures of human complex traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.04.510815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nimbolide Targets RNF114 to Induce the Trapping of PARP1 and Poly-ADP-Ribosylation-Dependent DNA Repair Factors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.04.510815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PARP1 is an abundant nuclear enzyme that is critically involved in DNA damage response. Its main enzymatic function is to catalyze a protein post-translational modification known as poly-ADP-ribosylation (PARylation). Despite the tremendous progresses of PARP1 inhibitors (PARPi) in the clinic, the basic mechanism of action of PARPi is poorly understood. Recent studies point to PARP1 trapping as a key factor driving the cytotoxic and immunomodulatory functions of PARPi. However, the molecular underpinnings of PARP1 trapping remain elusive. Here, using an unbiased, quantitative proteomic screen, we identified RING finger protein 114 (RNF114), as a PARylation-dependent, ubiquitin E3 ligase involved in DNA damage response. Upon sensing DNA damage, RNF114 was recruited, in a PAR-dependent manner, to the DNA lesions, where it specifically targeted PARylated-PARP1 for ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation. The blockade of this pathway interfered with the removal of PARP1 from the DNA damage site, leading to profound PARP1 trapping. We show that a natural product, Nimbolide, targeted RNF114 to block the degradation and removal of PARylated-PARP1 from DNA lesions. Unlike conventional PARPi, nimbolide treatment induced the trapping of both PARP1 and PARylation-dependent DNA repair factors. This unique mechanism of action of nimbolide translated into its superior cytotoxic effects against BRCA-deficient cancers. Furthermore, we demonstrated that, as a super trapper of both PARylated-PARP1 and PARylation-dependent DNA repair factors, nimbolide was able to overcome the intrinsic and acquired resistance to PARPi. Finally, we showed that nimbolide treatment activated innate immune signaling and was able to synergize with various cytotoxic agents. These results point to the exciting possibility of targeting homologous recombination-deficient cancers using nimbolide and its analogs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.04.510815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nimbolide Targets RNF114 to Induce the Trapping of PARP1 and Poly-ADP-Ribosylation-Dependent DNA Repair Factors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.04.510898v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep generative modeling for quantifying sample-level heterogeneity in single-cell omics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.04.510898v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The field of single-cell genomics is now observing a marked increase in the prevalence of cohort-level studies that include hundreds of samples and feature complex designs. These data have tremendous potential for discovering how sample or tissue-level phenotypes relate to cellular and molecular composition. However, current analyses are based on simplified representations of these data by averaging information across cells. We present MrVI, a deep generative model designed to realize the potential of cohort studies at the single-cell level. MrVI tackles two fundamental and intertwined problems: stratifying samples into groups and evaluating the cellular and molecular differences between groups, both without requiring a priori grouping of cells into types or states. Due to its single-cell perspective, MrVI is able to detect clinically relevant stratifications of patients in COVID-19 and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) cohorts that are only manifested in certain cellular subsets, thus enabling new discoveries that would otherwise be overlooked. Similarly, we demonstrate that MrVI can de-novo identify groups of small molecules with similar biochemical properties and evaluate their effects on cellular composition and gene expression in large-scale perturbation studies. MrVI is available as open source at scvi-tools.org.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boyeau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gayoso, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azizi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.04.510898</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep generative modeling for quantifying sample-level heterogeneity in single-cell omics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.05.511024v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural representational geometry correlates with behavioral differences between monkeys 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.05.511024v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals likely use a variety of strategies to solve laboratory tasks. Traditionally, combined analysis of behavioral and neural recording data across subjects employing different strategies may obscure important signals and give confusing results. Hence, it is essential to develop techniques that can infer strategy at the single-subject level. We analyzed an experiment in which two monkeys performed a visually cued rule-based task. The analysis of their performance shows no indication that they used a different strategy. However, when we examined the geometry of stimulus representations in the state space of the neural activities recorded in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, we found striking differences between the two monkeys. Our purely neural results induced us to reanalyze the behavior. The new analysis showed that the differences in representational geometry correlate with differences in the reaction times, revealing behavioral differences we were unaware of. All these analyses indicate that the monkeys are using different strategies. Finally, using recurrent neural network models trained to perform the same task, we show that these strategies correlate with the amount of training, suggesting a possible explanation for the observed neural and behavioral differences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fascianelli, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefanini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsujimoto, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genovesio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fusi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.05.511024</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural representational geometry correlates with behavioral differences between monkeys]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511112v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GLUT1 ablation in astrocytes paradoxically improves central and peripheral glucose metabolism via enhanced insulin-stimulated ATP release 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511112v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Astrocytes are considered an essential source of blood-borne glucose or its metabolites to neurons. Nonetheless, the necessity of the main astrocyte glucose transporter, i.e. GLUT1, for brain glucose metabolism has not been defined. Unexpectedly, we found that brain glucose metabolism was paradoxically augmented in mice with astrocytic GLUT1 ablation (GLUT11'GFAP mice). These mice also exhibited improved peripheral glucose metabolism especially in obesity, rendering them metabolically healthier. Importantly, GLUT11'GFAP mice did not present cognitive alterations. Mechanistically, we observed that GLUT1-ablated astrocytes exhibited increased insulin receptor-dependent ATP release, and both astrocyte insulin signalling and brain purinergic signalling are essential for improved brain function and systemic glucose metabolism. Collectively, we demonstrate that astrocytic GLUT1 is central to the regulation of brain energetics, yet its ablation triggers a reprogramming of brain metabolism sufficient to sustain energy requirements, peripheral glucose homeostasis and cognitive function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ardanaz, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De la Cruz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elizalde-Horcada, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puerta, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortega, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urbiola, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ederra, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ariz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortiz-de-Solorzano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Irigoyen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santamaria, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karsenty, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruning, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.06.511112</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GLUT1 ablation in astrocytes paradoxically improves central and peripheral glucose metabolism via enhanced insulin-stimulated ATP release]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.07.511310v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The methyltransferases METTL7A and METTL7B confer resistance to thiol-based histone deacetylase inhibitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.07.511310v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) are part of a growing class of epigenetic therapies used for the treatment of cancer. While elevated levels of the efflux pump P-gp are associated with in vitro resistance to romidepsin, this mechanism does not translate to the clinic. We developed a romidepsin-resistant cell line with a resistance mechanism independent of P-gp function that acts upstream of the deacetylation process. We found that expression of the methyltransferase METTL7A is necessary for resistance, and that expression of METTL7A in naive cells can drive resistance to thiol-containing HDACis. We demonstrate that METTL7A can methylate romidesin in vitro and that the ability of METTL7A to drive resistance to thiol-containing HDACis can be blocked by the methyltransferase inhibitor DCMB. Our data supports a model whereby exposure of cells to romidepsin selects for upregulation of the methyltransferase METTL7A, which in turn modifies the zinc-binding thiol, inactivating the drug.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Robey, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzsimmons, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guiblet, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frye, W. J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez Dalmasy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huff, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali-Rahmani, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipsey, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wade, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maligireddy, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikitina, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhurkin, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piscopio, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bates, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arda, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottesman, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batista, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.07.511310</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The methyltransferases METTL7A and METTL7B confer resistance to thiol-based histone deacetylase inhibitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.07.511327v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intestinal myofibroblasts regulate intestinal epithelial cell plasticity via YAP/TAZ 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.07.511327v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intestinal stromal cells play a key role as the crypt niche cells during epithelial homeostasis and tumor initiation. However, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms remain unclear. We developed various types of three-dimensional (3D) tissue culture models to culture small intestinal myofibroblasts (SI MFs) together with enteroids. SI MFs significantly enhanced self-renewal, lumen formation and survival of enteroids, that was mediated via a paracrine mechanism in a Wnt-independent manner. Such co-cultured enteroids resembled SI organoids derived from Apc+/1638N tumors. Microarray analysis showed upregulation of genes associated with YAP signaling in enteroids co-cultured with SI MFs, which was confirmed by protein quantification by mass spectrometry and could be correlated with findings from human colorectal tumor specimens. Mass spectrometric analysis of conditioned media and inhibitor studies pointed to a role for TGF-{beta} in the SI MF-SI epithelium cross-talk. Altogether, utilizing different 3D stroma-epithelium co-culture models, we demonstrate here that SI MFs have the potential to induce a tumor-like phenotype in the intestinal crypts via a paracrine mechanism, that involves YAP and TGF-{beta}, but not canonical Wnt signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pastuła, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janssen, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steiger, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slotta-Huspenina, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hauck, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quante, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borgmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz-Fernandez, M. J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehmer, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fottner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.07.511327</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intestinal myofibroblasts regulate intestinal epithelial cell plasticity via YAP/TAZ]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.10.510913v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanism of dual pharmacological correction and potentiation of human CFTR 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.10.510913v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by mutations in a chloride channel called the human Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (hCFTR). We used cryo-EM global conformational ensemble reconstruction to characterize the mechanism by which the breakthrough drug VX445 (Elexacaftor) simultaneously corrects both protein-folding and channel-gating defects caused by CF mutations. VX445 drives hCFTR molecules harboring the gating-defective G551D mutation towards the open-channel conformation by binding to a site in the first transmembrane domain. This binding interaction reverses the usual pathway of allosteric structural communication by which ATP binding activates channel conductance, which is blocked by the G551D mutation. Our ensemble reconstructions include a 3.4 [A] non-native structure demonstrating that detachment of the first nucleotide-binding domain of hCFTR is directly coupled to local unfolding of the VX445 binding site. Reversal of this unfolding transition likely contributes to its corrector activity by cooperatively stabilizing NBD1 and the transmembrane domains of hCFTR during biogenesis.

SummaryCryo-EM global conformational ensemble reconstruction has been used to characterize the mechanism-of-action of a breakthrough pharmaceutical that corrects fatal protein-folding and channel-gating defects in the human cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loughlin, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veit, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vorobiev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, O. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menten, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grassucci, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mezzell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wetmore, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutton, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brouillette, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urbatsch, I. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kappes, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lukacs, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.10.510913</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanism of dual pharmacological correction and potentiation of human CFTR]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.10.511448v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural dynamics and geometry for transitive inference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.10.511448v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Relational cognition -- the ability to infer relationships that generalize to novel combinations of objects -- is fundamental to human and animal intelligence. Despite this importance, it remains unclear how relational cognition is implemented in the brain due in part to a lack of hypotheses and predictions at the levels of collective neural activity and behavior. Here we discovered, analyzed, and experimentally tested neural networks (NNs) that perform transitive inference (TI), a classic relational task (if A > B and B > C, then A > C). We found NNs that (i) generalized perfectly, despite lacking overt transitive structure prior to training, (ii) generalized when the task required working memory (WM), a capacity thought essential to inference in the brain, (iii) emergently expressed behaviors long observed in living subjects, in addition to a novel order-dependent behavior, and (iv) adopted different task solutions yielding alternative behavioral and neural predictions. Further, in a large-scale experiment, we found that human subjects performing WM-based TI showed behavior inconsistent with a class of NNs expressing an intuitive task solution. These findings provide neural insights into a classical relational ability, with wider implications for how the brain realizes relational cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kay, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, X.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khajeh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beiran, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cueva, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrera, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.10.511448</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural dynamics and geometry for transitive inference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.10.511552v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Restricted effects of the sole C. elegans Daughterless/E homolog, HLH-2, on nervous system development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.10.511552v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Are there common mechanisms of neurogenesis used throughout an entire nervous system? Making use of the well-defined and relatively small size of the nervous system of the nematode C. elegans, we explored to what extent canonical proneural class I/II bHLH complexes are responsible for neurogenesis throughout the entire C. elegans nervous system. Distinct, lineage-specific proneural "class II" bHLH factors are generally thought to operate via interaction with a common, "class I" bHLH subunit, encoded by Daugtherless in flies, the E (E2A, E2-2, HEB) proteins in vertebrates, and hlh-2 in C. elegans. To eliminate function of all proneuronal class I/II bHLH complexes, we therefore genetically removed maternal and zygotic hlh-2 gene activity. We observed broad effects on neurogenesis, but still detected normal neurogenesis in many distinct neuron-producing lineages of the central and peripheral nervous system. Moreover, we find that hlh-2 selectively affects some aspects of neuron differentiation while leaving others unaffected. While our studies confirm the function of proneuronal class I/II bHLH complexes in many different lineages throughout a nervous system, we conclude that their function is not universal, but rather restricted by lineage, cell type and components of differentiation programs affected.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Masoudi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnabel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yemini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leyva-Diaz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.10.511552</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Restricted effects of the sole C. elegans Daughterless/E homolog, HLH-2, on nervous system development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.11.511653v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Data Descriptor: Human whole exome genotype data for Alzheimer's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.11.511653v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bigger sample size can help to identify new genetic variants contributing to an increased risk of developing Alzheimers disease. However, the heterogeneity of the whole-exome sequencing (WES) data generation methods presents a challenge to a joint analysis. Here we present a bioinformatics strategy for joint calling 20,504 WES samples collected across nine studies and sequenced using ten different capture kits in fourteen sequencing centers in the Alzheimers Disease Sequencing Project. gVCFs of samples were joint-called by the Genome Center for Alzheimers Disease into a single VCF, containing only positions within the union of capture kits. The VCF was then processed using specific strategies to account for the batch effects arising from the use of different capture kits from different studies.

We identified 8.2 million autosomal variants. 96.82% of the variants are high-quality, and are located in 28,579 Ensembl transcripts. 41% of the variants are intronic and 15% are missense variants. 1.8% of the variants are with CADD>30.

Our new strategy for processing these diversely generated WES samples has shown to generate high-quality data. The improved ability to combine data sequenced in different batches benefits the whole genomics research community. The WES data are accessible to the scientific community via https://dss.niagads.org/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leung, Y. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naj, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, Y.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valladares, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gangadharan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantwell, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicaretta, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>the Alzheimer's Disease Sequencing Project,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seshadri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brkanac, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruchaga, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pericak-Vance, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayeux, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuzma, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, W.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bush, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeStefano, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schellenberg, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.11.511653</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Data Descriptor: Human whole exome genotype data for Alzheimer's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.11.511671v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complex Intracellular Mechanisms of TBK1 Kinase Activation Revealed by a Specific Small Molecule Inhibitor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.11.511671v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), a dimeric serine/threonine protein kinase, plays a critical role in multiple signaling pathways including innate immunity, autophagy and cell death. TBK1 is activated by the phosphorylation of an essential serine residue 172 (S172) within the activation loop of the kinase domain, and this phosphorylation can occur by trans-autophosphorylation: one TBK1 dimer phosphorylates a second dimer at S172. Here we show that phosphorylation of TBK1 S172 in cultured human cells in response to multiple inducers is reduced, but not abolished by the highly specific and potent TBK1 small molecule inhibitor GSK8612. Thus, upstream kinase(s) must phosphorylate TBK1 in response to inducers in cultured cells. We show that distinct upstream kinases are recruited for the activation of TBK1 in response to different inducers. We also identify extensive crosstalk among TBK1, IKK{beta} and IKK{varepsilon} kinases in the cellular response to various inducers. In addition, we show that dsDNA and dsRNA trigger dynamic intracellular translocation of TBK1, leading to its localization and activation on the Golgi apparatus or mitochondria, respectively. GSK8612 does not block the intracellular localization of TBK1. We conclude that TBK1 is activated by both upstream kinase phosphorylation and by trans-autophosphorylation, and the signal-dependent spatial engagement of TBK1 with other signaling molecules is a fundamental mechanism for its specific activation by multiple inducers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ye, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dephoure, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maniatis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.11.511671</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complex Intracellular Mechanisms of TBK1 Kinase Activation Revealed by a Specific Small Molecule Inhibitor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.11.511768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Allee effects mediate the impact of land-use change on the thermal niche of social species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.11.511768v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Land-use change not only affects habitat availability, it can also reduce population density and limit opportunities for interactions with conspecifics, further influencing species resilience to environmental challenges. For social species whose conspecific interactions are typically cooperative in nature, little is known about how land-use change influences demography and social behavior, and how this interaction impacts a species climatic niche. Here, we develop a spatially explicit, individual-based model to explore how land-use changes influence population size and niche width in social organisms through the Allee effect, the positive impact of higher population density on individual fitness. We then empirically test key model predictions by studying the distribution and cooperative behavior of burying beetles (Nicrophorus nepalensis) along elevational gradients in Taiwan. In support of our model predictions, we find that beetle densities are lower in areas of greater land-use change, making it harder for individuals in these hotter environments to form cooperative groups to compete against blowflies, their primary interspecific competitor. Consequently, the beetles lower distributional boundary is higher in areas with greater land-use change, indicating that the beetles thermal niche is reduced via Allee effects in human-altered landscapes. Ultimately, land-use change not only reduces habitat availability, it also shrinks the thermal niche of social species, making them more vulnerable to climate change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chan, S.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubenstein, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, I.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, D.-Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, W.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, S.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.11.511768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Allee effects mediate the impact of land-use change on the thermal niche of social species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.12.511606v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct Brain Recordings Identify a Causal Subsequent-Memory Effect 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.12.511606v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endogenous variation in brain state and stimulus-specific evoked activity can both contribute to successful encoding. Previous studies, however, have not clearly distinguished among these components. We address this question by analyzing intracranial EEG recorded from epilepsy patients as they studied and subsequently recalled lists of words. We first trained classifiers to predict recall of either single items or entire lists and found that both classifiers exhibited similar performance. We found that list-level classifier output--a biomarker of successful encoding--tracked item presentation and recall events, despite having no information about the trial structure. Across widespread brain regions, decreased low- and increased high-frequency activity (HFA) marked successful encoding of both items and lists. We found regional differences in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, where in the hippocampus HFA correlated more strongly with item recall, whereas in the prefrontal cortex HFA correlated more strongly with list performance. Despite subtle differences in item- and list-level features, the similarity in overall classification performance, spectral signatures of successful recall, and fluctuations of spectral activity across the encoding period argue for a shared endogenous process that causally impacts the brains ability to learn new information.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rubinstein, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weidemann, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sperling, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahana, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.12.511606</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct Brain Recordings Identify a Causal Subsequent-Memory Effect]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.12.511960v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Border-associated macrophages mediate the neuroinflammatory response in an alpha-synuclein model of Parkinson disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.12.511960v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dopaminergic cell loss due to the accumulation of -syn is a core feature of PD pathogenesis. Neuroinflammation specifically induced by -syn has been shown to exacerbate neurodegeneration, yet the role of CNS resident macrophages in this process remains unclear. We found that a specific subset of CNS resident macrophages, border-associated macrophages (BAMs), play an essential role in mediating -syn related neuroinflammation due to their unique role as the antigen presenting cells necessary to initiate a CD4 T cell response. Surprisingly, the loss of MHCII antigen presentation on microglia had no effect on neuroinflammation. Furthermore, -syn expression led to an expansion in BAM numbers and a unique damage-associated activation state. Through a combinatorial approach of single-cell RNA sequencing and depletion experiments, we found that BAMs played an essential role in immune cell recruitment, infiltration, and antigen presentation. Furthermore, BAMs were identified in post-mortem PD brain in close proximity to T cells. These results point to a critical role for BAMs in mediating PD pathogenesis through their essential role in the orchestration of the -syn-mediated neuroinflammatory response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schonhoff, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figge, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jurkuvenaite, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallups, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Childers, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webster, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Standaert, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harms, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.12.511960</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Border-associated macrophages mediate the neuroinflammatory response in an alpha-synuclein model of Parkinson disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.13.510564v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Therapeutic modulation of the blood-brain barrier and ischemic stroke by a bioengineered FZD4-selective WNT surrogate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.13.510564v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Derangements of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) or blood-retinal barrier (BRB) occur in disorders ranging from stroke, cancer, diabetic retinopathy, and Alzheimers disease. The Norrin/FZD4/TSPAN12 pathway activates WNT/{beta}-catenin signaling, which is essential for BBB and BRB function. However, systemic pharmacologic FZD4 stimulation is hindered by obligate palmitoylation and insolubility of native WNTs and suboptimal properties of the FZD4-selective ligand Norrin. Here, we developed L6-F4-2, a non-lipidated, FZD4-specific surrogate with significantly improved sub-picomolar affinity versus native Norrin. In Norrin knockout (NdpKO) mice, L6-F4-2 not only potently reversed neonatal retinal angiogenesis deficits, but also restored BRB and BBB function. In adult C57Bl/6J mice, post-stroke systemic delivery of L6-F4-2 strongly reduced BBB permeability, infarction, and edema, while improving neurologic score and capillary pericyte coverage. Our findings reveal systemic efficacy of a bioengineered FZD4-selective WNT surrogate during ischemic BBB dysfunction, with general applicability to adult CNS disorders characterized by an aberrant blood-brain barrier.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vlahos, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rada, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Unen, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vuppalapaty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sura, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCormick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomaske, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alwahabi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nowatzke, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vollrath, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, W.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.13.510564</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Therapeutic modulation of the blood-brain barrier and ischemic stroke by a bioengineered FZD4-selective WNT surrogate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.13.512056v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A pseudovirus system enables deep mutational scanning of the full SARS-CoV-2 spike 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.13.512056v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major challenge in understanding SARS-CoV-2 evolution is interpreting the antigenic and functional effects of emerging mutations in the viral spike protein. Here we describe a new deep mutational scanning platform based on non-replicative pseudotyped lentiviruses that directly quantifies how large numbers of spike mutations impact antibody neutralization and pseudovirus infection. We demonstrate this new platform by making libraries of the Omicron BA.1 and Delta spikes. These libraries each contain ~7000 distinct amino-acid mutations in the context of up to ~135,000 unique mutation combinations. We use these libraries to map escape mutations from neutralizing antibodies targeting the receptor binding domain, N-terminal domain, and S2 subunit of spike. Overall, this work establishes a high-throughput and safe approach to measure how ~105 combinations of mutations affect antibody neutralization and spike-mediated infection. Notably, the platform described here can be extended to the entry proteins of many other viruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dadonaite, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radford, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrell, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hannon, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrabi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burton, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neher, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.13.512056</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A pseudovirus system enables deep mutational scanning of the full SARS-CoV-2 spike]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.13.512111v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Smaller total and subregional cerebellar volumes in posttraumatic stress disorder: a mega-analysis by the ENIGMA-PGC PTSD workgroup 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.13.512111v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe cerebellum critically contributes to higher-order cognitive and emotional functions such fear learning and memory. Prior research on cerebellar volume in PTSD is scant and has neglected neuroanatomical subdivisions of the cerebellum that differentially map on to motor, cognitive, and affective functions.

MethodsWe quantified cerebellar lobule volumes using structural magnetic resonance imaging in 4,215 adults (PTSD n= 1640; Control n=2575) across 40 sites from the from the ENIGMA-PGC PTSD working group. Using a new state-of-the-art deep-learning based approach for automatic cerebellar parcellation, we obtained volumetric estimates for the total cerebellum and 28 subregions. Linear mixed effects models controlling for age, gender, intracranial volume, and site were used to compare cerebellum total and subregional volume in PTSD compared to healthy controls. The Benjamini-Hochberg procedure was used to control the false discovery rate (p-FDR < .05).

ResultsPTSD was associated with significant grey and white matter reductions of the cerebellum. Compared to controls, people with PTSD demonstrated smaller total cerebellum volume. In addition, people with PTSD showed reduced volume in subregions primarily within the posterior lobe (lobule VIIB, crus II), but also the vermis (VI, VIII), flocculonodular lobe (lobule X), and cerebellar white matter (all p-FDR < 0.05). Effects of PTSD on volume were consistent, and generally more robust, when examining symptom severity rather than diagnostic status.

ConclusionsThese findings implicate regionally specific cerebellar volumetric differences in the pathophysiology of PTSD. The cerebellum appears to play an important role in high-order cognitive and emotional processes, far beyond its historical association with vestibulomotor function. Further examination of the cerebellum in trauma-related psychopathology will help to clarify how cerebellar structure and function may disrupt cognitive and affective processes at the center of translational models for PTSD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huggins, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baird, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briggs, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laskowitz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fouda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haswell, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salminen, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanshad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomopoulos, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veltman, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frijling, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Zuiden, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, S. B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawijn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ipser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seedat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>du Plessis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Heuvel, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez-Jimenez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zilcha-Mano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazarov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neria, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ressler, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Rooij, S. J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sierk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manthey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmahl, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herz</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.13.512111</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Smaller total and subregional cerebellar volumes in posttraumatic stress disorder: a mega-analysis by the ENIGMA-PGC PTSD workgroup]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.13.512143v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Key Genetic Determinants Driving Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Initiation and Immune Evasion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.13.512143v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background and aimsDespite recent progress in identifying aberrant genetic and epigenetic alterations in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), the mechanism of ESCC initiation remains unknown.

MethodsUsing CRISPR/Cas 9-based genetic ablation, we targeted 9 genes (TP53, CDKN2A, NOTCH1, NOTCH3, KMT2D, KMT2C, FAT1, FAT4, and AJUBA) in murine esophageal organoids (EOs). Transcriptomic phenotypes of organoids and chemokine released by organoids were analyzed by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). Tumorigenicity and immune evasion of organoids were monitored by allograft transplantation. Human ESCC scRNA-seq datasets were analyzed to classify patients and find subsets relevant to organoid models and immune evasion.

ResultsWe established 32 genetically engineered EOs and identified key genetic determinants that drive ESCC initiation. A single-cell transcriptomic analysis uncovered that Trp53, Cdkn2a, and Notch1 (PCN) triple-knockout (KO) induces neoplastic features of ESCC by generating cell lineage heterogeneity and high cell plasticity. PCN KO also generates an immunosuppressive niche enriched with exhausted T cells and M2 macrophages via the CCL2-CCR2 axis. Mechanistically, CDKN2A inactivation transactivates CCL2 via NF-{kappa}B. Moreover, comparative single-cell transcriptomic analyses stratified ESCC patients and identified a specific subtype recapitulating the PCN-type ESCC signatures, including the high expression of CCL2 and CD274/PD-L1.

ConclusionsOur study unveils that loss of TP53, CDKN2A, and NOTCH1 induces esophageal neoplasia and immune evasion for ESCC initiation and proposes the CCL2 blockade as a viable option for targeting PCN-type ESCC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ko, K.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunbar, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Efe, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rustgi, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakagawa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.13.512143</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Key Genetic Determinants Driving Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Initiation and Immune Evasion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.15.512373v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Molecular and Evolutionary Principles of Histone Folding in Eukarya and Archaea 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.15.512373v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Histones are the dominant proteins to compact and store DNA in both Eukarya and Archaea. For a long time, histones are observed to exist in the unit of dimers but diverge into different formats such as heterodimers in Eukarya or homodimers in Archaea. Here, by studying 11 types of histone proteins, both monomers and their dimeric complexes, using multiscale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations combined with NMR and circular dichroism experiments, we confirm the widely applied "folding upon binding" mechanism of histone structures. A histone dimer appears to form the longest 2 helices followed by other shorter helices and inter-molecular tertiary structures. We report an alternative conformation, namely, the inverted non-native dimer, which has a minimum free energy state. Protein sequence analysis indicates that the inverted conformation can be attributed to a hidden head-tail sequence symmetry underlying all histone proteins. This finding strongly support previously proposed histone evolution hypotheses. Finally, we separately used the MD-based AWSEM and AI-based AlphaFold-Multimer model to predict eukaryotic histone homodimer structures and performed extensive allatom MD simulations to examine their structural stabilities. Our results suggest that eukaryotic histones can also form stable homodimers, whereas their disordered tails-- the structurally asymmetrical region--may tip the balance towards the formation of heterotypic dimers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guseman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abeykoon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camara, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalal, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fushman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papoian, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.15.512373</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Molecular and Evolutionary Principles of Histone Folding in Eukarya and Archaea]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.17.512497v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct beta frequencies reflect categorical decisions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.17.512497v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Beta oscillations are involved in a variety of cognitive functions beyond their traditional sensorimotor role. Based on prior findings of content-specific beta synchronization during working memory and decision making, we hypothesized that beta activity supports the activation and reactivation of cortical representations by mediating neural ensemble formation within and between brain regions. We here found that beta activity in monkey dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and in pre-supplementary motor area (preSMA) reflects the content of a stimulus in relation to the task context, regardless of its objective properties. In multiple versions of a categorization task, we changed the boundary between categories from one block of trials to the next, such that a stimulus which belonged to one of two categories during one block could belong to the other category during the next one. During a delay in which monkeys had to hold their categorical decision in mind, we found that two distinct beta-band frequencies were consistently associated with the same two relative categories, and that activity in these respective bands predicted the animals responses. We characterized beta at these frequencies as transient bursts with distinct temporal profiles. We further showed that dlPFC and preSMA are connected via these distinct frequency channels, with dlPFC driving the frequency separation, a result supported by Granger causality and spike-field coherence analyses. In sum, these results provide support for the role of beta in forming neural ensembles, and further show that such ensembles synchronize at different beta frequencies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rassi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendoza, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendez, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merchant, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haegens, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.17.512497</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct beta frequencies reflect categorical decisions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.17.512615v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DISRUPTION OF SYMPATHETIC OUTFLOW TO INTRA-ABDOMINAL ORGANS EMULATES THE METABOLIC EFFECTS OF SLEEVE GASTRECTOMY IN OBESE MICE 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.17.512615v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although sleeve gastrectomy (SG) is the most commonly performed bariatric surgery in the US, its mechanistic underpinnings have not been fully determined. Thus, we set out to investigate whether SGs effects on the peripheral sympathetic system could mediate the metabolic effects of SG. The celiac-superior mesenteric ganglia (CSMG) lie juxtaposed to the stomach and supply the sympathetic innervation of the stomach, as well as to numerous intra-abdominal organs relevant to metabolism. Here we investigated the effects of SG on the CSMG. SG led to the degeneration of neurons in the CSMG, as evidenced by chromatolysis, which was not found in control mice. Furthermore, CSMG ablation (CGX) completely recapitulated the glycemic and weight loss effects of SG, promoting weight loss at the expense of fat mass in both males and females. Glycemic improvement was robust in males but much more modest in female mice. Norepinephrine tissue content measurement by high performance liquid chromatography revealed that liver, duodenum, and ileum were organs where both SG and CGX displayed evidence of significant sympathetic denervation. Both SG and CGX were associated with increased levels of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and high free fatty acid content in the stools. In conclusion, CSMG neuronal degeneration caused by SG appears to be a mediator of the metabolic effects of this type of bariatric surgery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Emiliano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraljevic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopatinsky, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batista, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.17.512615</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DISRUPTION OF SYMPATHETIC OUTFLOW TO INTRA-ABDOMINAL ORGANS EMULATES THE METABOLIC EFFECTS OF SLEEVE GASTRECTOMY IN OBESE MICE]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.17.512619v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Persistent Homology-based Functional Connectivity Explains Cognitive Ability: Life-span Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.17.512619v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain-segregation attributes in resting-state functional networks have been widely investigated to understand cognition and cognitive aging using various approaches (e.g., average connectivity within/between networks and brain system segregation). While these approaches have assumed that resting-state functional networks operate in a modular structure, a complementary perspective assumes that a core-periphery or rich club structure accounts for brain functions where the hubs are tightly interconnected to each other to allow for integrated processing. We introduce a novel method, persistent homology (PH)-based functional connectivity, to quantify the pattern of information during the integrated processing. We also investigate whether PH-based functional connectivity explains cognitive performance and compare the amount of variability in explaining cognitive performance for three sets of independent variables: (1) PH-based functional connectivity, (2) graph theory-based measures, and (3) brain system segregation. Resting-state functional connectivity data were extracted from 279 healthy participants, and cognitive ability scores were generated in four domains (fluid reasoning, episodic memory, vocabulary, and processing speed). The results first highlight the pattern of brain-information flow over whole brain regions (i.e., integrated processing) accounts for more variance of cognitive abilities than either brain system segregation or the graph theory-based network topology measure. The results also show that fluid reasoning and vocabulary performance significantly decrease as the strength of the additional information flow on functional connectivity with the shortest path increases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ryu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habeck, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.17.512619</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Persistent Homology-based Functional Connectivity Explains Cognitive Ability: Life-span Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.17.512635v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ripple-locked coactivity of stimulus-specific neurons supports human associative memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.17.512635v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Associative memory is the ability to encode and retrieve relations between different stimuli. To better understand its neural basis, we investigated whether associative memory involves precisely timed spiking of neurons in the medial temporal lobes that exhibit stimulus-specific tuning. Using single-neuron recordings from epilepsy patients performing an associative object-location memory task, we identified the object- and place-specific neurons that encoded the separate elements of each memory. When patients encoded and retrieved particular memories, the relevant object- and place-specific neurons activated synchronously during hippocampal ripples. This ripple-locked coactivity of stimulus-specific neurons emerged over time as the patients associative learning progressed. Our results suggest a cellular account of associative memory, in which hippocampal ripples coordinate the activity of specialized cellular populations to facilitate links between stimuli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kunz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staresina, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinacher, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guth, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulze-Bonhage, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.17.512635</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ripple-locked coactivity of stimulus-specific neurons supports human associative memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.18.512708v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of SARS-CoV-2 ORF6 and its variant polymorphisms on host responses and viral pathogenesis. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.18.512708v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We and others have previously shown that the SARS-CoV-2 accessory protein ORF6 is a powerful antagonist of the interferon (IFN) signaling pathway by directly interacting with Nup98-Rae1 at the nuclear pore complex (NPC) and disrupting bidirectional nucleo-cytoplasmic trafficking. In this study, we further assessed the role of ORF6 during infection using recombinant SARS-CoV-2 viruses carrying either a deletion or a well characterized M58R loss-of-function mutation in ORF6. We show that ORF6 plays a key role in the antagonism of IFN signaling and in viral pathogenesis by interfering with karyopherin(importin)-mediated nuclear import during SARS-CoV-2 infection both in vitro, and in the Syrian golden hamster model in vivo. In addition, we found that ORF6-Nup98 interaction also contributes to inhibition of cellular mRNA export during SARS-CoV-2 infection. As a result, ORF6 expression significantly remodels the host cell proteome upon infection. Importantly, we also unravel a previously unrecognized function of ORF6 in the modulation of viral protein expression, which is independent of its function at the nuclear pore. Lastly, we characterized the ORF6 D61L mutation that recently emerged in Omicron BA.2 and BA.4 and demonstrated that it is able to disrupt ORF6 protein functions at the NPC and to impair SARS-CoV-2 innate immune evasion strategies. Importantly, the now more abundant Omicron BA.5 lacks this loss-of-function polymorphism in ORF6. Altogether, our findings not only further highlight the key role of ORF6 in the antagonism of the antiviral innate immune response, but also emphasize the importance of studying the role of non-spike mutations to better understand the mechanisms governing differential pathogenicity and immune evasion strategies of SARS-CoV-2 and its evolving variants.

ONE SENTENCE SUMMARYSARS-CoV-2 ORF6 subverts bidirectional nucleo-cytoplasmic trafficking to inhibit host gene expression and contribute to viral pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kehrer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cupic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildiz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouhhadou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crossland, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrall, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cagatay, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathnasinghe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jangra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alam, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mena, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aslam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saqi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutkowska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ummadi, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pisanelli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veit, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabius, J. M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soucheray, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polacco, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swaney, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Reiche, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sordillo, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Bakel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuliani-Alvarez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontoura, B. M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krogan, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Sobrido, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Sastre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miorin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.18.512708</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of SARS-CoV-2 ORF6 and its variant polymorphisms on host responses and viral pathogenesis.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.19.512107v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A developmental program that regulates mammalian organ size offsets evolutionary distance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.19.512107v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pigs are evolutionarily more distant from humans than mice, but their physiological organs are closest to humans. The molecular program leading to a more than 1,000-fold increase in organ size in pigs and humans over that of mice across evolution has not been elucidated. We generated large-scale transcriptional landscapes throughout swine lung development. Our cross-species single-cell molecular atlas let us discover swine progenitor identities, stage-specific markers, and a core organ-size regulation program (COSRP), well-conserved in swine and humans but less so in mice. Across eight mammalian species, human COSRP promoters showed higher homologies to evolutionary-distant large animals, including pigs, than evolutionary-close small animals. Our study provides a molecular foundation during swine lung development that unveils animal size regulation conserved in the COSRP promoter, independent of genome-wide evolution. COSRP is a critical paradigm for studying thousands-fold changes in biological sizes in evolution, development, cancer, zoology, respirology, organoids, and biotechnology, particularly human-compatible organ generation.

One Sentence SummaryA cross-species developmental molecular atlas identified the indicator of lung and animal size beyond evolution
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shimamura, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kakiuchi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarmah, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miura, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawada, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ninish, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamada, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mori, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.19.512107</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A developmental program that regulates mammalian organ size offsets evolutionary distance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.19.512785v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic mapping reveals Pou2af2-dependent tuning of tuft cell differentiation and intestinal type 2 immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.19.512785v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chemosensory epithelial tuft cells contribute to innate immunity at barrier surfaces, but their differentiation from epithelial progenitors is not well understood. Here we exploited differences between inbred mouse strains to identify an epithelium-intrinsic mechanism that regulates tuft cell differentiation and tunes innate type 2 immunity in the small intestine. Balb/cJ (Balb) mice had fewer intestinal tuft cells than C57BL/6J (B6) mice and failed to respond to the tuft cell ligand succinate. A majority of this differential succinate response was determined by a single genetic locus from 50-67Mb on chromosome 9 (Chr9). Congenic Balb mice carrying the B6 Chr9 locus had elevated baseline numbers of tuft cells and responded to succinate. The Chr9 locus includes Pou2af2, a transcriptional cofactor essential for tuft cell development. Epithelial crypts expressed a previously unannotated short isoform of Pou2af2 that uses a novel transcriptional start site and encodes a non-functional protein. Low tuft cell numbers and the resulting lack of succinate response in Balb mice was explained by a preferential expression of the short isoform. Physiologically, differential Pou2af2 isoform usage tuned innate type 2 immunity in the small intestine. Balb mice maintained responsiveness to helminth pathogens while ignoring commensal Tritrichomonas protists and reducing norovirus burdens.

One Sentence SummaryGenetic mapping identifies Pou2af2 isoform usage as a novel regulator of tuft cell differentiation that tunes intestinal innate type 2 immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nadjsombati, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niepoth, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webeck, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldridge, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bendesky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Moltke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.19.512785</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic mapping reveals Pou2af2-dependent tuning of tuft cell differentiation and intestinal type 2 immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.19.512848v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long-range DNA end resection supports homologous recombination by checkpoint activation rather than extensive homology generation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.19.512848v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Homologous recombination (HR), the error-free mechanism for double-strand break (DSB) repair, relies on DNA end resection by nucleolytic degradation of the 5'-terminated ends. However, the role of long-range resection mediated by Exo1 and/or Sgs1-Dna2 in HR is not fully understood. Here, we show that Exo1 and Sgs1 are dispensable for recombination between closely-linked repeats but are required for interchromosomal repeat recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This requirement for long-range resection is coupled to DNA damage checkpoint activation and the need for checkpoint proteins. Furthermore, artificial activation of the checkpoint partially restores interchromosomal recombination to exo1{Delta} sgs1{Delta} cells. However, cell cycle delay is insufficient to rescue the interchromosomal recombination defect of exo1{Delta} sgs1{Delta} cells, suggesting an additional role for the checkpoint. Given that the checkpoint is necessary for DNA damage-induced chromosome mobility, we propose that the importance of the checkpoint, and therefore long-range resection, in interchromosomal recombination is due to a need to increase chromosome mobility to facilitate pairing of distant sites. The need for long-range resection is circumvented when the DSB and its repair template are in close proximity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kimble, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nester, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Symington, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.19.512848</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long-range DNA end resection supports homologous recombination by checkpoint activation rather than extensive homology generation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.19.512953v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel Master Regulators of Microglial Phagocytosis and Repurposed FDA-approved Drug for Treatment of Alzheimer Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.19.512953v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microglia, the innate immune cells of the brain, are essential determinants of late-onset Alzheimers Disease (LOAD) neuropathology. Here, we developed an integrative computational systems biology approach to construct causal network models of genetic regulatory programs for microglia in Alzheimers Disease (AD). This model enabled us to identify novel key driver (KDs) genes for microglial functions that can be targeted for AD pharmacotherapy. We prioritized FCER1G, HCK, LAPTM5, ITGB2, SLC1A2, PAPLN, GSAP, NTRK2, and CIRBP as KDs of microglial phagocytosis promoting neuroprotection and/or neural repair. In vitro, shRNA knockdown of each KD significantly reduced microglial phagocytosis. We repurposed riluzole, an FDA-approved ALS drug that upregulates SLC1A2 activity, and discovered that it stimulated phagocytosis of A{beta}1-42 in human primary microglia and decreased hippocampal amyloid plaque burden/phosphorylated tau levels in the brain of aged 3xTg-AD mice. Taken together, these data emphasize the utlility of our integrative approach for repurposing drugs for AD therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, S.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mudalige, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henrion, M. Y. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vijayan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidi, S. S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Branden, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cadiz, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodos-Nkhereanye, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alamprese, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, Y.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronaldson, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.19.512953</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel Master Regulators of Microglial Phagocytosis and Repurposed FDA-approved Drug for Treatment of Alzheimer Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.20.513044v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perceiving Depth from Texture and Disparity Cues: Evidence for a Non-Probabilistic Account of Cue Integration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.20.513044v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fundamental question of how the brain derives 3D information from the inherently ambiguous visual input has been approached during the last two decades with probabilistic theories of 3D perception. Probabilistic models, such as the Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) model, derive from multiple independent depth cues the most probable 3D interpretations. These estimates are then combined by weighing them according to their uncertainty to obtain the most accurate and least noisy estimate. In three experiments we tested an alternative theory of cue integration termed the Intrinsic Constraint (IC) theory. This theory postulates that the visual system does not derive the most probable interpretation of the visual input, but the most stable interpretation amid variations in viewing conditions. This goal is achieved with the Vector Sum model, that represents individual cue estimates as components of a multidimensional vector whose norm determines the combined output. In contrast with the MLE model, individual cue estimates are not accurate, but linearly related to distal 3D properties through a deterministic mapping. In Experiment 1, we measured the cue-specific biases that arise when viewing single-cue stimuli of various simulated depths and show that the Vector Sum model accurately predicts an increase in perceived depth when the same cues are presented together in a combined-cue stimulus. In Experiment 2, we show how Just Noticeable Differences (JNDs) are accounted for by the IC theory and demonstrate that the Vector Sum model predicts the classic finding of smaller JNDs for combined-cue versus single-cue stimuli. Most importantly, this prediction is made through a radical re-interpretation of the JND, a hallmark measure of stimulus discriminability previously thought to estimate perceptual uncertainty. In Experiment 3, we show that biases found in cue-integration experiments cannot be attributed to flatness cues, as assumed by the MLE model. Instead, we show that flatness cues produce no measurable difference in perceived depth for monocular (3A) or binocular viewing (3B), as predicted by the Vector Sum model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kemp, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cesanek, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.20.513044</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perceiving Depth from Texture and Disparity Cues: Evidence for a Non-Probabilistic Account of Cue Integration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.20.513126v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Consolidation-dependent behavioral integration of sequences related to mPFC neural overlap and hippocampal-cortical connectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.20.513126v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Systems consolidation theories propose two mechanisms that enable the behavioral integration of related memories: coordinated reactivation between hippocampus and cortex, and the emergence of cortical traces that reflect overlap across memories. However, there is limited empirical evidence that links these mechanisms to the emergence of behavioral integration over time. In two experiments, participants implicitly encoded sequences of objects with overlapping structure. Assessment of behavioral integration showed that response times during a recognition task reflected behavioral priming between objects that never occurred together in time but belonged to overlapping sequences. This priming was consolidation-dependent and only emerged for sequences learned 24 hours prior to the test. Critically, behavioral integration was related to changes in neural pattern similarity in the medial prefrontal cortex and increases in post-learning rest connectivity between the posterior hippocampus and lateral occipital cortex. These findings suggest that memories with a shared predictive structure become behaviorally and neurally integrated through a consolidation-related restructuring of the learned sequences, providing insight into the relationship between different consolidation mechanisms that support behavioral integration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tompary, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davachi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.20.513126</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Consolidation-dependent behavioral integration of sequences related to mPFC neural overlap and hippocampal-cortical connectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.21.513166v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying Genetic Regulatory Variants that Affect Transcription Factor Activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.21.513166v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Assessing the functional impact of genetic variants across the human genome is essential for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying complex traits and disease risk. Genetic variation that causes changes in gene expression can analyzed through parallel genotyping and functional genomics assays across sets of individuals. Trans-acting variants are of particular interest, but more challenging to identify than cis-acting variants. Here, to map variants that impact the expression of many genes simultaneously through a shared transcription factor (TF), we use an approach in which the protein-level regulatory activity of the TF is inferred from genome-wide expression data and then genetically mapped as a quantitative trait. To analyze RNA-seq profiles from the Genotype Tissue Expression (GTEx) project, we developed a generalized linear model (GLM) to estimate TF activity levels in an individual-specific manner. A key feature is that we fit a beta-binomial GLM at the level of pairs of neighboring genes in order to control for variation in local chromatin structure along the genome and other confounding effects. As a predictor in our model we use differential gene expression signatures from TF perturbation experiments. We estimated genotype-specific activities for 55 TFs across 49 tissues and performed genome-wide association analysis on the virtual TF activity trait. This revealed hundreds of TF activity quantitative trait loci, or aQTLs. Altogether, the set of tools we introduce here highlights the potential of genetic association studies for cellular endophenotypes based on a network-based multi-omic approach.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lappalainen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bussemaker, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.21.513166</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying Genetic Regulatory Variants that Affect Transcription Factor Activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.21.513243v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal birthdate reveals topography in a vestibular brainstem circuit for gaze stabilization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.21.513243v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Across the nervous system, neurons with similar attributes are topographically organized. This topography reflects developmental pressures. Oddly, vestibular (balance) nuclei are thought to be disorganized. By measuring activity in birthdated neurons, we revealed a functional map within the central vestibular projection nucleus that stabilizes gaze in the larval zebrafish. We first discovered that both somatic position and stimulus selectivity follow projection neuron birthdate. Next, with electron microscopy and loss-of-function assays, we found that patterns of peripheral innervation to projection neurons were similarly organized by birthdate. Lastly, birthdate revealed spatial patterns of axonal arborization and synapse formation to projection neuron outputs. Collectively, we find that development reveals previously hidden organization to the input, processing, and output layers of a highly-conserved vertebrate sensorimotor circuit. The spatial and temporal attributes we uncover constrain the developmental mechanisms that may specify the fate, function, and organization of vestibulo-ocular reflex neurons. More broadly, our data suggest that, like invertebrates, temporal mechanisms may assemble vertebrate sensorimotor architecture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goldblatt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greaney, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamling, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voleti, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Campos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillman, E. M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagnall, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoppik, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.21.513243</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal birthdate reveals topography in a vestibular brainstem circuit for gaze stabilization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.21.513299v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatiotemporal dynamics during niche remodeling by super-colonizing microbiota in the mammalian gut 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.21.513299v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been shown to be effective in reversing gut dysbiosis, we lack an understanding for the fundamental processes underlying microbial engraftment in the mammalian gut. Here, we explored a murine gut colonization model leveraging natural inter-individual variations in gut microbiomes to elucidate the spatiotemporal dynamics of FMT. We identified a natural  super-donor consortium that universally engrafts into diverse recipients and resists reciprocal colonization. Temporal profiling of the gut microbiome showed an ordered succession of rapid engraftment by early colonizers within 72 hours followed by a slower emergence of late colonizers over 15-30 days. Moreover, engraftment was localized to distinct compartments of the gastrointestinal tract in a species-specific manner. Spatial metagenomic characterization suggested engraftment was mediated by simultaneous transfer of spatially co-localizing species from the super-donor consortia. These results offer a mechanism of super-donor colonization by which nutritional niches are expanded in a spatiotemporally- dependent manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Urtecho, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moody, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheth, R. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lekan, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velez-Cortes, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricaurte, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.21.513299</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatiotemporal dynamics during niche remodeling by super-colonizing microbiota in the mammalian gut]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.22.513349v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antibody responses to Omicron BA.4/BA.5 bivalent mRNA vaccine booster shot 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.22.513349v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant and its numerous sub-lineages have exhibited a striking ability to evade humoral immune responses induced by prior vaccination or infection. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has recently granted Emergency Use Authorizations (EUAs) to new bivalent formulations of the original Moderna and Pfizer mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccines that target both the ancestral strain as well as the Omicron BA.4/BA.5 variant. Despite their widespread use as a vaccine boost, little is known about the antibody responses induced in humans. Here, we collected sera from several clinical cohorts: individuals after three or four doses of the original monovalent mRNA vaccines, individuals receiving the new bivalent vaccines as a fourth dose, and individuals with BA.4/BA.5 breakthrough infection following mRNA vaccination. Using pseudovirus neutralization assays, these sera were tested for neutralization against an ancestral SARS-CoV-2 strain, several Omicron sub-lineages, and several related sarbecoviruses. At ~3-5 weeks post booster shot, individuals who received a fourth vaccine dose with a bivalent mRNA vaccine targeting BA.4/BA.5 had similar neutralizing antibody titers as those receiving a fourth monovalent mRNA vaccine against all SARS-CoV-2 variants tested, including BA.4/BA.5. Those who received a fourth monovalent vaccine dose had a slightly higher neutralizing antibody titers than those who received the bivalent vaccine against three related sarbecoviruses: SARS-CoV, GD-Pangolin, and WIV1. When given as a fourth dose, a bivalent mRNA vaccine targeting Omicron BA.4/BA.5 and an ancestral SARS-CoV-2 strain did not induce superior neutralizing antibody responses in humans, at the time period tested, compared to the original monovalent vaccine formulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gherasim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lihong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.22.513349</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antibody responses to Omicron BA.4/BA.5 bivalent mRNA vaccine booster shot]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.23.513379v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antibody avidity and multi-specificity combined to confer protection against SARS-CoV-2 and resilience against viral escape 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.23.513379v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, has been responsible for a global pandemic. Monoclonal antibodies have been used as antiviral therapeutics, but have been limited in efficacy by viral sequence variability in emerging variants of concern (VOCs), and in deployment by the need for high doses. In this study, we leverage the MULTI-specific, multi-Affinity antiBODY (Multabody, MB) platform, derived from the human apoferritin protomer, to drive the multimerization of antibody fragments and generate exceptionally potent and broad SARS-CoV-2 neutralizers. CryoEM revealed a high degree of homogeneity for the core of these engineered antibody-like molecules at 2.1 [A] resolution. We demonstrate that neutralization potency improvements of the MB over corresponding IgGs translates into superior in vivo protection: in the SARS-CoV-2 mouse challenge model, comparable in vivo protection was achieved for the MB delivered at 30x lower dose compared to the corresponding IgGs. Furthermore, we show how MBs potently neutralize SARS-CoV-2 VOCs by leveraging augmented avidity, even when corresponding IgGs lose their ability to neutralize potently. Multiple mAb specificities could also be combined into a single MB molecule to expand the neutralization breadth beyond SARS-CoV-2 to other sarbecoviruses. Our work demonstrates how avidity and multi-specificity combined can be leveraged to confer protection and resilience against viral diversity that exceeds that of traditional monoclonal antibody therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Burn Aschner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muthuraman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kucharska, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prieto, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christie-Holmes, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sultana, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozak, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mubareka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubinstein, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rujas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Treanor, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jetha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julien, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.23.513379</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antibody avidity and multi-specificity combined to confer protection against SARS-CoV-2 and resilience against viral escape]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.24.513505v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SDRAP for annotating scrambled or rearranged genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.24.513505v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA rearrangements are important in various contexts, such as in vertebrate immunity, and cancer genome instability. The single-celled eukaryote Oxytricha trifallax undergoes massive and reproducible genome rearrangement during post-zygotic development, making it a compelling model organism to study DNA rearrangements. To date, computational tools for the extraction and analysis of rearrangement annotations lack transparency and rely on assumptions that may not hold for all analyzed data, leading to irreproducibility of results and loss of information through data filtering or misrepresentation.

An implementation of a procedure for the annotation and analysis of DNA rearrangement as a web application is discussed and tested. The resulting annotations provide an improvement over previous annotations in the following manner. (a) SDRAP achieves more complete precursor-product mappings than previous software (b) the software allows for full transparency of all parameters used during the annotation and therefore facilitates reproducible results, and (c) this parameter transparency makes SDRAP suitable for comparison of genomic data from different sources, including cancer genomes.

This work introduces a theoretical framework and software to systematically extract and analyze annotations from pairs of genome assemblies corresponding to precursor and product rearrangement data. The software makes no assumptions about the structure of the rearrangements, and permits the user to select parameters to suit the data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Braun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neme, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landweber, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonoska, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.24.513505</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SDRAP for annotating scrambled or rearranged genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.24.513513v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reward modulates visual responses in the superficial superior colliculus of mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.24.513513v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The superficial layers of the superior colliculus (SC) are highly visual and receive direct input from the retina. Nonetheless, neural activity in the superficial SC (sSC) is modulated by locomotion and pupil-linked arousal. Here we show that visual responses of neurons in the sSC are additionally modulated by reward delivered prior to the visual stimulus. We trained mice to perform a visual detection task and recorded the activity of neurons in the SC using two-photon calcium imaging and electrophysiological recordings using high-density silicone probes (Neuropixels). Neurons across all layers of the SC responded to various task events, including reward delivery. However, responses to events like licking or movements did not explain the visual response modulation by reward. Electrophysiological recordings showed that most of the reward modulation occurred in the superficial rather than the deeper layers of the SC. Neurons also exhibited modulation by pupil-linked arousal, which was independent of the reward modulation. Performance of a population decoder to detect visual stimuli improved significantly by reward modulation but not by pupil-linked arousal modulation. Our results indicate that behavioural factors other than locomotion and arousal modulate visual activity in the SC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baruchin, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alleman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schröder, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.24.513513</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reward modulates visual responses in the superficial superior colliculus of mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.25.513785v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Unified Modular Framework to Incorporate Structural Dependency in Spatial Omics Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.25.513785v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial omics technologies can help identify spatially organized biological processes, but existing computational approaches often overlook structural dependencies in the data. Here, we introduce Smoother, a unified framework that integrates positional information into non-spatial models via modular priors and losses. In simulated and real datasets, Smoother enables accurate data imputation, cell-type deconvolution, and dimensionality reduction with remarkable efficiency. In colorectal cancer, Smoother-guided deconvolution revealed plasma cell and fibroblast subtype localizations linked to tumor microenvironment restructuring. Additionally, joint modeling of spatial and single-cell human prostate data with Smoother allowed for spatial mapping of reference populations with significantly reduced ambiguity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Su, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynier, J.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Supo Escalante, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabadan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.25.513785</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Unified Modular Framework to Incorporate Structural Dependency in Spatial Omics Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.27.514053v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effect of age and sex on gene expression-based radiation biodosimetry using mouse peripheral blood 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.27.514053v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Blood-based gene expression profiles that can reconstruct radiation exposure are being developed as a practical approach to radiation biodosimetry. However, age and sex could potentially limit the accuracy of the approach. In this study, we determined the impact of age on the peripheral blood cell gene expression profile of female mice exposed to radiation and identified differences and similarities with a previously obtained transcriptomic signature of male mice. Young (2 months) and old (24 months) female mice were irradiated with 4 Gy X-rays, total RNA was isolated from blood 24hr later and subjected to whole genome microarray analysis. Dose reconstruction analyses using a gene signature trained on gene expression data from irradiated young male mice showed accurate reconstruction of 0 or 4 Gy doses with root mean square error of {+/-} 0.75 Gy (R^2 = 0.90) in young female mice. Although dose reconstruction for irradiated old female mice was less accurate than young female mice, the deviation from the actual radiation dose was not statistically significant. Pathway analysis of differentially expressed genes revealed that after irradiation, apoptosis-related functions were overrepresented, whereas functions related to quantities of various immune cell subtypes were underrepresented, among differentially expressed genes from young female mice, but not older animals. Furthermore, young mice significantly upregulated genes involved in phagocytosis, a process that eliminates apoptotic cells and preserves tissue homeostasis. Both functions were also overrepresented in young, but not old, male mice following 4 Gy X-irradiation. Lastly, functions associated with neutrophil activation that is essential for killing invading pathogens and regulating the inflammatory response were predicted to be uniquely enriched in young but not old female mice. This work supports the concept that peripheral blood gene expression profiles can be identified in mice that accurately predict physical radiation dose exposure irrespective of age and sex. However, inclusion of age and sex as biological factors is essential for effectively predicting radiation injury and for developing radiation medical countermeasures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Broustas, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuryak, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duval, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amundson, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.27.514053</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effect of age and sex on gene expression-based radiation biodosimetry using mouse peripheral blood]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.27.514070v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A single-nucleus and spatial transcriptomic atlas of the COVID-19 liver reveals topological, functional, and regenerative organ disruption in patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.27.514070v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The molecular underpinnings of organ dysfunction in acute COVID-19 and its potential long-term sequelae are under intense investigation. To shed light on these in the context of liver function, we performed single-nucleus RNA-seq and spatial transcriptomic profiling of livers from 17 COVID-19 decedents. We identified hepatocytes positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA with an expression phenotype resembling infected lung epithelial cells. Integrated analysis and comparisons with healthy controls revealed extensive changes in the cellular composition and expression states in COVID-19 liver, reflecting hepatocellular injury, ductular reaction, pathologic vascular expansion, and fibrogenesis. We also observed Kupffer cell proliferation and erythrocyte progenitors for the first time in a human liver single-cell atlas, resembling similar responses in liver injury in mice and in sepsis, respectively. Despite the absence of a clinical acute liver injury phenotype, endothelial cell composition was dramatically impacted in COVID-19, concomitantly with extensive alterations and profibrogenic activation of reactive cholangiocytes and mesenchymal cells. Our atlas provides novel insights into liver physiology and pathology in COVID-19 and forms a foundational resource for its investigation and understanding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pita-Juarez, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karagkouni, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalavros, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melms, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niezen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delorey, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Essene, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brook, O. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pant, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skelton-Badlani, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naderi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hether, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrews, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziegler, C. G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reeves, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myloserdnyy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phelan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amin, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biermann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hibshoosh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veregge, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yalcin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slyper, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashenberg, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom-Ackermann, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturm, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beechem, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babadi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padera, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacParl</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.27.514070</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A single-nucleus and spatial transcriptomic atlas of the COVID-19 liver reveals topological, functional, and regenerative organ disruption in patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.27.514088v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wnt signaling regulates passive cell competition in the retina by inducing differential cell adhesion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.27.514088v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Self-assortation of progenitor cells during development is essential for establishment of distinct tissue identity. This is exemplified in the eye, where the early optic cup is divided into the neural retina (NR) in the center and the ciliary margin (CM) in the periphery. Previous studies have demonstrated that Wnt signaling is required for specification of the CM, but here we show that genetic ablation of Wnt signaling mediator {beta}-catenin in the peripheral optic cup failed to prevent the formation of the CM-derived ciliary body and iris in adult animals. Mosaic analysis revealed that this was only partially due to loss of adherens junctions among {beta}-catenin deficient cells, which were preferentially excluded from the CM. Even in {beta}-catenin mutant cells that can maintain adherens junctions, their inability to mediate Wnt signaling resulted in a change from P-cadherin to N-cadherin expression. We showed that this cadherin switch was sufficient to segregate otherwise identical cells into separate clusters. As a result, the ciliary body and iris were still formed after inactivation of Wnt signaling in the peripheral retina. These results showed that the dual functions of {beta}-catenin in adherens junction and Wnt signaling are required for the passive cell competition to constitute retinal compartments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Min, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bock, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.27.514088</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wnt signaling regulates passive cell competition in the retina by inducing differential cell adhesion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.30.514396v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The neuropeptidergic connectome of C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.30.514396v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryEfforts are currently ongoing to map synaptic wiring diagrams or connectomes in order to understand the neural basis of brain function. However, chemical synapses represent only one type of functionally important neuronal connection; in particular, extrasynaptic, "wireless" signaling by neuropeptides is widespread and plays essential roles in all nervous systems. By integrating single-cell anatomical and gene expression datasets with a biochemical analysis of receptor-ligand interactions, we have generated a draft connectome of neuropeptide signaling in the C. elegans nervous system. This connectome is characterized by a high connection density, extended signaling cascades, autocrine foci, and a decentralized topology, with a large, highly interconnected core containing three constituent communities sharing similar patterns of input connectivity. Intriguingly, several of the most important nodes in this connectome are little-studied neurons that are specialized for peptidergic neuromodulation. We anticipate that the C. elegans neuropeptidergic connectome will serve as a prototype to understand basic organizational principles of neuroendocrine signaling networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watteyne, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinreb, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammarlund, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beets, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vertes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafer, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.30.514396</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The neuropeptidergic connectome of C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514538v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Biophysical Basis for Learning and Transmitting Sensory Predictions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514538v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Homeostatic (anti-Hebbian) forms of synaptic are effective at eliminating "prediction errors" that signal the differences between predicted and actual sensory input. However, such mechanisms appear to preclude the possibility of transmitting the resulting predictions to downstream circuits, severely limiting their utility. Using modeling and recordings from the electrosensory lobe of mormyrid fish, we reveal interactions between axonal and dendritic spikes that support both the learning and transmission of predictions. We find that sensory input modulates the rate of dendritic spikes by adjusting the amplitude of backpropagating axonal action potentials. Homeostatic plasticity counteracts these effects through changes in the underlying membrane potential, allowing the dendritic spike rate to be restored to equilibrium while simultaneously transmitting predictions through modulation of the axonal spike rate. These results reveal how two types of spikes dramatically enhance the computational power of single neurons in support of an ethologically relevant multi-layer computation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muller, S. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawtell, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.31.514538</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Biophysical Basis for Learning and Transmitting Sensory Predictions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514563v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hypothesis-driven modeling of the human lung-ventilator system for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome research 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514563v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanical ventilation is an essential tool in the management of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), but it exposes patients to the risk of ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). The human lung-ventilator system (LVS) involves the interaction of complex anatomy with a mechanical apparatus, which limits the achievable flexibility and fidelity needed to provide individualized clinical support by modeling lung processes. This work proposes a hypothesis-driven strategy for LVS modeling, in which robust personalization is achieved using a pre-defined parameter basis in a non-physiological model. Model inversion, here via windowed data assimilation, forges observed waveforms into interpretable parameter values that characterize the data rather than quantifying physiological processes. Inference experiments performed on human pressure waveform data indicate the flexible model accurately estimates parameters for a variety of breath types, including breaths of markedly dyssynchronous LVSs. Parameter estimates generate static characterizations of the data that are 50-70% more accurate than breath-wise single-compartment model estimates. They also retain sufficient information to distinguish between the types of breath they represent. However, the fidelity and interpetability of model characterizations are tied to parameter definitions and model resolution. These additional factors must be considered in conjunction with the objectives of specific applications, such as identifying and tracking the development of human VILI.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>stroh, j. n.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albers, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sottile, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hripcsak, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.31.514563</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hypothesis-driven modeling of the human lung-ventilator system for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome research]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514628v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Foxa2 lineage+ mesendoderm forms a competitive pulmonary mesenchyme niche crucial for generating the entire lungs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514628v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Millions suffer from incurable lung diseases, and the donor lung shortage hampers organ transplants. Identifying the crucial lineage and the program for lung organogenesis could facilitate designing whole-lung bioengineering. Using lineage-tracing mice and human iPSC-derived lung-directed differentiation, we revealed that gastrulating Foxa2 lineage contributed to both lung mesenchyme and epithelium formation. Interestingly, Foxa2 lineage-derived cells in the lung mesenchyme progressively increased and occupied more than half of the mesenchyme niche, including endothelial cells, during lung development. Foxa2 promoter-driven, conditional Fgfr2 gene depletion caused the lung agenesis phenotype in mice. Importantly, wild-type donor mouse iPSCs injected into their blastocysts rescued this phenotype by complementing the Fgfr2-defective niche in the lung epithelium and mesenchyme. Donor cell is shown to replace the entire lung epithelial and robust mesenchymal niche during early chimeric lung development, resulting in efficient complementation of the nearly entire lung niche at the late stage of lung development. These results suggest that lung complementation based on the Foxa2 lineage is a unique model for the progressive mobilization of donor cells into both epithelial and mesenchymal lung niches and provides crucial insights for designing new bioengineering strategies to generate whole lungs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miura, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarmah, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawada, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimamura, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimizu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ninish, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suer, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubois, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toyooka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Que, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkins, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mori, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.31.514628</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Foxa2 lineage+ mesendoderm forms a competitive pulmonary mesenchyme niche crucial for generating the entire lungs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.01.514701v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resting mitochondrial complex I from Drosophila melanogaster adopts a helix-locked state. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.01.514701v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Respiratory complex I is a proton-pumping oxidoreductase key to bioenergetic metabolism. Biochemical studies have found a divide in the behavior of complex I in metazoans that aligns with the evolutionary split between Protostomia and Deuterostomia. Complex I from Deuterostomia including mammals can adopt an off-pathway "deactive" state, whereas complex I from Protostomia cannot. The presence of off-pathway states complicates the interpretation of structural results and has led to considerable mechanistic debate. Here we report the structure of mitochondrial complex I from the thoracic muscles of the model protostomian Drosophila melanogaster. We show that, although D. melanogaster complex I (Dm-CI) does not deactivate the resting state of Dm-CI adopts multiple conformations. We identify a new helix-locked open state in which an N-terminal -helix on the NDUFS4 subunit wedges between the peripheral and membrane arms. Comparison of the Dm-CI structure and conformational states to those observed in bacteria, yeast and mammals provides insight into the roles of subunits across organisms, explains why Dm-CI does not deactivate and reveals incompatibilities with current mechanistic models of complex I turnover. Additionally, the Dm-CI structure and novel regulatory mechanism will allow for the development of more selective pesticides for agriculture and human disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Padavannil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhooms, S.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owusu-Ansah, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Letts, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.01.514701</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resting mitochondrial complex I from Drosophila melanogaster adopts a helix-locked state.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.02.514072v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Induced Degradation of Lineage-specific Oncoproteins Drives the Selective PARP1 Inhibitor Toxicity in Small Cell Lung Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.02.514072v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A subset of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) shows clinically relevant response to PARP1 inhibitors (PARPi). However, BRCA1/2 mutations are not commonly found in SCLC, and the underlying mechanism(s) of PARPi sensitivity in SCLC is poorly understood. We performed quantitative proteomic analyses and identified proteomic changes that signify PARPi responses in a large panel of molecularly annotated patient-derived SCLC lines. We found that the toxicity of PARPi in SCLC could be explained, at least in part, by the PARPi-induced degradation of key lineage-specific oncoproteins including ASCL1, NEUROD1, POU2F3, KDM4A, and KDM5B. Importantly, the degradation of these SCLC lineage-specific oncoproteins could also be induced by commonly used chemotherapeutic agents. Biochemical experiments showed that PARPi-induced activation of E3 ligases (e.g., HUWE1 and RNF8) mediated the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS)-dependent degradation of these oncoproteins. Interestingly, although PARPi resulted in a general DNA damage response in SCLC cells, this signal is sensed by different SCLC cell lines to generate a cell-specific response. The dissection of the cell-specific oncoprotein degradation response led to the identification of potentially predictive biomarkers for PARPi in SCLC. The combination of PARPi and agents targeting these pathways led to dramatically improved cytotoxicity in SCLC. PARPi-induced degradation of lineage-specific oncoproteins therefore represents a novel mechanism to explain the efficacy of PARPi in tumors without BRCA1/2 mutations.

HighlightsO_LIQuantitative mass spectrometric analysis identifies proteomic changes associated with PARPi treatment in a large panel of SCLC cell lines.
C_LIO_LIPARPi leads to the degradation of lineage-specific oncoproteins (e.g., ASCL1 and KDM4A) via the DNA damage responsive E3 ubiquitin ligases (e.g., HUWE1 and RNF8).
C_LIO_LIA combination of PARPi and agents targeting the lineage-specific oncoproteins offers a more complete and durable therapeutic response in SCLC, compared to PARPi alone.
C_LIO_LIExpression of lineage-specific oncoproteins and the associated ubiquitination machinery are predictive biomarkers for PARPi-induced cytotoxicity in SCLC.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.02.514072</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Induced Degradation of Lineage-specific Oncoproteins Drives the Selective PARP1 Inhibitor Toxicity in Small Cell Lung Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.02.514897v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An inhibitory plasticity mechanism for world structure inference by hippocampal replay 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.02.514897v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Memory consolidation assimilates recent experiences into long-term memory. This process requires the replay of learned sequences, though the content of these sequences remains controversial. Recent work has shown that the statistics of replay deviate from those of experience: stimuli which are experientially salient may be either selected or suppressed. We find that this phenomenon can be explained parsimoniously and biologically plausibly by a Hebbian spike time-dependent plasticity rule at inhibitory synapses. Using spiking networks at three levels of abstraction-leaky integrate-and-fire, biophysically detailed, and abstract binary-we show that this rule enables efficient inference of a model of the structure of the world. We present analytical results that these replayed sequences converge to ground truth under a mathematical model of replay. Finally, we make specific predictions about the consequences of intact and perturbed inhibitory dynamics for network dynamics and cognition. Our work outlines a potential direct link between the synaptic and cognitive levels of memory consolidation, with implications for both normal learning and neurological disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadjiabadi, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terada, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soltesz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Losonczy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.02.514897</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An inhibitory plasticity mechanism for world structure inference by hippocampal replay]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.03.515019v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Beta band rhythms influence reaction times 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.03.515019v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite their involvement in many cognitive functions, beta oscillations are among the least understood brain rhythms. Reports on whether the functional role of beta is primarily inhibitory or excitatory have been contradictory. Our framework attempts to reconcile these findings and proposes that several beta rhythms co-exist at different frequencies. Beta frequency shifts and their potential influence on behavior have thus far received little attention. In this magnetoencephalography experiment, we asked whether changes in beta power or frequency in auditory cortex and motor cortex influence behavior (reaction times) during an auditory sweep discrimination task. We found that in motor cortex, increased beta power slowed down responses, while in auditory cortex, increased beta frequency slowed down responses. We further characterized beta as transient burst events with distinct spectro-temporal profiles influencing reaction times. Finally, we found that increased motor-to-auditory beta connectivity also slowed down responses. In sum, beta power, frequency, bursting properties, cortical focus, and connectivity profile all influenced behavioral outcomes. Our results imply that the study of beta oscillations requires caution as beta dynamics are multifaceted phenomena, and that several dynamics must be taken into account to reconcile mixed findings in the literature.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rassi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmerzaal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haegens, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.03.515019</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Beta band rhythms influence reaction times]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.04.515251v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The role of the cerebellum in learning to predict reward: evidence from cerebellar ataxia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.04.515251v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent findings in animals have challenged the traditional view of the cerebellum solely as the site of motor control, suggesting that the cerebellum may also be important for learning to predict reward from trial-and-error feedback. Yet, evidence for the role of the cerebellum in reward learning in humans is lacking. Moreover, open questions remain about which specific aspects of reward learning the cerebellum may contribute to. Here we address this gap through an investigation of multiple forms of reward learning in individuals with cerebellum dysfunction, represented by cerebellar ataxia cases. Nineteen participants with cerebellar ataxia and 57 age- and sex-matched healthy controls completed two separate tasks that required learning about reward contingencies from trial-and-error. To probe the selectivity of reward learning processes, the tasks differed in their underlying structure: while one task measured incremental reward learning ability alone, the other allowed participants to use an alternative learning strategy based on episodic memory alongside incremental reward learning. We found that individuals with cerebellar ataxia were profoundly impaired at reward learning from trial-and-error feedback on both tasks, but retained the ability to learn to predict reward based on episodic memory. These findings provide evidence from humans for a specific and necessary role for the cerebellum in incremental learning of reward associations based on reinforcement. More broadly, the findings suggest that alongside its role in motor learning, the cerebellum likely operates in concert with the basal ganglia to support reinforcement learning from reward.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nicholas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amlang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montaser-Kouhsari, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, M.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shohamy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.04.515251</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The role of the cerebellum in learning to predict reward: evidence from cerebellar ataxia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.05.515234v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Peptidergic modulation of motor neuron output via CART signaling at C bouton synapses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.05.515234v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The intensity of muscle contraction, and therefore movement vigour, needs to be adaptable to enable complex motor behaviors. This can be achieved by adjusting the properties of motor neurons, which form the final common pathway for all motor output from the central nervous system. Here we identify novel roles for a neuropeptide, Cocaine and Amphetamine Regulated Transcript (CART), in the control of movement vigour. We reveal distinct, but parallel mechanisms by which CART and acetylcholine, both released at C bouton synapses on motor neurons, selectively amplify the output of subtypes of motor neurons that are recruited during intense movement. We find that mice with broad genetic deletion of CART or selective elimination of acetylcholine from C boutons exhibit deficits in behavioral tasks that require higher levels of motor output. Overall, these data uncover novel spinal modulatory mechanisms that control movement vigour to support movements that require a high degree of muscle force.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eleftheriadis, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pothakos, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharples, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apostolou, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tetringa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miles, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zagoraiou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.05.515234</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Peptidergic modulation of motor neuron output via CART signaling at C bouton synapses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.07.515446v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-subtype specific effects of genetic variation in the aging and Alzheimer cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.07.515446v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The relationship between genetic variation and gene expression in individual brain cell types and subtypes has remained elusive. Here, we generated single-nucleus RNA sequencing data from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of 424 individuals of advanced age; analyzing 1.5 million nuclear transcriptomes, we assessed the effect of genetic variants on RNA expression in cis (cis-eQTL) for 7 cell types and 81 cell subtypes. This effort identified 10,004 eGenes at the cell type level and 8,138 eGenes at the cell subtype level. Many eGenes are only detected within cell subtypes. A new variant influences APOE expression only in microglia and is associated with greater cerebral amyloid angiopathy but not Alzheimer pathology, accounting for the effect of APOE{varepsilon}4, providing mechanistic insights into both pathologies. While eQTLs are readily detected, only a TMEM106B variant robustly affects the proportion of cell subtypes. Integration of these results with GWAS highlighted the targeted cell type and likely causal gene within susceptibility loci for Alzheimers, Parkinsons, schizophrenia, and educational attainment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fujita, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCabe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozenblatt-Rosen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amir-Zilberstein, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearse, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardarajan, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiryluk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, H.-U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habib, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young-Pearse, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostafavi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.07.515446</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-subtype specific effects of genetic variation in the aging and Alzheimer cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.08.515495v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Investigation of the neural effects of memory training to reduce false memories in older adults: Univariate and multivariate analyses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.08.515495v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The growing population of older adults emphasizes the need to develop interventions that prevent or delay some of the cognitive decline that accompanies aging. In particular, as memory impairment is the foremost cognitive deficit affecting older adults, it is vital to develop interventions that improve memory function. This study addressed the problem of false memories in aging by training older adults to use details of past events during memory retrieval to distinguish targets from related lures. We examined the neural basis of a retrieval-based monitoring strategy by assessing changes in univariate BOLD activity and discriminability of targets and lures pre and post training. Results showed training-related decreases in false memory rates with no alterations to hit rates. Training and practice were associated with altered recruitment of a frontoparietal monitoring network as well as benefits to neural discriminability within network regions. Participants with lower baseline neural discriminability between target and lure items exhibited the largest changes in neural discriminability. Collectively, our results highlight the benefits of training for reductions of false memories in aging. They also provide an understanding of the neural mechanisms that support these reductions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Turney, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamberlain, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hakun, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinkrauss, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirchhoff, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.08.515495</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Investigation of the neural effects of memory training to reduce false memories in older adults: Univariate and multivariate analyses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.08.515634v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clinical PARP inhibitors allosterically induce PARP2 retention on DNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.08.515634v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PARP1 and PARP2 detect DNA breaks, which activates their catalytic production of poly(ADP-ribose) that recruits repair factors and releases PARP1/2 from DNA. PARP inhibitors (PARPi) are used in cancer treatment and target PARP1/2 catalytic activity, interfering with repair and increasing PARP1/2 persistence on DNA damage. Additionally, certain PARPi exert allosteric effects that increase PARP1 retention on DNA. However, no clinical PARPi exhibit this allosteric behavior toward PARP1. In contrast, we show that certain clinical PARPi exhibit an allosteric effect that retains PARP2 on DNA breaks in a manner that depends on communication between the catalytic and DNA-binding regions. Using a PARP2 mutant that mimics an allosteric inhibitor effect, we observed increased PARP2 retention at cellular damage sites. The new PARPi AZD5305 also exhibited a clear reverse allosteric effect on PARP2. Our results can help explain the toxicity of clinical PARPi and suggest ways to improve PARPi moving forward.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Langelier, M.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascal, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.08.515634</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clinical PARP inhibitors allosterically induce PARP2 retention on DNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.09.515507v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FLASH and Conventional Radiation Induce Differential Immune Responses in Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma, Highlighting Potential for Combination Immunotherapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.09.515507v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeDiffuse Midline Glioma (DMG) is a fatal tumor traditionally treated with radiotherapy (RT) and previously characterized as having a non-inflammatory tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). FLASH is a novel RT technique using ultra-high dose rate, which is associated with decreased toxicity and effective tumor control. However, the effect of FLASH and conventional (CONV) RT on the DMG TIME have not yet been explored.

MethodsHere, we perform single-cell RNA sequencing and flow cytometry on immune cells isolated from an orthotopic syngeneic murine model of brainstem DMG following the use of FLASH (90Gy/sec) or CONV (2Gy/min) dose-rate RT, and compare to unirradiated tumor (SHAM).

ResultsAt day 4 post-RT, FLASH exerts similar effects as CONV in the predominant microglial (MG) population, including the presence of two activated subtypes. However, at day 10 post-RT, we observe a significant increase in type 1 interferon alpha receptor (IFNAR+) in MG in CONV and SHAM compared to FLASH. In the non-resident myeloid clusters of macrophages (MACs) and dendritic cells (DCs), we find increased type 1 interferon (IFN1) pathway enrichment for CONV compared to FLASH and SHAM by scRNA-seq. We observe this trend by flow cytometry at day 4 post-RT in IFNAR+ MACs and DCs, which equalizes by day 10 post-RT. DMG control and murine survival are equivalent between RT dose rates.

ConclusionOur work is the first to map CONV and FLASH immune alterations of the DMG TIME with single-cell resolution. While DMG tumor control and survival are similar between CONV and FLASH, we find that changes in immune compartments differ over time. Importantly, while both RT modalities increase IFN1, we find that the timing of this response is cell-type and dose-rate dependent. These temporal differences, particularly in the context of tumor control, warrant further study.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Padilla, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minns, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webster-Carrion, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tazhibi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McQuillan, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hei, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szalontay, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavisic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garty, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garvin, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canoll, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanpouille-Box, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olah, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabadan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gartrell, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.09.515507</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FLASH and Conventional Radiation Induce Differential Immune Responses in Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma, Highlighting Potential for Combination Immunotherapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.09.515872v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reduced cholecystokinin-expressing interneuron input contributes to disinhibition of the hippocampal CA2 region in a mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.09.515872v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A significant proportion of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients experience drug-resistant seizures associated with mesial temporal sclerosis, in which there is extensive cell loss in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 subfields, with a relative sparing of dentate gyrus granule cells and the CA2 pyramidal neurons. A role for CA2 in seizure generation was suggested based on findings of a reduction in synaptic inhibition (Williamson & Spencer, 1994) and the presence of interictal- like spike activity in resected hippocampal tissue from TLE patients (Wittner et al., 2009). We recently found that in the pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus mouse model of TLE there was an increase in CA2 intrinsic excitability associated with a loss of CA2 synaptic inhibition. Furthermore, chemogenetic silencing of CA2 significantly reduced seizure frequency, consistent with a role of CA2 in promoting seizure generation and/or propagation (Whitebirch et al., 2022). In the present study we explored the basis of this inhibitory deficit using immunohistochemical and electrophysiological approaches. We report a widespread decrease in the density of pro- cholecystokinin-immunopositive interneurons and a functional impairment of cholecystokinin- expressing interneuron-mediated inhibition of CA2 pyramidal neurons. We also found a decrease in the density of CA2 parvalbumin-immunopositive interneurons and disruption to the pyramidal neuron-associated perisomatic perineuronal net in the CA2 subfield. These data reveal a set of pathological alterations that may disrupt inhibition of CA2 pyramidal neurons and their downstream targets in epileptic mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Whitebirch, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santoro, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharfman, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegelbaum, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.09.515872</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reduced cholecystokinin-expressing interneuron input contributes to disinhibition of the hippocampal CA2 region in a mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.09.515888v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Retinoic acid signaling modulates smooth muscle cell phenotypic switching in atherosclerosis through epigenetic regulation of gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.09.515888v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDSmooth muscle cells (SMCs) substantially contribute to the development of atherosclerosis through a process called "phenotypic switching." Our previous work identified an SMC-derived intermediate cell type, termed "SEM" cells, which plays a crucial role in SMC transition to other cell types and in lesion development. Activation of retinoic acid (RA) signaling by all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) attenuates atherosclerosis in mice coincident with suppression of SEM cell formation. However, the effect of RA signaling on advanced disease and the underlying molecular mechanisms by which RA modulates SMC transition to SEM cells are largely unknown.

METHODSWe applied SMC lineage tracing atheroprone mice and biochemistry and cell and molecular biology techniques (e.g., RNA sequencing, quantitative reverse transcription PCR, co-immunoprecipitation, and chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative PCR) to reveal the regulatory mechanisms of RA signaling in SMC transition to SEM cells.

RESULTSActivation of RA signaling with ATRA in established atherosclerosis significantly reduced SEM cells and lesion size while increasing fibrous cap thickness. Mechanistically, retinoic acid receptor alpha (RAR) directly targets the promoters of Ly6a and Ly6c1 in mouse SMCs, and activation of RA signaling recruits EZH2 to the regulatory elements triggering local H3K27me3. Distinct from a molecular model that reported for RA recruitment of HDAC1 during embryogenesis, RAR/EZH2 complex recruits SIRT1 and SIRT6, rather than classical HDACs, to the regulatory regions of key SEM cell marker genes. This subsequently reduces multiple acetylated histone modifications (e.g., H3K27ac, H3K4ac, H3K9ac, H3K14ac, H3K56ac) with recruitment of the transcription corepressor, NCOR1, to repress downstream SEM cell marker genes.

CONCLUSIONSOur findings provide novel mechanistic insights into RA modulating SMC phenotypic switching in atherosclerosis, suggesting molecular targets for preventive and therapeutic interventions for atherosclerosis and its clinical complications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.09.515888</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Retinoic acid signaling modulates smooth muscle cell phenotypic switching in atherosclerosis through epigenetic regulation of gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.10.515978v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Establishing the Median Infectious Dose (ID50) and Characterizing the Clinical Manifestations of Mouse, Rat, Cow, and Human Corynebacterium bovis Isolates in Select Immunocompromised Mouse Strains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.10.515978v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Corynebacterium bovis (Cb), the etiology of hyperkeratotic dermatitis in various immunocompromised mouse strains, significantly impacts research in which infected mice are used. Although Cb has been isolated from a variety of species, including mice, rats, cows, and humans, little is known about the differences in the infectivity and clinical disease in mice associated with unique isolates. The infectious dose yielding colonization of 50% of the exposed population (ID50) and any associated clinical disease was determined for mouse (n=3), rat (n=1), cow (n=1), and human (n=2) Cb isolates in athymic nude mice (Hsd:Athymic Nude-Foxn1nu). The same investigations were undertaken comparing 2 of these murine isolates in 2 furred immunocompromised mouse strains (NSG [NOD.Cg-PrkdcscidIl2rgtm1Wjl/Sz] and NSG-S [NOD.Cg-PrkdcscidIl2rgtm1WjlTg(CMV-IL3,CSF2,KITLG)1Eav/MloySzJ]). To determine the ID50, mice (n=6/dose; 3 of each sex) were inoculated topically with 1 to 108 bacteria (10-fold increments) of each Cb isolate. Mice were scored (0 to 5) daily based on the severity of clinical signs for 14 days. On day 7 and 14 post-inoculation (PI), buccal and dorsal skin swabs were evaluated by aerobic culture to determine infection status. The mouse isolates yielded a lower ID50 (58 to 1,000 bacteria) as compared to the bovine (6,460 to 7,498 bacteria) and rat (10,000 bacteria) Cb isolates. Mice were not colonized and disease did not result when inoculated with human isolates. Mouse isolates produced varying clinical disease severity in nude mice (max score/isolate: 0 to 5). Despite significant immunodeficiency, furred NSG and NSG-S mice required a considerably higher (1,000- to 3,000-fold) inoculum to become colonized as compared to athymic nude mice. Once colonized, clinically detectable hyperkeratosis did not develop in these strains until 18 to 22 days PI. In contrast, in athymic nude mice that developed clinically detectable disease, hyperkeratosis was observed 6 to 14 days PI. In conclusion, there are significant differences in Cbs ID50, disease course, and severity between Cb isolates and among immunodeficient mouse strains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mendoza, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheleuitte-Nieves, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipman, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wipf, J. R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricart Arbona, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miranda, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricart Arbona, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.10.515978</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Establishing the Median Infectious Dose (ID50) and Characterizing the Clinical Manifestations of Mouse, Rat, Cow, and Human Corynebacterium bovis Isolates in Select Immunocompromised Mouse Strains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.10.516009v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct Cortical Inputs to Hippocampal Area CA1 Transmit Complementary Signals for Goal-directed Navigation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.10.516009v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The entorhinal cortex (EC) is central to the brains navigation system. Its subregions are conventionally thought to compute dichotomous representations for spatial processing: medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) provides a global spatial map, while lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) encodes specific sensory details of experience. While local recordings of EC circuits have amassed a vast catalogue of specialized cell types that could support navigation computations in the brain, we have little direct evidence for how these signals are actually transmitted outside of the EC to its primary downstream reader, the hippocampus, which itself is critical for the formation of spatial and episodic memories. Here we exploit in vivo sub-cellular imaging to directly record from EC axon terminals as they locally innervate hippocampal area CA1, while mice performed navigational and spatial learning tasks in virtual reality. We find both distinct and overlapping representations of task, location, and context in both MEC and LEC axons. While MEC transmitted a highly location- and context-specific code, LEC inputs were strongly biased by ongoing navigational goals and reward. Surprisingly, the position of the animal could be accurately decoded from either entorhinal subregion. Our results challenge prevailing dogma on the routing of spatial and non-spatial information from the cortex to the hippocampus, indicating that cortical interactions upstream of the hippocampus are critical for combining these processing streams to support navigation and memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bowler, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Losonczy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.10.516009</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct Cortical Inputs to Hippocampal Area CA1 Transmit Complementary Signals for Goal-directed Navigation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.10.516026v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Converting an allocentric goal into an egocentric steering signal 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.10.516026v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal signals relevant for spatial navigation have been described in many species1-12, however, a circuit-level understanding of how such signals interact to guide behaviour is lacking. Here we characterize a neuronal circuit in the Drosophila central complex that compares internally generated estimates of the flys heading and goal angles--both encoded in world-centred, or allocentric, coordinates--to generate a body-centred, or egocentric, steering signal. Past work has argued that the activity of EPG cells, or "compass neurons"2, represents the flys moment-to-moment angular orientation, or heading angle, during navigation13. An animals moment-to-moment heading angle, however, is not always aligned with its goal angle, i.e., the allocentric direction in which it wishes to progress forward. We describe a second set of neurons in the Drosophila brain, FC2 cells14, with activity that correlates with the flys goal angle. Furthermore, focal optogenetic activation of FC2 neurons induces flies to orient along experimenter-defined directions as they walk forward. EPG and FC2 cells connect monosynaptically to a third neuronal class, PFL3 cells14,15. We found that individual PFL3 cells show conjunctive, spike-rate tuning to both heading and goal angles during goal-directed navigation. Informed by the anatomy and physiology of these three cell classes, we develop a formal model for how this circuit can compare allocentric heading- and goal-angles to build an egocentric steering signal in the PFL3 output terminals. Quantitative analyses and optogenetic manipulations of PFL3 activity support the model. The biological circuit described here reveals how two, population-level, allocentric signals are compared in the brain to produce an egocentric output signal appropriate for the motor system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mussells Pires, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maimon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.10.516026</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Converting an allocentric goal into an egocentric steering signal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.11.516189v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trans-eQTL mapping in gene sets identifies network effects of genetic variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.11.516189v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nearly all trait-associated variants identified in GWAS are non-coding. The cis regulatory effects of these variants have been extensively characterized, but how they impact gene regulation in trans has been the subject of much fewer studies. Mapping trans genetic effects is very challenging because their effect sizes tend to be small and a large multiple testing burden reduces the power to detect them. In addition, read mapping biases can lead to many false positives. To reduce mapping biases and substantially improve power to map trans-eQTLs, we developed a pipeline called trans-PCO, which combines careful read and gene filters with a principal component (PC)-based multivariate association test. Our simulations demonstrate that trans-PCO substantially outperforms existing trans-eQTL mapping methods, including univariate and primary PC-based methods. We applied trans-PCO to two gene expression datasets from whole blood, DGN (N = 913) and eQTLGen (N = 31,684), to identify trans-eQTLs associated with gene co-expression networks and hallmark gene sets representing well-defined biological processes. In total, we identified 14,985 high-quality trans-eSNPs-module pairs associated with 197 co-expression gene modules and biological processes. To better understand the effects of trait-associated variants on gene regulatory networks, we performed colocalization analyses between GWAS loci of 46 complex traits and trans-eQTLs identified in DGN. We highlight several examples where our map of trans effects helps us understand how trait-associated variants impact gene regulatory networks and biological pathways. For example, we found that a locus associated with platelet traits near ARHGEF3 trans-regulates a set of co-expressed genes significantly enriched in the platelet activation pathway. Additionally, six red blood cell trait-associated loci trans-regulate a gene set representing heme metabolism, a crucial process in erythropoiesis. In conclusion, trans-PCO is a powerful and reliable tool that detects trans regulators of cellular pathways and networks, which opens up new opportunities to learn the impact of trait-associated loci on gene regulatory networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babushkin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.11.516189</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trans-eQTL mapping in gene sets identifies network effects of genetic variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.11.516192v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SUMO2 Protects Against Tau-induced Synaptic and Cognitive Dysfunction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.11.516192v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Abnormal intracellular accumulation of Tau aggregates is a hallmark of Alzheimers disease (AD) and other Tauopathies, such as Frontotemporal dementia (FTD), which can be caused by mutations of Tau. Mutated and pathological Tau can undergo a range of post-translational modifications (PTMs) that might trigger or modulate disease pathology. Recent studies indicate that modification of wild type Tau by Small ubiquitin-like modifier SUMO isoform 1 (SUMO1) controls Tau hyperphosphorylation and aggregation, suggesting that SUMOylation acts as a central regulator of Taus biochemical properties. Besides SUMO1, Tau is modified by SUMO2/3, however the consequences of this modification have not been investigated. Here, using viral approaches on primary hippocampal neurons, transgenic mice expressing mutant Tau and SUMO2, and iPSC-derived neurons from FTD patients, we evaluated whether SUMO2/3 conjugation modifies the neurodegenerative disease pathology associated with the aggregation-prone mutant Tau P301L, P301S, and R406W variants. We found that mutant forms of Tau are targets of SUMO2/3, and SUMO2/3 conjugation is neuroprotective. Importantly, expression of mutant Tau is accompanied by a significant reduction of SUMO2/3 conjugation levels, and restoring levels of SUMO2 reduces mutant Tau aggregation and phosphorylation in all model systems Furthermore, overexpression of SUMO2 restores levels of pre- and post-synaptic markers, associated with a complete rescue of the LTP and memory deficits in transgenic mice expressing mutant Tau. These findings bring to light the potential therapeutic implication of manipulating SUMO conjugation to detoxify Tau through PTM-based approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Orsini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Argyrousi, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Restelli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takamura, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsuzaki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zentilin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascente, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanaan, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soni, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katayama, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiesa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forloni, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosik, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kandel, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraser, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arancio, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fioriti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.11.516192</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SUMO2 Protects Against Tau-induced Synaptic and Cognitive Dysfunction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.11.516205v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The HCN1 hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel enhances evoked GABA release from parvalbumin positive interneurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.11.516205v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels generate the cationic Ih current in neurons and regulate the excitability of neuronal networks. The function of HCN channels depends, in part, on their subcellular localization. Of the four HCN isoforms (HCN1-4), HCN1 is strongly expressed in the dendrites of pyramidal neurons in hippocampal area CA1 but also in presynaptic terminals of parvalbumin-positive interneurons (PV+ INs), which provide strong inhibitory control over hippocampal activity. Yet, little is known about how HCN1 channels in these cells regulate the evoked release of the inhibitory transmitter GABA from their axon terminals. Here, we used several genetic, optogenetic, electrophysiological and imaging techniques to investigate how the electrophysiological properties of PV+ INs are regulated by HCN1, including how HCN1 activity at presynaptic terminals regulates the release of GABA onto pyramidal neurons (PNs) in CA1. We found that application of HCN1 pharmacological blockers reduced the amplitude of the inhibitory postsynaptic potential recorded from CA1 pyramidal neurons in response to selective optogenetic stimulation of PV+ INs. Homozygous HCN1-/- knockout mice also show reduced IPSCs in postsynaptic cells. Finally, two-photon imaging using genetically encoded fluorescent calcium indicators revealed that HCN1 blockers reduced the probability that an extracellular electrical stimulating pulse evoked a Ca2+ response in individual PV+ IN presynaptic boutons. Taken together, our results show that HCN1 channels in the axon terminals of PV+ interneurons facilitate GABAergic transmission in the hippocampal CA1 region.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bock, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buss, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lofaro, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leroy, F. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santoro, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegelbaum, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.11.516205</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The HCN1 hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel enhances evoked GABA release from parvalbumin positive interneurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.11.516215v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic characterization of brain cellular crosstalk signaling networks in Alzheimer's disease reveals a novel role for SEMA6D in TREM2-dependent microglial activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.11.516215v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular crosstalk, mediated by membrane receptors and their ligands, is crucial for brain homeostasis and can contribute to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimers disease (AD). To discover crosstalk dysregulations in AD, we reconstructed crosstalk networks from single-nucleus transcriptional profiles from 67 clinically and neuropathologically well-characterized controls and AD brain donors. We predicted a significant role for TREM2 and additional AD risk genes mediating neuron-microglia crosstalk in AD. The gene sub-network mediating SEMA6D-TREM2 crosstalk is activated near A{beta} plaques and SEMA6D-expressing cells and is disrupted in late AD stages. Using CRISPR-modified human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia, we demonstrated that SEMA6D induces microglial activation in a TREM2-dependent manner. In summary, we demonstrate that characterizing cellular crosstalk networks can yield novel insights into AD biology.

One Sentence SummaryWe investigate cell-to-cell communication in Alzheimers disease to characterize disease biology and suggest new avenues for therapeutic intervention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>D'Oliveira Albanus, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brase, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kannan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acquarone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, S.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novotny, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ribeiro Pereira, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bateman, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDade, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruchaga, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chhatwal, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network (DIAN),</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mace, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benitez, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piccio, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutherland, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karch, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harari, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, T.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.11.516215</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic characterization of brain cellular crosstalk signaling networks in Alzheimer's disease reveals a novel role for SEMA6D in TREM2-dependent microglial activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.12.516283v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using conditional Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN) to generate de novo synthetic cell nuclei for training machine learning-based image segmentation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.12.516283v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Generating masks on training data for augmenting machine learning is one of the challenges as it is time-consuming when performed manually. While variable random images can be generated by Generative Adversarial Networks, an image-to-image translation is needed to generate both images and ground truth data. To generate cells and their corresponding masks, we used a new approach to prepare the training data by adding masks on 4 different channels preventing any overlapping between masks on the same channel at an exactly 2-pixel distance. We used GAN to generate nuclei from only two images (415 and 435 nuclei) and tested different GANs with alternating activation functions and kernel sizes. Here, we provide the proof-of-principle application of GAN for image-to-image translation for cell nuclei and tested variable parameters such as kernel and filter sizes and alternating activation functions, which played important roles in GAN learning with small datasets. This approach will decrease the time required to generate versatile training datasets for various cell types and shapes with their corresponding masks for augmenting machine learning-based image segmentation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cosacak, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kizil, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.12.516283</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using conditional Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN) to generate de novo synthetic cell nuclei for training machine learning-based image segmentation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.12.516287v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The tissue-specific autophagic response to nutrient deprivation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.12.516287v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macroautophagy is a highly adaptable degradative system that is essential for life. Although studies have shown the importance of this pathway across all organ systems, we have little understanding of how discrete tissues might employ autophagy and how this changes during stress. Using an approach to identify quantitatively autophagic cargoes, we sought to identify how cells from the adult liver and brain rely on autophagy under basal conditions and during nutrient deprivation. We find that in addition to the turnover of cell type specific proteins, the different organs relied on autophagy differentially for the turnover of organelles such as mitochondria, peroxisomes and ER. Moreover, in response to nutrient deprivation, although both tissues showed increased cargo capture, cell type- and tissue-specific patterns emerged. Most notably in the brain, we found an increased representation of glial and endothelial cell cargoes, whereas neuronal cargoes were relatively unchanged. In liver, we unexpectedly found a decreased representation of mitochondrial proteins, which represented a shift moving away from the whole mitochondrion turnover to piecemeal. These results indicate how the physiologic context of the different cell types significantly influence autophagy-dependence, and begins to shed insight into how the term  autophagy dysfunction might be thought of when considering different disease states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grosso Jasutkar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffey, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melia, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dephoure, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamamoto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.12.516287</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The tissue-specific autophagic response to nutrient deprivation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.12.516293v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decoding the Variant-to-Function Relationship for LIPA, a Risk Locus for CAD 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.12.516293v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Translating human genomic discoveries into mechanistic insights requires linking genetic variations to candidate genes and their causal functional phenotypes. Genome-wide association studies have consistently identified LIPA as a risk locus for coronary artery disease (CAD), with previous expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analyses prioritizing LIPA as a candidate causal gene. However, functional studies elucidating the causal variants, regulatory mechanisms, target cell types, and their causal impact on atherosclerosis have been lacking. To address this gap, we applied functional genomics and experimental mouse models to establish the variant-to-function relationship at the LIPA locus. Our findings show that CAD risk alleles in the LIPA locus increase LIPA expression and enzyme activity specifically in monocytes/macrophages by enhancing PU.1 binding to an intronic enhancer region that interacts with the LIPA promoter. In myeloid Lipa-overexpressing mice, we observed larger atherosclerotic lesions accompanied by altered macrophage function, including increased macrophage accumulation due to enhanced monocyte recruitment, reduced neutral lipid accumulation, and upregulation of integrin and extracellular matrix pathways. Our work establishes a direct causal link between LIPA risk alleles and increased monocyte/macrophage LIPA that exacerbates atherosclerosis, bridging human functional genomic evidence to the mechanistic understanding of CAD.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=58 SRC="FIGDIR/small/516293v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (20K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@11ce287org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@15c201aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@13f90c9org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@3aa3be_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozenblyum, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-Ono, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razani, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westerterp, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suh, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lappalainen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.12.516293</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decoding the Variant-to-Function Relationship for LIPA, a Risk Locus for CAD]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.13.516311v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial mapping of posture-dependent resistance to passive displacement of the hypertonic arm post-stroke 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.13.516311v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Muscles in the post-stroke arm commonly demonstrate abnormal reflexes that result in increased position- and velocity-dependent resistance to movement. We sought to develop a reliable way to quantify mechanical consequences of abnormal neuromuscular mechanisms throughout the reachable workspace in the hemiparetic arm post-stroke. Survivors of hemiparetic stroke (HS) and neurologically-intact (NI) control subjects were instructed to relax as a robotic device repositioned the hand of their (hemiparetic) arm between several testing locations sampling the arms passive range of motion. During transitions, the robot induced motions at either the shoulder or elbow joint at speeds ranging from very slow (6 {degrees}/s) to fast (90 {degrees}/s). The robot held the hand at the testing location for at least 20 seconds after each transition. We recorded and analyzed hand force and electromyographic activities from selected muscles spanning the shoulder and elbow during and after transitions. Hand forces and electromyographic activities were small at all speeds and sample times in NI control subjects, but varied systematically by transport speed during and shortly after movement in the HS subjects. Velocity-dependent resistance to stretch diminished within two seconds after movement ceased in the hemiparetic arms. Hand forces and EMGs changed very little from 2 seconds after the movement ended onward, exhibiting dependence on limb posture but no systematic dependence on movement speed or direction. Although each HS subject displayed a unique field of hand forces and EMG responses across the workspace after movement ceased, the magnitude of steady-state hand forces was generally greater near the outer boundaries of the workspace than in the center of the workspace for the HS group but not the NI group. In the HS group, electromyographic activities exhibited abnormalities consistent with stroke-related decreases in the stretch reflex thresholds post-stroke. These observations were consistent across repeated testing days. Implications of the findings are discussed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kanade-Mehta, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bengtson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoeckmannn, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGuire, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheidt, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.13.516311</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial mapping of posture-dependent resistance to passive displacement of the hypertonic arm post-stroke]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.13.516316v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal contact predicts connectivity in the C. elegans brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.13.516316v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Axons must project to particular brain regions, contact adjacent neurons, and choose appropriate synaptic targets to form a nervous system. Multiple mechanisms have been proposed to explain synaptic partnership choice. In a  lock-and-key mechanism, first proposed by Sperrys chemoaffinity model1, a neuron selectively chooses a synaptic partner among several different, adjacent target cells, based on a specific molecular recognition code2. Alternatively, Peters rule posits that neurons indiscriminately form connections with other neuron types in their proximity; hence, neighborhood choice, dictated by initial neuronal process outgrowth and position, is the sole predictor of connectivity3,4. However, whether Peters rule plays an important role in synaptic wiring remains unresolved5. To assess the nanoscale relationship between neuronal adjacency and connectivity, we evaluate the expansive set of C. elegans connectomes. We find that synaptic connectivity can be accurately modeled as a path-length-dependent process of neuronal adjacency and brain strata, offering strong support for Peters rule as an organizational principle of C. elegans brain wiring.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cook, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalinski, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.13.516316</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal contact predicts connectivity in the C. elegans brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.13.516357v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineered hydrogel reveals contribution of matrix mechanics to esophageal adenocarcinoma 3D organoids and identify matrix-activated therapeutic targets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.13.516357v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Increased extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness has been implicated in esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) progression, metastasis, and resistance to therapy. However, the underlying pro-tumorigenic pathways are yet to be defined. Additional work is needed to develop physiologically relevant in vitro 3D culture models that better recapitulate the human tumor microenvironment and can be used to dissect the contributions of matrix stiffness to EAC pathogenesis. Here, we describe a modular, tumor ECM-mimetic hydrogel platform with tunable mechanical properties, defined presentation of cell-adhesive ligands, and protease-dependent degradation that supports robust in vitro growth and expansion of patient-derived EAC 3D organoids (EAC PDOs). Hydrogel mechanical properties control EAC PDO formation, growth, proliferation and activation of tumor-associated pathways that elicit stem-like properties in the cancer cells, as highlighted through in vitro and in vivo environments. We also demonstrate that the engineered hydrogel serves as a platform to identify potential therapeutic targets to disrupt the contribution of pro-tumorigenic increased matrix mechanics in EAC. Together, these studies show that an engineered PDO culture platform can be used to inform the development of therapeutics that target ECM stiffness in EAC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cruz-Acuna, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kariuki, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugiura, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loebel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karakasheva, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabre, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burdick, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rustgi, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.13.516357</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineered hydrogel reveals contribution of matrix mechanics to esophageal adenocarcinoma 3D organoids and identify matrix-activated therapeutic targets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.15.516660v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA sequencing implicates venous endothelial cells as a source of VEGF-mediated neo-angiogenesis in neuroinflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.15.516660v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Histopathological studies of multiple sclerosis (MS), a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), have found newly formed leaky vessels in demyelinated acute and chronic plaques, in addition to blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage in existing vessels, that exacerbate disease pathology by increasing infiltration of immune cells. Which vessel subtypes and signaling pathways generate these aberrant vessels is poorly understood. Using single-cell RNA-sequencing and in vivo validation, we find that transcriptome signatures of neo-angiogenesis arise in venous endothelial cells in both acute and chronic EAE, and correlate with upregulation in VEGF-A signaling. These neo-angiogenic markers are also increased in acute and chronic MS lesions. Treatment with a VEGF-A blocking antibody diminishes neo-angiogenic transcriptomic signatures and vascular proliferation in vivo, but does not restore BBB function or ameliorate significantly EAE pathology. Therefore, anti-angiogenic therapies in combination with immunomodulatory therapies may benefit MS progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shahriar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, M. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wayne, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glendinning, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prochilo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuhlmann, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agalliu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.15.516660</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell RNA sequencing implicates venous endothelial cells as a source of VEGF-mediated neo-angiogenesis in neuroinflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.16.516691v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cas9-mediated tagging of endogenous loci using HITAG 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.16.516691v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To facilitate the interrogation of protein function at scale, we have developed High-throughput Insertion of Tags Across the Genome (HITAG). HITAG enables users to rapidly produce libraries of cells, each with a different protein of interest C-terminally tagged is based on a modified strategy for performing Cas9-based targeted insertions, coupled with an improved approach for selecting properly tagged lines. Analysis of the resulting clones generated by HITAG reveals high tagging specificity with the majority of tagging events being indel free. Using HITAG, we fuse mCherry to a set of 167 stress granule-associated proteins and elucidate the features which drive a subset of proteins to strongly accumulate within these transient RNA-protein granules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kratz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.16.516691</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cas9-mediated tagging of endogenous loci using HITAG]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.16.516717v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tree growth enhancement drives a persistent biomass gain in unmanaged temperate forests 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.16.516717v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While enhanced tree growth over the last decades has been reported in forests across the globe, it remains unclear whether it drives persistent biomass increases of the stands, particularly in mature forests. Enhanced tree growth and stand-level biomass are often linked with a simultaneous increase in density-driven mortality and a reduction in tree longevity. Identifying empirical evidence regarding the balance between these processes is challenging due to the confounding effects of stand history, management, and environmental changes. Here, we investigate the link between growth and biomass via the shift in the negative relationship between average tree size and stand density (tree number). We find increasing stand density for a given tree size in unmanaged closed-canopy forests in Switzerland over the past six decades and a positive relationship between growth and stand density - qualitatively consistent with simulations by a mechanistic, cohort-resolving ecosystem model (LM3-PPA). Model simulations show that, in the absence of other disturbances, enhanced growth persistently increases biomass stocks despite simultaneous decreases in carbon residence time and tree longevity, independent of assumptions about the drivers of tree mortality. However, the magnitude of simulated changes critically depends on the shape of the mortality parameterizations. Our analyses reconcile reports of growth-induced reductions of tree longevity with model predictions of persistent biomass increases, and with our finding of a trend towards denser forests in response to growth - also in mature stands.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marques, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bugmann, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forrester, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobi, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trotsiuk, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stocker, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.16.516717</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tree growth enhancement drives a persistent biomass gain in unmanaged temperate forests]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.18.517015v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational structure prediction methods enable the systematic identification of oncogenic mutations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.18.517015v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oncogenic mutations are associated with the activation of key pathways necessary for the initiation, progression and treatment-evasion of tumors. While large genomic studies provide the opportunity of identifying these mutations, the vast majority of variants have unclear functional roles presenting a challenge for the use of genomic studies in the clinical/therapeutic setting. Recent developments in predicting protein structures enable the systematic large-scale characterization of structures providing a link from genomic data to functional impact. Here, we observed that most oncogenic mutations tend to occur in protein regions that undergo conformation changes in the presence of the activating mutation or when interacting with a protein partner. By combining evolutionary information and protein structure prediction, we introduce the Evolutionary and Structure (ES) score, a computational approach that enables the systematic identification of hotspot somatic mutations in cancer. The predicted sites tend to occur in Short Linear Motifs and protein-protein interfaces. We test the use of ES-scores in genomic studies in pediatric leukemias that easily recapitulates the main mechanisms of resistance to targeted and chemotherapy drugs. To experimentally test the functional role of the predictions, we performed saturated mutagenesis in NT5C2, a protein commonly mutated in relapsed pediatric lymphocytic leukemias. The approach was able to capture both commonly mutated sites and identify previously uncharacterized functionally relevant regions that are not frequently mutated in these cancers. This work shows that the characterization of protein structures provides a link between large genomic studies, with mostly variants of unknown significance, to functional systematic characterization, prioritizing variants of interest in the therapeutic setting and informing on their possible mechanisms of action.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reglero, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swamy, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loh, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khiabanian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albero, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forouhar, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al Quraishi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrando, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabadan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.18.517015</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational structure prediction methods enable the systematic identification of oncogenic mutations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.20.517210v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OpenFold: Retraining AlphaFold2 yields new insights into its learning mechanisms and capacity for generalization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.20.517210v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AlphaFold2 revolutionized structural biology with the ability to predict protein structures with exceptionally high accuracy. Its implementation, however, lacks the code and data required to train new models. These are necessary to (i) tackle new tasks, like protein-ligand complex structure prediction, (ii) investigate the process by which the model learns, which remains poorly understood, and (iii) assess the models generalization capacity to unseen regions of fold space. Here we report OpenFold, a fast, memory-efficient, and trainable implementation of AlphaFold2. We train OpenFold from scratch, fully matching the accuracy of AlphaFold2. Having established parity, we assess OpenFolds capacity to generalize across fold space by retraining it using carefully designed datasets. We find that OpenFold is remarkably robust at generalizing despite extreme reductions in training set size and diversity, including near-complete elisions of classes of secondary structure elements. By analyzing intermediate structures produced by OpenFold during training, we also gain surprising insights into the manner in which the model learns to fold proteins, discovering that spatial dimensions are learned sequentially. Taken together, our studies demonstrate the power and utility of OpenFold, which we believe will prove to be a crucial new resource for the protein modeling community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahdritz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouatta, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadyan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerecke, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donnell, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berenberg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisk, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanichelli, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nowaczynski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stepniewska-Dziubinska, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ojewole, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guney, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biderman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watkins, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorenzo, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nivon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitzner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ban, Y.-E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorger, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostaque, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonneau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>AlQuraishi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.20.517210</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OpenFold: Retraining AlphaFold2 yields new insights into its learning mechanisms and capacity for generalization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.21.517401v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Divergent microbial structure still results in convergent microbial function during arrested anaerobic digestion of food waste at different hydraulic retention times 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.21.517401v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this study, two arrested anaerobic digestion bioreactors fed with food waste operated under different hydraulic retention times (HRTs) exhibited long-term stable volatile fatty acid (VFA) production performance including similar total yields (p = .085) with propionic acid (PA) being the most abundant VFA. Meta-omics analysis revealed distinct microbial structures (p = .02) at the two HRTs while there were no differences in potential and extant functionality as indicated by the whole-genome and whole-transcriptome sequencing, respectively. The highest potential (relative abundance of DNA sequence reads) and extant (relative abundance of mRNA sequence reads) functionality corresponded with PA production compared to other acids. The most abundant genus Prevotella produced PA mainly through the acryloyl-CoA pathway. Based on our results, the mechanistic basis for the similar VFA production performance observed under the HRTs tested lies in the community-level redundancy in convergent acidification functions and pathways, rather than trends in community structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandran, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khunjar, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.21.517401</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Divergent microbial structure still results in convergent microbial function during arrested anaerobic digestion of food waste at different hydraulic retention times]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.21.517420v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Starfysh reveals heterogeneous spatial dynamics in the breast tumor microenvironment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.21.517420v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatially-resolved gene expression profiling provides valuable insight into tissue organization and cell-cell crosstalk; however, spatial transcriptomics (ST) lacks single-cell resolution. Current ST analysis methods require single-cell RNA sequencing data as a reference for a rigorous interpretation of cell states and do not utilize associated histology images. Significant sample variation further complicates the integration of ST datasets, which is essential for identifying commonalities across tissues or altered cellular wiring in disease. Here, we present Starfysh, the first comprehensive computational toolbox for joint modeling of ST and histology data, dissection of refined cell states, and systematic integration of multiple ST datasets from complex tissues. Starfysh uses an auxiliary deep generative model that incorporates archetypal analysis and any known cell state markers to avoid the need for a single-cell-resolution reference in characterizing known or novel tissue-specific cell states. Additionally, Starfysh improves the characterization of spatial dynamics in complex tissues by leveraging histology images and enables the comparison of niches as spatial "hubs" across tissues. Integrative analysis of primary estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), and metaplastic breast cancer (MBC) tumors using Starfysh led to the identification of heterogeneous patient- and disease-specific hubs as well as a shared stromal hub with varying spatial orientation. Our results show the ability to delineate the spatial co-evolution of tumor and immune cell states and their crosstalk underlying intratumoral heterogeneity in TNBC and revealed metabolic reprogramming shaping immunosuppressive hubs in aggressive MBC. Starfysh is publicly available (https://github.com/azizilab/starfysh).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nazaret, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rampersaud, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhillon, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friend, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mintz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lao, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrera, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehdi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohde, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McFaline-Figueroa, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blei, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leong, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudensky, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plitas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azizi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.21.517420</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Starfysh reveals heterogeneous spatial dynamics in the breast tumor microenvironment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.21.517430v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-molecule tracking reveals the functional allocation, in vivo interactions, and spatial organization of universal transcription factor NusG 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.21.517430v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial gene expression is highly regulated to allow cells to grow and adapt. Much regulation occurs during transcription elongation, where RNA polymerase (RNAP) extends nascent RNA transcripts aided by global and universally-conserved elongation factor NusG. NusG modulates transcription by inhibiting pausing and backtracking; promoting anti-termination on ribosomal RNA (rrn) operons; coupling transcription with translation on mRNA genes; and stimulating Rho-dependent termination on toxic genes. Despite extensive work on NusG, its functional allocation and spatial distribution in vivo is unknown. Here, we addressed these long-standing questions using single-molecule tracking and super-resolution imaging of NusG in live E. coli cells. We found that, under conditions of moderate growth, NusG is mainly present as a population that associates indirectly with the chromosome via RNAP in transcription elongation complexes, and a slowly diffusing population we identified as a NusG complex with the 30S ribosomal subunit; this complex offers a "30S-guided" path for NusG to enter transcription elongation. Only ~10% of total NusG was fast-diffusing, with the mobility of this population suggesting that free NusG interacts non-specifically with DNA for >50% of the time. Using antibiotics and deletion mutants, we showed that most chromosome-associated NusG is involved in rrn anti-termination and in transcriptiontranslation coupling. NusG involvement in rrn anti-termination was mediated via its participation in phase-separated transcriptional condensates. Our work illuminates the diverse activities of a central regulator while offering a guide on how to dissect the roles of multi-functional machines using in vivo imaging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>el Sayyed, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pambos, O. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stracy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottesman, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapanidis, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.21.517430</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-molecule tracking reveals the functional allocation, in vivo interactions, and spatial organization of universal transcription factor NusG]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.22.517471v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A flexible empirical Bayes approach to multivariate multiple regression, and its improved accuracy in predicting multi-tissue gene expression from genotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.22.517471v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predicting phenotypes from genotypes is a fundamental task in quantitative genetics. With technological advances, it is now possible to measure multiple phenotypes in large samples. Multiple phenotypes can share their genetic component; therefore, modeling these phenotypes jointly may improve prediction accuracy by leveraging effects that are shared across phenotypes. However, effects can be shared across phenotypes in a variety of ways, so computationally efficient statistical methods are needed that can accurately and flexibly capture patterns of effect sharing. Here, we describe new Bayesian multivariate, multiple regression methods that, by using flexible priors, are able to model and adapt to different patterns of effect sharing and specificity across phenotypes. Simulation results show that these new methods are fast and improve prediction accuracy compared with existing methods in a wide range of settings where effects are shared. Further, in settings where effects are not shared, our methods still perform competitively with state-of-the-art methods. In real data analyses of expression data in the Genotype Tissue Expression (GTEx) project, our methods improve prediction performance on average for all tissues, with the greatest gains in tissues where effects are strongly shared, and in the tissues with smaller sample sizes. While we use gene expression prediction to illustrate our methods, the methods are generally applicable to any multi-phenotype applications, including prediction of polygenic scores and breeding values. Thus, our methods have the potential to provide improvements across fields and organisms.

Author summaryPredicting phenotypes from genotypes is a fundamental problem in quantitative genetics. Thanks to recent advances, it is increasingly feasible to collect data on many phenotypes and genome-wide genotypes in large samples. Here, we tackle the problem of predicting multiple phenotypes from genotypes using a new method based on a multivariate, multiple linear regression model. Although the use of a multivariate, multiple linear regression model is not new, in this paper we introduce a flexible and computationally efficient empirical Bayes approach based on this model. This approach uses a prior that captures how the effects of genotypes on phenotypes are shared across the different phenotypes, and then the prior is adapted to the data in order to capture the most prominent sharing patterns present in the data. We assess the benefits of this flexible Bayesian approach in simulated genetic data sets, and we illustrate its application in predicting gene expression measured in multiple human tissues. We show that our methods can outperform competing methods in terms of prediction accuracy, and the computations involved in fitting the model and making the predictions scale well to large data sets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morgante, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carbonetto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.22.517471</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A flexible empirical Bayes approach to multivariate multiple regression, and its improved accuracy in predicting multi-tissue gene expression from genotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.23.517532v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alarming antibody evasion properties of rising SARS-CoV-2 BQ and XBB subvariants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.23.517532v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant continues to evolve, with new BQ and XBB subvariants now rapidly expanding in Europe/US and Asia, respectively. As these new subvariants have additional spike mutations, they may possess altered antibody evasion properties. Here, we report that neutralization of BQ.1, BQ.1.1, XBB, and XBB.1 by sera from vaccinees and infected persons was markedly impaired, including sera from individuals who were boosted with a WA1/BA.5 bivalent mRNA vaccine. Compared to the ancestral strain D614G, serum neutralizing titers against BQ and XBB subvariants were lower by 13-81-fold and 66-155-fold, respectively, far beyond what had been observed to date. A panel of monoclonal antibodies capable of neutralizing the original Omicron variant, including those with Emergency Use Authorization, were largely inactive against these new subvariants. The spike mutations that conferred antibody resistance were individually studied and structurally explained. Finally, the ACE2-binding affinities of the spike proteins of these novel subvariants were found to be similar to those of their predecessors. Taken together, our findings indicate that BQ and XBB subvariants present serious threats to the efficacy of current COVID-19 vaccines, render inactive all authorized monoclonal antibodies, and may have gained dominance in the population because of their advantage in evading antibodies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iketani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowen, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauring, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.23.517532</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alarming antibody evasion properties of rising SARS-CoV-2 BQ and XBB subvariants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.23.517718v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interactions between circuit architecture and plasticity in a closed-loop system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.23.517718v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Determining the sites of plasticity underlying changes in neural activity and behavior is critical for understanding mechanisms of learning. Identifying such sites from neural recording data can be challenging due to feedback pathways that impede reasoning about cause and effect. We studied interactions between feedback, neural activity, and plasticity in the context of a closed-loop motor learning task for which there is disagreement about the loci and directions of plasticity. We constructed a set of models that differed in the strength of their recurrent feedback. Despite these differences, each model successfully fit a large set of neural and behavioral data. However, the patterns of plasticity predicted by the models fundamentally differed, with the sign of plasticity at a key site changing from depression to potentiation as feedback strength increased. Guided by our analysis, we suggest how such models can be experimentally disambiguated. Our results address a long-standing debate regarding cerebellum-dependent motor learning and demonstrate how learning-related changes in neural activity can appear to contradict the sign of the underlying plasticity when feedback is present.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Payne, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raymond, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.23.517718</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interactions between circuit architecture and plasticity in a closed-loop system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.25.517914v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kinetic models for PET displacement studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.25.517914v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The traditional design of PET target engagement studies is based on a baseline scan and one or more scans after drug administration. We here evaluate an alternative design in which the drug is administered during an on-going scan (i.e., a displacement study). This approach results both in lower radiation exposure and lower costs. Existing kinetic models assume steady state. This condition is not present during a drug displacement and consequently, our aim here was to develop kinetic models for analysing PET displacement data.

We modified existing compartment models to accommodate a time-variant increase in occupancy following the pharmacological in-scan intervention. Since this implies the use of differential equations that cannot be solved analytically, we developed instead one approximate and one numerical solution. Through simulations, we show that if the occupancy is relatively high, it can be estimated without bias and with good accuracy. The models were applied to PET data from six pigs where [11C]UCB-J was displaced by intravenous brivaracetam. The dose-occupancy relationship estimated from these scans showed good agreement with occupancies calculated with Lassen plot applied to baseline-block scans of two pigs. In summary, the proposed models provide a framework to determine target occupancy from a single displacement scan.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Laurell, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plaven-Sigray, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johansen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raval, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasser, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madsen, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madsen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donovan, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knudsen, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lammertsma, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogden, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svarer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.25.517914</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kinetic models for PET displacement studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.26.518023v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergent perceptual biases from state-space geometry in spiking recurrent neural networks trained to discriminate time intervals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.26.518023v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A stimulus held in working memory is perceived as contracted towards the average stimulus. This contraction bias has been extensively studied in psychophysics, but little is known about its origin from neural activity. By training recurrent networks of spiking neurons to discriminate temporal intervals, we explored the causes of this bias and how behavior relates to population firing activity. We found that the trained networks exhibited animal-like behavior. Various geometric features of neural trajectories in state space encoded warped representations of the durations of the first interval modulated by sensory history. Formulating a novel normative model, we showed that these representations conveyed a Bayesian estimate of the interval durations, thus relating activity and behavior. Importantly, our findings demonstrate that Bayesian computations already occur during the sensory phase of the first stimulus and persist throughout its maintenance in working memory, until the time of stimulus comparison.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Serrano-Fernandez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beiran, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parga, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.26.518023</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergent perceptual biases from state-space geometry in spiking recurrent neural networks trained to discriminate time intervals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.27.518103v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DRG afferents that mediate physiologic and pathologic mechanosensation from the distal colon 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.27.518103v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The properties of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons that innervate the distal colon are poorly defined, hindering our understanding of their roles in normal physiology and gastrointestinal disease. Here, we report genetically defined subsets of colon innervating DRG neurons with diverse morphologic and physiologic properties. Four colon innervating DRG neuron populations are mechanosensitive and exhibit distinct force thresholds to colon distension. The highest threshold population, selectively labeled using Bmpr1b genetic tools, is necessary and sufficient for behavioral responses to high colon distension, which is partly mediated by the mechanosensory ion channel Piezo2. This HTMR population mediates behavioral over-reactivity to colon distension caused by inflammation in a model of inflammatory bowel disease. Thus, like cutaneous mechanoreceptor populations, colon innervating DRG afferents exhibit distinct anatomical and physiological properties and tile force threshold space, and genetically defined colon innervating HTMRs mediate pathophysiological responses to colon distension revealing a target population for therapeutic intervention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wolfson, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdelaziz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rankin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kushner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazor, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginty, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.27.518103</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DRG afferents that mediate physiologic and pathologic mechanosensation from the distal colon]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.28.516756v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The connectome of an insect brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.28.516756v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brains contain networks of interconnected neurons, so knowing the network architecture is essential for understanding brain function. We therefore mapped the synaptic-resolution connectome of an insect brain (Drosophila larva) with rich behavior, including learning, value-computation, and action-selection, comprising 3,013 neurons and 544,000 synapses. We characterized neuron-types, hubs, feedforward and feedback pathways, and cross-hemisphere and brain-nerve cord interactions. We found pervasive multisensory and interhemispheric integration, highly recurrent architecture, abundant feedback from descending neurons, and multiple novel circuit motifs. The brains most recurrent circuits comprised the input and output neurons of the learning center. Some structural features, including multilayer shortcuts and nested recurrent loops, resembled powerful machine learning architectures. The identified brain architecture provides a basis for future experimental and theoretical studies of neural circuits.

One-Sentence SummaryWe generated a synaptic-resolution brain connectome and characterized its connection types, neuron types, and circuit motifs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Winding, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedigo, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patsolic, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazimiers, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fushiki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrade, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdes-Aleman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khandelwal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barsotti, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fetter, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartenstein, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priebe, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardona, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zlatic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.28.516756</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The connectome of an insect brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.517584v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Novel Localized Tracing Technique to Explore Intra-Amygdala Functional and Structural Connectivity Patterns as Mediators of Individual Variability in Stress Response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.517584v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuropsychiatric disorders including anxiety and depression can be induced by stress, but not all individuals exposed to stress develop psychopathology. Therefore, probing the neural substrates that underlie trait vulnerability to stress may open the door for preventive approaches that use biological markers to identify at-risk populations. Here, we developed a novel tracing technique to probe local connectivity patterns as predictors of individual variability in stress responses. Specifically, we combined a retrograde transsynaptic rabies tracing system with cFos colocalization immediately after an acute stressor to elucidate local structural and stress-activated (functional) differences in connectivity within the amygdala complex in female and male mice along a spectrum of social approach/avoidance following acute social defeat stress. While we find no structural or functional connections within the amygdala complex as predictors of individual variability in our behavioral readout, our methods provide a novel approach to investigating cellular and behavioral individual variability in stress responses. Furthermore, we identify overall stress-activation as a predictor of social approach/avoidance in two subregions, medial amygdala and piriform-amygdala area, which may serve as potential biological markers of trait vulnerability, with possible clinical applicability.

Significance StatementExposure to stress is ubiquitous, but the outcomes of stress exposure vary greatly between individuals. Our work introduces a novel tracing technique to probe for structural and functional connectivity patterns across a broad spectrum of behavioral responses to social stress. Utilizing pre-clinical classification in conjunction with representative behavioral classification introduces to the field a mechanism to identify potential clinical targets for preventative screening for neuropsychiatric disorders as well as further individualized treatment. Notably, our work identifies two intra-amygdalar neural correlates of social stress, opening the door for future investigation of the role these regions play in mediating social stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lipshutz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saltz, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manganaro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumitriu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.29.517584</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Novel Localized Tracing Technique to Explore Intra-Amygdala Functional and Structural Connectivity Patterns as Mediators of Individual Variability in Stress Response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518293v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ApoE isoforms differentially regulate neuronal membrane proteasomes to shift the threshold for pathological aggregation of endogenous Tau 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518293v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuroproteasomes are a subset of 20S proteasomes that are localized to the neuronal plasma membrane and degrade newly synthesized proteins. To date, the molecular composition of neuroproteasomes is undefined, and moreover, whether neuroproteasomes can influence protein aggregation with relevance to neurodegenerative disorders remains unexplored. Using a Cre-dependent conditional knock-in mouse line to endogenously tag the proteasome, we find that neuroproteasomes co-purify with ApoE, the most significant risk factor for late-onset Alzheimers Disease (AD). We discover that neuroproteasome membrane localization is differentially modulated by ApoE isoforms (E4<E3<E2) in vitro, in vivo, and in human postmortem samples. We synthesized selective, neuroproteasome-specific inhibitors and discovered that neuroproteasome inhibition induces aggregation of endogenous mouse and human Tau, without the need for seeding or pathogenic mutations. Using hApoE-KI/hTau-KI crosses, we find that ApoE isoforms differentially shift the aggregation threshold for Tau. Neuroproteasome inhibition in vivo is sufficient to induce sarkosyl-insoluble and Thioflavin-S positive endogenous Tau aggregates in only three days, which are completely abrogated by co-application of cycloheximide. Newly synthesized Tau levels increase threefold after neuroproteasome inhibition, leading us to posit that newly synthesized Tau is uniquely susceptible to aggregation due to neuroproteasome dysfunction. Overall, our data define neuroproteasomes as a pivotal proteostasis mechanism underlying the formation of endogenous Tau aggregates, which is directly regulated by the largest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimers Disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paradise, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bafia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharif, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhanraj Mukim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ndubisi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maldonado, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strickland, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figueroa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almeida, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyman, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holtzman, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuriel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandran, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.29.518293</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ApoE isoforms differentially regulate neuronal membrane proteasomes to shift the threshold for pathological aggregation of endogenous Tau]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.30.518512v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Toward a Cell Culture Model of Portal Axis Lipid Handling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.30.518512v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The health risks posed by excessive visceral white adipose tissue (WAT) may arise from exposure to deleterious intestinal factors in transit through the portal system. These may include an altered bile acid (BA) pool - particularly with respect to 12-hydroxylated BA (12-HBA), which we have previously demonstrated are closely associated with insulin resistance. However, given the complexity of the enterohepatic milieu, we have worked to develop a co-culture system that allows for controlled study of the interactions between human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) derived adipocytes and primary human intestinal organoids (hIO). We present preliminary data on the characterization of both cellular compartments and their interactions, particularly in the context of BA treatment. We have recapitulated the basic functionality of each tissue type and have found reciprocal, potentially important changes in gene expression in each. However, we also have encountered numerous technical challenges in the development of this co-culture system and provide methodological observations to assist others seeking to work with a co-culture system of this type.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cook, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, P. H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haeusler, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.30.518512</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Toward a Cell Culture Model of Portal Axis Lipid Handling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.30.518560v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiplex Epigenome Editing of MECP2 to Rescue Rett Syndrome Neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.30.518560v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rett syndrome (RTT) is an X-linked neurodevelopmental disorder caused by loss-of-function heterozygous mutations of Methyl CpG-binding Protein 2 (MECP2) on the X chromosome in girls. Reactivation of the silent wild-type MECP2 allele from the inactive X chromosome (Xi) represents a promising therapeutic opportunity for female patients with RTT. Here, we applied a multiplex epigenome editing approach to reactivate MECP2 from Xi in RTT human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and derived neurons. Demethylation of the MECP2 promoter by dCas9-Tet1 with target sgRNA reactivated MECP2 from Xi in RTT hESCs without detectable off-target effects at the transcriptional level. Neurons derived from methylation-edited RTT hESCs maintained MECP2 reactivation and reversed the smaller soma size and electrophysiological abnormalities, two hallmarks of RTT. In RTT neurons, insulation of the methylation edited MECP2 locus by dCpf1-CTCF with target CRISPR RNA enhanced MECP2 reactivation and rescued RTT-related neuronal defects, providing a proof-of-concept study for epigenome editing to treat RTT and potentially other dominant X-linked diseases.

One-Sentence SummaryReactivation of MECP2 from the inactive X chromosome by multiplex epigenome editing rescues Rett syndrome neurons in vitro.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colecraft, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaenisch, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.30.518560</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiplex Epigenome Editing of MECP2 to Rescue Rett Syndrome Neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.01.518705v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AUTS2 gene dosage affects synaptic AMPA receptors via a local dendritic spine AUTS2-TTC3-AKT-mTORC1 signaling dysfunction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.01.518705v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Human 1.2-Mb AUTS2 locus on chromosome 7q11.22 encodes a 1259-aa full-length protein, and a 711-aa C-terminal isoform. Functions of these AUTS2 proteins are only partly known. The major traits found in patients displaying AUTS2 locus mutations are Intellectual Disabilities, microcephaly attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (54%), and autistic traits. Furthermore, AUTS2 common variants were recently found associated to alcohol consumption and dyslexia using GWAS approaches. Auts2 localizes mainly in cell nuclei. We evidenced by super-resolution that Auts2 is present in dendritic spines. Auts2 interacts with Ttc3, the Akt2 E3 ligase, and negatively regulates Akt2 ubiquitination. Auts2 haploinsufficiency affects Akt/mTorc1 pathway with a decrease in AMPA and NMDA receptor subunits and in synaptic currents. Akt2 injection in postsynaptic neurons is sufficient to reverse changes in synaptic currents generated by Auts2 haploinsufficiency. Using chromosome engineering based on targeted meiotic recombination, we generated two mouse models with Auts2 locus deletion and duplication. Deleted Auts2 locus mice display stereotypies (rearing), perseveration and abnormal recognition memory. Duplicated Auts2 locus mice display similar perseveration and abnormal recognition memory but also a decrease in cued and contextual fear memory. Gene dosage induce changes in brain sub-region neuronal networks. In the thalamo-lateral amygdala pathway linked to cued fear memory, we found synaptic impairments linked to AMPA receptors, with a specific decrease in pAKT/total AKT ratio in duplicated Auts2 mice. Altogether, our study thereby provides a novel mechanistic and potentially therapeutic understanding of synaptic AKT/mTORC1 deregulated signaling and its related behavioral and cognitive phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bestel, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duchon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kvajo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daudin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khelfaoui, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haziza, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loe-Mie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aime, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suizu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birling, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bensaid, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacquot, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koebel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reverdy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rain, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noguchi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marques, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Triller, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humeau, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herault, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karayiorgou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simonneau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.01.518705</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AUTS2 gene dosage affects synaptic AMPA receptors via a local dendritic spine AUTS2-TTC3-AKT-mTORC1 signaling dysfunction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.01.518706v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Localizing Rare-Variant Association Regions via Multiple Testing Embedded in an Aggregation Tree 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.01.518706v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rare variants (RVs) genetic association studies enable researchers to uncover the variation in phenotypic traits left unexplained by common variation. Traditional single-variant analysis lacks power; thus, researchers have developed various methods to aggregate the effects of RVs across genomic regions to study their collective impact. Some existing methods utilize a static delineation of genomic regions, often resulting in suboptimal effect aggregation, as neutral subregions within the test region will result in an attenuation of signal. Other methods use varying windows to search for signals but often result in long regions containing many neutral RVs. To pinpoint short genomic regions enriched for disease-associated RVs, we developed a novel method, DYNATE (DYNamic Aggregation TEsting). DYNATE dynamically and hierarchically aggregates smaller genomic regions into larger ones and performs multiple testing for disease associations with controlled weighted false discovery rate. Extensive numerical simulations demonstrate the superior performance of DYNATE under various scenarios compared to existing methods. Importantly, DYNATE-identified regions have higher enrichment levels of disease-associated RVs. We applied DYNATE to an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) study and identified a new gene, EPG5, harboringpossibly pathogenic mutations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pura, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owzar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harms, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.01.518706</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Localizing Rare-Variant Association Regions via Multiple Testing Embedded in an Aggregation Tree]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.01.518764v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The python-derived 16α-hydroxylated bile acid, pythocholic acid decreases food intake and increases jejunal fatty acid ethanolamides in mice. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.01.518764v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveModulation of bile acid (BA) structure is a potential strategy for obesity and metabolic disease treatment. BAs act not only as signaling molecules involved in energy expenditure and glucose homeostasis, but also as regulators of food intake. The structure of BAs, particularly the position of the hydroxyl groups of BAs impacts food intake partly by intestinal effects: (1) modulating the activity of N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD), which produces the anorexigenic bioactive lipid oleoylethanolamide (OEA), or (2) regulating lipid absorption and the gastric emptying-satiation pathway. We hypothesized that 16-hydroxylated BAs uniquely regulate food intake, because of the long intermeal intervals in snake species in which these BAs are abundant. However, the effects of 16-hydroxylated BAs in mammals are completely unknown, because 16-hydroxylated BAs are not naturally found in mammals. To test the effect of 16-hydroxylated BAs on food intake, we isolated the 16-hydroxylated BA pythocholic acid from ball pythons (Python regius).

MethodsPythocholic acid or deoxycholic acid (DCA) were given by oral gavage in mice. DCA is known to increase NAPE-PLD activity better than other mammalian BAs. We evaluated food intake, OEA levels and gastric emptying in mice.

ResultsWe successfully isolated pythocholic acid from ball pythons for experimental use. Pythocholic treatment significantly decreased food intake compared with DCA treatment, and this was associated with increased jejunal OEA, but no change in gastric emptying or lipid absorption.

ConclusionThe exogenous bile acid pythocholic acid is a novel regulator of food intake and the satiety signal OEA in the mouse intestine.

HighlightsO_LIPythocholic acid decreases food intake.
C_LIO_LIPythocholic acid increases intestinal OEA and other fatty acid ethanolamides.
C_LIO_LIThe effects of pythocholic acid on OEA and hypophagia are greater than the effects of DCA.
C_LIO_LIPythocholic acid does not affect lipid absorption or gastric emptying.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Higuchi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiPatrizio, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawamura, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haeusler, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.01.518764</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The python-derived 16α-hydroxylated bile acid, pythocholic acid decreases food intake and increases jejunal fatty acid ethanolamides in mice.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.02.518933v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanistic implications of the interaction of the soluble substrate-binding protein with a type II ABC importer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.02.518933v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) Transporters employ homologous ATPase domains to drive transmembrane transport of diverse substrates ranging from small molecules to large polymers. Bacterial ABC importers require an extramembranous substrate binding protein (SBP) to deliver the transport substrate to the extracellular side of the transporter complex. Previous studies suggest significant differences in the transport mechanisms of type I vs. type II bacterial ABC importers, which contain unrelated transmembrane domains. We herein use ensemble fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiments to characterize the kinetics of SBP interaction in the E. coli BtuCD-F complex, a canonical type II ABC importer that transports vitamin B12. We demonstrate that, in the absence of B12, BtuF (the SBP) forms a  locked (kinetically hyper-stable) complex with nanodisc-reconstituted BtuCD that can only be dissociated by ATP hydrolysis, which represents a futile reaction cycle. Notably, no type I importer has been observed to form an equivalent locked complex. We also show that either ATP or vitamin B12 binding substantially slows formation of the locked BtuCD-F complex, which will limit the occurrence of futile hydrolysis under physiological conditions.

Mutagenesis experiments demonstrate that efficient locking requires concerted interaction of BtuCD with residues on both sides of the B12 binding pocket in BtuF. Combined with the kinetic inhibition of locking by ATP binding, these observations imply that the transition state for the locking reaction involves a global alteration in the conformation of BtuCD that extends from its BtuF binding site in the periplasm to its ATP-binding sites on the opposite side of the membrane in the cytoplasm. These observations suggest that locking, which seals the extracellular B12 entry site of the transporter, may help push B12 through the transporter and directly contribute to the transport mechanism in type II ABC importers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leng, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinz-Thompson, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karpowich, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.02.518933</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanistic implications of the interaction of the soluble substrate-binding protein with a type II ABC importer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.02.518935v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Realtime observation of ATP-driven single B12 molecule translocationthrough BtuCD-F 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.02.518935v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) Transporters use ATP binding and hydrolysis to power transmembrane transport of chemically diverse substrates. Current knowledge of their mechanism comes primarily from static structures of stable intermediates along the transport cycle. Recently, single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET) measurements have generated insight into the functional dynamics of transmembrane transporters, but studies to date lack direct information on the physical movement of the transport substrate. Here, we report development of an smFRET system that exploits fluorescence quenching by vitamin B12 to track its location in real time during ATP-driven transport by nanodisc-reconstituted E. coli BtuCD-F, an extensively studied type II ABC importer. Our data demonstrate that transmembrane translocation of B12 is driven by two sequential high-energy conformational changes that are inaccessible to standard structural methods because they are inherently transient. The first moves B12 from the periplasm into the transmembrane domain of the transporter; notably, this reaction is driven by hydrolysis of a single ATP molecule, in contrast to the mechanism established for several other ABC Transporter families in which ATP-binding drives the mechanochemical power-stroke prior to hydrolysis. The second mediates B12 release on the opposite side of the transporter, and it is driven by formation of a hyper-stable complex between BtuCD and BtuF. Hydrolysis of a second single ATP molecule is then required to dissociate BtuCD from the BtuF substrate-binding protein to enable it to bind B12 and initiate another round of transport. Our experiments have visualized substrate translocation in real-time at a single-molecule level and provided unprecedented information on the mechanism and dynamics of a paradigmatic transmembrane transport process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leng, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinz-Thompson, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karpowich, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.02.518935</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Realtime observation of ATP-driven single B12 molecule translocationthrough BtuCD-F]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.04.519043v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robust online multiband drift estimation in electrophysiology data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.04.519043v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-density electrophysiology probes have opened new possibilities for systems neuroscience in human and non-human animals, but probe motion (or drift) while recording poses a challenge for downstream analyses, particularly in human recordings. Here, we improve on the state of the art for tracking this drift with an algorithm termed DREDge (Decentralized Registration of Electrophysiology Data) with four major contributions. First, we extend previous decentralized methods to exploit multiband information, leveraging the local field potential (LFP), in addition to spikes detected from the action potentials (AP). Second, we show that the LFP-based approach enables registration at sub-second temporal resolution. Third, we introduce an efficient online motion tracking algorithm, allowing the method to scale up to longer and higher spatial resolution recordings, which could facilitate real-time applications. Finally, we improve the robustness of the approach by accounting for the nonstationarities that occur in real data and by automating parameter selection. Together, these advances enable fully automated scalable registration of challenging datasets from both humans and mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Windolf, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulk, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kfir, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trautmann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meszena, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caprara, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamali, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boussard, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cash, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varol, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.04.519043</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robust online multiband drift estimation in electrophysiology data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.05.518915v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The impact of genetically controlled splicing on exon inclusion and protein structure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.05.518915v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Common variants affecting mRNA splicing are typically identified though splicing quantitative trait locus (sQTL) mapping and have been shown to be enriched for GWAS signals by a similar degree to eQTLs. However, the specific splicing changes induced by these variants have been difficult to characterize, making it more complicated to analyze the effect size and direction of sQTLs, and to determine downstream splicing effects on protein structure.

In this study, we catalogue sQTLs using exon percent spliced in (PSI) scores as a quantitative phenotype. PSI is an interpretable metric for identifying exon skipping events and has some advantages over other methods for quantifying splicing from short read RNA sequencing. In our set of sQTL variants, we find evidence of selective effects based on splicing effect size and effect direction, as well as exon symmetry. Additionally, we utilize AlphaFold2 to predict changes in protein structure associated with sQTLs overlapping GWAS traits, highlighting a potential new use-case for this technology for interpreting genetic effects on traits and disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Einson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minaeva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lappalainen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.05.518915</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The impact of genetically controlled splicing on exon inclusion and protein structure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.05.519207v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA conformational propensities determine cellular activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.05.519207v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular processes are the product of interactions between biomolecules, which associate to form biologically active complexes 1. These interactions are mediated by intermolecular contacts, which if disrupted, lead to alterations in cell physiology. Nevertheless, the formation of intermolecular contacts nearly universally requires changes in the conformations of the interacting biomolecules. As a result, binding affinity and cellular activity crucially depend not only on the strength of the contacts, but also on the inherent propensities to form binding-competent conformational states2,3. Thus, conformational penalties are ubiquitous in biology and must be known in order to quantitatively model binding energetics for protein and nucleic acid interactions4,5. However, conceptual and technological limitations have hindered our ability to dissect and quantitatively measure how conformational propensities impact cellular activity. Here, we systematically altered and determined the propensities for forming the protein-bound conformation of HIV-1 TAR RNA. These propensities quantitatively predicted the binding affinities of TAR to the RNA-binding region of the Tat protein and predicted the extent of HIV-1 Tat-dependent transactivation in cells. Our results establish the role of ensemble-based conformational propensities in cellular activity and reveal an example of a cellular process driven by an exceptionally rare and short-lived RNA conformational state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kelly, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganser, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manghrani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cullen, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulze-Gahmen, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herschlag, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Hashimi, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.05.519207</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA conformational propensities determine cellular activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.06.519175v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fractions strategy differences in those born extremely preterm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.06.519175v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionTo investigate the effects of different strategies and cognitive load we explored brain hemodynamic responses associated with the use of different strategies to solve subtraction of fractions. We focused on those born extremely preterm (EPT; <28 weeks gestation) as they are known to have cognitive challenges and struggle with mathematics. We also included a group of full-term (FT) peers for comparison.

MethodsFunctional MRI was acquired while the participants mentally solved fraction equations using either a strategy based on improper or mixed fractions. Different fraction item types were given, which affected respective required cognitive loads per strategy. Diffusion and T1-weighted structural images were also acquired.

ResultsThe EPT and FT groups differed in terms of task-related hemodynamic responses. Functional group differences were greatest when strategies were applied to item types that result in high cognitive load. Other findings showed reduced white and grey matter volume and reduced white matter connectivity in widespread areas in the EPT group compared to the FT group.

ConclusionThe understanding of function and structure presented here may help inform pedagogical practices by allowing for tailoring of mathematical education through identifying suitable strategy adoption that depends on item type, to circumvent weaknesses in cognitive skills.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carr, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babinchak, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Istrate, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martyn-Dow, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fondran, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birnbaum, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minich, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nosarti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tatsuoka, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.06.519175</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fractions strategy differences in those born extremely preterm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519040v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Redundant representations are required to disambiguate simultaneously presented complex stimuli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519040v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An individual observing a barking dog and purring cat together in a field has distinct pairs of representations of the two animals in their visual and auditory systems. Without prior knowledge, how does the observer infer that the dog barks and the cat purrs? This integration of distributed representations is called the assignment problem, and it must be solved to integrate distinct representations across but also within sensory modalities. Here, we identify and analyze a solution to the assignment problem: the representation of one or more common stimulus features in pairs of relevant brain regions - for example, estimates of the spatial position of both the cat and the dog represented in both the visual and auditory systems. We characterize how the reliability of this solution depends on different features of the stimulus set (e.g., the size of the set and the complexity of the stimuli) and the details of the split representations (e.g., the precision of each stimulus representation and the amount of overlapping information). Next, we implement this solution in a biologically plausible receptive field code and show how constraints on the number of neurons and spikes used by the code force the brain to navigate a tradeoff between local and catastrophic errors. We show that, when many spikes and neurons are available, representing stimuli from a single sensory modality can be done more reliably across multiple brain regions, despite the risk of assignment errors. Finally, we show that a feedforward neural network can learn the optimal solution to the assignment problem. We also discuss relevant results on assignment errors from the human working memory literature and show that several key predictions of our theory already have support.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnston, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedman, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.07.519040</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Redundant representations are required to disambiguate simultaneously presented complex stimuli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519389v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of a reversible amyloid fibril formed by the CPEB3 prion-like domain reveals a core sequence involved in translational regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519389v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein 3 (CPEB3) is a prion-like RNA-binding polypeptide. As a functional prion, CPEB3 is thought to modulate protein synthesis at synapses and enable consolidation of long-term memory in neurons. Here, we report that the prion-like domain 1 of CPEB3 self-assembles into labile amyloid fibrils in vitro. A cryoEM structure of these fibrils reveals an ordered 48-residue core, spanning L103 to F151. CPEB3 constructs lacking this amyloidogenic segment form abnormal puncta in cells when compared to wild type CPEB3, with reduced localization in dormant p-bodies and increased localization in stress granules. Removal of the amyloid core segment in CPEB3 also abolishes its ability to regulate protein synthesis in neurons. Collectively, this evidence suggests that the newly identified amyloidogenic segment within the CPEB3 prion domain is important for its regulated aggregation in cells and suggest its involvement in regulating translational activity and potentially long-term memory formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Flores, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawaya, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyer, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zink, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tovmasyan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saucedo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zee, C.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardenas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fioriti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.07.519389</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of a reversible amyloid fibril formed by the CPEB3 prion-like domain reveals a core sequence involved in translational regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519438v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Associations of Socioeconomic Disparities With Buccal DNA-Methylation Measures Of Biological Aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519438v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundIndividuals who are socioeconomically disadvantaged are at increased risk for aging-related diseases and perform less well on tests of cognitive function. The Weathering Hypothesis proposes that these disparities in physical and cognitive health arise from an acceleration of biological processes of aging. Theories of how life adversity is biologically embedded identify epigenetic alterations, including DNA methylation (DNAm), as a mechanistic interface between the environment and health. Consistent with the Weathering hypothesis and theories of biological embedding, recently developed DNAm algorithms have revealed profiles reflective of more advanced aging and lower cognitive function among socioeconomically-at-risk groups. These DNAm algorithms were developed using blood-DNA, but social and behavioral science research commonly collect saliva or cheek-swab DNA. This discrepancy is a potential barrier to research to elucidate mechanisms through which socioeconomic disadvantage affects aging and cognition. We therefore tested if social gradients observed in blood-DNAm measures could be reproduced using buccal-cell DNA obtained from cheek swabs.

ResultsWe analyzed three DNAm measures of biological aging and one DNAm measure of cognitive performance, all of which showed socioeconomic gradients in previous studies: the PhenoAge and GrimAge DNAm clocks, DunedinPACE, and Epigenetic-g. We first computed blood-buccal cross-tissue correlations in n=21 adults (GEO111165). Cross-tissue correlations were low-to-moderate across (r=.25 to r=.48). We next conducted analyses of socioeconomic gradients using buccal DNAm data from SOEP-G (n=1128, 57% female; age mean=42 yrs, SD=21.56, range 0-72). Associations of socioeconomic status with DNAm measures of aging were in the expected direction, but were smaller as compared to reports from blood DNAm datasets (r=-.08 to r=-.13).

ConclusionsOur findings are consistent with the hypothesis that socioeconomic disadvantage is associated with DNAm indicators of worse physical and cognitive health. However, relatively low cross-tissue correlations and attenuated effect-sizes for socioeconomic gradients in buccal DNAm compared with reports from analysis of blood DNAm suggest that, in order to take full advantage of buccal-DNA samples, DNAm algorithms customized to buccal DNAm are needed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raffington, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwaba, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aikins, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richter, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harden, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belsky, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker-Drob, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.07.519438</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Associations of Socioeconomic Disparities With Buccal DNA-Methylation Measures Of Biological Aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519444v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trans-cellular control of synapse properties by a cell type-specific splicing regulator 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519444v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The recognition of synaptic partners and specification of synaptic properties are fundamental for the function of neuronal circuits.  Terminal selector transcription factors coordinate the expression of terminal gene batteries that specify cell type-specific properties. Moreover, pan-neuronal alternative splicing regulators have been implicated in directing neuronal differentiation. However, the cellular logic of how splicing regulators instruct specific synaptic properties remains poorly understood. Here, we combine genome-wide mapping of mRNA targets and cell type-specific loss-of-function studies to uncover the contribution of the nuclear RNA binding protein SLM2 to hippocampal synapse specification. Focusing on hippocampal pyramidal cells and SST-positive GABAergic interneurons, we find that SLM2 preferentially binds and regulates alternative splicing of transcripts encoding synaptic proteins, thereby generating cell type-specific isoforms. In the absence of SLM2, cell type-specification, differentiation, and viability are unaltered and neuronal populations exhibit normal intrinsic properties. By contrast, cell type-specific loss of SLM2 results in highly selective, non-cell autonomous synaptic phenotypes, altered synaptic transmission, and associated defects in a hippocampus-dependent memory task. Thus, alternative splicing provides a critical layer of gene regulation that instructs specification of neuronal connectivity in a trans-synaptic manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Traunmuller, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulz, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortiz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furlanis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bischofberger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheiffele, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.07.519444</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trans-cellular control of synapse properties by a cell type-specific splicing regulator]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519468v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gremlin 1 is required for macrophage M2 polarization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519468v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pro-proliferative, M2-like polarization of macrophages is a critical step in the development of fibrosis and remodeling in chronic lung diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary hypertension. Macrophages in healthy and diseased lungs express gremlin 1 (Grem1), a secreted glycoprotein that acts in both paracrine and autocrine manners to modulate cellular function. Increased Grem1 expression plays a central role in pulmonary fibrosis and remodelling, however, the role of Grem1 in M2-like polarization of macrophages has not previously been explored. The results reported here show that recombinant Grem1 potentiated M2-like polarization of mouse macrophages and bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) in response to the Th2 cytokines IL4 and IL13. Genetic depletion of Grem1 in BMDMs inhibited M2 polarization while exogenous gremlin 1 could partially rescue this effect. Taken together, these findings reveal that gremlin 1 is required for M2-like polarization of macrophages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mthunzi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knaus, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLoughlin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.07.519468</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gremlin 1 is required for macrophage M2 polarization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.08.519632v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adult born hippocampal granule cells promote pattern separation by bidirectionally modulating the remapping of place and cue cells. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.08.519632v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) exhibits a unique form of neural plasticity that results from continuous integration of adult born neurons, referred to as  adult neurogenesis. Recent studies have proposed that adult neurogenesis promotes the ability to encode new memories without interference from previously stored memories that share similar features, through a neural computation known as pattern separation. However, due to lack of in vivo physiological evidence, the manner in which adult neurogenesis contributes to pattern separation remains unknown. Here, we investigate the contribution of functionally integrated yet immature adult born granule cells (iGCs) to DG computations by examining how chronic ablation or acute chemogenetic silencing of iGCs affects the activity of mature granule cells (mGCs) using in vivo 2-photon Ca2+ imaging. In both cases we observed altered remapping of mGCs but in opposite directions depending on their tuning selectivity. Rather than broadly modulating the activity of all mGCs, iGCs promote the remapping of place cells but limit the remapping of mGCs representing sensory cues (cue cells). We propose that these properties of iGCs explain their role in pattern separation because they promote the formation of non-overlapping representations for identical sensory cues encountered in different locations. Conversely, the absence of iGCs shifts the DG network to a state dominated by sensory cue information, a situation that is consistent with the overgeneralization often observed in anxiety disorders such as PTSD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tuncdemir, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grosmark, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luna, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacefield, C. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Losonczy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.08.519632</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adult born hippocampal granule cells promote pattern separation by bidirectionally modulating the remapping of place and cue cells.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.08.519638v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Theory of systems memory consolidation via recall-gated plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.08.519638v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In a variety of species and behavioral contexts, learning and memory formation recruits two neural systems, with initial plasticity in one system being consolidated into the other over time. Moreover, consolidation is known to be selective; that is, some experiences are more likely to be consolidated into long-term memory than others. Here, we propose and analyze a model that captures common computational principles underlying such phenomena. The key component of this model is a mechanism by which a long-term learning and memory system prioritizes the storage of synaptic changes that are consistent with prior updates to the short-term system. This mechanism, which we refer to as recall-gated consolidation, has the effect of shielding long-term memory from spurious synaptic changes, enabling it to focus on reliable signals in the environment. We describe neural circuit implementations of this model for different types of learning problems, including supervised learning, reinforcement learning, and autoassociative memory storage. These implementations involve synaptic plasticity rules modulated by factors such as prediction accuracy, decision confidence, or familiarity. We then develop an analytical theory of the learning and memory performance of the model, in comparison to alternatives relying only on synapse-local consolidation mechanisms. We find that recall-gated consolidation provides significant advantages, substantially amplifying the signal-to-noise ratio with which memories can be stored in noisy environments. We show that recall-gated consolidation gives rise to a number of phenomena that are present in behavioral learning paradigms, including spaced learning effects, task-dependent rates of consolidation, and differing neural representations in short- and long-term pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lindsey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litwin-Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.08.519638</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Theory of systems memory consolidation via recall-gated plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.08.519642v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Context-dependent functions of mitochondria protein quality control in lung 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.08.519642v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aside from its role as the universal energy source of the cell, mitochondria also control many aspects of cell behavior. In an intact tissue, whether all cells require mitochondria function to the same extent, and how mitochondria insufficiency impacts cell behavior are poorly understood. Here we show that in the mouse lung epithelium, inactivation of LONP1, an energy ATP-dependent protease that functions in the mitochondria to degrade unfolded and misfolded proteins, led to mitochondria deficiency. In the naive epithelium of the developing lung, loss of Lonp1 obliterated cell proliferation and differentiation. In the adult airway epithelium during homeostasis, loss of Lonp1 led to selective death of terminally differentiated multiciliated cells, leading to a cascade of progenitor activation to replace lost cells. In the adult airway epithelium following influenza infection, loss of Lonp1 led to failure of airway progenitor migration into the damaged alveolar region. Bulk and single cell transcriptomic analysis revealed that one branch of the ER stress pathways, namely integrated stress response (ISR), is ectopically upregulated in mutants under all three conditions. Inactivation of core ISR transcription factor ATF4 in the Lonp1 mutant airway reversed abovementioned phenotypes. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that depending on a cellular context, intact mitochondria function is required in either progenitor or progeny cells, and is essential for cell proliferation, survival or migration in the mammalian lung.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talaba, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCulley, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.08.519642</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Context-dependent functions of mitochondria protein quality control in lung]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.09.519842v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Broadly applicable and accurate protein design by integrating structure prediction networks and diffusion generative models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.09.519842v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There has been considerable recent progress in designing new proteins using deep learning methods1-9. Despite this progress, a general deep learning framework for protein design that enables solution of a wide range of design challenges, including de novo binder design and design of higher order symmetric architectures, has yet to be described. Diffusion models10,11 have had considerable success in image and language generative modeling but limited success when applied to protein modeling, likely due to the complexity of protein backbone geometry and sequence-structure relationships. Here we show that by fine tuning the RoseTTAFold structure prediction network on protein structure denoising tasks, we obtain a generative model of protein backbones that achieves outstanding performance on unconditional and topology-constrained protein monomer design, protein binder design, symmetric oligomer design, enzyme active site scaffolding, and symmetric motif scaffolding for therapeutic and metal-binding protein design. We demonstrate the power and generality of the method, called RoseTTAFold Diffusion (RFdiffusion), by experimentally characterizing the structures and functions of hundreds of new designs. In a manner analogous to networks which produce images from user-specified inputs, RFdiffusion enables the design of diverse, complex, functional proteins from simple molecular specifications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Watson, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juergens, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trippe, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenach, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahern, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borst, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ragotte, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milles, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wicky, B. I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanikel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellock, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courbet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheffler, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatesh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sappington, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez Torres, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Bortoli, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathieu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barzilay, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaakkola, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiMaio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.09.519842</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Broadly applicable and accurate protein design by integrating structure prediction networks and diffusion generative models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.10.519924v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Focused ultrasound-mediated brain genome editing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.10.519924v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene editing in the mammalian brain has been challenging because of the restricted transport imposed by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Current approaches rely on local injection to bypass the BBB. However, such administration is highly invasive and not amenable to treating certain delicate regions of the brain. We demonstrate a safe and effective gene editing technique by using focused ultrasound (FUS) to transiently open the BBB for the transport of intravenously delivered CRISPR/Cas9 machinery to the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lao, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snow, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saville, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chauhan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chi, C.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Datta, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quek, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaitan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bechtel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutz, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konofagou, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leong, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.10.519924</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Focused ultrasound-mediated brain genome editing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.10.519932v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biochemical network motifs can transduce and process oscillatory information 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.10.519932v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biological networks that are formed through amalgamation of signaling pathways include recurrent configurations called network motifs. These statistically over-represented subgraphs are often formed through interconnected enzyme-substrate relationships that are known to result in highly dynamic downstream behavior, including oscillatory output. Such signals are abundant in biology: heartbeats, circadian rhythms, and cell cycles all exhibit characteristic frequencies. Though there has been great emphasis on how oscillations can be generated through network dynamics, little is known about oscillatory information processing or transduction capacity of network motifs. We employ ordinary differential equations-based dynamical modeling to understand how different network topologies impact oscillatory signal propagation through a multi-enzyme network. We model enzyme-substrate interactions of 20 commonly observed motifs using Michaelis-Menten kinetics. We then perform deterministic Monte Carlo simulations using a range of biologically relevant enzymatic parameters and input frequencies. From these simulations, we quantify signal propagation characteristics using cluster analysis, categorize different motif responses based on output characteristics, and identify potential mechanisms for oscillatory signal processing using parameter sensitivity analysis. We see that the input-output responses depend on network topology and enzyme kinetic parameters. Enzymatic motifs show median oscillatory suppression of 30-135 decibels, with three-node coherent feedforward loops showing the lowest propensity for oscillatory signal suppression. Motifs that contained negative feedback or four-node coherent feedforward loops had the biggest potential to act as AC-to-DC converters, translating oscillatory input signals into transient impulses or sustained continuous outputs, respectively. We conclude that enzyme networks can process and decode information within oscillatory inputs in a frequency- and network-dependent manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reja, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fallon, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leader, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azeloglu, E. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.10.519932</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biochemical network motifs can transduce and process oscillatory information]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.11.519959v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single Cell transcriptional analysis of ex vivo models of cortical and hippocampal development identifies unique longitudinal trends 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.11.519959v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Postnatal cortical and hippocampal mouse primary neuronal cultures are powerful and widely-used models of neuronal activity and neurological disease. While this model is frequently used to recapitulate what is seen in vivo, how the transcriptomic profiles of neuronal networks change over development is not fully understood. We use single-cell transcriptomics to provide a view of neuronal network establishment and maturation. Our data highlight region-specific differences and suggest how cell populations program the transcriptome in these brain regions. We demonstrate that patterns of expression markedly differ between and within neurological diseases, and explore why these differences are found and how well they compare to other models. In particular, we show significant expression differences between genes associated with epilepsy, autism spectrum disorder, and other neurological disorders. Collectively, our study provides novel insights on this popular model of development and disease that will better inform design for drug discovery and therapeutic intervention.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=153 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/519959v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (38K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1be59a3org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ef18b9org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@402c1dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1103789_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOGraphical AbstractC_FLOATNO (A) Schematic representing select gene expression progression through neuronal network maturation from human cortical organoids (3- and 6-Month Organoid), newborn mice (P0 Mouse), immature ex vivo cortex derived cultures (DIV 3 ex vivo), functionally mature ex vivo cortex derived cultures (DIV15-31 ex vivo), and adult mice (P56 Mouse). Color represents proportion of excitatory neurons with detectable expression for selected representative genes Mapk10, Igfbp2, which increase and decrease through network maturation, respectively.

(B) Schematic representing divergent expression patterns between genes associated with epilepsy and ASD through network maturation between the organoids and ex vivo cultures shown in (A). Color scales represent the change in the percentile, in respect to all genes, of the proportion of excitatory neurons with detectable expression.

C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krizay, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boland, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.11.519959</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single Cell transcriptional analysis of ex vivo models of cortical and hippocampal development identifies unique longitudinal trends]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.12.519838v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multimodal Imaging-Based Classification of PTSD Using Data-Driven Computational Approaches: A Multisite Big Data Study from the ENIGMA-PGC PTSD Consortium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.12.519838v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCurrent clinical assessments of Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) rely solely on subjective symptoms and experiences reported by the patient, rather than objective biomarkers of the illness. Recent advances in data-driven computational approaches have been helpful in devising tools to objectively diagnose psychiatric disorders. Here we aimed to classify individuals with PTSD versus controls using heterogeneous brain datasets from the ENIGMA-PGC PTSD Working group.

MethodsWe analyzed brain MRI data from 3,527 structural-MRI; 2,502 resting state-fMRI; and 1,953 diffusion-MRI. First, we identified the brain features that best distinguish individuals with PTSD from controls (TEHC and HC) using traditional machine learning methods. Second, we assessed the utility of the denoising variational autoencoder (DVAE) and evaluated its classification performance. Third, we assessed the generalizability and reproducibility of both models using leave-one-site-out cross-validation procedure for each modality.

ResultsWe found lower performance in classifying PTSD vs. controls with data from over 20 sites (60% test AUC for s-MRI, 59% for rs-fMRI and 56% for d-MRI), as compared to other studies run on single-site data. The performance increased when classifying PTSD from HC without trauma history across all three modalities (75% AUC). The classification performance remained intact when applying the DVAE framework, which reduced the number of features. Finally, we found that the DVAE framework achieved better generalization to unseen datasets compared with the traditional machine learning frameworks, albeit performance was slightly above chance.

ConclusionOur findings highlight the promise offered by machine learning methods for the diagnosis of patients with PTSD. The utility of brain biomarkers across three MRI modalities and the contribution of DVAE models for improving generalizability offers new insights into neural mechanisms involved in PTSD.

Significance Classifying PTSD from trauma-unexposed healthy controls (HC) using three imaging modalities performed well ([~]75% AUC), but performance suffered markedly when classifying PTSD from trauma-exposed healthy controls (TEHC) using three imaging modalities ([~]60% AUC).
 Using deep learning for feature reduction (denoising variational auto-encoder; DVAE) dramatically reduced the number of features with no concomitant performance degradation.
 Utilizing denoising variational autoencoder (DVAE) models improves generalizability across heterogeneous multi-site data compared with the traditional machine learning frameworks
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravid, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez-Jimenez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zilcha-Mano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazarov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdallah, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angstadt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Averill, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baird, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baugh, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackford, J. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bomyea, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruce, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cisler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cotton, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davenport, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeBellis, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Densmore, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>deRoon-Cassini, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Disner, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El Hage, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etkin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fercho, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forster, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frijling, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geuze, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonenc, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruber, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grupe, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guenette, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haswell, C. C</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.12.519838</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multimodal Imaging-Based Classification of PTSD Using Data-Driven Computational Approaches: A Multisite Big Data Study from the ENIGMA-PGC PTSD Consortium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.13.520283v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GeneSegNet: A deep learning framework for cell segmentation by integrating gene expression and imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.13.520283v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When analyzing data from in situ RNA detection technologies, cell segmentation is an essential step in identifying cell boundaries, assigning RNA reads to cells, and studying the gene expression and morphological features of cells. We developed a deep-learning-based method, GeneSegNet, that integrates both gene expression and imaging information to perform cell segmentation. GeneSegNet also employs a recursive training strategy to deal with noisy training labels. We show that GeneSegNet significantly improves cell segmentation performances over existing methods that either ignore gene expression information or underutilize imaging information.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.13.520283</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GeneSegNet: A deep learning framework for cell segmentation by integrating gene expression and imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.14.520294v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conserved and cell type-specific transcriptional responses to IFN-γ in the ventral midbrain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.14.520294v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dysregulated inflammation within the central nervous system (CNS) contributes to neuropathology in infectious, autoimmune, and neurodegenerative disease. With the exception of microglia, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins are virtually undetectable in the mature, healthy central nervous system (CNS). Neurons have generally been considered incapable of antigen presentation, and although interferon gamma (IFN-{gamma}) can elicit neuronal MHC class I (MHC-I) expression and antigen presentation in vitro, it remains unclear whether similar responses occur in vivo. Here we directly injected IFN-{gamma} into the ventral midbrain of mature mice and analyzed gene expression profiles of specific CNS cell types. We find that IFN-{gamma} induces cellular proliferation and expression of MHC-II and associated genes only in microglia. However, IFN-{gamma} upregulated MHC-I and associated mRNAs in ventral midbrain microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and GABAergic, glutamatergic, and dopaminergic neurons. The core set of IFN-{gamma}-induced genes and their response kinetics were conserved across neurons and glia, with a lower amplitude of expression in neurons. A diverse repertoire of genes was upregulated in glia, particularly microglia, while no neuron-specific responses to IFN-{gamma} were observed. Using mutant mice to selectively delete the IFN-{gamma}-binding domain of IFNGR1 in dopaminergic neurons, we demonstrate that dopaminergic neurons respond directly to IFN-{gamma}. Our results suggest that most neurons are capable of responding directly to IFN-{gamma} and upregulating MHC-I and related genes in vivo, but their expression amplitude and repertoire is limited compared to oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia.

One-sentence summaryWe find that IFN-{gamma} induces transcription of MHC class I antigen processing and presentation machinery in all major parenchymal cell types in the ventral midbrain; however, neuronal responses are low amplitude and limited to a small set of genes, MHC class II expression and cellular proliferation are restricted to microglia, and dopamine neuronal responses require cell autonomous expression of IFNGR1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sulzer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Los Santos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Culbertson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosharov, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sims, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.14.520294</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conserved and cell type-specific transcriptional responses to IFN-γ in the ventral midbrain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.14.520481v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Repetition accelerates neural markers of memory consolidation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.14.520481v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
No sooner is an experience over than its neural memory representation begins to be strengthened and transformed through the process of memory replay. Using fMRI, we examined how memory strength manipulated through repetition during encoding modulates post-encoding replay in humans. Results revealed that repetition did not increase replay frequency in the hippocampus. However, replay in cortical regions and hippocampal-cortical coordinated replay were significantly enhanced for repeated events, suggesting that repetition accelerates the consolidation process. Interestingly, we found that replay frequency in both hippocampus and cortex modulated behavioral success on an immediate associative recognition test for the weakly encoded information, indicating a significant role for post-encoding replay in rescuing once-presented events. Together, our findings highlight the relationships of replay to stabilizing weak memories and accelerating cortical consolidation for strong memories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zadbood, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chanales, A. J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davachi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.14.520481</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Repetition accelerates neural markers of memory consolidation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.16.520768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct neural perturbations reveal a dynamical mechanism for robust computation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.16.520768v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rich repertoire of skilled mammalian behavior is the product of neural circuits that generate robust and flexible patterns of activity distributed across populations of neurons. Decades of associative studies have linked many behaviors to specific patterns of population activity, but association alone cannot reveal the dynamical mechanisms that shape those patterns. Are local neural circuits high-dimensional dynamical reservoirs able to generate arbitrary superpositions of patterns with appropriate excitation? Or might circuit dynamics be shaped in response to behavioral context so as to generate only the low-dimensional patterns needed for the task at hand? Here, we address these questions within primate motor cortex by delivering optogenetic and electrical microstimulation perturbations during reaching behavior. We develop a novel analytic approach that relates measured activity to theoretically tractable, dynamical models of excitatory and inhibitory neurons. This computational model captures the dynamical effects of these perturbations and demonstrates that motor cortical activity during reaching is shaped by a self-contained, low-dimensional dynamical system. The subspace containing task-relevant dynamics proves to be oriented so as to be robust to strong non-normal amplification within cortical circuits. This task dynamics space exhibits a privileged causal relationship with behavior, in that stimulation in motor cortex perturb reach kinematics only to the extent that it alters neural states within this subspace. Our results resolve long-standing questions about the dynamical structure of cortical activity associated with movement, and illuminate the dynamical perturbation experiments needed to understand how neural circuits throughout the brain generate complex behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Shea, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncker, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vyas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trautmann, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diester, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramakrishnan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deisseroth, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenoy, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.16.520768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct neural perturbations reveal a dynamical mechanism for robust computation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.17.520870v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-Cell Analysis of 5-ALA Intraoperative Labeling Specificity for Glioblastoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.17.520870v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive malignant primary brain tumor, and surgical resection is a key part of the standard-of-care. In fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS), fluorophores are used to differentiate tumor tissue from surrounding normal brain. The heme synthesis pathway converts 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), a fluorogenic substrate used for FGS, to fluorescent protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). The resulting fluorescence is thought to be specific to transformed glioma cells, but this specificity has not been examined at single-cell level. We performed paired single-cell imaging and RNA sequencing of individual cells (SCOPE-seq2) on human GBM surgical specimens with visible PpIX fluorescence from patients who received 5-ALA prior to surgery. SCOPE-seq2 allows us to simultaneously image PpIX fluorescence and unambiguously identify transformed glioma cells from single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq). We observed that 5-ALA treatment results in labeling that is not specific to transformed tumor cells. In cell culture, we further demonstrated that untransformed cells can be labeled by 5-ALA directly or by PpIX secreted from surrounding transformed cells. In acute slice cultures from mouse glioma models, we showed that 5-ALA preferentially labels GBM tumor tissue over non-neoplastic brain tissue, and that this contrast is not due to blood-brain-barrier disruption. Taken together, our findings support the use of 5-ALA as an indicator of GBM tissue, but not as a specific marker of transformed glioma cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mela, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furnari, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotidis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sperring, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humala, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruce, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canoll, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sims, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.17.520870</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-Cell Analysis of 5-ALA Intraoperative Labeling Specificity for Glioblastoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.19.520774v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Greengenes2 enables a shared data universe for microbiome studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.19.520774v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
16S rRNA and shotgun metagenomics studies typically yield different results, usually attributed to biases in PCR amplification of 16S rRNA genes. Here, we introduce Greengenes2 and show that differences in reference phylogeny are more important. By inserting sequences into a whole-genome phylogeny, we show that 16S rRNA and shotgun metagenomic data generated from the same samples agree in principal coordinates space, taxonomy, and in phenotype effect size when analyzed with the same tree.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McDonald, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balaban, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantrell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolaou, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parks, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karst, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albertsen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hugenholtz, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeSantis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirarab, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.19.520774</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Greengenes2 enables a shared data universe for microbiome studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.20.521084v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The hippocampus binds movements to their temporal position in a motor sequence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.20.521084v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A plethora of daily motor tasks consist of sequences of movements or steps that need to be performed in a specific order. Yet, it remains unclear how the brain represents sequential motor actions in a way that preserves their temporal order. Here, we used multivoxel pattern similarity analysis of functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) data acquired during motor sequence practice to investigate whether the hippocampus, a brain region known to support temporal order in the non-motor memory domain, represents information about the temporal order of sequential motor actions. We also examined such representation in other regions of the motor network (i.e., the premotor cortex (PMC), supplementary motor area (SMA), anterior superior parietal lobule (aSPL) and striatum) known for their critical role in motor sequence learning. Our results show that hippocampal activation patterns carried information about movements in their learned temporal position in the sequence (i.e., movement-position binding), but not about movements or positions in random movement patterns. In contrast, other ROIs showed evidence of binding in the sequence as well as movement (M1, SMA, PMC, putamen and aSPL) and position (aSPL and PMC) coding in random movement patterns. Importantly, movement coding contributed to sequence learning patterns in M1, SMA and PMC but not in the putamen and aSPL, suggesting a specific involvement of these regions in movement-position binding. Altogether, our findings provide novel insight into the role of the hippocampus in the motor memory domain and point to its capacity to bind movements to their temporal position in a motor sequence. Our results also deepen our understanding of how striatal and cortical regions contribute to motor sequence learning via movement coding or movement-position binding.

Significance StatementConsistent evidence collected over the last two decades indicates that the hippocampus - a brain structure traditionally associated to declarative memory - is critically involved in motor memory. Yet, the functional role and representational contribution of the hippocampus during motor learning remains to be elucidated. Using a multivariate functional MRI approach, we show here that the hippocampus binds movements to their temporal position in a learned sequence of actions. These results point towards the involvement of the hippocampus in preserving information about temporal order in motor memory - a process well described for declarative memories. We suggest that the ability of the hippocampus to encode temporal order during sequence learning is common across declarative and non-declarative memory systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dolfen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reverberi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Op de beeck, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albouy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.20.521084</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The hippocampus binds movements to their temporal position in a motor sequence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.20.521086v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biologically-informed deep neural networks provide quantitative assessment of intratumoral heterogeneity in post-treatment glioblastoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.20.521086v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intratumoral heterogeneity poses a significant challenge to the diagnosis and treatment of glioblastoma (GBM). This heterogeneity is further exacerbated during GBM recurrence, as treatment-induced reactive changes produce additional intratumoral heterogeneity that is ambiguous to differentiate on clinical imaging. There is an urgent need to develop non-invasive approaches to map the heterogeneous landscape of histopathological alterations throughout the entire lesion for each patient. We propose to predictively fuse Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) with the underlying intratumoral heterogeneity in recurrent GBM using machine learning (ML) by leveraging image-localized biopsies with their associated locoregional MRI features. To this end, we develop BioNet, a biologically-informed neural network model, to predict regional distributions of three tissue-specific gene modules: proliferating tumor, reactive/inflammatory cells, and infiltrated brain tissue. BioNet offers valuable insights into the integration of multiple implicit and qualitative biological domain knowledge, which are challenging to describe in mathematical formulations. BioNet performs significantly better than a range of existing methods on cross-validation and blind test datasets. Voxel-level prediction maps of the gene modules by BioNet help reveal intratumoral heterogeneity, which can improve surgical targeting of confirmatory biopsies and evaluation of neuro-oncological treatment effectiveness. The non-invasive nature of the approach can potentially facilitate regular monitoring of the gene modules over time, and making timely therapeutic adjustment. These results also highlight the emerging role of ML in precision medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Argenziano, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyett, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Save, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petridis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkins-Daarud, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Dalahmah, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruce, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grinband, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swanson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canoll, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.20.521086</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biologically-informed deep neural networks provide quantitative assessment of intratumoral heterogeneity in post-treatment glioblastoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.20.521210v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative modeling of the emergence of macroscopic grid-like representations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.20.521210v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Grid cells are neurons in the entorhinal cortex that are thought to perform neural computations in support of spatial navigation. When subjects navigate through spatial environments, grid cells exhibit firing fields that are arranged in a triangular grid pattern. As direct recordings of grid cells from the human brain are only rarely possible, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies proposed and described an indirect measure of entorhinal grid-cell activity, which is quantified as a hexadirectional modulation of fMRI activity as a function of the subjects movement direction. However, it still remains unclear how the activity of a population of grid cells may exhibit hexadirectional modulation and thus provides the basis for the hexadirectional modulation of entorhinal cortex activity measured with fMRI. Here, we thus performed numerical simulations and analytical calculations to better understand how the aggregated activity of many grid cells may be hexadirectionally modulated. Our simulations implemented three different hypotheses proposing that the hexadirectional modulation occurs because grid cells show head-direction tuning aligned with the grid axes; are subjected to repetition suppression; or exhibit a bias towards a particular grid phase offset. Our simulations suggest that hexadirectional modulation is best explained by the conjunctive grid by head-direction cell hypothesis, which can produce the strongest and most robust hexasymmetry. In contrast, our simulations including previously observed biological properties of grid cells do not provide clear support for the structure-function mapping hypothesis. Our observations on hexadirectional modulation generated by grid-cell adaptation effects and the available data on adaptation properties of grid cells are insufficient to substantiate or refute the repetition suppression hypothesis. Furthermore, we found that the magnitude of the hexadirectional modulation depends considerably on the subjects navigation pattern. Our results thus indicate that future fMRI studies could be designed to test which of the three hypotheses most likely accounts for the fMRI measure of grid cells. These findings also underline the importance of quantifying the biological properties of single grid cells in humans to further elucidate how hexadirectional modulations of fMRI activity may emerge.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bin Khalid, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reifenstein, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kempter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.20.521210</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative modeling of the emergence of macroscopic grid-like representations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.20.521285v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Switching between external and internal attention in hippocampal networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.20.521285v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Everyday experience requires processing external signals from the world around us and internal information retrieved from memory. To do both, the brain must fluctuate between states that are optimized for external vs. internal attention. Here, we focus on the hippocampus as a region that may serve at the interface between these forms of attention, and ask how it switches between prioritizing sensory signals from the external world vs. internal signals related to memories and thoughts. Pharmacological, computational, and animal studies have identified input from the cholinergic basal forebrain as important for biasing the hippocampus towards processing external information, whereas complementary research suggests the dorsal attention network (DAN) may aid in allocating attentional resources towards accessing internal information. We therefore tested the hypothesis that the basal forebrain and DAN drive the hippocampus towards external and internal attention, respectively. We used data from 29 human participants (17 female) who completed 2 attention tasks during fMRI. One task ("memory-guided") required proportionally more internal attention, and proportionally less external attention, than the other ("explicitly instructed"). We discovered that background functional connectivity between the basal forebrain and hippocampus was stronger during the explicitly instructed vs. memory-guided task. In contrast, DAN-hippocampus background connectivity was stronger during the memory-guided vs. explicitly instructed task. Finally, the strength of DAN-hippocampus background connectivity was correlated with performance on the memory-guided but not explicitly instructed task. Together, these results provide evidence that the basal forebrain and DAN may modulate the hippocampus to switch between external and internal attention.

Significance StatementHow does the brain balance the need to pay attention to internal thoughts and external sensations? We focused on the human hippocampus, a region that may serve at the interface between internal and external attention, and asked how its functional connectivity varies based on attentional states. The hippocampus was more strongly coupled with the cholinergic basal forebrain when attentional states were guided by the external world rather than retrieved memories. This pattern flipped for functional connectivity between the hippocampus and dorsal attention network, which was higher for attention tasks that were guided by memory rather than external cues. Together, these findings show that distinct networks in the brain may modulate the hippocampus to switch between external and internal attention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Poskanzer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.20.521285</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Switching between external and internal attention in hippocampal networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.21.521304v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tobacco smoke exposure results in recruitment of inflammatory airspace monocytes and accelerated growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.21.521304v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tobacco smoking doubles the risk of active tuberculosis (TB) and accounts for up to 20% of all active TB cases globally. How smoking promotes lung microenvironments permissive to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) growth remains incompletely understood. We investigated primary bronchoalveolar lavage cells from current- and never-smokers by performing single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq), flow cytometry, and functional assays. We observed enrichment of immature inflammatory monocytes in the lungs of smokers compared to non-smokers. These monocytes exhibited phenotypes consistent with recent recruitment from blood, ongoing differentiation, increased activation, and states similar to those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Using integrative scRNA-seq and flow cytometry, we identify CD93 as a marker for a subset of these newly recruited smoking-associated lung monocytes and further provide evidence that recruitment of monocytes into the lung is mediated by CCL11 binding to CCR2. We also show that these cells exhibit elevated inflammatory responses upon exposure to Mtb and accelerated intracellular growth of Mtb compared to mature macrophages. This elevated Mtb growth could be inhibited with an anti-inflammatory small molecule, providing a direct connection between smoking-induced pro-inflammatory states and permissiveness to Mtb growth. Our findings suggest a model in which smoking leads to recruitment of immature inflammatory monocytes from the periphery to the lung via CCL11-CCR2 interactions, which results in the accumulation of these Mtb permissive cells in the airway. This work defines how smoking may lead to increased susceptibility to Mtb and identifies novel host-directed therapies to reduce the burden of TB among those who smoke.

One Sentence SummaryInflammatory monocytes are recruited to the airways of smokers where they may contribute to more rapid growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the lungs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Corleis, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzouanas, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wadsworth, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linder, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiff, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickey, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medoff, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shalek, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.21.521304</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tobacco smoke exposure results in recruitment of inflammatory airspace monocytes and accelerated growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.26.521973v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mesoscale neural effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.26.521973v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation method that is rapidly growing in popularity for studying causal brain-behavior relationships. However, its dose-dependent direct neural mechanisms, i.e., due to electric field or connectivity, and peripheral sensory co-stimulation effects remain debated. Understanding how TMS stimulation parameters affect brain responses is vital for the rational design of TMS protocols. Studying these mechanisms in humans is challenging due to the limited spatiotemporal resolution of available non-invasive neuroimaging methods. Here, we leverage invasive recordings of local field potentials in non-human primates to study TMS mesoscale responses. We demonstrate that early TMS-evoked potentials show a sigmoidal dose-response with stimulation intensity. We further show that stimulation responses are spatially specific. We employ several control conditions to dissociate direct neural responses from auditory and somatosensory co-activation. These results provide crucial evidence regarding TMS neural effects at the brain circuit level. Our findings are highly relevant for interpreting human TMS studies and biomarker developments for TMS target engagement in clinical applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perera, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alekseichuk, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirinpour, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wischnewski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linn, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masiello, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butler, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russ, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falchier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opitz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.26.521973</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mesoscale neural effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.29.520757v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glucocorticoid and adrenergic receptor distribution across human organs and tissues: a map for stress transduction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.29.520757v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectivePsychosocial stress is transduced into disease risk through energy-dependent release of hormones that affect target organs, tissues, and cells. The magnitude of the physiological stress responses reflects both systemic levels of these hormones and the sensitivity of target tissues to their effects. Thus, differential expression of receptors across organs likely contributes to stress transduction. Here we provide a quantitative whole-body map of glucocorticoid and adrenergic receptor expression.

MethodsWe systematically examined gene expression levels for the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), - and {beta}-adrenergic receptors (AR-1B, AR-2B AR-{beta}2, and AR-{beta}3), across 55 different organs using the Human Protein Atlas dataset. We also leveraged the Human Proteome Map and MitoCarta3.0 data to examine receptor protein levels and, given the energy-dependence of the stress response, the link between stress hormone receptor density and mitochondrial pathways. Finally, we tested the functional interplay between GR activation and AR expression in living human cells.

ResultsThe GR was expressed ubiquitously across all investigated organ systems. Immune tissues and cells expressed the highest GR RNA and protein levels. In contrast, AR subtypes showed lower and more localized expression patterns. Co-regulation was found between GR and AR-1B, as well as between AR-1B and AR-2B. In human fibroblasts, activating the GR selectively increased AR-{beta}2 (3.6-fold) and AR-1B (2.2-fold) expression, confirming their interaction. Consistent with the energetic cost of stress responses, GR and AR expression were positively associated with the expression of key mitochondrial pathways.

ConclusionOur results provide a cartography of GR and AR expression across the human body. Tissue-specific stress hormone receptor expression patterns could make specific organ systems more responsive to the sustained, energetically expensive, neuroendocrine signaling pathways triggered by chronic psychosocial stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Basarrate, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monzel, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsland, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trumpff, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.29.520757</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glucocorticoid and adrenergic receptor distribution across human organs and tissues: a map for stress transduction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.29.522225v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Why the brown ghost chirps at night 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.29.522225v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Since the pioneering work by Moeller, Szabo, and Bullock, weakly electric fish have served as a valuable model for investigating spatial and social cognitive abilities in a vertebrate taxon usually less accessible than mammals or other terrestrial vertebrates. These fish, through their electric organ, generate low-intensity electric fields to navigate and interact with conspecifics, even in complete darkness. The brown ghost knifefish is appealing as a study subject due to a rich electric "vocabulary", made by individually variable and sex-specific electric signals. These are mainly characterized by brief frequency modulations of the oscillating dipole moment continuously generated by their electric organ, and are known as chirps. Different types of chirps are believed to convey specific and behaviorally salient information, serving as behavioral readouts for different internal states during behavioral observations. Despite the success of this model in neuroethology over the past seven decades, the code to decipher their electric communication remains unknown.

To this aim, in this study we re-evaluate the correlations between signals and behavior offering an alternative, and possibly complementary, explanation for why these freshwater bottom dwellers emit electric chirps. By uncovering correlations among chirping, electric field geometry, and detectability in enriched environments, we present evidence for a previously unexplored role of chirps as specialized self-directed signals, enhancing conspecific electrolocation during social encounters.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oboti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedraja, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lohse, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klette, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krahe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.29.522225</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Why the brown ghost chirps at night]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.01.522340v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
KLRG1 marks tumor-infiltrating CD4 T cell subsets associated with tumor progression and immunotherapy response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.01.522340v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current methods for biomarker discovery and target identification in immuno-oncology rely on static snapshots of tumor immunity. To thoroughly characterize the temporal nature of antitumor immune responses, we developed a 34-parameter spectral flow cytometry panel and performed high-throughput analyses in critical contexts. We leveraged two distinct preclinical models that recapitulate cancer immunoediting (NPK-C1) and immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) response (MC38), respectively, and profiled multiple relevant tissues at and around key inflection points of immune surveillance and escape and/or ICB response. Machine learning-driven data analysis revealed a pattern of KLRG1 expression that uniquely identified intratumoral effector CD4 T cell populations that constitutively associate with tumor burden across tumor models, and are lost in tumors undergoing regression in response to ICB. Similarly, a Helios-KLRG1 + subset of tumor-infiltrating regulatory T cells (Tregs) was associated with tumor progression from immune equilibrium to escape, and were also lost in tumors responding to ICB. Validation studies confirmed KLRG1 signatures in human tumorinfiltrating CD4 T cells associate with disease progression in renal cancer. These findings nominate KLRG1+ CD4 T cell populations as subsets for further investigation in cancer immunity and demonstrate the utility of longitudinal spectral flow profiling as an engine of dynamic biomarker and/or target discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ager, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaimowitz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bansal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obradovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogava, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melms, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCann, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spina, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drake, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dallos, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.01.522340</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[KLRG1 marks tumor-infiltrating CD4 T cell subsets associated with tumor progression and immunotherapy response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.02.521806v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Arginine limitation causes a directed DNA sequence evolution response in colorectal cancer cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.02.521806v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Utilization of specific codons varies significantly across organisms. Cancer represents a model for understanding DNA sequence evolution and could reveal causal factors underlying codon evolution. We found that across human cancer, arginine codons are frequently mutated to other codons. Moreover, arginine restriction--a feature of tumor microenvironments--is sufficient to induce arginine codon-switching mutations in human colon cancer cells. Such DNA codon switching events encode mutant proteins with arginine residue substitutions. Mechanistically, arginine limitation caused rapid reduction of arginine transfer RNAs and the stalling of ribosomes over arginine codons. Such selective pressure against arginine codon translation induced a proteomic shift towards low arginine codon containing genes, including specific amino acid transporters, and caused mutational evolution away from arginine codons--reducing translational bottlenecks that occurred during arginine starvation. Thus, environmental availability of a specific amino acid can influence DNA sequence evolution away from its cognate codons and generate altered proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hsu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamaguchi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinzaru, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandayam, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liberti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heissel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alwaseem, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavazoie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavazoie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.02.521806</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Arginine limitation causes a directed DNA sequence evolution response in colorectal cancer cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.02.522483v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Indoline CD4-mimetic Compounds Mediate Potent and Broad HIV-1 Inhibition and Sensitization to Antibody-dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.02.522483v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Binding to the host cell receptors, CD4 and CCR5/CXCR4, triggers large-scale conformational changes in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer [(gp120/gp41)3] that promote virus entry into the cell. CD4-mimetic compounds (CD4mcs) comprise small organic molecules that bind in the highly conserved CD4-binding site of gp120 and prematurely induce inactivating Env conformational changes, including shedding of gp120 from the Env trimer. By inducing more "open," antibody-susceptible Env conformations, CD4mcs also sensitize HIV-1 virions to neutralization by antibodies and infected cells to antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Here, we report the design, synthesis and evaluation of novel CD4mcs based on an indoline scaffold. Compared with our current lead indane scaffold CD4mc, BNM-III-170, several indoline CD4mcs exhibit increased potency and breadth against HIV-1 variants from different geographic clades. Viruses that were selected for resistance to the lead indane CD4mc, BNM-III-170, are susceptible to inhibition by the indoline CD4mcs. The indoline CD4mcs also potently sensitize HIV-1-infected cells to ADCC mediated by plasma from HIV-1-infected individuals. Crystal structures indicate that the indoline CD4mcs gain potency compared to the indane CD4mcs through more favorable {pi}-{pi} overlap from the indoline pose and by making favorable contacts with the vestibule of the CD4-binding pocket on gp120. The rational design of indoline CD4mcs thus holds promise for further improvements in antiviral activity, potentially contributing to efforts to treat and prevent HIV-1 infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fritschi, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammadi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourassa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Severino, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richter, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, T.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seaman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrams, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendrickson, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sodroski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.02.522483</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Indoline CD4-mimetic Compounds Mediate Potent and Broad HIV-1 Inhibition and Sensitization to Antibody-dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.03.519511v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The prospect of universal coronavirus immunity: a characterization of reciprocal and non-reciprocal T cell responses against SARS-CoV2 and common human coronaviruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.03.519511v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
T cell immunity plays a central role in clinical outcomes of Coronavirus Infectious Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Therefore, T cell-focused vaccination or cellular immunotherapy might provide enhanced protection for immunocompromised patients. Pre-existing T cell memory recognizing SARS-CoV2 antigens antedating COVID-19 infection or vaccination, may have developed as an imprint of prior infections with endemic non-SARS human coronaviruses (hCoVs) OC43, HKU1, 229E, NL63, pathogens of "common cold". In turn, SARS-CoV2-primed T cells may recognize emerging variants or other hCoV viruses and modulate the course of subsequent hCoV infections. Cross-immunity between hCoVs and SARS-CoV2 has not been well characterized. Here, we systematically investigated T cell responses against the immunodominant SARS-CoV2 spike, nucleocapsid and membrane proteins and corresponding antigens from - and {beta}-hCoVs among vaccinated, convalescent, and unexposed subjects. Broad T cell immunity against all tested SARS-CoV2 antigens emerged in COVID-19 survivors. In convalescent and in vaccinated individuals, SARS-CoV2 spike-specific T cells reliably recognized most SARS-CoV2 variants, however cross-reactivity against the omicron variant was reduced by approximately 50%. Responses against spike, nucleocapsid and membrane antigens from endemic hCoVs were more extensive in COVID-19 survivors than in unexposed subjects and displayed cross-reactivity between - and {beta}-hCoVs. In some, non-SARS hCoV-specific T cells demonstrated a prominent non-reciprocal cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV2 antigens, whereas a distinct anti-SARS-CoV2 immunological repertoire emerged post-COVID-19, with relatively limited cross-recognition of non-SARS hCoVs. Based on this cross-reactivity pattern, we established a strategy for in-vitro expansion of universal anti-hCoV T cells for adoptive immunotherapy. Overall, these results have implications for the future design of universal vaccines and cell-based immune therapies against SARS- and non-SARS-CoVs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Soni, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Migliori, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khatiwada, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciubotariu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>May, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Giorgi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sykes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mapara, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muranski, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.03.519511</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The prospect of universal coronavirus immunity: a characterization of reciprocal and non-reciprocal T cell responses against SARS-CoV2 and common human coronaviruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.03.521284v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The genetic architecture of the human skeletal form 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.03.521284v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human skeletal form underlies our ability to walk on two legs, but unlike standing height, the genetic basis of limb lengths and skeletal proportions is less well understood. Here we applied a deep learning model to 31,221 whole body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) images from the UK Biobank (UKB) to extract 23 different image-derived phenotypes (IDPs) that include all long bone lengths as well as hip and shoulder width, which we analyzed while controlling for height. All skeletal proportions are highly heritable ([~]40-50%), and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of these traits identified 179 independent loci, of which 102 loci were not associated with height. These loci are enriched in genes regulating skeletal development as well as associated with rare human skeletal diseases and abnormal mouse skeletal phenotypes. Genetic correlation and genomic structural equation modeling indicated that limb proportions exhibited strong genetic sharing but were genetically independent of width and torso proportions. Phenotypic and polygenic risk score analyses identified specific associations between osteoarthritis (OA) of the hip and knee, the leading causes of adult disability in the United States, and skeletal proportions of the corresponding regions. We also found genomic evidence of evolutionary change in arm-to-leg and hip-width proportions in humans consistent with striking anatomical changes in these skeletal proportions in the hominin fossil record. In contrast to cardiovascular, auto-immune, metabolic, and other categories of traits, loci associated with these skeletal proportions are significantly enriched in human accelerated regions (HARs), and regulatory elements of genes differentially expressed through development between humans and the great apes. Taken together, our work validates the use of deep learning models on DXA images to identify novel and specific genetic variants affecting the human skeletal form and ties a major evolutionary facet of human anatomical change to pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kun, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javan, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulamali, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuente, J. d. l.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, B. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vajrala, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trutner, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayakumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker-Drob, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sohail, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narasimhan, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.03.521284</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The genetic architecture of the human skeletal form]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.03.522667v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Representational geometry explains puzzling error distributions in behavioral tasks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.03.522667v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Measuring and interpreting errors in behavioral tasks is critical for understanding cognition. Conventional wisdom assumes that encoding/decoding errors for continuous variables in behavioral tasks should naturally have Gaussian distributions, so that deviations from normality in the empirical data indicate the presence of more complex sources of noise. This line of reasoning has been central for prior research on working memory. Here we re-assess this assumption, and find that even in ideal observer models with Gaussian encoding noise, the error distribution is generally non-Gaussian, contrary to the commonly held belief. Critically, we find that the shape of the error distribution is determined by the geometrical structure of the encoding manifold via a simple rule. In the case of a high-dimensional geometry, the error distributions naturally exhibit flat tails. Using this novel insight, we apply our theory to visual short-term memory tasks, and find that it can account for a large array of experimental data with only two free parameters. Our results call attention to the geometry of the representation as a critically important, yet underappreciated factor in determining the character of errors in human behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wei, X.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodford, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.03.522667</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Representational geometry explains puzzling error distributions in behavioral tasks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.04.522744v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MitoQuicLy: a high-throughput method for quantifying cell-free DNA from human plasma, serum, and saliva 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.04.522744v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA (cf-mtDNA) is an emerging biomarker of psychobiological stress and disease which predicts mortality and is associated with various disease states. To evaluate the contribution of cf-mtDNA to health and disease states, standardized high-throughput procedures are needed to quantify cf-mtDNA in relevant biofluids. Here, we describe MitoQuicLy: Mitochondrial DNA Quantification in cell-free samples by Lysis. We demonstrate high agreement between MitoQuicLy and the commonly used column-based method, although MitoQuicLy is faster, cheaper, and requires a smaller input sample volume. Using 10 {micro}L of input volume with MitoQuicLy, we quantify cf-mtDNA levels from three commonly used plasma tube types, two serum tube types, and saliva. We detect, as expected, significant inter-individual differences in cf-mtDNA across different biofluids. However, cf-mtDNA levels between concurrently collected plasma, serum, and saliva from the same individual differ on average by up to two orders of magnitude and are poorly correlated with one another, pointing to different cf-mtDNA biology or regulation between commonly used biofluids in clinical and research settings. Moreover, in a small sample of healthy women and men (n=34), we show that blood and saliva cf-mtDNAs correlate with clinical biomarkers differently depending on the sample used. The biological divergences revealed between biofluids, together with the lysis-based, cost-effective, and scalable MitoQuicLy protocol for biofluid cf-mtDNA quantification, provide a foundation to examine the biological origin and significance of cf-mtDNA to human health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Michelson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rausser, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturm, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trumpff, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rai, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.04.522744</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MitoQuicLy: a high-throughput method for quantifying cell-free DNA from human plasma, serum, and saliva]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.05.522909v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergence of brain-like mirror-symmetric viewpoint tuning in convolutional neural networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.05.522909v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Primates can recognize objects despite 3D geometric variations such as in-depth rotations. The computational mechanisms that give rise to such invariances are yet to be fully understood. A curious case of partial invariance occurs in the macaque face-patch AL and in fully connected layers of deep convolutional networks in which neurons respond similarly to mirror-symmetric views (e.g., left and right profiles). Why does this tuning develop? Here, we propose a simple learning-driven explanation for mirror-symmetric viewpoint tuning. We show that mirror-symmetric viewpoint tuning for faces emerges in the fully connected layers of convolutional deep neural networks trained on object recognition tasks, even when the training dataset does not include faces. First, using 3D objects rendered from multiple views as test stimuli, we demonstrate that mirror-symmetric viewpoint tuning in convolutional neural network models is not unique to faces: it emerges for multiple object categories with bilateral symmetry. Second, we show why this invariance emerges in the models. Learning to discriminate among bilaterally symmetric object categories induces reflection-equivariant intermediate representations. AL-like mirror-symmetric tuning is achieved when such equivariant responses are spatially pooled by downstream units with sufficiently large receptive fields. These results explain how mirror-symmetric viewpoint tuning can emerge in neural networks, providing a theory of how they might emerge in the primate brain. Our theory predicts that mirror-symmetric viewpoint tuning can emerge as a consequence of exposure to bilaterally symmetric objects beyond the category of faces, and that it can generalize beyond previously experienced object categories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Farzmahdi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarco, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freiwald, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriegeskorte, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.05.522909</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergence of brain-like mirror-symmetric viewpoint tuning in convolutional neural networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.05.522940v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An entorhinal-like region in food-caching birds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.05.522940v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mammalian entorhinal cortex routes inputs from diverse sources into the hippocampus. This information is mixed and expressed in the activity of many specialized entorhinal cell types, which are considered indispensable for hippocampal function. However, functionally similar hippocampi exist even in non-mammals that lack an obvious entorhinal cortex, or generally any layered cortex. To address this dilemma, we mapped extrinsic hippocampal connections in chickadees, whose hippocampi are used for remembering numerous food caches. We found a well-delineated structure in these birds that is topologically similar to the entorhinal cortex and interfaces between the hippocampus and other pallial regions. Recordings of this structure revealed entorhinal-like activity, including border and multi-field grid-like cells. These cells were localized to the subregion predicted by anatomical mapping to match the dorsomedial entorhinal cortex. Our findings uncover an anatomical and physiological equivalence of vastly different brains, suggesting a fundamental nature of entorhinal-like computations for hippocampal function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Applegate, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutnichenko, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackevicius, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.05.522940</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An entorhinal-like region in food-caching birds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.09.523344v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oncogene-like addiction to aneuploidy in human cancers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.09.523344v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most cancers exhibit aneuploidy, but its functional significance in tumor development is controversial. Here, we describe ReDACT (Restoring Disomy in Aneuploid cells using CRISPR Targeting), a set of chromosome engineering tools that allow us to eliminate specific aneuploidies from cancer genomes. Using ReDACT, we created a panel of isogenic cells that have or lack common aneuploidies, and we demonstrate that trisomy of chromosome 1q is required for malignant growth in cancers harboring this alteration. Mechanistically, gaining chromosome 1q increases the expression of MDM4 and suppresses TP53 signaling, and we show that TP53 mutations are mutually-exclusive with 1q aneuploidy in human cancers. Thus, specific aneuploidies play essential roles in tumorigenesis, raising the possibility that targeting these "aneuploidy addictions" could represent a novel approach for cancer treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Girish, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakhani, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scaduto, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagenson, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sausville, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendelson, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lukow, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kandikuppa, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salovska, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martienssen, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheltzer, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.09.523344</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oncogene-like addiction to aneuploidy in human cancers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.11.523421v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Magnetic Resonance Fingerprinting based Thermometry (MRFT): application to ex vivo imaging near DBS leads 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.11.523421v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the first work of T1-based magnetic resonance thermometry using magnetic resonance fingerprinting (dubbed MRFT). We compared temperature estimation of MRFT with proton resonance frequency shift (PRFS) thermometry on ex vivo bovine muscle. We demonstrated MRFTs feasibility in predicting temperature on ex vivo bovine muscles with deep brain stimulation (DBS) lead. B0 maps generated from MRFT were compared with gold standard B0 maps near the DBS lead.

All experiments were performed on a 3 Tesla whole-body GE Premier system equipped with a 21-channel receive head coil (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI). Four fluoroptic probes were used to measure the temperature at the center of a cold muscle (probe 1), the room temperature water bottle (probe 2), and the center and periphery of the heated muscle (probes 3 and 4). We selected regions of interest (ROIs) around the location of the probes and used simple linear regression to generate the temperature sensitivity calibration equations that convert T1 maps and {Delta}s maps to temperature maps. We then repeated the same setup and compared MRFT, PRFS thermometry temperature estimation with gold standard probe measurements. For the MRFT experiment on DBS lead, we taped the probe to the tip of the DBS lead and used a turbo spin echo (TSE) sequence to induce heating near the lead. We selected ROIs around the tip of the lead to compare MRFT temperature estimation with probe measurements. Vendor-supplied B0 mapping sequence was acquired to compare with MRFT-generated B0 maps.

We found strong linear relationships (R2>0.958) between T1 and temperature and {Delta}s and temperatures in our temperature sensitivity calibration experiment. MRFT and PRFS thermometry both accurately predict temperature (RMSE<1.55 {degrees}C) compared to probe measurements. MRFT estimated temperature near DBS lead has a similar trend as the probe temperature. Both B0 maps show inhomogeneities around the lead.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qian, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poojar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fung, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaughan, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrivastava, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gultekin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandes, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geethanath, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.11.523421</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Magnetic Resonance Fingerprinting based Thermometry (MRFT): application to ex vivo imaging near DBS leads]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.11.523538v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Major axes of variation in tree demography across global forests 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.11.523538v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The future trajectory of global forests is closely intertwined with tree demography, and a major fundamental goal in ecology is to understand the key mechanisms governing spatial-temporal patterns in tree population dynamics. While historical research has made substantial progress in identifying the mechanisms individually, their relative importance among forests remains unclear mainly due to practical limitations. One approach is to group mechanisms according to their shared effects on the variability of tree vital rates and to quantify patterns therein. We developed a conceptual and statistical framework (variance partitioning of Bayesian multilevel models) that attributes the variability in tree growth, mortality, and recruitment to variation in species, space, and time, and their interactions, categories we refer to as organising principles (OPs). We applied the framework to data from 21 forest plots covering more than 2.9 million trees of approximately 6,500 species. We found that differences among species, the species OP, proved a major source of variability in tree vital rates, explaining 28-33% of demographic variance alone, and in interaction with space 14-17%, totalling 40-43%. The average variability among species declined with species richness across forests, indicating that diverse forests featured smaller interspecific differences in vital rates supporting the theory that the range of vital rates is similar across global forests. Decomposing the variance in vital rates into the proposed OPs showed that taxonomy is crucial to predicting and understanding tree demography on large forest plots. A focus on how variance is organized in forests can facilitate the construction of more targeted models with clearer expectations of which covariates might drive a vital rate. This study therefore highlights the most promising avenues for future research, both in terms of understanding the relative contributions of groups of mechanisms to forest demography and diversity, and for improving projections of forest ecosystems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leite, M. d. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahon, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prado, P. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, A. A. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Deurwaerder, H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson-Teixeira, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aqilah, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourg, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brockelman, W. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castano, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang-Yang, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuyong, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clay, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duque, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ediriweera, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ewango, C. E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunatilleke, I. A. U. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunatilleke, C. V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huasco, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itoh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenfack, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kral, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leong, Y. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutz, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makana, J.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malhi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McShea, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohamad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasardin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathalang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parmigiani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>P?rez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.11.523538</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Major axes of variation in tree demography across global forests]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.12.523571v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engraftment of wild-type alveolar type II epithelial cells in surfactant protein C deficient mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.12.523571v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Childhood interstitial lung disease (chILD) secondary to pulmonary surfactant deficiency is a devastating chronic lung disease in children. Clinical presentation includes mild to severe respiratory failure and fibrosis. There is no specific treatment, except lung transplantation, which is hampered by a severe shortage of donor organs, especially for young patients. Repair of lungs with chILD represents a longstanding therapeutic challenge but cellular therapy is a promising strategy. As surfactant is produced by alveolar type II epithelial (ATII) cells, engraftment with normal or gene-corrected ATII cells might provide an avenue to cure. Here we used a chILD disease-like model, Sftpc-/- mice, to provide proof-of-principle for this approach. Sftpc-/- mice developed chronic interstitial lung disease with age and were hypersensitive to bleomycin. We could engraft wild-type ATII cells after low dose bleomycin conditioning. Transplanted ATII cells produced mature SPC and attenuated bleomycin-induced lung injury up to four months post-transplant. This study demonstrates that partial replacement of mutant ATII cells can promote lung repair in a mouse model of chILD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iezza, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Predella, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>NI, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saqi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glasser, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorrello, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.12.523571</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engraftment of wild-type alveolar type II epithelial cells in surfactant protein C deficient mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.12.523793v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SEC-TMT facilitates quantitative differential analysis of protein interaction networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.12.523793v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A proteins molecular interactions and post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as phosphorylation, can be co-dependent and reciprocally co-regulate each other. Although this interplay is central for many biological processes, a systematic method to simultaneously study assembly-states and PTMs from the same sample is critically missing. Here, we introduce SEC-MX (Size Exclusion Chromatography fractions MultipleXed), a global quantitative method combining Size Exclusion Chromatography and PTM-enrichment for simultaneous characterization of PTMs and assembly-states. SEC-MX enhances throughput, allows phosphopeptide enrichment, and facilitates quantitative differential comparisons between biological conditions. Applying SEC-MX to HEK293 and HCT116 cells, we generated a proof-of-concept dataset mapping thousands of phosphopeptides and their assembly-states. Our analysis revealed intricate relationships between phosphorylation events and assembly-states and generated testable hypotheses for follow-up studies. Overall, we establish SEC-MX as a valuable tool for exploring protein functions and regulation beyond abundance changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Doron-Mandel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bokor, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Street, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdou, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.12.523793</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SEC-TMT facilitates quantitative differential analysis of protein interaction networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.12.523811v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Growth increases but regeneration declines in response to warming and drying at Arctic treeline in white spruce (Picea glauca) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.12.523811v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1.As a temperature-delineated boundary, the Arctic treeline is predicted to shift northward in response to warming. However, the evidence for northward movement is mixed, with some sections of the treeline advancing while others remain stationary or even retreat. To identify the drivers of this variation, we need a landscape-level understanding of the interactions occurring between climate, tree growth, and population regeneration. In this study, we assessed regeneration alongside annual tree growth and climate during the 20th century. We used an ageheight model combined with tree height from aerial lidar to predict the age structure of 38,652 white spruce trees across 250 ha of Arctic treeline in the central Brooks Range, Alaska, USA. We then used age structure analysis to interpret the trends in regeneration and tree-ring analysis to interpret changes in annual tree growth. The climate became significantly warmer and drier circa 1975, coinciding with divergent responses of regeneration and tree growth. After 1975, regeneration of saplings (trees [&le;] 2m tall) decreased compared to previous decades whereas annual growth in mature trees (trees >2m tall) increased by 54% (p<0.0001, Wilcoxon test). Tree-ring width was positively correlated with May-August temperature (p<0.01, Pearson coefficient) during the 20th century. However, after circa 1950, the positive correlation between temperature and growth weakened (i.e., temperature divergence) while the positive correlation with July precipitation strengthened (p<0.01, Pearson coefficient), suggesting that continued drying may limit future growth at this section of Arctic treeline. We conclude that while warmer temperatures appear to benefit annual growth in mature trees, the warmer and drier environmental conditions in spring and summer inhibit regeneration and therefore may be inhibiting the northward advance at this Arctic treeline site. Researchers should consider the interactions between temperature, water availability, and tree age when examining the future of treeline and boreal forest in a changing climate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jensen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boelman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eitel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vierling, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maguire, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oelkers, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreu-Hayles, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Arrigo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.12.523811</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Growth increases but regeneration declines in response to warming and drying at Arctic treeline in white spruce (Picea glauca)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.13.523097v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conserved Roles for the Dynein Intermediate Chain and Ndel1 in Assembly and Activation of Dynein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.13.523097v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytoplasmic dynein, the primary retrograde microtubule transport motor within cells, must be activated for processive motility through the regulated assembly of a dynein-dynactin-adapter (DDA) complex. The interaction between dynein and dynactin was initially ascribed to the N-terminus of the dynein intermediate chain (IC) and a coiled-coil of the dynactin subunit p150Glued. However, cryo-EM structures of DDA complexes have not resolve these regions of the IC and p150Glued, raising questions about the importance of this interaction. The IC N-terminus (ICN) also interacts with the dynein regulators Nde1/Ndel1, which compete with p150Glued for binding to ICN. Using a combination of approaches, we reveal that the ICN plays critical, evolutionarily conserved roles in DDA assembly by interacting with dynactin and Ndel1, the latter of which recruits the DDA assembly factor LIS1 to the dynein complex. In contrast to prior models, we find that LIS1 cannot simultaneously bind to Ndel1 and dynein, indicating that LIS1 must be handed off from Ndel1 to dynein in temporally discrete steps. Whereas exogenous Ndel1 or p150Glued disrupts DDA complex assembly in vitro, neither perturbs preassembled DDA complexes, indicating that the IC is stably bound to p150Glued within activated DDA complexes. Our study reveals previously unknown regulatory steps in the dynein activation pathway, and provides a more complete model for how the activities of LIS1/Ndel1 and dynactin/cargo-adapters are integrated to regulate dynein motor activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Okada, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lammers, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markus, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenney, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.13.523097</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conserved Roles for the Dynein Intermediate Chain and Ndel1 in Assembly and Activation of Dynein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.13.523991v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microdiversity of the Vaginal Microbiome is Associated with Preterm Birth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.13.523991v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Preterm birth (PTB) is the leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. The vaginal microbiome has been associated with PTB, yet the mechanisms underlying this association are not fully understood. Understanding microbial genetic adaptations to selective pressures, especially those related to the host, may yield new insights into these associations. To this end, we analyzed metagenomic data from 705 vaginal samples collected longitudinally during pregnancy from 40 women who delivered preterm spontaneously and 135 term controls from the Multi-Omic Microbiome Study-Pregnancy Initiative (MOMS-PI1). We find that the vaginal microbiome of pregnancies that ended preterm exhibits unique genetic profiles. It is more genetically diverse at the species level, a result which we validate in an additional cohort, and harbors a higher richness and diversity of antimicrobial resistance genes, likely promoted by transduction. Interestingly, we find that Gardnerella species, a group of central vaginal pathobionts, are driving this higher genetic diversity, particularly during the first half of the pregnancy. We further present evidence that Gardnerella spp. undergoes more frequent recombination and stronger purifying selection in genes involved in lipid metabolism. Overall, our results reveal novel associations between the vaginal microbiome and PTB using population genetics analyses, and suggest that evolutionary processes acting on the vaginal microbiome may play a vital role in adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preterm birth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenhav, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serrano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buck, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korem, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.13.523991</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microdiversity of the Vaginal Microbiome is Associated with Preterm Birth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.15.524149v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hippocampal area CA2 controls seizure dynamics, interictal EEG abnormalities and social comorbidity in mouse models of temporal lobe epilepsy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.15.524149v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is characterized by spontaneous recurrent seizures, abnormal activity between seizures, and impaired behavior. CA2 pyramidal neurons (PNs) are potentially important because inhibiting them with a chemogenetic approach reduces seizure frequency in a mouse model of TLE. However, whether seizures could be stopped by timing inhibition just as a seizure begins is unclear. Furthermore, whether inhibition would reduce the cortical and motor manifestations of seizures are not clear. Finally, whether interictal EEG abnormalities and TLE comorbidities would be improved are unknown. Therefore, real-time optogenetic silencing of CA2 PNs during seizures, interictal activity and behavior were studied in 2 mouse models of TLE. CA2 silencing significantly reduced seizure duration and time spent in convulsive behavior. Interictal spikes and high frequency oscillations were significantly reduced, and social behavior was improved. Therefore, brief focal silencing of CA2 PNs reduces seizures, their propagation, and convulsive manifestations, improves interictal EEG, and ameliorates social comorbidities.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIReal-time CA2 silencing at the onset of seizures reduces seizure duration
C_LIO_LIWhen CA2 silencing reduces seizure activity in hippocampus it also reduces cortical seizure activity and convulsive manifestations of seizures
C_LIO_LIInterictal spikes and high frequency oscillations are reduced by real-time CA2 silencing
C_LIO_LIReal-time CA2 silencing of high frequency oscillations (>250Hz) rescues social memory deficits of chronic epileptic mice
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lisgaras, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mckenzie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaFrancois, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegelbaum, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharfman, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.15.524149</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hippocampal area CA2 controls seizure dynamics, interictal EEG abnormalities and social comorbidity in mouse models of temporal lobe epilepsy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.16.524265v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ankh : Optimized Protein Language Model Unlocks General-Purpose Modelling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.16.524265v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As opposed to scaling-up protein language models (PLMs), we seek improving performance via protein-specific optimization. Although the proportionality between the language model size and the richness of its learned representations is validated, we prioritize accessibility and pursue a path of data-efficient, cost-reduced, and knowledge-guided optimization. Through over twenty experiments ranging from masking, architecture, and pre-training data, we derive insights from protein-specific experimentation into building a model that interprets the language of life, optimally. We present Ankh, the first general-purpose PLM trained on Googles TPU-v4 surpassing the state-of-the-art performance with fewer parameters (<10% for pre-training, <7% for inference, and <30% for the embedding dimension). We provide a representative range of structure and function benchmarks where Ankh excels. We further provide a protein variant generation analysis on High-N and One-N input data scales where Ankh succeeds in learning protein evolutionary conservation-mutation trends and introducing functional diversity while retaining key structural-functional characteristics. We dedicate our work to promoting accessibility to research innovation via attainable resources.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elnaggar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Essam, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salah-Eldin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moustafa, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elkerdawy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rochereau, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rost, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.16.524265</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ankh : Optimized Protein Language Model Unlocks General-Purpose Modelling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.17.523348v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Normative modeling of brain morphometry in Clinical High-Risk for Psychosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.17.523348v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ImportanceThe lack of robust neuroanatomical markers of psychosis risk has been traditionally attributed to heterogeneity. A complementary hypothesis is that variation in neuroanatomical measures in the majority of individuals at psychosis risk may be nested within the range observed in healthy individuals.

ObjectiveTo quantify deviations from the normative range of neuroanatomical variation in individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis (CHR-P) and evaluate their overlap with healthy variation and their association with positive symptoms, cognition, and conversion to a psychotic disorder.

Design, Setting, and ParticipantsClinical, IQ and FreeSurfer-derived regional measures of cortical thickness (CT), cortical surface area (SA), and subcortical volume (SV) from 1,340 CHR-P individuals [47.09% female; mean age: 20.75 (4.74) years] and 1,237 healthy individuals [44.70% female; mean age: 22.32 (4.95) years] from 29 international sites participating in the ENIGMA Clinical High Risk for Psychosis Working Group.

Main Outcomes and MeasuresFor each regional morphometric measure, z-scores were computed that index the degree of deviation from the normative means of that measure in a healthy reference population (N=37,407). Average deviation scores (ADS) for CT, SA, SV, and globally across all measures (G) were generated by averaging the respective regional z-scores. Regression analyses were used to quantify the association of deviation scores with clinical severity and cognition and two-proportion z-tests to identify case-control differences in the proportion of individuals with infranormal (z<-1.96) or supranormal (z>1.96) scores.

ResultsCHR-P and healthy individuals overlapped in the distributions of the observed values, regional z-scores, and all ADS vales. The proportion of CHR-P individuals with infranormal or supranormal values in any metric was low (<12%) and similar to that of healthy individuals. CHR-P individuals who converted to psychosis compared to those who did not convert had a higher percentage of infranormal values in temporal regions (5-7% vs 0.9-1.4%). In the CHR-P group, only the ADSSA showed significant but weak associations (|{beta}|<0.09; PFDR<0.05) with positive symptoms and IQ.

Conclusions and RelevanceThe study findings challenge the usefulness of macroscale neuromorphometric measures as diagnostic biomarkers of psychosis risk and suggest that such measures do not provide an adequate explanation for psychosis risk.

Key pointsO_ST_ABSQuestionC_ST_ABSIs the risk of psychosis associated with brain morphometric changes that deviate significantly from healthy variation?

FindingsIn this study of 1340 individuals high-risk for psychosis (CHR-P) and 1237 healthy participants, individual-level variation in macroscale neuromorphometric measures of the CHR-P group was largely nested within healthy variation and was not associated with the severity of positive psychotic symptoms or conversion to a psychotic disorder.

MeaningThe findings suggest the macroscale neuromorphometric measures have limited utility as diagnostic biomarkers of psychosis risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haas, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agartz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amminger, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baeza, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colibazzi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cropley, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de la Fuente-Sandoval, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebdrup, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fortea, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fusar-Poli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glenthoj, B. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glenthoj, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haut, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heekeren, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hooker, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanshad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaess, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasai, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katagiri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kindler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koike, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kristensen, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawrie, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemmers-Jansen, I. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathalon, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGuire, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizrahi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizuno, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moller, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mora-Duran, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemot</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.17.523348</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Normative modeling of brain morphometry in Clinical High-Risk for Psychosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.18.523029v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extensive characterization of a Williams Syndrome murine model shows Gtf2ird1-mediated rescue of select sensorimotor tasks, but no effect on enhanced social behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.18.523029v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Williams Syndrome is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder exhibiting cognitive and behavioral abnormalities, including increased social motivation, risk of anxiety and specific phobias along with perturbed motor function. Williams Syndrome is caused by a microdeletion of 26-28 genes on chromosome 7, including GTF2IRD1, which encodes a transcription factor suggested to play a role in the behavioral profile of Williams Syndrome. Duplications of the full region also lead to frequent autism diagnosis, social phobias, and language delay. Thus, genes in the region appear to regulate social motivation in a dose-sensitive manner. A  Complete Deletion mouse, heterozygously eliminating the syntenic Williams Syndrome region, has been deeply characterized for cardiac phenotypes, but direct measures of social motivation have not been assessed. Furthermore, the role of Gtf2ird1 in these behaviors has not been addressed in a relevant genetic context. Here, we have generated a mouse overexpressing Gtf2ird1, which can be used both to model duplication of this gene alone and to rescue Gtf2ird1 expression in the Complete Deletion mice. Using a comprehensive behavioral pipeline and direct measures of social motivation, we provide evidence that the Williams Syndrome Critical Region regulates social motivation along with motor and anxiety phenotypes, but that Gtf2ird1 complementation is not sufficient to rescue most of these traits, and duplication does not decrease social motivation. However, Gtf2ird1 complementation does rescue light-aversive behavior and performance on select sensorimotor tasks, perhaps indicating a role for this gene in sensory processing or integration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dougherty, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nygaard, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maloney, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swift, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCullough, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fass, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garbett, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirnics, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veenstra-VanderWeele, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.18.523029</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extensive characterization of a Williams Syndrome murine model shows Gtf2ird1-mediated rescue of select sensorimotor tasks, but no effect on enhanced social behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.524723v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transposon mutagenesis libraries reveal novel molecular requirements during CRISPR RNA-guided DNA integration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.524723v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-associated transposons (CASTs) direct DNA integration downstream of target sites using the RNA-guided DNA binding activity of nuclease-deficient CRISPR-Cas systems. Transposition relies on several key protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions, but little is known about the explicit sequence requirements governing efficient transposon DNA integration activity. Here, we exploit pooled library screening and high-throughput sequencing to reveal novel sequence determinants during transposition by the Type I-F Vibrio cholerae CAST system. On the donor DNA, large mutagenic libraries identified core binding sites recognized by the TnsB transposase, as well as an additional conserved region that encoded a consensus binding site for integration host factor (IHF). Remarkably, we found that VchCAST requires IHF for efficient transposition, thus revealing a novel cellular factor involved in CRISPR-associated transpososome assembly. On the target DNA, we uncovered preferred sequence motifs at the integration site that explained previously observed heterogeneity with single-base pair resolution. Finally, we exploited our library data to design modified transposon variants that enable in-frame protein tagging. Collectively, our results provide new clues about the assembly and architecture of the paired-end complex formed between TnsB and the transposon DNA, and inform the design of custom payload sequences for genome engineering applications of CAST systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walker, M. W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klompe, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sternberg, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.19.524723</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transposon mutagenesis libraries reveal novel molecular requirements during CRISPR RNA-guided DNA integration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.20.524596v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dopamine D2 receptors in nucleus accumbens cholinergic interneurons increase impulsive choice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.20.524596v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Impulsive choice, often characterized by excessive preference for small, short-term rewards over larger, long-term rewards, is a prominent feature of substance use and other neuropsychiatric disorders. The neural mechanisms underlying impulsive choice are not well understood, but growing evidence implicates nucleus accumbens (NAc) dopamine and its actions on dopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs). Because several NAc cell types and afferents express D2Rs, it has been difficult to determine the specific neural mechanisms linking NAc D2Rs to impulsive choice. Of these cell types, cholinergic interneurons (CINs) of the NAc, which express D2Rs, have emerged as key regulators of striatal output and local dopamine release. Despite these relevant functions, whether D2Rs expressed specifically in these neurons contribute to impulsive choice behavior is unknown. Here, we show that D2R upregulation in CINs of the mouse NAc increases impulsive choice as measured in a delay discounting task without affecting reward magnitude sensitivity or interval timing. Conversely, mice lacking D2Rs in CINs showed decreased delay discounting. Furthermore, CIN D2R manipulations did not affect probabilistic discounting, which measures a different form of impulsive choice. Together, these findings suggest that CIN D2Rs regulate impulsive decision-making involving delay costs, providing new insight into the mechanisms by which NAc dopamine influences impulsive behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cavallaro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeisley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akdogan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Floeder, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balsam, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallo, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.20.524596</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dopamine D2 receptors in nucleus accumbens cholinergic interneurons increase impulsive choice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.24.525358v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contribution of protein conformational heterogeneity to NMR lineshapes at cryogenic temperatures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.24.525358v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While low temperature NMR holds great promise for the analysis of unstable samples and for sensitizing NMR detection, spectral broadening in frozen protein samples is a common experimental challenge. One hypothesis explaining the additional linewidth is that a variety of conformations are in rapid equilibrium at room temperature and become frozen, creating an inhomogeneous distribution at cryogenic temperatures. Here we investigate conformational heterogeneity by measuring the backbone torsion angle ({Psi}) in E. coli DHFR at 105K. Motivated by the particularly broad N chemical shift distribution in this and other examples, we modified an established NCCN {Psi} experiment to correlate the chemical shift of Ni+1 to {Psi}i. With selective 15N and 13C enrichment of Ile, only the unique I60-I61 pair was expected to be detected in 13C-15N correlation spectrum. For this unique amide we detected three different conformation basins based on dispersed chemical shifts. Backbone torsion angles {Psi} were determined for each basin 114 {+/-} 7 for the major peak, and 150 {+/-} 8 and 164 {+/-} 16{degrees} for the minor peak as contrasted with 118 for the X-ray crystal structure (and 118-130 for various previously reported structures). These studies support the hypothesis that inhomogeneous distributions of protein backbone torsion angles contribute to the lineshape broadening in low temperature NMR spectra.

Significance StatementUnderstanding protein conformational flexibility is essential for insights into the molecular basis of protein function and the thermodynamics of proteins. Here we investigate the ensemble of protein backbone conformations in a frozen protein freezing, which is likely a close representation for the ensemble in rapid equilibrium at room temperature. Various conformers are spectrally resolved due to the exquisite sensitivity of NMR shifts to local conformations, and NMR methods allow us to directly probe the torsion angles corresponding to each band of chemical shifts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fritzsching, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogawski, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDermott, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.24.525358</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contribution of protein conformational heterogeneity to NMR lineshapes at cryogenic temperatures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.24.525421v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Double-strand breaks induce inverted duplication chromosome rearrangements by a DNA polymerase delta and Rad51-dependent mechanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.24.525421v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inverted duplications, also known as foldback inversions, are commonly observed in cancers and are the major class of chromosome rearrangement recovered from yeast cells lacking Mre11 nuclease. Foldback priming at naturally occurring inverted repeats is one mechanism proposed for the generation of inverted duplications. However, the initiating lesion for these events and the mechanism by which they form has not been fully elucidated. Here, we show that a DNA double-strand break (DSB) induced near natural short, inverted repeats drives high frequency inverted duplication in Sae2 and Mre11-deficient cells. We find that DNA polymerase {delta} proof-reading activity acts non-redundantly with Rad1 nuclease to remove heterologous tails formed during foldback annealing. Additionally, Pol32 is required for the generation of inverted duplications, suggesting that Pol {delta} catalyzes fill-in synthesis primed from the foldback to create a hairpin-capped chromosome that is subsequently replicated to form a dicentric isochromosome. Stabilization of the dicentric chromosome after breakage involves telomere capture by non-reciprocal translocation mediated by repeat sequences and requires Rad51.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Al-Zain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nester, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Symington, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.24.525421</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Double-strand breaks induce inverted duplication chromosome rearrangements by a DNA polymerase delta and Rad51-dependent mechanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.25.524961v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-region brain transcriptomes uncover two subtypes of aging individuals with differences in Alzheimer risk and the impact of APOEe4 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.25.524961v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The heterogeneity of the older population suggests the existence of subsets of individuals which share certain brain molecular features and respond differently to risk factors for Alzheimers disease, but this population structure remains poorly defined. Here, we performed an unsupervised clustering of individuals with multi-region brain transcriptomes to assess whether a broader approach, simultaneously considering data from multiple regions involved in cognition would uncover such subsets. We implemented a canonical correlation-based analysis in a Discovery cohort of 459 participants from two longitudinal studies of cognitive aging that have RNA sequence profiles in three brain regions. 690 additional participants that have data in only one or two of these regions were used in the Replication effort. These clustering analyses identified two meta-clusters, MC-1 and MC-2. The two sets of participants differ primarily in their trajectories of cognitive decline, with MC-2 having a delay of 3 years to the median age of incident dementia. This is due, in part, to a greater impact of tau pathology on neuronal chromatin architecture and to broader brain changes including greater loss of white matter integrity in MC-1. Further evidence of biological differences includes a significantly larger impact of APOE{varepsilon}4 risk on cognitive decline in MC-1. These findings suggest that our proposed population structure captures an aspect of the more distributed molecular state of the aging brain that either enhances the effect of risk factors in MC-1 or of protective effects in MC-2. These observations may inform the design of therapeutic development efforts and of trials as both become increasingly more targeted molecularly.

One Sentence Summary: There are two types of aging brains, with one being more vulnerable to APOE{varepsilon}4 and subsequent neuronal dysfunction and cognitive loss.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawe, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCabe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arfanakis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayeux, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, H.-U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.25.524961</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-region brain transcriptomes uncover two subtypes of aging individuals with differences in Alzheimer risk and the impact of APOEe4]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.25.525430v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanism of HflX-mediated recycling of E. coli ribosome studied by time-resolved cryo-EM 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.25.525430v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rapid kinetics of biological processes and associated short-lived conformational changes pose a significant challenge in attempts to structurally visualize biomolecules during a reaction in real time. Conventionally, on-pathway intermediates have been trapped using chemical modifications or reduced temperature, giving limited insights. Here we introduce a novel time-resolved cryo-EM method using a reusable PDMS-based microfluidic chip assembly with high reactant mixing efficiency. Coating of PDMS walls with SiO2 virtually eliminates non-specific sample adsorption and ensures maintenance of the stoichiometry of the reaction, rendering it highly reproducible. In an operating range from 10 to 1000 ms, the device allows us to follow in vitro reactions of biological molecules at resolution levels in the range of 3 [A]. By employing this method, we show for the first time the mechanism of progressive HlfX-mediated splitting of the 70S E. coli ribosome in the presence of the GTP, via capture of three high-resolution reaction intermediates within 140 ms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.25.525430</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanism of HflX-mediated recycling of E. coli ribosome studied by time-resolved cryo-EM]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.25.525502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicted and Experimental NMR Chemical Shifts at Variable Temperatures: The Effect of Protein Conformational Dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.25.525502v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
NMR chemical shifts provide a sensitive probe of protein structure and dynamics. Prediction of shifts, and therefore interpretation of shifts, particularly for the frequently measured amidic 15N sites, remains a tall challenge. We demonstrate that protein 15N chemical shift prediction from QM/MM predictions can be improved if conformational variation is included via MD sampling, focusing on the antibiotic target, E. coli Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). Variations of up to 25 ppm in predicted 15N chemical shifts are observed over the trajectory. For solution shifts the average of fluctuations on the low picosecond timescale results in a superior prediction to a single optimal conformation. For low temperature solid state measurements, the histogram of predicted shifts for locally minimized snapshots with specific solvent arrangements sampled from the trajectory explains the heterogeneous linewidths; in other words, the conformations and associated solvent are  frozen out at low temperatures and result in inhomogeneously broadened NMR peaks. We identified conformational degrees of freedom that contribute to chemical shift variation. Backbone torsion angles show high amplitude fluctuations during the trajectory on the low picosecond timescale. For a number of residues, including I60, {psi} varies by up to 60{o} within a conformational basin during the MD simulations, despite the fact that I60 (and other sites studied) are in a secondary structure element and remain well folded during the trajectory. Fluctuations in {psi} appear to be compensated by other degrees of freedom in the protein, including {varphi} of the succeeding residue, resulting in "rocking" of the amide plane with changes in hydrogen bonding interactions. Good agreement for both room temperature and low temperature NMR spectra provides strong support for the specific approach to conformational averaging of computed chemical shifts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friesner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDermott, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.25.525502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicted and Experimental NMR Chemical Shifts at Variable Temperatures: The Effect of Protein Conformational Dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.25.525508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Zinc Alters the Supramolecular Organization of Nucleic Acid Complexes with Full-Length TIA1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.25.525508v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
T-Cell Intracellular Antigen-1 (TIA1) is a 43 kDa multi-domain RNA-binding protein involved in stress granule formation during eukaryotic stress response, and has been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases including Welander distal myopathy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. TIA1 contains three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), which are capable of binding nucleic acids and a C-terminal Q/N-rich prion-related domain (PRD) which has been variously described as intrinsically disordered or prion inducing and is believed to play a role in promoting liquid-liquid phase separation connected with the assembly of stress granule formation. Motivated by the fact that our prior work shows RRMs 2 and 3 are well-ordered in an oligomeric full-length form, while RRM1 and the PRD appear to phase separate, the present work addresses whether the oligomeric form is functional and competent for binding, and probes the consequences of nucleic acid binding for oligomerization and protein conformation change. New SSNMR data show that ssDNA binds to full-length oligomeric TIA1 primarily at the RRM2 domain, but also weakly at the RRM3 domain, and Zn2+ binds primarily to RRM3. Binding of Zn2+ and DNA was reversible for the full-length wild type oligomeric form, and did not lead to formation of amyloid fibrils, despite the presence of the C-terminal prion-related domain. While TIA1:DNA complexes appear as long "daisy chained" structures, the addition of Zn2+ caused the structures to collapse. We surmise that this points to a regulatory role for Zn2+. By occupying various "half" binding sites on RRM3 Zn2+ may shift the nucleic acid binding off RRM3 and onto RRM2. More importantly, the use of different half sites on different monomers may introduce a mesh of crosslinks in the supramolecular complex rendering it compact and markedly reducing the access to the nucleic acids (including transcripts) from solution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fritzsching, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDermott, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.25.525508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Zinc Alters the Supramolecular Organization of Nucleic Acid Complexes with Full-Length TIA1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.25.525560v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reticulocytes in donor RBC units enhance RBC alloimmunization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.25.525560v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although red blood cell (RBC) transfusions save lives, some patients develop clinically-significant alloantibodies against donor blood group antigens, which then have adverse effects in multiple clinical settings. Few effective measures exist to prevent RBC alloimmunization and/or eliminate alloantibodies in sensitized patients. Donor-related factors may influence alloimmunization; thus, there is an unmet clinical need to identify which RBC units are immunogenic. Repeat volunteer blood donors and donors on iron supplements have elevated reticulocyte counts compared to healthy non-donors. Early reticulocytes retain mitochondria and other components, which may act as danger signals in immune responses. Herein, we tested whether reticulocytes in donor RBC units could enhance RBC alloimmunization. Using a murine model, we demonstrate that transfusing donor RBC units with increased reticulocyte frequencies dose-dependently increase RBC alloimmunization rates and alloantibody levels. Transfusing reticulocyte-rich RBC units was associated with increased RBC clearance from the circulation and a robust proinflammatory cytokine response. As compared to previously reported post-transfusion RBC consumption patterns, erythrophagocytosis from reticulocyte-rich units was increasingly performed by splenic B cells. These data suggest that reticulocytes in a donated RBC unit impact the quality of blood transfused, are targeted to a distinct compartment, and may be an underappreciated risk factor for RBC alloimmunization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thomas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordy, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tredicine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzieciatkowska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dei Zotti, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hod, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Alessandro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimring, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitalnik, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.25.525560</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reticulocytes in donor RBC units enhance RBC alloimmunization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.25.525596v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Remapping in a recurrent neural network model of navigation and context inference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.25.525596v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons in navigational brain regions provide information about position, orientation, and speed relative to environmental landmarks. These cells also change their firing patterns ("remap") in response to changing contextual factors such as environmental cues, task conditions, and behavioral state, which influence neural activity throughout the brain. How can navigational circuits preserve their local computations while responding to global context changes? To investigate this question, we trained recurrent neural network models to track position in simple environments while at the same time reporting transiently-cued context changes. We show that these combined task constraints (navigation and context inference) produce activity patterns that are qualitatively similar to population-wide remapping in the entorhinal cortex, a navigational brain region. Furthermore, the models identify a solution that generalizes to more complex navigation and inference tasks. We thus provide a simple, general, and experimentally-grounded model of remapping as one neural circuit performing both navigation and context inference.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Low, I. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giocomo, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.25.525596</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Remapping in a recurrent neural network model of navigation and context inference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.26.525771v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mouse mammary tumor virus is implicated in severity of colitis and dysbiosis in the IL-10-/- mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.26.525771v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundFollowing viral infection, genetically manipulated mice lacking immunoregulatory function may develop colitis and dysbiosis in a strain specific fashion that serves as a model for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We found that one such model of spontaneous colitis, the interleukin (IL)-10 knockout (IL-I0-/-) model derived from the SvEv mouse, had evidence of increased mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) viral RNA expression compared to the SvEv wildtype. MMTV is endemic in several mouse strains as an endogenously encoded betaretrovirus that is passaged as an exogenous agent in breast milk. As MMTV requires a viral superantigen to replicate in the gut associated lymphoid tissue prior to the development of systemic infection, we evaluated whether MMTV may contribute to the development of colitis in the IL-10-/- model.

ResultsViral preparations extracted from IL-10-/- weanling stomachs revealed augmented MMTV load compared to the SvEv wildtype. Illumina sequencing of the viral genome revealed that the two largest contigs shared 96.4% - 97.3% identity with the mtv-1 endogenous loci and the MMTV(HeJ) exogenous virus from the C3H mouse. The MMTV sag gene cloned from IL-10-/- spleen encoded the MTV-9 superantigen that preferentially activates T cell receptor V{beta}-12 subsets, which were expanded in the IL-10-/- versus the SvEv colon. Evidence of MMTV cellular immune responses to MMTV Gag peptides was observed in the IL-10-/- splenocytes with amplified interferon-{gamma} production versus the SvEv wildtype. To address the hypothesis that MMTV may contribute to colitis, we used HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors, tenofovir and emtricitabine, and the HIV protease inhibitor, lopinavir boosted with ritonavir, for 12 weeks treatment versus placebo. The combination anti-retroviral therapy with known activity against MMTV was associated with reduced colonic MMTV RNA and improved histological score in IL10-/- mice, as well as diminished secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and modulation of the microbiome associated with colitis.

ConclusionsThis study suggests that immunogenetically manipulated mice with deletion of IL-10 may have reduced capacity to contain MMTV infection in a mouse-strain specific manner, and the antiviral inflammatory responses may contribute to the complexity of IBD with the development of colitis and dysbiosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahbari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiesen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hotte, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Syed, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abofayed, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madsen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wine, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.26.525771</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mouse mammary tumor virus is implicated in severity of colitis and dysbiosis in the IL-10-/- mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.525961v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
demuxmix: Demultiplexing oligonucleotide-barcoded single-cell RNA sequencing data with regression mixture models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.525961v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationDroplet-based single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is widely used in biomedical research to interrogate the transcriptomes of single cells on a large scale. Pooling and processing cells from different samples together can reduce costs and batch effects. In order to pool cells, cells are often first labeled with hashtag oligonucleotides (HTOs). These HTOs are sequenced along with the cells RNA in the droplets and are subsequently used to computationally assign each droplet to its sample of origin, which is referred to as demultiplexing. Accurate demultiplexing is crucial and can be challenging due to background HTOs, low-quality cells/cell debris, and multiplets.

ResultsA new demultiplexing method, demuxmix, based on negative binomial regression mixture models is introduced. The method implements two significant improvements. First, demuxmixs probabilistic classification framework provides error probabilities for droplet assignments that can be used to discard uncertain droplets and inform about the quality of the HTO data and the demultiplexing success. Second, demuxmix utilizes the positive association between detected genes in the RNA library and HTO counts to explain parts of the variance in the HTO data resulting in improved droplet assignments. The improved performance of demuxmix compared to existing demultiplexing methods is assessed on real and simulated data. Finally, the feasibility of accurately demultiplexing experimental designs where non-labeled cells are pooled with labeled cells is demonstrated.

AvailabilityR/Bioconductor package demuxmix (https://doi.org/doi:10.18129/B9.bioc.demuxmix)
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Klein, H.-U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.27.525961</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[demuxmix: Demultiplexing oligonucleotide-barcoded single-cell RNA sequencing data with regression mixture models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.30.526265v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generation and expansion of transitional lung organoids from human pluripotent stem cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.30.526265v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human lungs contain unique cell populations in distal respiratory airways (RAs). These populations accumulate in patients with lung injury, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Their lineage potentials and roles are unknown, however. As they are absent in rodents, deeper understanding of these cells requires a human in vitro model. Here we report the generation from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) of expandable spheres ( induced respiratory airway progenitors (iRAPs)) consisting of all RA-associated cell types. iRAPs could differentiate into type 1 (AT1) and type 2 alveolar (AT2) epithelial cells in defined conditions, showing that alveolar cells can be derived from RAs. iRAPs with deletion of HPS1, which causes pulmonary fibrosis in humans, display defects that are hallmarks of IPF, indicating involvement of intrinsic dysfunction of RA-associated cells in IPF. iRAPs thus provide a model to gain insight into human lung regeneration and into pathogenesis of IPF.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Snoeck, H.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matkovic Leko, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schrode, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pezet, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thimraj, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaumont, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.30.526265</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generation and expansion of transitional lung organoids from human pluripotent stem cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.30.526278v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial uncertainty and environmental geometry in navigation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.30.526278v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Knowing ones place in the world requires integrating sensory inputs with respect to the geometry of the environment. Consistent with this, variations in environmental geometry, such as the shape and size of an enclosure, have profound effects on navigational behavior1-4 and its neural underpinning in grid cells5-7. Here, we show that these effects arise as a consequence of a single, unifying principle: to navigate efficiently, the brain must maintain and update the uncertainty about ones location. We develop an image-computable Bayesian ideal observer model of navigation, continually combining noisy visual and self-motion inputs, and a neural encoding model representing the spatial uncertainty computed by the ideal observer. Critically, we find that a key determinant of spatial uncertainty is the dimensionality reduction inherent in the retinal projection of the environment. Mathematical analysis and simulations show that spatial uncertainty accounts for a diverse range of sometimes paradoxical distortions in human homing behavior across trapezoidal, stretched, and compressed environments. Moreover, the neural encoding of this uncertainty accounts for observed changes in grid field size, anisotropy, rescaling, and boundary-dependent tethering under analogous geometric manipulations. Our results show that spatial uncertainty arising unavoidably during navigation is key to understanding navigational behavior and its neural underpinnings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kang, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolpert, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lengyel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.30.526278</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial uncertainty and environmental geometry in navigation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.31.526362v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Arginine shortage induces replication stress and confers genotoxic resistance by inhibiting histone H4 translation and promoting PCNA polyubiquitination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.31.526362v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The unique arginine dependencies of cancer cell proliferation and survival creates metabolic vulnerability. Here, we investigate the impact of extracellular arginine availability on DNA replication and genotoxic resistance. Using DNA combing assays, we find that when extracellular arginine is limited, cancer cells are arrested at S-phase and DNA replication forks slow or stall instantly until arginine is re-supplied. The translation of new histone H4 is arginine-dependent and impacts DNA replication and the expression of newly synthesized histone H4 is reduced in the avascular nutrient-poor breast cancer xenograft tumor cores. Furthermore, we demonstrate that increased PCNA occupancy and HLTF-catalyzed PCNA K63-linked polyubiquitination protects arginine-starved cells from hydroxyurea-induced, DNA2-catalyzed nascent strand degradation. Finally, arginine-deprived cancer cells are tolerant to genotoxic insults in a PCNA K63-linked polyubiquitination-dependent manner. Together, these findings reveal that extracellular arginine is the "linchpin" for nutrient-regulated DNA replication. Such information could be leveraged to expand current modalities or design new drug targets against cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelso, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karamafrooz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, C.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malkas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kung, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moldovan, G.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciccia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stark, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ann, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.31.526362</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Arginine shortage induces replication stress and confers genotoxic resistance by inhibiting histone H4 translation and promoting PCNA polyubiquitination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.31.526505v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic control of mRNA splicing as a potential mechanism for incomplete penetrance of rare coding variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.31.526505v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exonic variants present some of the strongest links between genotype and phenotype. However, these variants can have significant inter-individual pathogenicity differences, known as variable penetrance. In this study, we propose a model where genetically controlled mRNA splicing modulates the pathogenicity of exonic variants. By first cataloging exonic inclusion from RNA-seq data in GTEx v8, we find that pathogenic alleles are depleted on highly included exons. Using a large-scale phased WGS data from the TOPMed consortium, we observe that this effect may be driven by common splice-regulatory genetic variants, and that natural selection acts on haplotype configurations that reduce the transcript inclusion of putatively pathogenic variants, especially when limiting to haploinsufficient genes. Finally, we test if this effect may be relevant for autism risk using families from the Simons Simplex Collection, but find that splicing of pathogenic alleles has a penetrance reducing effect here as well. Overall, our results indicate that common splice-regulatory variants may play a role in reducing the damaging effects of rare exonic variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Einson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glinos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerwinkle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castaldi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darbar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Andrade, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellinor, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fornage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabriel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Germer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hersh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnsen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konkle, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooperberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nassir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loos, R. J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyers, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Psaty, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasan, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rienstra, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotter, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saferali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoemaker, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammadi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castel, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iossifov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lappalainen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.31.526505</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic control of mRNA splicing as a potential mechanism for incomplete penetrance of rare coding variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526664v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large-scale brain-wide neural recording in nonhuman primates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526664v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-density, integrated silicon electrodes have begun to transform systems neuroscience, by enabling large-scale neural population recordings with single cell resolution. Existing technologies, however, have provided limited functionality in nonhuman primate species such as macaques, which offer close models of human cognition and behavior. Here, we report the design, fabrication, and performance of Neuropixels 1.0-NHP, a high channel count linear electrode array designed to enable large-scale simultaneous recording in superficial and deep structures within the macaque or other large animal brain. These devices were fabricated in two versions: 4416 electrodes along a 45 mm shank, and 2496 along a 25 mm shank. For both versions, users can programmatically select 384 channels, enabling simultaneous multi-area recording with a single probe. We demonstrate recording from over 3000 single neurons within a session, and simultaneous recordings from over 1000 neurons using multiple probes. This technology represents a significant increase in recording access and scalability relative to existing technologies, and enables new classes of experiments involving fine-grained electrophysiological characterization of brain areas, functional connectivity between cells, and simultaneous brain-wide recording at scale.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trautmann, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hesse, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stine, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shude Zhu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Shea, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karsh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colonell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanfranchi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vyas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimnik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinemann, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagenaar, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrei, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mora Lopez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>OCallaghan, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putzeys, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raducanu, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welkenhuysen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchland, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadlen, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenoy, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.01.526664</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large-scale brain-wide neural recording in nonhuman primates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526675v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SCCA1/SERPINB3 promotes suppressive immune environment via STAT-dependent chemokine production, blunting the therapy-induced T cell responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526675v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Radiotherapy is a commonly used cancer treatment; however, patients with high serum squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA1/SERPINB3) are associated with resistance and poor prognosis. Despite being a strong clinical biomarker, the modulation of SERPINB3 in tumor immunity is poorly understood. We investigated the microenvironment of SERPINB3 high tumors through RNAseq of primary cervix tumors and found that SERPINB3 was positively correlated with CXCL1/8, S100A8/A9 and myeloid cell infiltration. Induction of SERPINB3 in vitro resulted in increased CXCL1/8 and S100A8/A9 production, and supernatants from SERPINB3-expressing cultures attracted monocytes and MDSCs. In murine tumors, the orthologue mSerpinB3a promoted MDSC, TAM, and M2 macrophage infiltration contributing to an immunosuppressive phenotype, which was further augmented upon radiation. Radiation-enhanced T cell response was muted in SERPINB3 tumors, whereas Treg expansion was observed. A STAT-dependent mechanism was implicated, whereby inhibiting STAT signaling with ruxolitinib abrogated suppressive chemokine production. Patients with elevated pre-treatment serum SCCA and high pSTAT3 had increased intratumoral CD11b+ myeloid cell compared to patients with low SCCA and pSTAT3 cohort that had overall improved cancer specific survival after radiotherapy. These findings provide a preclinical rationale for targeting STAT signaling in tumors with high SERPINB3 to counteract the immunosuppressive microenvironment and improve response to radiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Markovina, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayachandran, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cosper, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luke, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spina, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigsby, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwarz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.01.526675</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SCCA1/SERPINB3 promotes suppressive immune environment via STAT-dependent chemokine production, blunting the therapy-induced T cell responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526733v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuromuscular Basis of Drosophila larval escape behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526733v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When threatened by dangerous or harmful stimuli, animals engage in diverse forms of rapid escape behaviors. In Drosophila larvae, one type of escape response involves C-shaped bending and lateral rolling followed by rapid forward crawling. The sensory circuitry that promotes larval escape has been extensively characterized; however, the motor programs underlying rolling are unknown. Here, we characterize the neuromuscular basis of rolling escape behavior. We used high-speed, volumetric, Swept Confocally-Aligned Planar Excitation (SCAPE) microscopy to image muscle activity during larval rolling. Unlike sequential peristaltic muscle contractions that progress from segment to segment during forward and backward crawling, the muscle activity progresses circumferentially during bending and rolling escape behavior. We propose that progression of muscular contraction around the larvas circumference results in a transient misalignment between weight and the ground support forces, which generates a torque that induces stabilizing body rotation. Therefore, successive cycles of slight misalignment followed by reactive aligning rotation lead to continuous rolling motion. Supporting our biomechanical model, we found that disrupting the activity of muscle groups undergoing circumferential contraction progression lead to rolling defects. We use EM connectome data to identify premotor to motor connectivity patterns that could drive rolling behavior, and perform neural silencing approaches to demonstrate the crucial role of a group of glutamatergic premotor neurons in rolling. Our data reveal body-wide muscle activity patterns and putative premotor circuit organization for execution of the rolling escape response.

Significance StatementTo escape from dangerous stimuli, animals execute escape behaviors that are fundamentally different from normal locomotion. The rolling escape behavior of Drosophila larvae consists of C-shaped bending and rolling. However, the muscle contraction patterns that lead to rolling are poorly understood. We find that following the initial body bending, muscles contract in a circumferential wave around the larva as they enter the bend, maintaining unidirectional rolling that resembles cylinder rolling on a surface. We study the structure of motor circuits for rolling, inhibit different motor neurons to determine which muscles are essential for rolling, and propose circuit and biomechanical models for roll generation. Our findings provide insights into how motor circuits produce diverse motor behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cooney, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hormigo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabachnik, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillman, E. M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grueber, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarin, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.01.526733</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuromuscular Basis of Drosophila larval escape behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.02.526909v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure primed embedding on the transcription factor manifold enables transparent model architectures for gene regulatory network and latent activity inference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.02.526909v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The modeling of gene regulatory networks (GRNs) is limited due to a lack of direct measurements of regulatory features in genome-wide screens. Most GRN inference methods are therefore forced to model relationships between regulatory genes and their targets with expression as a proxy for the upstream independent features, complicating validation and predictions produced by modeling frameworks. Separating covariance and regulatory influence requires aggregation of independent and complementary sets of evidence, such as transcription factor (TF) binding and target gene expression. However, the complete regulatory state of the system, e.g. TF activity (TFA) is unknown due to a lack of experimental feasibility, making regulatory relations difficult to infer. Some methods attempt to account for this by modeling TFA as a latent feature, but these models often use linear frameworks that are unable to account for non-linearities such as saturation, TF-TF interactions, and other higher order features. Deep learning frameworks may offer a solution, as they are capable of modeling complex interactions and capturing higher-order latent features. However, these methods often discard central concepts in biological systems modeling, such as sparsity and latent feature interpretability, in favor of increased model complexity. We propose a novel deep learning autoencoder-based framework, StrUcture Primed Inference of Regulation using latent Factor ACTivity (SupirFactor), that scales to single cell genomic data and maintains interpretability to perform GRN inference and estimate TFA as a latent feature. We demonstrate that SupirFactor outperforms current leading GRN inference methods, predicts biologically relevant TFA and elucidates functional regulatory pathways through aggregation of TFs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tjärnberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beheler-Amass, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christiaen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gresham, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonneau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.02.526909</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure primed embedding on the transcription factor manifold enables transparent model architectures for gene regulatory network and latent activity inference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.03.526871v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
5-HT4 receptor agonists treatment reduces tau pathology and behavioral deficit in the PS19 mouse model of tauopathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.03.526871v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accumulation of tau in synapses in Alzheimers disease (AD) has been shown to cause synaptic damage, synaptic loss, and the spread of pathology through synaptically connected neurons. Synaptic loss correlates with a decline in cognition, providing an opportunity to investigate strategies to target synaptic tau to rescue or prevent cognitive decline. One of the promising synaptic targets is the 5-HT4 receptor present post-synaptically in the brain areas involved in the memory processes. 5-HT4R activation exerts synaptogenic and pro-cognitive effects involving synapse-to-nucleus signaling essential for synaptic plasticity. However, it is not known whether 5-HT4R activation has a therapeutic effect on tauopathy. The goal of this study was to investigate the impact of stimulation of 5-HT4R in tauopathy mice. Our results show that 5-HT4R agonism led to reduced tauopathy and synaptic tau and correlated with increased proteasome activity and improved cognitive functioning in PS19 mice. Thus, stimulation of 5-HT4R offers a promising therapy to rescue synapses from toxic synaptic tau.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Myeku, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sydney, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Runyan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serpe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figueroa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.03.526871</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[5-HT4 receptor agonists treatment reduces tau pathology and behavioral deficit in the PS19 mouse model of tauopathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.03.527039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ligament injury in adult zebrafish triggers ECM remodeling and cell dedifferentiation for scar-free regeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.03.527039v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
After traumatic injury, healing of mammalian ligaments is typically associated with fibrotic scarring as opposed to scar-free regeneration. In contrast, here we show that the ligament supporting the jaw joint of adult zebrafish is capable of rapid and complete scar-free healing. Following surgical transection of the jaw joint ligament, we observe breakdown of ligament tissue adjacent to the cut sites, expansion of mesenchymal tissue within the wound site, and then remodeling of extracellular matrix (ECM) to a normal ligament morphology. Lineage tracing of mature ligamentocytes following transection shows that they dedifferentiate, undergo cell cycle re-entry, and contribute to the regenerated ligament. Single-cell RNA sequencing of the regenerating ligament reveals dynamic expression of ECM genes in neural-crest-derived mesenchymal cells, as well as diverse immune cells expressing the endopeptidase-encoding gene legumain. Analysis of legumain mutant zebrafish shows a requirement for early ECM remodeling and efficient ligament regeneration. Our study establishes a new model of adult scar-free ligament regeneration and highlights roles of immune-mesenchyme cross-talk in ECM remodeling that initiates regeneration.

HighlightsO_LIRapid regeneration of the jaw joint ligament in adult zebrafish
C_LIO_LIDedifferentiation of mature ligamentocytes contributes to regeneration
C_LIO_LIscRNAseq reveals dynamic ECM remodeling and immune activation during regeneration
C_LIO_LIRequirement of Legumain for ECM remodeling and ligament healing
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anderson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagarin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherwood, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blumenkrantz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, K.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabian, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crump, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smeeton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.03.527039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ligament injury in adult zebrafish triggers ECM remodeling and cell dedifferentiation for scar-free regeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.03.527065v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Somatic nuclear mitochondrial DNA insertions are prevalent in the human brain and accumulate in aging fibroblasts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.03.527065v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The transfer of mitochondrial DNA into the nuclear genomes of eukaryotes (Numts) has been linked to lifespan in non-human species 1-3 and recently demonstrated to occur in rare instances from one human generation to the next 4. Here we investigated numtogenesis dynamics in humans in two ways. First, we quantified Numts in 1,187 post-mortem brain and blood samples from different individuals. Compared to circulating immune cells (n=389), post-mitotic brain tissue (n=798) contained more Numts, consistent with their potential somatic accumulation. Within brain samples we observed a 5.5-fold enrichment of somatic Numt insertions in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex compared to cerebellum samples, suggesting that brain Numts arose spontaneously during development or across the lifespan. Moreover, more brain Numts was linked to earlier mortality. The brains of individuals with no cognitive impairment who died at younger ages carried approximately 2 more Numts per decade of life lost than those who lived longer. Second, we tested the dynamic transfer of Numts using a repeated-measures WGS design in a human fibroblast model that recapitulates several molecular hallmarks of aging 5. These longitudinal experiments revealed a gradual accumulation of one Numt every [~]13 days. Numtogenesis was independent of large-scale genomic instability and unlikely driven cell clonality. Targeted pharmacological perturbations including chronic glucocorticoid signaling or impairing mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) only modestly increased the rate of numtogenesis, whereas patient-derived SURF1-mutant cells exhibiting mtDNA instability accumulated Numts 4.7- fold faster than healthy donors. Combined, our data document spontaneous numtogenesis in human cells and demonstrate an association between brain cortical somatic Numts and human lifespan. These findings open the possibility that mito-nuclear horizontal gene transfer among human post-mitotic tissues produce functionally-relevant human Numts over timescales shorter than previously assumed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, H.-U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturm, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mills, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.03.527065</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Somatic nuclear mitochondrial DNA insertions are prevalent in the human brain and accumulate in aging fibroblasts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.03.527088v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effect of Total Sphingomyelin Synthase Activity on Low Density Lipoprotein Catabolism in Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.03.527088v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSphingomyelin (SM) and cholesterol are two key lipid partners on cell membranes and on lipoproteins. Many studies have indicated the influence of cholesterol on SM metabolism. This study examined the influence of SM biosynthesis on cholesterol metabolism.

MethodsInducible global Sms1 KO/global Sms2 KO mice were prepared to evaluate the effect of whole-body SM biosynthesis deficiency on lipoprotein metabolism. Tissue cholesterol, SM, ceramide, and glucosylceramide levels were measured. TG production rate and LDL catabolism were measured. Lipid rafts were isolated and LDL receptor mass and function were evaluated. Also, the effects of exogenous sphingolipids on hepatocytes were investigated.

ResultsWe found that total SMS depletion significantly reduced plasma SM levels. Also, the total deficiency significantly induced plasma cholesterol, apoB, and apoE levels. Importantly, total SMS deficiency, but not SMS2 deficiency, dramatically decreased LDL receptors in the liver and attenuated LDL uptake through the receptor. Further, we found that total SMS deficiency greatly reduced LDL receptors in the lipid rafts which contained significantly lower SM and significantly higher glucosylceramide as well as cholesterol. Furthermore, we treated primary hepatocytes and Huh7 cells (a human hepatoma cell line) with SM, ceramide, or glucosylceramide, and we found that only SM could up-regulate LDL receptor levels in a dose-dependent fashion.

ConclusionsWhole-body SM biosynthesis plays an important role in LDL-cholesterol catabolism. The total SMS deficiency, but not SMS2 deficiency, reduces LDL uptake and causes LDL-cholesterol accumulation in the circulation. Given the fact that serum SM level is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, inhibiting SMS2 but not SMS1 should be the desirable approach.

Graphic Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=175 SRC="FIGDIR/small/527088v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@50757eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@51ad9dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@5d362corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@18fbe63_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, X.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worgall, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.03.527088</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effect of Total Sphingomyelin Synthase Activity on Low Density Lipoprotein Catabolism in Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.07.527500v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Subdural CMOS optical probe (SCOPe) for bidirectional neural interfacing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.07.527500v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Optical neurotechnologies use light to interface with neurons and can monitor and manipulate neural activity with high spatial-temporal precision over large cortical extents. While there has been significant progress in miniaturizing microscope for head-mounted configurations, these existing devices are still very bulky and could never be fully implanted. Any viable translation of these technologies to human use will require a much more noninvasive, fully implantable form factor. Here, we leverage advances in microelectronics and heterogeneous optoelectronic packaging to develop a transformative, ultrathin, miniaturized device for bidirectional optical stimulation and recording: the subdural CMOS Optical Probe (SCOPe). By being thin enough to lie entirely within the subdural space of the primate brain, SCOPe defines a path for the eventual human translation of a new generation of brain-machine interfaces based on light.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pollmann, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uguz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingel, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moazeni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilhotra, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavlovsky, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banees, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boominathan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veeraraghavan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pieribone, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pesaran, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shepard, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.07.527500</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Subdural CMOS optical probe (SCOPe) for bidirectional neural interfacing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.08.527513v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Maintenance and transformation of representational formats during working memory prioritization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.08.527513v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visual working memory depends on both material-specific brain areas in the ventral visual stream (VVS) that support the maintenance of stimulus representations and on regions in prefrontal cortex (PFC) that control these representations. Recent studies identified stimulus-specific working memory contents via representational similarity analysis (RSA) and analyzed their representational format using deep neural networks (DNNs) as models of the multi-layered hierarchy of information processing. How executive control prioritizes relevant working memory contents and whether this affects their representational formats remains an open question, however. Here, we addressed this issue using a multi-item working memory task involving a retro-cue that prompted participants to maintain one particular item. We exploited the excellent spatiotemporal resolution of intracranial EEG (iEEG) recordings in epilepsy patients and analyzed activity at electrodes in VVS (n=28 patients) and PFC (n=16 patients). During encoding, we identified category-specific information in both VVS and PFC. During maintenance, this information re-occurred in VVS but not in the PFC - suggesting a transformation of PFC representations from encoding to maintenance which putatively reflects the prioritization process. We thus applied RSA in combination with different DNN architectures to investigate the representational format of prioritized working memory contents. Representations during the maintenance period matched representations in deep layers of recurrent but not feedforward DNNs, in both VVS and PFC. While recurrent DNN representations matched PFC representations in the beta band following the retro-cue, they corresponded to VVS representations in a lower theta-alpha frequency range (3-14Hz) towards the end of the maintenance period. Findings could be replicated in recurrent DNNs with two different architectures and using two different training sets. Together, these results demonstrate that VWM relies on representational transformations in VVS and PFC that give rise to distinct coding schemes of prioritized contents.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Estefan, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fellner, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinacher, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulze-Bonhage, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Axmacher, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.08.527513</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Maintenance and transformation of representational formats during working memory prioritization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.08.527691v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
P53 Acetylation Exerts Critical Roles In Pressure Overload Induced Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction and Heart Failure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.08.527691v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) has been shown to contribute to cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. At this point, there are no proven treatments for CMD. We have shown that histone acetylation may play a critical role in the regulation of CMD. By using a mouse model that replaces lysine with arginine at residues K98/117/161/162R of p53 (p534KR), preventing acetylation at these sites, we test the hypothesis that acetylation-deficient p534KR could improve coronary microvascular dysfunction and prevent the progression of hypertensive cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Wild-type (WT) and p534KR mice were subjected to pressure overload (PO) by transverse aortic constriction to induce cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure (HF). Echocardiography measurements revealed improved cardiac function together with reduction of apoptosis and fibrosis in p534KR mice. Importantly, myocardial capillary density and coronary flow reserve (CFR) were significantly improved in p534KR mice. Moreover, p534KR upregulated the expression of cardiac glycolytic enzymes and glucose transporters, as well as the level of fructose-2,6-biphosphate; increased PFK-1 activity; and attenuated cardiac hypertrophy. These changes were accompanied by increased expression of HIF-1 and proangiogenic growth factors. Additionally, the levels of SERCA-2 were significantly upregulated in sham p534KR mice as well as in p534KR mice after TAC. In vitro, p534KR significantly improved endothelial cell (EC) glycolytic function and mitochondrial respiration, and enhanced EC proliferation and angiogenesis. Similarly, acetylation-deficient p534KR significantly improved CFR and rescued cardiac dysfunction in SIRT3 KO mice. Our data reveal the importance of p53 acetylation in coronary microvascular function, cardiac function, and remodeling, and may provide a promising approach to improve hypertension-induced coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) and to prevent the transition of cardiac hypertrophy to heart failure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantrell, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, Q. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.08.527691</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[P53 Acetylation Exerts Critical Roles In Pressure Overload Induced Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction and Heart Failure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.08.527703v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural correlates of drinking reduction during cognitive behavioral therapy for alcohol use disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.08.527703v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment for alcohol use disorder (AUD). We hypothesized that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), a brain region implicated in cognitive control and goal-directed behavior, plays a role behavior change during CBT by facilitating regulation of craving. To examine this, treatment-seeking participants with AUD (N=22) underwent functional MRI scanning both before and after a 12-week single-arm trial of CBT, using a regulation of craving (ROC) fMRI task designed to measure an individuals ability to control alcohol craving and previously shown to engage the DLPFC. We found that both the number of heavy drinking days (NHDD, the primary clinical outcome) and the self-reported alcohol craving measured during the ROC paradigm were significantly reduced from pre- to post-CBT [NHDD: t=15.69, p<0.0001; alcohol craving: (F(1,21)=16.16; p=0.0006)]. Contrary to our hypothesis, there was no change in regulation effects on self-reported craving over time (F(1,21)=0.072; p=0.79), nor was there was a significant change in regulation effects over time on activity in any parcel. Searching the whole brain for neural correlates of reductions in drinking and craving after CBT, we found a significant 3-way interaction between the effects of cue-induced alcohol craving, cue-induced brain activity and timepoint of assessment (pre- or post-CBT) on NHDD in a parcel corresponding to area 46 of the right DLPFC ({beta}=-0.37, p=0.046, FDR corrected). Follow-up analyses showed that reductions in cue-induced alcohol craving from pre- to post-CBT were linearly related to reductions in alcohol cue-induced activity in area 46 only among participants who ceased heavy drinking during CBT (r=0.81, p=0.005) but not among those who continued to drink heavily (r=0.28, p=0.38). These results are consistent with a model in which CBT impacts heavy drinking by increasing the engagement of the DLPFC during cue-induced craving.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Naqvi, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mariani, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.08.527703</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural correlates of drinking reduction during cognitive behavioral therapy for alcohol use disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.08.527716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Non-Canonical IRAK Signaling Pathway Triggered by DNA Damage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.08.527716v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R)-associated kinases (IRAKs) are core effectors of Toll-like receptor (TLR) and IL-1R signaling, with no reported roles outside of innate immunity. We find that vertebrate cells exposed to ionizing radiation (IR) sequentially activate IRAK4 and IRAK1 through a phosphorylation cascade mirroring that induced by TLR/IL-1R, resulting in a potent anti-apoptotic response. However, IR-induced IRAK1 activation does not require the receptors or the IRAK4/1 adaptor protein MyD88, and instead of remaining in the cytoplasm, the activated kinase is immediately transported to the nucleus via a conserved nuclear localization signal. We identify: double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs) as the biologic trigger for this pathway; the E3 ubiquitin ligase Pellino1 as the scaffold enabling IRAK4/1 activation in place of TLR/IL-1R-MyD88; and the pro-apoptotic PIDDosome (PIDD1-RAIDD-caspase-2) as a critical downstream target in the nucleus. The data delineate a non-canonical IRAK signaling pathway derived from, or ancestral to, TLR signaling. This DSB detection pathway, which is also activated by genotoxic chemotherapies, provides multiple actionable targets for overcoming tumor resistance to mainstay cancer treatments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belcher, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorbatenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemati, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.08.527716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Non-Canonical IRAK Signaling Pathway Triggered by DNA Damage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.09.527828v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ImmuneMirror: a Machine Learning-based Integrative Pipeline and Web Server for Neoantigen Prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.09.527828v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neoantigens are derived from tumors but are absent in normal tissues. Emerging evidence suggests that neoantigens can stimulate tumor-specific T-cell-mediated antitumor immune responses, and neoantigens are potential immunotherapy targets. We developed ImmuneMirror as a stand-alone open-source pipeline (https://github.com/weidai2/ImmuneMirror/) and a web server (http://immunemirror.hku.hk/App/) incorporating a balanced random forest model for neoantigen prediction and prioritization; the model was trained and tested using known immunogenic neopeptides collected from 19 published studies. The area under the curve (AUC) of our model was 0.87. We utilized ImmuneMirror in gastrointestinal tract cancers and discovered a subgroup of microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) colorectal cancer (CRC) patients with a low neoantigen load but a high tumor mutation burden (TMB>10 mutations per Mbp). Although the efficacy of PD-1 blockade has been demonstrated in advanced MSI-H patients, almost half of such patients do not respond well. Our study may identify MSI-H patients who do not benefit from this treatment. Additionally, the neopeptide YMCNSSCMGV-TP53G245V, derived from a hotspot mutation restricted by HLA-A02, was identified as an actionable target in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). This is the largest study to comprehensively evaluate neoantigen prediction models using experimentally validated neopeptides. Our results demonstrate the reliability and effectiveness of ImmuneMirror for neoantigen prediction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chuwdhury, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, K.-O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kam, N.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.09.527828</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ImmuneMirror: a Machine Learning-based Integrative Pipeline and Web Server for Neoantigen Prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.09.527935v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Potent and Selective CDKL5/GSK3 Chemical Probe is Neuroprotective 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.09.527935v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite mediating several essential processes in the brain, including during development, cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) remains a poorly characterized human protein kinase. Accordingly, its substrates, functions, and regulatory mechanisms have not been fully described. We realized that availability of a potent and selective small molecule probe targeting CDKL5 could enable illumination of its roles in normal development as well as in diseases where it has become aberrant due to mutation. We prepared analogs of AT-7519, a known inhibitor of several cyclin dependent and cyclin-dependent kinase-like kinases that has been advanced into Phase II clinical trials. We identified analog 2 as a highly potent and cell-active chemical probe for CDKL5/GSK3 (glycogen synthase kinase 3). Evaluation of its kinome-wide selectivity confirmed that analog 2 demonstrates excellent selectivity and only retains GSK3/{beta} affinity. As confirmation that our chemical probe is a high-quality tool to use in directed biological studies, we demonstrated inhibition of downstream CDKL5 and GSK3/{beta} signaling and solved a co-crystal structure of analog 2 bound to CDKL5. A structurally similar analog (4) proved to lack CDKL5 affinity and maintain potent and selective inhibition of GSK3/{beta}. Finally, we used our chemical probe pair (2 and 4) to demonstrate that inhibition of CDKL5 and/or GSK3/{beta} promotes the survival of human motor neurons exposed to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. We have demonstrated a neuroprotective phenotype elicited by our chemical probe pair and exemplified the utility of our compounds to characterize the role of CDKL5/GSK3 in neurons and beyond.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ong, H. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowry, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silvestre, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dempster, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silvaroli, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wichterle, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pabla, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ultanir, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bullock, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drewry, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Axtman, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.09.527935</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Potent and Selective CDKL5/GSK3 Chemical Probe is Neuroprotective]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.09.527940v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scalable co-sequencing of RNA and DNA from individual nuclei 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.09.527940v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ideal technology for directly investigating the relationship between genotype and phenotype would analyze both RNA and DNA genome-wide and with single-cell resolution. However, existing tools lack the throughput required for comprehensive analysis of complex tumors and tissues. We introduce a highly scalable method for jointly profiling DNA and expression following nucleosome depletion (DEFND-seq). In DEFND-seq, nuclei are nucleosome-depleted, tagmented, and separated into individual droplets for mRNA and genomic DNA barcoding. Once nuclei have been depleted of nucleosomes, subsequent steps can be performed using the widely available 10x Genomics droplet microfluidic technology and commercial kits without experimental modification. We demonstrate the production of high-complexity mRNA and gDNA sequencing libraries from thousands of individual nuclei from both cell lines and archived surgical specimens for associating gene expression phenotypes with both copy number and single nucleotide variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olsen, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talla, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furnari, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruce, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canoll, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sims, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.09.527940</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scalable co-sequencing of RNA and DNA from individual nuclei]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.10.528036v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of connectivity architecture in the Drosophila mushroom body 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.10.528036v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain evolution has primarily been studied at the macroscopic level by comparing the relative size of homologous brain centers between species. How neuronal circuits change at the cellular level over evolutionary time remains largely unanswered. Here, using a phylogenetically informed framework, we compare the olfactory circuits of three closely related Drosophila species that differ radically in their chemical ecology: the generalists Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila simulans that feed on fermenting fruit, and Drosophila sechellia that specializes on ripe noni fruit. We examine a central part of the olfactory circuit that has not yet been investigated in these species -- the connections between the projection neurons of the antennal lobe and the Kenyon cells of the mushroom body, an associative brain center -- to identify species-specific connectivity patterns. We found that neurons encoding food odors -- the DC3 neurons in D. melanogaster and D. simulans and the DL2d neurons in D. sechellia -- connect more frequently with Kenyon cells, giving rise to species-specific biases in connectivity. These species-specific differences in connectivity reflect two distinct neuronal phenotypes: in the number of projection neurons or in the number of presynaptic boutons formed by individual projection neurons. Finally, behavioral analyses suggest that such increased connectivity enhances learning performance in an associative task. Our study shows how fine-grained aspects of connectivity architecture in an associative brain center can change during evolution to reflect the chemical ecology of a species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Caron, S. J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smihula, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganguli, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vigato, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bervoets, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auer, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litwin Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.10.528036</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of connectivity architecture in the Drosophila mushroom body]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.10.528047v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanical control of neural plate folding by apical domain alteration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.10.528047v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vertebrate neural tube closure is associated with complex changes in cell shape and behavior, however, the relative contribution of these processes to tissue folding is not well understood. In this study, we evaluated morphology of the superficial cell layer in the Xenopus neural plate. At the stages corresponding to the onset of tissue folding, we observed the alternation of cells with apically constricting and apically expanding apical domains. The cells had a biased orientation along the anteroposterior (AP) axis. This apical domain heterogeneity required planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling and was especially pronounced at neural plate hinges. Vertex model simulations suggested that spatially dispersed isotropically constricting cells cause the elongation of their non-constricting counterparts along the AP axis. Consistent with this hypothesis, cell-autonomous induction of apical constriction in Xenopus ectoderm cells was accompanied by the expansion of adjacent non-constricting cells. Our observations indicate that a subset of isotropically constricting cells can initiate neural plate bending, whereas a  tug-of-war contest between the force-generating and responding cells reduces its shrinking along the AP axis. This mechanism is an alternative to anisotropic shrinking of cell junctions that are perpendicular to the body axis. We propose that neural folding relies on PCP-dependent transduction of mechanical signals between neuroepithelial cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sokol, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsuda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasza, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostvar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.10.528047</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanical control of neural plate folding by apical domain alteration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.10.528069v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
STAT3 protects HSCs from intrinsic interferon signaling and loss of long-term blood-forming activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.10.528069v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
STAT3 function in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) has been difficult to discern as Stat3 deficiency in the hematopoietic system induces systemic inflammation, which can impact HSPC activity. To address this, we established mixed bone marrow (BM) chimeric mice with CreER-mediated Stat3 deletion in 20% of the hematopoietic compartment. Stat3-deficient HSPCs had impaired hematopoietic activity and failed to undergo expansion in BM in contrast to Stat3-sufficient (CreER) controls. Single-cell RNA sequencing of Lin-ckit+Sca1+ BM cells revealed altered transcriptional responses in Stat3-deficient hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and multipotent progenitors, including intrinsic activation of cell cycle, stress response, and interferon signaling pathways. Consistent with their deregulation, Stat3-deficient Lin-ckit+Sca1+ cells accumulated {gamma}H2AX over time. Following secondary BM transplantation, Stat3-deficient HSPCs failed to reconstitute peripheral blood effectively, indicating a severe functional defect in the HSC compartment. Our results reveal essential roles for STAT3 in HSCs and suggest the potential for using targeted synthetic lethal approaches with STAT3 inhibition to remove defective or diseased HSPCs.

Key PointsO_LISTAT3 is critical for hematopoietic activity and hematopoietic stem cell maintenance in non-inflammatory conditions
C_LIO_LISTAT3 has a cell-intrinsic role in the suppression of interferon signaling and myeloid-skewed transcription in hematopoietic stem cells
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babcock, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zal, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medik, Y. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahn, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pineda, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raso, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zal, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clise-Dwyer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giancotti, F. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watowich, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.10.528069</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[STAT3 protects HSCs from intrinsic interferon signaling and loss of long-term blood-forming activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.11.528088v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Petagraph: A large-scale unifying knowledge graph framework for integrating biomolecular and biomedical data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.11.528088v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The use of biomedical knowledge graphs (BMKG) for knowledge representation and data integration has increased drastically in the past several years due to the size, diversity, and complexity of biomedical datasets and databases. Data extraction from a single dataset or database is usually not particularly challenging. However, if a scientific question must rely on integrative analysis across multiple databases or datasets, it can often take many hours to correctly and reproducibly extract and integrate data towards effective analysis. To overcome this issue, we created Petagraph, a large-scale BMKG that integrates biomolecular data into a schema incorporating the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS). Petagraph is instantiated on the Neo4j graph platform, and to date, has fifteen integrated biomolecular datasets. The majority of the data consists of entities or relationships related to genes, animal models, human phenotypes, drugs, and chemicals. Quantitative data sets containing values from gene expression analyses, chromatin organization, and genetic analyses have also been included. By incorporating models of biomolecular data types, the datasets can be traversed with hundreds of ontologies and controlled vocabularies native to the UMLS, effectively bringing the data to the ontologies. Petagraph allows users to analyze relationships between complex multi-omics data quickly and efficiently.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stear, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahooyi, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasisht, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beigel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callahan, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverstein, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.11.528088</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Petagraph: A large-scale unifying knowledge graph framework for integrating biomolecular and biomedical data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.13.528254v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Judging the difficulty of perceptual decisions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.13.528254v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deciding how difficult it is going to be to perform a task allows us to choose between tasks, allocate appropriate resources, and predict future performance. To be useful for planning, difficulty judgments should not require completion of the task. Here we examine the processes underlying difficulty judgments in a perceptual decision making task. Participants viewed two patches of dynamic random dots, which were colored blue or yellow stochastically on each appearance. Stimulus coherence (the probability, pblue, of a dot being blue) varied across trials and patches thus establishing difficulty, |pblue - 0.5|. Participants were asked to indicate for which patch it would be easier to decide the dominant color. Accuracy in difficulty decisions improved with the difference in the stimulus difficulties, whereas the reaction times were not determined solely by this quantity. For example, when the patches shared the same difficulty, reaction times were shorter for easier stimuli. A comparison of several models of difficulty judgment suggested that participants compare the absolute accumulated evidence from each stimulus and terminate their decision when they differed by a set amount. The model predicts that when the dominant color of each stimulus is known, reaction times should depend only on the difference in difficulty, which we confirm empirically. We also show that this model is preferred to one that compares the confidence one would have in making each decision. The results extend evidence accumulation models, used to explain choice, reaction time and confidence to prospective judgments of difficulty.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Löffler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zylberberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>N. Shadlen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolpert, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.13.528254</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Judging the difficulty of perceptual decisions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.13.528336v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A non-canonical Hippo pathway represses the expression of deltaNp63 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.13.528336v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The p63 transcription factor, a member of the p53 family, plays an oncogenic role in squamous cancers, while in breast cancers its expression is often repressed. In the canonical conserved Hippo pathway, known to play a complex role in regulating growth of cancer cells, the protein kinases MST1/2 and LATS1/2 act sequentially to phosphorylate and inhibit the YAP/TAZ transcription factors. We found that in the MCF10A mammary epithelial cell line as well as in squamous and breast cancer cell lines, expression of {Delta}Np63 RNA and protein is strongly repressed by inhibition of the Hippo pathway protein kinases in a manner that is independent of p53. While MST1/2 and LATS1 are required for p63 expression, the next step of the pathway, namely phosphorylation and degradation of the YAP/TAZ transcriptional activators is not required for repression of p63. This suggests that regulation of p63 expression occurs by a non-canonical version of the Hippo pathway. We additionally identified additional genes that were similarly regulated suggesting the broader importance of this pathway. Interestingly, we observed that experimentally lowering p63 expression leads to increased YAP protein levels, thereby constituting a feedback loop. These results, which reveal the intersection of the Hippo and p63 pathways, may prove useful for the control of their activities in cancer cells.

One Sentence SummaryRegulation of p63 expression occurs by a non-canonical version of the Hippo pathway in mammary epithelial, breast carcinoma and head and neck squamous carcinoma cells
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Low-Calle, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghoneima, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortega, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuibus, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prives, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prywes, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.13.528336</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A non-canonical Hippo pathway represses the expression of deltaNp63]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.13.528341v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies After Bivalent vs. Monovalent Booster 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.13.528341v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bivalent mRNA vaccine boosters expressing Omicron BA.5 spike and ancestral D614G spike were introduced to attempt to boost waning antibody titers and broaden coverage against emerging SARS-CoV-2 lineages. Previous reports showed that peak serum neutralizing antibody (NAb) titers against SARS-CoV-2 variants following bivalent booster were similar to peak titers following monovalent booster. It remains unknown whether these antibody responses would diverge over time. We assessed serum virus-neutralizing titers in 41 participants who received three monovalent mRNA vaccine doses followed by bivalent booster, monovalent booster, or BA.5 breakthrough infection at one month and three months after the last vaccine dose or breakthrough infection using pseudovirus neutralization assays against D614G and Omicron subvariants (BA.2, BA.5, BQ.1.1, and XBB.1.5). There was no significant difference at one month and three months post-booster for the two booster cohorts. BA.5 breakthrough patients exhibited significantly higher NAb titers at three months against all Omicron subvariants tested compared against monovalent and bivalent booster cohorts. There was a 2-fold drop in mean NAb titers in the booster cohorts between one and three month time points, but no discernible waning of titers in the BA.5 breakthrough cohort over the same period. Our results suggest that NAb titers after boosting with one dose of bivalent mRNA vaccine are not higher than boosting with monovalent vaccine. Perhaps inclusion of D614G spike in the bivalent booster exacerbates the challenge posed by immunological imprinting. Hope remains that a second bivalent booster could induce superior NAb responses against emerging variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowen, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tam, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoneman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mellis, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.13.528341</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies After Bivalent vs. Monovalent Booster]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.13.528362v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BOLD response is more than just magnitude: improving detection sensitivity through capturing hemodynamic profiles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.13.528362v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Typical FMRI analyses assume a canonical hemodynamic response function (HRF) with a focus on the overshoot peak height, while other morphological aspects are largely ignored. Thus, in most reported analyses, the overall effect is reduced from a curve to a single scalar. Here, we adopt a data-driven approach to HRF estimation at the whole-brain voxel level, without assuming a response profile at the individual level. Then, we estimate the response in its entirety with a roughness penalty at the population level to improve predictive accuracy, inferential efficiency, and cross-study reproducibility. Using a fast event-related FMRI dataset, we demonstrate the extent of under-fitting and information loss that occurs when adopting the canonical approach. We also address the following questions:

O_LIHow much does the HRF shape vary across regions, conditions, and groups?
C_LIO_LIDoes an agnostic approach improve sensitivity to detect an effect compared to an assumed HRF?
C_LIO_LICan examining HRF shape help validate the presence of an effect complementing statistical evidence?
C_LIO_LICould the HRF shape provide evidence for whole-brain BOLD response during a simple task?
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leibenluft, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pine, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brotman, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagliaccio, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haller, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.13.528362</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BOLD response is more than just magnitude: improving detection sensitivity through capturing hemodynamic profiles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.13.528394v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Threshold inclusion size triggers conversion of huntingtin to prion-like state that is reversible in newly born cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.13.528394v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aggregation of mutant Huntingtin protein (mHtt) leads to neuronal cell death and human disease. We investigated the effect of inclusion formation on yeast cells. Previous work indicates that mHtt protein moves both in and out of inclusions, potentially undergoing refolding in the inclusion. However, the sustained influx of unfolded protein into an inclusion leads to a dramatic change from a phase-separated body to an irregular, less soluble form at a threshold inclusion size. Altered morphology was associated with a prion-like seeding that accelerated inclusion growth despite loss of soluble cytoplasmic protein. The structural change abolished exchange of material between the inclusion and the cytosol and resulted in early cell death. Affected cells continued to divide occasionally, giving rise to daughters with a similar phenotype. Most newly born cells were able to reverse the prion-like aggregation, restoring both soluble cytoplasmic protein and a normal inclusion structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Asgarkhani, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khandakar, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pakan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swayne, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emtage, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.13.528394</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Threshold inclusion size triggers conversion of huntingtin to prion-like state that is reversible in newly born cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.14.528558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatiotemporal dynamics of sensory neuron and Merkel-cell remodeling are decoupled during epidermal homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.14.528558v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As the juncture between the body and environment, epithelia are both protective barriers and sensory interfaces that continually renew. To determine whether sensory neurons remodel to maintain homeostasis, we used in vivo two-photon imaging of somatosensory axons innervating Merkel cells in adult mouse skin. These touch receptors were highly plastic: 63% of Merkel cells and 89% of branches appeared, disappeared, grew, regressed and/or relocated over a month. Interestingly, Merkel-cell plasticity was synchronized across arbors during rapid epithelial turnover. When Merkel cells remodeled, the degree of plasticity between Merkel-cell clusters and their axons was well correlated. Moreover, branches were stabilized by Merkel-cell contacts. These findings highlight the role of epithelial-neural crosstalk in homeostatic remodeling. Conversely, axons were also dynamic when Merkel cells were stable, indicating that intrinsic neural mechanisms drive branch plasticity. Two terminal morphologies innervated Merkel cells: transient swellings called boutons, and stable cups termed kylikes. In Atoh1 knockout mice that lack Merkel cells, axons showed higher complexity than control mice, with exuberant branching and no kylikes. Thus, Merkel cells limit axonal branching and promote branch maturation. Together, these results reveal a previously unsuspected high degree of plasticity in somatosensory axons that is biased, but not solely dictated, by plasticity of target epithelial cells. This system provides a platform to identify intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms that govern axonal patterning in epithelial homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clary, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lumpkin, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.14.528558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatiotemporal dynamics of sensory neuron and Merkel-cell remodeling are decoupled during epidermal homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528539v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tumor Niche Network-Defined Subtypes Predict Immunotherapy Response of Esophageal Squamous Cell Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528539v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the promising outcomes of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), resistance to ICB presents a new challenge. Therefore, selecting patients for specific ICB applications is crucial for maximizing therapeutic efficacy. Herein we curated 69 human esophageal squamous cell cancer (ESCC) patients tumor microenvironment (TME) single-cell transcriptomic datasets to subtype ESCC. Integrative analyses of the cellular network transcriptional signatures of T cells, myeloid cells, and fibroblasts define distinct ESCC subtypes characterized by T cell exhaustion, Interferon (IFN) a/b signaling, TIGIT enrichment, and specific marker genes. Furthermore, this approach classifies ESCC patients into ICB responders and non-responders, as validated by liquid biopsy single-cell transcriptomics. Our study stratifies ESCC patients based on TME transcriptional network, providing novel insights into tumor niche remodeling and predicting ICB responses in ESCC patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ko, K.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunbar, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Efe, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rustgi, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakagawa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.15.528539</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tumor Niche Network-Defined Subtypes Predict Immunotherapy Response of Esophageal Squamous Cell Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528679v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Amygdala AVPR1A mediates susceptibility to chronic social isolation in females 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528679v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Females are more sensitive to social exclusion, which could contribute to their heightened susceptibility to anxiety disorders. Chronic social isolation stress (CSIS) for at least 7 weeks after puberty induces anxiety-related behavioral adaptations in female mice. Here, we show that Arginine vasopressin receptor 1a (Avpr1a)-expressing neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) mediate these sex-specific effects, in part, via projections to the caudate putamen. Loss of function studies demonstrate that AVPR1A signaling in the CeA is required for effects of CSIS on anxiety-related behaviors in females but has no effect in males or group housed females. This sex-specificity is mediated by AVP produced by a subpopulation of neurons in the posterodorsal medial nucleus of the amygdala that project to the CeA. Estrogen receptor alpha signaling in these neurons also contributes to preferential sensitivity of females to CSIS. These data support new therapeutic applications for AVPR1A antagonists in women.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Francois, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgado, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lafond, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuromaru, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassouna, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thaker, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeltser, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.15.528679</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Amygdala AVPR1A mediates susceptibility to chronic social isolation in females]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528736v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Network-based elucidation of colon cancer drug resistance by phosphoproteomic time-series analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528736v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aberrant signaling pathway activity is a hallmark of tumorigenesis and progression, which has guided targeted inhibitor design for over 30 years. Yet, adaptive resistance mechanisms, induced by rapid, context-specific signaling network rewiring, continue to challenge therapeutic efficacy. By leveraging progress in proteomic technologies and network-based methodologies, over the past decade, we developed VESPA--an algorithm designed to elucidate mechanisms of cell response and adaptation to drug perturbations--and used it to analyze 7-point phosphoproteomic time series from colorectal cancer cells treated with clinically-relevant inhibitors and control media. Interrogation of tumor-specific enzyme/substrate interactions accurately inferred kinase and phosphatase activity, based on their inferred substrate phosphorylation state, effectively accounting for signal cross-talk and sparse phosphoproteome coverage. The analysis elucidated time-dependent signaling pathway response to each drug perturbation and, more importantly, cell adaptive response and rewiring that was experimentally confirmed by CRISPRko assays, suggesting broad applicability to cancer and other diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosenberger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turunen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramaniam, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pampou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerwin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honig, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.15.528736</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Network-based elucidation of colon cancer drug resistance by phosphoproteomic time-series analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528762v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial heterogeneity in biofilm metabolism elicited by local control of phenazinemethylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528762v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Within biofilms, gradients of electron acceptors such as oxygen stimulate the formation of physiological subpopulations. This heterogeneity can enable cross-feeding and promote drug resilience, features of the multicellular lifestyle that make biofilm-based infections difficult to treat. The pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces pigments called phenazines that can support metabolic activity in hypoxic/anoxic biofilm subzones, but these compounds also include methylated derivatives that are toxic to their producer under some conditions. Here, we uncover roles for the global regulators RpoS and Hfq/Crc in controlling the beneficial and detrimental effects of methylated phenazines in biofilms. Our results indicate that RpoS controls phenazine methylation by modulating activity of the carbon catabolite repression pathway, in which the Hfq/Crc complex inhibits translation of the phenazine methyltransferase PhzM. We find that RpoS indirectly inhibits expression of CrcZ, a small RNA that binds to and sequesters Hfq/Crc, specifically in the oxic subzone of P. aeruginosa biofilms. Deletion of rpoS or crc therefore leads to overproduction of methylated phenazines, which we show leads to increased metabolic activity--an apparent beneficial effect--in hypoxic/anoxic subpopulations within biofilms. However, we also find that biofilms lacking Crc show increased sensitivity to an exogenously added methylated phenazine, indicating that the increased metabolic activity in this mutant comes at a cost. Together, these results suggest that complex regulation of PhzM allows P. aeruginosa to simultaneously exploit the benefits and limit the toxic effects of methylated phenazines.

Significance StatementP. aeruginosa causes biofilm-based infections and is known for its production of colorful phenazine derivatives. Among these the methylated phenazines are the most toxic and can cause condition-dependent damage to their producer. In this study, we show that methylated phenazines also have a beneficial effect in that they specifically support metabolic activity at depth in P. aeruginosa biofilms, where oxygen limitation would otherwise stall metabolism. We describe a new link between P. aeruginosa global regulators that control methylated phenazine production in a manner that limits their toxicity while simultaneously enabling their contribution to metabolism. These results expand our understanding of the strategies that enable P. aeruginosa survival in multicellular structures, which is key to its success during chronic host colonization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Evans, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smiley, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thio, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price-Whelan, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dietrich, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.15.528762</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial heterogeneity in biofilm metabolism elicited by local control of phenazinemethylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.16.528733v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic manipulation of betta fish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.16.528733v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Betta splendens, also known as Siamese fighting fish or  betta, are renowned for their astonishing morphological diversity and extreme aggressive behavior. Despite recent advances in our understanding of the genetics and neurobiology of betta, the lack of tools to manipulate their genome has hindered progress at functional and mechanistic levels. In this study, we outline the use of three genetic manipulation technologies, which we have optimized for use in betta: CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockin, and Tol2-mediated transgenesis. We knocked out three genes: alkal2l, bco1l, and mitfa, and analyzed their effects on viability and pigmentation. Furthermore, we successfully knocked in a fluorescent protein into the mitfa locus, a proof-of-principle experiment of this powerful technology in betta. Finally, we used Tol2-mediated transgenesis to create fish with ubiquitous expression of GFP, and then developed a bicistronic plasmid with heart-specific expression of a red fluorescent protein to serve as a visible marker of successful transgenesis. Our work highlights the potential for the genetic manipulation of betta, providing valuable resources for the effective use of genetic tools in this animal model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Palmiotti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lichak, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bendesky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.16.528733</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic manipulation of betta fish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.16.528741v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alteration of functional connectivity in the cortex and major brain networks of non-human primates following focused ultrasound exposure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.16.528741v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Focused ultrasound (FUS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technology that is being investigated for potential treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Focused ultrasound combined with microbubbles can temporarily open the intact blood-brain barrier (BBB) of animals and humans, and facilitate drug delivery. FUS exposure, either with or without microbubbles, has been demonstrated to alter the behavior of non-human primates, and previous work has demonstrated transient and long-term effects of FUS neuromodulation on functional connectivity using resting state functional MRI. However, it is unknown whether opening the BBB affects functional connectivity differently than FUS alone. Thus we applied FUS alone (neuromodulation) and FUS with microbubbles (BBB opening) in the dorsal striatum of lightly anesthetized non-human primates, and compared changes in functional connectivity in major brain networks. We found different alteration patterns between FUS neuromodulation and FUS-mediated BBB opening in several cortical areas, and we also found that applying FUS to a deep brain structure can alter functional connectivity in the default mode network and frontotemporal network.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, F. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanatkhani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pouliopoulos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konofagou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grinband, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrera, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.16.528741</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alteration of functional connectivity in the cortex and major brain networks of non-human primates following focused ultrasound exposure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.16.528877v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interpersonal early adversity demonstrates dissimilarity from early socioeconomic disadvantage in the course of human brain development: A meta-analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.16.528877v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It has been established that early-life adversity impacts brain development, but the role of development itself has largely been ignored. We take a developmentally-sensitive approach to examine the neurodevelopmental sequelae of early adversity in a preregistered meta-analysis of 27,234 youth (birth to 18-years-old), providing the largest group of adversity-exposed youth to date. Findings demonstrate that early-life adversity does not have an ontogenetically uniform impact on brain volumes, but instead exhibits age-, experience-, and region-specific associations. Relative to non-exposed comparisons, interpersonal early adversity (e.g., family-based maltreatment) was associated with initially larger volumes in frontolimbic regions until ~10-years-old, after which these exposures were linked to increasingly smaller volumes. By contrast, socioeconomic disadvantage (e.g., poverty) was associated with smaller volumes in temporal-limbic regions in childhood, which were attenuated at older ages. These findings advance ongoing debates regarding why, when, and how early-life adversity shapes later neural outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vannucci, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fields, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerwin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tachida, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tottenham, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.16.528877</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interpersonal early adversity demonstrates dissimilarity from early socioeconomic disadvantage in the course of human brain development: A meta-analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.18.529068v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
mRNA interactions with disordered regions control protein activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.18.529068v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cytoplasm is compartmentalized into different translation environments. mRNAs use their 3'UTRs to localize to distinct cytoplasmic compartments, including TIS granules (TGs). Many transcription factors, including MYC, are translated in TGs. It was shown that translation of proteins in TGs enables the formation of protein complexes that cannot be established when these proteins are translated in the cytosol, but the mechanism is poorly understood. Here we show that MYC protein complexes that involve binding to the intrinsically disordered region (IDR) of MYC are only formed when MYC is translated in TGs. TG-dependent protein complexes require TG-enriched mRNAs for assembly. These mRNAs bind to a new and widespread RNA-binding domain in neutral or negatively charged IDRs in several transcription factors, including MYC. RNA-IDR interaction changes the conformational ensemble of the IDR, enabling the formation of MYC protein complexes that act in the nucleus and control functions that cannot be accomplished by cytosolically-translated MYC. We propose that certain mRNAs have IDR chaperone activity as they control IDR conformations. In addition to post-translational modifications, we found a novel mode of protein activity regulation. Since RNA-IDR interactions are prevalent, we suggest that mRNA-dependent control of protein functional states is widespread.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratihar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horste, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitschka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Hashimi, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayr, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.18.529068</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[mRNA interactions with disordered regions control protein activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.20.528994v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Negative Affect homogenizes and Positive Affect diversifies Social Memory Consolidation across people 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.20.528994v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We are often surprised when an interaction we remember positively is recalled by a peer negatively. What colors social memories with positive versus negative hues? We show that when resting after a social experience, individuals showing similar default network responding subsequently remember more negative information, while individuals showing idiosyncratic default network responding remember more positive information. Results were specific to rest after the social experience (as opposed to before or during the social experience, or rest after a nonsocial experience). The results provide novel neural evidence in support of the "broaden and build" theory of positive emotion, which posits that while negative affect confines, positive affect broadens idiosyncrasy in cognitive processing. For the first time, we identified post-encoding rest as a key moment and the default network as a key brain system in which negative affect homogenizes, whereas positive affect diversifies social memories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iyer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finn, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.20.528994</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Negative Affect homogenizes and Positive Affect diversifies Social Memory Consolidation across people]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.20.529006v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rie1 and Sgn1 form an RNA-binding complex that enforces the meiotic entry cell fate decision 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.20.529006v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Budding yeast cells have the capacity to adopt few but distinct physiological states depending on environmental conditions. Vegetative cells proliferate rapidly by budding while spores can survive prolonged periods of nutrient deprivation and/or desiccation. Whether or not a yeast cell will enter meiosis and sporulate represents a critical decision which could be lethal if made in error. Most cell fate decisions, including those of yeast, are understood as being triggered by the activation of master transcription factors. However, mechanisms that enforce cell fates post-transcriptionally have been more difficult to attain. Here, we perform a forward genetic screen to determine RNA-binding proteins that affect meiotic entry at the post-transcriptional level. Our screen revealed several candidates with meiotic entry phenotypes, the most significant being RIE1 which encodes an RRM-containing protein. We demonstrate that Rie1 binds RNA, is associated with the translational machinery, and acts post-transcriptionally to enhance protein levels of the master transcription factor Ime1 in sporulation conditions. We also identified a physical binding partner of Rie1, Sgn1, which is another RRM-containing protein that plays a role in timely Ime1 expression. We demonstrate that these proteins act independently of cell size regulation pathways to promote meiotic entry. We propose a model explaining how constitutively expressed RNA-binding proteins, such as Rie1 and Sgn1, can act in cell-fate decisions both as switch-like enforcers and as repressors of spurious cell fate activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gaspary, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laureau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyatel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dursuk, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berchowitz, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.20.529006</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rie1 and Sgn1 form an RNA-binding complex that enforces the meiotic entry cell fate decision]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.21.529152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phased nanopore assembly with Shasta and modular graph phasing with GFAse 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.21.529152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As a step towards simplifying and reducing the cost of haplotype resolved de novo assembly, we describe new methods for accurately phasing nanopore data with the Shasta genome assembler and a modular tool for extending phasing to the chromosome scale called GFAse. We test using new variants of Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) PromethION sequencing, including those using proximity ligation and show that newer, higher accuracy ONT reads substantially improve assembly quality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lorig-Roach, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meredith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monlong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNulty, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porubsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montague, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Condon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eizenga, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juul, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenzie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmonds, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Axel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnevali, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miga, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paten, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.21.529152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phased nanopore assembly with Shasta and modular graph phasing with GFAse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.21.529200v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Myomatrix arrays for high-definition muscle recording 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.21.529200v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons coordinate their activity to produce an astonishing variety of motor behaviors. Our present understanding of motor control has grown rapidly thanks to new methods for recording and analyzing populations of many individual neurons over time. In contrast, current methods for recording the nervous systems actual motor output - the activation of muscle fibers by motor neurons - typically cannot detect the individual electrical events produced by muscle fibers during natural behaviors and scale poorly across species and muscle groups. Here we present a novel class of electrode devices ("Myomatrix arrays") that record muscle activity at unprecedented resolution across muscles and behaviors. High-density, flexible electrode arrays allow for stable recordings from the muscle fibers activated by a single motor neuron, called a "motor unit", during natural behaviors in many species, including mice, rats, primates, songbirds, frogs, and insects. This technology therefore allows the nervous systems motor output to be monitored in unprecedented detail during complex behaviors across species and muscle morphologies. We anticipate that this technology will allow rapid advances in understanding the neural control of behavior and in identifying pathologies of the motor system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chung, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaels, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pack, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagapudi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teng, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arrambide, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouellette, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oey, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anschutz, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashefi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oya, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kersten, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosberger, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O`Connell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marques, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>P. Mendes, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenschow, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kondakath, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinn, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perkins, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gatto, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thanawalla, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coltman, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binder-Markey, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaback, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giszter, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Person, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goulding, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thakor, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O`Connor, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trimmer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Q. Lima, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Car</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.21.529200</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Myomatrix arrays for high-definition muscle recording]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.21.529352v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gut microbiota promotes pain chronicity in Myosin1A deficient male mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.21.529352v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the past decade, the gut microbiota has emerged as an important regulator of nervous systems health and disease states1. Yet, its contribution to the pathogenesis of chronic somatic pain remains poorly documented. Chronic pain is a heavily debilitating disease affecting more than 1.5 billion people worldwide that can manifest through a long-lasting hypersensitivity to mechanical and/or thermal stimulations2,3. Maladaptive responses of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons and spinal cord (SC) interneurons to tissue injuries and also of non-neuronal cells including DRG macrophages and SC microglia are acknowledged as important drivers of sensory symptoms underlying chronic pain4,3,5-7. Recent evidence shows that signals from gut microbiota are required for the initiation of injury-induced sensory hypersensitivity, via the ability to interact with the immune system8-11. However, whether and how gut microbiota promotes pain chronicity remains unknown. Here, we report that male mice lacking Myosin1a (KO)12 raised under single genotype housing conditions (KO-SGH) are predisposed to develop chronic injury-induced mechanical pain. We demonstrate that this predisposition is caused by their dysbiotic gut microbiota, which sustains the immune response in the DRG following neuropathic injury. Parental antibiotic treatment modifies gut microbiota composition and completely rescues the injury-induced chronic pain and associated DRG inflammatory response in male KO-SGH offspring. Together, our data establish a causal relationship between a dysbiotic gut microbiota and the predisposition to injury-induced chronic pain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reynders, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jhumka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaillard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoeffel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mantilleri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malapert, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ugolini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castets, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saurin, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moqrich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.21.529352</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gut microbiota promotes pain chronicity in Myosin1A deficient male mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.22.529437v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single neurons in the human medial temporal lobe flexibly shift representations across spatial and memory tasks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.22.529437v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Investigations into how individual neurons encode behavioral variables of interest have revealed specific representations in single neurons, such as place and object cells, as well as a wide range of cells with conjunctive encodings or mixed selectivity. However, as most experiments examine neural activity within individual tasks, it is currently unclear if and how neural representations change across different task contexts. Within this discussion, the medial temporal lobe is particularly salient, as it is known to be important for multiple behaviors including spatial navigation and memory, however the relationship between these functions is currently unclear. Here, to investigate how representations in single neurons vary across different task contexts in the MTL, we collected and analyzed single-neuron activity from human participants as they completed a paired-task session consisting of a passive-viewing visual working memory and a spatial navigation and memory task. Five patients contributed 22 paired-task sessions, which were spike sorted together to allow for the same putative single neurons to be compared between the different tasks. Within each task, we replicated concept-related activations in the working memory task, as well as target-location and serial-position responsive cells in the navigation task. When comparing neuronal activity between tasks, we first established that a significant number of neurons maintained the same kind of representation, responding to stimuli presentations across tasks. Further, we found cells that changed the nature of their representation across tasks, including a significant number of cells that were stimulus responsive in the working memory task that responded to serial position in the spatial task. Overall, our results support a flexible encoding of multiple, distinct aspects of different tasks by single neurons in the human MTL, whereby some individual neurons change the nature of their feature coding between task contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Donoghue, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, C. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holman, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandmeir, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.22.529437</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single neurons in the human medial temporal lobe flexibly shift representations across spatial and memory tasks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.22.529581v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A cell state specific metabolic vulnerability to GPX4-dependent ferroptosis in glioblastoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.22.529581v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glioma cells hijack developmental transcriptional programs to control cell state. During neural development, lineage trajectories rely on specialized metabolic pathways. However, the link between tumor cell state and metabolic programs is poorly understood in glioma. Here we uncover a glioma cell state-specific metabolic liability that can be leveraged therapeutically. To model cell state diversity, we generated genetically engineered murine gliomas, induced by deletion of p53 alone (p53) or with constitutively active Notch signaling (N1IC), a pathway critical in controlling cellular fate. N1IC tumors harbored quiescent astrocyte-like transformed cell states while p53 tumors were predominantly comprised of proliferating progenitor-like cell states. N1IC cells exhibit distinct metabolic alterations, with mitochondrial uncoupling and increased ROS production rendering them more sensitive to inhibition of the lipid hydroperoxidase GPX4 and induction of ferroptosis. Importantly, treating patient-derived organotypic slices with a GPX4 inhibitor induced selective depletion of quiescent astrocyte-like glioma cell populations with similar metabolic profiles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banu, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dovas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Argenziano, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuervo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higgins, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sperring, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humala, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furnari, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhyayula, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zandkarimi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razavilar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegelin, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitajewski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruce, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stockwell, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sims, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canoll, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.22.529581</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A cell state specific metabolic vulnerability to GPX4-dependent ferroptosis in glioblastoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.23.529353v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiplex Base Editing to Protect from CD33-Directed Therapy: Implications for Immune and Gene Therapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.23.529353v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
On-target toxicity to normal cells is a major safety concern with targeted immune and gene therapies. Here, we developed a base editing (BE) approach exploiting a naturally occurring CD33 single nucleotide polymorphism leading to removal of full-length CD33 surface expression on edited cells. CD33 editing in human and nonhuman primate (NHP) hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) protects from CD33-targeted therapeutics without affecting normal hematopoiesis in vivo, thus demonstrating potential for novel immunotherapies with reduced off-leukemia toxicity. For broader applications to gene therapies, we demonstrated highly efficient (>70%) multiplexed adenine base editing of the CD33 and gamma globin genes, resulting in long-term persistence of dual gene-edited cells with HbF reactivation in NHPs. In vitro, dual gene-edited cells could be enriched via treatment with the CD33 antibody-drug conjugate, gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO). Together, our results highlight the potential of adenine base editors for improved immune and gene therapies.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=85 SRC="FIGDIR/small/529353v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@70c99dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@c46ef4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@505fd2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@c30b8c_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Borot, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humbert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newby, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fields, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radtke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laszlo, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayuranathan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yen, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiem, H.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.23.529353</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiplex Base Editing to Protect from CD33-Directed Therapy: Implications for Immune and Gene Therapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.23.529554v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis of histone H2A lysine 119 deubiquitination by Polycomb Repressive Deubiquitinase BAP1/ASXL1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.23.529554v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The maintenance of gene expression patterns during metazoan development is achieved by the actions of Polycomb group (PcG) complexes. An essential modification marking silenced genes is monoubiquitination of histone H2A lysine 119 (H2AK119Ub) deposited by the E3 ubiquitin ligase activity of the non-canonical Polycomb Repressive Complex 1. The Polycomb Repressive Deubiquitinase (PR-DUB) complex cleaves monoubiquitin from histone H2A lysine 119 (H2AK119Ub) to restrict focal H2AK119Ub at Polycomb target sites and to protect active genes from aberrant silencing. BAP1 and ASXL1, subunits that form active PR-DUB, are among the most frequently mutated epigenetic factors in human cancers, underscoring their biological importance. How PR-DUB achieves specificity for H2AK119Ub to regulate Polycomb silencing is unknown, and the mechanisms of most of the mutations in BAP1 and ASXL1 found in cancer have not been established. Here we determine a cryo-EM structure of human BAP1 bound to the ASXL1 DEUBAD domain in complex with a H2AK119Ub nucleosome. Our structural, biochemical, and cellular data reveal the molecular interactions of BAP1 and ASXL1 with histones and DNA that are critical for remodeling the nucleosome and thus establishing specificity for H2AK119Ub. These results further provide a molecular explanation for how >50 mutations in BAP1 and ASXL1 found in cancer can dysregulate H2AK119Ub deubiquitination, providing new insight into understanding cancer etiology.

One Sentence SummaryWe reveal the molecular mechanism of nucleosomal H2AK119Ub deubiquitination by human BAP1/ASXL1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thomas, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valencia-Sanchez, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamburri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gloor, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rustichelli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godinez-Lopez, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Ioannes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abini-Agbomson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gretarsson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burg, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hickman, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopinath, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiners, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheek, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nudler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keogh, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasini, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armache, K.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.23.529554</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis of histone H2A lysine 119 deubiquitination by Polycomb Repressive Deubiquitinase BAP1/ASXL1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.23.529692v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Olfactory fear conditioning biases olfactory stem cell receptor fate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.23.529692v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The main olfactory epithelium initiates the process of odor encoding. Recent studies have demonstrated intergenerationally inherited changes in the olfactory system in response to fear conditioning, resulting in increases in olfactory sensory neuron frequencies and altered responses to odors. We investigated changes in the cellular composition of the olfactory epithelium in response to an aversive stimulus. Here, we achieve volumetric cellular resolution to demonstrate that olfactory fear conditioning increases the number of odor-encoding neurons in mice that experience odor-shock conditioning (F0), as well as their unconditioned offspring (F1). We demonstrate that the increase in F0 is due, in part, to the biasing of the stem cell layer of the main olfactory epithelium. Detailed analysis of F1 behavior revealed subtle odor-specific differences between the offspring of unconditioned and conditioned parents, despite the absence of an active aversion to the conditioned odor. Thus, we reveal intergenerational regulation of olfactory epithelium composition in response to olfactory fear conditioning, providing insight into the heritability of acquired phenotypes.

One-Sentence SummaryOlfactory fear conditioning induces heritable changes to the mouse olfactory system and biases neurogenesis and behavior in both parent and offspring.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liff, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayman, Y. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaeger, E. C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marlin, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.23.529692</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Olfactory fear conditioning biases olfactory stem cell receptor fate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.23.529824v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The pluripotency factor Tex10 finetunes Wnt signaling for PGC and male germline development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.23.529824v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Testis-specific transcript 10 (Tex10) is a critical factor for pluripotent stem cell maintenance and preimplantation development. Here, we dissect its late developmental roles in primordial germ cell (PGC) specification and spermatogenesis using cellular and animal models. We discover that Tex10 binds the Wnt negative regulator genes, marked by H3K4me3, at the PGC-like cell (PGCLC) stage in restraining Wnt signaling. Depletion and overexpression of Tex10 hyperactivate and attenuate the Wnt signaling, resulting in compromised and enhanced PGCLC specification efficiency, respectively. Using the Tex10 conditional knockout mouse models combined with single-cell RNA sequencing, we further uncover critical roles of Tex10 in spermatogenesis with Tex10 loss causing reduced sperm number and motility associated with compromised round spermatid formation. Notably, defective spermatogenesis in Tex10 knockout mice correlates with aberrant Wnt signaling upregulation. Therefore, our study establishes Tex10 as a previously unappreciated player in PGC specification and male germline development by fine-tuning Wnt signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malik, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.23.529824</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The pluripotency factor Tex10 finetunes Wnt signaling for PGC and male germline development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.24.529876v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Traumatic brain injury-induced fear generalization in mice involves hippocampal memory trace dysfunction and is alleviated by (R,S)-ketamine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.24.529876v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
INTRODUCTIONTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is a debilitating neurological disorder caused by an impact to the head by an outside force. TBI results in persistent cognitive impairments, including fear generalization, the inability to distinguish between aversive and neutral stimuli. The mechanisms underlying fear generalization have not been fully elucidated, and there are no targeted therapeutics to alleviate this symptom of TBI.

METHODSTo identify the neural ensembles mediating fear generalization, we utilized the ArcCreERT2 x enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) mice, which allow for activity-dependent labeling and quantification of memory traces. Mice were administered a sham surgery or the controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of TBI. Mice were then administered a contextual fear discrimination (CFD) paradigm and memory traces were quantified in numerous brain regions. In a separate group of mice, we tested if (R,S)-ketamine could decrease fear generalization and alter the corresponding memory traces in TBI mice.

RESULTSTBI mice exhibited increased fear generalization when compared with sham mice. This behavioral phenotype was paralleled by altered memory traces in the DG, CA3, and amygdala, but not by alterations in inflammation or sleep. In TBI mice, (R,S)-ketamine facilitated fear discrimination and this behavioral improvement was reflected in DG memory trace activity.

CONCLUSIONSThese data show that TBI induces fear generalization by altering fear memory traces, and that this deficit can be improved with a single injection of (R,S)-ketamine. This work enhances our understanding of the neural basis of TBI-induced fear generalization and reveals potential therapeutic avenues for alleviating this symptom.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McGowan, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladner, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shubeck, C. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaGamma, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anqueira-Gonzalez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeFrancesco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunsberger, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sydnor, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logan, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, T.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kernie, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denny, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.24.529876</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Traumatic brain injury-induced fear generalization in mice involves hippocampal memory trace dysfunction and is alleviated by (R,S)-ketamine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.25.530017v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-type-specific regulation of APOE levels in human neurons by the Alzheimer's disease risk gene SORL1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.25.530017v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SORL1 is strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimers disease (AD) through human genetic studies that point to an association of reduced SORL1 levels with higher risk for AD. To interrogate the role(s) of SORL1 in human brain cells, SORL1 null iPSCs were generated, followed by differentiation to neuron, astrocyte, microglia, and endothelial cell fates. Loss of SORL1 led to alterations in both overlapping and distinct pathways across cell types, with the greatest effects in neurons and astrocytes. Intriguingly, SORL1 loss led to a dramatic neuron-specific reduction in APOE levels. Further, analyses of iPSCs derived from a human aging cohort revealed a neuron-specific linear correlation between SORL1 and APOE RNA and protein levels, a finding validated in human post-mortem brain. Pathway analysis implicated intracellular transport pathways and TGF- {beta}/SMAD signaling in the function of SORL1 in neurons. In accord, enhancement of retromer-mediated trafficking and autophagy rescued elevated phospho-tau observed in SORL1 null neurons but did not rescue APOE levels, suggesting that these phenotypes are separable. Stimulation and inhibition of SMAD signaling modulated APOE RNA levels in a SORL1-dependent manner. These studies provide a mechanistic link between two of the strongest genetic risk factors for AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aylward, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearse, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Augur, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benoit, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knupp, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goberdhan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seyfried, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, H.-U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young-Pearse, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.25.530017</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-type-specific regulation of APOE levels in human neurons by the Alzheimer's disease risk gene SORL1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.25.530025v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
INPP5D/SHIP1 regulates inflammasome activation in human microglia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.25.530025v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microglia and neuroinflammation are implicated in the development and progression of Alzheimers disease (AD). To better understand microglia-mediated processes in AD, we studied the function of INPP5D/SHIP1, a gene linked to AD through GWAS. Immunostaining and single nucleus RNA sequencing confirmed that INPP5D expression in the adult human brain is largely restricted to microglia. Examination of prefrontal cortex across a large cohort revealed reduced full length INPP5D protein levels in AD patient brains compared to cognitively normal controls. The functional consequences of reduced INPP5D activity were evaluated in human induced pluripotent stem cell derived microglia (iMGLs), using both pharmacological inhibition of the phosphatase activity of INPP5D and genetic reduction in copy number. Unbiased transcriptional and proteomic profiling of iMGLs suggested an upregulation of innate immune signaling pathways, lower levels of scavenger receptors, and altered inflammasome signaling with INPP5D reduction. INPP5D inhibition induced the secretion of IL-1{beta} and IL-18, further implicating inflammasome activation. Inflammasome activation was confirmed through visualization of inflammasome formation through ASC immunostaining in INPP5D-inhibited iMGLs, increased cleaved caspase-1 and through rescue of elevated IL-1{beta} and IL-18 with caspase-1 and NLRP3 inhibitors. This work implicates INPP5D as a regulator of inflammasome signaling in human microglia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chou, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearse, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aylward, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fancher, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashour, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benoit, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seyfried, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young-Pearse, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.25.530025</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[INPP5D/SHIP1 regulates inflammasome activation in human microglia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.25.530044v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A frontosensory circuit for visual context processing is synchronous in the theta/alpha band 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.25.530044v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visual processing is strongly influenced by context. Stimuli that deviate from contextual regularities elicit augmented responses in primary visual cortex (V1). These heightened responses, known as "deviance detection," require both inhibition local to V1 and top-down modulation from higher areas of cortex. Here we investigated the spatiotemporal mechanisms by which these circuit elements interact to support deviance detection. Local field potential recordings in mice in anterior cingulate area (ACa) and V1 during a visual oddball paradigm showed that interregional synchrony peaks in the theta/alpha band (6-12 Hz). Two-photon imaging in V1 revealed that mainly pyramidal neurons exhibited deviance detection, while vasointestinal peptide-positive interneurons (VIPs) increased activity and somatostatin-positive interneurons (SSTs) decreased activity (adapted) to redundant stimuli (prior to deviants). Optogenetic drive of ACa-V1 inputs at 6-12 Hz activated V1-VIPs but inhibited V1-SSTs, mirroring the dynamics present during the oddball paradigm. Chemogenetic inhibition of VIP interneurons disrupted ACa-V1 synchrony and deviance detection responses in V1. These results outline spatiotemporal and interneuron-specific mechanisms of top-down modulation that support visual context processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bastos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rader, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallimore, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterka, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamm, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.25.530044</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A frontosensory circuit for visual context processing is synchronous in the theta/alpha band]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.26.529963v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The classic psychedelic DOI induces a persistent desynchronized state in medial prefrontal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.26.529963v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Administration or consumption of classic psychedelics (CPs) leads to profound changes in experience which are often described as highly novel and meaningful. They have shown substantial promise in treating depressive symptoms and may be therapeutic in other situations. Although research suggests that the therapeutic response is correlated with the intensity of the experience, the neural circuit basis for the alterations in experience caused by CPs requires further study. The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), where CPs have been shown to induce rapid, 5-HT2A receptor-dependent structural and neurophysiological changes, is believed to be a key site of action. To investigate the acute neural circuit changes induced by CPs, we recorded single neurons and local field potentials in the mPFC of freely behaving mice after administration of the 5-HT2A/2C receptor-selective CP, 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI). We segregated recordings into active and rest periods in order to examine cortical activity during desynchronized (active) and synchronized (rest) states. We found that DOI induced a robust decrease in low frequency power and decoupled rhythmic activity from neural population dynamics when animals were at rest, attenuating the usual synchronization that occurs during less active behavioral states. DOI also increased broadband gamma power and suppressed activity in fast-spiking neurons in both active and rest periods. Together, these results show that the CP DOI induces persistent desynchronization in mPFC, including during rest when mPFC typically exhibits more synchronized activity. This shift in cortical dynamics may in part underlie the longer-lasting effects of CPs on plasticity, and may be critical to their therapeutic properties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonneborn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bretton-Granatoor, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firdous, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.26.529963</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The classic psychedelic DOI induces a persistent desynchronized state in medial prefrontal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.27.530276v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PrePPI: A structure informed proteome-wide database of protein-protein interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.27.530276v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present an updated version of the Predicting Protein-Protein Interactions (PrePPI) webserver which predicts PPIs on a proteome-wide scale. PrePPI combines structural and non-structural clues within a Bayesian framework to compute a likelihood ratio (LR) for essentially every possible pair of proteins in a proteome; the current database is for the human interactome. The structural modeling (SM) clue is derived from templatebased modeling and its application on a proteome-wide scale is enabled by a unique scoring function used to evaluate a putative complex. The updated version of PrePPI leverages AlphaFold structures that are parsed into individual domains. As has been demonstrated in earlier applications, PrePPI performs extremely well as measured by receiver operating characteristic curves derived from testing on E. coli and human protein-protein interaction (PPI) databases. A PrePPI database of ~1.3 million human PPIs can be queried with a webserver application that comprises multiple functionalities for examining query proteins, template complexes, 3D models for predicted complexes, and related features (https://honiglab.c2b2.columbia.edu/PrePPI). PrePPI is a state-of- the-art resource that offers an unprecedented structure-informed view of the human interactome.

Graphic Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=68 SRC="FIGDIR/small/530276v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (27K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@b66c15org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@71d817org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@21d984org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@4f6f55_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Petrey, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trudeau, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honig, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.27.530276</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PrePPI: A structure informed proteome-wide database of protein-protein interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.27.530305v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Maternal age effects on offspring lifespan and reproduction vary within a species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.27.530305v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Across diverse taxa, offspring from older mothers have decreased lifespan and fitness. Little is known about whether such maternal age effects vary among genotypes for a given species, however. We compared maternal age effects among four strains of rotifers in the Brachionus plicatilis species complex. For each strain, we measured lifespan, reproductive schedule, and lifetime reproductive output of offspring produced by young, middle-aged, and old mothers. We found unexpected variability among strains in the magnitude and direction of maternal age effects on offspring life history traits. In one strain, offspring of young mothers lived 20% longer than offspring of old mothers, whereas there were no significant effects of maternal age on lifespan for the other strains. Across strains, advanced maternal age had positive effects, negative effects, or no effect on lifetime reproductive output. For all but one strain, older mothers produced offspring that had higher maximum daily reproduction early in life. Maternal age effects appear to be genetically determined traits, not features of life history strategy or due to accumulation of age-related damage in the germline. Investigating intraspecific variability is critical for understanding the ubiquity of maternal age effects and their role in the evolution of life history and aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liguori, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korm, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Profetto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richters, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gribble, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.27.530305</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Maternal age effects on offspring lifespan and reproduction vary within a species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.28.529447v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A scalable, GMP-compatible, autologous organotypic cell therapy for Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.28.529447v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundGene editing in induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells has been hailed to enable new cell therapies for various monogenetic diseases including dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (DEB). However, manufacturing, efficacy and safety roadblocks have limited the development of genetically corrected, autologous iPS cell-based therapies.

MethodsWe developed Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa Cell Therapy (DEBCT), a new generation GMP-compatible (cGMP), reproducible, and scalable platform to produce autologous clinical-grade iPS cell-derived organotypic induced skin composite (iSC) grafts to treat incurable wounds of patients lacking type VII collagen (C7). DEBCT uses a combined high-efficiency reprogramming and CRISPR-based genetic correction single step to generate genome scar- free, COL7A1 corrected clonal iPS cells from primary patient fibroblasts. Validated iPS cells are converted into epidermal, dermal and melanocyte progenitors with a novel 2D organoid differentiation protocol, followed by CD49f enrichment and expansion to minimize maturation heterogeneity. iSC product characterization by single cell transcriptomics was followed by mouse xenografting for disease correcting activity at 1 month and toxicology analysis at 1-6 months. Culture-acquired mutations, potential CRISPR-off targets, and cancer-driver variants were evaluated by targeted and whole genome sequencing.

FindingsiPS cell-derived iSC grafts were reproducibly generated from four recessive DEB patients with different pathogenic mutations. Organotypic iSC grafts onto immune-compromised mice developed into stable stratified skin with functional C7 restoration. Single cell transcriptomic characterization of iSCs revealed prominent holoclone stem cell signatures in keratinocytes and the recently described Gibbin-dependent signature in dermal fibroblasts. The latter correlated with enhanced graftability. Multiple orthogonal sequencing and subsequent computational approaches identified random and non-oncogenic mutations introduced by the manufacturing process. Toxicology revealed no detectable tumors after 3-6 months in DEBCT- treated mice.

InterpretationDEBCT successfully overcomes previous roadblocks and represents a robust, scalable, and safe cGMP manufacturing platform for production of a CRISPR-corrected autologous organotypic skin graft to heal DEB patient wounds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Neumayer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torkelson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vangipuram, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackow, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rami, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaddam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pappalardo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cramer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanabe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGrath, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruckner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilousova, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roop, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christiano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinmetz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wernig, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oro, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.28.529447</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A scalable, GMP-compatible, autologous organotypic cell therapy for Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.28.530500v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immature myeloid cells are indispensable for intestinal regeneration post irradiation injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.28.530500v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The intestinal epithelium functions both in nutrient absorption and as a barrier, separating the luminal contents from a network of vascular, fibroblastic, and immune cells underneath. Following injury to the intestine, multiple different cell populations cooperate to drive regeneration of the mucosa. Immature myeloid cells (IMCs), marked by histidine decarboxylase (Hdc), participate in regeneration of multiple organs such as the colon and central nervous system. Here, we found that IMCs infiltrate the injured intestine and promote epithelial regeneration and modulate LEC activity. IMCs produce prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which promotes LEC lymphangiogenesis and upregulation of pro-regenerative factors including RSPO3. Moreover, we found that IMC recruitment into the intestine is driven by invading microbial signals. Accordingly, antibiotic eradication of the intestinal microbiome prior to WB-IR inhibits IMC recruitment, and consequently, intestinal recovery. We propose that IMCs play a critical role in intestinal repair and implicate gut microbes as mediators of intestinal regeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waterbury, Q. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malagola, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guha, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shawber, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.28.530500</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immature myeloid cells are indispensable for intestinal regeneration post irradiation injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.01.530240v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal single-cell transcriptomic analysis of the sox1a:eGFP transgenic line identified the lateral floor plate progenitor cells as the origin of intraspinal serotonergic neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.01.530240v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Sox family of transcription factors plays a crucial role in the development of the vertebrate nervous system. In the zebrafish embryo, sox1 genes are expressed in neural progenitor cells and neurons of the ventral spinal cord. We recently reported that the loss of function of sox1a and sox1b leads to a significant decline in a subtype of V2 neurons, called V2s, in zebrafish. Here, a single-cell RNA sequencing approach was used to analyse the transcriptome of sox1a lineage progenitors and neurons in the zebrafish spinal cord at four different time points during the first five days of embryonic development, using the Tg(sox1a:eGFP) line. In addition to the previously described sox1a-expressing neurons, we found that sox1a is also expressed in late-developing intraspinal serotonergic neurons (ISNs). Analysis of developmental trajectories from single-cell data and depletion of lateral floor plate (LFP) cells by nkx2.9 morpholino knockdown suggest that ISNs arise from LFP precursor cells. Pharmacological inhibition of the Notch signalling pathway indicates that this pathway is required for the negative regulation of the development of LFP progenitor cells into ISN populations. Our results show that the zebrafish LFP is a precursor domain that longitudinally gives rise to ISNs in addition to the previously described KA" and V3 interneurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cucun, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takamiya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kizil, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cosacak, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rastegar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.01.530240</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal single-cell transcriptomic analysis of the sox1a:eGFP transgenic line identified the lateral floor plate progenitor cells as the origin of intraspinal serotonergic neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.01.530528v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain state dynamics reflect emotion transitions induced by music 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.01.530528v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our ability to shift from one emotion to the next allows us to adapt our behaviors to a constantly-changing and often uncertain environment. Although previous studies have identified cortical and subcortical regions involved in affective responding, no studies have asked whether and how these regions track and represent transitions between different emotional states and modulate their responses based on the recent emotional context. To this end, we commissioned new musical pieces designed to systematically move participants through different emotional states during fMRI. Using a combination of data-driven (Hidden Markov Modeling) and hypothesis-driven methods, we show that spatiotemporal patterns of activation along the temporoparietal axis reflect transitions between music-evoked emotions. Furthermore, self-reported emotions and the subsequent neural response patterns were sensitive to the emotional context in which the music was heard. The findings highlight the role of temporal and parietal brain regions in not only processing low-level auditory signals, but in linking changes in these signals with our on-going, contextually-dependent emotional responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sachs, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ochsner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldassano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.01.530528</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain state dynamics reflect emotion transitions induced by music]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.01.530539v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulated alternative splicing of Dscam2 is required for somatosensory circuit wiring 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.01.530539v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Axon and dendrite placement and connectivity is guided by a wide range of secreted and surface molecules in the developing nervous system. Nevertheless, the extraordinary complexity of connections in the brain requires that this repertoire be further diversified to precisely and uniquely regulate cell-cell interactions. One important mechanism for molecular diversification is alternative splicing. Drosophila Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (Dscam2) undergoes cell type-specific alternative splicing to produce two isoform-specific homophilic binding proteins. Regulated alternative splicing of Dscam2 is important for dendrite and axon patterning, but how this translates to circuit wiring and animal behavior is not well understood. Here, we examined the role of cell-type specific expression of Dscam2 isoforms in regulating synaptic partner selection in the larval somatosensory system. We found that synaptic partners in the nociceptive circuit express different Dscam2 isoforms. Forcing synaptic partners to express a common isoform resulted in nociceptive axon patterning defects and attenuated nocifensive behaviors, indicating that a role for Dscam2 alternative splicing is to ensure that synaptic partners do not express matching isoforms. These results point to a model in which regulated alternative splicing of Dscam2 across populations of neurons restricts connectivity to specific partners and prevents inappropriate synaptic connections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Galindo, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, G. J.-e.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millard, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grueber, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.01.530539</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulated alternative splicing of Dscam2 is required for somatosensory circuit wiring]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.01.530630v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human synaptic neoteny requires species-specific balancing of SRGAP2-SYNGAP1 cross-inhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.01.530630v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human-specific (HS) genes are potential drivers of brain evolution, but their impact on human neuron development and disease remains unclear. Here we studied HS genes SRGAP2B/C in human cortical projection neurons (CPNs) in vivo, using xenotransplantation in the mouse cortex. Downregulation of SRGAP2B/C in human CPNs greatly accelerated synaptic development, indicating their requirement for human-specific synaptic neoteny. SRGAP2B/C acted by downregulating their ancestral paralog SRGAP2A, thereby upregulating postsynaptic levels of SYNGAP1, a major intellectual deficiency/autism spectrum disorder (ID/ASD) gene. Combinatorial genetic invalidation revealed that the tempo of synaptogenesis is set by a balance between SRGAP2A and SYNGAP1, which in human CPNs is tipped towards neoteny by SRGAP2B/C. Our results demonstrate that HS genes can modify the phenotypic expression of ID/ASD mutations through regulation of synaptic neoteny.

One-Sentence SummaryHuman-specific genes SRGAP2B/C control human cortical neuron neoteny by regulating the function of neurodevelopmental disorder gene SYNGAP1
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Libe-Philippot, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwata, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Recupero, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wierda, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ditkowska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaspariunaite, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vermaercke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peze-Heidsieck, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Remans, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charrier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polleux, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanderhaeghen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.01.530630</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human synaptic neoteny requires species-specific balancing of SRGAP2-SYNGAP1 cross-inhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.02.529724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tumor Explants Elucidate a Cascade of Paracrine SHH, WNT, and VEGF Signals Driving Pancreatic Cancer Angiosuppression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.02.529724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The sparse vascularity of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) presents a mystery: what prevents this aggressive malignancy from undergoing neoangiogenesis to counteract hypoxia and better support growth? An incidental finding from prior work on paracrine communication between malignant PDAC cells and fibroblasts revealed that inhibition of the Hedgehog (HH) pathway partially relieved angiosuppression, increasing tumor vascularity through unknown mechanisms. Initial efforts to study this phenotype were hindered by difficulties replicating the complex interactions of multiple cell types in vitro. Here we identify a cascade of paracrine signals between multiple cell types that act sequentially to suppress angiogenesis in PDAC. Malignant epithelial cells promote HH signaling in fibroblasts, leading to inhibition of WNT signaling in fibroblasts and epithelial cells, thereby limiting VEGFR2-dependent activation of endothelial hypersprouting. This cascade was elucidated using human and murine PDAC explant models, which effectively retain the complex cellular interactions of native tumor tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hasselluhn, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Decker-Farrell, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vlahos, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curiel-Garcia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maurer, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wasko, U. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomassoni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sastra, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palermo, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalton, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolosa, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hibshoosh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Zapico, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olive, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.02.529724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tumor Explants Elucidate a Cascade of Paracrine SHH, WNT, and VEGF Signals Driving Pancreatic Cancer Angiosuppression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.02.530806v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Childhood adversity in mothers is associated with accelerated epigenetic aging in pregnancy and in male newborns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.02.530806v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAdverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are correlated with accelerated epigenetic aging, but it is not clear whether altered epigenetic aging from childhood adversities persists into adulthood and can be transmitted to the next generation. Thus, we tested whether mothers childhood adversity is associated with accelerated epigenetic aging during pregnancy and in their newborn offspring.

MethodsData were from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) sub-study, Accessible Resource for Integrated Epigenomic Studies (ARIES). Women provided retrospective self-reports during pregnancy of ACE exposure. DNA methylation was measured in mothers during pregnancy and cord blood at birth. Estimates of epigenetic age acceleration were calculated using Principal Components of Horvath, Hannum skin & blood, GrimAge, PhenoAge, and DunedinPACE epigenetic clocks for mothers; and the Knight and Bohlin cord blood clocks for newborns. Associations between a cumulative maternal ACE score and epigenetic age acceleration were estimated using linear regression models, adjusting for maternal age at pregnancy, smoking during pregnancy, education, and pre-pregnancy BMI. Models for offspring were stratified by sex and additionally adjusted for gestation age.

ResultsMothers total ACE score was positively associated with accelerated maternal PhenoAge and GrimAge. In newborn offspring, mothers total ACE score was positively associated with accelerated epigenetic aging in males using the Bohlin clock, but not in females using either epigenetic clock. We found male offsprings epigenetic age was accelerated in those born to mothers exposed to neglect using the Knight clock; and parental substance abuse using the Bohlin clock.

ConclusionOur results show that mothers ACE exposure is associated with DNAm age acceleration in male offspring, supporting the notion that DNAm age could be a marker of intergenerational biological embedding of mothers childhood adversity. This is consistent with findings on vulnerability of male fetuses to environmental insults.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dye, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monk, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belsky, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alschuler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donnel, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scorza, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.02.530806</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Childhood adversity in mothers is associated with accelerated epigenetic aging in pregnancy and in male newborns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.02.530889v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Expression of Vesicular Glutamate Transporter 1 (VGLUT1) in the Rat Larynx and Implications for Laryngeal Proprioception 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.02.530889v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proprioception plays a crucial role in laryngeal function. Further, dysfunctional proprioception likely contributes to disorders such as laryngeal dystonia, dysphagia and vocal fold paresis. Despite this, the physiology of laryngeal proprioception is not well-understood. Controversy remains over whether canonical proprioceptive organs, like muscle spindles (MS) even exist in the intrinsic laryngeal muscles (ILM). Vesicular Glutamate Transporter 1 (VGLUT1) expression has been described in the sensory afferents of MS. This studys primary aim is to determine whether the ILM contain MS using VGLUT1. This is a novel approach, as prior studies have relied on morphology and myosin composition to study this question. Secondarily, we describe the pattern of VGLUT1 expression in the rat larynx, Larynges of 62 Sprague-Dawley rats distributed across 5 age groups (P3, P8, P11, P14-15, and adult), were sectioned and immunostained for VGLUT1 and beta-tubulin III. Other markers (S46, GNAT3, PLC{beta}2, S100b, CGRP) were used to further characterize identified afferent innervation. Of 62 rats, MS were identified in the lateral thyroarytenoid muscles of just three P8 rats, and no golgi tendon organs (GTO) were seen. VGLUT1-positive intramuscular receptor-like entities were observed ILM, and VGLUT1-positive nerve endings were observed in the laryngeal mucosa, concentrated around the arytenoid cartilage. Employing VGLUT1 immunostaining, this study shows that rat intrinsic laryngeal muscles rarely express MS and do not express GTO. This leaves open the possibility that the larynx exhibits a unique proprioceptive apparatus. VGLUT1-positive intramuscular and mucosal structures provide candidates for an alternative system. Further defining the role of these sensory organs will increase our understanding of vocal fold function and ultimately lead to better treatment of vocal fold disorders.

KEY POINTSO_LIDysfunctional laryngeal proprioception likely contributes to disorders such as laryngeal dystonia, dysphagia, and vocal fold paresis. Unlike proprioception of skeletal muscles, proprioception of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles is poorly understood.
C_LIO_LIIn the present study we demonstrate that canonical proprioceptive organs (muscles spindles and Golgi tendon organs) are rarely expressed in the rat larynx, by studying the expression pattern of VGLUT1.
C_LIO_LIWe also demonstrate the presence of other sensory innervation and structures which may contribute to an alternative proprioceptive circuitry, which requires further study.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-Morato, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner-Morton, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitman, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.02.530889</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Expression of Vesicular Glutamate Transporter 1 (VGLUT1) in the Rat Larynx and Implications for Laryngeal Proprioception]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.02.530903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rett Syndrome astrocytes disrupt neuronal activity and cerebral organoid development through transfer of dysfunctional mitochondria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.02.530903v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studies on the function of Methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2) and the consequence of MECP2 deficiency and duplication have largely focused on neurons. The function of MECP2 in human glia, along with the comprehensive understanding of glial function in neurodevelopmental disorders, is much less understood. Using female and male human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines to model MECP2 loss-of-function (LOF) in Rett Syndrome (RTT) in the developing brain, we investigated the molecular underpinnings of astrocyte (AST) development and dysfunction, and the mechanisms by which AST contribute to neuronal activity. Here we show that hESC-derived RTT ASTs have fewer mitochondria yet similar levels of reactive oxygen species compared to isogenic controls (CTR). We identified significantly diminished mitochondrial respiration that was compensated by increased glycolysis, and that the molecular mechanism behind mitochondrial dysfunction were reduced key proteins around the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and electron transport chain (ETC). We found an increased abundance of cytosolic amino acids in RTT ASTs under basal conditions that was readily depleted when energy demands were increased. We determined that RTT AST can donate their mitochondria to hESC-derived cortical neurons, and that isolated mitochondria from RTT ASTs are sufficient to cause significant changes to neuronal activity, increasing local field potentials to a hyperexcitable state. To examine mitochondrial health in the developing brain, we derived cerebral organoids. Ultrastructural analysis indicated that mitochondria from RTT hESC-derived organoids were significantly smaller compared to mitochondria from CTR organoids, indicating decreased connectivity and function, and this phenotype was stronger in glia compared to neurons. Using a multiomics epigenetics approach, we found hallmarks of RTT developmental delay and glial specific gene expression changes that corroborate altered energy metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction. Based on these results, we propose that release of dysfunctional mitochondria from RTT ASTs to neurons furthers pathophysiology of the syndrome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tomasello, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrasa, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mankus, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alarcon, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lytton-Jean, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaenisch, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.02.530903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rett Syndrome astrocytes disrupt neuronal activity and cerebral organoid development through transfer of dysfunctional mitochondria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.03.530998v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrated single-cell analysis defines the epigenetic basis of castration-resistant prostate luminal cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.03.530998v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding prostate response to castration and androgen receptor signaling inhibitors (ARSI) is critical to improving long-term prostate cancer (PCa) patient survival. Here we use a multi-omics approach on 229,794 single cells to create a mouse single-cell reference atlas better suited to interpreting mouse prostate biology and castration response. Our reference atlas refines single-cell annotations and provides chromatin context, which, when coupled with mouse lineage tracing demonstrates that the castration-resistant luminal cells are distinct from the pre-existent urethra- proximal stem/progenitor cells. Molecular pathway analysis and therapeutic studies further implicate JUN/FOS, WNT/{beta}-Catenin, FOXQ1, NF{kappa}B, and JAK/STAT pathways as the major drivers of castration- resistant luminal populations with high relevance to human PCa. Importantly, we demonstrate the utility of our datasets, which can be explored through an interactive portal (https://visportal.roswellpark.org/data/tang/), to aid in developing novel combination treatments with ARSI for advanced PCa patients.



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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kirk, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tracz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosario, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puzanov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatta, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wrana, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lovell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.03.530998</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrated single-cell analysis defines the epigenetic basis of castration-resistant prostate luminal cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.05.531201v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-Capacity Sample Multiplexing for Single Cell Chromatin Accessibility Profiling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.05.531201v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell chromatin accessibility has emerged as a powerful means of understanding the epigenetic landscape of diverse tissues and cell types, but profiling cells from many independent specimens is challenging and costly. Here we describe a novel approach, sciPlex-ATAC-seq, which uses unmodified DNA oligos as sample-specific nuclear labels, enabling the concurrent profiling of chromatin accessibility within single nuclei from virtually unlimited specimens or experimental conditions. We first demonstrate our method with a chemical epigenomics screen, in which we identify drug-altered distal regulatory sites predictive of compound- and dose-dependent effects on transcription. We then analyze cell type-specific chromatin changes in PBMCs from multiple donors responding to synthetic and allogeneic immune stimulation. We quantify stimulation-altered immune cell compositions and isolate the unique effects of allogeneic stimulation on chromatin accessibility specific to T-lymphocytes. Finally, we observe that impaired global chromatin decondensation often coincides with chemical inhibition of allogeneic T-cell activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Booth, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daza, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivatsan, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McFaline-Figueroa, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green Gladden, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furlan, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shendure, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trapnell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.05.531201</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-Capacity Sample Multiplexing for Single Cell Chromatin Accessibility Profiling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.06.531330v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Atherosclerosis is a smooth muscle cell-driven tumor-like disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.06.531330v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Atherosclerosis, the leading cause of cardiovascular disease, is a chronic inflammatory disease involving pathological activation of multiple cell types, such as immunocytes (e.g., macrophage, T cells), smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and endothelial cells. Multiple lines of evidence have suggested that SMC "phenotypic switching" plays a central role in atherosclerosis development and complications. Yet, SMC roles and mechanisms underlying the disease pathogenesis are poorly understood. Here, employing SMC lineage tracing mice, comprehensive molecular, cellular, histological, and computational profiling, coupled to genetic and pharmacological studies, we reveal that atherosclerosis, in terms of SMC behaviors, share extensive commonalities with tumors. SMC-derived cells in the disease show multiple characteristics of tumor cell biology, including genomic instability, replicative immortality, malignant proliferation, resistance to cell death, invasiveness, and activation of comprehensive cancer-associated gene regulatory networks. SMC-specific expression of oncogenic KrasG12D accelerates SMC phenotypic switching and exacerbates atherosclerosis. Moreover, we present a proof of concept showing that niraparib, an anti-cancer drug targeting DNA damage repair, attenuates atherosclerosis progression and induces regression of lesions in advanced disease in mouse models. Our work provides systematic evidence that atherosclerosis is a tumor-like disease, deepening the understanding of its pathogenesis and opening prospects for novel precision molecular strategies to prevent and treat atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solomon, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connolly, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.06.531330</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Atherosclerosis is a smooth muscle cell-driven tumor-like disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.06.531352v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Calorie Restriction activates a gastric Notch-FOXO1 pathway to expand Ghrelin cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.06.531352v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Calorie restriction increases lifespan. While some tissue-specific protective effects of calorie restriction have been described, the impact of calorie restriction on the gastrointestinal tract remains unclear. We found increased abundance of chromogranin A+, including orexigenic ghrelin+, endocrine cells in the stomach of calorie-restricted mice. This effect coincided with increased Notch target Hes1 and Notch ligand Jag1 and was reversed when Notch signaling was blocked using the {gamma}-secretase inhibitor DAPT. Using primary cultures and genetically-modified reporter mice, we determined that increased endocrine cell abundance was due to altered stem and progenitor proliferation. Different from the intestine, calorie restriction decreased gastric Lgr5+ stem cells, while increasing a FOXO1/Neurog3+ subpopulation of endocrine progenitors in a Notch-dependent manner. Further, calorie restriction triggered nuclear localization of FOXO1, which was sufficient to promote endocrine cell differentiation. Taken together, the data indicate that calorie restriction promotes gastric endocrine cell differentiation triggered by active Notch signaling and regulated by FOXO1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McKimpson, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiegel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukhanova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraakman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitamoto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pajvani, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Accili, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.06.531352</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Calorie Restriction activates a gastric Notch-FOXO1 pathway to expand Ghrelin cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.08.531713v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene-level alignment of single cell trajectories informs the progression of in vitro T cell differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.08.531713v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell data analysis can infer dynamic changes in cell populations, for example across time, space or in response to perturbation. To compare these dynamics between two conditions, trajectory alignment via dynamic programming (DP) optimization is frequently used, but is limited by assumptions such as a definite existence of a match. Here we describe Genes2Genes, a Bayesian information-theoretic DP framework for aligning single-cell trajectories. Genes2Genes overcomes current limitations and is able to capture sequential matches and mismatches between a reference and a query at single gene resolution, highlighting distinct clusters of genes with varying patterns of expression dynamics. Across both real world and simulated datasets, Genes2Genes accurately captured different alignment patterns, demonstrated its utility in disease cell state trajectory analysis, and revealed that T cells differentiated in vitro matched to an immature in vivo state while lacking expression of genes associated with TNF[a] signaling. This use case demonstrates that precise trajectory alignment can pinpoint divergence from the in vivo system, thus guiding the optimization of in vitro culture conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sumanaweera, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muraro, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polanski, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steemers, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumitrascu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teichmann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.08.531713</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene-level alignment of single cell trajectories informs the progression of in vitro T cell differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.08.531760v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The path to "femmes fatales": the evolution of toxin resistance in predatory fireflies. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.08.531760v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Toxic cardiotonic steroids (CTS) act as a defense mechanism in many firefly species (Lampyridae) by inhibiting a crucial enzyme called Na+,K+-ATPase (NKA). While most fireflies produce these toxins internally, species of the genus Photuris acquire them from a surprising source: predation on other fireflies. The contrasting physiology of toxin exposure and sequestration between Photuris and other firefly genera suggests that distinct strategies may be required to prevent self-intoxication. Our study demonstrates that both Photuris and their firefly prey have evolved highly-resistant NKAs. Using an evolutionary analysis of the specific target of CTS (ATP) in fireflies, and gene-editing in Drosophila, we find that the initial steps towards resistance were shared among Photuris and other firefly lineages. However, the Photuris lineage subsequently underwent multiple rounds of gene duplication and neofunctionalization, resulting in the development of ATP paralogs that are differentially expressed and exhibit increasing resistance to CTS. In contrast, other firefly species have maintained a single copy. Our results implicate gene duplication as a facilitator in the transition of Photuris to its distinct ecological role as predator of toxic firefly prey.

One-Sentence SummaryGene duplication and neofunctionalization distinguish firefly predators from their toxic firefly prey.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borne, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aardema, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visconti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roland, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talsma, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palladino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petschenka, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andolfatto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.08.531760</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The path to "femmes fatales": the evolution of toxin resistance in predatory fireflies.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.530109v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extended regulation interface coupled to the allosteric network and disease mutations in the PP2A-B56 delta holoenzyme 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.530109v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An increasing number of mutations associated with devastating human diseases are diagnosed by whole-genome/exon sequencing. Recurrent de novo missense mutations have been discovered in B56{delta} (encoded by PPP2R5D), a regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), that cause intellectual disabilities (ID), macrocephaly, Parkinsonism, and a broad range of neurological symptoms. Single-particle cryo-EM structures show that the PP2A-B56{delta} holoenzyme possesses closed latent and open active forms. In the closed form, the long, disordered arms of B56{delta} termini fold against each other and the holoenzyme core, establishing dual autoinhibition of the phosphatase active site and the substrate-binding protein groove. The resulting interface spans over 190 [A] and harbors unfavorable contacts, activation phosphorylation sites, and nearly all residues with ID-associated mutations. Our studies suggest that this dynamic interface is close to an allosteric network responsive to activation phosphorylation and altered globally by mutations. Furthermore, we found that ID mutations perturb the activation phosphorylation rates, and the severe variants significantly increase the mitotic duration and error rates compared to the wild variant.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balakrishnan, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parihar, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konovolov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merrill, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carragher, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundaresan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wadzinski, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swingle, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musiyenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honkanen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strack, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.09.530109</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extended regulation interface coupled to the allosteric network and disease mutations in the PP2A-B56 delta holoenzyme]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.531820v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aberrant phase separation is a common killing strategy of positively charged peptides in biology and human disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.531820v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Positively charged repeat peptides are emerging as key players in neurodegenerative diseases. These peptides can perturb diverse cellular pathways but a unifying framework for how such promiscuous toxicity arises has remained elusive. We used mass-spectrometry-based proteomics to define the protein targets of these neurotoxic peptides and found that they all share similar sequence features that drive their aberrant condensation with these positively charged peptides. We trained a machine learning algorithm to detect such sequence features and unexpectedly discovered that this mode of toxicity is not limited to human repeat expansion disorders but has evolved countless times across the tree of life in the form of cationic antimicrobial and venom peptides. We demonstrate that an excess in positive charge is necessary and sufficient for this killer activity, which we name  polycation poisoning. These findings reveal an ancient and conserved mechanism and inform ways to leverage its design rules for new generations of bioactive peptides.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boeynaems, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, X. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeong, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginell, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blum, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakayama, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanyal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Haver, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pauwels, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ekman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundararajan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porta, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasker, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larabell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayashi, M. A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundaje, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Impens, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obermeyer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holehouse, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gitler, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.09.531820</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aberrant phase separation is a common killing strategy of positively charged peptides in biology and human disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.531932v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optical coherence tomography of human fetal membrane sub-layers during dynamic loading 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.531932v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fetal membranes have important mechanical and antimicrobial roles in maintaining pregnancy. However, the small thickness (<800 m) of fetal membranes places them outside the resolution limits of most ultrasound and magnetic resonance systems. Optical imaging methods like optical coherence tomography (OCT) have the potential to fill this resolution gap. Here, OCT and machine learning methods were developed to characterize the ex vivo properties of human fetal membranes under dynamic loading. A saline inflation test was incorporated into an OCT system, and tests were performed on n=33 and n=32 human samples obtained from labored and C-section donors, respectively. Fetal membranes were collected in near-cervical and near-placental locations. Histology, endogenous two photon fluorescence microscopy, and second harmonic generation microscopy were used to identify sources of contrast in OCT images of fetal membranes. A convolutional neural network was trained to automatically segment fetal membrane sub-layers with high accuracy (Dice coefficients >0.8). Intact amniochorion bilayer and separated amnion and chorion were individually loaded, and the amnion layer was identified as the load-bearing layer within intact fetal membranes for both labored and C-section samples, consistent with prior work. Additionally, the rupture pressure and thickness of the amniochorion bilayer from the near-placental region were greater than those of the near-cervical region for labored samples. This location-dependent change in fetal membrane thickness was not attributable to the load-bearing amnion layer. Finally, the initial phase of the loading curve indicates that amniochorion bilayer from the near-cervical region is strain-hardened compared to the near-placental region in labored samples. Overall, these studies fill a gap in our understanding of the structural and mechanical properties of human fetal membranes at high resolution under dynamic loading events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Samimi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contreras Guzman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feltovich, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oyen, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skala, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.09.531932</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optical coherence tomography of human fetal membrane sub-layers during dynamic loading]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.531948v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impaired potency of neutralizing antibodies against cell-cell fusion mediated by SARS-CoV-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.531948v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants have dominated the pandemic due to their high transmissibility and immune evasion conferred by the spike mutations. The Omicron subvariants can spread by cell-free virus infection and cell-cell fusion, the latter of which is more effective but has not been extensively investigated. In this study, we developed a simple and high-throughput assay that provides a rapid readout to quantify cell-cell fusion mediated by the SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins without using live or pseudotyped virus. This assay can be used to identify variants of concern and to screen for prophylactic and therapeutic agents. We further evaluated a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and vaccinee sera against D614G and Omicron subvariants, finding that cell-cell fusion is substantially more resistant to mAb and serum inhibition than cell-free virus infection. Such results have important implications for the development of vaccines and antiviral antibody drugs against cell-cell fusion induced by SARS-CoV-2 spikes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.09.531948</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impaired potency of neutralizing antibodies against cell-cell fusion mediated by SARS-CoV-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.10.531983v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiplex single-cell chemical genomics reveals the kinase dependence of the response to targeted therapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.10.531983v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chemical genetic screens are a powerful tool for exploring how cancer cells response to drugs is shaped by their mutations, yet they lack a molecular view of the contribution of individual genes to the response to exposure. Here, we present sci-Plex-Gene-by-Environment (sci-Plex-GxE), a platform for combined single-cell genetic and chemical screening at scale. We highlight the advantages of large-scale, unbiased screening by defining the contribution of each of 522 human kinases to the response of glioblastoma to different drugs designed to abrogate signaling from the receptor tyrosine kinase pathway. In total, we probed 14,121 gene-by-environment combinations across 1,052,205 single-cell transcriptomes. We identify an expression signature characteristic of compensatory adaptive signaling regulated in a MEK/MAPK-dependent manner. Further analyses aimed at preventing adaptation revealed promising combination therapies, including dual MEK and CDC7/CDK9 or NF-kB inhibitors, as potent means of preventing transcriptional adaptation of glioblastoma to targeted therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McFaline-Figueroa, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivatsan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gasperini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domcke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regalado, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazarchuck, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monnat, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shendure, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trapnell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.10.531983</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiplex single-cell chemical genomics reveals the kinase dependence of the response to targeted therapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.10.532107v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efferocytosis-Induced Lactate Enables the Proliferation of Pro-Resolving Macrophages to Mediate Tissue Repair 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.10.532107v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The clearance of apoptotic cells (ACs) by macrophages (efferocytosis) promotes tissue repair by preventing necrosis and inflammation and by activating pro-resolving pathways, including continual efferocytosis. A key resolution process in vivo is efferocytosis-induced macrophage proliferation (EIMP), in which AC-derived nucleotides trigger Myc-mediated macrophage proliferation, thereby increasing the pool of efferocytosis-competent macrophages. Here we show that EIMP requires a second input that is integrated with cellular metabolism, notably, efferocytosis-induced lactate production. While the AC-nucleotide pathway leads to induction of Myc mRNA, lactate signaling is required for the stabilization of Myc protein and subsequent macrophage proliferation. Lactate, via GPR132 and protein kinase A, activates AMP kinase, which increases the NAD+:NADH ratio. This upstream pathway then activates the NAD+-dependent protein deacetylase, SIRT1, which deacetylates Myc to promote its stabilization. Inhibition or silencing of any step along this pathway prevents the increase in Myc protein and proliferation in efferocytosing macrophages despite the presence of the AC-nucleotide/Myc mRNA pathway. To test importance in vivo, we transplanted mice with bone marrow cells in which the lactate biosynthetic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) was knocked down. We then subjected these mice and control bone marrow-transplanted mice to dexamethasone-induced thymocyte apoptosis, a model of high-AC burden. The thymi of the LDHA-knockdown cohort showed reduced macrophage Myc protein expression and proliferation, impaired AC clearance, and increased tissue necrosis. Thus, efferocytosis-induced macrophage proliferation, which is a key process in tissue resolution, requires inputs from two independent efferocytosis-induced processes: a signaling pathway induced by AC-derived nucleotides and a cellular metabolism pathway involving lactate production. These findings illustrate how seemingly distinct pathways in efferocytosing macrophages are integrated to carry out a key process in tissue resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ngai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schilperoort, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabas, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.10.532107</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efferocytosis-Induced Lactate Enables the Proliferation of Pro-Resolving Macrophages to Mediate Tissue Repair]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.10.532135v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct Th17 effector cytokines differentially promote microglial and blood-brain barrier inflammatory responses during post-infectious encephalitis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.10.532135v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) infections can cause neuropsychiatric sequelae in children due to post-infectious encephalitis. Multiple GAS infections induce migration of Th17 lymphocytes from the nose into the brain, which are critical for microglial activation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) and neural circuit impairment in a mouse disease model. How endothelial cells (ECs) and microglia respond to GAS infections, and which Th17-derived cytokines are essential for these responses are unknown. Using single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics, we found that ECs downregulate BBB genes and microglia upregulate interferon-response, chemokine and antigen-presentation genes after GAS infections. Several microglial-derived chemokines were elevated in patient sera. Administration of a neutralizing antibody against interleukin-17A (IL-17A), but not ablation of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in T cells, partially rescued BBB dysfunction and microglial expression of chemokine genes. Thus, IL-17A is critical for neuropsychiatric sequelae of GAS infections and may be targeted to treat these disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wayne, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bremner, L. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faust, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duran-Laforet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ampatey, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinberg, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arvanitis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciric, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delaney, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas-Deming, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swedo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafer, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutforth, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agalliu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.10.532135</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct Th17 effector cytokines differentially promote microglial and blood-brain barrier inflammatory responses during post-infectious encephalitis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.11.532197v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unsupervised discovery of family specific vocal usage in the Mongolian gerbil 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.11.532197v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In nature, animal vocalizations can provide crucial information about identity, including kinship and hierarchy. However, lab-based vocal behavior is typically studied during brief interactions between animals with no prior social relationship, and under environmental conditions with limited ethological relevance. Here, we address this gap by establishing long-term acoustic recordings from Mongolian gerbil families, a core social group that uses an array of sonic and ultrasonic vocalizations. Three separate gerbil families were transferred to an enlarged environment and continuous 20-day audio recordings were obtained. Using a variational autoencoder (VAE) to quantify 583,237 vocalizations, we show that gerbils exhibit a more elaborate vocal repertoire than has been previously reported and that vocal repertoire usage differs significantly by family. By performing gaussian mixture model clustering on the VAE latent space, we show that families preferentially use characteristic sets of vocal clusters and that these usage preferences remain stable over weeks. Furthermore, gerbils displayed family-specific transitions between vocal clusters. Since gerbils live naturally as extended families in complex underground burrows that are adjacent to other families, these results suggest the presence of a vocal dialect which could be exploited by animals to represent kinship. These findings position the Mongolian gerbil as a compelling animal model to study the neural basis of vocal communication and demonstrates the potential for using unsupervised machine learning with uninterrupted acoustic recordings to gain insights into naturalistic animal behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peterson, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MItelut, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanelus, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capo-Battaglia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanes, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.11.532197</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unsupervised discovery of family specific vocal usage in the Mongolian gerbil]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.11.532238v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GeneTuring tests GPT models in genomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.11.532238v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large language models (LLMs) show promise in biomedical research, but their effectiveness for genomic inquiry remains unclear. We developed GeneTuring, a benchmark consisting of 16 genomics tasks with 1,600 curated questions, and manually evaluated 48,000 answers from ten LLM configurations, including GPT-4o (via API, ChatGPT with web access, and a custom GPT setup), GPT-3.5, Claude 3.5, Gemini Advanced, GeneGPT (both slim and full), BioGPT, and BioMedLM. A custom GPT-4o configuration integrated with NCBI APIs, developed in this study as SeqSnap, achieved the best overall performance. GPT-4o with web access and GeneGPT demonstrated complementary strengths. Our findings highlight both the promise and current limitations of LLMs in genomics, and emphasize the value of combining LLMs with domain-specific tools for robust genomic intelligence. GeneTuring offers a key resource for benchmarking and improving LLMs in biomedical research.

Biographical NoteDr. Wenpin Hou is an Assistant Professor (tenure-track) in the Department of Biostatistics at Columbia University and member of its Data Science Institute, developing AI and statistical methods for decoding gene regulatory programs from single-cell and spatial multiomics data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.11.532238</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GeneTuring tests GPT models in genomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.13.532296v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Organization and Plasticity of Inhibition in Hippocampal Recurrent Circuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.13.532296v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Excitatory-inhibitory interactions structure recurrent network dynamics for efficient cortical computations. In the CA3 area of the hippocampus, recurrent circuit dynamics, including experience-induced plasticity at excitatory synapses, are thought to play a key role in episodic memory encoding and consolidation via rapid generation and flexible selection of neural ensembles. However, in vivo activity of identified inhibitory motifs supporting this recurrent circuitry has remained largely inaccessible, and it is unknown whether CA3 inhibition is also modifiable upon experience. Here we use large-scale, 3-dimensional calcium imaging and retrospective molecular identification in the mouse hippocampus to obtain the first comprehensive description of molecularly-identified CA3 interneuron dynamics during both spatial navigation and sharp-wave ripple (SWR)-associated memory consolidation. Our results uncover subtype-specific dynamics during behaviorally distinct brain-states. Our data also demonstrate predictive, reflective, and experience-driven plastic recruitment of specific inhibitory motifs during SWR-related memory reactivation. Together these results assign active roles for inhibitory circuits in coordinating operations and plasticity in hippocampal recurrent circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vancura, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiller, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Losonczy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.13.532296</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Organization and Plasticity of Inhibition in Hippocampal Recurrent Circuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.13.532486v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
More than a prickly morphology: plastome variation in the prickly pear cacti (Opuntieae) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.13.532486v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plastid genomes (plastomes) have long been recognized as highly conserved in their overall structure, size, gene arrangement and content among land plants. However, recent studies have shown that some lineages present unusual variations in some of these features. Members of the cactus family are one of these lineages, with distinct plastome structures reported across disparate lineages including gene losses, inversions, boundary movements, or loss of the canonical inverted repeat (IR) region. Here, we further investigated plastome features of the tribe Opuntieae, the remarkable prickly pear cacti, which represent a diverse and important lineage of Cactaceae. We assembled the plastome of 43 species, representing a comprehensive sampling of the tribe including all seven genera. Plastomes varied considerably in length from 121 kbp to 162 kbp, with striking differences in the content and size of the IR region (contraction and expansion events), including the lack of the canonical IR in some lineages, and the pseudogenization or loss of some genes. Overall, nine different types of plastomes were reported deviating in the presence of the IR region or the genes contained in the IR. Plastomes sequences resolved phylogenetic relationships within major clades of Opuntieae but presented some contentious nodes depending on the data set analyzed (e.g., whole plastome vs. genes only). Incongruence analyses revealed that few plastome regions are supporting the most likely topology, while disputing topologies are driven by a handful of plastome markers, which may be the result of hard recalcitrant nodes in the phylogeny or by the lack of phylogenetic signal in certain markers. Our study reveals a dynamic nature of plastome evolution across closely related lineages, shedding light on peculiar features of cactus plastomes. Variation of plastome types across Opuntieae is remarkable in size, structure, and content, and can be important for the recognition of species in some major clades. Unraveling connections between the causes of plastome variation and the consequences on species biology, ecology, diversification, and adaptation, is a promising endeavor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kohler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reginato, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, J.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majure, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.13.532486</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[More than a prickly morphology: plastome variation in the prickly pear cacti (Opuntieae)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.14.532572v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Topography of inputs into the hippocampal formation of a food-caching bird 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.14.532572v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mammalian hippocampal formation (HF) is organized into domains associated with different functions. These differences are driven in part by the pattern of input along the hippocampal long axis, such as visual input to the septal hippocampus and amygdalar input to temporal hippocampus. HF is also organized along the transverse axis, with different patterns of neural activity in the hippocampus and the entorhinal cortex. In some birds, a similar organization has been observed along both of these axes. However, it is not known what role inputs play in this organization. We used retrograde tracing to map inputs into HF of a food-caching bird, the black-capped chickadee. We first compared two locations along the transverse axis: the hippocampus and the dorsolateral hippocampal area (DL), which is analogous to the entorhinal cortex. We found that pallial regions predominantly targeted DL, while some subcortical regions like the lateral hypothalamus (LHy) preferentially targeted the hippocampus. We then examined the hippocampal long axis and found that almost all inputs were topographic along this direction. For example, the anterior hippocampus was preferentially innervated by thalamic regions, while posterior hippocampus received more amygdalar input. Some of the topographies we found bear resemblance to those described in the mammalian brain, revealing a remarkable anatomical similarity of phylogenetically distant animals. More generally, our work establishes the pattern of inputs to HF in chickadees. Some of these patterns may be unique to chickadees, laying the groundwork for studying the anatomical basis of these birds exceptional hippocampal memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Applegate, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutnichenko, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.14.532572</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Topography of inputs into the hippocampal formation of a food-caching bird]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.14.532601v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transposon-encoded nucleases use guide RNAs to selfishly bias their inheritance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.14.532601v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insertion sequences (IS) are compact and pervasive transposable elements found in bacteria, which encode only the genes necessary for their mobilization and maintenance. IS200/IS605 elements undergo  peel-and-paste transposition catalyzed by a TnpA transposase, but intriguingly, they also encode diverse, TnpB- and IscB-family proteins that are evolutionarily related to the CRISPR-associated effectors Cas12 and Cas9, respectively. Recent studies demonstrated that TnpB-family enzymes function as RNA-guided DNA endonucleases, but the broader biological role of this activity has remained enigmatic. Here we show that TnpB/IscB are essential to prevent permanent transposon loss as a consequence of the TnpA transposition mechanism. We selected a family of related IS elements from Geobacillus stearothermophilus that encode diverse TnpB/IscB orthologs, and showed that a single TnpA transposase was active for transposon excision. The donor joints formed upon religation of IS-flanking sequences were efficiently targeted for cleavage by RNA-guided TnpB/IscB nucleases, and co-expression of TnpB together with TnpA led to significantly greater transposon retention, relative to conditions in which TnpA was expressed alone. Remarkably, TnpA and TnpB/IscB recognize the same AT-rich transposon-adjacent motif (TAM) during transposon excision and RNA-guided DNA cleavage, respectively, revealing a striking convergence in the evolution of DNA sequence specificity between collaborating transposase and nuclease proteins. Collectively, our study reveals that RNA-guided DNA cleavage is a primal biochemical activity that arose to bias the selfish inheritance and spread of transposable elements, which was later co-opted during the evolution of CRISPR-Cas adaptive immunity for antiviral defense.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meers, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pesari, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, F. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, M. W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gezelle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sternberg, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.14.532601</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transposon-encoded nucleases use guide RNAs to selfishly bias their inheritance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.14.532617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rats rapidly switch between retrospective and inferential value computations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.14.532617v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The value of the environment determines animals motivational states and sets expectations for error-based learning1-3. How are values computed? Rein-forcement learning systems can store or "cache" values of states or actions that are learned from experience, or they can compute values using a model of the environment to simulate possible futures3. These value computations have distinct trade-offs, and a central question is how neural systems decide which computations to use or whether/how to combine them4-8. Here we show that rats use distinct value computations for sequential decisions within single tri-als. We used high-throughput training to collect statistically powerful datasets from 291 rats performing a temporal wagering task with hidden reward states. Rats adjusted how quickly they initiated trials and how long they waited for re-wards across states, balancing effort and time costs against expected rewards. Statistical modeling revealed that animals computed the value of the environ-ment differently when initiating trials versus when deciding how long to wait for rewards, even though these decisions were only seconds apart. Moreover, value estimates interacted via a dynamic learning rate. Our results reveal how distinct value computations interact on rapid timescales, and demonstrate the power of using high-throughput training to understand rich, cognitive behav-iors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bossio, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constantinople, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.14.532617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rats rapidly switch between retrospective and inferential value computations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.15.532602v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hox genes modulate physical forces to differentially shape small and large intestinal epithelia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.15.532602v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The small and large intestines arise from a common primordial gut tube but ultimately become specialized in both form and function. While the midgut forms villi, the hindgut develops flat, brain-like sulci that resolve into heterogeneous outgrowths. Gut compartment identities are demarcated early in development via Hox genes, which are highly conserved, master regulators of spatial patterning in the embryo. Yet, how these factors trigger regional morphogenesis has remained a mystery. Combining mechanical measurements and mathematical modeling, we demonstrate that the posterior Hox gene Hoxd13 regulates biophysical phenomena that shape the hindgut lumen. We further show that Hoxd13 acts through the TGF{beta} pathway to thicken, stiffen, and promote isotropic growth of the subepithelial mesenchyme; together, these features generate hindgut surface patterns. TGF{beta}, in turn, promotes collagen deposition to affect mesenchymal geometry and growth. We thus identify a cascade of events downstream of genetic identity that direct posterior intestinal morphogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gill, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nerurkar, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawlor, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huycke, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahadevan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabin, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.15.532602</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hox genes modulate physical forces to differentially shape small and large intestinal epithelia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.15.532726v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Opposing, spatially-determined epigenetic forces impose restrictions on stochastic olfactory receptor choice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.15.532726v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Olfactory receptor (OR) choice represents an example of genetically hardwired stochasticity, where every olfactory neuron expresses one out of [~]2000 OR alleles in a probabilistic, yet stereotypic fashion. Here, we propose that topographic restrictions in OR expression are established in neuronal progenitors by two opposing forces: polygenic transcription and genomic silencing, both of which are influenced by dorsoventral gradients of transcription factors NFIA, B, and X. Polygenic transcription of OR genes may define spatially constrained OR repertoires, among which one OR allele is selected for singular expression later in development. Heterochromatin assembly and genomic compartmentalization of OR alleles also vary across the axes of the olfactory epithelium and may preferentially eliminate ectopically expressed ORs with more dorsal expression destinations from this "privileged" repertoire. Our experiments identify early transcription as a potential "epigenetic" contributor to future developmental patterning and reveal how two spatially responsive probabilistic processes may act in concert to establish deterministic, precise, and reproducible territories of stochastic gene expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bashkirova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klimpert, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pourmorady, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monahan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osinski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schieren, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stecky, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnea, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, X. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdus-Saboor, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shykind, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marlin, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gronostajski, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleischmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lomvardas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.15.532726</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Opposing, spatially-determined epigenetic forces impose restrictions on stochastic olfactory receptor choice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.15.532779v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complement C3 interacts with cytochrome c to influence myocardial apoptosis during heart ischemia/reperfusion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.15.532779v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) elicits an acute inflammatory response involving complement factors. Previous animal studies showed that circulation complement C3 was deposited in the ischemic myocardium flooded with oxygenated blood upon reperfusion. Recently, we reported that myocardial necrosis was decreased in C3-/- mice after heart I/R. The current study used in the same heart model to test the effect of C3 on myocardial apoptosis. Our results showed that myocardial apoptosis was increased in C3-/- mice after heart I/R. Further, comparative proteomics analyses found that cytochrome c was present in the myocardial C3-complex following I/R. These results indicate that C3 can interact with cytochrome c in the cytosol of cardiomyocytes during myocardial I/R, which may sequester cytochrome c and thus reduce the number of cells undergoing apoptosis. In summary, our findings raise the possibility of a new mechanism affecting cell death relevant to pathologic conditions such as ischemia: a circulating innate immune factor, i.e. complement, can interact with intracellular factor(s), and influence the types of cell death that occur.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.15.532779</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complement C3 interacts with cytochrome c to influence myocardial apoptosis during heart ischemia/reperfusion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.15.532838v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MFN2-dependent recruitment of ATAT1 coordinates mitochondria motility with alpha-tubulin acetylation and is disrupted in CMT2A 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.15.532838v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acetylated microtubules play key roles in the regulation of mitochondria dynamics. It has however remained unknown if the machinery controlling mitochondria dynamics functionally interacts with the -tubulin acetylation cycle. Mitofusin-2 (MFN2), a large GTPase residing in the mitochondrial outer membrane and mutated in Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2 disease (CMT2A), is a regulator of mitochondrial fusion, transport and tethering with the endoplasmic reticulum. The role of MFN2 in regulating mitochondrial transport has however remained elusive. Here we show that mitochondrial contacts with microtubules are sites of -tubulin acetylation, which occurs through the MFN2-mediated recruitment of -tubulin acetyltransferase 1 (ATAT1). We discover that this activity is critical for MFN2-dependent regulation of mitochondria transport, and that axonal degeneration caused by CMT2A MFN2 associated mutations, R94W and T105M, may depend on the inability to release ATAT1 at sites of mitochondrial contacts with microtubules. Our findings reveal a function for mitochondria in regulating acetylated -tubulin and suggest that disruption of the tubulin acetylation cycle play a pathogenic role in the onset of MFN2-dependent CMT2A.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=193 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/532838v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (41K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@3db8eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@143821corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1132b13org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1710383_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LIMitochondria contacts with MTs are hotspots of -tubulin acetylation through the recruitment of ATAT1 by MFN2
C_LIO_LIMutations in MFN2 associated with CMT2A disease lose this activity by sequestering ATAT1
C_LIO_LIDistal axonal degeneration caused by loss of MFN2 depends on acetylated tubulin-mediated mitochondria transport
C_LI

eTOCRecruitment of ATAT1 to mitochondria by MFN2 is critical for axonal viability through the regulation of mitochondria transport, and is disrupted in CMT2A
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larrea, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pero, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Infante, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conenna, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, G. J.-e.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grueber, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Marcotullio, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Area-Gomez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartolini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.15.532838</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MFN2-dependent recruitment of ATAT1 coordinates mitochondria motility with alpha-tubulin acetylation and is disrupted in CMT2A]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.16.532916v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TorchLens: A Python package for extracting and visualizing hidden activations of PyTorch models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.16.532916v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep neural network models (DNNs) are essential to modern AI and provide powerful models of information processing in biological neural networks. Researchers in both neuroscience and engineering are pursuing a better understanding of the internal representations and operations that undergird the successes and failures of DNNs. Neuroscientists additionally evaluate DNNs as models of brain computation by comparing their internal representations to those found in brains. It is therefore essential to have a method to easily and exhaustively extract and characterize the results of the internal operations of any DNN. Many models are implemented in PyTorch, the leading framework for building DNN models. Here we introduce TorchLens, a new open-source Python package for extracting and characterizing hidden-layer activations in PyTorch models. Uniquely among existing approaches to this problem, TorchLens has the following features: (1) it exhaustively extracts the results of all intermediate operations, not just those associated with PyTorch module objects, yielding a full record of every step in the models computational graph, (2) it provides an intuitive visualization of the models complete computational graph along with metadata about each computational step in a models forward pass for further analysis, (3) it contains a built-in validation procedure to algorithmically verify the accuracy of all saved hidden-layer activations, and (4) the approach it uses can be automatically applied to any PyTorch model with no modifications, including models with conditional (if-then) logic in their forward pass, recurrent models, branching models where layer outputs are fed into multiple subsequent layers in parallel, and models with internally generated tensors (e.g., injections of noise). Furthermore, using TorchLens requires minimal additional code, making it easy to incorporate into existing pipelines for model development and analysis, and useful as a pedagogical aid when teaching deep learning concepts. We hope this contribution will help researchers in AI and neuroscience understand the internal representations of DNNs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriegeskorte, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.16.532916</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TorchLens: A Python package for extracting and visualizing hidden activations of PyTorch models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.16.532969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
How far are we from personalized gene expression prediction using sequence-to-expression deep neural networks? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.16.532969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Introductory Paragraph

Deep learning methods have recently become the state-of-the-art in a variety of regulatory genomic tasks1-6 including the prediction of gene expression from genomic DNA. As such, these methods promise to serve as important tools in interpreting the full spectrum of genetic variation observed in personal genomes. Previous evaluation strategies have assessed their predictions of gene expression across genomic regions, however, systematic benchmarking is lacking to assess their predictions across individuals, which would directly evaluates their utility as personal DNA interpreters. We used paired Whole Genome Sequencing and gene expression from 839 individuals in the ROSMAP study7 to evaluate the ability of current methods to predict gene expression variation across individuals at varied loci. Our approach identifies a limitation of current methods to correctly predict the direction of variant effects. We show that this limitation stems from insufficiently learnt sequence motif grammar, and suggest new model training strategies to improve performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sasse, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasaki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaiteri, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chikina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostafavi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.16.532969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[How far are we from personalized gene expression prediction using sequence-to-expression deep neural networks?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.16.533016v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Actomyosin pulsing rescues embryonic tissue folding from disruption by myosin fluctuations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.16.533016v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During early development, myosin II mechanically reshapes and folds embryo tissue. A much-studied example is ventral furrow formation in Drosophila, marking the onset of gastrulation. Furrowing is driven by contraction of actomyosin networks on apical cell surfaces, but how the myosin patterning encodes tissue shape is unclear, and elastic models failed to reproduce essential features of experimental cell contraction profiles. The myosin patterning exhibits substantial cell-to-cell fluctuations with pulsatile time-dependence, a striking but unexplained feature of morphogenesis in many organisms. Here, using biophysical modeling we find viscous forces offer the principle resistance to actomyosin-driven apical constriction. In consequence, tissue shape is encoded in the direction-dependent curvature of the myosin patterning which orients an anterior-posterior furrow. Tissue contraction is highly sensitive to cell-to-cell myosin fluctuations, explaining furrowing failure in genetically perturbed embryos whose fluctuations are temporally persistent. In wild-type embryos, this catastrophic outcome is averted by pulsatile myosin time-dependence, a time-averaging effect that rescues furrowing. This low pass filter mechanism may underlie the usage of actomyosin pulsing in diverse morphogenetic processes across many organisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Shaughnessy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.16.533016</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Actomyosin pulsing rescues embryonic tissue folding from disruption by myosin fluctuations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.17.532214v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perirhinal Cortex Learns A Predictive Map of The Task Environment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.17.532214v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Goal-directed tasks involve acquiring an internal model, known as a predictive map, of relevant stimuli and associated outcomes to guide behavior. Here, we identified neural signatures of a predictive map of task behavior in perirhinal cortex (Prh). Mice learned to perform a tactile working memory task by classifying sequential whisker stimuli over multiple training stages. Chemogenetic inactivation demonstrated that Prh is involved in task learning. Chronic two-photon calcium imaging, population analysis, and computational modeling revealed that Prh encodes stimulus features as sensory prediction errors. Prh forms stable stimulus-outcome associations that expand in a retrospective manner and generalize as animals learn new contingencies. Stimulus-outcome associations are linked to prospective network activity encoding possible expected outcomes. This link is mediated by cholinergic signaling to guide task performance, demonstrated by acetylcholine imaging and perturbation. We propose that Prh combines error-driven and map-like properties to acquire a predictive map of learned task behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLachlan, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogueira, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>House, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lagani, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaMay, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fusi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.17.532214</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perirhinal Cortex Learns A Predictive Map of The Task Environment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.17.533036v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeted DNA integration in human cells without double-strand breaks using CRISPR RNA-guided transposases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.17.533036v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Traditional genome-editing reagents such as CRISPR-Cas9 achieve targeted DNA modification by introducing double-strand breaks (DSBs), thereby stimulating localized DNA repair by endogenous cellular repair factors. While highly effective at generating heterogenous knockout mutations, this approach suffers from undesirable byproducts and an inability to control product purity. Here we develop a system in human cells for programmable, DSB-free DNA integration using Type I CRISPR-associated transposons (CASTs). To adapt our previously described CAST systems, we optimized DNA targeting by the QCascade complex through a comprehensive assessment of protein design, and we developed potent transcriptional activators by exploiting the multi-valent recruitment of the AAA+ ATPase, TnsC, to genomic sites targeted by QCascade. After initial detection of plasmid-based transposition, we screened 15 homologous CAST systems from a wide range of bacterial hosts, identified a CAST homolog from Pseudoalteromonas that exhibited improved activity, and increased integration efficiencies through parameter optimization. We further discovered that bacterial ClpX enhances genomic integration by multiple orders of magnitude, and we propose that this critical accessory factor functions to drive active disassembly of the post-transposition CAST complex, akin to its demonstrated role in Mu transposition. Our work highlights the ability to functionally reconstitute complex, multi-component machineries in human cells, and establishes a strong foundation to realize the full potential of CRISPR-associated transposons for human genome engineering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lampe, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halpin-Healy, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klompe, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogan, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vo, P. L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sternberg, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.17.533036</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeted DNA integration in human cells without double-strand breaks using CRISPR RNA-guided transposases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.17.533041v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leptomeningeal anti-tumor immunity follows unique signaling principles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.17.533041v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metastasis to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-filled leptomeninges, or leptomeningeal metastasis (LM), represents a fatal complication of cancer. Proteomic and transcriptomic analyses of human CSF reveal a substantial inflammatory infiltrate in LM. We find the solute and immune composition of CSF in the setting of LM changes dramatically, with notable enrichment in IFN-{gamma} signaling. To investigate the mechanistic relationships between immune cell signaling and cancer cells within the leptomeninges, we developed syngeneic lung, breast, and melanoma LM mouse models. Here we show that transgenic host mice, lacking IFN-{gamma} or its receptor, fail to control LM growth. Overexpression of Ifng through a targeted AAV system controls cancer cell growth independent of adaptive immunity. Instead, leptomeningeal IFN-{gamma} actively recruits and activates peripheral myeloid cells, generating a diverse spectrum of dendritic cell subsets. These migratory, CCR7+ dendritic cells orchestrate the influx, proliferation, and cytotoxic action of natural killer cells to control cancer cell growth in the leptomeninges. This work uncovers leptomeningeal-specific IFN-{gamma} signaling and suggests a novel immune-therapeutic approach against tumors within this space.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Remsik, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunes, R. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chabot, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sener, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilcox, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isakov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bale, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaligne, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe'er, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boire, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.17.533041</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leptomeningeal anti-tumor immunity follows unique signaling principles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.17.533220v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Catalytic and non-catalytic mechanisms of histone H4 lysine 20 methyltransferase SUV420H1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.17.533220v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The intricate regulation of chromatin plays a key role in controlling genome architecture and accessibility. Histone lysine methyltransferases regulate chromatin by catalyzing the methylation of specific histone residues but are also hypothesized to have equally important non-catalytic roles. SUV420H1 di- and tri-methylates histone H4 lysine 20 (H4K20me2/me3) and plays crucial roles in DNA replication, repair, and heterochromatin formation, and is dysregulated in several cancers. Many of these processes were linked to its catalytic activity. However, deletion and inhibition of SUV420H1 have shown distinct phenotypes suggesting the enzyme likely has uncharacterized non-catalytic activities. To characterize the catalytic and non-catalytic mechanisms SUV420H1 uses to modify chromatin, we determined cryo- EM structures of SUV420H1 complexes with nucleosomes containing histone H2A or its variant H2A.Z. Our structural, biochemical, biophysical, and cellular analyses reveal how both SUV420H1 recognizes its substrate and H2A.Z stimulates its activity, and show that SUV420H1 binding to nucleosomes causes a dramatic detachment of nucleosomal DNA from histone octamer. We hypothesize that this detachment increases DNA accessibility to large macromolecular complexes, a prerequisite for DNA replication and repair. We also show that SUV420H1 can promote chromatin condensates, another non-catalytic role that we speculate is needed for its heterochromatin functions. Together, our studies uncover and characterize the catalytic and non-catalytic mechanisms of SUV420H1, a key histone methyltransferase that plays an essential role in genomic stability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abini-Agbomson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gretarsson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Ioannes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasilyev, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armache, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nudler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narlikar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armache, K.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.17.533220</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Catalytic and non-catalytic mechanisms of histone H4 lysine 20 methyltransferase SUV420H1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.18.533263v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial genome engineering using CRISPR RNA-guided transposases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.18.533263v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-associated transposons (CASTs) have the potential to transform the technology landscape for kilobase-scale genome engineering, by virtue of their ability to integrate large genetic payloads with high accuracy, easy programmability, and no requirement for homologous recombination machinery. These transposons encode efficient, CRISPR RNA-guided transposases that execute genomic insertions in E. coli at efficiencies approaching [~]100%, generate multiplexed edits when programmed with multiple guides, and function robustly in diverse Gram-negative bacterial species. Here we present a detailed protocol for engineering bacterial genomes using CAST systems, including guidelines on the available homologs and vectors, customization of guide RNAs and DNA payloads, selection of common delivery methods, and genotypic analysis of integration events. We further describe a computational crRNA design algorithm to avoid potential off-targets and CRISPR array cloning pipeline for DNA insertion multiplexing. Starting from available plasmid constructs, the isolation of clonal strains containing a novel genomic integration event-of-interest can be achieved in 1 week using standard molecular biology techniques.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gelsinger, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vo, P. L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klompe, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sternberg, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.18.533263</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial genome engineering using CRISPR RNA-guided transposases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.19.533333v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ras-dependent activation of BMAL2 regulates hypoxic metabolism in pancreatic cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.19.533333v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
KRAS is the archetypal oncogenic driver of pancreatic cancer. To identify new modulators of KRAS activity in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), we performed regulatory network analysis on a large collection of expression profiles from laser capture microdissected samples of PDAC and benign controls. We discovered that BMAL2, a member of the PAS family of transcription factors, promotes tumor initiation, progression, and post-resection survival, and is highly correlated with KRAS activity. Functional analysis of BMAL2 target genes suggested a role in regulating the hypoxia response, a hallmark of PDAC. Knockout of BMAL2 in multiple human PDAC cell lines reduced cancer cell viability, invasion, and glycolysis, leading to broad dysregulation of cellular metabolism, particularly under hypoxic conditions. We find that BMAL2 directly regulates hypoxia-responsive target genes and is necessary for the stabilization of HIF1A under low oxygen conditions, while simultaneously destabilizing HIF2A. Notably, in vivo xenograft studies demonstrated that BMAL2 loss significantly impairs tumor growth and reduces tumor volume, underscoring its functional importance in tumor progression. We conclude that BMAL2 is a master transcriptional regulator of hypoxia responses in PDAC that works downstream of KRAS signaling, possibly serving as a long-sought molecular switch that distinguishes HIF1A- and HIF2A-dependent modes of hypoxic metabolism.

Statement of SignificanceWe annotate the landscape of KRAS-associated transcriptional drivers of pancreatic cancer initiation, progression, and overall survival, leading to the identification of BMAL2 as a novel regulator of hypoxic metabolism. BMAL2 helps execute the oncogenic transcriptional programs of KRAS and serves as a long-sought switch between HIF1A- and HIF2A-dependent modes of hypoxic metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maurer, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curiel-Garcia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmstrom, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laise, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palermo, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sastra, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andren, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeLarge, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagalovskiy, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosarioo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferraiuolo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spinosa, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chabot, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genkinger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hibshoosh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manji, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iuga, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badgley, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyssiotis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olive, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.19.533333</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ras-dependent activation of BMAL2 regulates hypoxic metabolism in pancreatic cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.21.533654v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ZCCHC17 modulates neuronal RNA splicing and supports cognitive resilience in Alzheimer's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.21.533654v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ZCCHC17 is a putative master regulator of synaptic gene dysfunction in Alzheimers Disease (AD), and ZCCHC17 protein declines early in AD brain tissue, before significant gliosis or neuronal loss. Here, we investigate the function of ZCCHC17 and its role in AD pathogenesis. Co-immunoprecipitation of ZCCHC17 followed by mass spectrometry analysis in human iPSC-derived neurons reveals that ZCCHC17s binding partners are enriched for RNA splicing proteins. ZCCHC17 knockdown results in widespread RNA splicing changes that significantly overlap with splicing changes found in AD brain tissue, with synaptic genes commonly affected. ZCCHC17 expression correlates with cognitive resilience in AD patients, and we uncover an APOE4 dependent negative correlation of ZCCHC17 expression with tangle burden. Furthermore, a majority of ZCCHC17 interactors also co-IP with known tau interactors, and we find significant overlap between alternatively spliced genes in ZCCHC17 knockdown and tau overexpression neurons. These results demonstrate ZCCHC17s role in neuronal RNA processing and its interaction with pathology and cognitive resilience in AD, and suggest that maintenance of ZCCHC17 function may be a therapeutic strategy for preserving cognitive function in the setting of AD pathology.

SignificanceAbnormal RNA processing is an important component of AD pathophysiology. We show here that ZCCHC17, a previously identified putative master regulator of synaptic dysfunction in AD, plays a role in neuronal RNA processing, and illustrate that ZCCHC17 dysfunction is sufficient to explain some of the splicing abnormalities seen in AD brain tissue, including synaptic gene splicing abnormalities. Using data from human patients, we demonstrate that ZCCHC17 mRNA levels correlate with cognitive resilience in the setting of AD pathology. These results suggest that maintenance of ZCCHC17 function may be a therapeutic strategy for supporting cognitive function in AD patients, and motivate future work examining a possible role of abnormal RNA processing in AD-related cognitive decline.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bartosch, A. M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youth, E. H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koo, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashok, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivakumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soni, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumitrescu, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ropri, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, H.-U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardarajan, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young-Pearse, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohman, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sproul, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teich, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.21.533654</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ZCCHC17 modulates neuronal RNA splicing and supports cognitive resilience in Alzheimer's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.21.533722v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial Proteomics Reveals Novel TREM2 Interactors in ER-Mitochondria Interface in Microglia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.21.533722v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) plays a central role in microglial biology and the pathogenesis of Alzheimers disease (AD). Besides DNAX-activating protein 12 (DAP12), a communal adaptor for TREM2 and many other receptors, other cellular interactors of TREM2 remain largely elusive. We employed a  proximity labeling approach using a biotin ligase, TurboID, for mapping protein-protein interactions in live mammalian cells. We discovered novel TREM2-proximal proteins with diverse functions, including those localized to the Mitochondria-ER contact sites (MERCs), a dynamic subcellular  hub implicated in a number of crucial cell physiology such as lipid metabolism. TREM2 deficiency alters the thickness (inter-organelle distance) of MERCs, a structural parameter of metabolic state, in microglia derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Our TurboID-based TREM2 interactome study suggest novel roles for TREM2 in the structural plasticity of the MERCs, raising the possibility that dysregulation of MERC-related TREM2 functions contribute to AD pathobiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kwak, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finan, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mun, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhee, H.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, T.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.21.533722</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial Proteomics Reveals Novel TREM2 Interactors in ER-Mitochondria Interface in Microglia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.22.533805v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolving antibody evasion and receptor affinity of the Omicron BA.2.75 sublineage of SARS-CoV-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.22.533805v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2.75 has diversified into multiple subvariants with additional spike mutations, and several are expanding in prevalence, particularly CH.1.1 and BN.1. Here, we investigated the viral receptor affinities and neutralization evasion properties of major BA.2.75 subvariants actively circulating in different regions worldwide. We found two distinct evolutionary pathways and three newly identified mutations that shaped the virological features of these subvariants. One phenotypic group exhibited a discernible decrease in viral receptor affinities, but a noteworthy increase in resistance to antibody neutralization, as exemplified by CH.1.1, which is apparently as resistant as XBB.1.5. In contrast, a second group demonstrated a substantial increase in viral receptor affinity but only a moderate increase in antibody evasion, as exemplified by BN.1. We also observed that all prevalent SARS-CoV-2 variants in the circulation presently, except for BN.1, exhibit profound levels of antibody evasion, suggesting this is the dominant determinant of virus transmissibility today.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mellis, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iketani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauring, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.22.533805</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolving antibody evasion and receptor affinity of the Omicron BA.2.75 sublineage of SARS-CoV-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.22.533807v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Capturing Spatiotemporal Signaling Patterns in Cellular Data with Geometric Scattering Trajectory Homology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.22.533807v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural signals are high-dimensional, noisy, and dynamic, making it challenging to extract interpretable features linked to behavior or disease. We introduce Neurospectrum, a framework that encodes neural activity as latent trajectories shaped by spatial and temporal structure. At each timepoint, signals are represented on a graph capturing spatial relationships, with a learnable attention mechanism highlighting important regions. These are embedded using graph wavelets and passed through a manifold-regularized autoencoder that preserves temporal geometry. The resulting latent trajectory is summarized using a principled set of descriptors - including curvature, path signatures, persistent homology, and recurrent networks -that capture multiscale geometric, topological, and dynamical features. These features drive downstream prediction in a modular, interpretable, and end-to-end trainable framework.

We evaluate Neurospectrum on simulated and experimental datasets. It tracks phase synchronization in Kuramoto simulations, reconstructs visual stimuli from calcium imaging, and identifies biomarkers of obsessive-compulsive disorder in fMRI. Across tasks, Neurospectrum uncovers meaningful neural dynamics and outperforms traditional analysis methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhaskar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rieck, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khasawneh, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munch, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greco, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnaswamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.22.533807</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Capturing Spatiotemporal Signaling Patterns in Cellular Data with Geometric Scattering Trajectory Homology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.22.533832v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ANXA11 biomolecular condensates facilitate protein-lipid phase coupling on lysosomal membranes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.22.533832v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phase transitions of cellular proteins and lipids play a key role in governing the organisation and coordination of intracellular biology. The frequent juxtaposition of proteinaceous biomolecular condensates to cellular membranes raises the intriguing prospect that phase transitions in proteins and lipids could be co-regulated. Here we investigate this possibility in the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) granule-ANXA11-lysosome ensemble, where ANXA11 tethers RNP granule condensates to lysosomal membranes to enable their co-trafficking. We show that changes to the protein phase state within this system, driven by the low complexity ANXA11 N-terminus, induce a coupled phase state change in the lipids of the underlying membrane. We identify the ANXA11 interacting proteins ALG2 and CALC as potent regulators of ANXA11-based phase coupling and demonstrate their influence on the nanomechanical properties of the ANXA11-lysosome ensemble and its capacity to engage RNP granules. The phenomenon of protein-lipid phase coupling we observe within this system offers an important template to understand the numerous other examples across the cell whereby biomolecular condensates closely juxtapose cell membranes.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=177 SRC="FIGDIR/small/533832v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (76K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@16f3e10org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@538f39org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e00d4eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@89967d_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nixon-Abell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruggeri, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qamar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herling, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czekalska, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandopulle, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sneideris, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillai, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meadows, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chambers, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagstaff, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coyle, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marciniak, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freund, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derivery, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vendruscolo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St George Hyslop, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.22.533832</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ANXA11 biomolecular condensates facilitate protein-lipid phase coupling on lysosomal membranes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.533424v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional identification of language-responsive channels in individual participants in MEG investigations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.533424v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Making meaningful inferences about the functional architecture of the language system requires the ability to refer to the same neural units across individuals and studies. Traditional brain imaging approaches align and average brains together in a common space. However, lateral frontal and temporal cortices, where the language system resides, is characterized by high structural and functional inter-individual variability, which reduces the sensitivity and functional resolution of group-averaging analyses. This issue is compounded by the fact that language areas lay in close proximity to regions of other large-scale networks with different functional profiles. A solution inspired by visual neuroscience is to identify language areas functionally in each individual brain using a  localizer task (e.g., a language comprehension task). This approach has proven productive in fMRI, yielding a number of robust and replicable findings about the language system. Here, we extend this approach to MEG. Across two experiments (one in Dutch speakers, n=19; one in English speakers, n=23), we examined neural responses to the processing of sentences and a control condition (nonword sequences). In both the time and frequency domains, we demonstrated that the topography of neural responses to language is spatially stable within individuals but varies across individuals. Consequently, analyses that take this inter-individual variability into account are characterized by greater sensitivity, compared to the group-level analyses. In summary, similar to fMRI, functional identification within individuals yields benefits in MEG, thus opening the door to future investigations of language processing including questions where whole-brain coverage and temporal resolution are both critical.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bruffaerts, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pongos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shain, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipkin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegelman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wens, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sjogard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pantazis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blank, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Tiege, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedorenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.23.533424</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional identification of language-responsive channels in individual participants in MEG investigations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.24.533907v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Environmental correlates of tree reproductive phenology in a tropical state of India - insights from a citizen science project 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.24.533907v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tropical tree reproductive phenology is sensitive to changing climate, but inter-individual and interannual variability at the regional scale is poorly understood. While large-scale and long-term datasets of environmental variables are available, reproductive phenology needs to be measured in-site, limiting the spatiotemporal scales of the data. We leveraged a unique dataset assembled by SeasonWatch, a citizen-science phenology monitoring programme in India to assess the environmental correlates of flowering in three ubiquitous and economically important tree species - jackfruit, mango and tamarind - in the south-western Indian state of Kerala. We explored (i) seasonal patterns in the flowering status of trees (ii) environmental correlates of flowering onset considering only trees with consecutive observations and (iii) spatiotemporal patterns in these environmental correlates to aid future hypotheses for changing phenology patterns. We used 165006 phenology observations spread over 19591 individual trees over 9 years. We first used bootstrapped circular statistics that accounts for observation biases in time to examine consistency in seasonality of flowering status over the whole season, and flowering onset across years and trees. Similar to results from cohort-based tree monitoring, we demonstrate seasonality in flowering status and onset across species, but also report large interannual and inter-individual variability. We then used used generalized linear mixed models with remotely sensed observations (ERA5-LAND) to show that some of the interannual variation in flowering onset across individuals was associated with environmental variables. Soil moisture, minimum temperature and solar radiation had significant associations with the onset of flowering but these effects were heterogeneous across species and habitats across Kerala. Our results become increasingly important in the face of large spatiotemporal change in the climate of this landscape and other tropical regions. We demonstrate the potential and limitations of citizen- science observations in making and testing predictions at scale for predictive climate science in tropical landscapes.

Open Research StatementData are not yet provided. Environmental data used in this manuscript are from publicly available sources. All SeasonWatch data, the phenology data used in the manuscript, is licensed under the open-access creative commons license CC BY 4.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ and is available upon request. Processed data and code used in this manuscript will be made publicly accessible through Zenodo upon acceptance of the manuscript. This manuscript does not use any novel code.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anujan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mardian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajkumar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>SeasonWatch Citizen Scientist Network,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasic, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akseer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramaswami, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.24.533907</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Environmental correlates of tree reproductive phenology in a tropical state of India - insights from a citizen science project]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.24.534143v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ZFP281 coordinates DNMT3 and TET1 for transcriptional and epigenetic control in pluripotent state transitions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.24.534143v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The progression from naive through formative to primed in vitro pluripotent stem cell states recapitulates the development of the epiblast in vivo during the peri-implantation period of mammalian development. Activation of the de novo DNA methyltransferases and reorganization of transcriptional and epigenetic landscapes are key events occurring during these pluripotent state transitions. However, the upstream regulators that coordinate these events are relatively underexplored. Here, using Zfp281 knockout mouse and degron knock-in cell models, we uncover the direct transcriptional activation of Dnmt3a/3b by ZFP281 in pluripotent stem cells. Chromatin co-occupancy of ZFP281 and DNA hydroxylase TET1, dependent on the formation of R loops in ZFP281-targeted gene promoters, undergoes a "high-low-high" bimodal pattern regulating dynamic DNA methylation and gene expression during the naive-formative-primed transitions. ZFP281 also safeguards DNA methylation in maintaining primed pluripotency. Our study demonstrates a previously unappreciated role for ZFP281 in coordinating DNMT3A/3B and TET1 functions to promote pluripotent state transitions.

In BriefThe naive, formative, and primed pluripotent states and their interconversions recapitulate pluripotency continuum during early development. Huang and colleagues investigated the transcriptional programs during successive pluripotent state transitions and revealed an essential role for ZFP281 in coordinating DNMT3A/3B and TET1 to establish the DNA methylation and gene expression programs during the transitions.

HighlightsO_LIZFP281 activates Dnmt3a/3b in vitro in pluripotent stem cells and in vivo in epiblast.
C_LIO_LIZFP281 and TET1 undergo bimodal chromatin occupancy in pluripotent state transitions.
C_LIO_LIChromatin-binding of ZFP281 and TET1 depends on the formation of R-loops at promoters.
C_LIO_LIZFP281 is necessary for the establishment and maintenance of primed pluripotency.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balmer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malik, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadjantonakis, A.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.24.534143</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ZFP281 coordinates DNMT3 and TET1 for transcriptional and epigenetic control in pluripotent state transitions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.25.534219v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A highly conserved and globally prevalent cryptic plasmid is among the most numerous mobile genetic elements in the human gut 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.25.534219v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plasmids are extrachromosomal genetic elements that often encode fitness enhancing features. However, many bacteria carry  cryptic plasmids that do not confer clear beneficial functions. We identified one such cryptic plasmid, pBI143, which is ubiquitous across industrialized gut microbiomes, and is 14 times as numerous as crAssphage, currently established as the most abundant genetic element in the human gut. The majority of mutations in pBI143 accumulate in specific positions across thousands of metagenomes, indicating strong purifying selection. pBI143 is monoclonal in most individuals, likely due to the priority effect of the version first acquired, often from ones mother. pBI143 can transfer between Bacteroidales and although it does not appear to impact bacterial host fitness in vivo, can transiently acquire additional genetic content. We identified important practical applications of pBI143, including its use in identifying human fecal contamination and its potential as an inexpensive alternative for detecting human colonic inflammatory states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fogarty, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schechter, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lolans, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheahan, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veseli, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiefl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moody, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mimee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLellan, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willis, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comstock, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eren, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.25.534219</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A highly conserved and globally prevalent cryptic plasmid is among the most numerous mobile genetic elements in the human gut]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.25.534233v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activity-dependent subcellular compartmentalization of dendritic mitochondria structure in CA1 pyramidal neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.25.534233v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal mitochondria play important roles beyond ATP generation, including Ca2+ uptake, and therefore have instructive roles in synaptic function and neuronal response properties. Mitochondrial morphology differs significantly in the axon and dendrites of a given neuronal subtype, but in CA1 pyramidal neurons (PNs) of the hippocampus, mitochondria within the dendritic arbor also display a remarkable degree of subcellular, layer- specific compartmentalization. In the dendrites of these neurons, mitochondria morphology ranges from highly fused and elongated in the apical tuft, to more fragmented in the apical oblique and basal dendritic compartments, and thus occupy a smaller fraction of dendritic volume than in the apical tuft. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this striking degree of subcellular compartmentalization of mitochondria morphology are unknown, precluding the assessment of its impact on neuronal function. Here, we demonstrate that this compartment-specific morphology of dendritic mitochondria requires activity-dependent, Camkk2- dependent activation of AMPK and its ability to phosphorylate two direct effectors: the pro-fission Drp1 receptor Mff and the recently identified anti-fusion, Opa1-inhibiting protein, Mtfr1l. Our study uncovers a new activity- dependent molecular mechanism underlying the extreme subcellular compartmentalization of mitochondrial morphology in dendrites of neurons in vivo through spatially precise regulation of mitochondria fission/fusion balance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Virga, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osei, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamponi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hewitt, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloss, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polleux, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.25.534233</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activity-dependent subcellular compartmentalization of dendritic mitochondria structure in CA1 pyramidal neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.26.534192v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cell Populations Promote Tumor Aggression in Glioblastoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.26.534192v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The diversity of genetic programs and cellular plasticity of glioma-associated myeloid cells, and thus their contribution to tumor growth and immune evasion, is poorly understood. We performed single cell RNA-sequencing of immune and tumor cells from 33 glioma patients of varying tumor grades. We identified two populations characteristic of myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC), unique to glioblastoma (GBM) and absent in grades II and III tumors: i) an early progenitor population (E-MDSC) characterized by strong upregulation of multiple catabolic, anabolic, oxidative stress, and hypoxia pathways typically observed within tumor cells themselves, and ii) a monocytic MDSC (M-MDSC) population. The E-MDSCs geographically co-localize with a subset of highly metabolic glioma stem-like tumor cells with a mesenchymal program in the pseudopalisading region, a pathognomonic feature of GBMs associated with poor prognosis. Ligand-receptor interaction analysis revealed symbiotic cross-talk between the stemlike tumor cells and E-MDSCs in GBM, whereby glioma stem cells produce chemokines attracting E-MDSCs, which in turn produce growth and survival factors for the tumor cells. Our large-scale single-cell analysis elucidated unique MDSC populations as key facilitators of GBM progression and mediators of tumor immunosuppression, suggesting that targeting these specific myeloid compartments, including their metabolic programs, may be a promising therapeutic intervention in this deadly cancer.

One-Sentence SummaryAggressive glioblastoma harbors two unique myeloid populations capable of promoting stem-like properties of tumor cells and suppressing T cell function in the tumor microenvironment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jackson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherry, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bom, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dykema, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weingart, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yegnasubramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bettegowda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eliesseff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardoll, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.26.534192</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cell Populations Promote Tumor Aggression in Glioblastoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.29.534651v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of Grem1-articular cartilage progenitor cells causes osteoarthritis. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.29.534651v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Osteoarthritis (OA), which carries an enormous disease burden across the world, is characterised by irreversible degeneration of articular cartilage (AC), and subsequently bone. The cellular cause of OA is unknown. Here, using lineage tracing in mice, we show that the BMP-antagonist Gremlin 1 (Grem1) marks a novel chondrogenic progenitor (CP) cell population in the articular surface that generates joint cartilage and subchondral bone during development and adulthood. Notably, this CP population is depleted in injury-induced OA, and with age. OA is also induced by toxin-mediated ablation of Grem1 CP cells in young mice. Transcriptomic analysis and functional modelling in mice revealed articular surface Grem1-lineage cells are dependent on Foxo1; ablation of Foxo1 in Grem1-lineage cells led to early OA. This analysis identified FGFR3 signalling as a therapeutic target, and injection of its activator, FGF18, caused proliferation of Grem1-lineage CP cells, increased cartilage thickness, and reduced OA pathology. We propose that OA arises from the loss of CP cells at the articular surface secondary to an imbalance in progenitor cell homeostasis and present a new progenitor population as a locus for OA therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ng, J. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jafarov, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Little, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radford, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vrbanac, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ichinose, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whittle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lannagan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goyne, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobayashi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>WANG, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haynes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menicanin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gronthos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worthley, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.29.534651</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of Grem1-articular cartilage progenitor cells causes osteoarthritis.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.30.534775v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Medial Prefrontal Cortex Serotonin Input Regulates Cognitive Flexibility in Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.30.534775v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) regulates cognitive flexibility and emotional behavior. Neurons that release serotonin project to the mPFC, and serotonergic drugs influence emotion and cognition. Yet, the specific roles of endogenous serotonin release in the mPFC on neurophysiology and behavior are unknown. We show that axonal serotonin release in the mPFC directly inhibits the major mPFC output neurons. In serotonergic neurons projecting from the dorsal raphe to the mPFC, we find endogenous activity signatures pre-reward retrieval and at reward retrieval during a cognitive flexibility task. In vivo optogenetic activation of this pathway during pre-reward retrieval selectively improved extradimensional rule shift performance while inhibition impaired it, demonstrating sufficiency and necessity for mPFC serotonin release in cognitive flexibility. Locomotor activity and anxiety-like behavior were not affected by either optogenetic manipulation. Collectively, our data reveal a powerful and specific modulatory role of endogenous serotonin release from dorsal raphe-to-mPFC projecting neurons in cognitive flexibility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morgan, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alves, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeasmin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Power, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sargin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adib, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziolkowski-Blake, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambe, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ansorge, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.30.534775</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Medial Prefrontal Cortex Serotonin Input Regulates Cognitive Flexibility in Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.31.535171v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A high-throughput approach reveals distinct peptide charging behaviors in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.31.535171v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electrospray ionization is a powerful and prevalent technique used to ionize analytes in mass spectrometry. The distribution of charges that an analyte receives (charge state distribution, CSD) is an important consideration for interpreting mass spectra. However, due to an incomplete understanding of the ionization mechanism, the analyte properties that influence CSDs are not fully understood. Here, we employ a machine learning-based high-throughput approach and analyze CSDs of hundreds of thousands of peptides. Interestingly, half of the peptides exhibit charges that differ from what one would naively expect (number of basic sites). We find that these peptides can be classified into two regimes--undercharging and overcharging--and that these two regimes display markedly different charging characteristics. Strikingly, peptides in the overcharging regime show minimal dependence on basic site count, and more generally, the two regimes exhibit distinct sequence determinants. These findings highlight the rich ionization behavior of peptides and the potential of CSDs for enhancing peptide identification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.31.535171</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A high-throughput approach reveals distinct peptide charging behaviors in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.03.534985v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ALDH2 dysfunction accelerates ESCC pathogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.03.534985v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The alcohol metabolite acetaldehyde is a potent human carcinogen. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is the primary enzyme that detoxifies acetaldehyde in the mitochondria. Acetaldehyde accumulates and causes genotoxic stress in cells expressing the dysfunctional ALDH2E487K mutant protein linked to ALDH2*2, the single nucleotide polymorphism highly prevalent amongst East Asians. Chronic alcohol users with heterozygous ALDH2*2 display an increased risk for the development of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and other alcohol-related cancers. However, how ALDH2 influences ESCC pathobiology is incompletely understood. Herein, we characterize how ESCC and preneoplastic cells respond to alcohol exposure using cell lines, three dimensional organoids, and xenograft models. We find that alcohol exposure results in increased organoid formation and tumor growth concurrent with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), increased DNA damage, and the enrichment of putative cancer stem cells (CSCs) characterized by high CD44 expression. Pharmacological activation of ALDH2 function by Alda-1 inhibits this phenotype, indicating that acetaldehyde is the primary driver of these changes. ALDH2 dysfunction also affects response to a commonly used chemotherapy for the treatment of ESCC. We find that Aldh2 dysfunction facilitated enrichment of CSCs following cisplatin-induced cell death and oxidative stress in murine organoids. Together, these data provide evidence that alcohol exposure, results in more aggressive tumors through enrichment of CSCs, which is augmented by ALDH2 dysfunction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Flashner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimonosono, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsuura, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohashi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein-Szanto, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diehl, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakagawa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.03.534985</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ALDH2 dysfunction accelerates ESCC pathogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.03.535370v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Colorectal cancer detection and treatment with engineered probiotics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.03.535370v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bioengineered probiotics enable new opportunities to improve colorectal cancer (CRC) screening, prevention and treatment strategies. Here, we demonstrate the phenomenon of selective, long-term colonization of colorectal adenomas after oral delivery of probiotic E. coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) to a genetically-engineered murine model of CRC predisposition. We show that, after oral administration, adenomas can be monitored over time by recovering EcN from stool. We also demonstrate specific colonization of EcN to solitary neoplastic lesions in an orthotopic murine model of CRC. We then exploit this neoplasia-homing property of EcN to develop early CRC intervention strategies. To detect lesions, we engineer EcN to produce a small molecule, salicylate, and demonstrate that oral delivery of this strain results in significantly increased levels of salicylate in the urine of adenoma-bearing mice, in comparison to healthy controls. We also assess EcN engineered to locally release immunotherapeutics at the neoplastic site. Oral delivery to mice bearing adenomas, reduced adenoma burden by [~]50%, with notable differences in the spatial distribution of T cell populations within diseased and healthy intestinal tissue, suggesting local induction of robust anti-tumor immunity. Together, these results support the use of EcN as an orally-delivered platform to detect disease and treat CRC through its production of screening and therapeutic molecules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gurbatri, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radford, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vrbanac, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleh, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chien, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zandkarimi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lia, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lannagan, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobayashi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, J. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawrence, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sammour, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papanicolas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzsimmons, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaazan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostroff, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arpaia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worthley, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danino, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.03.535370</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Colorectal cancer detection and treatment with engineered probiotics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.03.535415v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Potential Immunomodulatory Role of Lead in Monocyte/Macrophage Differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.03.535415v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lead (Pb) is a pernicious toxic metal and public health hazard, as it persists in the environment contaminating soil, food, and drinking water. Lead exerts its toxic effect on numerous organ systems, with the abundance of focus on the red blood cells and neurons of the hematopoietic and central nervous systems. However, insufficient investigation has been conducted on the effect of Pb on immune cells. In the current study, the toxic effects of Pb on immune cells of monocyte/macrophage lineage are described. Pb exerts a dose-dependent alteration in differentiation of monocyte/macrophage cells that retain some plasticity in development. Pb induces a bifurcation in differentiation of monocyte/macrophage cells, resulting in inhibition of osteoclastogenesis and induction of dendritic cells (DC). This phenomenon was demonstrated in RAW 264.7 murine monocyte/macrophage cell line and was consistent with response in rat bone-marrow derived macrophage (Sprague-Dawley). Pb primarily produced this response through induction of GM-CSF production and inhibition of p38/MAPK activity. Long-term exposure to physiologically relevant concentrations of Pb has the potential to modulate the immune system through altering the cell-lineage commitment of monocyte/macrophage lineage cells in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, Pb may function as an immunomodulator.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nicholson, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schanne, F. A. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.03.535415</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Potential Immunomodulatory Role of Lead in Monocyte/Macrophage Differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.04.535606v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lead (Pb) Inhibits-PMA Induced Microglia Multinucleation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.04.535606v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multinucleated Microglia are formed in response to aging, inflammation, the presence of some pathogens, and are a histological feature of several CNS pathologies. Multinucleated microglia may be involved with increased clearance of CNS debris and whole cells. The present study has sought to determine the best model by which to study multinucleation in microglia in vitro, in order to investigate whether the known neurotoxicant metal lead (Pb) impacts the formation of multinucleated microglia. It was determined that isolated rat microglia (Sprague-Dawley), compared to murine (BV2) and human (HMC3) microglia cell-lines, when induced by Phorbol-myristate-acetate (PMA) results in the greatest amount of cell multinucleation and multinuclearity. In this model, it was shown that long-term exposure to Pb inhibited microglia cell proliferation, multinucleation, and multinuclearity in a dose-dependent manner. Pb appears to inhibit multinucleation in microglia by induction of multinuclear regression (karyolysis, pyknosis, or karyorrhexis) resulting in large mononuclear cells. The mechanism by which PMA induces multinucleation may involve p38/MAPK activity and Pb interferes with this activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nicholson, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schanne, F. A. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.04.535606</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lead (Pb) Inhibits-PMA Induced Microglia Multinucleation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.05.535746v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Suppression of ferroptosis by vitamin A or antioxidants is essential for neuronal development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.05.535746v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Development of functional neurons is a complex orchestration of several signaling pathways controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, and homeostasis1. However, details about the involved factors are not fully understood. The balance of antioxidants and vitamins is important for neuronal survival, synaptic plasticity, and early neuronal development; thus, we hypothesized that ferroptosis--a lipid peroxidation dependent cell death modality that is inhibited by antioxidanats2,3--needs to be suppressed to gain neurons. Our study shows that removal of antioxidants diminishes neuronal development and laminar organization of cortical organoids. Intriguingly, impaired neuronal development in conditions lacking antioxidants can be fully restored when ferroptosis is specifically inhibited by ferrostatin-1, or neuronal differentiation occurs in the presence of sufficient amounts of vitamin A. Mechanistically, vitamin A activates the heterodimeric nuclear receptor complex Retinoic Acid Receptor (RAR)/Retinoid X Receptor (RXR)4, which upregulates expression of the ferroptosis regulators GPX4, FSP1, GCH1, and ACSL3, amongst others. Therefore, our study reveals that above a certain threshold, vitamin A increases expression of essential cellular gatekeepers of lipid peroxidation. This study uncovers a critical process during early neuronal development, where suppression of ferroptosis by radical-trapping antioxidants or vitamin A is required to obtain maturing neurons and proper laminar organization in cortical organoids.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tschuck, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padmanabhan Nair, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galhoz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciceri, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothenaigner, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tchieu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tai, H.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stockwell, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Studer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menden, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincendeau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadian, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.05.535746</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Suppression of ferroptosis by vitamin A or antioxidants is essential for neuronal development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.06.535956v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
α-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone Regulates Pathological Cardiac Remodeling by Activating Melanocortin 5 Receptor in Cardiomyocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.06.535956v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (-MSH) regulates diverse physiological functions by activating melanocortin receptors (MC-R). -MSH is predominantly expressed in the pituitary gland, but it is also found in several peripheral tissues such as the skin and heart. However, the role of -MSH and its possible target receptors in the heart remain completely unknown. Therefore, we sought to investigate whether -MSH could be involved in the regulation of pathological cardiac remodeling.

MethodsTissue -MSH concentrations and the effects of chronic -MSH administration were investigated in mice subjected to transverse aortic constriction (TAC). Rat H9c2 cells, neonatal mouse ventricular myocytes and human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CM) were used to study the effects of -MSH and selective MC-R agonists. Inducible cardiomyocyte-specific melanocortin 5 receptor (MC5-R) knockout mouse model was engineered to investigate the role of MC5-R in cardiac hypertrophy.

Results-MSH was highly expressed in the mouse heart, particularly in the ventricles, and its level was reduced in the left ventricles of TAC-operated mice. Administration of a stable -MSH analogue protected mice against TAC-induced cardiac hypertrophy and systolic dysfunction. In vitro experiments revealed that cardiomyocytes serve as effector cells for the -MSH mediated antihypertrophic signaling and that selective activation of MC5-R mimics the actions of -MSH. In keeping with these findings, MC5-R was downregulated in the failing mouse heart and stressed hiPSC-CMs. Silencing of MC5-R in mouse cardiomyocytes induced hypertrophy and fibrosis markers in vitro and aggravated TAC-induced cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in vivo. Conversely, pharmacological activation of MC5-R improved systolic function and reduced cardiac fibrosis in TAC-operated mice.

Conclusions-MSH is expressed in the heart and protects against pathological cardiac remodeling by activating MC5-R in cardiomyocytes. These results suggest that analogues of naturally occurring -MSH, that have been recently approved for clinical use and have agonistic activity at MC5-R, may be of benefit in treating heart failure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Suominen, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saldo Rubio, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruohonen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szabo, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pohjolainen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghimire, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruohonen, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saukkonen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ijas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skarp, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaikkonen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wardlaw, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruskoaho, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savontaus, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerkelä, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rinne, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.06.535956</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[α-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone Regulates Pathological Cardiac Remodeling by Activating Melanocortin 5 Receptor in Cardiomyocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.08.536123v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antibodies that neutralize all current SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern by conformational locking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.08.536123v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 continues to evolve and evade most existing neutralizing antibodies, including all clinically authorized antibodies. We have isolated and characterized two human monoclonal antibodies, 12-16 and 12-19, which exhibited neutralizing activities against all SARS-CoV-2 variants tested, including BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5. They also blocked infection in hamsters challenged with Omicron BA.1 intranasally. Structural analyses revealed both antibodies targeted a conserved quaternary epitope located at the interface between the N-terminal domain and subdomain 1, revealing a previously unrecognized site of vulnerability on SARS-CoV-2 spike. These antibodies prevent viral receptor engagement by locking the receptor-binding domain of spike in the down conformation, revealing a novel mechanism of virus neutralization for non-RBD antibodies. Deep mutational scanning showed that SARS-CoV-2 could mutate to escape 12-19, but the responsible mutations are rarely found in circulating viruses. Antibodies 12-16 and 12-19 hold promise as prophylactic agents for immunocompromised persons who do not respond robustly to COVID-19 vaccines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casner, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iketani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, J. F.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadonaite, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohri, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddem, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poon, V. K.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C. C.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuen, K.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.08.536123</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antibodies that neutralize all current SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern by conformational locking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.10.536242v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A rapid and bidirectional reporter of neural activity reveals neural correlates of social behaviors in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.10.536242v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural activity is modulated over different timescales encompassing sub-seconds to days reflecting changes in external environment, internal state, and behavior. Using Drosophila as a model, we have developed a rapid and bidirectional reporter that provides a robust cellular readout of recent neural activity. This reporter utilizes nuclear vs cytoplasmic distribution of CREB-regulated transcriptional coactivator, CRTC. Subcellular distribution of GFP-tagged CRTC (CRTC::GFP) bidirectionally changes on the order of minutes and reflects both increases and decreases in neural activity. We establish an automated machine-learning-based routine for efficient quantification of reporter signal. Using this reporter, we demonstrate acute mating- evoked activation of peptidergic neurons. We further investigate the functional role of the master courtship regulator gene, fruitless, and show that fruitless is necessary to ensure activation of male arousal neurons by female cues. Together, our results establish CRTC::GFP as a bidirectional reporter of recent neural activity suitable for examining neural correlates in behavioral contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bonheur, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swartz, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metcalf, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhukovskaya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connors, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barasch, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamieson, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Axel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hattori, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.10.536242</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A rapid and bidirectional reporter of neural activity reveals neural correlates of social behaviors in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.11.536367v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A potential patient stratification biomarker for Parkinson's disease based on LRRK2 kinase-mediated centrosomal alterations in peripheral blood-derived cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.11.536367v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsos disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative movement disorder and leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a promising therapeutic target for disease intervention. However, the ability to stratify patients who will benefit from such treatment modalities based on shared etiology is critical for the success of disease-modifying therapies. Ciliary and centrosomal alterations are commonly associated with pathogenic LRRK2 kinase activity and can be detected in many cell types. We previously found centrosomal deficits in immortalized lymphocytes from G2019S-LRRK2 PD patients. Here, to investigate whether such deficits may serve as a potential blood biomarker for PD which is susceptible to LRKK2 inhibitor treatment, we characterized patient-derived cells from distinct PD cohorts. We report centrosomal alterations in peripheral cells from a subset of early-stage idiopathic PD patients which is mitigated by LRRK2 kinase inhibition, supporting a role for aberrant LRRK2 activity in idiopathic PD. Centrosomal defects are detected in R1441G-LRRK2 and G2019S-LRRK2 PD patients and in non-manifesting LRRK2 mutation carriers, indicating that they acumulate prior to a clinical PD diagnosis. They are present in immortalized cells as well as in primary lymphocytes from peripheral blood. These findings indicate that analysis of centrosomal defects as a blood-based patient stratification biomarker may help nominate PD patients who will benefit from LRRK2-related therapeutics.

One-sentence summaryPeripheral blood-derived cells can be employed to stratify Parkinsos disease patients most likely to respond to LRRK2-related therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Naaldijk, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fasiczka, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fdez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leghay, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croitoru, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwok, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boulesnane, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vizeneux, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mutez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calvez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Destee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taymans, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinagre Aragon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergareche Yarza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padmanabhan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgado, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcalay, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterton, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzamko, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halliday, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz-Martinez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chartier-Harlin, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilfiker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.11.536367</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A potential patient stratification biomarker for Parkinson's disease based on LRRK2 kinase-mediated centrosomal alterations in peripheral blood-derived cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.12.536506v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole-brain mapping reveals the divergent impact of ketamine on the dopamine system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.12.536506v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ketamine is a multifunctional drug with clinical applications as an anesthetic, as a pain management medication and as a transformative fast-acting antidepressant. It is also abused as a recreational drug due to its dissociative property. Recent studies in rodents are revealing the neuronal mechanisms that mediate the complex actions of ketamine, however, its long-term impact due to prolonged exposure remains much less understood with profound scientific and clinical implications. Here, we develop and utilize a high-resolution whole-brain phenotyping approach to show that repeated ketamine administration leads to a dosage-dependent decrease of dopamine (DA) neurons in the behavior state-related midbrain regions and, conversely, an increase within the hypothalamus. Congruently, we show divergently altered innervations of prefrontal cortex, striatum, and sensory areas. Further, we present supporting data for the post-transcriptional regulation of ketamine-induced structural plasticity. Overall, through an unbiased whole-brain analysis, we reveal the divergent brain-wide impact of chronic ketamine exposure on the association and sensory pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Datta, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chauhan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De La Cruz, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.12.536506</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole-brain mapping reveals the divergent impact of ketamine on the dopamine system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.13.536805v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acute myeloid leukemia stratifies as two clinically relevant sphingolipidomic subtypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.13.536805v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive disease with complex and heterogeneous biology. Although several genomic classifications have been proposed, there is a growing interest in going beyond genomics to stratify AML. In this study, we profile the sphingolipid family of bioactive molecules in 213 primary AML samples and 30 common human AML cell lines. Using an integrative approach, we identify two distinct sphingolipid subtypes in AML characterized by a reciprocal abundance of hexosylceramide (Hex) and sphingomyelin (SM) species. The two Hex-SM clusters organize diverse samples more robustly than known AML driver mutations and are coupled to latent transcriptional states. Using transcriptomic data, we develop a machine-learning classifier to infer the Hex-SM status of AML cases in TCGA and BeatAML clinical repositories. The analyses show that the sphingolipid subtype with deficient Hex and abundant SM is enriched for leukemic stemness transcriptional programs and comprises an unappreciated high-risk subgroup with poor clinical outcomes. Our sphingolipid-focused examination of AML identifies patients least likely to benefit from standard of care and raises the possibility that sphingolipidomic interventions could switch the subtype of AML patients who otherwise lack targetable alternatives.

Key Points1.Sphingolipidomics separates acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients and cell lines into two subtypes.

2.The subtype with low hexosylceramide and high sphingomyelin defines a new high-risk subtype with poor clinical outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paudel, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, S.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunton, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viny, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barth, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tallman, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrett-Bakelman, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kester, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claxton, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feith, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janes, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loughran, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.13.536805</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acute myeloid leukemia stratifies as two clinically relevant sphingolipidomic subtypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.13.536815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Building functional circuits in multispecies brains. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.13.536815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genome is the ultimate architect of the brain. Its evolutionary variations build the neural circuits that endow each species with its innate senses and behaviors. A central question for neuroscience and translational medicine is whether neural circuits from two species can be made to function in an intact brain. Here, we establish genetic tools and use blastocyst complementation to selectively build and test interspecies neural circuits in rat-mouse brains. Despite [~]10-20 million years of evolution and prominent differences in brain size and cellular composition, rat pluripotent stem cells injected into mouse blastocysts widely populate and persist in the mouse brain. Unexpectedly, the mouse niche reprograms the birthdates of cortical and hippocampal rat neurons, where they also form synaptically active rat-mouse circuits. By genetically disabling host olfactory circuitry, we show that rat neurons restore synaptic information flow from the nose to the cortex. Rat neurons can also rescue a primal olfactory behavior (food-seeking), though less than mouse controls. By enabling a mouse to sense the world with rat neurons, we highlight the power of interspecies neural blastocyst complementation to uncover mechanisms of neural circuit development and evolution, and to inform efforts to rescue neural circuits affected by injury or disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Throesch, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imtiaz, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz-Castaneda, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakurai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuprianov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osten, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belmonte, J. C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldwin, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.13.536815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Building functional circuits in multispecies brains.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.14.536893v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fast and flexible joint fine-mapping of multiple traits via the Sum of Single Effects model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.14.536893v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We introduce mvSuSiE, a multi-trait fine-mapping method for identifying putative causal variants from genetic association data (individual-level or summary data). mvSuSiE learns patterns of shared genetic effects from data, and exploits these patterns to improve power to identify causal SNPs. Comparisons on simulated data show that mvSuSiE is competitive in speed, power and precision with existing multi-trait methods, and uniformly improves over single-trait fine-mapping (SuSiE) performed separately for each trait. We applied mvSuSiE to jointly finemap 16 blood cell traits using data from the UK Biobank. By jointly analyzing the traits and modeling heterogeneous effect sharing patterns, we discovered a much larger number of causal SNPs (>3,000) compared with single-trait fine-mapping, and with narrower credible sets. mvSuSiE also more comprehensively characterized the ways in which the genetic variants affect one or more blood cell traits; 68% of causal SNPs showed significant effects in more than one blood cell type.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carbonetto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.14.536893</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fast and flexible joint fine-mapping of multiple traits via the Sum of Single Effects model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.14.536921v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A cell-type-specific nitric oxide-cGMP pathway regulates proprioceptor morphology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.14.536921v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons show remarkable morphological diversity facilitated by transcriptional regulation during development and fitting with their connectivity and function. Second messenger pathways mediated by cyclic 3,5 adenosine or guanosine monophosphate (cAMP or cGMP) may serve to integrate extrinsic signals and regulate branching and growth of neurites. We investigated the regulation of cGMP signaling in neuronal morphogenesis in Drosophila somatosensory neurons and found cell type-specificity in expression of the enzyme soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) in different sensory neuron classes. sGC is responsible for the production of cGMP in response to the diffusible free radical messenger nitric oxide (NO) such that different levels of sGC impart cell type-specific sensitivity to NO. Supporting a role for the NO-cGMP pathway in neuronal morphogenesis, we find that knockout of sGC or nitric oxide synthase (NOS) impacts the morphology of multidendritic proprioceptors. The homeodomain transcription factor Cut shows different levels of expression in different somatosensory neuron types and we find that Cut regulates the level of cGMP signaling via repression of sGC expression. Thus, transcription factor levels contribute to cell type diversification by regulating levels of a signaling pathway to mediate somatosensory neuron morphogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohn, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolba, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picache, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleem, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grueber, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.14.536921</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A cell-type-specific nitric oxide-cGMP pathway regulates proprioceptor morphology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.16.537034v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complex spikes perturb movements, revealing the sensorimotor map of Purkinje cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.16.537034v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cerebellar cortex performs computations that are critical for control of our actions, and then transmits that information via simple spikes of Purkinje cells (P-cells) to downstream structures. However, because P-cells are many synapses away from muscles, we do not know how their output affects behavior. Furthermore, we do not know the level of abstraction, i.e., the coordinate system of the P-cells output. Here, we recorded spiking activities of hundreds of P-cells in the oculomotor vermis of marmosets during saccadic eye movements and found that following the presentation of a visual stimulus, the olivary input to a P-cell encoded a probabilistic signal that coarsely described both the direction and the amplitude of that stimulus. When this input was present, the resulting complex spike briefly suppressed the P-cells simple spikes, disrupting the P-cells output during that saccade. Remarkably, this brief suppression altered the saccades trajectory by pulling the eyes toward the part of the visual space that was preferentially encoded by the olivary input to that P-cell. Thus, analysis of behavior in the milliseconds following a complex spike unmasked how the P-cells output influenced behavior: the preferred location in the coordinates of the visual system as conveyed probabilistically from the inferior olive to a P-cell defined the action in the coordinates of the motor system for which that P-cells simple spikes directed behavior.

SignificanceWe are lacking general principles that can describe how changes in a P-cells simple spikes might alter behavior. Here, we show that a brief suppression of a P-cells simple spikes in the oculomotor vermis consistently pulls the eyes in a direction that corresponds to the preferred location of the sensory space as conveyed probabilistically to that P-cell from the inferior olive. Thus, the inferior olive defines the coordinate system regarding the information that a P-cell is providing to the rest of the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muller, S. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pi, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hage, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fakharian, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedaghat-Nejad, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadmehr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.16.537034</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complex spikes perturb movements, revealing the sensorimotor map of Purkinje cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.16.537094v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reference-free and cost-effective automated cell type annotation with GPT-4 in single-cell RNA-seq analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.16.537094v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell type annotation is an essential step in single-cell RNA-seq analysis. However, it is a time-consuming process that often requires expertise in collecting canonical marker genes and manually annotating cell types. Automated cell type annotation methods typically require the acquisition of high-quality reference datasets and the development of additional pipelines. We assessed the performance of GPT-4, a highly potent large language model, for cell type annotation, and demonstrated that it can automatically and accurately annotate cell types by utilizing marker gene information generated from standard single-cell RNA-seq analysis pipelines. Evaluated across hundreds of tissue types and cell types, GPT-4 generates cell type annotations exhibiting strong concordance with manual annotations and has the potential to considerably reduce the effort and expertise needed in cell type annotation. We also developed GPTCelltype, an open-source R software package to facilitate cell type annotation by GPT-4.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.16.537094</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reference-free and cost-effective automated cell type annotation with GPT-4 in single-cell RNA-seq analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.17.537156v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dual spatio-temporal regulation of axon growth and microtubule dynamics by RhoA signaling pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.17.537156v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RhoA plays a crucial role in neuronal polarization, where its action restraining axon outgrowth has been thoroughly studied. We now report that RhoA has not only inhibitory but also a stimulatory effect on axon development depending on when and where exerts its action and the downstream effectors involved. In cultured hippocampal neurons, FRET imaging revealed that RhoA activity selectively localizes in growth cones of undifferentiated neurites, while in developing axons it displays a biphasic pattern, being low in nascent axons and high in elongating ones. RhoA-Rho kinase (ROCK) signaling prevents axon initiation but has no effect on elongation, while formin inhibition reduces axon extension without significantly altering initial outgrowth. Besides, RhoA-mDia promotes axon elongation by stimulating growth cone microtubule stability and assembly, as opposed to RhoA-ROCK that restrains growth cone microtubule assembly and protrusion. Finally, we show that similar mechanisms might operate during axonal regeneration, with RhoA-ROCK slowing axon regrowth after axotomy and RhoA-mDia favoring extension of regenerated axons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wojnacki, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quassollo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bordenave, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unsain, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szalai, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pertz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gundersen, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartolini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefani, F. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caceres, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bisbal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.17.537156</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dual spatio-temporal regulation of axon growth and microtubule dynamics by RhoA signaling pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.22.537916v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Factorized visual representations in the primate visual system and deep neural networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.22.537916v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Object classification has been proposed as a principal objective of the primate ventral visual stream and has been used as an optimization target for deep neural network models (DNNs) of the visual system. However, visual brain areas represent many different types of information, and optimizing for classification of object identity alone does not constrain how other information may be encoded in visual representations. Information about different scene parameters may be discarded altogether ("invariance"), represented in non-interfering subspaces of population activity ("factorization") or encoded in an entangled fashion. In this work, we provide evidence that factorization is a normative principle of biological visual representations. In the monkey ventral visual hierarchy, we found that factorization of object pose and background information from object identity increased in higher-level regions and strongly contributed to improving object identity decoding performance. We then conducted a large-scale analysis of factorization of individual scene parameters - lighting, background, camera viewpoint, and object pose - in a diverse library of DNN models of the visual system. Models which best matched neural, fMRI and behavioral data from both monkeys and humans across 12 datasets tended to be those which factorized scene parameters most strongly. Notably, invariance to these parameters was not as consistently associated with matches to neural and behavioral data, suggesting that maintaining non-class information in factorized activity subspaces is often preferred to dropping it altogether. Thus, we propose that factorization of visual scene information is a widely used strategy in brains and DNN models thereof.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lindsey, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Issa, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.22.537916</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Factorized visual representations in the primate visual system and deep neural networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.22.537932v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A DRG genetic toolkit reveals molecular, morphological, and functional diversity of somatosensory neuron subtypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.22.537932v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanical and thermal stimuli acting on the skin are detected by morphologically and physiologically distinct sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Achieving a holistic view of how this diverse neuronal population relays sensory information from the skin to the central nervous system (CNS) has been challenging with existing tools. Here, we used transcriptomic datasets of the mouse DRG to guide development and curation of a genetic toolkit to interrogate transcriptionally defined DRG neuron subtypes. Morphological analysis revealed unique cutaneous axon arborization areas and branching patterns of each subtype. Physiological analysis showed that subtypes exhibit distinct thresholds and ranges of responses to mechanical and/or thermal stimuli. The somatosensory neuron toolbox thus enables comprehensive phenotyping of most principal sensory neuron subtypes. Moreover, our findings support a population coding scheme in which the activation thresholds of morphologically and physiologically distinct cutaneous DRG neuron subtypes tile multiple dimensions of stimulus space.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iskols, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lezgiyeva, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voisin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pawlak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuchroo, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginty, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.22.537932</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A DRG genetic toolkit reveals molecular, morphological, and functional diversity of somatosensory neuron subtypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.24.538110v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3D structural human interactome reveals proteome-wide perturbations by disease mutations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.24.538110v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human genome sequencing studies have identified numerous loci associated with complex diseases. However, translating human genetic and genomic findings to disease pathobiology and therapeutic discovery remains a major challenge at multiscale interactome network levels. Here, we present a deep-learning-based ensemble framework, termed PIONEER (Protein-protein InteractiOn iNtErfacE pRediction), that accurately predicts protein binding partner-specific interfaces for all known protein interactions in humans and seven other common model organisms, generating comprehensive structurally-informed protein interactomes. We demonstrate that PIONEER outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods. We further systematically validated PIONEER predictions experimentally through generating 2,395 mutations and testing their impact on 6,754 mutation-interaction pairs, confirming the high quality and validity of PIONEER predictions. We show that disease-associated mutations are enriched in PIONEER-predicted protein-protein interfaces after mapping mutations from [~]60,000 germline exomes and [~]36,000 somatic genomes. We identify 586 significant protein-protein interactions (PPIs) enriched with PIONEER-predicted interface somatic mutations (termed oncoPPIs) from pan-cancer analysis of [~]11,000 tumor whole-exomes across 33 cancer types. We show that PIONEER-predicted oncoPPIs are significantly associated with patient survival and drug responses from both cancer cell lines and patient-derived xenograft mouse models. We identify a landscape of PPI-perturbing tumor alleles upon ubiquitination by E3 ligases, and we experimentally validate the tumorigenic KEAP1-NRF2 interface mutation p.Thr80Lys in non-small cell lung cancer. We show that PIONEER-predicted PPI-perturbing alleles alter protein abundance and correlates with drug responses and patient survival in colon and uterine cancers as demonstrated by proteogenomic data from the National Cancer Institutes Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium. PIONEER, implemented as both a web server platform and a software package, identifies functional consequences of disease-associated alleles and offers a deep learning tool for precision medicine at multiscale interactome network levels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiong, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loscalzo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.24.538110</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3D structural human interactome reveals proteome-wide perturbations by disease mutations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.24.538118v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic Reprogramming by Histone Deacetylase Inhibition Selectively Targets NRF2-activated tumors. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.24.538118v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interplay between metabolism and chromatin signaling have been implicated in cancer initiation and progression. However, whether and how metabolic reprogramming in tumors generates specific epigenetic vulnerabilities remain unclear. Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) tumors frequently harbor mutations that cause aberrant activation of the NRF2 antioxidant pathway and drive aggressive and chemo-resistant disease. We performed a chromatin-focused CRISPR screen and report that NRF2 activation sensitized LUAD cells to genetic and chemical inhibition of class I histone deacetylases (HDAC). This association was consistently observed across cultured cells, syngeneic mouse models and patient-derived xenografts. HDAC inhibition causes widespread increases in histone H4 acetylation (H4ac) at intergenic regions, but also drives re-targeting of H4ac reader protein BRD4 away from promoters with high H4ac levels and transcriptional downregulation of corresponding genes. Integrative epigenomic, transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis demonstrates that these chromatin changes are associated with reduced flux into amino acid metabolism and de novo nucleotide synthesis pathways that are preferentially required for the survival of NRF2-active cancer cells. Together, our findings suggest that metabolic alterations such as NRF2 activation could serve as biomarkers for effective repurposing of HDAC inhibitors to treat solid tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karagiannis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayashi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yip, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangipudi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Rivera, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soto-Feliciano, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papagiannakopoulos, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.24.538118</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic Reprogramming by Histone Deacetylase Inhibition Selectively Targets NRF2-activated tumors.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.24.538129v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pathogenic Mutations in the C2A Domain of Dysferlin form Amyloid that Activates the Inflammasome. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.24.538129v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy Type-2B/2R is caused by mutations in the dysferlin gene (DYSF). This disease has two known pathogenic missense mutations that occur within dysferlins C2A domain, namely C2AW52R and C2AV67D. Yet, the etiological rationale to explain the disease linkage for these two mutations is still unclear. In this study, we have presented evidence from biophysical, computational, and immunological experiments which suggest that these missense mutations interfere with dysferlins ability to repair cells. The failure of C2AW52R and C2AV67D to initiate membrane repair arises from their propensity to form stable amyloid. The misfolding of the C2A domain caused by either mutation exposes {beta}-strands, which are predicted to nucleate classical amyloid structures. When dysferlin C2A amyloid is formed, it triggers the NLRP3 inflammasome, leading to the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1{beta}. The present study suggests that the muscle dysfunction and inflammation evident in Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy types-2B/2R, specifically in cases involving C2AW52R and C2AV67D, as well as other C2 domain mutations with considerable hydrophobic core involvement, may be attributed to this mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scott, I. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominguez, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snow, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harsini, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuson, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thapa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharjee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornwall, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keyel, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutton, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.24.538129</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pathogenic Mutations in the C2A Domain of Dysferlin form Amyloid that Activates the Inflammasome.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.26.538295v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The mitochondrial Ca2+ channel MCU is critical for tumor growth by supporting cell cycle progression and proliferation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.26.538295v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mitochondrial uniporter (MCU) Ca2+ ion channel represents the primary means for Ca2+ uptake into mitochondria. Here we employed in vitro and in vivo models with MCU genetically eliminated to understand how MCU contributes to tumor formation and progression. Transformation of primary fibroblasts in vitro was associated with increased MCU expression, enhanced mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake, suppression of inactivating-phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase, a modest increase of basal mitochondrial respiration and a significant increase of acute Ca2+-dependent stimulation of mitochondrial respiration. Inhibition of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake by genetic deletion of MCU markedly inhibited growth of HEK293T cells and of transformed fibroblasts in mouse xenograft models. Reduced tumor growth was primarily a result of substantially reduced proliferation and fewer mitotic cells in vivo, and slower cell proliferation in vitro associated with delayed progression through S-phase of the cell cycle. MCU deletion inhibited cancer stem cell-like spheroid formation and cell invasion in vitro, both predictors of metastatic potential. Surprisingly, mitochondrial matrix Ca2+ concentration, membrane potential, global dehydrogenase activity, respiration and ROS production were unchanged by genetic deletion of MCU in transformed cells. In contrast, MCU deletion elevated glycolysis and glutaminolysis, strongly sensitized cell proliferation to glucose and glutamine limitation, and altered agonist-induced cytoplasmic Ca2+ signals. Our results reveal a dependence of tumorigenesis on MCU, mediated by a reliance on mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake for cell metabolism and Ca2+ dynamics necessary for cell-cycle progression and cell proliferation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fernandez Garcia, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paudel, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noji, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitarresi, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rustgi, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wellen, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arany, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissenrieder, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foskett, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.26.538295</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The mitochondrial Ca2+ channel MCU is critical for tumor growth by supporting cell cycle progression and proliferation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.26.538480v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visually evoked neuronal ensembles reactivate during sleep 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.26.538480v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal ensembles, defined as groups of coactive neurons, dominate cortical activity and are causally related to perceptual states and behavior. Interestingly, ensembles occur spontaneously in the absence of sensory stimulation. To better understand the function of ensembles in spontaneous activity, we explored if ensembles also occur during different brain states, including sleep, using two-photon calcium imaging from mouse primary visual cortex. We find that ensembles are present during all wake and sleep states, with different characteristics depending on the exact sleep stage. Moreover, visually evoked ensembles are reactivated during subsequent slow wave sleep cycles. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that repeated sensory stimulation can reconfigure cortical circuits and imprint neuronal ensembles that are reactivated during sleep for potential processing or memory consolidation.

One-Sentence SummaryCortical neuronal ensembles are present across wake and sleep states, and visually evoked ensembles are reactivated in subsequent slow-wave sleep.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lines, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuste, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.26.538480</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visually evoked neuronal ensembles reactivate during sleep]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.27.538299v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A benchmark study on current GWAS models in admixed populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.27.538299v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveThe performances of popular Genome-wide association study (GWAS) models havent been examined yet in a consistent manner under the scenario of genetic admixture, which introduces several challenging aspects such as heterogeneity of minor allele frequency (MAF), a wide spectrum of case-control ratio, and varying effect sizes etc.

MethodsWe generated a cohort of synthetic individuals (N=19,234) that simulates 1) a large sample size; 2) two-way admixture [Native American-European ancestry] and 3) a binary phenotype. We then examined the inflation factors produced by three popular GWAS tools: GMMAT, SAIGE, and Tractor. We also computed power calculations under different MAFs, case-control ratios, and varying ancestry percentages. Then, we employed a cohort of Peruvians (N=249) to further examine the performances of the testing models on 1) real genetic data and 2) small sample sizes. Finally, we validated these findings using an independent Peruvian cohort (N=109) included in 1000 Genome project (1000G).

ResultIn the synthetic cohort, SAIGE performed better than GMMAT and Tractor in terms of type-I error rate, especially under severe unbalanced case-control ratio. On the contrary, power analysis identified Tractor as the best method to pinpoint ancestry-specific causal variants, but showed decreased power when no adequate heterogeneity of the true effect sizes was simulated between ancestries. The real Peruvian data showed that Tractor is severely affected by small sample sizes, and produced severely inflated statistics, which we replicated in the 1000G Peruvian cohort.

DiscussionThe current study illustrates the limitations of available GWAS tools under different scenarios of genetic admixture. We urge caution when interpreting results under complex population scenarios.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huaman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes-Dumeyer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montesinos, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soto-Anari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Custodio, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tosto, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.27.538299</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A benchmark study on current GWAS models in admixed populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.28.538703v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lightning Pose: improved animal pose estimation via semi-supervised learning, Bayesian ensembling, and cloud-native open-source tools 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.28.538703v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Contemporary pose estimation methods enable precise measurements of behavior via supervised deep learning with hand-labeled video frames. Although effective in many cases, the supervised approach requires extensive labeling and often produces outputs that are unreliable for downstream analyses. Here, we introduce "Lightning Pose," an efficient pose estimation package with three algorithmic contributions. First, in addition to training on a few labeled video frames, we use many unlabeled videos and penalize the network whenever its predictions violate motion continuity, multiple-view geometry, and posture plausibility (semi-supervised learning). Second, we introduce a network architecture that resolves occlusions by predicting pose on any given frame using surrounding unlabeled frames. Third, we refine the pose predictions post-hoc by combining ensembling and Kalman smoothing. Together, these components render pose trajectories more accurate and scientifically usable. We release a cloud application that allows users to label data, train networks, and predict new videos directly from the browser.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Biderman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteway, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurwitz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenspan, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vishnubhotla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schartner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huntenburg, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khanal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meijer, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noel, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan-Vazquez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Socha, K. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urai, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The International Brain Laboratory,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noone, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedraja, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawtell, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.28.538703</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lightning Pose: improved animal pose estimation via semi-supervised learning, Bayesian ensembling, and cloud-native open-source tools]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.28.538770v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A transposase-derived gene required for human brain development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.28.538770v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA transposable elements and transposase-derived genes are present in most living organisms, including vertebrates, but their function is largely unknown. PiggyBac Transposable Element Derived 5 (PGBD5) is an evolutionarily conserved vertebrate DNA transposase-derived gene with retained nuclease activity in human cells. Vertebrate brain development is known to be associated with prominent neuronal cell death and DNA breaks, but their causes and functions are not well understood. Here, we show that PGBD5 contributes to normal brain development in mice and humans, where its deficiency causes disorder of intellectual disability, movement, and seizures. In mice, Pgbd5 is required for the developmental induction of post-mitotic DNA breaks and recurrent somatic genome rearrangements. In the brain cortex, loss of Pgbd5 leads to aberrant differentiation and gene expression of distinct neuronal populations, including specific types of glutamatergic neurons, which explains the features of PGBD5 deficiency in humans. Thus, PGBD5 might be a transposase-derived enzyme required for brain development in mammals.

One-Sentence SummaryPiggyBac Transposable Element Derived 5 (PGBD5) is required for brain development in humans and mice through genetic and epigenetic mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jubierre Zapater, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez Fos, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Planas-Felix, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cameron, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demarest, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nabila, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamada, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Socci, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabadan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torrents, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruer, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kentsis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.28.538770</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A transposase-derived gene required for human brain development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.03.539268v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep immunological imprinting due to the ancestral spike in the current bivalent COVID-19 vaccine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.03.539268v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With the aim of broadening immune responses against the evolving SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants, bivalent COVID-19 mRNA vaccines that encode the ancestral and Omicron BA.5 spike proteins have been authorized for clinical use, supplanting the original monovalent counterpart in numerous countries. However, recent studies have demonstrated that administering either a monovalent or bivalent vaccine as a fourth vaccine dose results in similar neutralizing antibody titers against the latest Omicron subvariants, raising the possibility of immunological imprinting. Utilizing binding immunoassays, pseudotyped virus neutralization assays, and antigenic mapping, we investigated antibody responses from 72 participants who received three monovalent mRNA vaccine doses followed by either a bivalent or monovalent booster, or who experienced breakthrough infections with the BA.5 or BQ subvariant after vaccinations with an original monovalent vaccine. Compared to a monovalent booster, the bivalent booster did not yield noticeably higher binding titers to D614G, BA.5, and BQ.1.1 spike proteins, nor higher virus-neutralizing titers against SARS-CoV-2 variants including the predominant XBB.1.5 and the emergent XBB.1.16. However, sera from breakthrough infection cohorts neutralized Omicron subvariants significantly better. Multiple analyses of these results, including antigenic mapping, made clear that inclusion of the ancestral spike prevents the broadening of antibodies to the BA.5 component in the bivalent vaccine, thereby defeating its intended goal. Our findings suggest that the ancestral spike in the current bivalent COVID-19 vaccine is the cause of deep immunological imprinting. Its removal from future vaccine compositions is therefore strongly recommended.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tam, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lihong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.03.539268</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep immunological imprinting due to the ancestral spike in the current bivalent COVID-19 vaccine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.04.539450v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Amyloid pathology impairs homeostatic inhibitory synaptic plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.04.539450v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers disease patients and mouse models exhibit aberrant neuronal activity and altered excitatory-to-inhibitory synaptic ratio. Using multicolor two-photon microscopy, we test how amyloid pathology alters the structural dynamics of excitatory and inhibitory synapses and their adaptation to altered visual experience in vivo in the visual cortex. We show that the baseline dynamics of mature excitatory synapses and their adaptation to visual deprivation are not altered in amyloidosis. Likewise, the baseline dynamics of inhibitory synapses are not affected. In contrast, visual deprivation fails to induce inhibitory synapse loss in amyloidosis, a phenomenon observed in nonpathological conditions. Intriguingly, inhibitory synapse loss associated with visual deprivation in nonpathological mice is accompanied by the broadening of spontaneous but not visually evoked calcium transients. However, such broadening does not manifest in the context of amyloidosis. We also show that excitatory and inhibitory synapse loss is locally clustered under the nonpathological state. In contrast, a fraction of synapse loss is not locally clustered in amyloidosis, indicating an impairment in inhibitory synapse adaptation to changes in excitatory synaptic activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Niraula, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.04.539450</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Amyloid pathology impairs homeostatic inhibitory synaptic plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.05.539161v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Soluble antigen arrays improve the efficacy and safety of peptide-based tolerogenic immunotherapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.05.539161v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autoantigen-specific immunotherapy using peptides offers a more targeted approach to treat autoimmune diseases, but the limited in vivo stability and uptake of peptides impedes clinical implementation. We previously showed that multivalent delivery of peptides as soluble antigen arrays (SAgAs) efficiently protects against spontaneous autoimmune diabetes in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model. Here, we compared the efficacy, safety, and mechanisms of action of SAgAs versus free peptides. SAgAs, but not their corresponding free peptides at equivalent doses, efficiently prevented the development of diabetes. SAgAs increased the frequency of regulatory T cells among peptide-specific T cells or induce their anergy/exhaustion or deletion, depending on the type of SAgA (hydrolysable (hSAgA) and non-hydrolysable  click SAgA (cSAgA)) and duration of treatment, whereas their corresponding free peptides induced a more effector phenotype following delayed clonal expansion. Moreover, the N-terminal modification of peptides with aminooxy or alkyne linkers, which was needed for grafting onto hyaluronic acid to make hSAgA or cSAgA variants, respectively, influenced their stimulatory potency and safety, with alkyne-functionalized peptides being more potent and less anaphylactogenic than aminooxy-functionalized peptides. Both SAgA variants significantly delayed anaphylaxis compared to their respective free peptides. The anaphylaxis, which occurred in NOD mice but not in C57BL/6 mice, was dose-dependent but did not correlate with the production of IgG1 or IgE against the peptides. We provide evidence that SAgAs significantly improve the efficacy and safety of peptide-based immunotherapy.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTPeptide-based immunotherapy has several advantages over using full antigen as they are easy to synthetize, chemically modify and customize for precision medicine. However, their use in the clinic has been limited by issues of membrane impermeability, poor stability and potency in vivo, and in some cases, hypersensitivity reactions. Here, we provide evidence that soluble antigen arrays and alkyne-functionalization of peptides could be used as strategies to improve the safety and efficacy of peptide-based immunotherapy for autoimmune diseases by influencing the nature and dynamics of immune responses induced by the peptides.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Firdessa Fite, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leon, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sestak, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berkland, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creusot, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.05.539161</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Soluble antigen arrays improve the efficacy and safety of peptide-based tolerogenic immunotherapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.06.539704v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Apposed networks of interacting TCRs and BCRs exhibiting mosaicked CDR3 sequences made of fixed junctional motifs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.06.539704v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
T and B cells are the two arms of the adaptive immune system that mediate cellular and humoral immunity, respectively, using highly diverse repertoires of antigen receptors. T cells recognize antigens using the T cell receptor (TCR), whereas B cells use the B cell receptor (BCR or surface immunoglobulin). Complementary determining regions (CDR3) of TCRs and BCRs are randomly generated through somatic VDJ recombination and nucleotide deletions and insertions at the V-D and D-J junctions. Contrary to this paradigm, here we describe two networks of millions of TCR{beta} and IGH clonotypes that are made from only two CDR3 sequences and associated with more 63 diseases. The TCR{beta} network members bore either the prototypic signature CDR3 sequence (CASSPGTEAFF), its N-terminal VD motif (CASSPGT) recombined with various J{beta} segments (CASSPGT-J{beta}x) or its DJ{beta} motif recombined with various V{beta} (V{beta}x-PGTEAFF). The BCR network members exhibit one signature CDR3 sequence (CARx1-4DTAMVYYFYDW) made from an invariant DJH motif (DTAMVYYFDYW) combined with various VH genes. The prototypes of the two networks are apparently teleogically related as they were dually expressed on the rare population of dual expresser (DE) lymphocytes and molecular dynamic simulations show that they were interacting partners. We conclude that members of the two networks represent a core set of evolutionary-conserved primordial antigen receptors that play fundamental roles in host defense and autoimmune diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majety, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giwa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinemann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margolick, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Hallaf, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jie, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamad, A. R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.06.539704</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Apposed networks of interacting TCRs and BCRs exhibiting mosaicked CDR3 sequences made of fixed junctional motifs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.08.539291v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploration biases how forelimb reaches to a spatial target are learned 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.08.539291v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brain can learn to generate actions, such as reaching to a target, using different movement strategies. Understanding how different variables bias which strategies are learned to produce such a reach is important for our understanding of the neural bases of movement. Here we introduce a novel spatial forelimb target task in which perched head-fixed mice learn to reach to a circular target area from a set start position using a joystick. These reaches can be achieved by learning to move into a specific direction or to a specific endpoint location. We find that mice gradually learn to successfully reach the covert target. With time, they refine their initially exploratory complex joystick trajectories into controlled targeted reaches. The execution of these controlled reaches depends on the sensorimotor cortex. Using a probe test with shifting start positions, we show that individual mice learned to use strategies biased to either direction or endpoint-based movements. The degree of endpoint learning bias was correlated with the spatial directional variability with which the workspace was explored early in training. Furthermore, we demonstrate that reinforcement learning model agents exhibit a similar correlation between directional variability during training and learned strategy. These results provide evidence that individual exploratory behavior during training biases the control strategies that mice use to perform forelimb covert target reaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mosberger, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sibener, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, T. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hormigo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingram, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Athalye, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabachnik, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolpert, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.08.539291</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploration biases how forelimb reaches to a spatial target are learned]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.08.539890v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sprouty4 is required for Mdm2 regulation of invasion, focal adhesion formation and metastasis in cells lacking p53. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.08.539890v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although the E3 ligase Mdm2 and its homologue and binding partner MdmX are the major regulators of the p53 tumor suppressor protein, it is now evident that Mdm2 and MdmX have multiple functions that are independent of p53. For example, Mdm2 can regulate cell migration, although mechanistic insight into this function is still lacking. Here we show in cells lacking p53 expression that knockdown of Mdm2 or MdmX, as well as pharmacological inhibition of the Mdm2/MdmX complex, not only reduces cell migration and invasion, but also impairs cell spreading and focal adhesion formation. In addition, Mdm2 knockdown decreases metastasis in vivo. Remarkably, Mdm2 modulates the expression of Sprouty4, which is required for the Mdm2 mediated effects on cell migration, focal adhesion formation and metastasis. Our findings describe a molecular mechanism by which the Mdm2-X complex, through Sprouty4, regulates cellular processes leading to decreased metastatic capability independent of p53.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Queiroz, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Efe, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guzman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hashimoto, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawashima, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutsgi, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prives, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.08.539890</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sprouty4 is required for Mdm2 regulation of invasion, focal adhesion formation and metastasis in cells lacking p53.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.10.538304v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcription Coupled Repair of DNA Interstrand Crosslinks by UVSSA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.10.538304v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) are covalent bonds between bases on opposing strands of the DNA helix which prevent DNA melting and subsequent DNA replication or RNA transcription. Here, we show that Ultraviolet Stimulated Scaffold Protein A (UVSSA) participates in transcription-coupled repair of ICLs in human cells. Inactivation of UVSSA sensitizes human cells to ICL-inducing drugs, and delays ICL repair. UVSSA is required for transcription-coupled repair of a single ICL in a fluorescence- based reporter assay. UVSSA localizes to chromatin following ICL damage, and interacts with transcribing Pol II, CSA, CSB, and TFIIH. Specifically, UVSSA interaction with TFIIH is required for ICL repair. Finally, UVSSA expression positively correlates with ICL chemotherapy resistance in human cancer cell lines. Our data strongly suggest that transcription-coupled ICL repair (TC-ICR) is a bona fide ICL repair mechanism that contributes to crosslinker drug resistance independently of replication-coupled ICL repair.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liebau, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waters, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soni, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gautier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.10.538304</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcription Coupled Repair of DNA Interstrand Crosslinks by UVSSA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.10.540158v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Foxj1 controls olfactory ciliogenesis and differentiation program of the olfactory sensory neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.10.540158v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In vertebrates, olfactory receptors localize on multiple cilia elaborated on dendritic knobs of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). Although olfactory cilia dysfunction can cause anosmia, how their differentiation is programmed at the transcriptional level has remained largely unexplored. We discovered in zebrafish and mice that Foxj1, a forkhead domain-containing transcription factor linked with motile cilia biogenesis, is expressed in OSNs and required for olfactory epithelium (OE) formation. In keeping with the immotile nature of olfactory cilia, we observed that ciliary motility genes are repressed in zebrafish, mouse, and human OSNs. Strikingly, we also found that besides ciliogenesis, Foxj1 controls the differentiation of the OSNs themselves by regulating their cell type-specific gene expression, such as that of olfactory marker protein (omp) involved in odor-evoked signal transduction. In line with this, response to bile acid, an odor detected by OMP-positive OSNs, was significantly diminished in foxj1 mutant zebrafish. Taken together, our findings establish how the canonical Foxj1-mediated motile ciliogenic transcriptional program has been repurposed for the biogenesis of immotile olfactory cilia and for development of the OSNs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rayamajhi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ege, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ukhanov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ringers, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Gama, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cosacak, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kizil, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaksi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martens, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jurisch-Yaksi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.10.540158</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Foxj1 controls olfactory ciliogenesis and differentiation program of the olfactory sensory neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.10.540203v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vitro methylation of the U7 snRNP subunits Lsm11 and SmE by the PRMT5/MEP50/pICln methylosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.10.540203v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
U7 snRNP is a multi-subunit endonuclease required for 3 end processing of metazoan replication-dependent histone pre-mRNAs. In contrast to the spliceosomal snRNPs, U7 snRNP lacks the Sm subunits D1 and D2 and instead contains two related proteins, Lsm10 and Lsm11. The remaining five subunits of the U7 heptameric Sm ring, SmE, F, G, B and D3, are shared with the spliceosomal snRNPs. The pathway that assembles the unique ring of U7 snRNP is unknown. Here, we show that a heterodimer of Lsm10 and Lsm11 tightly interacts with the methylosome, a complex of the arginine methyltransferase PRMT5, MEP50 and pICln known to methylate arginines in the C-terminal regions of the Sm proteins B, D1 and D3 during the spliceosomal Sm ring assembly. Both biochemical and Cryo-EM structural studies demonstrate that the interaction is mediated by PRMT5, which binds and methylates two arginine residues in the N-terminal region of Lsm11. Surprisingly, PRMT5 also methylates an N-terminal arginine in SmE, a subunit that does not undergo this type of modification during the biogenesis of the spliceosomal snRNPs. An intriguing possibility is that the unique methylation pattern of Lsm11 and SmE plays a vital role in the assembly of the U7 snRNP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.-c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desotell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, M.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paige, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malinowska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aik, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadlez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominski, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.10.540203</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vitro methylation of the U7 snRNP subunits Lsm11 and SmE by the PRMT5/MEP50/pICln methylosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.10.540219v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polygenic Risk Associated with Alzheimer's Disease and Other Traits Influences Genes Involved in T Cell Signaling and Activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.10.540219v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
T cells, members of the adaptive immune system known for their ability to respond to an enormous variety of pathogens and other insults, are increasingly recognized as important mediators of pathology in neurodegeneration and other diseases. Previously, we and others have shown that T cell gene expression phenotypes are regulated by genetic variants associated with autoimmune disease, neurodegenerative disease, and inflammatory processes. However, many complex diseases have polygenic risk with thousands of common variants contributing a small amount to disease heritability. Here, we compute the polygenic risk score (PRS) of several autoimmune, neurological, and psychiatric disorders and present the first correlation of these PRSs with T cell gene expression, using transcriptomic and genomic sequencing data from a cohort of Alzheimers disease (AD) patients and age-matched controls. We validate our AD PRS against clinical metrics in our cohort and then compare PRS-associated genes across traits and four T cell subtypes. Several genes and biological pathways associated with the PRS for these traits relate to functions such as T cell chemotaxis, differentiation, response to and production of cytokines, and regulation of T cell receptor signaling. We also found that the trait-associated gene expression signature for certain traits was polarized towards a particular T cell subset, such as CD4+ for autoimmune disease traits or CD8+ for some psychiatric disease traits. Our findings may help guide efforts in precision medicine to target specific T cell functions in individuals with high polygenic risk for various complex diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dressman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasaki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elyaman, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardarajan, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.10.540219</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polygenic Risk Associated with Alzheimer's Disease and Other Traits Influences Genes Involved in T Cell Signaling and Activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540442v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The stabilized supralinear network accounts for the contrast dependence of visual cortical gamma oscillations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540442v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When stimulated, neural populations in the visual cortex exhibit fast rhythmic activity with frequencies in the gamma band (30-80 Hz). The gamma rhythm manifests as a broad resonance peak in the powerspectrum of recorded local field potentials, which exhibits various stimulus dependencies. In particular, in macaque primary visual cortex (V1), the gamma peak frequency increases with increasing stimulus contrast. Moreover, this contrast dependence is local: when contrast varies smoothly over visual space, the gamma peak frequency in each cortical column is controlled by the local contrast in that columns receptive field. No parsimonious mechanistic explanation for these contrast dependencies of V1 gamma oscillations has been proposed. The stabilized supralinear network (SSN) is a mechanistic model of cortical circuits that has accounted for a range of visual cortical response nonlinearities and contextual modulations, as well as their contrast dependence. Here, we begin by showing that a reduced SSN model without retinotopy robustly captures the contrast dependence of gamma peak frequency, and provides a mechanistic explanation for this effect based on the observed non-saturating and supralinear input-output function of V1 neurons. Given this result, the local dependence on contrast can trivially be captured in a retinotopic SSN which however lacks horizontal synaptic connections between its cortical columns. However, long-range horizontal connections in V1 are in fact strong, and underlie contextual modulation effects such as surround suppression. We thus explored whether a retinotopically organized SSN model of V1 with strong excitatory horizontal connections can exhibit both surround suppression and the local contrast dependence of gamma peak frequency. We found that retinotopic SSNs can account for both effects, but only when the horizontal excitatory projections are composed of two components with different patterns of spatial fall-off with distance: a short-range component that only targets the source column, combined with a long-range component that targets columns neighboring the source column. We thus make a specific qualitative prediction for the spatial structure of horizontal connections in macaque V1, consistent with the columnar structure of cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holt, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmadian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.11.540442</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The stabilized supralinear network accounts for the contrast dependence of visual cortical gamma oscillations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540467v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SEPTIN 7 INTERACTS WITH NUMB TO PRESERVE SARCOMERE STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION AND MUSCLE CONTRACTILE FUNCTION. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540467v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here, we investigated mechanisms by which aging-related reductions of the levels of Numb in skeletal muscle fibers contribute to loss of muscle strength and power, two critical features of sarcopenia. Numb is an adaptor protein best known for its critical roles in development including asymmetric cell division, cell-type specification and termination of intracellular signaling. Numb expression is reduced in old humans and mice. We previously showed that, in mouse skeletal muscle fibers, Numb is localized to sarcomeres where it is concentrated near triads; conditional inactivation of Numb and a closely related protein Numb-like (NumbL) in mouse myofibers caused weakness, disorganization of sarcomeres and smaller mitochondria with impaired function. Here, we found that a single knockout of Numb in myofibers causes reduction in tetanic force comparable to a double Numb, NumbL knockout. We found by proteomics analysis of protein complexes isolated from C2C12 myotubes by immunoprecipitation using antibodies against Numb, that Septin 7 is a potential Numb binding partner. Septin 7 is a member of the family of GTP-binding proteins that organize into filaments, sheets and rings, and is considered part of the cytoskeleton. Immunofluorescence evaluation revealed a partial overlap of staining for Numb and Septin 7 in myofibers. Conditional, inducible knockouts of Numb led to disorganization of Septin 7 staining in myofibers. These findings indicate that Septin 7 is a Numb binding partner and suggest that interactions between Numb and Septin 7 are critical for structural organization of the sarcomere and muscle contractile function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>De Gasperi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Csernoch, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dienes, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonczi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakrabarty, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goeta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aslan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toro, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karasik, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brotto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardozo, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.11.540467</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SEPTIN 7 INTERACTS WITH NUMB TO PRESERVE SARCOMERE STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION AND MUSCLE CONTRACTILE FUNCTION.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.12.540575v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modulation of infraslow oscillation in the dentate gyrus during Non-REM sleep 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.12.540575v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synchronous neuronal activity is organized into neuronal oscillations with various frequency and time domains across different brain areas and brain states. For example, hippocampal theta, gamma and sharp wave oscillations are critical for memory formation and communication between hippocampal subareas and the cortex. In this study, we investigated the neuronal activity of the dentate gyrus (DG) with optical imaging tools during sleep-wake cycles. We found that the activity of major glutamatergic cell populations in the DG is organized into infraslow oscillations (0.01 - 0.03 Hz) during NREM sleep. Although the DG is considered a sparsely active network during wakefulness, we found that 50% of granule cells and about 25% of mossy cells exhibit increased activity during NREM sleep, compared to that during wakefulness. Further experiments revealed that the infraslow oscillation in the DG was correlated with rhythmic serotonin release during sleep, which oscillates at the same frequency but in an opposite phase. Genetic manipulation of 5-HT receptors revealed that this neuromodulatory regulation is mediated by 5-HT1a receptors and the knockdown of these receptors leads to memory impairment. Together, our results provide novel mechanistic insights into how the 5-HT system can influence hippocampal activity patterns during sleep.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Turi, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dias, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.12.540575</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modulation of infraslow oscillation in the dentate gyrus during Non-REM sleep]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.13.540658v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial Tracking Across Time (ST AT ): Tracking Neurons Across In-Vivo Imaging Sessions through Optimizing Local Neighborhood Motion Consistency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.13.540658v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic calcium imaging has become a powerful and indispensable tool for analyzing the long-term stability and plasticity of neuronal activity. One crucial step of the data processing pipeline is to register individual neurons across imaging sessions, which usually extend over a few days or even months, and show various levels of spatial deformation of the imaged field of view (FOV). Previous solutions align FOVs of all sessions first and then register the same neurons according to their shapes and locations [1, 2]. However, the FOV registration is computational intensive, especially in the case of nonrigid case.

Here we propose a cell tracking method that does not require FOV image registration. Specifically, the algorithm STAT (short for Stay T ogether, Align Together, and for Spatial Tracking Across Time) represents neurons from two sessions as two sets of neuronal centroids, uses point set registration (PSR) to find a spatially smooth transformation to align them while assigning correspondences. The optimization method iteratively updates between the general motion and individual neuron identity tracking, an idea seen in the computer vision literatures [3, 4]. Our method can be thought of as a specialization and simplification of these more general methods to calcium imaging neuron tracking.

We validate STAT on datasets with simulated nonrigid motion that is hard to motion correct without extensive manual intervention. Next, we test STAT on experimental data from singing birds collected on three different days, and observe stable song-locked activity across days. An example use case of this package is reference [5].
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackevicius, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fee, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.13.540658</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial Tracking Across Time (ST AT ): Tracking Neurons Across In-Vivo Imaging Sessions through Optimizing Local Neighborhood Motion Consistency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.13.540665v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA damage primes hematopoietic stem cells for direct megakaryopoiesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.13.540665v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside in the bone marrow (BM), can self-renew, and generate all cells of the hematopoietic system.1 Most hematopoietic lineages arise through successive, increasingly lineage-committed progenitors. In contrast, megakaryocytes (MKs), hyperploid cells that generate platelets essential to hemostasis, can derive rapidly and directly from HSCs.2 The underlying mechanism is unknown however. Here we show that DNA damage and subsequent arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle rapidly induce MK commitment specifically in HSCs, but not in progenitors, through an initially predominantly post-transcriptional mechanism. Cycling HSCs show extensive replication-induced DNA damage associated with uracil misincorporation in vivo and in vitro. Consistent with this notion, thymidine attenuated DNA damage, rescued HSC maintenance and reduced the generation of CD41+ MK-committed HSCs in vitro. Similarly, overexpression of the dUTP-scavenging enzyme, dUTPase, enhanced in vitro maintenance of HSCs. We conclude that a DNA damage response drives direct megakaryopoiesis and that replication stress-induced direct megakaryopoiesis, at least in part caused by uracil misincorporation, is a barrier to HSC maintenance in vitro. DNA damage-induced direct megakaryopoiesis may allow rapid generation of a lineage essential to immediate organismal survival, while simultaneously removing damaged HSCs and potentially avoiding malignant transformation of self-renewing stem cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garyn, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bover, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jing, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salas Briceno, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snoeck, H.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.13.540665</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA damage primes hematopoietic stem cells for direct megakaryopoiesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/202374v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phase-tuned neuronal firing encodes human contextual representations for navigational goals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/202374v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We previously demonstrated that the phase of oscillations modulates neural activity representing categorical information using human intracranial recordings and high-frequency activity from local field potentials (Watrous et al., 2015b). We extend these findings here using human single-neuron recordings during a navigation task. We identify neurons in the medial temporal lobe with firing-rate modulations for specific navigational goals, as well as for navigational planning and goal arrival. Going beyond this work, using a novel oscillation detection algorithm, we identify phase-locked neural firing that encodes information about a persons prospective navigational goal in the absence of firing rate changes. These results provide evidence for navigational planning and contextual accounts of human MTL function at the single-neuron level. More generally, our findings identify phase-coded neuronal firing as a component of the human neural code.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Watrous, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qasim, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fried, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/202374</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phase-tuned neuronal firing encodes human contextual representations for navigational goals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/203125v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive single cell RNAseq analysis of the kidney reveals novel cell types and unexpected cell plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/203125v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A key limitations to understand kidney function and disease development has been that specific cell types responsible for specific homeostatic kidney function or disease phenotypes have not been defined at the molecular level.nnTo fill this gap, we characterized 57,979 cells from healthy mouse kidneys using unbiased single-cell RNA sequencing. We show that genetic mutations that present with similar phenotypes mostly affect genes that are expressed in a single unique differentiated cell type. On the other hand, we found unexpected cell plasticity of epithelial cells in the final segment of the kidney (collecting duct) that is responsible for final composition of the urine. Using computational cell trajectory analysis and in vivo linage tracing, we found that, intercalated cells (that secrete protons) and principal cells (that maintain salt, water and potassium balance) undergo a Notch mediated interconversion via a newly identified transitional cell type. In disease states this transition is shifted towards the principal cell fate. Loss of intercalated cells likely contributes to metabolic acidosis observed in kidney disease.nnIn summary, single cell analysis advanced a mechanistic description of kidney diseases by identifying a defective homeostatic cell lineage.nnOne Sentence SummaryA comprehensive single cell atlas of the kidney reveals a transitional cell type and cell plasticity determined by Notch signaling which is defective in chronic kidney disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrestha, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kondo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barasch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Susztak, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/203125</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive single cell RNAseq analysis of the kidney reveals novel cell types and unexpected cell plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/203141v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decisions are expedited through multiple neural adjustments spanning the sensorimotor hierarchy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/203141v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When decision makers prioritize speed over accuracy, neural activity is elevated in brain circuits involved in preparing actions. Such "urgency" signal components, defined by their independence from sensory evidence, are observed even before evidence is presented and can grow dynamically during decision formation. Is urgency applied globally, or are there adjustments of a distinct nature applied at different processing levels? Using a novel multi-level recording paradigm, we show that dynamic urgency impacting cortical action-preparation signals is echoed downstream in electromyographic indices of muscle activation, but does not directly influence upstream cortical levels. A motor-independent representation of cumulative evidence reached lower pre-response levels under conditions of greater motor-level urgency, paralleling a decline in choice accuracy. At the sensory level itself, we find a boost in differential evidence, which is correlated with changes in pupil size and acts to alleviate, rather than contribute to, the overall accuracy cost under speed pressure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steinemann, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/203141</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decisions are expedited through multiple neural adjustments spanning the sensorimotor hierarchy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/203661v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
New Insights into the Conformational Activation of Full-Length Integrin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/203661v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Integrin binding to extracellular matrix proteins is regulated by conformational transitions from closed, low affinity states to open, high affinity states. However, the pathways of integrin conformational activation remain incompletely understood. Here, by combining all-atom molecular dynamics simulation, coarse-graining, heterogeneous elastic network modeling, and experimental ligand binding measurements, we test the effect of integrin {beta} mutations that destabilize the closed conformation. Our results support a "deadbolt" model of integrin activation, where extension of the headpiece is not coupled to leg separation, consistent with recent cryo-EM reconstructions of integrin intermediates. Moreover, our results are inconsistent with a "switchblade-like" mechanism. The data show that locally correlated atomistic motions are likely responsible for extension of integrin headpiece before separation of transmembrane legs, without persistence of these correlations across the entire protein. By combining modeling and simulation with experiment, this study provides new insight into the structural basis of full-length integrin activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bidone, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durumeric, A. E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Driscoll, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwamoto, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calderwood, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/203661</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[New Insights into the Conformational Activation of Full-Length Integrin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/205799v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adapterama III: Quadruple-indexed, triple-enzyme RADseq libraries for about $1USD per Sample (3RAD) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/205799v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Molecular ecologists frequently use genome reduction strategies that rely upon restriction enzyme digestion of genomic DNA to sample consistent portions of the genome from many individuals (e.g., RADseq, GBS). However, researchers often find the existing methods expensive to initiate and/or difficult to implement consistently, especially due to the inability to highly-multiplex samples to fill entire sequencing lanes. Here, we introduce a low-cost and highly robust approach for the construction of dual-digest RADseq libraries that relies on adapters and primers designed in Adapterama I. Major features of our method include: 1) minimizing the number of processing steps; 2) focusing on a single strand of sample DNA for library construction, allowing the use of a non-phosphorylated adapter on one end; 3) ligating adapters in the presence of active restriction enzymes, thereby reducing chimeras; 4) including an optional third restriction enzyme to cut apart adapter-dimers formed by the phosphorylated adapter, thus increasing the efficiency of adapter ligation to sample DNA, which is particularly effective when only low quantity/quality DNA samples are available; 5) interchangeable adapter designs; 6) incorporating variable-length internal indexes within the adapters to increase the scope of sample indexing, facilitate pooling, and increase sequence diversity; 7) maintaining compatibility with universal dual-indexed primers and thus, Illumina sequencing reagents and libraries; and, 8) easy modification for the identification of PCR duplicates. We present eight adapter designs that work with 72 restriction enzyme combinations. We demonstrate the efficiency of our approach by comparing it with existing methods, and we validate its utility through the discovery of many variable loci in a variety of non-model organisms. Our 2RAD/3RAD method is easy to perform, has low startup costs, has increased utility with low-concentration input DNA, and produces libraries that can be highly-multiplexed and pooled with other Illumina libraries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Glenn, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayona-Vasquez, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kieran, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierson, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffberg, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bentley, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finger, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troendle, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Jaimes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mauricio, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faircloth, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/205799</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adapterama III: Quadruple-indexed, triple-enzyme RADseq libraries for about $1USD per Sample (3RAD)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/205807v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A molecular network of the aging brain implicates INPPL1 and PLXNB1 in Alzheimer’s disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/205807v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fact that only symptomatic therapies of small effect are available for Alzheimers disease (AD) today highlights the need for new therapeutic targets with which to prevent a major contributor to aging-related cognitive decline. Here, we report the construction and validation of a molecular network of the aging human frontal cortex. Using RNA sequence data from 478 individuals, we first identify the role of modules of coexpressed genes, and then confirm them in independent AD datasets. Then, we prioritize influential genes in AD-related modules and test our predictions in human model systems. We functionally validate two putative regulator genes in human astrocytes: INPPL1 and PLXNB1, whose activity in AD may be related to semaphorin signalling and type II diabetes, which have both been implicated in AD. This arc of network identification followed by statistical and experimental validation provides specific new targets for therapeutic development and illustrates a network approach to a complex disease.nnOne sentence summaryMolecular network analysis of RNA sequencing data from the aging human cortex identifies new Alzheimers and cognitive decline genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mostafavi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaiteri, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takasi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taga, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patrick, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komashko, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCable, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradshaw, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Root, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chibnik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young-Pearse, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/205807</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A molecular network of the aging brain implicates INPPL1 and PLXNB1 in Alzheimer’s disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/205849v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct Epigenomic Patterns Are Associated with Haploinsufficiency and Predict Risk Genes of Developmental Disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/205849v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Haploinsufficiency is a major mechanism of genetic risk in developmental disorders. Accurate prediction of haploinsufficient genes is essential for prioritizing and interpreting deleterious variants in genetic studies. Current methods based on mutation intolerance in population data suffer from inadequate power for genes with short transcripts. Here we showed haploinsufficiency is strongly associated with epigenomic patterns, and then developed a new computational method (Episcore) to predict haploinsufficiency from epigenomic data from a broad range of tissue and cell types using machine learning methods. Based on data from recent exome sequencing studies of developmental disorders, Episcore achieved better performance in prioritizing loss of function de novo variants than current methods. We further showed that Episcore was less biased with gene size, and was complementary to mutation intolerance metrics for prioritizing loss of function variants. Our approach enables new applications of epigenomic data and facilitates discovery and interpretation of novel risk variants in studies of developmental disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wintner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/205849</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct Epigenomic Patterns Are Associated with Haploinsufficiency and Predict Risk Genes of Developmental Disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/206037v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic analysis of de novo variants reveals sex differences in complex and isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia and indicates MYRF as a candidate gene 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/206037v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is one of the most common and lethal birth defects. Previous studies using exome sequencing support a significant contribution of coding de novo variants in complex CDH cases with additional anomalies and likely gene-disrupting (LGD) variants in isolated CDH cases. To further investigate the genetic architecture of CDH, we performed exome or genome sequencing in 283 proband-parent trios. Combined with data from previous studies, we analyzed a total of 357 trios, including 148 complex and 209 isolated cases. Complex and isolated cases both have a significant burden of deleterious de novo coding variants (1.7~fold, p= 1.2x10-5 for complex, 1.5~fold, p= 9.0x10-5 for isolated). Strikingly, in isolated CDH, almost all of the burden is carried by female cases (2.1~fold, p=0.004 for likely gene disrupting and 1.8~fold, p= 0.0008 for damaging missense variants); whereas in complex CDH, the burden is similar in females and males. Additionally, de novo LGD variants in complex cases are mostly enriched in genes highly expressed in developing diaphragm, but distributed in genes with a broad range of expression levels in isolated cases. Finally, we identified a new candidate risk gene MYRF (4 de novo variants, p-value=2x10-10), a transcription factor intolerant of mutations. Patients with MYRF mutations have additional anomalies including congenital heart disease and genitourinary defects, likely representing a novel syndrome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitaygorodsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wynn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aspelund, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, F. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crombleholme, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cusick, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azarow, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danko, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warner, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mychaliska, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potoka, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ElFiky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>High, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longoni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donahoe, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/206037</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic analysis of de novo variants reveals sex differences in complex and isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia and indicates MYRF as a candidate gene]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/206862v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Life history effects on neutral polymorphism levels of autosomes and sex chromosomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/206862v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
All else being equal, the ratio of genetic diversity levels on X and autosomes at selectively neutral sites should mirror the ratio of their numbers in the population and thus equal [3/4]. Because X chromosomes spend twice as many generations in females as in males, however, the ratio of diversity levels is also affected by sex differences in life history. The effects of life history on diversity levels, notably those of sex-specific age structures and reproductive variances, have been studied for decades, yet existing theory relies on many parameters that are difficult to measure and lacks generality in ways that limit their applicability. We derive general yet simple expressions for these effects and show that life history effects on X-to-autosome (X:A) ratios of diversity levels depend only on sex-ratios of mutation rates, generation times, and reproductive variances. These results reveal that changing the sex-ratio of generation times has opposite effects on X:A ratios of polymorphism and divergence. They also explain how sex-specific life histories modulate the response of X:A polymorphism ratios to changes in population size. More generally, they clarify that sex-specific life history--generation times in particular--should have a marked effect on X:A polymorphism ratios in many taxa and enable the investigation of these effects.nnSignificance StatementUnderstanding the determinants of neutral diversity patterns on autosomes and sex chromosomes provides a bedrock for our interpretation of population genetic data. Sex-specific age-structure and variation in reproductive success have long been thought to affect neutral diversity, but theoretical descriptions of these effects were complicated and/or lacked in generality, stymying attempts to relate diversity patterns of species with their life history. We derive general yet simple expressions for these effects, which clarify how they impact neutral diversity and should enable studies of relative diversity levels on the autosomes and sex chromosomes in many taxa.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amster, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sella, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/206862</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Life history effects on neutral polymorphism levels of autosomes and sex chromosomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/207936v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
How Cognitive and Reactive Fear Circuits Optimize Escape Decisions in Humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/207936v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Flight initiation distance (FID), the distance at which an organism flees from an approaching threat, is an ecological metric of cost-benefit functions of escape decisions. We adapted the FID paradigm to investigate how fast or slow attacking  virtual predators constrain escape decisions. We show that rapid escape decisions rely on  reactive fear circuits in the periaqueductal gray and midcingulate cortex (MCC), while protracted escape decisions, defined by larger buffer zones, were associated with  cognitive fear circuits which include posterior cingulate cortex, hippocampus and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, circuits implicated in strategic avoidance and behavioral flexibility. Using a Bayesian Decision Model, we further show that optimization of escape decisions under rapid flight were localized to the MCC, a region involved in adaptive motor control, while the hippocampus is implicated in optimizing decisions that update and control slower escape initiation. These results demonstrate an unexplored link between defensive survival circuits and their role in adaptive escape decisions.nnSignificanceHumans, like other animals, have evolved a set of circuits whose primary function is survival. In the case of predation, these circuits include  reactive fear circuits involved in fast and immediate escape decisions and  cognitive fear circuits that are involved in the conscious feeling of threat as well as slow strategic escape. Using neuroimaging combined with computational modeling, we support this differentiation of fear circuits by showing that fast escape decisions are elicited by the periaqueductal gray and MCC, regions involved in reactive flight. Conversely, slower escape decisions rely on the hippocampus, posterior cingulate cortex and prefrontal cortex, a circuit implicated in behavioral flexibility. These results support the role of the defensive survival circuitry in escape decisions and a separation of fear into reactive and cognitive circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daw, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassabis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mobbs, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/207936</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[How Cognitive and Reactive Fear Circuits Optimize Escape Decisions in Humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/208983v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Division-independent differentiation mandates proliferative competition among stem cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/208983v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer-initiating gatekeeper mutations that arise in stem cells would be especially potent if they stabilize and expand an affected stem lineage (1, 2). It is therefore important to understand how different stem cell organization strategies promote or prevent variant stem cell amplification in response to different types of mutation, including those that activate stem cell proliferation. Stem cell numbers can be maintained constant while producing differentiated products through individually asymmetric division outcomes or by population asymmetry strategies, in which individual stem cell lineages necessarily compete for niche space. We considered alternative mechanisms underlying population asymmetry and used quantitative modeling to predict starkly different consequences of altering proliferation rate: a variant, faster-proliferating mutant stem cell should compete better only when stem cell division and differentiation are independent processes. For most types of stem cell it has not been possible to ascertain experimentally whether division and differentiation are coupled. However, Drosophila Follicle Stem Cells (FSCs) provided a favorable model system to investigate population asymmetry mechanisms and also for measuring the impact of altered proliferation on competition. We found from detailed cell lineage studies that FSC division and FSC differentiation are not coupled. We also found that FSC representation, reflecting maintenance and amplification, was highly responsive to genetic changes that altered only the rate of FSC proliferation. The FSC paradigm therefore provides definitive experimental evidence for the general principle that relative proliferation rate will always be a major determinant of competition among stem cells specifically when stem cell division and differentiation are independent.nnSIGNIFICANCEAdult stem cells support tissue maintenance throughout life but they also can be cells of origin for cancer, allowing clonal expansion and long-term maintenance of the first oncogenic mutations. We considered how a mutation that increases the proliferation rate of a stem cell would affect the probability of its competitive survival and amplification for different potential organizations of stem cells. Quantitative modeling showed that the key characteristic predicting the impact of relative proliferation rate on competition is whether differentiation of a stem cell is coupled to its division. We then used Drosophila Follicle Stem Cells to provide definitive experimental evidence for the general prediction that relative proliferation rates dictate stem cell competition specifically for stem cells that exhibit division-independent differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reilein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melamed, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavare, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalderon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/208983</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Division-independent differentiation mandates proliferative competition among stem cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/209197v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene expression in patient-derived neural progenitors provide insights into neurodevelopmental aspects of schizophrenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/209197v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDGWAS of schizophrenia demonstrated that variations in the non-coding regions are responsible for most of common variation heritability of the disease. It is hypothesized that these risk variants alter gene expression. Thus, studying alterations in gene expression in schizophrenia may provide a direct approach to understanding the etiology of the disease. In this study we use Cultured Neural progenitor cells derived from Olfactory Neuroepithelium (CNON) as a genetically unaltered cellular model to elucidate the neurodevelopmental aspects of schizophrenia.nnMETHODSWe performed a gene expression study using RNA-Seq of CNON from 111 controls and 144 individuals with schizophrenia. Differentially expressed (DEX) genes were identified with DESeq2, using covariates to correct for sex, age, library batches and one surrogate variable component.nnRESULTS80 genes were DEX (FDR<10%), showing enrichment in cell migration, cell adhesion, developmental process, synapse assembly, cell proliferation and related gene ontology categories. Cadherin and Wnt signaling pathways were positive in overrepresentation test, and, in addition, many genes are specifically involved in Wnt5A signaling. The DEX genes were significantly, enriched in the genes overlapping SNPs with genome-wide significant association from the PGC GWAS of schizophrenia (PGC SCZ2). We also found substantial overlap with genes associated with other psychiatric disorders or brain development, enrichment in the same GO categories as genes with mutations de novo in schizophrenia, and studies of iPSC-derived neural progenitor cells.nnCONCLUSIONSCNON cells are a good model of the neurodevelopmental aspects of schizophrenia and can be used to elucidate the etiology of the disorder.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Evgrafov, O. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armoskus, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wrobel, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitsyna, V. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Souaiaia, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herstein, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camarena, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitz, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez Duarte, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobell, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medeiros, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pato, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pato, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/209197</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene expression in patient-derived neural progenitors provide insights into neurodevelopmental aspects of schizophrenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/209478v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robust identification of deletions in exome and genome sequence data based on clustering of Mendelian errors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/209478v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple tools have been developed to identify copy number variants (CNVs) from whole exome (WES) and whole genome sequencing (WGS) data. Current tools such as XHMM for WES and CNVnator for WGS identify CNVs based on changes in read depth. For WGS, other methods to identify CNVs include utilizing discordant read pairs and split reads and genome-wide local assembly with tools such as Lumpy and SvABA, respectively. Here, we introduce a new method to identify deletion CNVs from WES and WGS trio data based on the clustering of Mendelian errors (MEs). Using our Mendelian Error Method (MEM), we identified 127 deletions (inherited and de novo) in 2,601 WES trios from the Pediatric Cardiac Genomics Consortium, with a validation rate of 88% by digital droplet PCR. MEM identified additional de novo deletions compared to XHMM, and also identified sample switches, DNA contamination, a significant enrichment of 15q11.2 deletions compared to controls and eight cases of uniparental disomy. We applied MEM to WGS data from the Genome In A Bottle Ashkenazi trio and identified deletions with 97% specificity. MEM provides a robust, computationally inexpensive method for identifying deletions, and an orthogonal approach for verifying deletions called by other tools.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manheimer, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richter, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorham, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tai, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Homsy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boskovski, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parfenov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldmuntz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brueckner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tristani-Firouzi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidman, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidman, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelb, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharp, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/209478</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robust identification of deletions in exome and genome sequence data based on clustering of Mendelian errors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/209809v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular basis for the recognition of the human AAUAAA polyadenylation signal 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/209809v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nearly all eukaryotic messenger RNA precursors must undergo cleavage and polyadenylation at their 3'-end for maturation. A crucial step in this process is the recognition of the AAUAAA polyadenylation signal (PAS), and the molecular mechanism of this recognition has been a long-standing problem. Here we report the cryo-electron microscopy structure of a quaternary complex of human CPSF-160, WDR33, CPSF-30 and an AAUAAA RNA at 3.4 [A] resolution. Strikingly, the AAUAAA PAS assumes an unusual conformation that allows this short motif to be bound directly by both CPSF-30 and WDR33. The A1 and A2 bases are recognized specifically by zinc finger 2 (ZF2) of CPSF-30 and the A4 and A5 bases by ZF3. Interestingly, the U3 and A6 bases form an intramolecular Hoogsteen base pair and directly contact WDR33. CPSF-160 functions as an essential scaffold and pre-organizes CPSF-30 and WDR33 for high-affinity binding to AAUAAA. Our findings provide an elegant molecular explanation for how PAS sequences are recognized for mRNA 3'-end formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manley, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/209809</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular basis for the recognition of the human AAUAAA polyadenylation signal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/210534v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pathogen Population Structure Can Explain Hospital Outbreaks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/210534v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveTo analyze Hospital Acquired Infection (HAI) outbreaks using microbial population biology dynamics in order to understand outbreaks as a biological system.nnDesignComputational modeling study.nnMethodsThe majority of HAI transmission models describe dynamics on the level of the host rather than on the level of the pathogens themselves. Accordingly, epidemiologists often cannot complete transmission chains without direct evidence of either host-host contact or large reservoir populations. Here, we propose an ecology-based model to explain the transmission of pathogens in hospitals. The model is based upon metapopulation biology, which describes a group of interacting localized populations and island biogeography, which provides a basis for how pathogens may be moving between locales. Computational simulation trials are used to assess the applicability of the model.nnResultsResults indicate that pathogens survive for extended periods without the need for large reservoirs by living in localized ephemeral populations while continuously transmitting pathogens to new seed populations. Computational simulations show small populations spending significant portions of time at sizes too small to be detected by most surveillance protocols. The number and type of these ephemeral populations enable the overall pathogen population to be sustained.nnConclusionsBy modeling hospital pathogens as a metapopulation, observations characteristic of hospital acquired infection outbreaks for which there has previously been no sufficient biological explanation, including how and why empirically successful interventions work, can now be accounted for using population dynamic hypotheses. Epidemiological links between temporally isolated outbreaks are explained via pathogen population dynamics and potential outbreak intervention targets are identified.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spagnolo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cristofari, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tattonetti, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginzburg, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dykhuizen, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/210534</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pathogen Population Structure Can Explain Hospital Outbreaks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/211771v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The role of chromosomal inversions in speciation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/211771v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The chromosomal inversions of D. persimilis and D. pseudoobscura have deeply influenced our understanding of the evolutionary forces that shape natural variation, speciation, and selfish chromosome dynamics. Here, we perform a comprehensive reconstruction of the evolutionary histories of the chromosomal inversions in these species. We provide a solution to the puzzling origins of the selfish Sex-Ratio chromosome in D. persimilis and show that this Sex-Ratio chromosome directly descends from an ancestrally-arranged chromosome. Our results further show that all fixed inversions between D. persimilis and D. pseudoobscura were segregating in the ancestral population long before speciation, and that the genes contributing to reproductive barriers between these species must have evolved within them afterwards. We propose a new model for the role of chromosomal inversions in speciation and suggest that higher levels of divergence and an association with hybrid incompatibilities are emergent properties of ancestrally segregating inversions. These findings force a reconsideration of the role of chromosomal inversions in speciation, not as protectors of existing hybrid incompatibility alleles, but as fertile grounds for their formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fuller, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaeffer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phadnis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/211771</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The role of chromosomal inversions in speciation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/212407v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Natural selection interacts with the local recombination rate to shape the evolution of hybrid genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/212407v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While hybridization between species is increasingly appreciated to be a common occurrence, little is known about the forces that govern the subsequent evolution of hybrid genomes. We considered this question in three independent, naturally-occurring hybrid populations formed between swordtail fish species Xiphophorus birchmanni and X. malinche. To this end, we built a fine-scale genetic map and inferred patterns of local ancestry along the genomes of 690 individuals sampled from the three populations. In all three cases, we found hybrid ancestry to be more common in regions of high recombination and where there is linkage to fewer putative targets of selection. These same patterns are also apparent in a reanalysis of human-Neanderthal admixture. Our results lend support to models in which ancestry from the "minor" parental species persists only where it is rapidly uncoupled from alleles that are deleterious in hybrids, and show the retention of hybrid ancestry to be at least in part predictable from genomic features. Our analyses further indicate that in swordtail fish, the dominant source of selection on hybrids stems from deleterious combinations of epistatically-interacting alleles.nnOne sentence summaryThe persistence of hybrid ancestry is predictable from local recombination rates, in three replicate hybrid populations as well as in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schumer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durvasula, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skov, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holland, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankararaman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andolfatto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenthal, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przeworski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/212407</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Natural selection interacts with the local recombination rate to shape the evolution of hybrid genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/214718v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatio-temporal elasticity patterns in extracellular matrix during Hydra morphogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/214718v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Albeit ample evidence has suggested the remodeling of extracellular matrix (ECM) in animals plays crucial roles in development and diseases, little is understood how ECM mechanics correlates with tissue morphogenesis. In this study, we quantitatively determined how spatio-temporal elasticity patterns in ECM change during the asexual reproduction of freshwater polyp Hydra. We first determined the mesoscopic protein arrangement in Hydra ECM (mesoglea) by grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering with nano-beam (nano-GISAXS). Our data unraveled fibrillar type I collagen in Hydra mesoglea (Hcol-I) takes an anisotropic, more strongly distorted hexagonal lattice compared to those in vertebrates that could be attributed to the lower proline content and lack of lysin-crosslinks in Hcol-1 fibers. Then, we "mapped" the spatio-temporal changes in ECM stiffness ex vivo with aid of nano-indentation. We identified three representative elasticity patterns during tissue growth along the oral-aboral body axis of the animals. Our complementary proteome analysis demonstrated that the elasticity patterns of the ECM correlate with a gradient like distribution of proteases. Perturbations of the oral Wnt/{beta}-catenin signaling center further indicated that ECM elasticity patterns are governed by Wnt/{beta}-catenin signaling. The ex vivo biomechanical phenotyping of Hydra mesoglea established in this study will help us gain comprehensive insights into the spatio-temporal coordination of biochemical and biomechanical cues in tissue morphogenesis in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Veschgini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, H. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abuillan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossetti, F. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Özbek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burghammer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holstein, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/214718</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatio-temporal elasticity patterns in extracellular matrix during Hydra morphogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/215806v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The medial temporal lobe organizes memory across time and space: Causal evidence from brain stimulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/215806v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The medial temporal lobe (MTL) is widely implicated in supporting episodic memory and navigation, but its precise functional role in organizing memory across time and space remains elusive. Here we examine the specific cognitive processes implemented by MTL structures (hippocampus and entorhinal cortex) to organize memory by using electrical brain stimulation, leveraging its ability to establish causal links between brain regions and features of behavior. We studied neurosurgical patients who performed spatial-navigation and verbal-episodic memory tasks while brain stimulation was applied in various regions during learning. During the verbal memory task, stimulation in the MTL disrupted the temporal organization of encoded memories such that items learned with stimulation tended to be recalled in a more randomized order. During the spatial task, MTL stimulation impaired subjects abilities to remember items using view-independent (allocentric) navigation strategies. These stimulation effects were specific to the MTL. Our findings thus provide the first causal demonstration in humans of the specific memory processes that are performed by the MTL to encode when and where events occurred.nnSignificance StatementNumerous studies have implicated the medial temporal lobe (MTL) in encoding spatial and temporal memories, but they have not been able to causally demonstrate the nature of the cognitive processes by which this occurs in real-time. Electrical brain stimulation is able to demonstrate causal links between a brain region and a given function with high temporal precision. By examining behavior in a memory task as subjects received MTL stimulation, we provide the first causal evidence demonstrating the role of the MTL in organizing the spatial and temporal aspects of episodic memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goyal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watrous, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffey, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sperling, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worrell, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brent, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lega, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jobst, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ezzyat, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorniak, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahana, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizzuto, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/215806</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The medial temporal lobe organizes memory across time and space: Causal evidence from brain stimulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/216440v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Russian Doll Genes and Complex Chromosome Rearrangements in Oytricha trifallax 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/216440v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ciliates have two different types of nuclei per cell, with one acting as a somatic, transcriptionally active nucleus (macronucleus; abbr. MAC) and another serving as a germline nucleus (micronucleus; abbr. MIC). Furthermore, Oxytricha trifallax undergoes extensive genome rearrangements during sexual conjugation and post-zygotic development of daughter cells. These rearrangements are necessary because the precursor MIC loci are often both fragmented and scrambled, with respect to the corresponding MAC loci. Such genome architectures are remarkably tolerant of encrypted MIC loci, because RNA-guided processes during MAC development reorganize the gene fragments in the correct order to resemble the parental MAC sequence. Here, we describe the germline organization of several nested and highly scrambled genes in Oxytricha trifallax. These include cases with multiple layers of nesting, plus highly interleaved or tangled precursor loci that appear to deviate from previously described patterns. We present mathematical methods to measure the degree of nesting between precursor MIC loci, and revisit a method for a mathematical description of scrambling. After applying these methods to the chromosome rearrangement maps of O. trifallax we describe cases of nested arrangements with up to five layers of embedded genes, as well as the most scrambled loci in O. trifallax.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Braun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nabergall, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neme, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landweber, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonoska, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/216440</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Russian Doll Genes and Complex Chromosome Rearrangements in Oytricha trifallax]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/218040v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electrophysiological signatures of spatial boundaries in the human subiculum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/218040v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Environmental boundaries play a crucial role in spatial navigation and memory across a wide range of distantly-related species. In rodents, boundary representations have been identified at the single-cell level in the subiculum and entorhinal cortex of the hippocampal formation. While studies of hippocampal function and spatial behavior suggest that similar representations might exist in humans, boundary-related neural activity has not been identified electrophysiologically in humans until now. Here we present direct intracranial recordings from the hippocampal formation of surgical epilepsy patients while they performed a virtual spatial navigation task. Our results suggest that encoding target locations near boundaries elicited stronger theta oscillations than for target locations near the center of the environment and that this difference cannot be explained by variables such as trial length, speed, or movement. These findings provide the first direct evidence of boundary-dependent neural activity localized in humans to the subiculum, the homologue of the hippocampal subregion in which most rodent boundary cells are found.nnSignificance StatementSpatial computations using environmental boundaries are an integral part of the brains spatial mapping system. In rodents, border/boundary cells in the subiculum and entorhinal cortex reveal boundary coding at the single-neuron level. Although there is good reason to believe that such representations also exist in humans, the evidence has thus far been limited to fMRI studies that broadly implicate the hippocampus in boundary-based navigation. By combining intracranial recordings with high-resolution imaging of hippocampal subregions we identified, for the first time in humans, a neural marker of boundary representation in the subiculum.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watrous, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sperling, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worrell, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jobst, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lega, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorniak, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizzuto, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/218040</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electrophysiological signatures of spatial boundaries in the human subiculum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/218198v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Theta and alpha oscillations are traveling waves in the human neocortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/218198v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human cognition requires the coordination of neural activity across widespread brain networks. Here we describe a new mechanism for large-scale coordination in the human brain: traveling waves of theta and alpha oscillations. Examining direct brain recordings from neurosurgical patients performing a memory task, we found that contiguous clusters of cortex in individual patients showed oscillations at specific frequencies in the range of 2 to 15 Hz. These clusters displayed spatial phase gradients, indicating that individual oscillation cycles moved across the cortex at ~0.25-0.75 m/s. We found that traveling waves were relevant behaviorally because their propagation correlated with task events and was more consistent during good performance. Traveling waves showed a correlation between propagation speed and temporal frequency, which suggests that they propagate across the cortex following principles of phase-coupled oscillatory networks. By demonstrating that theta and alpha traveling waves are widespread and behaviorally relevant, our results suggest a broad role for brain oscillations in supporting cortical connectivity by organizing neural activity across space and time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watrous, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/218198</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Theta and alpha oscillations are traveling waves in the human neocortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/219683v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Higher-order inter-chromosomal hubs shape 3-dimensional genome organization in the nucleus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/219683v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotic genomes are packaged into a 3-dimensional structure in the nucleus of each cell. There are currently two distinct views of genome organization that are derived from different technologies. The first view, derived from genome-wide proximity ligation methods (e.g. Hi-C), suggests that genome organization is largely organized around chromosomes. The second view, derived from in situ imaging, suggests a central role for nuclear bodies. Yet, because microscopy and proximity-ligation methods measure different aspects of genome organization, these two views remain poorly reconciled and our overall understanding of how genomic DNA is organized within the nucleus remains incomplete. Here, we develop Split-Pool Recognition of Interactions by Tag Extension (SPRITE), which moves away from proximity-ligation and enables genome-wide detection of higher-order DNA interactions within the nucleus. Using SPRITE, we recapitulate known genome structures identified by Hi-C and show that the contact frequencies measured by SPRITE strongly correlate with the 3-dimensional distances measured by microscopy. In addition to known structures, SPRITE identifies two major hubs of inter-chromosomal interactions that are spatially arranged around the nucleolus and nuclear speckles, respectively. We find that the majority of genomic regions exhibit preferential spatial association relative to one of these nuclear bodies, with regions that are highly transcribed by RNA Polymerase II organizing around nuclear speckles and transcriptionally inactive and centromere-proximal regions organizing around the nucleolus. Together, our results reconcile the two distinct pictures of nuclear structure and demonstrate that nuclear bodies act as inter-chromosomal hubs that shape the overall 3-dimensional packaging of genomic DNA in the nucleus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Quinodoz, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ollikainen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabak, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Detmar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shishkin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhat, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinh, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aznauryan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guttman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/219683</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Higher-order inter-chromosomal hubs shape 3-dimensional genome organization in the nucleus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/221176v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stopping Transformed Growth with Cytoskeletal Proteins: Turning a Devil into an Angel 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/221176v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The major hallmark of cancer cells is uncontrollable growth on soft matrices (transformed growth), which indicates that they have lost the ability to properly sense the rigidity of their surroundings. Recent studies of fibroblasts show that local contractions by cytoskeletal rigidity sensor units block growth on soft surfaces and their depletion causes transformed growth. The contractile system involves many cytoskeletal proteins that must be correctly assembled for proper rigidity sensing. We tested the hypothesis that cancer cells lack rigidity sensing due to their inability to assemble contractile units because of altered cytoskeletal protein levels. In four widely different cancers, there were over ten-fold fewer rigidity-sensing contractions compared with normal fibroblasts. Restoring normal levels of cytoskeletal proteins restored rigidity sensing and rigidity-dependent growth in transformed cells. Most commonly, this involved restoring balanced levels of the tropomyosins 2.1 (often depleted by miR-21) and 3 (often overexpressed). Restored cells could be transformed again by depleting other cytoskeletal proteins including myosin IIA. Thus, the depletion of rigidity sensing modules enables growth on soft surfaces and many different perturbations of cytoskeletal proteins can disrupt rigidity sensing thereby causing transformed growth of cancer cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfenson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakazawa, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheetz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/221176</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stopping Transformed Growth with Cytoskeletal Proteins: Turning a Devil into an Angel]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/221358v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hominin-specific NOTCH2 paralogs expand human cortical neurogenesis through regulation of Delta/Notch interactions. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/221358v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human cerebral cortex has undergone rapid expansion and increased complexity during recent evolution. Hominid-specific gene duplications represent a major driving force of evolution, but their impact on human brain evolution remains unclear. Using tailored RNA sequencing (RNAseq), we profiled the spatial and temporal expression of Hominid-specific duplicated (HS) genes in the human fetal cortex, leading to the identification of a repertoire of 36 HS genes displaying robust and dynamic patterns during cortical neurogenesis. Among these we focused on NOTCH2NL, previously uncharacterized HS paralogs of NOTCH2. NOTCH2NL promote the clonal expansion of human cortical progenitors by increasing self-renewal, ultimately leading to higher neuronal output. NOTCH2NL function by activating the Notch pathway, through inhibition of Delta/Notch interactions. Our study uncovers a large repertoire of recently evolved genes linking genomic evolution to human brain development, and reveals how hominin-specific NOTCH paralogs may have contributed to the expansion of the human cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gacquer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Heurck, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojno, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilheu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herpoel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheron, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polleux, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Detours, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanderhaeghen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/221358</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hominin-specific NOTCH2 paralogs expand human cortical neurogenesis through regulation of Delta/Notch interactions.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/221994v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-Cell Immune Map of Breast Carcinoma Reveals Diverse Phenotypic States Driven by the Tumor Microenvironment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/221994v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Knowledge of immune cell phenotypes in the tumor microenvironment is essential for understanding mechanisms of cancer progression and immunotherapy response. We created an immune map of breast cancer using single-cell RNA-seq data from 45,000 immune cells from eight breast carcinomas, as well as matched normal breast tissue, blood, and lymph node. We developed a preprocessing pipeline, SEQC, and a Bayesian clustering and normalization method, Biscuit, to address computational challenges inherent to single-cell data. Despite significant similarity between normal and tumor tissue-resident immune cells, we observed continuous tumor-specific phenotypic expansions driven by environmental cues. Analysis of paired single-cell RNA and T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing data from 27,000 additional T cells revealed the combinatorial impact of TCR utilization on phenotypic diversity. Our results support a model of continuous activation in T cells and do not comport with the macrophage polarization model in cancer, with important implications for characterizing tumor-infiltrating immune cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Azizi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plitas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornish, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konopacki, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prabhakaran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nainys, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiseliovas, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Setty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dao, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazutis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudensky, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe'er, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/221994</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-Cell Immune Map of Breast Carcinoma Reveals Diverse Phenotypic States Driven by the Tumor Microenvironment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/222570v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An atlas of Caenorhabditis elegans chemoreceptor expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/222570v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One goal of modern day neuroscience is the establishment of molecular maps that assign unique features to individual neuron types. Such maps provide important starting points for neuron classification, for functional analysis and for developmental studies aimed at defining the molecular mechanisms of neuron identity acquisition and neuron identity diversification. In this resource paper, we describe a nervous system-wide map of the potential expression sites of 244 members of the largest gene family in the C. elegans genome, rhodopsin-like (class A) GPCR chemoreceptors, using classic gfp reporter gene technology. We cover representatives of all sequence families of chemoreceptors GPCRs, some of which were previously entirely uncharacterized. Most reporters are expressed in a very restricted number of cells, often just in single cells. We assign GPCR reporter expression to all but two of the 37 sensory neuron classes of the sex-shared, core nervous system. Some sensory neurons express a very small number of receptors, while others, particularly nociceptive neurons, co-express several dozen GPCR reporter genes. GPCR reporters are also expressed in a wide range of inter- and motorneurons, as well as nonneuronal cells, suggesting that GPCRs may constitute receptors not just for environmental signals, but also for internal cues. We observe only one notable, frequent association of coexpression patterns, namely in one nociceptive amphid (ASH) and two nociceptive phasmid sensory neurons (PHA, PHB). We identified GPCRs with sexually dimorphic expression and several GPCR reporters that are expressed in a left/right asymmetric manner. We identified a substantial degree of GPCR expression plasticity; particularly in the context of the environmentally-induced dauer diapause stage when one third of all tested GPCRs alter the cellular specificity of their expression within and outside the nervous system. Intriguingly, in a number of cases, the dauer-specific alterations of GPCR reporter expression in specific neuron classes are maintained during postdauer life and in some case new patterns are induced post-dauer, demonstrating that GPCR gene expression may serve as traits of life history. Taken together, our resource provides an entry point for functional studies and also offers a host of molecular markers for studying molecular patterning and plasticity of the nervous system.nnAUTHOR SUMMARYMaps of gene expression patterns in the nervous system provide an important resource for neuron classification, for functional analysis and for developmental studies that ask how different neurons acquire their unique identities. By analyzing transgenic gfp reporter strains, we describe here the expression pattern of 244 putative chemosensory receptor-encoding genes, which constitute the largest gene family in C.elegans. We show that, as expected, chemoreceptor expression is enriched in chemosensory neurons but it is also expressed in a wide range of interneurons, motorneurons, as well as non-neuronal cells, suggesting that putative chemosensory receptors may not just sense environmental signals but also internal cues. We find that each chemoreceptor is expressed in a few neuron types, often just one, but each neuron type can express a large number of chemoreceptors. Interestingly, we uncovered that chemoreceptor expression is remarkably plastic, particularly in the context of the environmentally-induced dauer diapause stage. Taken together, this molecular atlas of chemosensory receptors provides an entry point for functional studies and offers a host of markers for studying neuronal patterning and plasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vidal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aghayeva, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glenwinkel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/222570</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An atlas of Caenorhabditis elegans chemoreceptor expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/222620v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Peptidomimetic blockade of MYB in acute myeloid leukemia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/222620v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aberrant gene expression is a hallmark of acute leukemias. However, therapeutic strategies for its blockade are generally lacking, largely due to the pharmacologic challenges of drugging transcription factors. MYB-driven gene trans-activation with CREB-binding protein (CBP)/P300 is required for the initiation and maintenance of a variety of acute lymphoblastic and myeloid leukemias, including refractory MLL-rearranged leukemias. Using structure-guided molecular design, we developed a prototypical peptidomimetic inhibitor MYBMIM that interferes with the assembly of the molecular MYB:CBP/P300 complex at micromolar concentrations and rapidly accumulates in the nuclei of AML cells. We found that treatment of AML cells with MYBMIM, led to the displacement of the MYB:CBP/P300 complex in cells, displacement of MYB from oncogenic enhancers and promoters enriched for MYB binding sites, and downregulation of MYB-dependent gene expression, including of MYC and BCL2 oncogenes. Both human MLL-rearranged and non-rearranged AML cells, underwent mitochondrial apoptosis in response to MYBMIM treatment, which could be partially rescued by ectopic expression of BCL2. We observed that MYBMIM treatment impeded leukemia growth and extended survival of immunodeficient mice engrafted with primary patient-derived MLL-rearranged leukemia cells. These findings emphasize the exquisite dependence of human AML on MYB:CBP/P300 transcriptional dysregulation, and establish a pharmacologic approach for its therapeutic blockade.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramaswamy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forbes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minuesa, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gindin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kharas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krivtsov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Still, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Stanchina, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knoechel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koche, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kentsis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/222620</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Peptidomimetic blockade of MYB in acute myeloid leukemia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/222778v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Experimental assay of a fitness landscape on a macroevolutionary scale 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/222778v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Characterizing the fitness landscape, a representation of fitness for a large set of genotypes, is key to understanding how genetic information is interpreted to create functional organisms. Here we determined the evolutionarily-relevant segment of the fitness landscape of His3, a gene coding for an enzyme in the histidine synthesis pathway, focusing on combinations of amino acid states found at orthologous sites of extant species. Just 15% of amino acids found in yeast His3 orthologues were always neutral while the impact on fitness of the remaining 85% depended on the genetic background. Furthermore, at 67% of sites, substitutions are under sign epistasis, having both strongly positive and negative effect in different genetic backgrounds. 46% of sites were under reciprocal sign epistasis. Sign epistasis affected few genotypes but involved interaction of multiple sites, shaping a rugged fitness landscape in which many of the shortest paths between highly fit genotypes are inaccessible.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pokusaeva, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Usmanova, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putintseva, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinar, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkisyan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogatyreva, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivankov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filion, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carey, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kondrashov, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/222778</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Experimental assay of a fitness landscape on a macroevolutionary scale]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/224121v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Activity is Required for Type I Interferon Production 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/224121v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recognition of nucleic acids results in the production of type I interferons (IFN), which activate the JAK/STAT pathway and promote the expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISG). In a search for modulators of this pathway, we discovered a previously unknown requirement for cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) in the production of type I IFN following nucleic acid sensing and virus infection. Inhibition of CDK activity or knockdown of CDK levels leads to a striking block in STAT activation and ISG expression. CDKs are not required for the initial nucleic acid sensing leading to IFN-{beta} mRNA induction, nor for the response to exogenous IFN-/{beta}, but are critical for IFN-{beta} release into culture supernatants, suggesting a post-transcriptional role for CDKs in type I IFN production. In the absence of CDK activity, we demonstrate a translational block specific for IFN-{beta}, in which IFN-{beta} mRNA is removed from the actively translating polysomes, while the distribution of other cellular mRNAs or global translation rates are unaffected. Our findings reveal a critical role for CDKs in the translation of IFN-{beta}.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cingoz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/224121</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Activity is Required for Type I Interferon Production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/225193v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elevated polygenic burden for autism is associated with differential DNA methylation at birth. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/225193v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in social communication and restricted, repetitive behaviors, interests, or activities. The etiology of ASD involves both inherited and environmental risk factors, with epigenetic processes hypothesized as one mechanism by which both genetic and non-genetic variation influence gene regulation and pathogenesis.nnMethodsWe quantified neonatal methylomic variation in 1,263 infants - of whom ~50% went on to subsequently develop ASD - using DNA isolated from a unique collection of archived blood spots taken shortly after birth. We used matched genetic data from the same individuals to examine the molecular consequences of ASD genetic risk variants, identifying methylomic variation associated with elevated polygenic burden for ASD. In addition, we performed DNA methylation quantitative trait loci (mQTL) mapping to prioritize target genes from ASD GWAS findings.nnResultsAlthough we did not identify specific loci showing consistent changes in neonatal DNA methylation associated with later ASD, we found a significant association between increased polygenic burden for autism and methylomic variation at two CpG sites located proximal to a robust GWAS signal for ASD on chromosome 8.nnConclusionsThis study is the largest analysis of DNA methylation in ASD yet undertaken and the first to integrate both genetic and epigenetic variation at birth in ASD. We demonstrate the utility of using a polygenic risk score to identify molecular variation associated with disease, and of using mQTL to refine the functional and regulatory variation associated with ASD risk variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hannon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schendel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladd-Acosta, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grove, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>iPSYCH-Broad ASD Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrews, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hougaard, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bresnahan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mors, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollegaard, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baekvad-Hansen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hornig, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mortensen, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borglum, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werge, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedersen, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nordentoft, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buxbaum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fallin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bybjerg-Grauholm, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reichenberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mill, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/225193</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elevated polygenic burden for autism is associated with differential DNA methylation at birth.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/225714v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systems genetics identifies modifiers of Alzheimer’s disease risk and resilience 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/225714v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying genes that modify symptoms of Alzheimers disease (AD) will provide novel therapeutic strategies to prevent, cure or delay AD. To discover genetic modifiers of AD, we combined a mouse model of AD with a genetically diverse reference panel to generate F1 mice harboring identical  high-risk human AD mutations but which differ across the remainder of their genome. We first show that genetic variation profoundly modifies the impact of causal human AD mutations and validate this panel as an AD model by demonstrating a high degree of phenotypic, transcriptomic, and genetic overlap with human AD. Genetic mapping was used to identify candidate modifiers of cognitive deficits and amyloid pathology, and viral-mediated knockdown was used to functionally validate Trpc3 as a modifier of AD. Overall, work here introduces a  humanized mouse population as an innovative and reproducible resource for the study of AD and identifies Trpc3 as a novel therapeutic target.nnHighlightsO_LINew transgenic mouse population enables mapping of AD risk and resilience factorsnC_LIO_LITranscriptomic and phenotypic profiles in diverse AD mice parallel those in humansnC_LIO_LIApoe genotype and expression correlate with cognitive symptoms in micenC_LIO_LITrpc3 is a novel target to reduce amyloid load and cognitive symptoms in ADnC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Neuner, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohman, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richholt, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huentelman, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, K. M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaczorowski, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/225714</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systems genetics identifies modifiers of Alzheimer’s disease risk and resilience]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/226514v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification and Targeting of Cortical Ensembles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/226514v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Breaking the neural code requires the characterization of physiological and behavioral correlates of neuronal ensemble activity. To understand how the emergent properties of neuronal ensembles allow an internal representation of the external world, it is necessary to generate empirically grounded models that fully capture ensemble dynamics. We used machine learning techniques, often applied in big data pattern recognition, to identify and target cortical ensembles from mouse primary visual cortex in vivo leveraging recent developments in optical techniques that allowed the simultaneous recording and manipulation of neuronal ensembles with single-cell precision. Conditional random fields (CRFs) allowed us not only to identify cortical ensembles representing visual stimuli, but also to individually target neurons that are functionally key for pattern completion. These results represent the proof-of-principle that machine learning techniques could be used to design close-loop behavioral experiments that involve the precise manipulation of functional cortical ensembles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carrillo-Reid, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taralova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jebara, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuste, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/226514</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification and Targeting of Cortical Ensembles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/227421v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Counterfactual reasoning underlies the learning of priors in decision making 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/227421v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate decisions require knowledge of prior probabilities (e.g., prevalence or base rate) but it is unclear how prior probability is learned in the absence of a teacher. We hypothesized that humans could learn base rates from experience making decisions, even without feedback. Participants made difficult decisions about the direction of dynamic random dot motion. For each block of 15-42 trials, the base rate favored left or right by a different amount. Participants were not informed of the base rate, yet they gradually biased their choices and thereby increased accuracy and confidence in their decisions. They achieved this by updating knowledge of base rate after each decision, using a counterfactual representation of confidence that simulates a neutral prior. The strategy is consistent with Bayesian updating of belief and suggests that humans represent both true confidence, that incorporates the evolving belief of the prior, and counterfactual confidence that discounts the prior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zylberberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolpert, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadlen, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/227421</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Counterfactual reasoning underlies the learning of priors in decision making]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/227462v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An open resource for nonhuman primate imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/227462v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-human primate neuroimaging is a rapidly growing area of research that promises to transform and scale translational and cross-species comparative neuroscience.nnUnfortunately, the technological and methodological advances of the past two decades have outpaced the accrual of data, which is particularly challenging given the relatively few centers that have the necessary facilities and capabilities. The PRIMate Data Exchange (PRIME-DE) addresses this challenge by aggregating independently acquired non-human primate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) datasets and openly sharing them via the International Neuroimaging Data-sharing Initiative (INDI). Here, we present the rationale, design and procedures for the PRIME-DE consortium, as well as the initial release, consisting of 13 independent data collections aggregated across 11 sites (total = 98 macaque monkeys). We also outline the unique pitfalls and challenges that should be considered in the analysis of the non-human primate MRI datasets, including providing automated quality assessment of the contributed datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Milham, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balezeau, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baxter, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croxson, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damatac, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freiwald, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffiths, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Everling, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kastner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leopold, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mars, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Messinger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nacef, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rios, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petkov, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinsk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poirier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajimehr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rushworth, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russ, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwiedrzik, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sallet, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidlitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ungerleider, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiele, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yacoub, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarco, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margulies, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/227462</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An open resource for nonhuman primate imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/229252v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accurate estimation of neural population dynamics without spike sorting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/229252v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A central goal of systems neuroscience is to relate an organisms neural activity to behavior. Neural population analysis often begins by reducing the dimensionality of the data to focus on the patterns most relevant to a given task. A major practical hurdle to data analysis is spike sorting, and this problem is growing rapidly as the number of neurons measured increases. Here, we investigate whether spike sorting is necessary to estimate neural dynamics. The theory of random projections suggests that we can accurately estimate the geometry of low-dimensional manifolds from a small number of linear projections of the data. We re-analyzed data from three previous studies and found that neural dynamics and scientific conclusions are quite similar using multi-unit threshold crossings in place of sorted neurons. This finding unlocks existing data for new analyses and informs the design and use of new electrode arrays for laboratory and clinical use.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trautmann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stavisky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahiri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ames, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganguli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenoy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/229252</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accurate estimation of neural population dynamics without spike sorting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/230276v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Routine Single Particle CryoEM Sample and Grid Characterization by Tomography 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/230276v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) is often performed under the assumption that particles are freely floating away from the air-water interfaces and in thin, vitreous ice. In this study, we performed fiducial-less tomography on over 50 different cryoEM grid/sample preparations to determine the particle distribution within the ice and the overall geometry of the ice in grid holes. Surprisingly, by studying particles in holes in 3D from over 1,000 tomograms, we have determined that the vast majority of particles (approximately 90%) are adsorbed to an air-water interface. The implications of this observation are wide-ranging, with potential ramifications regarding protein denaturation, conformational change, and preferred orientation. We also show that fiducial-less cryo-electron tomography on single particle grids may be used to determine ice thickness, optimal single particle collection areas and strategies, particle heterogeneity, and de novo models for template picking and single particle alignment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Noble, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dandey, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brasch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chase, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acharya, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, Y. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scapin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rapp, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eng, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Negro, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeruzalmi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>des Georges, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potter, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carragher, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/230276</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Routine Single Particle CryoEM Sample and Grid Characterization by Tomography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/230615v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dual tRNA mimicry in the Cricket Paralysis Virus IRES uncovers an unexpected similarity with the Hepatitis C Virus IRES 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/230615v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Co-opting the cellular machinery for protein production is a compulsory requirement for viruses. The Cricket Paralysis virus employs an Internal Ribosomal Entry Site (IRES) to express its structural genes in the late stage of infection. Ribosome hijacking is achieved by a sophisticated use of molecular mimicry to tRNA and mRNA, employed to manipulate intrinsically dynamic components of the ribosome. Binding and translocation through the ribosome is required for this IRES to initiate translation. We report two structures, solved by single particle electron cryomicroscopy (cryoEM), of a double translocated CrPV IRES with aminoacyl-tRNA in the peptidyl site (P site) of the ribosome. CrPV IRES adopts a previously unseen conformation, mimicking the acceptor stem of a canonical E site tRNA. The structures suggest a mechanism for the positioning of the first aminoacyl-tRNA shared with the distantly related Hepatitis C Virus IRES.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pisareva, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pisarev, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/230615</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dual tRNA mimicry in the Cricket Paralysis Virus IRES uncovers an unexpected similarity with the Hepatitis C Virus IRES]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/233304v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Association of BDNF Val66Met Polymorphism and Brain BDNF levels with Major Depression and Suicide 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/233304v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUND: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is implicated in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD) and suicide. Both are partly caused by early life adversity (ELA) and ELA reduces both BDNF protein and gene expression. This study examines the association of BDNF Val66Met polymorphism and brain BDNF levels with depression and suicide. We hypothesized that both major depression and ELA would be associated with the Met allele and lower brain BDNF levels. Such an association would be consistent with low BDNF mediating the effect of ELA on adulthood suicide and MDD. METHODS: BDNF Val66Met polymorphism was genotyped in postmortem brains of 37 suicide decedents and 53 non-suicides. Additionally, BDNF protein levels were determined by Western blot in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Brodmann area 9; BA9), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC; BA24), caudal brainstem and rostral brainstem. The relationships between these measures and major depression, death by suicide and reported childhood adversity were examined. RESULTS: Depressed subjects had an excess of the Met allele and lower BDNF levels in ACC and caudal brainstem compared with non-depressed subjects. No effect of history of suicide death or early life adversity was observed with genotype, but lower BDNF levels in ACC were found in subjects who had been exposed to early life adversity and/or died by suicide compared to nonsuicide decedents and no reported childhood adversity. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides further evidence for low BDNF in major depression related to the BDNF met risk allele. Future studies should seek to determine how altered BDNF expression contributes to MDD and suicide.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Youssef, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Underwood, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsiung, S.-c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakalian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosoklija, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dwork, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arango, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/233304</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Association of BDNF Val66Met Polymorphism and Brain BDNF levels with Major Depression and Suicide]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/233338v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Understanding Biological Visual Attention Using Convolutional Neural Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/233338v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How does attentional modulation of neural activity enhance performance? Here we use a deep convolutional neural network as a large-scale model of the visual system to address this question. We model the feature similarity gain model of attention, in which attentional modulation is applied according to neural stimulus tuning. Using a variety of visual tasks, we show that neural modulations of the kind and magnitude observed experimentally lead to performance changes of the kind and magnitude observed experimentally. We find that, at earlier layers, attention applied according to tuning does not successfully propagate through the network, and has a weaker impact on performance than attention applied according to values computed for optimally modulating higher areas. This raises the question of whether biological attention might be applied at least in part to optimize function rather than strictly according to tuning. We suggest a simple experiment to distinguish these alternatives.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lindsay, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/233338</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Understanding Biological Visual Attention Using Convolutional Neural Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/234351v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A cortical immune network map identifies a subset of human microglia involved in Tau pathology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/234351v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microglial dysfunction has been proposed as one of the many cellular mechanisms that can contribute to the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, using a transcriptional network map of the human frontal cortex, we identify five gene modules of co-expressed genes related to microglia and assess their role in the neuropathologic features of AD in 541 subjects from two cohort studies of brain aging. Two of these transcriptional programs - modules 113 and 114 - relate to the accumulation of {beta}-amyloid, while module 5 relates to tau pathology. These modules are also detectable in the human brain's epigenome, where we replicate these associations. In terms of tau, we propose that module 5, a marker of activated microglia, may lead to tau accumulation and subsequent cognitive decline. We validate our model further by showing that VASP, a representative module 5 gene, encodes a protein that is upregulated in activated microglia in AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patrick, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olah, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taga, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, H.-U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaiteri, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chibnik, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostafavi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradshaw, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/234351</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A cortical immune network map identifies a subset of human microglia involved in Tau pathology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/236778v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The signaling lipid sphingosine 1-phosphate regulates mechanical pain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/236778v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Somatosensory neurons mediate responses to diverse mechanical stimuli, from innocuous touch to noxious pain. While recent studies have identified distinct populations of A mechanonociceptors (AMs) that are required for mechanical pain, the molecular underpinnings of mechanonociception remain unknown. Here, we show that the bioactive lipid sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and S1P Receptor 3 (S1PR3) are critical regulators of acute mechanonociception. Genetic or pharmacological ablation of S1PR3, or blockade of S1P production, significantly impaired the behavioral response to noxious mechanical stimuli, with no effect on responses to innocuous touch or thermal stimuli. These effects are mediated by fast-conducting A mechanonociceptors, which displayed a significant decrease in mechanosensitivity in S1PR3 mutant mice. We show that S1PR3 signaling tunes mechanonociceptor excitability via modulation of KCNQ2/3 channels. Our findings define a new role for S1PR3 in regulating neuronal excitability and establish the importance of S1P/S1PR3 signaling in the setting of mechanical pain thresholds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hill, R. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morita, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campos, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lumpkin, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brem, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bautista, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/236778</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The signaling lipid sphingosine 1-phosphate regulates mechanical pain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/237347v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell type-specific CLIP reveals that NOVA regulates cytoskeleton interactions in motoneurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/237347v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAlternative RNA processing plays an essential role in shaping cell identity and connectivity in the central nervous system (CNS). This is believed to involve differential regulation of RNA processing in various cell types. However, in vivo study of cell-type specific post-transcriptional regulation has been a challenge. Here, we developed a sensitive and stringent method combining genetics and CLIP (crosslinking and immunoprecipitation) to globally identify regulatory interactions between NOVA and RNA in the mouse spinal cord motoneurons (MNs).nnResultsWe developed a means of undertaking MN-specific CLIP to explore MN-specific protein-RNA interactions relative to studies of the whole spinal cord. This allowed us to pinpoint differential RNA regulation specific to MNs, revealing major role for NOVA in regulating cytoskeleton interactions in MNs. In particular, NOVA specifically promotes the palmitoylated isoform of a cytoskeleton protein Septin 8 in MNs, which enhances dendritic arborization.nnConclusionsOur study demonstrates that cell type-specific RNA regulation is important for fine-tuning motoneuron physiology, and highlights the value of defining RNA processing regulation at single cell type resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darnell, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darnell, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saito, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phatnani, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maniatis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darnell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/237347</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell type-specific CLIP reveals that NOVA regulates cytoskeleton interactions in motoneurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/237669v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Parallel Processing Model of Drosophila Olfactory Sensory Neurons and Its Biological Validation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/237669v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the past two decades, a substantial amount of work characterized the odorant receptors, neuroanatomy and odorant response properties of the early olfactory system of Drosophila melanogaster. Yet many odorant receptors remain only partially characterized and, the odorant transduction process and the axon hillock spiking mechanism of the olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) have yet to be fully determined.nnIdentity and concentration, two key aspects of olfactory coding, originate in the odorant transduction process. Detailed molecular models of the odorant transduction process are, however, scarce for fruit flies. To address these challenges we advance a comprehensive model of fruit fly OSNs as a cascade consisting of an odorant transduction process (OTP) and a biophysical spike generator (BSG). We model identity and concentration in OTP using an odorant-receptor binding rate tensor, modulated by the odorant concentration profile, and an odorant-receptor dissociation rate tensor, and quantitatively describe the ligand binding/dissociation process. We model the BSG as a Connor-Stevens point neuron.nnThe resulting combinatorial encoding model of the Drosophila antenna provides a theoretical foundation for understanding the neural code of both odorant identity and odorant concentration and advances the state-of-the-art in a number of ways. First, it quantifies on the molecular level the combinatorial complexity of the transformation taking place in the antennae. The concentration-dependent combinatorial code determines the complexity of the input space driving olfactory processing in the downstream neuropils, such as odorant recognition and olfactory associative learning. Second, the model is biologically validated using multiple electrophysiology recordings. Third, the model demonstrates that the currently available data for odorant-receptor responses only enable the estimation of the affinity of the odorant-receptor pairs. The odorant-dissociation rate is only available for a few odorant-receptor pairs. Finally, our model calls for new experiments for massively identifying the odorant-receptor dissociation rates of relevance to flies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lazar, A. A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/237669</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Parallel Processing Model of Drosophila Olfactory Sensory Neurons and Its Biological Validation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/239830v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Olfactory and Vomeronasal Receptor Feedback Employ Divergent Mechanisms of PERK Activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/239830v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutually-exclusive chemoreceptor expression in olfactory and vomeronasal sensory neurons (OSNs and VSNs) enables odorant discrimination. This configuration involves chemoreceptor mediated activation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident kinase PERK. PERK drives translation of the transcription factor ATF5 to preclude additional chemoreceptor expression. ATF5 translation is transient in OSNs but persistent in VSNs, suggesting chemoreceptor-specific modes of PERK activation. Herein, we showed that the ER-lumenal domain (LD) of PERK recognized vomeronasal receptor (VR)-derived peptides, suggesting direct PERK activation drives persistent ATF5 translation in VSNs. In contrast, PERK LD did not recognize olfactory receptor (OR)-derived peptides in vitro, and facilitating OR maturation in vivo prevented PERK activation, suggesting that ORs activate PERK indirectly through a failure to exit the ER. Importantly, impairing or prolonging ATF5 expression drove specific chemoreceptor repertoire biases. Together, these results demonstrate mechanistic divergence in chemoreceptor feedback and establish that differences in PERK activation promote qualitatively different gene regulatory results.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dalton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karagoz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahiapo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bashkirova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyons, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsunami, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/239830</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Olfactory and Vomeronasal Receptor Feedback Employ Divergent Mechanisms of PERK Activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/240408v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Far-UVC light: A new tool to control the spread of airborne-mediated microbial diseases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/240408v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Airborne-mediated microbial diseases such as influenza and tuberculosis represent major public health challenges. A direct approach to prevent airborne transmission is inactivation of airborne pathogens, and the airborne antimicrobial potential of UVC ultraviolet light has long been established; however, its widespread use in public settings is limited because conventional UVC light sources are both carcinogenic and cataractogenic. By contrast, we have previously shown that far-UVC light (207-222 nm) efficiently kills bacteria without harm to exposed mammalian skin. This is because, due to its strong absorbance in biological materials, far-UVC light cannot penetrate even the outer (non living) layers of human skin or eye; however, because bacteria and viruses are of micrometer or smaller dimensions, far-UVC can penetrate and inactivate them. We show for the first time that far-UVC efficiently kills airborne aerosolized viruses, a very low dose of 2 mJ/cm2 of 222-nm light inactivating >95% of aerosolized H1N1 influenza virus. Continuous very low dose-rate far-UVC light in indoor public locations is a promising, safe and inexpensive tool to reduce the spread of airborne-mediated microbial diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Welch, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buonanno, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grilj, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuryak, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crickmore, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bigelow, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randers-Pehrson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/240408</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Far-UVC light: A new tool to control the spread of airborne-mediated microbial diseases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/240614v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large-scale, high-resolution comparison of the core visual object recognition behavior of humans, monkeys, and state-of-the-art deep artificial neural networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/240614v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Primates--including humans--can typically recognize objects in visual images at a glance even in the face of naturally occurring identity-preserving image transformations (e.g. changes in viewpoint). A primary neuroscience goal is to uncover neuron-level mechanistic models that quantitatively explain this behavior by predicting primate performance for each and every image. Here, we applied this stringent behavioral prediction test to the leading mechanistic models of primate vision (specifically, deep, convolutional, artificial neural networks; ANNs) by directly comparing their behavioral signatures against those of humans and rhesus macaque monkeys. Using high-throughput data collection systems for human and monkey psychophysics, we collected over one million behavioral trials for 2400 images over 276 binary object discrimination tasks. Consistent with previous work, we observed that state-of-the-art deep, feed-forward convolutional ANNs trained for visual categorization (termed DCNNIC models) accurately predicted primate patterns of object-level confusion. However, when we examined behavioral performance for individual images within each object discrimination task, we found that all tested DCNNIC models were significantly non-predictive of primate performance, and that this prediction failure was not accounted for by simple image attributes, nor rescued by simple model modifications. These results show that current DCNNIC models cannot account for the image-level behavioral patterns of primates, and that new ANN models are needed to more precisely capture the neural mechanisms underlying primate object vision. To this end, large-scale, high-resolution primate behavioral benchmarks--such as those obtained here--could serve as direct guides for discovering such models.nnSIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTRecently, specific feed-forward deep convolutional artificial neural networks (ANNs) models have dramatically advanced our quantitative understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying primate core object recognition. In this work, we tested the limits of those ANNs by systematically comparing the behavioral responses of these models with the behavioral responses of humans and monkeys, at the resolution of individual images. Using these high-resolution metrics, we found that all tested ANN models significantly diverged from primate behavior. Going forward, these high-resolution, large-scale primate behavioral benchmarks could serve as direct guides for discovering better ANN models of the primate visual system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rajalingham, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Issa, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bashivan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiCarlo, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/240614</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large-scale, high-resolution comparison of the core visual object recognition behavior of humans, monkeys, and state-of-the-art deep artificial neural networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/240747v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improved Aedes aegypti mosquito reference genome assembly enables biological discovery and vector control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/240747v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes infect hundreds of millions of people each year with dangerous viral pathogens including dengue, yellow fever, Zika, and chikungunya. Progress in understanding the biology of this insect, and developing tools to fight it, has been slowed by the lack of a high-quality genome assembly. Here we combine diverse genome technologies to produce AaegL5, a dramatically improved and annotated assembly, and demonstrate how it accelerates mosquito science and control. We anchored the physical and cytogenetic maps, resolved the size and composition of the elusive sex-determining "M locus", significantly increased the known members of the glutathione-S-transferase genes important for insecticide resistance, and doubled the number of chemosensory ionotropic receptors that guide mosquitoes to human hosts and egg-laying sites. Using high-resolution QTL and population genomic analyses, we mapped new candidates for dengue vector competence and insecticide resistance. We predict that AaegL5 will catalyse new biological insights and intervention strategies to fight this deadly arboviral vector.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matthews, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudchenko, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antoshechkin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glassford, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herre, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redmond, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weedall, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batra, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brito-Sierra, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckingham, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fansiri, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filipovic, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontaine, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gloria-Soria, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joardar, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kay, R. G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kodali, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lycett, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muehling, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Partridge, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peluso, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aiden, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramasamy, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasic, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saavedra-Rodriguez, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sha</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/240747</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improved Aedes aegypti mosquito reference genome assembly enables biological discovery and vector control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/242065v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
meaRtools: an R package for the Comprehensive Analysis of Neuronal Networks Recorded on Multi-Electrode Arrays 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/242065v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here we present an open-source R package  meaRtools that provides a platform for analyzing neuronal networks recorded on Microelectrode Arrays (MEAs). Cultured neuronal networks monitored with MEAs are now being widely used to characterize in vitro models of neurological disorders and to evaluate pharmaceutical compounds. meaRtools provides core algorithms for MEA spike train analysis, feature extraction, statistical analysis and plotting of multiple MEA recordings with multiple genotypes and treatments. meaRtools functionality covers novel solutions for spike train analysis, including algorithms to assess electrode cross-correlation using the spike train tiling coefficient (STTC), mutual information, synchronized bursts and entropy within cultured wells. Also integrated is a solution to account for bursts variability originating from mixed-cell neuronal cultures. The package provides a statistical platform built specifically for MEA data that can combine multiple MEA recordings and compare extracted features between different genetic models or treatments. We demonstrate the utilization of meaRtools to successfully identify epilepsy-like phenotypes in neuronal networks from Celf4 knockout mice. The package is freely available under the GPL license (GPL>=3) and is updated frequently on the CRAN web-server repository. The package, along with full documentation can be downloaded from: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/meaRtools/.nnAuthor summaryCultured neuronal networks are widely used to study and characterize neuronal network activity. Among the many uses of neuronal cultures are the capabilities to evaluate neurotoxicity and the effects of pharmacological compounds on cellular physiology. Multi-well microelectrode arrays (MEAs) can collect high-throughput data from multiple neuronal cultures simultaneously, and thereby make possible hypotheses-driven inquiries into neurobiology and neuropharmacology. The analysis of MEA-derived information presents many computational challenges. High frequency data recorded simultaneously from hundreds of electrodes can be difficult to handle. The need to compare network activity across various drug treatments or genotypes recorded on the same plate from experiments lasting several weeks presents another challenge. These challenges inspired us to develop meaRtools; an MEA data analysis package that contains new methods to characterize network activity patterns, which are illustrated here using examples from a genetic mouse model of epilepsy. Among the highlights of meaRtools are novel algorithms designed to characterize neuronal activity dynamics and network properties such as bursting and synchronization, options to combine multiple recordings and use a robust statistical framework to draw appropriate statistical inferences, and finally data visualizations and plots. In summary, meaRtools provides a platform for the analyses of singular and longitudinal MEA experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gelfman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bostick, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhindsa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halvorsen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McSweeney, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cotterill, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edinburgh, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrovski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boland, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eglen, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/242065</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[meaRtools: an R package for the Comprehensive Analysis of Neuronal Networks Recorded on Multi-Electrode Arrays]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/242123v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Changes in genome organization of parasite-specific gene families during the Plasmodium transmission stages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/242123v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The development of malaria parasites throughout their various life cycle stages is controlled by coordinated changes in gene expression. We previously showed that the three-dimensional organization of the P. falciparum genome is strongly associated with gene expression during its replication cycle inside red blood cells. Here, we analyzed genome organization in the P. falciparum and P. vivax transmission stages. Major changes occurred in the localization and interactions of genes involved in pathogenesis and immune evasion, erythrocyte and liver cell invasion, sexual differentiation and master regulation of gene expression. In addition, we observed reorganization of subtelomeric heterochromatin around genes involved in host cell remodeling. Depletion of heterochromatin protein 1 (PfHP1) resulted in loss of interactions between virulence genes, confirming that PfHP1 is essential for maintenance of the repressive center. Overall, our results suggest that the three-dimensional genome structure is strongly connected with transcriptional activity of specific gene families throughout the life cycle of human malaria parasites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bunnik, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varoquaux, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batugedara, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prudhomme, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andolina, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brady, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fidock, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nosten, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tewari, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinnis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ay, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vert, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noble, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Roch, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/242123</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Changes in genome organization of parasite-specific gene families during the Plasmodium transmission stages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/243139v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Investigating the viral ecology of global bee communities with high-throughput metagenomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/243139v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bee viral ecology is a fascinating emerging area of research: viruses exert a range of effects on their hosts, exacerbate the impacts of other environmental stressors, and, importantly, are readily shared across multiple bee species in a community. However, our understanding of bee viral communities is limited, as it is primarily derived from studies of North American and European Apis mellifera populations. Here, we examined viruses in populations of A. mellifera and 11 other bee species from 9 countries, across 5 continents and Oceania. We developed a novel pipeline to rapidly, inexpensively, and robustly screen for bee viruses. This pipeline includes purification of encapsulated RNA/DNA viruses, sequence-independent amplification, high throughput sequencing, integrated assembly of contigs, and filtering to identify contigs specifically corresponding to viral sequences. We identified sequences corresponding to (+)ssRNA, (-)ssRNA, dsRNA, and ssDNA viruses. Overall, we found 127 contigs corresponding to novel viruses (i.e. previously not observed in bees), with 29 represented by >0.1 % of the reads in a given sample. These viruses and viral families were distributed across multiple regions and species. This study provides a robust pipeline for metagenomics analysis of viruses, and greatly expands our understanding of the diversity of viruses found in bee communities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Galbraith, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuller, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brockmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frazier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gikungu, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapheim, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerby, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kocher, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Losyev, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patch, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakamoto, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaudo, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grozinger, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/243139</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Investigating the viral ecology of global bee communities with high-throughput metagenomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/244210v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary tradeoffs and the structure of allelic polymorphisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/244210v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Populations of organisms show prevalent genetic differences called polymorphisms. Understanding the effects of polymorphisms is of central importance in biology and medicine. Here, we ask which polymorphisms occur at high frequency when organisms evolve under tradeoffs between multiple tasks. Multiple tasks present a problem, because it is not possible to be optimal at all tasks simultaneously and hence compromises are necessary. Recent work indicates that tradeoffs lead to a simple geometry of phenotypes in the space of traits: phenotypes fall on the Pareto front, which is shaped as a polytope: a line, triangle, tetrahedron etc. The vertices of these polytopes are the optimal phenotypes for a single task. Up to now, work on this Pareto approach has not considered its genetic underpinnings. Here, we address this by asking how the polymorphism structure of a population is affected by evolution under tradeoffs. We simulate a multi-task selection scenario, in which the population evolves to the Pareto front: the line segment between two archetypes or the triangle between three archetypes. We find that polymorphisms that become prevalent in the population have pleiotropic phenotypic effects that align with the Pareto front. Similarly, epistatic effects between prevalent polymorphisms are parallel to the front. Alignment with the front occurs also for asexual mating. Alignment is reduced when drift or linkage is strong, and is replaced by a more complex structure in which many perpendicular allele effects cancel out. Aligned polymorphism structure allows mating to produce offspring that stand a good chance of being optimal multi-taskers in at least one of the locales available to the species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sheftel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szekely, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sella, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/244210</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary tradeoffs and the structure of allelic polymorphisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/247601v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Precise temporal regulation of alternative splicing during neural development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/247601v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alternative splicing (AS) is a crucial step of gene expression that must be tightly controlled, but the precise timing of dynamic splicing switches during neural development and the underlying regulatory mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we systematically analyzed the temporal regulation of AS in a large number of transcriptome profiles of developing mouse cortices, in vivo purified neuronal subtypes, and neurons differentiated in vitro. Our analysis revealed early- and late-switch exons in genes with distinct functions, and these switches accurately define neuronal maturation stages. Integrative modeling suggests that these switches are under direct and combinatorial regulation by distinct sets of neuronal RNA-binding proteins including Nova, Rbfox, Mbnl and Ptbp. Surprisingly, various neuronal subtypes in the sensory systems lack Nova and/or Rbfox expression. These neurons retain the "immature" splicing program in early-switch exons, affecting numerous synaptic genes. These results provide new insights into the organization and regulation of the neurodevelopmental transcriptome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weyn-Vanhentenryck, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ustianenko, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duffie, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacko, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodwin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hengst, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lomvardas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swanson, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/247601</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Precise temporal regulation of alternative splicing during neural development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/248443v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole Genome Sequencing and Rare Variant Analysis in Essential Tremor Families 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/248443v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Essential tremor (ET) is one of the most common movement disorders. The etiology of ET remains largely unexplained. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) is likely to be of value in understanding a large proportion of ET with Mendelian and complex disease inheritance patterns. In ET families with Mendelian inheritance patterns, WGS may lead to gene identification where WES analysis failed to identify the causative variant due to incomplete coverage of the entire coding region of the genome. Alternatively, in ET families with complex disease inheritance patterns with gene x gene and gene x environment interactions enrichment of functional rare coding and non-coding variants may explain the heritability of ET. We performed WGS in eight ET families (n=40 individuals) enrolled in the Family Study of Essential Tremor. The analysis included filtering WGS data based on allele frequency in population databases, rare variant classification and association testing using the Mixed-Model Kernel Based Adaptive Cluster (MM-KBAC) test and prioritization of candidate genes identified within families using phenolyzer. WGS analysis identified candidate genes for ET in 5/8 (62.5%) of the families analyzed. WES analysis in a subset of these families in our previously published study failed to identify candidate genes. In one family, we identified a deleterious and damaging variant (c.1367G>A, p.(Arg456Gln)) in the candidate gene, CACNA1G, which encodes the pore forming subunit of T-type Ca(2+) channels, CaV3.1, and is expressed in various motor pathways and has been previously implicated in neuronal autorhythmicity and ET. Other candidate genes identified include SLIT3 (family D), which encodes an axon guidance molecule and in three families, phenolyzer prioritized genes that are associated with hereditary neuropathies (family A, KARS, family B, KIF5A and family F, NTRK1). This work has identified candidate genes and pathways for ET that can now be prioritized for functional studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Odgerel, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ottman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/248443</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole Genome Sequencing and Rare Variant Analysis in Essential Tremor Families]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/249474v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accurate analysis of genuine CRISPR editing events with ampliCan 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/249474v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present ampliCan, an analysis tool for genome editing that unites highly precise quantification and visualization of genuine genome editing events. ampliCan features nuclease-optimized alignments, filtering of experimental artifacts, event-specific normalization, off-target read detection and quantifies insertions, deletions, HDR repair as well as targeted base editing. It is scalable to thousands of amplicon sequencing-based experiments from any genome editing experiment, including CRISPR. It enables automated integration of controls and accounts for biases at every step of the analysis. We benchmarked ampliCan on both real and simulated datasets against other leading tools, demonstrating that it outperformed all in the face of common confounding factors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Labun, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Church, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagnon, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/249474</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accurate analysis of genuine CRISPR editing events with ampliCan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/249821v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
2-APB arrests human keratinocyte proliferation and inhibits cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in vitro 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/249821v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe epidermis is a stratified epithelium whose differentiation program is triggered in part by calcium. Dysregulation of keratinocyte differentiation may lead to non-melanoma skin cancers, including cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). The compound 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB) modulates calcium signaling by altering activity of calcium-permeable channels of the transient receptor potential (TRP) and ORAI families, and is therefore poised to govern signaling pathways that control the balance of keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation.nnObjectiveWe sought to determine whether 2-APB alters differentiation of normal human keratinocytes and progression of human cSCCs models in vitro.nnMethodsPrimary human keratinocyte cultures were treated with 2-APB and levels of proliferation (EdU incorporation) and differentiation markers [quantitative PCR (qPCR)] were assessed. Human cSCC biopsies and cell lines were analyzed for TRP and ORAI gene expression via qPCR. cSCC cell lines were cultured in organtypic cultures and analyzed for growth and invasiveness after 2-APB or vehicle treatment.nnResultsCulturing human keratinocytes with 2-APB arrested cell proliferation, triggered differentiation-gene expression and altered epidermal stratification, indicating that 2-APB application is sufficient to promote differentiation. In human organotypic cSCC cultures, 2-APB attenuated tumor growth and invasiveness. Finally, expression of a panel of 2-APB-targeted ion channels (TRPV3, TRPV1, TRPC1, OraI1, OraI2 and OraI3) was dysregulated in high-risk cSCC biopsies.nnConclusionsCollectively, these findings identify 2-APB as a potential therapeutic for high-risk cSCCs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nelson, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moayedi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenberg, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, U. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owens, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lumpkin, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/249821</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[2-APB arrests human keratinocyte proliferation and inhibits cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in vitro]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/250704v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-Cell Transcriptome Analysis of Lineage Diversity and Microenvironment in High-Grade Glioma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/250704v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDespite extensive molecular characterization, we lack a comprehensive understanding of lineage identity, differentiation, and proliferation in high-grade gliomas (HGGs). We sampled the cellular milieu of HGGs with massively-parallel single-cell RNA-Seq.nnResultsWhile HGG cells can resemble glia or even immature neurons and form branched lineage structures, mesenchymal transformation results in unstructured populations. Glioma cells in a subset of mesenchymal tumors lose their neural lineage identity, express inflammatory genes, and co-exist with marked myeloid infiltration, reminiscent of molecular interactions between glioma and immune cells established in animal models. Additionally, we discovered a tight coupling between lineage resemblance and proliferation among malignantly transformed cells. Glioma cells that resemble oligodendrocyte progenitors, which proliferate in the brain, are often found in the cell cycle. Conversely, glioma cells that resemble astrocytes, neuroblasts, and oligodendrocytes, which are non-proliferative in the brain, are generally non-cycling in tumors.nnConclusionsThese studies reveal a relationship between cellular identity and proliferation in HGG and distinct population structures that reflects the extent of neural and non-neural lineage resemblance among malignantly transformed cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levitin, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frattini, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bush, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samanamud, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceccarelli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dovas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanazzi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canoll, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruce, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasorella, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iavarone, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sims, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/250704</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-Cell Transcriptome Analysis of Lineage Diversity and Microenvironment in High-Grade Glioma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/252072v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative Assessment of Protein Activity in Orphan Tissues and Single Cells Using the metaVIPER Algorithm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/252072v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We and others have shown that transition and maintenance of biological states is controlled by master regulator protein, which can be inferred by interrogating tissue-specific regulatory models (interactomes) with transcriptional signatures, using the VIPER algorithm. Yet, some tissues may lack molecular profiles necessary for interactome inference (orphan tissues), or, as for single cells isolated from heterogeneous samples, their tissue context may be undetermined. To address this problem, we introduce metaVIPER, a novel algorithm designed to assess protein activity in tissue-independent by integrative analysis of multiple, non-tissue-matched interactomes. This assumes that transcriptional targets of each protein will be recapitulated by one or more available interactome. We confirmed the algorithms value in assessing protein dysregulation induced by somatic mutations, as well as in assessing protein activity in orphan tissues and, most critically, in single cells, thus allowing transformation of noisy and potentially biased RNA-Seq signatures into reproducible protein-activity signatures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ding, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglass, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonabend, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mela, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bose, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canoll, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sims, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/252072</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative Assessment of Protein Activity in Orphan Tissues and Single Cells Using the metaVIPER Algorithm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/253096v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure-guided design of a cell penetrating peptide preventing cAMP modulation of HCN channels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/253096v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The auxiliary subunit TRIP8b prevents cAMP activation of HCN channels by antagonizing its binding to their cyclic-nucleotide binding domain (CNBD). By determining an NMR-derived structure of the complex formed by the HCN2 channel CNBD and a minimal TRIP8b fragment, TRIPnano, we show here a bipartite interaction between the peptide and CNBD which prevents cAMP binding in two ways: through direct competition for binding at the distal C-helix of the CNBD; and through an allosteric reduction in cAMP affinity induced by TRIP8b binding to the CNBD N-bundle loop. TRIPnano abolishes cAMP binding in all three isoforms, HCN1, HCN2 and HCN4 and can be used to prevent cAMP stimulation in native f-channels. Application of TRIP8bnano, or its delivery via a cell-penetrating sequence, in sinoatrial node myocytes, selectively inhibits beta-adrenergic stimulation of the native If current and mimics the physiological concentrations of acetylcholine leading to a 30% reduction in the spontaneus rate of action potential firing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moroni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saponaro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bucchi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiFrancesco, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maione, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donadoni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Introini, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesirca, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangoni, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banci, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santoro, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/253096</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure-guided design of a cell penetrating peptide preventing cAMP modulation of HCN channels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/253682v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
10 Year Epidemiologic data of Parkinson`s Disease: A Nationwide Population-based Retrospective Cohort of South Korea 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/253682v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectivesThe aims of this study were to determine the prevalence, incidence, and P/I ratio of Parkinsons disease (PD) in South Korea and to present basic epidemiological information on PD patients for making effective health policies.nnMethodsWe used National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort (KNHIS-NSC) data to analyze the prevalence, incidence, and P/I ratio of PD from 2003 to 2013 and then followed up using the NHID in 2008 to obtain the hazard ratio (HR) of death in PD itself and other comorbidities from 2008 to 2013.nnResultsThe prevalence and incidence of PD increased rapidly from 72.9 and 32.8 in 2003 to 213.4 and 58.0 in 2013, and the P/I ratio increased from 2.22 in 2003 to 3.62 in 2013. The prevalence, incidence, and P/I ratio of PD were all higher in women than in men. The hazard ratio for death was significantly higher in PD patients (15.36) compared to subjects without the disease. Stroke was the most frequent cause of death in the PD patient population followed by cancer and pneumonia.nnConclusionThe prevalence, incidence, and P/I ratio of PD rapidly increased as the years progressed. This indirectly proves that the health insurance system in Korea is efficient and has allowed patients with PD to access medical facilities more easily. However, a newer public healthy strategy should be established for patients with PD because PD itself has a high HR for death, and patients with PD have a high mortality rate when stroke and pneumonia are also involved.nnDisclosureAll authors have reported no biomedical interests and potential conflicts of interests.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, J.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cha, j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/253682</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[10 Year Epidemiologic data of Parkinson`s Disease: A Nationwide Population-based Retrospective Cohort of South Korea]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/253690v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Risk factors associated with Parkinson’s disease: An 11-year population-based South Korean study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/253690v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveTo validate various known risk factors of Parkinsonism and to establish basic information to formulate public health policy by using a 10-year follow-up cohort model.nnMethodsThis population based nation-wide study was performed using the National Health Insurance Database of reimbursement claims of the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service of South Korea data on regular health check-ups in 2003 and 2004, with 10 years follow-up.nnResultsWe identified 7,746 patients with Parkinsonism. Old age, hypertension, diabetes, depression, anxiety, taking statin medication, high body mass index, non-smoking, non-alcohol drinking, and low socioeconomic status were each associated with an increase in the risk of Parkinsonism (fully adjusted Cox proportional hazards model: hazard ratio (HR) 1.259, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.194-1.328 for hypertension, HR 1.255, 95% CI 1.186-1.329 for diabetes, HR 1.554, 95% CI 1.664-1.965 for depression, HR 1.808, 95% CI 1.462-1.652 for anxiety, and HR 1.157, 95% CI 1.072-1.250 for taking statin medication).nnConclusionsIn our study, old age, depression, anxiety, and a non-smoker status were found to be risk factors of Parkinsonism, in agreement with previous studies. However, sex, hypertension, diabetes, taking statin medication, non-drinking of Alcohol, and lower socioeconomic status have not been described as risk factors in previous studies and need further verification in future studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cha, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/253690</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Risk factors associated with Parkinson’s disease: An 11-year population-based South Korean study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/255141v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accurate Prediction of Alzheimer’s Disease Using Multi-Modal MRI and High-Throughput Brain Phenotyping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/255141v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate, reliable prediction of risk for Alzheimers disease (AD) is essential for early, disease-modifying therapeutics. Multimodal MRI, such as structural and diffusion MRI, is likely to contain complementary information of neurodegenerative processes in AD. Here we tested the utility of commonly available multimodal MRI (T1-weighted structure and diffusion MRI), combined with high-throughput brain phenotyping--morphometry and connectomics--and machine learning, as a diagnostic tool for AD. We used, firstly, a clinical cohort at a dementia clinic (study 1: Ilsan Dementia Cohort; N=211; 110 AD, 64 mild cognitive impairment [MCI], and 37 subjective memory complaints [SMC]) to test and validate the diagnostic models; and, secondly, Alzheimers Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI)-2 (study 2) to test the generalizability of the approach and the prognostic models with longitudinal follow up data. Our machine learning models trained on the morphometric and connectome estimates (number of features=34,646) showed optimal classification accuracy (AD/SMC: 97% accuracy, MCI/SMC: 83% accuracy; AD/MCI: 97% accuracy) with iterative nested cross-validation in a single-site study, outperforming the benchmark model (FLAIR-based white matter hyperintensity volumes). In a generalizability study using ADNI-2, the combined connectome and morphometry model showed similar or superior accuracies (AD/HC: 96%; MCI/HC: 70%; AD/MCI: 75% accuracy) as CSF biomarker model (t-tau, p-tau, and Amyloid {beta}, and ratios). We also predicted MCI to AD progression with 69% accuracy, compared with the 70% accuracy using CSF biomarker model. The optimal classification accuracy in a single-site dataset and the reproduced results in multi-site dataset show the feasibility of the high-throughput imaging analysis of multimodal MRI and data-driven machine learning for predictive modeling in AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cha, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/255141</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accurate Prediction of Alzheimer’s Disease Using Multi-Modal MRI and High-Throughput Brain Phenotyping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/257196v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid multiplex small DNA sequencing on the MinION nanopore sequencing platform 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/257196v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Real-time sequencing of short DNA reads has a wide variety of clinical and research applications including screening for mutations, target sequences and aneuploidy. We recently demonstrated that MinION, a nanopore-based DNA sequencing device the size of a USB drive, could be used for short-read DNA sequencing. In this study, an ultra-rapid multiplex library preparation and sequencing method for the MinION is presented and applied to accurately test normal diploid and aneuploidy samples genomic DNA in under three hours, including library preparation and sequencing. This novel method shows great promise as a clinical diagnostic test for applications requiring rapid short-read DNA sequencing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/257196</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid multiplex small DNA sequencing on the MinION nanopore sequencing platform]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/259390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MVP: predicting pathogenicity of missense variants by deep neural networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/259390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate pathogenicity prediction of missense variants is critical to improve power in genetic studies and accurate interpretation in clinical genetic testing. Here we describe a new prediction method, MVP, which uses a deep learning approach to leverage large training data sets and many correlated predictors. Using cancer mutation hotspots and de novo germline mutations from developmental disorders for benchmarking, MVP achieved better performance in prioritizing pathogenic missense variants than previous methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/259390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MVP: predicting pathogenicity of missense variants by deep neural networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/261131v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inference of population structure from ancient DNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/261131v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Methods for inferring population structure from genetic information traditionally assume samples are contemporary. Yet, the increasing availability of ancient DNA sequences begs revision of this paradigm. We present Dystruct (Dynamic Structure), a framework and toolbox for inference of shared ancestry from data that include ancient DNA. By explicitly modeling population history and genetic drift as a time-series, Dystruct more accurately and realistically discovers shared ancestry from ancient and contemporary samples. Formally, we use a normal approximation of drift, which allows a novel, efficient algorithm for optimizing model parameters using stochastic variational inference. We show that Dystruct outperforms the state of the art when individuals are sampled over time, as is common in ancient DNA datasets. We further demonstrate the utility of our method on a dataset of 92 ancient samples alongside 1941 modern ones genotyped at 222755 loci. Our model tends to present modern samples as the mixtures of ancestral populations they really are, rather than the artifactual converse of presenting ancestral samples as mixtures of contemporary groups.nnAvailabilityDystruct is implemented in C++, open-source, and available at https://github.com/tyjo/dystruct.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joseph, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe'er, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/261131</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inference of population structure from ancient DNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/261347v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergence of Human Amygdala Functional Networks: 3 Months to 5 Years of Age 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/261347v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although the amygdalas role in shaping social behavior is especially important during early post-natal development, very little is known of human amygdala functional development before childhood. To address this important gap, this study used resting-state fMRI to examine early functional network development of the amygdala and its subregions in 80 participants from 3-months to 5-years of age. Whole brain functional connectivity with the whole amygdala and its laterobasal and superficial nuclear groups were largely similar to those seen in older children and adults, and functional distinctions between subregion networks exist already. These patterns suggest many amygdala functional circuits are intact from infancy, especially those that are part of larger motor, visual, auditory and subcortical (basal ganglia especially) networks. Notably, these observed robust amygdala functional networks in infancy precede reports to date of elicited amygdala reactivity in development. Developmental changes in connectivity were observed between the laterobasal nucleus and bilateral ventral temporal and motor cortex as well as between the superficial nuclei and medial thalamus, occipital cortex and a different region of motor cortex. These results show amygdala-subcortical and sensory-cortex connectivity begins refinement prior to childhood, though connectivity changes with associative and frontal cortical areas, seen after early childhood, were not evident in this age range. These findings represent early steps in understanding amygdala network dynamics across infancy through early childhood, an important period of emotional and cognitive development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gabard-Durnam, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Muircheartaigh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dirks, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dean, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tottenham, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deoni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/261347</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergence of Human Amygdala Functional Networks: 3 Months to 5 Years of Age]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/261461v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generation of pulmonary neuro-endocrine cells and tumors resembling small cell lung cancers from human embryonic stem cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/261461v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SUMMARYBy blocking an important signaling pathway (called NOTCH) and interfering with expression of two tumor suppressor genes in cells derived from human embryonic stem cells, the authors have developed a model for studying highly lethal small cell lung cancers.nnABSTRACTCell culture models based on directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) may reveal why certain constellations of genetic changes drive carcinogenesis in specialized human cell lineages. Here we demonstrate that up to 10 percent of lung progenitor cells derived from hESCs can be induced to form pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNECs), the putative normal precursors to small cell lung cancers (SCLCs), by inhibition of NOTCH signaling. By using small inhibitory RNAs in these cultures to reduce levels of retinoblastoma (RB) protein, the product of a gene commonly mutated in SCLCs, we can significantly expand the number of PNECs. Similarly reducing levels of TP53 protein, the product of another tumor suppressor gene commonly mutated in SCLCs, or expressing mutant KRAS or EGFR genes, did not induce or expand PNECs, consistent with lineage-specific sensitivity to loss of RB function. Tumors resembling early stage SCLC grew in immunodeficient mice after subcutaneous injection of PNEC-containing cultures in which expression of both RB and TP53 was blocked. Single-cell RNA profiles of PNECs are heterogeneous; when RB levels are reduced, the profiles show similarities to RNA profiles from early stage SCLC; when both RB and TP53 levels are reduced, the transcriptome is enriched with cell cycle-specific RNAs. Taken together, these findings suggest that genetic manipulation of hESC-derived pulmonary cells will enable studies of the initiation, progression, and treatment of this recalcitrant cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elemento, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snoeck, H.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varmus, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/261461</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generation of pulmonary neuro-endocrine cells and tumors resembling small cell lung cancers from human embryonic stem cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/262634v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diet Modifies Colonic Microbiota and CD4+ T cell Repertoire to Trigger Flares in a Novel Model of Colitis Induced by IL-23 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/262634v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A wealth of experimental data points to immunological and environmental factors in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Here we study the role of IL-23, the microbiome, and the diet in the development of colitis. To promote IL-23 expression in vivo, we generated a mouse model in which IL-23 was conditionally expressed by CX3CR1+ myeloid cells, upon cyclic administration of tamoxifen in a specific diet (diet 2019). IL-23 expression induced an intestinal inflammatory disease that resembled ulcerative colitis in humans with cycles of acute disease and remission. The relapses were caused by the diet switch from the conventional diet used in our facility (diet 5053) to the diet 2019, and were not dependent on tamoxifen after the first cycle. The switch in the diet modified the microbiota, but did not alter the levels of IL-23. Colitis induction depended on the microbiota and required CD4 T lymphocytes. Colitis-inducing CD4+ T cells were found in the mesenteric lymph node and large intestine during remission and were able to trigger disease when transferred to lymphopenic mice, but only upon diet modification. The CD4 TCR repertoire in the diseased recipient Rag-/- mice had reduced diversity associated with the expansion of dominant T cell clones. These findings reveal a critical role for IL-23 in generation of a CD4+ T cell population in mice that is sensitive to a modification of intestinal bacterial flora subsequent to a dietary manipulation. Dietary changes occurring in the context of altered IL-23 expression may contribute to the onset and progression of IBD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iuga, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filho, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faith, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clemente, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayaprakash, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colombel, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lafaille, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachidanandam, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furtado, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lira, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/262634</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diet Modifies Colonic Microbiota and CD4+ T cell Repertoire to Trigger Flares in a Novel Model of Colitis Induced by IL-23]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/262725v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Haploinsufficiency of autism candidate gene NUAK1 impairs cortical development and behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/262725v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recently, numerous rare de novo mutations have been identified in children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). However, despite the predicted loss-of-function nature of some of these de novo mutations, the affected individuals are heterozygous carriers, which would suggest that most of these candidate genes are haploinsufficient and/or that these mutations lead to expression of dominant-negative forms of the protein. Here, we tested this hypothesis with the gene Nuak1, recently identified as a candidate ASD gene and that we previously identified for its role in the development of cortical connectivity. We report that Nuak1 is happloinsufficient in mice in regard to its function in cortical axon branching in vitro and in vivo. Nuak1+/- mice show a combination of abnormal behavioral traits ranging from defective memory consolidation in a spatial learning task, defects in social novelty (but not social preference) and abnormal sensorimotor gating and prepulse inhibition of the startle response. Overall, our results demonstrate that Nuak1 haploinsufficiency leads to defects in the development of cortical connectivity and a complex array of behavorial deficits compatible with ASD, intellectual disability and schizophrenia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Courchet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Carmine, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polleux, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courchet, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/262725</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Haploinsufficiency of autism candidate gene NUAK1 impairs cortical development and behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/265843v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
From categories to dimensions: spatio-temporal dynamics of the cerebral representations of emotion in voice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/265843v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whether the human brain represents emotional stimuli as discrete categories or continuous dimensions is still widely debated. Here we directly contrasted the power of categorical and dimensional models at explaining behavior and cerebral activity in the context of perceived emotion in the voice. We combined functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and magneto-encephalography (MEG) to measure with high spatiotemporal precision the dynamics of cerebral activity in participants who listened to voice stimuli expressing a range of emotions. The participants also provided a detailed perceptual assessment of the stimuli. By using representational similarity analysis (RSA), we show that the participants perceptual representation of the stimuli was initially dominated by discrete categories and an early (<200ms) cerebral response. These responses showed significant associations between brain activity and the categorical model in the auditory cortex starting as early as 77ms. Furthermore, we observed strong associations between the arousal and valence dimensions and activity in several cortical and subcortical areas at later latencies (>500ms). Our results thus show that both categorical and dimensional models account for patterns of cerebral responses to emotions in voices but with a different timeline and detail as to how these patterns evolve from discrete categories to progressively refined continuous dimensions.nnOne Sentence Summary: Emotions expressed in the voice are instantly categorized in cortical processing and their distinct qualities are refined dimensionally only later on.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giordano, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiting, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriegeskorte, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotz, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/265843</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[From categories to dimensions: spatio-temporal dynamics of the cerebral representations of emotion in voice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/268821v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spacing of Cue-approach Training Leads to Better Maintenance of Behavioral Change 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/268821v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The maintenance of behavioral change over the long term is essential to achieve public health goals such as combatting obesity and drug use. Previous work by our group has demonstrated a reliable shift in preferences for appetitive foods following a novel non-reinforced training paradigm. In the current studies, we tested whether distributing training trials over two consecutive days would affect preferences immediately after training as well as over time at a one-month follow-up. In four studies, three different designs and an additional pre-registered replication of one sample, we found that spacing of cue-approach training induced a shift in food choice preferences over one month. The spacing and massing schedule employed governed the long-term changes in choice behavior. Applying spacing strategies to training paradigms that target automatic processes could prove a useful tool for the long-term maintenance of health improvement goals with the development of real-world behavioral change paradigms that incorporate distributed practice principles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bakkour, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botvinik Nezer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hover, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poldrack, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schonberg, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/268821</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spacing of Cue-approach Training Leads to Better Maintenance of Behavioral Change]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/269290v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Value-based decisions involve sequential sampling from memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/269290v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deciding between two equally appealing options can take considerable time. This observation has puzzled economists and philosophers, because more deliberation only delays the reward. Here we show that this seemingly irrational behavior is explained by the constructive use of memory. Using functional brain imaging in humans, we show that how long it takes to decide between two familiar food items is related to activity in the hippocampus, within specific regions shown to be associated with the retrieval of long-term memories. Moreover, we show that value is partially constructed during deliberation to resolve preference, and this constructive process changes behavior and brain responses. These results render memory as a supplier of evidence in value-based decisions, resolving a central paradox of choice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bakkour, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zylberberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadlen, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shohamy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/269290</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Value-based decisions involve sequential sampling from memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/270751v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hedgehog signaling controls progenitor differentiation timing during heart development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/270751v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heterochrony, defined as differences in the timing of developmental processes, impacts organ development, homeostasis, and regeneration. The molecular basis of heterochrony in mammalian tissues is poorly understood. We report that Hedgehog signaling activates a heterochronic pathway that controls differentiation timing in multiple lineages. A differentiation trajectory from second heart field cardiac progenitors to first heart field cardiomyocytes was identified by single-cell transcriptional profiling in mouse embryos. A survey of developmental signaling pathways revealed specific enrichment for Hedgehog signaling targets in cardiac progenitors. Removal of Hh signaling caused loss of progenitor and precocious cardiomyocyte differentiation gene expression in the second heart field in vivo. Introduction of active Hh signaling to mESC-derived progenitors, modelled by transient expression of the Hh-dependent transcription factor GLI1, delayed differentiation in cardiac and neural lineages in vitro. A shared GLI1-dependent network in both cardiac and neural progenitors was enriched with FOX family transcription factors. FOXF1, a GLI1 target, was sufficient to delay onset of the cardiomyocyte differentiation program in progenitors, by epigenetic repression of cardiomyocyte-specific enhancers. Removal of active Hh signaling or Foxf1 expression from second heart field progenitors caused precocious cardiac differentiation in vivo, establishing a mechanism for resultant Congenital Heart Disease. Together, these studies suggest that Hedgehog signaling directly activates a gene regulatory network that functions as a heterochronic switch to control differentiation timing across developmental lineages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rowton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steimle, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guzzetta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazarevic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs-Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Cervantes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, S. S.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikegami, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garry, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyba, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moskowitz, I. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/270751</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hedgehog signaling controls progenitor differentiation timing during heart development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/271833v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of changing ribosome protein compositions using cryo-EM and mass spectrometry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/271833v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The regulatory role of the ribosome in gene expression has come into sharper focus. It has been proposed that ribosomes are dynamic complexes capable of changing their protein composition in response to enviromental stimuli. We applied both cryo-EM and mass spectrometry to identify such changes in S. cerevisiae 80S ribosomes. Cryo-EM shows a fraction (17%) of the ribosome population in yeast growing in glucose lack the ribosomal proteins RPL10 (ul16) and RPS1A/B (eS1). Unexpectedly, this fraction rapidly increases to 34% after the yeast are switched to growth in glycerol. Using quantitative mass spectrometry, we found that the paralog yeast ribosomal proteins RPL8A (eL8A) and RPL8B (eL8B) change their relative proportions in the 80S ribosome when yeast are switched from growth in glucose to glycerol. Using yeast genetics and polysome profiling, we show that yeast ribosomes containing either RPL8A or RPL8B are not functionally interchangeable. Our combined cryo-EM and quantitative proteomic data support the hypothesis that ribosomes are dynamic complexes that alter their composition and functional activity in response to changes in growth or environmental conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Frank, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/271833</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of changing ribosome protein compositions using cryo-EM and mass spectrometry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/272278v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
VirTect: a computational method for detecting virus species from RNA-Seq and its application in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/272278v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Next generation sequencing (NGS) provides an opportunity to detect viral species from RNA-seq data on human tissues, but existing computational approaches do not perform optimally on clinical samples. We developed a bioinformatics method called VirTect for detecting viruses in neoplastic human tissues using RNA-seq data. Here, we used VirTect to analyze RNA-seq data from 363 HNSCC (head and neck squamous cell carcinoma) patients and identified 22 HPV-induced HNSCCs. These predictions were validated by manual review of pathology reports on histopathologic specimens. Compared to two existing prediction methods, VirusFinder and VirusSeq, VirTect demonstrated superior performance with many fewer false positives and false negatives. The majority of HPV carcinogenesis studies thus far have been performed on cervical cancer and generalized to HNSCC. Our results suggest that HPV-induced HNSCC involves unique mechanisms of carcinogenesis, so understanding these molecular mechanisms will have a significant impact on therapeutic approaches and outcomes. In summary, VirTect can be an effective solution for the detection of viruses with NGS data, and can facilitate the clinicopathologic characterization of various types of cancers with broad applications for oncology.nnSignificance StatementWe developed a new bioinformatics tool, and reported the new inside of HPV carcinogenesis mechanism in HPV-induced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). This novel bioin-formatics tool and the new knowledge of HPV-induced HNSCC will facilitate the development of target therapies for treating HNSCC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stucky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedghizadeh, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adelpour, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/272278</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[VirTect: a computational method for detecting virus species from RNA-Seq and its application in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/273292v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dazl regulates germ cell survival through a network of polyA proximal mRNA interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/273292v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The RNA binding protein Dazl is essential for gametogenesis, but its direct in vivo functions, RNA targets, and the molecular basis for germ cell loss in DAZL null mice are unknown. Here, we mapped transcriptome-wide Dazl-RNA interactions in vivo, revealing Dazl binding to thousands of mRNAs via polyA-proximal 3UTR interactions. In parallel, fluorescence activated cell sorting and RNA-Seq identified mRNAs sensitive to Dazl deletion in male germ cells. Despite binding a broad set of mRNAs, integrative analyses indicate that Dazl post-transcriptionally controls only a subset of its mRNA targets, namely those corresponding to a network of genes critical for germ cell proliferation and survival. Additionally, we provide evidence that polyA sequences have key roles in specifying Dazl-RNA interactions across the transcriptome. Altogether, our results reveal a mechanism for Dazl-RNA binding, and illustrate that Dazl functions as a master regulator of a post-transcriptional mRNA program essential for germ cell survival.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zagore, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweet, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hannigan, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weyn-Vanhentenryck, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Licatalosi, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/273292</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dazl regulates germ cell survival through a network of polyA proximal mRNA interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/273789v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenome-wide study uncovers tau pathology-driven changes of chromatin organization in the aging human brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/273789v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accumulation of tau and amyloid-{beta} are two pathologic hallmarks of Alzheimers disease (AD). Here, we conducted an epigenome-wide association study using the H3K9 acetylation (H3K9Ac) mark in 669 aged human prefrontal cortices: in contrast to amyloid-{beta}, tau protein burden had a broad effect on the epigenome, affecting 5,590 out of 26,384 H3K9Ac domains. Tau-related alterations aggregated in large genomic segments reflecting spatial chromatin organization, and the magnitude of these effects correlated with the segments nuclear lamina association. We confirmed the functional relevance of these chromatin changes by demonstrating (1) consistent transcriptional changes in three independent datasets and (2) similar findings in two AD mouse models. Finally, we found that tau overexpression in iPSC-derived neurons disrupted chromatin organization and that these effects could be blocked by a small molecule predicted to reverse the tau effect. Thus, we report large-scale tau-driven chromatin rearrangements in the aging human brain that may be reversible with HSP90 inhibitors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Klein, H.-U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCabe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gjoneska, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaskow, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfenning, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernstein, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meissner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostafavi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, L.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young-Pearse, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/273789</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenome-wide study uncovers tau pathology-driven changes of chromatin organization in the aging human brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/274373v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electrodiffusion model of synaptic potentials in dendritic spines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/274373v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When modeling electric current flow in neurons and excitable cells, traditional cable theory ignores electrodiffusion (i.e. the interaction between electric fields and ionic diffusion) as it assumes that concentration changes associated with ionic currents are negligible. This assumption, while true for large neuronal compartments, fails when applied to femto-liter size compartments such as dendritic spines - small protrusions that form the main site of synaptic inputs in the brain. Here, we use the Poisson (P) and Nernst-Planck (NP) equations, which relate electric field to charge and couple Ficks law of diffusion to the electric field, to model ion concentration dynamics in dendritic spines. We use experimentally measured voltage transients from spines with nanoelectrodes to explore these dynamics with realistic parameters. We find that (i) passive diffusion and electrodiffusion jointly affect the kinetics of spine excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs); (ii) spine geometry plays a key role in shaping EPSPs; and, (iii) the spine-neck resistance dynamically decreases during EPSPs, leading to short-term synaptic facilitation. Our formulation can be easily adopted to model ionic biophysics in a variety of nanoscale bio-compartments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lagache, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayant, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuste, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/274373</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electrodiffusion model of synaptic potentials in dendritic spines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/274563v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) using a handheld, nanopore-based, DNA sequencer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/274563v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveTo determine if a handheld, nanopore-based DNA sequencer can be used for rapid preimplantation genetic screening (PGS).nnDesignRetrospective study.nnSettingAcademic medical center.nnPatient(s)Amplified genomic DNA from euploid and aneuploid trophectoderm biopsy samples (n=9) that was also tested using traditional next generation sequencing (NGS).nnIntervention(s)Short-read DNA library preparation and nanopore-based sequencing using a hand-held MinION sequencer.nnMain outcome measure(s)Comparison of cytogenetic testing result from NGS and nanopore-based sequencing and the time required for library preparation and sequencing.nnResult(s)Multiplexed short-read DNA library preparation was completed in 45 minutes. Sequencing times varied from 1 to 2 hours. These times compare favorably with NGS library preparation (>3.5 hours) and sequencing (>12 hours) times. Whole-chromosome aneuploidy screening results obtained from nanopore-based sequencing were identical to those obtained using NGS.nnConclusion(s)Methods for PGS of embryos have evolved from FISH to microarrays and most recently to NGS. Here we report the first application of nanopore-based sequencing for PGS on trophecoderm biopsy samples using a rapid multiplex short-read nanopore sequencing library preparation. Aneuploidy screening could be performed on 5 samples in one nanopore flowcell with 1 to 2 hour sequencing times. Overall, nanopore sequencing is a promising tool to perform rapid PGS assay onsite with a rapid turnover time, enabling same day testing and embryo transfer thus obviating the need for complex, large and expensive DNA sequencers or frozen embryos.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaur, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/274563</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) using a handheld, nanopore-based, DNA sequencer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/275495v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immediate early gene activation throughout the brain is associated with dynamic changes in social context 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/275495v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Social competence is dependent on successful processing of social context information. The social opportunity paradigm is a methodology in which dynamic shifts in social context are induced through removal of the alpha male in a dominance hierarchy, leading to rapid ascent in the hierarchy of the beta male and of other subordinate males in the social group. In the current study, we use the social opportunity paradigm to determine what brain regions respond to this dynamic change in social context, allowing an individual to recognize the absence of the alpha male and subsequently perform status-appropriate social behaviors. Replicating our previous work, we show that following removal of the alpha male, beta males rapidly ascend the social hierarchy and attain dominant status by increasing aggression towards more subordinate individuals. Analysis of patterns of Fos immunoreactivity throughout the brain indicates that in individuals undergoing social ascent, there is increased activity in regions of the social behavior network, as well as the infralimbic and prelimbic regions of the prefrontal cortex and areas of the hippocampus. Our findings demonstrate that male mice are able to respond to changes in social context and provide insight into the how the brain processes these complex behavioral changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williamson, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curley, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/275495</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immediate early gene activation throughout the brain is associated with dynamic changes in social context]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/276162v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An epigenetic biomarker of aging for lifespan and healthspan 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/276162v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying reliable biomarkers of aging is a major goal in geroscience. While the first generation of epigenetic biomarkers of aging were developed using chronological age as a surrogate for biological age, we hypothesized that incorporation of composite clinical measures of phenotypic age that capture differences in lifespan and healthspan may identify novel CpGs and facilitate the development of a more powerful epigenetic biomarker of aging. Using a innovative two-step process, we develop a new epigenetic biomarker of aging, DNAm PhenoAge, that strongly outperforms previous measures in regards to predictions for a variety of aging outcomes, including all-cause mortality, cancers, healthspan, physical functioning, and Alzheimers disease. While this biomarker was developed using data from whole blood, it correlates strongly with age in every tissue and cell tested. Based on an in-depth transcriptional analysis in sorted cells, we find that increased epigenetic, relative to chronological age, is associated increased activation of pro-inflammatory and interferon pathways, and decreased activation of transcriptional/translational machinery, DNA damage response, and mitochondrial signatures. Overall, this single epigenetic biomarker of aging is able to capture risks for an array of diverse outcomes across multiple tissues and cells, and provide insight into important pathways in aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levine, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quach, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assimes, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandinelli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baccarelli, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitsel, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiner, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aviv, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lohman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrucci, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/276162</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An epigenetic biomarker of aging for lifespan and healthspan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/276253v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scalable approximate Bayesian inference for particle tracking data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/276253v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many important datasets in physics, chemistry, and biology consist of noisy sequences of images of multiple moving overlapping particles. In many cases, the observed particles are indistinguishable, leading to unavoidable uncertainty about nearby particles identities. Exact Bayesian inference is intractable in this setting, and previous approximate Bayesian methods scale poorly. Non-Bayesian approaches that output a single "best" estimate of the particle tracks (thus discarding important uncertainty information) are therefore dominant in practice. Here we propose a flexible and scalable amortized approach for Bayesian inference on this task. We introduce a novel neural network method to approximate the (intractable) filter-backward-sample-forward algorithm for Bayesian inference in this setting. By varying the simulated training data for the network, we can perform inference on a wide variety of data types. This approach is therefore highly flexible and improves on the state of the art in terms of accuracy; provides uncertainty estimates about the particle locations and identities; and has a test run-time that scales linearly as a function of the data length and number of particles, thus enabling Bayesian inference in arbitrarily large particle tracking datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/276253</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scalable approximate Bayesian inference for particle tracking data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/276691v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MFF-dependent mitochondrial fission regulates presynaptic release and axon branching by limiting axonal mitochondria size 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/276691v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons display extreme degrees of polarization, including compartment-specific organelle morphology. In cortical pyramidal neurons, dendritic mitochondria are long and tubular whereas axonal mitochondria display uniformly short length. Here, we explored the functional significance of maintaining small mitochondria for axonal development in vitro and in vivo. We report that the Drp1  receptor Mitochondrial fission factor (MFF) is required for determining the size of mitochondria entering the axon and then for maintenance of their size along the distal portions of the axon without affecting their trafficking properties, presynaptic capture, membrane potential or capacity for ATP production. Strikingly, this increase in presynaptic mitochondrial size upon MFF downregulation augments their capacity for Ca2+ ([Ca2+]m) uptake during neurotransmission, leading to reduced presynaptic [Ca2+]c accumulation, decreased presynaptic release and terminal axon branching. Our results uncover a novel mechanism controlling neurotransmitter release and axon branching through fission-dependent regulation of presynaptic mitochondrial size.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lewis, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, S.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polleux, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/276691</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MFF-dependent mitochondrial fission regulates presynaptic release and axon branching by limiting axonal mitochondria size]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/277178v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NanoMod: a computational tool to detect DNA modifications using Nanopore long-read sequencing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/277178v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundRecent advances in single-molecule sequencing techniques, such as Nanopore sequencing, improved read length, increased sequencing throughput, and enabled direct detection of DNA modifications through the analysis of raw signals. These DNA modifications include naturally occurring modifications such as DNA methylations, as well as modifications that are introduced by DNA damage or through synthetic modifications to one of the four standard nucleotides.nnMethodsTo improve the performance of detecting DNA modifications, especially synthetically introduced modifications, we developed a novel computational tool called NanoMod. NanoMod takes raw signal data on a pair of DNA samples with and without modified bases, extracts signal intensities, performs base error correction based on a reference sequence, and then identifies bases with modifications by comparing the distribution of raw signals between two samples, while taking into account of the effects of neighboring bases on modified bases ("neighborhood effects").nnResultsWe evaluated NanoMod on simulation data sets, based on different types of modifications and different magnitudes of neighborhood effects, and found that NanoMod outperformed other methods in identifying known modified bases. Additionally, we demonstrated superior performance of NanoMod on an E. coli data set with 5mC (5-methylcytosine) modifications.nnConclusionsIn summary, NanoMod is a flexible tool to detect DNA modifications with single-base resolution from raw signals in Nanopore sequencing, and will greatly facilitate large-scale functional genomics experiments in the future that use modified nucleotides.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgieva, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/277178</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NanoMod: a computational tool to detect DNA modifications using Nanopore long-read sequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/277251v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Focal optogenetic suppression in macaque area MT biases direction discrimination and choice confidence, but only transiently 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/277251v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insights from causal manipulations of brain activity depend on targeting the spatial and temporal scale most relevant for behavior. Using a sensitive perceptual decision task in monkeys, we examined the effects of randomly-interleaved, rapid, reversible inactivation on a spatial scale previously achieved only with electrical microstimulation. Inactivating neurons in area MT with consistent direction tuning produced systematic effects on choice and confidence. Behavioral effects were attenuated over the course of each session, suggesting compensatory adjustments in the downstream readout of MT over tens of minutes. Compensation also occurred on a sub-second time scale: behavior was largely unaffected on trials with visual stimuli (and concurrent suppression) longer than [~]350ms. These trends were similar for choice and confidence, consistent with the idea of a common mechanism underlying both measures. The findings demonstrate the utility of hyperpolarizing opsins for linking neural population activity at fine spatial and temporal scales to cognitive functions in primates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fetsch, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odean, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeurissen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Shamayleh, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horwitz, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadlen, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/277251</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Focal optogenetic suppression in macaque area MT biases direction discrimination and choice confidence, but only transiently]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/281162v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An eQTL landscape of kidney tissue in human nephrotic syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/281162v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) studies illuminate the genetics of gene expression and, in disease research, can be particularly illuminating when using the tissues directly impacted by the condition. In nephrology, there is a paucity of eQTLs studies of human kidney. Here, we used whole genome sequencing (WGS) and microdissected glomerular (GLOM) & tubulointerstitial (TI) transcriptomes from 187 patients with nephrotic syndrome (NS) to describe the eQTL landscape in these functionally distinct kidney structures.nnUsing MatrixEQTL, we performed cis-eQTL analysis on GLOM (n=136) and TI (n=166). We used the Bayesian "Deterministic Approximation of Posteriors" (DAP) to fine-map these signals, eQtlBma to discover GLOM-or TI-specific eQTLs, and single cell RNA-Seq data of control kidney tissue to identify cell-type specificity of significant eQTLs. We integrated eQTL data with an IgA Nephropathy (IGAN) GWAS to perform a transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS).nnWe discovered 894 GLOM eQTLs and 1767 TI eQTLs at FDR <0.05. 14% and 19% of GLOM & TI eQTLs, respectively, had > 1 independent signal associated with its expression. 12% and 26% of eQTLs were GLOM-specific and TI-specific, respectively. GLOM eQTLs were most significantly enriched in podocyte transcripts and TI eQTLs in proximal tubules. The IGAN TWAS identified significant GLOM & TI genes, primarily at the HLA region.nnIn this study of NS patients, we discovered GLOM & TI eQTLs, identified those that were tissue-specific, deconvoluted them into cell-specific signals, and used them to characterize known GWAS alleles. These data are publicly available for browsing and download at http://nephqtl.org.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gillies, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otto, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yasutake, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fermin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eddy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vega-Warner, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nephrotic Syndrome Study Network,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hacohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kretzler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sampson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/281162</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An eQTL landscape of kidney tissue in human nephrotic syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/285320v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A direct glia-to-neuron natural transdifferentiation ensures nimble sensory-motor coordination of male mating behaviour 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/285320v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The coordinated execution of innate, stereotyped sexual behaviours, such as courtship and mating, requires sexually dimorphic sensory-motor circuits that are genetically specified during development (reviewed in [1-3]). Studies in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, in which the development and function of neural circuits can be interrogated with single cell resolution, have revealed two general developmental mechanisms underlying sexual dimorphism in the nervous system. The first involves the acquisition of sexually dimorphic features in sex-shared neurons during sexual maturation, which include changes in terminal gene expression, such as odorant receptors, neurotransmitters and synaptic regulators [4-10]. The second mechanism involves the generation of sex-specific neurons [11-13]. This requires sex-specific cell death [14]or neurogenesis events resulting from extensive sex differences in the cell division patterns and neurodevelopmental programmes of post-embryonic cell lineages (reviewed in [3]). Here we identify a third, novel way to generate sexual dimorphism in the nervous system. We find that during sexual maturation (L4 stage), a class of sex-shared glial cells acquires sexually dimorphic function by undergoing a direct glia-to-neuron transdifferentiation that results in the production of male-specific neurons. This plasticity is regulated cell-intrinsically by the sex-determination pathway. These previously unnoticed neurons, which we term PHDs, are putative proprioceptors that regulate male locomotion during specific steps of mating. One of these steps is a novel readjustment movement performed when intromission becomes difficult to achieve. Our results reveal sex-specific direct transdifferentiation as a novel mechanism for generating sex-specific neurons and also show the importance of proprioceptive feedback during the complex steps of mating for successful reproduction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Molina-Garcia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonnington, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sammut, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Shea, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elliott, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmons, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrios, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poole, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/285320</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A direct glia-to-neuron natural transdifferentiation ensures nimble sensory-motor coordination of male mating behaviour]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/285494v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel time-stamp mechanism transforms egocentric encounters into an allocentric spatial representation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/285494v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Learning the spatial organization of the environment is essential for most animals survival. This often requires the animal to derive allocentric information about the environment from egocentric sensory and motor experience. The neural circuits and mechanisms underlying this transformation are currently unknown. We addressed this problem in electric fish, which can precisely navigate in complete darkness and whose requisite brain circuitry is relatively simple. We conducted the first neural recordings in the preglomerular complex, the thalamic region exclusively connecting the optic tectum with the spatial learning circuits in the dorsolateral pallium. While tectal egocentric information was eliminated in preglomerular neurons, the time-intervals between object encounters were precisely encoded. We show that this highly-reliable temporal information, combined with a speed signal, can permit accurate path-integration that then enables computing allocentric spatial relations. Our results suggest that similar mechanisms are involved in spatial learning via sequential encounters in all vertebrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wallach, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey-Girard, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jun, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longtin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maler, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/285494</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel time-stamp mechanism transforms egocentric encounters into an allocentric spatial representation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/285908v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optical Imaging of Metabolic Dynamics in Animals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/285908v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Direct visualization of metabolic dynamics in living tissues with high spatial and temporal resolution is essential to understanding many biological processes. Here we introduce a platform that combines deuterium oxide (D2O) probing with stimulated Raman scattering microscopy (DO-SRS) to image in situ metabolic activities. Enzymatic incorporation of D2O-derived deuterium into macromolecules generates carbon-deuterium (C-D) bonds, which track biosynthesis in tissues and can be imaged by SRS in situ. Within the broad vibrational spectra of C-D bonds, we discovered lipid-, protein-, and DNA-specific Raman shifts and developed spectral unmixing methods to obtain C-D signals with macromolecular selectivity. DO-SRS enabled us to probe de novo lipogenesis in animals, image protein biosynthesis without tissue bias, and simultaneously visualize lipid and protein metabolism and reveal their different dynamics. DO-SRS, being noninvasive, universally applicable, and cost-effective, can be adapted to a broad range of biological systems to study development, tissue homeostasis, aging, and tumor heterogeneity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silveira, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Sena-Tomas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Targoff, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/285908</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optical Imaging of Metabolic Dynamics in Animals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/286617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Low frequency and rare coding variation contributes to multiple sclerosis risk 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/286617v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple sclerosis is a common, complex neurological disease, where almost 20% of risk heritability can be attributed to common genetic variants, including >230 identified by genome-wide association studies (Patsopoulos et al., 2017). Multiple strands of evidence suggest that the majority of the remaining heritability is also due to the additive effects of individual variants, rather than epistatic interactions between these variants, or mutations exclusive to individual families. Here, we show in 68,379 cases and controls that as much as 5% of this heritability is explained by low-frequency variation in gene coding sequence. We identify four novel genes driving MS risk independently of common variant signals, which highlight a key role for regulatory T cell homeostasis and regulation, IFN{gamma} biology and NF{kappa}B signaling in MS pathogenesis. As low-frequency variants do not show substantial linkage disequilibrium with other variants, and as coding variants are more interpretable and experimentally tractable than non-coding variation, our discoveries constitute a rich resource for dissecting the pathobiology of MS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitrovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patsopoulos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beecham, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dankowski, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goris, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubois, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhooghe, M.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemmens, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Damme, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bach Sondergaard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sellebjerg, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorensen, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ullum, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wegner Thoerner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werge, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saarela, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cournu-Rebeix, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damotte, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontaine, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillot-Noel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lathrop, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vukusik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gourraud, P.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andlauer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pongratz, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buck, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gasperi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graetz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heesen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumpfel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stangel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tackenberg, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Then Bergh, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warnke, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiend</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/286617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Low frequency and rare coding variation contributes to multiple sclerosis risk]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/286674v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perturbed functional networks in Alzheimers Disease reveal opposing roles for TGIF and EGR3 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/286674v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While Alzheimers disease (AD) is the most prevalent cause of dementia, complex combinations of the underlying pathologies have led to evolved concepts in clinical and neuropathological criteria in the past decade. Pathological AD can be decomposed into subsets of individuals with significantly different antemortem cognitive decline rates. Using transcriptome as a proxy for functional state, we preselected 414 expression profiles of clinically and neuropathologically confirmed AD subjects and age matched non-demented controls sampled from a large community based neuropathological study. By combining brain tissue specific protein interactome with gene network, we identify functionally distinct composite clusters of genes which reveal extensive changes in expression levels in AD. The average global expression for clusters corresponding to synaptic transmission, metabolism, cell cycle, survival and immune response were downregulated while the upregulated cluster had a large set of uncharacterized pathways and processes that may constitute an AD specific phenotypic signature. We identified four master regulators across all clusters of differentially expressed genes by enrichment analysis including TGIF1 and EGR3. These transcription factors have previously not been associated with AD and were validated in brain tissue samples from an independent AD cohort. We identify TGIF1, a transcriptional repressor as being neuroprotective in AD by activating co-repressors regulating genes critical for DNA repair, maintaining homeostasis and arresting cell cycle. In addition, we show that loss of EGR3 regulation, mediates synaptic deficits by targeting the synaptic vesicle cycle. Collectively, our results highlight the utility of integrating protein interactions with gene perturbations to generate a comprehensive framework for characterizing the alterations in molecular network as applied to AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Canchi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masliah, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenthal, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasik, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisch, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jager, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rissman, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/286674</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perturbed functional networks in Alzheimers Disease reveal opposing roles for TGIF and EGR3]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/287243v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibition of norepinephrine signaling during a sensitive period disrupts locus coeruleus circuitry and emotional behaviors in adulthood 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/287243v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deficits in arousal and stress responsiveness span numerous psychiatric developmental disorders including depression and anxiety. Arousal is supported by norepinephrine (NE) released from locus coeruleus (LC) neurons onto cortical and limbic areas. During development, the NE system matures in concert with increased exploration of the animals environment. While several psychiatric medications target the LC-NE system, the possibility that its modulation during discreet developmental periods can have long-lasting consequences for mental health has not been explored. We used a pharmacogenetic strategy in mice to reversibly inhibit NE signaling during brief developmental periods to determine the long-lasting impact on adult circuits mediating emotional behavior. We also examine whether disruption of NE signaling during development results in permanent changes within the adult LC-NE system. Finally, we test whether developmental exposure to the -2 receptor agonist guanfacine recapitulates the effect seen with our pharmacogenetic strategy. Our results reveal a sensitive period (postnatal days 10-21) during which alterations in NE signaling result in long-term changes in adult emotional behavior. Changes in NE signaling during this sensitive period results in changes in stress-related LC neuron activity, alterations in -2 autoreceptor function, and circuit-specific molecular changes in LC-NE target regions in adulthood. Treating animals with guanfacine during the sensitive period produced similar results. Our findings indicate an early critical role for NE in sculpting brain circuits that support adult emotional function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Garcia, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dranovsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonardo, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/287243</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibition of norepinephrine signaling during a sensitive period disrupts locus coeruleus circuitry and emotional behaviors in adulthood]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/287524v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ldb1 mediates trans enhancement in mammals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/287524v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Singular olfactory receptor (OR) gene expression1,2 coincides with the formation of a multi-chromosomal enhancer hub that associates with the only transcribed OR allele in each cell3,4. This hub consists of converging transcriptional enhancers3, or "Greek Islands", defined by stereotypic binding of Lhx2 and Ebf on a shared, composite DNA motif5. How this multi-chromosomal hub, or any other genomic compartment, assembles is unknown, and so is the significance of compartmentalization in transcription. Here, we report that LIM domain binding protein 1 (Ldb1), which is recruited by Lhx2 and Ebf to Greek Islands, promotes robust and specific trans interactions between these enhancers. In addition to disrupting Greek Island hubs, Ldb1 deletion also causes significant downregulation of OR transcription. Thus, our data provide insight to the formation of genomic compartments, confirm the essential role of interchromosomal interactions in OR gene choice, and establish trans enhancement as a mechanism for mammalian gene activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Monahan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mumbay-Wafula, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Love, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lomvardas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/287524</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ldb1 mediates trans enhancement in mammals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/287532v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell type-specific interchromosomal interactions as a mechanism for transcriptional diversity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/287532v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The eukaryotic genome is partitioned into topologically associated domains (TADs) that assemble into compartments of shared chromatin valance. This architecture is influenced by the physical constraints imposed by the DNA polymer, which restricts DNA interactions predominantly to genomic segments from the same chromosome. Here, we report a dramatic divergence from this pattern of nuclear organization that occurs during the differentiation and specification of mouse olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). In situ HiC on FAC-sorted OSNs shows that olfactory receptor (OR) genes from numerous chromosomes make frequent, extensive, and highly specific interchromosomal contacts that strengthen with differentiation. Moreover, in terminally differentiated OSNs, >30 intergenic enhancers generate a multi-chromosomal hub that associates only with the single active OR from a pool of [~]1400 genes. Our data reveal that interchromosomal interactions can form with remarkable stereotypy between like neurons, generating a regulatory landscape for stochastic, monogenic, and monoallelic gene expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Horta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monahan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bashkirova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lomvardas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/287532</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell type-specific interchromosomal interactions as a mechanism for transcriptional diversity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/288415v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Simulations and Electrostatic Analysis Suggest an Active Role for DNA Conformational Changes During Genome Packaging by Bacteriophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/288415v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Motors that move DNA, or that move along DNA, play essential roles in DNA replication, transcription, recombination, and chromosome segregation. The mechanisms by which these DNA translocases operate remain largely unknown. Some double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses use an ATP-dependent motor to drive DNA into preformed capsids. These include several human pathogens, as well as dsDNA bacteriophages - viruses that infect bacteria. We previously proposed that DNA is not a passive substrate of bacteriophage packaging motors but is, instead, an active component of the machinery. Computational studies on dsDNA in the channel of viral portal proteins reported here reveal DNA conformational changes consistent with that hypothesis. dsDNA becomes longer ("stretched") in regions of high negative electrostatic potential, and shorter ("scrunched") in regions of high positive potential. These results suggest a mechanism that couples the energy released by ATP hydrolysis to DNA translocation: The chemical cycle of ATP binding, hydrolysis and product release drives a cycle of protein conformational changes. This produces changes in the electrostatic potential in the channel through the portal, and these drive cyclic changes in the length of dsDNA. The DNA motions are captured by a coordinated protein-DNA grip-and-release cycle to produce DNA translocation. In short, the ATPase, portal and dsDNA work synergistically to promote genome packaging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharp, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, X.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cingolani, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/288415</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Simulations and Electrostatic Analysis Suggest an Active Role for DNA Conformational Changes During Genome Packaging by Bacteriophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/289538v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic Elucidation and Validation of OncoProtein-Centric Molecular Interaction Maps 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/289538v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The largely incomplete and tissue-independent nature of cancer pathways represents a key limitation to the ability to elucidate mechanistic determinants of cancer phenotypes and to predict adaptive response to targeted therapy. To address these challenges, we propose replacing canonical cancer pathways with a more accurate, comprehensive, and context-specific architecture - dubbed a Protein-Centric molecular interaction Map (PC-Map) - representing modulators, effectors, and cognate binding-partners of any oncoprotein of interest. To reconstruct these complex molecular architectures de novo, we introduce a novel OncoSig algorithm. Validation of a lung adenocarcinoma specific (LUAD) KRAS-centric PC-Map recapitulated known KRAS biology and, more critically, identified a novel repertoire of proteins eliciting synthetic lethality in KRASG12D LUAD organoid cultures. Showing the generalizable nature of the algorithm, we elucidated PC-Maps for ten recurrently mutated oncoproteins, including KRAS, in distinct tumor contexts. This revealed a highly context-specific nature of cancers regulatory and signaling architectures to an unprecedented degree of resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Broyde, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giorgi, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lachmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweet-Cordero, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honig, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/289538</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic Elucidation and Validation of OncoProtein-Centric Molecular Interaction Maps]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/289603v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elucidating synergistic dependencies in lung adenocarcinoma by proteome-wide signaling-network analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/289603v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Signaling pathway models are largely based on the compilation of literature data from heterogeneous cellular contexts. Indeed, de novo reconstruction of signaling interactions from large-scale molecular profiling is still lagging, compared to similar efforts in transcriptional and protein-protein interaction networks. To address this challenge, we introduce a novel algorithm for the systematic inference of protein kinase pathways, and applied it to published mass spectrometry-based phosphotyrosine profile data from 250 lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) samples. The resulting network includes 43 TKs and 415 inferred, LUAD-specific substrates, which were validated at >60% accuracy by SILAC assays, including "novel substrates of the EGFR and c-MET TKs, which play a critical oncogenic role in lung cancer. This systematic, data-driven model supported drug response prediction on an individual sample basis, including accurate prediction and validation of synergistic EGFR and c-MET inhibitor activity in cells lacking mutations in either gene, thus contributing to current precision oncology efforts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bansal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peyton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaustagi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comb, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minna, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/289603</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elucidating synergistic dependencies in lung adenocarcinoma by proteome-wide signaling-network analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/290320v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The functional brain organization of an individual predicts measures of social abilities in autism spectrum disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/290320v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is associated with multiple complex abnormalities in functional brain connectivity measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Despite much research in this area, to date, neuroimaging-based models are not able to characterize individuals with ASD with sufficient sensitivity and specificity; this is likely due to the heterogeneity and complexity of this disorder. Here we apply a data-driven subject-level approach, connectome-based predictive modeling, to resting-state fMRI data from a set of individuals from the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange. Using leave-one-subject-out and split-half analyses, we define two functional connectivity networks that predict continuous scores on the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) and confirm that these networks generalize to novel subjects. Notably, these networks were found to share minimal anatomical overlap. Further, our results generalize to individuals for whom SRS/ADOS scores are unavailable, predicting worse scores for ASD than typically developing individuals. In addition, predicted SRS scores for individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) from the ADHD-200 Consortium are linked to ADHD symptoms, supporting the hypothesis that the functional brain organization changes relevant to ASD severity share a component associated with attention. Finally, we explore the membership of predictive connections within conventional (atlas-based) functional networks. In summary, our results suggest that an individuals functional connectivity profile contains information that supports dimensional, non-binary classification in ASD, aligning with the goals of precision medicine and individual-level diagnosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lake, E. M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finn, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noble, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanderwal, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spann, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chun, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheinost, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constable, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/290320</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The functional brain organization of an individual predicts measures of social abilities in autism spectrum disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/291740v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hippocampal signature of associative memory measured by chronic ambulatory intracranial EEG 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/291740v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Some patients with medically refractory focal epilepsy are chronically implanted with a brain-responsive neurostimulation device (the RNS(R) System), permitting neurophysiological measurements at millisecond resolution. This clinical device can be adapted to measure hippocampal dynamics time-locked to cognitive tasks. We illustrate the technique with a proof of concept in three patients previously implanted with the RNS System as they engage in an associative memory task, measured months apart. Hippocampal activity measured in successful encoding in RNS System patients mirrors that in surgical patients during intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG), suggesting that chronic iEEG allows sensitive measurements of hippocampal physiology over prolonged timescales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Henin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shankar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasulak, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melloni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flinker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarac, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tcheng, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devinsky, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davachi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/291740</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hippocampal signature of associative memory measured by chronic ambulatory intracranial EEG]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/291922v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional Pathways of Biomolecules Retrieved from Single-particle Snapshots 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/291922v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present a new approach to determining the conformational changes associated with biological function, and demonstrate its capabilities in the context of experimental single-particle cryo-EM snapshots of ryanodine receptor (RyR1), a Ca2+-channel involved in skeletal muscle excitation/contraction coupling. These results include the detailed conformational motions associated with functional paths including transitions between energy landscapes. The functional motions differ substantially from those inferred from discrete structures, shedding new light on the gating mechanism in RyR1. The differences include the conformationally active structural domains, the nature, sequence, and extent of conformational motions involved in function, and the way allosteric signals are transduced within and between domains. The approach is general, and applicable to a wide range of systems and processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dashti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Hail, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mashayekhi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwander, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>des Georges, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ourmazd, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/291922</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional Pathways of Biomolecules Retrieved from Single-particle Snapshots]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/292441v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A post-transcriptional regulatory code for mRNA stability during the zebrafish maternal-to-zygotic transition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/292441v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Post-transcriptional regulation is crucial to shape gene expression. During the Maternal-to-Zygotic Transition (MZT), thousands of maternal transcripts are regulated upon fertilization and genome activation. Transcript stability can be influenced by cis-elements and trans-factors, but how these inputs are integrated to determine the overall mRNA stability is unclear. Here, we show that most transcripts are under combinatorial regulation by multiple decay pathways during zebrafish MZT. To identify cis-regulatory elements, we performed a massively parallel reporter assay for stability-influencing sequences, which revealed that 3-UTR poly-U motifs are associated with mRNA stability. In contrast, miR-430 target sequences, UAUUUAUU AU-rich elements (ARE), CCUC and CUGC elements emerged as the main destabilizing motifs in the embryo, with miR-430 and AREs causing mRNA deadenylation in a genome activation-dependent manner. To identify the trans-factors interacting with these cis-elements, we comprehensively profiled RNA-protein interactions and their associated regulatory activities across the transcriptome during the MZT. We find that poly-U binding proteins are preferentially associated with 3-UTR sequences and stabilizing motifs, and that antagonistic sequence contexts for poly-C and poly-U binding proteins shape the binding landscape and magnitude of regulation across the transcriptome. Finally, we integrate these regulatory motifs into a machine learning model that accurately predicts the stability of mRNA reporters in vivo. Our findings reveal how mechanisms of post-transcriptional regulation are coordinated to direct changes in mRNA stability within the early zebrafish embryo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vejnar, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdel Messih, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takacs, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yartseva, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oikonomou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christiano, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoeckius, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaudoin, J.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darwich-Codore, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walther, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavazoie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cifuentes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giraldez, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/292441</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A post-transcriptional regulatory code for mRNA stability during the zebrafish maternal-to-zygotic transition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/292755v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of exclusive breastfeeding on infant gut microbiota: a meta-analysis across studies and populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/292755v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Literature regarding the differences in gut microbiota between exclusively breastfed (EBF) and non-EBF infants is meager with large variation in methods and results. We performed a meta-analysis of seven studies (a total of 1825 stool samples from 684 infants) to investigate effects of EBF compared to non-EBF on infant gut microbiota across different populations. In the first 6 months of life, overall bacterial diversity, gut microbiota age, relative abundances of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes and microbial-predicted pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism were consistently increased; while relative abundances of pathways related to lipid, vitamin metabolism and detoxification were decreased in non-EBF vs. EBF infants. The perturbation in microbial-predicted pathways associated with non-EBF was larger in infants delivered by C-section than delivered vaginally. Longer duration of EBF mitigated diarrhea-associated gut microbiota dysbiosis and the effects of EBF persisted after 6 months of age. These consistent findings across vastly different populations suggest that one of the mechanisms of short and long-term benefits of EBF may be alteration in gut microbes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ho, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee-Sarwar, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tun, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pannaraj, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bender, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sordillo, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azad, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azcarate-Peril, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litonjua, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozyrskyj, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaspan, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldrovandi, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/292755</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of exclusive breastfeeding on infant gut microbiota: a meta-analysis across studies and populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/292953v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A distributed neural code in ensembles of dentate gyrus granule cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/292953v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The tuning properties of neurons in a given brain region have been traditionally viewed as the under-pinnings of computation in neural circuits. However, at the higher levels of processing, specialization is often elusive, instead a mix of sensory, cognitive and behavioural quantities drive neural activity. In such networks, ensembles of neurons, rather than single units with easily interpretable tuning properties, encode behaviourally relevant variables. Here we show that this is the case also in the dentate gyrus and CA1 subregions of the hippocampus. Using calcium imaging in freely moving mice, we decoded the instantaneous position, direction of motion and speed from the activity of hundreds of cells in the hippocampus of mice freely exploring an arena. For the vast majority of neurons in both regions, their response properties were not predictive of their importance for encoding position. Furthermore, we could decode position from populations of cells that were important for decoding direction of motion and vice versa, showing that these quantities are encoded by largely overlapping ensembles as in distributed neural code. Finally, we found that correlated activities had an impact on decoding performance in CA1 but not in dentate gyrus, suggesting different enconding strategies for these areas. Our analysis indicates that classical methods of analysis based on single cell response properties might be insufficient to accurately characterize the neural computation in a given area. In contrast, population analysis may help highlight previously overlooked properties of hippocampal circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stefanini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kheirbek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kushnir, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennings, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuber, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fusi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/292953</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A distributed neural code in ensembles of dentate gyrus granule cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/294454v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electrophysiological evidence for cerebellar involvement in higher-order cognitive processing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/294454v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although the cerebellum has been traditionally considered to be exclusively involved in motor control and learning, recent anatomical and clinical studies suggest that it may also have a role in cognition. However, no electrophysiological evidence exists to support this claim. Here we studied the activity of simple spikes of hand-movement related Purkinje cells in the mid-lateral cerebellum when monkeys learned to associate a well-learned right or left-hand movement with one of two visual symbolic cues. The cells had distinctly different discharge patterns between an overtrained symbol-hand association and a novel symbol-hand association although the kinematics of the movement did not change between the two conditions. The activity change was not related to the pattern of the visual symbols, the hand making the movement, the monkeys reaction times or the novelty of the visual symbols. We suggest that mid-lateral cerebellum is involved in higher-order cognitive processing related to learning a new visuomotor association.nnOne Sentence SummaryHand-movement related Purkinje neurons in midlateral cerebellum, which discharge during an overtrained visuomotor association task, change their activity when the monkey has to associate the same movements with new cues, even though the kinematics of the movements do not change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sendhilnathan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semework, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ipata, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/294454</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electrophysiological evidence for cerebellar involvement in higher-order cognitive processing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/294678v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
metamicrobiomeR: an R package for analysis of microbiome relative abundance data using zero-inflated beta GAMLSS and meta-analysis across studies using random effect models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/294678v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe rapid growth of high-throughput sequencing-based microbiome profiling has yielded tremendous insights into human health and physiology. Data generated from high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons are often preprocessed into composition or relative abundance. However, reproducibility has been lacking due to the myriad of different experimental and computational approaches taken in these studies. Microbiome studies may report varying results on the same topic, therefore, meta-analyses examining different microbiome studies to provide robust results are important. So far, there is still a lack of implemented methods to properly examine differential relative abundances of microbial taxonomies and to perform meta-analysis examining the heterogeneity and overall effects across microbiome studies.nnResultsWe developed an R package  metamicrobiomeR that applies Generalized Additive Models for Location, Scale and Shape (GAMLSS) with a zero-inflated beta (BEZI) family (GAMLSS-BEZI) for analysis of microbiome relative abundance datasets. Both simulation studies and application to real microbiome data demonstrate that GAMLSS-BEZI well performs in testing differential relative abundances of microbial taxonomies. Importantly, the estimates from GAMLSS-BEZI are log(odds ratio) of relative abundances between groups and thus are comparable between microbiome studies. As such, we also apply random effects meta-analysis models to pool estimates and their standard errors across microbiome studies. We demonstrate the meta-analysis workflow and highlight the utility of our package on four studies comparing gut microbiomes between male and female infants in the first six months of life.nnConclusionsGAMLSS-BEZI allows proper examination of microbiome relative abundance data. Random effects meta-analysis models can be directly applied to pool comparable estimates and their standard errors to evaluate the heterogeneity and overall effects across microbiome studies. The examples and workflow using our metamicrobiomeR package are reproducible and applicable for the analyses and meta-analyses of other microbiome studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ho, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/294678</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[metamicrobiomeR: an R package for analysis of microbiome relative abundance data using zero-inflated beta GAMLSS and meta-analysis across studies using random effect models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/295071v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
xAtlas: Scalable small variant calling across heterogeneous next-generation sequencing experiments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/295071v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationThe rapid development of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies has lowered the barriers to genomic data generation, resulting in millions of samples sequenced across diverse experimental designs. The growing volume and heterogeneity of these sequencing data complicate the further optimization of methods for identifying DNA variation, especially considering that curated highconfidence variant call sets commonly used to evaluate these methods are generally developed by reference to results from the analysis of comparatively small and homogeneous sample sets.nnResultsWe have developed xAtlas, an application for the identification of single nucleotide variants (SNV) and small insertions and deletions (indels) in NGS data. xAtlas is easily scalable and enables execution and retraining with rapid development cycles. Generation of variant calls in VCF or gVCF format from BAM or CRAM alignments is accomplished in less than one CPU-hour per 30x short-read human whole-genome. The retraining capabilities of xAtlas allow its core variant evaluation models to be optimized on new sample data and user-defined truth sets. Obtaining SNV and indels calls from xAtlas can be achieved more than 40 times faster than established methods while retaining the same accuracy.nnAvailabilityFreely available under a BSD 3-clause license at https://github.com/jfarek/xatlas.nnContactfarek@bcm.edunnSupplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Farek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mansfield, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasheninina, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasser, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlazeck, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metcalf, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerwinkle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muzny, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salerno, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/295071</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[xAtlas: Scalable small variant calling across heterogeneous next-generation sequencing experiments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/295204v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
VenomKB v2.0: A knowledge repository for computational toxinology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/295204v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationVenom peptides comprise one of the richest sources of bioactive compounds available for drug discovery. However, venom data and knowledge are fragmentary and poorly structured, and fail to capitalize on the important characteristics of venoms that make them so interesting to the biomedical community.nnResultsWe present VenomKB v2.0, a new open-access resource for knowledge representation and retrieval of venom bioactivities, sequences, structures, and classifications. VenomKB provides a complete infrastructure for computational toxinology, with a focus on drug discovery and effects that venoms have on the human body. VenomKB is accompanied by a suite of tools for programmatic access, and, in this article, we highlight scenarios demonstrating its usefulness and novel contributions to toxinology, pharmacology, and informatics.nnAvailabilityVenomKB can be accessed online at http://venomkb.org/, and the code can be found at https://github.com/tatonetti-lab/venomkb/. All code and data are available under open-source and open-access licenses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Romano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nwankwo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tatonetti, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/295204</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[VenomKB v2.0: A knowledge repository for computational toxinology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/295774v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flexible coding of memory and space in the primate hippocampus during virtual navigation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/295774v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hippocampal maps of space change across tasks. The mechanisms of this effect remain unclear. To examine this, we recorded activity of hippocampal neurons in monkeys navigating the same virtual maze during two different tasks: a foraging task requiring only cue guided navigation, and a memory task also requiring context-object association. Within each task, individual neurons had spatially-selective response fields, enabling a linear classifier to decode position in the virtual environment in each task. However, the population code did not generalize across tasks. This was due to sensory and mnemonic coding of non-spatial features and their associations by single neurons during each period of the associative memory task. Thus, sensory and mnemonic representations of non-spatial features shape maps of space in the primate hippocampus during virtual navigation. This may reflect a fundamental role of the hippocampus in compressing information from a variety of sources for efficient memory storage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gulli, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corrigan, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doucet, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fusi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Trujillo, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/295774</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flexible coding of memory and space in the primate hippocampus during virtual navigation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/296400v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Myosin filaments reversibly generate large forces in cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/296400v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present high resolution experiments performed on elementary contractile units in cells that challenge our current understanding of molecular motor force generation. The key features are the development of a force per motor considerably larger than forces measured in single molecule experiments, a force increase followed by relaxation controlled by a characteristic displacement rather than by a characteristic force, the observation of steps at half the actin filament period even though a large number of motors are at work in an elementary contractile unit. We propose a generic two-state model of molecular motor collections with hand-over-hand contractions and we find that these unexpected observations are spontaneously emerging features of a collective motor behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lohner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rupprecht, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandriota, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saxena, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hone, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitta de Araujo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahin, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prost, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheetz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/296400</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Myosin filaments reversibly generate large forces in cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/296442v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prospective Motion correction improves the sensitivity of fMRI pattern decoding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/296442v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We evaluated the effectiveness of prospective motion correction (PMC) on a simple visual task when no deliberate subject motion was present. The PMC system utilizes an in-bore optical camera to track an external marker attached to the participant via a custom-moulded mouthpiece. The study was conducted at two resolutions (1.5mm vs 3mm) and under three conditions (PMC On and Mouthpiece On vs PMC Off and Mouthpiece On vs PMC Off and Mouthpiece Off). Multiple data analysis methods were conducted, including univariate and multivariate approaches, and we demonstrated that the benefit of PMC is most apparent for multi-voxel pattern decoding at higher resolutions. Additional testing on two participants showed that our inexpensive, commercially available mouthpiece solution produced comparable results to a dentist-moulded mouthpiece. Our results showed that PMC is increasingly important at higher resolutions for analyses that require accurate voxel registration across time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlin, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alink, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriegeskorte, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henson, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correia, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/296442</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prospective Motion correction improves the sensitivity of fMRI pattern decoding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/298620v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rational design of a compact CRISPR-Cas9 activator for AAV- mediated delivery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/298620v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Akin to Zinc Finger and Transcription Activator Like Effector based transcriptional modulators, nuclease-null CRISPR-Cas9 provides a groundbreaking programmable DNA binding platform, begetting an arsenal of targetable regulators for transcriptional and epigenetic perturbation, by either directly tethering, or recruiting, transcription enhancing effectors to either component of the Cas9/guide RNA complex. Application of these programmable regulators is now gaining traction for the modulation of disease-causing genes or activation of therapeutic genes, in vivo. Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) is an optimal delivery vehicle for in vivo delivery of such regulators to adult somatic tissue, due to the efficacy of viral delivery with minimal concerns about immunogenicity or integration. However, present Cas9 activator systems are notably beyond the packaging capacity of a single AAV delivery vector capsid. Here, we engineer a compact CRISPR-Cas9 activator for convenient AAV-mediated delivery. We validate efficacy of the CRISPR-Cas9 transcriptional activation using AAV delivery in several cell lines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vora, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VanDusen, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quintino, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pu, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandenberghe, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Church, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/298620</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rational design of a compact CRISPR-Cas9 activator for AAV- mediated delivery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/303594v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification and biochemical characterization of a novel PP2C-like Ser/Thr phosphatase in E. coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/303594v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In bacteria, signaling phosphorylation is thought to occur primarily on His and Asp residues. However, phosphoproteomic surveys in phylogenetically diverse bacteria over the past decade have identified numerous proteins that are phosphorylated on Ser and/or Thr residues. Consistently, genes encoding Ser/Thr kinases are present in many bacterial genomes such as E. coli, which encodes at least three Ser/Thr kinases. Since Ser/Thr phosphorylation is a stable modification, a dedicated phosphatase is necessary to allow reversible regulation. Ser/Thr phosphatases belonging to several conserved families are found in bacteria. One family of particular interest are Ser/Thr phosphatases which have extensive sequence and structural homology to eukaryotic Ser/Thr PP2C phosphatases. These proteins, called eSTPs (eukaryotic-like Ser/Thr phosphatases), have been identified in a number of bacteria, but not in E. coli. Here, we describe a previously unknown eSTP encoded by an E. coli ORF, yegK, and characterize its biochemical properties including its kinetics, substrate specificity and sensitivity to known phosphatase inhibitors. We investigate differences in the activity of this protein in closely related E. colistrains. Finally, we demonstrate that this eSTP acts to dephosphorylate a novel Ser/Thr kinase which is encoded in the same operon.nnImportanceRegulatory protein phosphorylation is a conserved mechanism of signaling in all biological systems. Recent phosphoproteomic analyses of phylogenetically diverse bacteria including the model Gram-negative bacterium E. coli demonstrate that many proteins are phosphorylated on serine or threonine residues. In contrast to phosphorylation on histidine or aspartate residues, phosphorylation of serine and threonine residues is stable and requires the action of a partner Ser/Thr phosphatase to remove the modification. Although a number of Ser/Thr kinases have been reported in E. coli, no partner Ser/Thrphosphatases have been identified. Here, we biochemically characterize a novel Ser/Thr phosphatase that acts to dephosphorylate a Ser/Thr kinase that is encoded in the same operon.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rajagopalan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dworkin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/303594</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification and biochemical characterization of a novel PP2C-like Ser/Thr phosphatase in E. coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/304063v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatio-temporally specific transcranial magnetic stimulation to test the locus of perceptual decision making in the human brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/304063v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previous research modeling EEG, fMRI and behavioral data has identified three spatially distributed brain networks that activate in temporal sequence, and are thought to enable perceptual decision-making during face-versus-car categorization. These studies have linked late activation (>300ms post stimulus onset) in the lateral occipital cortex (LOC) to object discrimination processes. We applied paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (ppTMS) to LOC at different temporal latencies with the specific prediction, based on these studies, that ppTMS beginning at 400ms after stimulus onset would slow reaction time (RT) performance. Thirteen healthy adults performed a two-alternative forced choice task selecting whether a car or face was present on each trial amidst visual noise pre-titrated to approximate 79% accuracy. ppTMS, with pulses separated by 50ms, was applied at one of five stimulus onset asynchronies: -200, 200, 400, 450, or 500ms, and a sixth no-stimulation condition. As predicted, TMS at 400ms resulted in significant slowing of RTs, providing causal evidence in support of LOC contribution to perceptual decision processing. In addition, TMS delivered at -200ms resulted in faster RTs, indicating early stimulation may result in performance enhancement. These findings build upon correlational EEG and fMRI observations and demonstrate the use of TMS in predictive validation of psychophysiological models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luber, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jangraw, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appelbaum, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilbig, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beynel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sajda, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisanby, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/304063</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatio-temporally specific transcranial magnetic stimulation to test the locus of perceptual decision making in the human brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/305599v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sub-2 A Ewald Curvature Corrected Single-Particle Cryo-EM 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/305599v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-particle cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) provides a powerful methodology for structural biologists, but the resolutions typically attained with experimentally determined structures have lagged behind microscope capabilities. Here, we have exploited several technical solutions to improve resolution, including sub-Angstrom pixelation, per-particle CTF refinement, and most notably a correction for Ewald sphere curvature. The application of these methods on micrographs recorded on a base model Titan Krios enabled structure determination at [~]1.86-[A] resolution of an adeno-associated virus serotype 2 variant (AAV2), an important gene-delivery vehicle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tan, Y. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aiyer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mietzsch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hull, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenna, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grieger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samulski, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agbandje-McKenna, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyumkis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/305599</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sub-2 A Ewald Curvature Corrected Single-Particle Cryo-EM]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/305631v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole Exome Sequencing in 20,197 Persons for Rare Variants in Alzheimer Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/305631v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveThe genetic bases of Alzheimers disease remain uncertain. An international effort to fully articulate genetic risks and protective factors is underway with the hope of identifying potential therapeutic targets and preventive strategies. The goal here was to identify and characterize the frequency and impact of rare and ultra-rare variants in Alzheimers disease using whole exome sequencing in 20,197 individuals.nnMethodsWe used a gene-based collapsing analysis of loss-of-function ultra-rare variants in a case-control study design with data from the Washington Heights-Inwood Columbia Aging Project, the Alzheimers Disease Sequencing Project and unrelated individuals from the Institute of Genomic Medicine at Columbia University.nnResultsWe identified 19 cases carrying extremely rare SORL1 loss-of-function variants among a collection of 6,965 cases and a single loss-of-function variant among 13,252 controls (p = 2.17 x 10-8; OR 36.2 [95%CI 5.8 - 1493.0]). Age-at-onset was seven years earlier for patients with SORL1 qualifying variant compared with non-carriers. No other gene attained a study-wide level of statistical significance, but multiple top-ranked genes, including GRID2IP, WDR76 and GRN, were among candidates for follow-up studies.nnInterpretationThis study implicates ultra-rare, loss-of-function variants in SORL1 as a significant genetic risk factor for Alzheimers disease and provides a comprehensive dataset comparing the burden of rare variation in nearly all human genes in Alzheimers disease cases and controls. This is the first investigation to establish a genome-wide statistically significant association between multiple extremely rare loss-of-function variants in SORL1 and Alzheimers disease in a large whole-exome study of unrelated cases and controls.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raghavan, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brickman, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrews, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manly, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schupf, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lantigua, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Alzheimers Disease Sequencing Project,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolock, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamalakaran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrovski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tosto, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardarajan, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayeux, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/305631</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole Exome Sequencing in 20,197 Persons for Rare Variants in Alzheimer Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/305938v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential valuation and learning from social and non-social cues in Borderline Personality Disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/305938v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundVolatile interpersonal relationships are a core feature of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), and lead to devastating disruption of patients personal and professional lives. Quantitative models of social decision making and learning hold promise for defining the underlying mechanisms of this problem. In this study, we tested BPD and control subject weighting of social versus non-social information, and their learning about choices under stable and volatile conditions. We compared behavior using quantitative models.nnMethodsSubjects (n=20 BPD, n=23 control) played an extended reward learning task with a partner (confederate) that requires learning about non-social and social cue reward probability (The Social Valuation Task). Task experience was measured using language metrics: explicit emotions/beliefs, talk about the confederate, and implicit distress (using the previously established marker self-referentiality). Subjects weighting of social and non-social cues was tested in mixed-effects regression models. Subjects learning rates under stable and volatile conditions were modelled (Rescorla-Wagner approach) and group x condition interactions tested.nnResultsCompared to controls, BPD subject debriefings included more mentions of the confederate and less distress language. BPD subjects also weighted social cues more heavily, but had blunted learning responses to (non-social and social) volatility.nnConclusionsThis is the first report of patient behavior in the Social Valuation Task. The results suggest that BPD subjects expect higher volatility than do controls. These findings lay the groundwork for a neuro-computational dissection of social and non-social belief updating in BPD, which holds promise for the development of novel clinical interventions that more directly target pathophysiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fineberg, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leavitt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stahl, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kronemer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander-Bloch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corlett, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/305938</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential valuation and learning from social and non-social cues in Borderline Personality Disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/305946v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A common statistical misunderstanding in Psychology and Neuroscience: Do we need normally distributed independent or dependent variables for linear regression to work? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/305946v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our ability to draw conclusions from experiments often relies on the application of inferential statistics, such as those included within the general-linear-modeling framework. The purpose of this commentary is to direct attention a common fallacy that can be observed in paper reviews and professional exchanges in the field of Psychology and Neuroscience pertaining to multiple regression analysis. The fallacy concerns the confusion of the requirements on the residuals of a linear-regression model with requirements on the dependent or independent variables themselves. A simple thought experiment, algebraic demonstration, and simulation study can demonstrate this misconception. It is our hope that consideration of the fallacy may help clarify distinctions between technical statistical issues and conceptual interpretation of research findings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Habeck, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brickman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/305946</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A common statistical misunderstanding in Psychology and Neuroscience: Do we need normally distributed independent or dependent variables for linear regression to work?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/305987v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular genetic analysis of Steroid Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome: Detection of a novel mutation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/305987v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background: Nephrotic syndrome is one of the most common kidney diseases in childhood. About 20% of children are steroid-resistant NS (SRNS) which progress to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). More than 53 genes are associated with SRNS which represent the genetic heterogeneity of SRNS. This study was aimed to screen disease causing mutations within NPHS1 and NPHS2 and evaluate new potential variants in other genes.nnMethod: In first phase of study, 25 patients with SRNS were analyzed for NPHS1 (exon 2, 26) and all exons of NPHS2 genes by Sanger sequencing. In the second phase, whole exome sequencing was performed on 10 patients with no mutations in NPHS1 and NPHS2.nnResult: WES analysis revealed a novel mutation in FAT1 (c.10570C>A; Q3524K). We identified 4 pathogenic mutations, located in exon 4 and 5 of NPHS2 gene in 20% of patients (V180M, P118L, R168C and Leu156Phe). Also our study has contributed to the descriptions of previously known pathogenic mutations across WT1 (R205C) and SMARCAL1 (R764Q) and a novel polymorphism in CRB2.nnConclusion: Our study concludes that mutations of exon 4 and 5 NPHS2 gene are common in Iranian and some other ethnic groups. We suggest conducting WES after NPHS2 screening and further comprehensive studies to identify the most common genes in the development of SRNS, which might help in Clinical impact on management in patients with SRNS.nnDetection of a novel mutation in SRNS
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Serajpour, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karimi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hooman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hosseini, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khosravi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milo Rasouly, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shojaei, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/305987</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular genetic analysis of Steroid Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome: Detection of a novel mutation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/306282v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epitope-based vaccine design yields fusion peptide-directed antibodies that neutralize diverse strains of HIV-1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/306282v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A central goal of HIV-1-vaccine research is the elicitation of antibodies capable of neutralizing diverse primary isolates of HIV-1. Here we show that focusing the immune response to exposed N-terminal residues of the fusion peptide, a critical component of the viral entry machinery and the epitope of antibodies elicited by HIV-1 infection, through immunization with fusion peptide-coupled carriers and prefusion-stabilized envelope trimers, induces cross-clade neutralizing responses. In mice, these immunogens elicited monoclonal antibodies capable of neutralizing up to 31% of a cross-clade panel of 208 HIV-1 strains. Crystal and cryo-electron microscopy structures of these antibodies revealed fusion peptide-conformational diversity as a molecular explanation for the cross-clade neutralization. Immunization of guinea pigs and rhesus macaques induced similarly broad fusion peptide-directed neutralizing responses suggesting translatability. The N terminus of the HIV-1-fusion peptide is thus a promising target of vaccine efforts aimed at eliciting broadly neutralizing antibodies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acharya, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuang, G.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louder, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O Dell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sastry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asokan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailer, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chambers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dandey, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doria-Rose, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Druz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eng, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farney, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foulds, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgiev, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jafari, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, Y. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, Y.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemmin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohr, T. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowshan, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Todd, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsybovsky, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viox, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scorpio, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDermott,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/306282</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epitope-based vaccine design yields fusion peptide-directed antibodies that neutralize diverse strains of HIV-1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/307835v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enrichment of rare protein truncating variants in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/307835v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To discover novel genetic risk factors underlying amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), we aggregated exomes from 3,864 cases and 7,839 ancestry matched controls. We observed a significant excess of ultra-rare and rare protein-truncating variants (PTV) among ALS cases, which was primarily concentrated in constrained genes; however, a significant enrichment in PTVs does persist in the remaining exome. Through gene level analyses, known ALS genes, SOD1, NEK1, and FUS, were the most strongly associated with disease status. We also observed suggestive statistical evidence for multiple novel genes including DNAJC7, which is a highly constrained gene and a member of the heat shock protein family (HSP40). HSP40 proteins, along with HSP70 proteins, facilitate protein homeostasis, such as folding of newly synthesized polypeptides, and clearance of degraded proteins. When these processes are not regulated, misfolding and accumulation of degraded proteins can occur leading to aberrant protein aggregation, one of the pathological hallmarks of neurodegeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Farhan, S. M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howrigan, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrnes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchhouse, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phatnani, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Topp, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rampersaud, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wuu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gubitz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilm, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mordes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>CReATe Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>FALS Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ALSGENS Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eggan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rademakers, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCauley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schule, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuchner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benatar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nalls, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traynor, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harms, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neale, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/307835</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enrichment of rare protein truncating variants in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/308387v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ablation of proliferating neural stem cells during early life is sufficient to reduce adult hippocampal neurogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/308387v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Environmental exposures during early life, but not during adolescence or adulthood, lead to persistent reductions in neurogenesis in the adult hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). The mechanisms by which early life exposures lead to long-term deficits in neurogenesis remain unclear. Here, we investigated whether targeted ablation of dividing neural stem cells during early life is sufficient to produce long-term decreases in DG neurogenesis. Having previously found that the stem cell lineage is resistant to long-term effects of transient ablation of dividing stem cells during adolescence or adulthood (Kirshenbaum et al., 2014), we used a similar pharmacogenetic approach to target dividing neural stem cells for elimination during early life periods sensitive to environmental insults. We then assessed the Nestin stem cell lineage in adulthood. We found that the adult neural stem cell reservoir was depleted following ablation during the first postnatal week, when stem cells were highly proliferative, but not during the third postnatal week, when stem cells were more quiescent. Remarkably, ablating proliferating stem cells during either the first or third postnatal week led to reduced adult neurogenesis out of proportion to the changes in the stem cell pool, indicating a disruption of the stem cell function or niche following stem cell ablation in early life. These results highlight the first three postnatal weeks as a series of sensitive periods during which elimination of dividing stem cells leads to lasting alterations in adult DG neurogenesis and stem cell function. These findings contribute to our understanding of the relationship between DG development and adult neurogenesis, as well as suggest a possible mechanism by which early life experiences may lead to lasting deficits in adult hippocampal neurogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Youssef, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krish, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirshenbaum, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atsak, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lass, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lieberman, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonardo, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dranovsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/308387</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ablation of proliferating neural stem cells during early life is sufficient to reduce adult hippocampal neurogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/308486v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
iPSC-derived neurons as a tool for probing molecular pharmacology of antipsychotic action. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/308486v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundInduced pluripotent stem cell derived neurons (iPSC-Neurons) provide a potential way to investigate molecular mechanisms of psychotropic drug action in human neurons. Until now such studies have relied on animal models or artificial expression systems in transfected cells.nnMethodsInduced pluripotent stem cells were subjected to a dual SMAD inhibition differentiation protocol. Resulting neurons were examined using qPCR, immunocytochemistry, viral transduction, and calcium imaging.nnResultsHere we report the presence of target receptors for antipsychotic drugs in human iPSC-neurons. A cortical neuronal differentiation protocol resulted in cells that expressed D2, 5HT2A, and other target receptors. Moreover, stimulation with glutamate, dopamine, or the 5HT2A agonist DOI evoked calcium transients. We analyzed single cell responses, and found cells with signature response profiles to these ligands. In addition, pre-incubation of iPSC-neurons with clozapine altered the proportion of cells that responded to glutamate or DOI in a subpopulation of neurons.nnConclusionsOur results support the use of iPSC-neuron single cell pharmacology for studying how psychotropic medications modulate neuronal responses. Because these cells can be derived directly from patients, results derived from using iPSC-neurons have immediate relevance for personalized medicine.nnSignificance StatementThe current study examines the feasibility of using induced pluripotent stem cells from patients to generate neurons and study psychopharmacology. This article is broadly intended to inform the readership on the key points of iPSC-derived neurons as a system and how it can be used to understand antipsychotic pharmacology for potential clinical application. The specific advances include 1) demonstrating the presence of receptors targeted by antipsychotics on iPSC-derived neurons; 2) Using single cell analysis to identify human neurons with distinct responses to receptor modulation; and 3) Demonstrating that clozapine modulates glutamatergic and serotonergic responses in distinct human neuronal populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonardo, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dranovsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/308486</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[iPSC-derived neurons as a tool for probing molecular pharmacology of antipsychotic action.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/308965v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Homeostatic plasticity scales dendritic spine volumes and changes the threshold and specificity of Hebbian plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/308965v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Information is encoded within neural networks through synaptic weight changes. Synaptic learning rules involve a combination of rapid Hebbian plasticity with slower homeostatic synaptic plasticity (HSP) that regulates neuronal activity through global synaptic scaling. While Hebbian plasticity has been extensively investigated, much less is known about HSP. Here we investigate the structural and functional consequences of HSP at dendritic spines of mouse hippocampal neurons. We find that prolonged activity blockade induces spine growth, paralleling synaptic strength increases. Following activity blockade, glutamate uncaging-mediated long-term potentiation at single spines leads to size-dependent structural plasticity: smaller spines undergo robust growth, while larger spines remain unchanged. Moreover, we find that neighboring spines in the vicinity of the stimulated spine exhibit volume changes following HSP, indicating that plasticity has spread across a group of synapses. Overall, these findings demonstrate that Hebbian and homeostatic plasticity shape neural connectivity through coordinated structural plasticity of clustered inputs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hobbiss, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramiro Cortes, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Israely, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/308965</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Homeostatic plasticity scales dendritic spine volumes and changes the threshold and specificity of Hebbian plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/310060v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Magnetic Head Design for Manipulating Single Proteins with Force 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/310060v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Magnetic heads are ubiquitously used to record and read on magnetic tapes in technologies as diverse as old cassettes or VHS tapes, modern hard drive disks, or magnetic bands in credit/debit or subway cards. They are designed to convert electric signals into fluctuations on the magnetic field at very high frequencies, crucial for the high density storage which is demanded nowadays. Here, we twist this traditional use of magnetic heads and implement one in a new force spectrometer design, where the magnetic field is used to pull on proteins tethered to superparamagnetic beads. Our instrument offers the same features as magnetic tweezers--intrinsic force-clamp conditions, with accurate control of the force, and intrinsic stability--, but with the novel ability of changing the force instantaneously, which allows to investigate protein dynamics at very short timescales, or under arbitrary force signals. We calibrate our instrument by relying on Karlqvist approximation of the field created by a magnetic head--the first building block of magnetic recording theory--through the force scaling of the unfolding/folding step-sizes of protein L, used as a molecular template. This results in a force range between 0 and 50 pN, when working at distances above 250 m, and electric currents up to 1 A. We illustrate the potential of our instrument by studying the folding mechanism of protein L upon ultra-fast force quenches. This allows us to describe that, in a short timescale of 50 ms, the unfolded protein L evolves to an ensemble of weak collapsed states, eventually acquiring the native conformation in a timescale of seconds. Our instrumental development provides a unique capability of interrogating individual molecules under fast-changing force signals, which opens a range of novel force spectroscopy schemes of unexplored biological significance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tapia-Rojo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eckels, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/310060</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Magnetic Head Design for Manipulating Single Proteins with Force]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/310193v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A CRISPR/Cas9 based strategy to manipulate the Alzheimer’s amyloid pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/310193v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The gradual accumulation of amyloid-{beta} (A{beta}) is a neuropathologic hallmark of Alzheimers disease (AD); playing a key role in disease progression. A{beta} is generated by the sequential cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by {beta}- and {gamma}-secretases, with BACE-1 ({beta}-site APP cleaving enzyme-1) cleavage as the rate limiting step 1-3. CRISPR/Cas9 guided gene-editing is emerging as a promising tool to edit pathogenic mutations and hinder disease progression 4,5,6 However, few studies have applied this technology to neurologic diseases 7-9. Besides technical caveats such as low editing efficiency in brains and limited in vivo validation 7, the canonical approach of  mutation-correction would only be applicable to the small fraction of neurodegenerative cases that are inherited (i.e. < 10% of AD, Parkinsons, ALS); with a new strategy needed for every gene. Moreover, feasibility of CRISPR/Cas9 as a therapeutic possibility in sporadic AD has not been explored. Here we introduce a strategy to edit endogenous APP at the extreme C-terminus and reciprocally manipulate the amyloid pathway - attenuating {beta}-cleavage and A{beta}, while up-regulating neuroprotective a-cleavage. APP N-terminus, as well as compensatory APP homologues remain intact, and key physiologic parameters remain unaffected. Robust APP-editing is seen in cell lines, cultured neurons, human embryonic stem cells/iPSC-neurons, and mouse brains. Our strategy works by limiting the physical association of APP and BACE-1, and we also delineate the mechanism that abrogates APP/BACE-1 interaction in this setting. Our work offers an innovative  cut and silence gene-editing strategy that could be a new therapeutic paradigm for AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson-Stevermer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delenclos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snead, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stockton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharyya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sproul, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLean, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/310193</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A CRISPR/Cas9 based strategy to manipulate the Alzheimer’s amyloid pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/310227v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Isopeptide-Blocker Impairs the Mechanics of Recently Translated Pilin Proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/310227v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria anchor to their host cells through their adhesive pili, which must resist the large mechanical stresses induced by the host as it attempts to dislodge the pathogens. The pili of Gram-positive bacteria are constructed as a single polypeptide made of hundreds of pilin repeats, which contain intramolecular isopeptide bonds strategically located in the structure to prevent their unfolding under force, protecting the pilus from degradation by extant proteases and oxygen radicals. Here, we demonstrate the design of a short peptide that blocks the formation of the isopeptide bond present in the pilin Spy0128 from the human pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes, resulting in mechanically labile pilin domains. We use a combination of protein engineering and AFM force spectroscopy to demonstrate that the peptide blocks the formation of the native isopeptide bond and compromises the mechanics of the domain. While an intact Spy0128 is inextensible at any force, peptide-modified Spy0128 pilins readily unfold at very low forces, marking the abrogation of the intramolecular isopeptide bond as well as the absence of a stable pilin fold. We propose that isopeptide-blocking peptides could be further developed as a novel type of highly-specific anti-adhesive antibiotics to treat Gram-positive pathogens.nnSignificanceAt the onset of an infection, Gram-positive bacteria adhere to host cells through their pili, filamentous structures built by hundreds of repeats of pilin proteins. These proteins can withstand large mechanical challenges without unfolding, remaining anchored to the host and resisting cleavage by proteases and oxygen radicals present in the targeted tissues. The key structural component that gives pilins mechanical resilience are internal isopeptide bonds, strategically placed so that pilins become inextensible structures. We target this bond by designing a blocking peptide that interferes with its formation during folding. We demonstrate that peptide-modified pilins lack mechanical stability and extend at low forces. We propose this strategy as a rational design of mechanical antibiotics, targeting the Achilles Heel of bacterial adhesion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rivas-Pardo, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapia-Rojo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badilla, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/310227</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Isopeptide-Blocker Impairs the Mechanics of Recently Translated Pilin Proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/310425v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Creating Standards for Evaluating Tumour Subclonal Reconstruction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/310425v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tumours evolve through time and space. Computational techniques have been developed to infer their evolutionary dynamics from DNA sequencing data. A growing number of studies have used these approaches to link molecular cancer evolution to clinical progression and response to therapy. There has not yet been a systematic evaluation of methods for reconstructing tumour subclonality, in part due to the underlying mathematical and biological complexity and to difficulties in creating gold-standards. To fill this gap, we systematically elucidated the key algorithmic problems in subclonal reconstruction and developed mathematically valid quantitative metrics for evaluating them. We then created approaches to simulate realistic tumour genomes, harbouring all known mutation types and processes both clonally and subclonally. We then simulated 580 tumour genomes for reconstruction, varying tumour read-depth and benchmarking somatic variant detection and subclonal reconstruction strategies. The inference of tumour phylogenies is rapidly becoming standard practice in cancer genome analysis; this study creates a baseline for its evaluation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boutros, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salcedo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarabichi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espiritu, S. M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshwar, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dentro, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wintersinger, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivanandan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, T.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chilton, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchanan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lalansingh, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>P'ng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anghel, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Umar, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuart, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anastassiou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ewing, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellrott, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wedge, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, Q. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Loo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DREAM SMC-Het Participants,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/310425</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Creating Standards for Evaluating Tumour Subclonal Reconstruction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/310649v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantification of human gut microbiota variability using replicate sampling and spike-in sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/310649v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metagenomic sequencing has enabled detailed investigation of diverse microbial communities, but understanding their spatiotemporal dynamics remains an important challenge. Here we present DIVERS, a widely applicable method based on replicate sampling and spike-in sequencing that quantifies the contributions of temporal dynamics, spatial sampling variability and technical noise to the variances and covariances of absolute bacterial abundances. Using high resolution time series profiling, we apply DIVERS to the human gut microbiome. Our method reveals complex spatiotemporal dynamics of individual gut bacteria and unmasks key features of their behavior hidden from previous analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ji, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheth, R. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixit, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitkup, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/310649</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantification of human gut microbiota variability using replicate sampling and spike-in sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/311423v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adult-born neurons maintain hippocampal cholinergic inputs and support working memory during aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/311423v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adult neurogenesis is impaired in disorders of stress, memory, and cognition though its normal function remains unclear. Moreover, a systems level understanding of how a small number of young hippocampal neurons could dramatically influence brain function is lacking. We examined whether adult neurogenesis sustains hippocampal connections across the life span. Long-term suppression of neurogenesis as occurs during stress and aging resulted in a progressing decline in hippocampal acetylcholine and the slow emergence of profound working memory deficits. These deficits were accompanied by compensatory rewiring of cholinergic dentate gyrus inputs such that ventrally projecting neurons were recruited by the dorsal projection. Our study demonstrates that hippocampal neurogenesis supports memory by maintaining the septohippocampal circuit across the lifespan. It also provides a systems level explanation for the progressive nature of memory deterioration during normal and pathological aging and indicates that the brain connectome is malleable by experience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kirshenbaum, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robson, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shansky, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonardo, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dranovsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/311423</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adult-born neurons maintain hippocampal cholinergic inputs and support working memory during aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/311571v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decision-making increases episodic memory via post-encoding consolidation. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/311571v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability for individuals to actively make decisions engages regions within the mesolimbic system and enhances memory for chosen items. In other behavioral contexts, mesolimbic engagement has been shown to enhance episodic memory by supporting consolidation. However, research has yet to investigate how consolidation may support interactions between decision-making and episodic memory. Across two studies, participants encoded items that were occluded by cover screens and could either actively decide which of two items to uncover or were pre-selected by the experimenter. In Study 1, we show that active decision-making reduces forgetting rates across an immediate and 24-hour memory test, a behavioral marker of consolidation. In Study 2, we use functional neuroimaging to characterize putative neural markers of memory consolidation by measuring post-encoding interactions between the hippocampus and perirhinal cortex (PRC). We show that choice-related striatal engagement is associated with increased post-encoding hippocampal-PRC interactions. Finally, we show that a previous reported relationship between choice-related striatal engagement and long-term memory is accounted for by post-encoding hippocampal-PRC interactions. Together these findings support a model by which actively deciding to encode information enhances subsequent consolidation mechanisms to preserve episodic memory for outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murty, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DuBrow, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davachi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/311571</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decision-making increases episodic memory via post-encoding consolidation.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/311597v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Short-term effectiveness of HIV care coordination among persons with recent HIV diagnosis or history of poor HIV outcomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/311597v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The New York City HIV Care Coordination Program (CCP) combines multiple evidence-based strategies to support persons living with HIV (PLWH) at risk for, or with a recent history of, poor HIV outcomes. We assessed the comparative effectiveness of the CCP by merging programmatic data on CCP clients with population-based surveillance data on all New York City PLWH. A non-CCP comparison group of similar PLWH who met CCP eligibility criteria was identified using surveillance data. The CCP and non-CCP groups were matched on propensity for CCP enrollment within four baseline treatment status groups (newly diagnosed or previously diagnosed and either consistently unsuppressed, inconsistently suppressed or consistently suppressed). We compared CCP to non-CCP proportions with viral load suppression at 12-month follow-up. Among the 13,624 persons included, 15{middle dot}3% were newly diagnosed; among the 84{middle dot}7% previously diagnosed, 14{middle dot}2% were consistently suppressed, 28{middle dot}9% were inconsistently suppressed, and 41 {middle dot}6% were consistently unsuppressed in the year prior to baseline. At 12-month follow-up, 59{middle dot}9% of CCP and 53{middle dot}9% of non-CCP participants had viral load suppression (Relative Risk=1.11, 95%CI:1.08-1.14). Among those newly diagnosed and those consistently unsuppressed at baseline, the relative risk of viral load suppression in the CCP versus non-CCP participants was 1.15 (95%CI:1.09-1.23) and 1.32 (95%CI:1.23-1.42), respectively. CCP exposure shows benefits over no CCP exposure for persons newly diagnosed or consistently unsuppressed, but not for persons suppressed in the year prior to baseline. We recommend more targeted case finding for CCP enrollment and increased attention to viral load suppression maintenance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nash, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penrose, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamberlin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robbins, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braunstein, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irvine, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/311597</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Short-term effectiveness of HIV care coordination among persons with recent HIV diagnosis or history of poor HIV outcomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/312579v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural survey of HIV-1-neutralizing antibodies targeting Env trimer delineates epitope categories and suggests vaccine templates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/312579v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies are desired for their therapeutic potential and as templates for vaccine design. Such antibodies target the HIV-1-envelope (Env) trimer, which is shielded from immune recognition by extraordinary glycosylation and sequence variability. Recognition by broadly neutralizing antibodies thus provides insight into how antibody can bypass these immune-evasion mechanisms. Remarkably, antibodies neutralizing >25% of HIV-1 strains have now been identified that recognize all major exposed surfaces of the prefusion-closed Env trimer. Here we analyzed all 206 broadly neutralizing antibody-HIV-1 Env complexes in the PDB with resolution suitable to define their interaction chemistries. These segregated into 20 antibody classes based on ontogeny and recognition, and into 6 epitope categories (V1V2, glycan-V3, CD4-binding site, silent face center, fusion peptide, and subunit interface) based on recognized Env residues. We measured antibody neutralization on a 208-isolate panel and analyzed features of paratope and B cell ontogeny. The number of protruding loops, CDR H3 length, and level of somatic hypermutation for broadly HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies were significantly higher than for a comparison set of non-HIV-1 antibodies. For epitope, the number of independent sequence segments was higher (P < 0.0001), as well as the glycan component surface area (P = 0.0005). Based on B cell ontogeny, paratope, and breadth, the CD4-binding site antibody IOMA appeared to be a promising candidate for lineage-based vaccine design. In terms of epitope-based vaccine design, antibody VRC34.01 had few epitope segments, low epitope-glycan content, and high epitope-conformational variability, which may explain why VRC34.01-based design is yielding promising vaccine results.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chuang, G.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailer, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doria-Rose, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louder, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mascola, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjorkman, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/312579</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural survey of HIV-1-neutralizing antibodies targeting Env trimer delineates epitope categories and suggests vaccine templates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/313593v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Pseudomonas aeruginosa complement of lactate dehydrogenases enables use of D- and L-lactate and metabolic crossfeeding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/313593v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most common cause of chronic, biofilm-based lung infections in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Sputum from patients with CF has been shown to contain oxic and hypoxic subzones as well as millimolar concentrations of lactate. Here, we describe the physiological roles and expression patterns of P. aeruginosa lactate dehydrogenases in the contexts of different growth regimes. P. aeruginosa produces four enzymes annotated as lactate dehydrogenases, three of which are known to contribute to anaerobic or aerobic metabolism in liquid cultures. These three are LdhA, which reduces pyruvate to D-lactate during anaerobic survival, and LldE and LldD, which oxidize D-lactate and L-lactate, respectively, during aerobic growth. We demonstrate that the fourth enzyme, LldA, performs redundant L-lactate oxidation during growth in aerobic cultures in both a defined MOPS-based medium and synthetic CF sputum medium. However, LldA differs from LldD in that its expression is induced specifically by the L-enantiomer of lactate. We also show that all four enzymes perform functions in colony biofilms that are similar to their functions in liquid cultures. Finally, we provide evidence that the enzymes LdhA and LldE have the potential to support metabolic cross-feeding in biofilms, where LdhA can catalyze the production of D-lactate in the anaerobic zone that is then used as a substrate in the aerobic zone. Together, these observations further our understanding of the metabolic pathways that can contribute to P. aeruginosa growth and survival during CF lung infection.nnIMPORTANCELactate is thought to serve as a carbon and energy source during chronic infections. Sites of bacterial colonization can contain two enantiomers of lactate: the L-form, generally produced by the host, and the D-form, which is usually produced by bacteria including the pulmonary pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Here, we characterize P. aeruginosas set of four enzymes that it can use to interconvert pyruvate and lactate, the functions of which depend on the availability of oxygen and specific enantiomers of lactate. We also show that anaerobic pyruvate fermentation triggers production of the aerobic D-lactate dehydrogenase in both liquid cultures and biofilms, thereby enabling metabolic cross-feeding of lactate over time and space between subpopulations of cells. These metabolic pathways could contribute to P. aeruginosa growth and survival in the lung.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornell, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price-Whelan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dietrich, L. E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/313593</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Pseudomonas aeruginosa complement of lactate dehydrogenases enables use of D- and L-lactate and metabolic crossfeeding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/315085v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multisite phosphorylation regulates phenotypic variability in antibiotic tolerance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/315085v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Isogenic populations of cells exhibit phenotypic variability that has specific physiological consequences. For example, individual bacteria within a population can differ in their sensitivity to an antibiotic, but whether this variability can be regulated or is generally an unavoidable consequence of stochastic fluctuations is unclear. We observed that a bacterial stress response gene, the (p)ppGpp synthetase sasA, exhibits high levels of extrinsic noise in expression, suggestive of a regulatory process. We traced this variability to the convergence of two signaling systems that together control the multisite phosphorylation of a transcription factor, an event largely unexplored in bacteria, This regulatory intersection between a Ser/Thr kinase and a prototypical two component system is crucial for controlling the appearance of outliers, rare cells with unusually high levels of sasA expression. Additionally, by examining the full distributions of gene expression we calculated the contribution of the additional Ser/Thr kinase-dependent phosphorylation in setting the relative abundance of cells with a given a level of SasA. We then created a predictive model for the probability of a given cell surviving antibiotic treatment as a function of sasA expression. Therefore, our data show that multisite phosphorylation can be used to strongly regulate variations in phenotypes across a bacterial population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Libby, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reuveni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dworkin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/315085</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multisite phosphorylation regulates phenotypic variability in antibiotic tolerance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/315143v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systems Analysis of the 22q11.2 Microdeletion Syndrome Converges on a Mitochondrial Interactome Necessary for Synapse Function and Behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/315143v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurodevelopmental disorders offer insight into synaptic mechanisms. To unbiasedly uncover these mechanisms, we studied the 22q11.2 syndrome, a recurrent copy number variant, which is the highest schizophrenia genetic risk factor. We quantified the proteomes of 22q11.2 mutant human fibroblasts and mouse brains carrying a 22q11.2-like defect, Df(16)A+/-. Molecular ontologies defined mitochondrial compartments and pathways as some of top ranked categories. In particular, we identified perturbations in the SLC25A1-SLC25A4 mitochondrial transporter interactome as associated with the 22q11.2 genetic defect. Expression of SLC25A1-SLC25A4 interactome components was affected in neuronal cells from schizophrenia patients. Furthermore, hemideficiency of the Drosophila SLC25A4 orthologue, dSLC25A4-sesB, affected synapse function and impaired sleep patterns in a neuronal-specific manner. These results identify a novel synaptic role of mitochondrial inner membrane solute transporters. We propose that mitochondria are among key organelles affected by genetic defects that increase the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gokhale, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeman, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartwig, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassell, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zlatic, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sapp, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vadlamudi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abudulai, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crocker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Repetto, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogos, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claypool, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forsyth, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bearden, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gausier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seyfried, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faundez, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/315143</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systems Analysis of the 22q11.2 Microdeletion Syndrome Converges on a Mitochondrial Interactome Necessary for Synapse Function and Behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/316737v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trans-ethnic polygenic analysis supports genetic overlaps of lumbar disc degeneration with height, body mass index, and bone mineral density 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/316737v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lumbar disc degeneration (LDD) is age-related break-down in the fibrocartilaginous joints between lumbar vertebrae. It is a major cause of low back pain and is conventionally assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Like most other complex traits, LDD is likely polygenic and influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. However, genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of LDD have uncovered few susceptibility loci due to the limited sample size. Previous epidemiology studies of LDD also reported multiple heritable risk factors, including height, body mass index (BMI), bone mineral density (BMD), lipid levels, etc. Genetics can help elucidate causality between traits and suggest loci with pleiotropic effects. One such approach is polygenic score (PGS) which summarizes the effect of multiple variants by the summation of alleles weighted by estimated effects from GWAS. To investigate genetic overlaps of LDD and related heritable risk factors, we calculated the PGS of height, BMI, BMD and lipid levels in a Chinese population-based cohort with spine MRI examination and a Japanese case-control cohort of lumbar disc herniation (LDH) requiring surgery. Because most large-scale GWASs were done in European populations, PGS of corresponding traits were created using weights from European GWASs. We calibrated their prediction performance in independent Chinese samples, then tested associations with MRI-derived LDD scores and LDH affection status. The PGS of height, BMI, BMD and lipid levels were strongly associated with respective phenotypes in Chinese, although phenotype variances explained were lower than in Europeans which would reduce the power to detect genetic overlaps. Despite of this, the PGS of BMI and lumbar spine BMD were significantly associated with LDD scores; and the PGS of height was associated with the increased the liability of LDH. Furthermore, linkage disequilibrium score regression suggested that, osteoarthritis, another degenerative disorder that shares common features with LDD, also showed genetic correlations with height, BMI and BMD. The findings suggest a common key contribution of biomechanical stress to the pathogenesis of LDD and will direct the future search for pleiotropic genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karasugi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karppinen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samartzis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mak, T. S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiba, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawaguchi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, K. M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikegawa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheah, K. S.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sham, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/316737</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trans-ethnic polygenic analysis supports genetic overlaps of lumbar disc degeneration with height, body mass index, and bone mineral density]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/317164v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic determinants of risk and survival in pulmonary arterial hypertension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/317164v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare disorder leading to premature death. Rare genetic variants contribute to disease etiology but the contribution of common genetic variation to disease risk and outcome remains poorly characterized.nnMethodsWe performed two separate genome-wide association studies of PAH using data across 11,744 European-ancestry individuals (including 2,085 patients), one with genotypes from 5,895 whole genome sequences and another with genotyping array data from 5,849 further samples. Cross-validation of loci reaching genome-wide significance was sought by meta-analysis. We functionally annotated associated variants and tested associations with duration of survival.nnFindingsA locus at HLA-DPA1/DPB1 within the class II major histocompatibility (MHC) region and a second near SOX17 were significantly associated with PAH. The SOX17 locus contained two independent signals associated with PAH. Functional and epigenomic data indicate that the risk variants near SOX17 alter gene regulation via an enhancer active in endothelial cells. PAH risk variants determined haplotype-specific enhancer activity and CRISPR-inhibition of the enhancer reduced SOX17 expression. Analysis of median survival showed that PAH patients with two copies of the HLA-DPA1/DPB1 risk variant had a two-fold difference (>16 years versus 8 years), compared to patients homozygous for the alternative allele.nnInterpretationWe have found that common genetic variation at loci in HLA-DPA1/DPB1 and an enhancer near SOX17 are associated with PAH. Impairment of Sox17 function may be more common in PAH than suggested by rare mutations in SOX17. Allelic variation at HLA-DPB1 stratifies PAH patients for survival following diagnosis, with implications for future therapeutic trial design.nnFundingUK NIHR, BHF, UK MRC, Dinosaur Trust, NIH/NHLBI, ERS, EMBO, Wellcome Trust, EU, AHA, ACClinPharm, Netherlands CVRI, Dutch Heart Foundation, Dutch Federation of UMC, Netherlands OHRD and RNAS, German DFG, German BMBF, APH Paris, Inserm, Universite Paris-Sud, and French ANR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rhodes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batai, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bleda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haimel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Southgate, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Germain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pauciulo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadinnapola, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girerd, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arora, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanscombe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karnes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaakinen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gall, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulrich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harbaum, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cebola, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>NIHR BioResource Rare Diseases Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>UK PAH Cohort Study Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>US PAH Biobank Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmad, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amouyel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Argula, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Austin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badesch, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakshi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnett, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benza, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatt, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogaard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakinala, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Church, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coghlan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Condliffe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corris, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danesino, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debette, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/317164</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic determinants of risk and survival in pulmonary arterial hypertension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/318642v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local Contractions Test Rigidity of E-Cadherin Adhesions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/318642v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
E-cadherin is a major cell-cell adhesion molecule involved in mechanotransduction at cell-cell contacts in tissues. Since epithelial cells respond to rigidity and tension in the tissue through E-cadherin, there must be active processes that test and respond to the mechanical properties of these adhesive contacts. Using sub-micrometer, E-cadherin-coated PDMS pillars, we find that cells generate local contractions between E-cadherin adhesions and pull to a constant distance for a constant duration, irrespective of pillar rigidity. These cadherin contractions require non-muscle myosin IIB, tropomyosin 2.1, -catenin and binding of vinculin to -catenin; plus, they are correlated with rigidity-dependent cell spreading. Without contractions, cells fail to spread to different areas on soft and rigid surfaces and to maintain monolayer integrity. We further observe that cadherin contractions enable cells to test myosin IIA-mediated tension of neighboring cells, and sort out myosin IIA-depleted cells. Thus, we suggest that epithelial cells test and respond to the mechanical characteristics of neighboring cells through cadherin contractions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mege, R.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladoux, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheetz, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/318642</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local Contractions Test Rigidity of E-Cadherin Adhesions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/318857v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quality Control and Integration of Genotypes from Two Calling Pipelines for Whole Genome Sequence Data in the Alzheimer’s Disease Sequencing Project 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/318857v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Alzheimers Disease Sequencing Project (ADSP) performed whole genome sequencing (WGS) of 584 subjects from 111 multiplex families at three sequencing centers. Genotype calling of single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and insertion-deletion variants (indels) was performed centrally using GATK-HaplotypeCaller and Atlas V2. The ADSP Quality Control (QC) Working Group applied QC protocols to project-level variant call format files (VCFs) from each pipeline, and developed and implemented a novel protocol, termed "consensus calling," to combine genotype calls from both pipelines into a single high-quality set. QC was applied to autosomal bi-allelic SNVs and indels, and included pipeline-recommended QC filters, variant-level QC, and sample-level QC. Low-quality variants or genotypes were excluded, and sample outliers were noted. Quality was assessed by examining Mendelian inconsistencies (MIs) among 67 parent-offspring pairs, and MIs were used to establish additional genotype-specific filters for GATK calls. After QC, 578 subjects remained. Pipeline-specific QC excluded ~12.0% of GATK and 14.5% of Atlas SNVs. Between pipelines, ~91% of SNV genotypes across all QCed variants were concordant; 4.23% and 4.56% of genotypes were exclusive to Atlas or GATK, respectively; the remaining ~0.01% of discordant genotypes were excluded. For indels, variant-level QC excluded ~36.8% of GATK and 35.3% of Atlas indels. Between pipelines, ~55.6% of indel genotypes were concordant; while 10.3% and 28.3% were exclusive to Atlas or GATK, respectively; and ~0.29% of discordant genotypes were. The final WGS consensus dataset contains 27,896,774 SNVs and 3,133,926 indels and is publicly available.nnAbbreviationsAD, Alzheimers disease; QC, Quality Control; LSSAC, Large-Scale Sequencing and Analysis Center; Broad, Broad Institute Genomics Service; Baylor, Baylor College of Medicine Human Genome Sequencing Center; WashU, Washington University-St. Louis McDonnell Genome Institute; WGS, whole genome sequencing; WES, whole exome sequencing; indel, insertion-deletion variants; VCF, variant control format; MI, Mendelian inconsistency; MC, Mendelian consistency; GWAS, genome-wide association study; VR, referent allele read depth; DP, overall read depth; MS, mapping score; GQ, genotype quality score; Ti/Tv, Transition/Transversion; CS, concordance code
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Naj, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardarajan, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lancour, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butkiewicz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bush, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunkle, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malamon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton-Nelson, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Lee, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koboldt, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nato, A. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sohi, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuzma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alzheimer's Disease Sequencing Project (ADSP),</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cupples, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Duijn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seshadri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schellenberg, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerwinkle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bis, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupuis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salerno, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wijsman, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeStefano, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/318857</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quality Control and Integration of Genotypes from Two Calling Pipelines for Whole Genome Sequence Data in the Alzheimer’s Disease Sequencing Project]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/319368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Widespread Alterations in Translation Elongation in the Brain of Juvenile Fmr1 Knock-Out Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/319368v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
FMRP is a polysome-associated RNA-binding protein encoded by Fmr1 that is lost in Fragile X syndrome. Increasing evidence suggests that FMRP regulates both translation initiation and elongation, but the gene-specificity of these effects is unclear. To elucidate the impact of Fmr1 loss on translation, we used ribosome profiling for genome-wide measurements of ribosomal occupancy and positioning in the cortex of 24 day-old Fmr1 knock-out mice. We found a remarkably coherent reduction in ribosome footprint abundance per mRNA for previously identified, high-affinity mRNA binding partners of FMRP, and an increase for terminal oligo-pyrimidine (TOP) motif-containing genes canonically controlled by mTOR-4EBP-eIF4E signaling. Amino acid motif- and gene-level analyses both showed a widespread reduction of translational pausing in Fmr1 knock-out mice. Our findings are consistent with a model of FMRP-mediated regulation of both translation initiation through eIF4E and elongation that is disrupted in Fragile X syndrome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Das Sharma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metz, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobson, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hornstein, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulzer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sims, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/319368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Widespread Alterations in Translation Elongation in the Brain of Juvenile Fmr1 Knock-Out Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/319582v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal morphologies built for reliable physiology in a rhythmic motor circuit 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/319582v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neurons of the crustacean stomatogastric ganglion (STG) exhibit highly-conserved firing patterns, voltage waveforms, and circuit functions despite quantifiable animal-to-animal variability in their neuronal morphologies. In recent work, we showed that one neuron type, the Gastric Mill (GM) neuron, is electrotonically compact and operates much like a single compartment, despite having thousands of branch points and a total cable length on the order of 10 mm. Here, we explore how STG neurite morphology shapes voltage signal propagation and summation in four STG neuron types. We use focal glutamate photo-uncaging in tandem with somatic intracellular recordings to examine passive electrotonic structure and voltage signal summation in the GM neuron and three additional STG neuron types: Lateral Pyloric (LP), Ventricular Dilator (VD), and Pyloric Dilator (PD) neurons. In each neuron, we measured the amplitudes and apparent reversal potentials (Erevs) of inhibitory responses evoked with focal glutamate photo-uncaging at more than 20 sites varying in their distance (100-800 m) from the somatic recording site in the presence of TTX. Apparent Erevs were relatively invariant (mean CVs = 0.04, 0.06, 0.05, and 0.08 for 5-6 GM, LP, PD, VD neurons, respectively), suggesting that all four neuron types are similarly electrotonically uniform and compact. We then characterized the directional sensitivity and arithmetic of voltage summation (with fast sequential activation of 4-6 sites) in individual STG neurites. All four neuron types showed no directional bias in voltage signal summation and linear voltage summation. We motivate these experiments with a proof-of-concept computational model that suggests the immense tapering of STG neurite diameters: from 10-20 m to sub-micron diameters at the terminal tips, may explain the uniform electrotonic structures experimentally observed and contribute to the robust nature of this central pattern-generating circuit.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Otopalik, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marder, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/319582</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal morphologies built for reliable physiology in a rhythmic motor circuit]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/319707v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Beyond the SNP threshold: identifying outbreak clusters using inferred transmissions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/319707v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whole genome sequencing (WGS) is increasingly used to aid in understanding pathogen transmission [1]. Very often the number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) separating isolates collected during an epidemiological study are used to identify sets of cases that are potentially linked by direct transmission. However, there is little agreement in the literature as to what an appropriate SNP cut-off threshold should be, or indeed whether a simple SNP threshold is appropriate for identifying sets of isolates to be treated as "transmission clusters". The SNP thresholds that have been adopted for inferring transmission vary widely even for one pathogen. As an alternative to reliance on a strict SNP threshold, we suggest that the key inferential target when studying the spread of an infectious disease is the number of transmission events separating cases. Here we describe a new framework for deciding whether two pathogen genomes should be considered as part of the same transmission cluster, based jointly on the number of SNP differences and the length of time over which those differences have accumulated. Our approach allows us to probabilistically characterize the number of inferred transmission events that separate cases. We show how this framework can be modified to consider variable mutation rates across the genome (e.g. SNPs associated with drug resistance) and we indicate how the methodology can be extended to incorporate epidemiological data such as spatial proximity. We use recent data collected from tuberculosis studies from British Columbia, Canada and the Republic of Moldova to apply and compare our clustering method to the SNP threshold approach. In the British Columbia data, different cases break off from the main clusters as cut-off thresholds are lowered; the transmission-based method obtains slightly different clusters than the SNP cut-offs. For the Moldova data, straightforward application of the methods shows no appreciable difference, but when we take into account the fact that resistance conferring sites likely do not follow the same mutation clock as most sites due to selection, the transmission-based approach differs from the SNP cut-off method. Outbreak simulations confirm that our transmission based method is at least as good at identifying direct transmissions as a SNP cut-off. We conclude that the new method is a promising step towards establishing a more robust identification of outbreaks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stimson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardy, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathema, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crudu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colijn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/319707</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Beyond the SNP threshold: identifying outbreak clusters using inferred transmissions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/320739v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tumor suppressor DAPK1 catalyzes adhesion assembly on rigid but anoikis on soft matrices 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/320739v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer cells will normally grow on soft surfaces, but if rigidity sensing modules are restored in cancer cells, they will undergo apoptosis on soft surfaces (anoikis) like most normal cells. DAPK1 is a major tumor suppressor that activates cell death, but it is unclear how DAPK1 could activate anoikis through rigidity sensing. Here we find that when rigidity sensing is decreased through inhibition of DAPK1 activity, cells are transformed for growth on soft matrices. Further, DAPK1 catalyzes matrix adhesion assembly and is part of adhesions on rigid surfaces. Additional factors include DAPK1 phosphorylation of tropomyosin2.1, talin1 head domain and tyrosine phosphorylation of DAPK1 by Src. On soft surfaces, DAPK1 rapidly dissociates from the adhesion complexes and activates apoptosis that requires PTPN12 activity and talin1 head. Thus, DAPK1 is important for adhesion assembly on rigid surfaces and the activation of anoikis on soft surfaces through its binding to rigidity-sensing modules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfenson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saxena, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheetz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/320739</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tumor suppressor DAPK1 catalyzes adhesion assembly on rigid but anoikis on soft matrices]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/320838v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GLMdenoise improves multivariate pattern analysis of fMRI data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/320838v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
GLMdenoise is a denoising technique for task-based fMRI. In GLMdenoise, estimates of spatially correlated noise (which may be physiological, instrumental, motion-related, or neural in origin) are derived from the data and incorporated as nuisance regressors in a general linear model (GLM) analysis. We previously showed that GLMdenoise outperforms a variety of other denoising techniques in terms of cross-validation accuracy of GLM estimates (Kay et al., 2013a). However, the practical impact of denoising for experimental studies remains unclear. Here we examine whether and to what extent GLMdenoise improves sensitivity in the context of multivariate pattern analysis of fMRI data. On a large number of participants (31 participants across 4 experiments; 3 T, gradient-echo, spatial resolution 2-3.75 mm, temporal resolution 1.3-2 s, number of conditions 32-75), we perform representational similarity analysis (Kriegeskorte et al., 2008a) as well as pattern classification (Haxby et al., 2001). We find that GLMdenoise substantially improves replicability of representational dissimilarity matrices (RDMs) across independent splits of each participants dataset (average RDM replicability increases from r = 0.46 to r = 0.61). Additionally, we find that GLMdenoise substantially improves pairwise classification accuracy (average classification accuracy increases from 79% correct to 84% correct). We show that GLMdenoise often improves and never degrades performance for individual participants and that GLMdenoise also improves across-participant consistency. We conclude that GLMdenoise is a useful tool that can be routinely used to maximize the amount of information extracted from fMRI activity patterns.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Charest, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriegeskorte, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kay, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/320838</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GLMdenoise improves multivariate pattern analysis of fMRI data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/320952v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unattended but actively stored: EEG dynamics reveal a dissociation between selective attention and storage in working memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/320952v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Selective attention plays a prominent role in prioritizing information in working memory (WM), improving performance for attended representations. However, it remains unclear what the consequences of selection are for the maintenance of unattended WM representations, and whether this results in information loss. Here we tested the hypothesis that within WM, selectively attending to an item and the decision to stop storing other items involve independent mechanisms. We recorded EEG while participants performed a WM recall task in which the item most likely to be tested was cued retrospectively. By manipulating retro-cue reliability (i.e. the ratio of valid to invalid cue trials) we varied the incentive to retain uncued items. Contralateral alpha power suppression, a proxy for attention, indicated that, initially, the cued item was attended equally following high and low reliability cues, but attention was sustained throughout the delay period only after high reliability cues. Furthermore, contralateral delay activity (CDA), a proxy for storage, indicated that non-cued items were dropped sooner from WM after highly reliability cues than after cues with low reliability. These results show that attention and storage in WM are distinct processes that can behave differently depending on the relative importance of WM representations, as expressed in dissociable EEG signals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gunseli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fahrenfort, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Moorselaar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daoultzis, K. C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meeter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olivers, C. N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/320952</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unattended but actively stored: EEG dynamics reveal a dissociation between selective attention and storage in working memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/320978v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ZAG-1/ZEB and EGL-44/TEAD form a negative feedback loop to safeguard the choice of cell fate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/320978v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Terminal differentiation generates the specialized features and functions that allow postmitotic cells to acquire their distinguishing characteristics. This process is thought to be controlled by transcription factors called "terminal selectors" that directly activate a set of downstream effector genes. In Caenorhabditis elegans the differentiation of both the mechanosensory touch receptor neurons (TRNs) and the multidendritic nociceptor FLP neurons utilize the terminal selectors UNC-86 and MEC-3. The FLP neurons fail to activate TRN genes, however, because a complex of two transcriptional repressors (EGL-44/EGL-46) prevents their expression. Here we show that the ZEB family transcriptional factor ZAG-1 promotes TRN differentiation not by activating TRN genes but by preventing the expression of EGL-44/EGL-46. Since EGL-44/EGL-46 also inhibits the production of ZAG-1, these proteins form a bistable, negative feedback loop that regulates the choice between the two neuronal fates.nnSummary statementTranscriptional repressors regulate binary fate choices through reciprocal inhibition during terminal neuronal differentiation. Specifically, ZEB family transcription factor safeguards fate specification of touch receptor neuron by inhibiting TEA domain-containing repressor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zheng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, F. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trippe, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalfie, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/320978</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ZAG-1/ZEB and EGL-44/TEAD form a negative feedback loop to safeguard the choice of cell fate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/321711v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic selection and the DNA methylation signatures of adverse prenatal environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/321711v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Maternal adversity is associated with long-term physiological changes in offspring. These are believed to be mediated through epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation (DNAm). Changes in DNAm are often interpreted as damage or as part of plastic responses of the embryo. We propose that selection on stochastic DNAm differences generated during epigenetic reprogramming after fertilization contributes to the effects of maternal adversity on DNAm. Using a mathematical model of epigenetic reprogramming in the early embryo we predict that this "epigenetic selection" will generate a characteristic reduction in variance of DNAm at selected loci in populations exposed to maternal adversity. We tested this prediction using DNAm data from a human cohort prenatally exposed to the Dutch Famine and confirmed the reduction in DNAm variance, suggesting that epigenetic selection may have occurred. Epigenetic selection should be considered as a possible mechanism linking adversity in pregnancy to offspring health and may have implications for the likely effectiveness of intervention strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tobi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Heuvel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zwaan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lumey, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heijmans, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uller, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/321711</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic selection and the DNA methylation signatures of adverse prenatal environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/322495v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss-of-function in IRF2BPL is associated with neurological phenotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/322495v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Interferon Regulatory Factor 2 Binding Protein Like (IRF2BPL) gene encodes a member of the IRF2BP family of transcriptional regulators. Currently the biological function of this gene is obscure, and the gene has not been associated with a Mendelian disease. Here we describe seven individuals affected with neurological symptoms who carry damaging heterozygous variants in IRF2BPL. Five cases carrying nonsense variants in IRF2BPL resulting in a premature stop codon display severe neurodevelopmental regression, hypotonia, progressive ataxia, seizures, and a lack of coordination. Two additional individuals, both with missense variants, display global developmental delay and seizures and a relatively milder phenotype than those with nonsense alleles. The bioinformatics signature for IRF2BPL based on population genomics is consistent with a gene that is intolerant to variation. We show that the IRF2BPL ortholog in the fruit fly, called pits (protein interacting with Ttk69 and Sin3A), is broadly expressed including the nervous system. Complete loss of pits is lethal early in development, whereas partial knock-down with RNA interference in neurons leads to neurodegeneration, revealing requirement for this gene in proper neuronal function and maintenance. The nonsense variants in IRF2BPL identified in patients behave as severe loss-of-function alleles in this model organism, while ectopic expression of the missense variants leads to a range of phenotypes. Taken together, IRF2BPL and pits are required in the nervous system in humans and flies, and their loss leads to a range of neurological phenotypes in both species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marcogliese, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shashi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spillmann, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stong, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenfeld, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koenig, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Agosto, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herzog, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickson, P. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vera, M. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salamon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortiz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Infante, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steyaert, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dermaut, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poppe, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, H.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuo, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, P.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanca, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jasien, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kansagra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiridigliozzi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Dairi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lark, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riley, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koeberl, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golden-Grant, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Program for Undiagnosed Diseases (UD-PrOZA),</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Undiagnosed Diseases Network,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamamoto, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wangler, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirzaa, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hemelsoet, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/322495</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss-of-function in IRF2BPL is associated with neurological phenotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/323295v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
D-amino acid-mediated translation arrest is modulated by the identity of the incoming aminoacyl-tRNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/323295v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A complete understanding of the determinants that restrict D-amino acid incorporation by the ribosome, which is of interest to both basic biologists as well as the protein engineering community, remains elusive. Previously, we demonstrated that D-amino acids are successfully incorporated into the C-terminus of the nascent polypeptide chain. Ribosomes carrying the resulting peptidyl-D-aminoacyl-tRNA (peptidyl-D-aa-tRNA) donor substrate, however, partition into subpopulations that either undergo translation arrest through inactivation of the ribosomal peptidyl-transferase center (PTC) or remain translationally competent. The proportion of each subpopulation is determined by the identity of the D-amino acid sidechain. Here, we demonstrate that the identity of the aminoacyl-tRNA (aa-tRNA) acceptor substrate that is delivered to ribosomes carrying a peptidyl-D-aa-tRNA donor further modulates this partitioning. Our discovery demonstrates that it is the pairing of the peptidyl-D-aa-tRNA donor and the aa-tRNA acceptor that determines the activity of the PTC. Moreover, we provide evidence that both the amino acid and tRNA components of the aa-tRNA donor contribute synergistically to the extent of arrest. The results of this work deepen our understanding of the mechanism of D-amino acid-mediated translation arrest and how cells avoid this precarious obstacle, reveal similarities to other translation arrest mechanisms involving the PTC, and provide a new route for improving the yields of engineered proteins containing D-amino acids.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fleisher, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornish, V. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/323295</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[D-amino acid-mediated translation arrest is modulated by the identity of the incoming aminoacyl-tRNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/323683v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complex-centric proteome profiling by SEC-SWATH-MS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/323683v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteins are major effectors and regulators of biological processes that can elicit multiple functions depending on their interaction with other proteins. The organization of proteins into macromolecular complexes and their quantitative distribution across these complexes is, therefore, of great biological and clinical significance.nnIn this paper we describe an integrated experimental and computational technique to quantify hundreds of protein complexes in a single operation. The method consists of size exclusion chromatography (SEC) to fractionate native protein complexes, SWATH/DIA mass spectrometry to precisely quantify the proteins in each SEC fraction and the computational framework CCprofiler to detect and quantify protein complexes by error-controlled, complex-centric analysis using prior information from generic protein interaction maps.nnOur analysis of the HEK293 cell line proteome delineates 462 complexes composed of 2127 protein subunits. The technique identifies novel subcomplexes and assembly intermediates of central regulatory complexes while assessing the quantitative subunit distribution across them. We make the toolset CCprofiler freely accessible, and provide a web platform, SECexplorer, for custom exploration of the HEK293 proteome modularity.nnHighlightsO_LIIntroduction of the concept of complex-centric proteome profilingnC_LIO_LIDevelopment of CCprofiler, a software framework for complex-centric data analysisnC_LIO_LIDetection and quantification of subunit distribution of 462 distinct protein complexes containing 2127 proteins from a SEC-SWATH-MS dataset of HEK293 cells, and identification of novel complex variants such as assembly intermediatesnC_LIO_LIStatistical target-decoy model to estimate accurate false discovery rates for complexes quantified by complex-centric analysisnC_LIO_LISECexplorer, an online platform to support custom complex-centric exploration of SEC-SWATH-MS datasets.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heusel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bludau, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hafen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banaei-Esfahani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gstaiger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aebersold, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/323683</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complex-centric proteome profiling by SEC-SWATH-MS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/324665v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Common Neural Code for Reward and Information Value 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/324665v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adaptive acquisition of information is critical for goal-directed behavior. Popular theories posit that information acquisition is driven by intrinsic motives (curiosity or exploration bonus) and mediated by valuation system. However, they are insufficient when agents need to evaluate instrumental benefit of new information in a forward-looking manner. We tested whether human brain computes value of information (VOI) on a scale common with more basic rewards to acquire information. In an fMRI task, subjects purchased information for choices on monetary lotteries. Behaviorally, subjective VOI was largely driven by instrumental benefit, as normatively predicted, but additionally affected by non-instrumental motive, particularly the utility of anticipation. Neurally, VOI was represented in striatum, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Cross-categorical decoding revealed that these regions use a common scale for VOI and another type of value, expected utility of the lotteries. These provide new insight on neurocognitive mechanism of forward-looking, value-based information acquisition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kobayashi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/324665</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Common Neural Code for Reward and Information Value]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/325464v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Connecting Patterns of Tumor Growth with Sex Differences in Extreme Survivorship for Primary Glioblastoma Patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/325464v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSex is recognized as a significant determinant of outcome among glioblastoma patients, but the relative prognostic importance of glioblastoma features has not been thoroughly explored for sex differences.nnMethodsCombining multi-modal MR images, biomathematical models, and patient clinical information, this investigation assesses which pretreatment variables have a sex-specific impact on the survival of glioblastoma patients. Pretreatment MR images of 494 glioblastoma patients (299 males and 195 females) were segmented to quantify tumor volumes. Cox proportional hazard (CPH) models and Students t-tests were used to assess which variables were associated with survival outcomes.nnResultsAmong males, tumor (T1Gd) radius was a predictor of overall survival (HR=1.027, p=0.044). Among females, higher tumor cell net invasion rate was a significant detriment to overall survival (HR=1.011, p<0.001). Female extreme survivors had significantly smaller tumors (T1Gd) (p=0.010 t-test), but tumor size was not correlated with female overall survival (p=0.955 CPH). Both male and female extreme survivors had significantly lower tumor cell net proliferation rates than other patients (M p=0.004, F p=0.001, t-test). Additionally, extent of resection, tumor laterality, and IDH1 mutation status were also found to have sex-specific effects on overall survival.nnConclusionDespite similar distributions of the MR imaging parameters between males and females, there was a sex-specific difference in how these parameters related to outcomes, which emphasizes the importance of considering sex as a biological factor when determining patient prognosis and treatment approach.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Whitmire, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rickertsen, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkins-Daarud, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrasco, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorence, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Leon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curtin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayless, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark-Swanson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peeri, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corpuz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis-de los Angeles, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bendok, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Cuyar, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vora, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mrugala, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porter, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumthekar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egan, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gatenby, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canoll, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swanson, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/325464</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Connecting Patterns of Tumor Growth with Sex Differences in Extreme Survivorship for Primary Glioblastoma Patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/327098v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Overlooked roles of DNA damage and maternal age in generating human germline mutations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/327098v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although the textbook view is that most germline mutations arise from replication errors, when analyzing large de novo mutation datasets in humans, we find multiple lines of evidence that call that understanding into question. Notably, despite the drastic increase in the ratio of male to female germ cell divisions after the onset of spermatogenesis, even young fathers contribute three times more mutations than young mothers, and this ratio barely increases with parental ages. This surprising finding points to a substantial contribution of damage-induced mutations. Indeed, C to G transversions and CpG transitions, which together constitute one third of all mutations, show genomic distributions and sex-specific age dependencies indicative of doublestrand break repair and methylation-associated damage, respectively. Moreover, the data indicate that maternal age at conception influences the mutation rate both because of the accumulation of damage in oocytes and potentially through an influence on the number of postzygotic mutations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moorjani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amster, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przeworski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/327098</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Overlooked roles of DNA damage and maternal age in generating human germline mutations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/329698v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Base-pair Ambiguity and the Kinetics of RNA Folding: a Hypothesis-Driven Statistical Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/329698v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundA folding RNA molecule encounters multiple opportunities to form non-native yet energetically favorable pairings of nucleotide sequences. Given this forbidding free-energy landscape, mechanisms have evolved that contribute to a directed and efficient folding process, including catalytic proteins and error-detecting chaperones. Among structural RNA molecules we make a distinction between "bound" molecules, which are active as part of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes, and "unbound," with physiological functions performed without necessarily being bound in RNP complexes. We hypothesized that unbound molecules, lacking the partnering structure of a protein, would be more vulnerable than bound molecules to kinetic traps that compete with native stem structures. We defined an "ambiguity index"--a normalized function of the primary and secondary structure of an individual molecule that measures the number of kinetic traps available to nucleotide sequences that are paired in the native structure, presuming that unbound molecules would have lower indexes. The ambiguity index depends on the purported secondary structure, and was computed under both the comparative ("gold standard") and an equilibrium-based prediction which approximates the minimum free energy (MFE) structure. Arguing that kinetically accessible metastable structures might be more biologically relevant than thermodynamic equilibrium structures, we also hypothesized that MFE-derived ambiguities would be less effective in separating bound and unbound molecules.nnResultsWe have introduced an intuitive and easily computed function of primary and secondary structures that measures the availability of complementary sequences that could disrupt the formation of native stems on a given molecule--an ambiguity index. Using comparative secondary structures, the ambiguity index is systematically smaller among unbound than bound molecules, as expected. Furthermore, the effect is lost when the presumably more accurate comparative structure is replaced instead by the MFE structure.nnConclusionsA statistical analysis of the relationship between the primary and secondary structures of non-coding RNA molecules suggests that stem-disrupting kinetic traps are substantially less prevalent in molecules not participating in RNP complexes. In that this distinction is apparent under the comparative but not the MFE secondary structure, the results highlight a possible deficiency in structure predictions when based upon assumptions of thermodynamic equilibrium.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loper, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/329698</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Base-pair Ambiguity and the Kinetics of RNA Folding: a Hypothesis-Driven Statistical Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/334706v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Penalized matrix decomposition for denoising, compression, and improved demixing of functional imaging data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/334706v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Calcium imaging has revolutionized systems neuroscience, providing the ability to image large neural populations with single-cell resolution. The resulting datasets are quite large (with scales of TB/hour in some cases), which has presented a barrier to routine open sharing of this data, slowing progress in reproducible research. State of the art methods for analyzing this data are based on non-negative matrix factorization (NMF); these approaches solve a non-convex optimization problem, and are highly effective when good initializations are available, but can break down e.g. in low-SNR settings where common initialization approaches fail.nnHere we introduce an improved approach to compressing and denoising functional imaging data. The method is based on a spatially-localized penalized matrix decomposition (PMD) of the data to separate (low-dimensional) signal from (temporally-uncorrelated) noise. This approach can be applied in parallel on local spatial patches and is therefore highly scalable, does not impose non-negativity constraints or require stringent identifiability assumptions (leading to significantly more robust results compared to NMF), and estimates all parameters directly from the data, so no hand-tuning is required. We have applied the method to a wide range of functional imaging data (including one-photon, two-photon, three-photon, widefield, somatic, axonal, dendritic, calcium, and voltage imaging datasets): in all cases, we observe ~2-4x increases in SNR and compression rates of 20-300x with minimal visible loss of signal, with no adjustment of hyperparameters; this in turn facilitates the process of demixing the observed activity into contributions from individual neurons. We focus on two challenging applications: dendritic calcium imaging data and voltage imaging data in the context of optogenetic stimulation. In both cases, we show that our new approach leads to faster and much more robust extraction of activity from the video data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Buchanan, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinsella, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerhard, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrante, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reimer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fahey, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muhammad, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dempsey, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolias, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/334706</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Penalized matrix decomposition for denoising, compression, and improved demixing of functional imaging data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/335919v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Binary transcriptional control of pattern formation in development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/335919v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predicting developmental outcomes from regulatory DNA sequence and transcription factor patterns remains an open challenge in physical biology. Using stripe 2 of the even-skipped gene in Drosophila embryos as a case study, we dissect the regulatory forces underpinning a key step along the developmental decision-making cascade: the generation of cytoplasmic mRNA patterns via the control of transcription in individual cells. Using live imaging and computational approaches, we found that the transcriptional burst frequency is modulated across the stripe to control the mRNA production rate. However, we discovered that bursting alone cannot quantitatively recapitulate the formation of the stripe, and that control of the window of time over which each nucleus transcribes even-skipped plays a critical role in stripe formation. Theoretical modeling revealed that these regulatory strategies--bursting and the time window--obey different kinds of regulatory logic, suggesting that the stripe is shaped by the interplay of two distinct underlying molecular processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lammers, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galstyan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reimer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medin, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiggins, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/335919</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Binary transcriptional control of pattern formation in development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/335992v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optogenetic silencing of immature and mature neurons in dentate gyrus to assess their roles in memory discriminations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/335992v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Discriminating similar memories and events depends on the dentate gyrus region of the hippocampus. This region is also distinctive because neurogenesis continues in adulthood. Whether both mature and immature granule cells play a role in memory discrimination, and whether the roles are distinct is actively investigated. Here we demonstrate that manipulating either mature or immature granule cells can impair discrimination of similar active place avoidance memories, but the manipulations have different effects. We also observe that prior experience modulates which memories are compromised by inactivation of immature neurons. These data demonstrate the importance of the dentate gyrus network of cells for memory discrimination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van Dijk, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenton, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/335992</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optogenetic silencing of immature and mature neurons in dentate gyrus to assess their roles in memory discriminations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/338475v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Faces and voices in the brain: a modality-general person-identity representation in superior temporal sulcus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/338475v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Face-selective and voice-selective brain regions have been shown to represent face-identity and voice-identity, respectively. Here we investigated whether there are modality-general person-identity representations in the brain that can be driven by either a face or a voice, and that invariantly represent naturalistically varying face and voice tokens of the same identity. According to two distinct models, such representations could exist either in multimodal brain regions (Campanella and Belin, 2007) or in face-selective brain regions via direct coupling between face- and voice-selective regions (von Kriegstein et al., 2005). To test the predictions of these two models, we used fMRI to measure brain activity patterns elicited by the faces and voices of familiar people in multimodal, face-selective and voice-selective brain regions. We used representational similarity analysis (RSA) to compare the representational geometries of face- and voice-elicited person-identities, and to investigate the degree to which pattern discriminants for pairs of identities generalise from one modality to the other. We found no matching geometries for faces and voices in any brain regions. However, we showed crossmodal generalisation of the pattern discriminants in the multimodal right posterior superior temporal sulcus (rpSTS), suggesting a modality-general person-identity representation in this region. Importantly, the rpSTS showed invariant representations of face- and voice-identities, in that discriminants were trained and tested on independent face videos (different viewpoint, lighting, background) and voice recordings (different vocalizations). Our findings support the Multimodal Processing Model, which proposes that face and voice information is integrated in multimodal brain regions.nnSignificance statementIt is possible to identify a familiar person either by looking at their face or by listening to their voice. Using fMRI and representational similarity analysis (RSA) we show that the right posterior superior sulcus (rpSTS), a multimodal brain region that responds to both faces and voices, contains representations that can distinguish between familiar people independently of whether we are looking at their face or listening to their voice. Crucially, these representations generalised across different particular face videos and voice recordings. Our findings suggest that identity information from visual and auditory processing systems is combined and integrated in the multimodal rpSTS region.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsantani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriegeskorte, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGettigan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrido, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/338475</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Faces and voices in the brain: a modality-general person-identity representation in superior temporal sulcus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/341008v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Network Reconstruction from Perturbation Time Course Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/341008v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Networks underlie much of biology from subcellular to ecological scales. Yet, understanding what experimental data are needed and how to use them for unambiguously identifying the structure of even small networks remains a broad challenge. Here, we integrate a dynamic least squares framework into established modular response analysis (DL-MRA), that specifies sufficient experimental perturbation time course data to robustly infer arbitrary two and three node networks. DL-MRA considers important network properties that current methods often struggle to capture: (i) edge sign and directionality; (ii) cycles with feedback or feedforward loops including self-regulation; (iii) dynamic network behavior; (iv) edges external to the network; and (v) robust performance with experimental noise. We evaluate the performance of and the extent to which the approach applies to cell state transition networks, intracellular signaling networks, and gene regulatory networks. Although signaling networks are often an application of network reconstruction methods, the results suggest that only under quite restricted conditions can they be robustly inferred. For gene regulatory networks, the results suggest that incomplete knockdown is often more informative than full knockout perturbation, which may change experimental strategies for gene regulatory network reconstruction. Overall, the results give a rational basis to experimental data requirements for network reconstruction and can be applied to any such problem where perturbation time course experiments are possible.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouhaddou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anglin, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zadeh, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erskin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birtwistle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/341008</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Network Reconstruction from Perturbation Time Course Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/343780v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A single cell-based atlas of human microglial states reveals associations with neurological disorders and histopathological features of the aging brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/343780v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies of bulk microglia have provided insights into the role of this immune cell type in central nervous system development, homeostasis and dysfunction. Nonetheless, our understanding of the diversity of human microglial cell states remains limited; microglia are highly plastic and have multiple different roles, making the extent of phenotypic heterogeneity a central question, especially in light of the development of therapies targeting this cell type. Here, we investigated the population structure of human microglia by single-cell RNA-sequencing. Using surgical- and autopsy-derived cortical brain samples, we identified 14 human microglial subpopulations and noted substantial intra- and inter-individual heterogeneity. These putative subpopulations display divergent associations with Alzheimers disease, multiple sclerosis, and other diseases. Several states show enrichment for genes found in disease-associated mouse microglial states, suggesting additional diversity among human microglia. Overall, human microglia appear to exist in different functional states with varying levels of involvement in different brain pathologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olah, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habib, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taga, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yung, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cimpean, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khairalla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dionne, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopp, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frosch, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyman, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beach, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkis, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cosgrove, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helgager, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golden, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pennell, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elyaman, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradshaw, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/343780</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A single cell-based atlas of human microglial states reveals associations with neurological disorders and histopathological features of the aging brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/345330v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparison of stimulus-evoked BOLD responses in human and monkey visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/345330v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We characterized the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal in humans and macaque monkeys by comparing the response in visual cortex to a single checkerboard or two checkerboards, spaced 1.5, 3.0, or 4.5 s apart. We found that the magnitude and shape of the BOLD response to a single checkerboard was similar in the two species. In addition, we found that the BOLD responses summed similarly, and that at an inter-stimulus interval (ISI) of 4.5 sec BOLD summation was nearly linear in both species. When comparing the ratio of the amplitude of the response to the second checkerboard at the 4.5 sec ISI with that of the single checkerboard between subjects in both species, the results from both monkey subjects fell within one standard deviation of the mean human results (human mean (n=12): .95 +/- .31 second/single response amplitude; monkey 1: 1.16; monkey 2: .86). At the shorter ISIs, both species demonstrated increased suppression of the BOLD response to the second checkerboard. These findings indicate that the magnitude of the BOLD response to events separated by 4.5 seconds can be accurately measured in and compared between human and monkey visual cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patel, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbetta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/345330</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparison of stimulus-evoked BOLD responses in human and monkey visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/345363v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Topographic Organization of Extraoccipital Visual Processing Areas in the Macaque 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/345363v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The macaque visual system has long been used as a model for investigating the processing of incoming visual stimuli results from the coordinated work of a distributed network of areas interacting at many different levels (Felleman and Van Essen, 1991). While much is known about the organization and layout of the occipital visual areas, there are still substantial gaps in our understanding of layout and organization of the higher-level areas. The goal of this study is to describe the whole brain functional anatomy using BOLD-fMRI in macaques performing a series of demanding visuospatial attention tasks. We wish to study the spatial specificity of visual responses in terms of contralateral preference, i.e. stronger responses to contralateral visual stimuli, as well as retinotopic organization both in terms of polar angle and eccentricity. We found that most visuospatial processing areas only respond to contralaterally presented stimuli; ipsilaterally presented stimuli evoked little or no activity in these areas. Additionally, we found that LIP, MT, and possibly PITd contained polar-angle maps of the contralateral hemifield. These same areas, plus FEF and area 46, appear to have separate representations of the fovea and periphery. When compared to previous human fMRI studies, these results indicate that there may be significant differences between macaque visual processing areas and their putative human homologues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patel, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbetta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/345363</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Topographic Organization of Extraoccipital Visual Processing Areas in the Macaque]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/345439v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Attentional Modulation of Macaque Visual Processing Areas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/345439v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References The visual expectation that an object will appear at a certain location or time may increase the accuracy and speed of its detection (Eriksen and Hoffman, 1974; Posner, 1980; Carrasco et al., 2000; Dosher and Z-L., 2000). The ability to use prior information to enhance the processing of visual stimuli at a specific location is critical for quickly sorting through the myriad of incoming stimuli and making decisions regarding future actions. This selection process, known as visual attention, appears to be fundamental to our ability to navigate and interact with the environment, and accordingly has been the focus of innumerable psychological and neurobiological studies (Pa ...
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patel, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbetta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/345439</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Attentional Modulation of Macaque Visual Processing Areas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/345645v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accuracy and reliability of PBR28 specific binding estimated without the use of a reference region 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/345645v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
[11C]PBR28 is a positron emission tomography radioligand used to estimate the expression of 18kDa translocator protein (TSPO). TSPO is expressed on glial cells and can function as a marker for immune activation. Since TSPO is expressed throughout the brain, no true reference region exists. For this reason, an arterial input function is required for accurate quantification of [11C]PBR28 binding and the most common outcome measure is the total distribution volume (VT). Notably, VT reflects both specific binding and non-displaceable binding (VND). Therefore, estimates of specific binding, such as binding potentials (e.g., BPND) and specific distribution volume (VS) should theoretically be more sensitive to underlying differences in TSPO expression. It is unknown, however, if unbiased and accurate estimates of these measures are obtainable for [11C]PBR28.nnThe Simultaneous Estimation (SIME) method uses time-activity-curves from multiple brain regions with the aim to obtain a brain-wide estimate of VND, which can subsequently be used to improve the estimation of BPND and VS. In this study we evaluated the accuracy of SIME-derived VND, and the reliability of resulting estimates of specific binding for [11C]PBR28, using a combination of simulation experiments and in vivo studies in healthy humans.nnThe simulation experiments showed that VND values estimated using SIME were both precise and accurate. Data from a pharmacological competition challenge showed that SIME provided VND values that were on average 19% lower than those obtained using the Lassen plot, but similar to values obtained using the Likelihood-Estimation of Occupancy technique. Test-retest data showed that SIME-derived VS values exhibited good reliability and precision, while larger variability was observed in SIME-derived BPND values.nnThe results support the use of SIME for quantifying specific binding of [11C]PB28, and suggest that VS can be used in preference to, or as a complement to the conventional outcome measure VT. Additional studies in patient cohorts are warranted.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Plaven-Sigray, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanderigo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karolinska [11C]PBR28 study group,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabiner, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunn, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogden, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cervenka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/345645</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accuracy and reliability of PBR28 specific binding estimated without the use of a reference region]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/345801v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Measurement of selective constraint on human gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/345801v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene expression variation is a major contributor to phenotypic variation in human complex traits. Selection on complex traits may therefore be reflected in constraint on gene expression levels. Here, we explore the effects of stabilizing selection on cis-regulatory genetic variation in humans. We analyze patterns of expression variation at copy number variants and find evidence for selection against large increases in gene expression. Using allele-specific expression (ASE) data, we further show evidence of selection against smaller-effect variants. We estimate that, across all genes, singletons in a sample of 122 individuals have approximately 2.5 x greater effects on expression variance than common variants. Despite their increased effect sizes relative to common variants, we estimate that singletons in the sample studied explain, on average, only 5% of the heritability of gene expression from cis-regulatory variants. Finally, we show that genes depleted for loss-of-function variants are also depleted for cis-eQTLs and have low levels of allelic imbalance, confirming tighter constraint on the expression levels of these genes. We conclude that constraint on gene expression is present, but has relatively weak effects on most cis-regulatory variants, thus permitting high levels of gene-regulatory genetic variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Glassberg, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harpak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pritchard, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/345801</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Measurement of selective constraint on human gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/347518v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissecting the neural focus of attention reveals distinct processes for spatial attention and object-based storage in visual working memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/347518v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Complex cognition relies on both online representations in working memory (WM) said to reside in the focus of attention, and passive offline representations of related information. Here, we dissect the focus of attention by showing that distinct neural signals index the online storage of objects and sustained spatial attention. We recorded EEG activity during two tasks that employed identical stimulus displays while the relative demands for object storage and spatial attention varied. We found distinct delay-period signatures for an attention task (which only required spatial attention) and WM task (which invoked both spatial attention and object storage). Although both tasks required active maintenance of spatial information, only the WM task elicited robust contralateral delay activity that was sensitive to mnemonic load. Thus, we argue that the focus of attention is maintained via a collaboration between distinct processes for covert spatial orienting and object-based storage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hakim, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam, K. C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunseli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/347518</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissecting the neural focus of attention reveals distinct processes for spatial attention and object-based storage in visual working memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/347617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nominally non-responsive frontal and sensory cortical cells encode task-relevant variables via ensemble consensus-building 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/347617v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons recorded in behaving animals often do not discernibly respond to sensory input and are not overtly task-modulated. These nominally non-responsive neurons are difficult to interpret and are typically neglected from analysis, confounding attempts to connect neural activity to perception and behavior. Here we describe a trial-by-trial, spike-timing-based algorithm to reveal the hidden coding capacities of these neurons in auditory and frontal cortex of behaving rats. Responsive and nominally non-responsive cells contained significant information about sensory stimuli and behavioral decisions, and network modeling indicated that nominally non-responsive cells are important for task performance. Sensory input was more accurately represented in frontal cortex than auditory cortex, via ensembles of nominally non-responsive cells coordinating the behavioral meaning of spike timings on correct but not error trials. This unbiased approach allows the contribution of all recorded neurons - particularly those without obvious task-modulation - to be assessed for behavioral relevance on single trials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Insanally, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carcea, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Field, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodgers, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DePasquale, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeWeese, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albanna, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Froemke, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/347617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nominally non-responsive frontal and sensory cortical cells encode task-relevant variables via ensemble consensus-building]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/350124v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstructing intelligible speech from the human auditory cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/350124v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Auditory stimulus reconstruction is a technique that finds the best approximation of the acoustic stimulus from the population of evoked neural activity. Reconstructing speech from the human auditory cortex creates the possibility of a speech neuroprosthetic to establish a direct communication with the brain and has been shown to be possible in both overt and covert conditions. However, the low quality of the reconstructed speech has severely limited the utility of this method for brain-computer interface (BCI) applications. To advance the state-of-the-art in speech neuroprosthesis, we combined the recent advances in deep learning with the latest innovations in speech synthesis technologies to reconstruct closed-set intelligible speech from the human auditory cortex. We investigated the dependence of reconstruction accuracy on linear and nonlinear (deep neural network) regression methods and the acoustic representation that is used as the target of reconstruction, including auditory spectrogram and speech synthesis parameters. In addition, we compared the reconstruction accuracy from low and high neural frequency ranges. Our results show that a deep neural network model that directly estimates the parameters of a speech synthesizer from all neural frequencies achieves the highest subjective and objective scores on a digit recognition task, improving the intelligibility by 65% over the baseline method which used linear regression to reconstruct the auditory spectrogram. These results demonstrate the efficacy of deep learning and speech synthesis algorithms for designing the next generation of speech BCI systems, which not only can restore communications for paralyzed patients but also have the potential to transform human-computer interaction technologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Akbari, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalighinejad, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesgarani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/350124</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstructing intelligible speech from the human auditory cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/350231v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Re-identification of genomic data using long range familial searches 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/350231v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Consumer genomics databases reached the scale of millions of individuals. Recently, law enforcement investigators have started to exploit some of these databases to find distant familial relatives, which can lead to a complete re-identification. Here, we leveraged genomic data of 600,000 individuals tested with consumer genomics to investigate the power of such long-range familial searches. We project that half of the searches with European-descent individuals will result with a third cousin or closer match and will provide a search space small enough to permit re-identification using common demographic identifiers. Moreover, in the near future, virtually any European-descent US person could be implicated by this technique. We propose a potential mitigation strategy based on cryptographic signature that can resolve the issue and discuss policy implications to human subject research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Erlich, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shor, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe'er, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/350231</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Re-identification of genomic data using long range familial searches]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/350389v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuropathological correlates and genetic architecture of microglial activation in elderly human brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/350389v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, have important roles in brain health. However, little is known about the regulation and consequences of microglial activation in the aging human brain. We assessed the effect of microglial activation in the aging human brain by calculating the proportion of activated microglia (PAM), based on morphologically defined stages of activation in four regions sampled postmortem from up to 225 elderly individuals. We found that cortical and not subcortical PAM measures were strongly associated with {beta}-amyloid, tau-related neuropathology, and rates of cognitive decline. Effect sizes for PAM measures are substantial, comparable to that of APOE {varepsilon}4, the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimers disease. Mediation modeling suggests that PAM accelerates accumulation of tau pathology leading to cognitive decline, supporting an upstream role for microglial activation in Alzheimers disease. Genome-wide analyses identified a common variant (rs2997325) influencing cortical PAM that also affected in vivo microglial activation measured by positron emission tomography using [11C]-PBR28 in an independent cohort. Finally, we identify overlaps of PAMs genetic architecture with those of Alzheimers disease, educational attainment, and several other traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Felsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roostaei, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nho, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risacher, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradshaw, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petyuk, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saykin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/350389</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuropathological correlates and genetic architecture of microglial activation in elderly human brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/350744v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two new plasmid post-segregational killing mechanisms for the implementation of synthetic gene networks in E. coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/350744v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plasmids are the workhorse of both industrial biotechnology and synthetic biology, but ensuring they remain in bacterial cells is a challenge. Antibiotic selection, commonly used in the laboratory, cannot be used to stabilise plasmids in most real-world applications, and inserting dynamical gene networks into the genome is difficult. Plasmids have evolved several mechanisms for stability, one of which, post-segregational killing (PSK), ensures that plasmid-free cells do not grow or survive. Here we demonstrate the plasmid-stabilising capabilities of the axe/txe two component system and the microcin-V system in the probiotic bacteria Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 and show they can outperform the hok/sok system commonly used in biotechnological applications. Using plasmid stability assays, automated flow cytometry analysis, mathematical models and Bayesian statistics we quantified plasmid stability in vitro. Further, we used an in vivo mouse cancer model to demonstrate plasmid stability in a real-world therapeutic setting. These new PSK systems, plus the developed Bayesian methodology, will have wide applicability in clinical and industrial biotechnology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fedorec, A. J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozdemir, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doshi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosa, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velazquez, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danino, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/350744</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two new plasmid post-segregational killing mechanisms for the implementation of synthetic gene networks in E. coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/352724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endo-lysosomal sorting and degradation of Tau mediates glucocorticoid-driven hippocampalmalfunction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/352724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Emerging studies implicate Tau as an essential mediator of neuronal atrophy and cognitive impairment in Alzheimers disease (AD), yet the factors that precipitate Tau dysfunction in AD are poorly understood. Chronic environmental stress and elevated glucocorticoids (GC), the major stress hormones, are associated with increased risk of AD, and have been shown to trigger intracellular Tau accumulation and downstream Tau-dependent neuronal dysfunction. However, the mechanisms through which stress and GC disrupt Tau clearance and degradation in neurons remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that Tau undergoes degradation via endolysosomal sorting in a pathway requiring the small GTPase Rab35 and the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery. Furthermore, we find that GC impair Tau degradation by decreasing Rab35 levels, and that AAV-mediated expression of Rab35 in the hippocampus rescues GC-induced Tau accumulation and related neurostructural deficits. These studies indicate that the Rab35/ESCRT pathway is essential for Tau clearance and part of the mechanism through which GC precipitate brain pathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vaz-Silva, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuravleva, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quintremil, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meira, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dioli, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soares-Cunha, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daskalakis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sousa, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotiropoulos, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waites, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/352724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endo-lysosomal sorting and degradation of Tau mediates glucocorticoid-driven hippocampalmalfunction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/354340v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibitory and excitatory populations in parietal cortex are equally selective for decision outcome in both novices and experts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/354340v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inhibitory neurons, which play a critical role in decision-making models, are often simplified as a single pool of non-selective neurons lacking connection specificity. This assumption is supported by observations in primary visual cortex: inhibitory neurons are broadly tuned in vivo, and show non-specific connectivity in slice. Selectivity of excitatory and inhibitory neurons within decision circuits, and hence the validity of decision-making models, is unknown. We simultaneously measured excitatory and inhibitory neurons in posterior parietal cortex of mice judging multisensory stimuli. Surprisingly, excitatory and inhibitory neurons were equally selective for the animals choice, both at the single cell and population level. Further, both cell types exhibited similar changes in selectivity and temporal dynamics during learning, paralleling behavioral improvements. These observations, combined with modeling, argue against circuit architectures assuming non-selective inhibitory neurons. Instead, they argue for selective subnetworks of inhibitory and excitatory neurons that are shaped by experience to support expert decision-making.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Najafi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elsayed, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pnevmatikakis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchland, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/354340</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibitory and excitatory populations in parietal cortex are equally selective for decision outcome in both novices and experts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/354951v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reduced signal for polygenic adaptation of height in UK Biobank 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/354951v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several recent papers have reported strong signals of selection on European polygenic height scores. These analyses used height effect estimates from the GIANT consortium and replication studies. Here, we describe a new analysis based on the the UK Biobank (UKB), a large, independent dataset. We find that the signals of selection using UKB effect-size estimates for height are strongly attenuated or absent. We also provide evidence that previous analyses were confounded by population stratification Therefore, the conclusion of strong polygenic adaptation now lacks support. Moreover, these discrepancies highlight (1) that methods for correcting for population stratification in GWAS may not always be sufficient for polygenic trait analyses, and (2) that claims of differences in polygenic scores between populations should be treated with caution until these issues are better understood.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berg, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harpak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinnott-Armstrong, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joergensen, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostafavi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Field, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyle, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Racimo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pritchard, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coop, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/354951</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reduced signal for polygenic adaptation of height in UK Biobank]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/355644v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expanded genetic landscape of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease reveals heterogeneous cell type and phenotype associations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/355644v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the leading cause of respiratory mortality worldwide. Genetic risk loci provide novel insights into disease pathogenesis. To broaden COPD genetic risk loci discovery and identify cell type and phenotype associations we performed a genome-wide association study in 35,735 cases and 222,076 controls from the UK Biobank and additional studies from the International COPD Genetics Consortium. We identified 82 loci with P value < 5x10-8; 47 were previously described in association with either COPD or population-based lung function. Of the remaining 35 novel loci, 13 were associated with lung function in 79,055 individuals from the SpiroMeta consortium. Using gene expression and regulation data, we identified enrichment for loci in lung tissue, smooth muscle and alveolar type II cells. We found 9 shared genomic regions between COPD and asthma and 5 between COPD and pulmonary fibrosis. COPD genetic risk loci clustered into groups of quantitative imaging features and comorbidity associations. Our analyses provide further support to the genetic susceptibility and heterogeneity of COPD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sakornsakolpat, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prokopenko, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamontagne, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reeve, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guyatt, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrine, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartz, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latourelle, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrow, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obeidat, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyss, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakke, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaty, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belinsky, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brusselle, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crapo, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jong, K. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeMeo, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fingerlin, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gharib, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulsvik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, I. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hokanson, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lomas, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>London, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyers, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rennard, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sliwinski, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sparrow, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strachan, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tal-Singer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tesfaig</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/355644</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expanded genetic landscape of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease reveals heterogeneous cell type and phenotype associations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/355677v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Optically Decodable Bead Array for Linking Imaging and Sequencing with Single-Cell Resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/355677v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Optically decodable beads link the identity of an analyte or sample to a measurement through an optical barcode, enabling libraries of biomolecules to be captured on beads in solution and decoded by fluorescence. This approach has been foundational to microarray, sequencing, and flow-based expression profiling technologies. We have combined microfluidics with optically decodable beads to link phenotypic analysis of living cells to sequencing. As a proof-of-concept, we applied this to demonstrate an accurate and scalable tool for connecting live cell imaging to single-cell RNA-Seq called Single Cell Optical Phenotyping and Expression (SCOPE-Seq).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sims, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/355677</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Optically Decodable Bead Array for Linking Imaging and Sequencing with Single-Cell Resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/357715v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome analysis of the unicellular eukaryote Euplotes vannus provides insights into mating type determination and tolerance to environmental stresses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/357715v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As a model organism in studies of cell and environmental biology, the free-living and cosmopolitan ciliated protist Euplotes vannus has more than ten mating types (sexes) and shows strong resistance to environmental stresses. However, the molecular basis of its sex determination mechanism and how the cell responds to stress remain largely unknown. Here we report a combined analysis of de novo assembled high-quality macronucleus (MAC; i.e. somatic) genome and partial micronucleus (MIC; i.e. germline) genome of Euplotes vannus. Furthermore, MAC genomic and transcriptomic data from several mating types of E. vannus were investigated and gene expression levels were profiled under different environmental stresses, including nutrient scarcity, extreme temperature, salinity and the presence of free ammonia. We found that E. vannus, which possesses gene-sized nanochromosomes in its MAC, shares a similar pattern on frameshifting and stop codon usage as Euplotes octocarinatus and may be undergoing incipient sympatric speciation with Euplotes crassus. Somatic pheromone loci of E. vannus are generated from programmed DNA rearrangements of multiple germline macronuclear destined sequences (MDS) and the mating types of E. vannus are distinguished by the different combinations of pheromone loci instead of possessing mating type-specific genes. Lastly, we linked the resilience to environmental temperature change to the evolved loss of temperature stress-sensitive regulatory regions of HSP70 gene in E. vannus. Together, the genome resources generated in this study, which are available online at Euplotes vannus DB (http://evan.ciliate.org), provide new evidence for sex determination mechanism in eukaryotes and common pheromone-mediated cell-cell signaling and cross-mating.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krock, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stover, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/357715</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome analysis of the unicellular eukaryote Euplotes vannus provides insights into mating type determination and tolerance to environmental stresses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/358168v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reduced repertoire of cortical microstates and neuronal ensembles in medically-induced loss of consciousness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/358168v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Medically-induced loss of consciousness (mLOC) has been linked to a macroscale break-down of brain connectivity, yet the neural microcircuit correlates of mLOC remain unknown. We applied non-linear t-stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) and Lempel-Ziv-Welch complexity analysis to two-photon calcium imaging and local field potential (LFP) measurements of cortical microcircuit activity across anesthetic depth in mice, and to micro-electrode array recordings in human subjects. We find that mLOC disrupts population activity patterns by i) a reduction of discriminable network microstates and ii) a reduction of independent neuronal ensembles. These alterations are not explained by a simple reduction of neuronal activity and reveal abnormal functional microcircuits. Thus, normal neuronal ensemble dynamics could contribute to the emergence of conscious states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wenzel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>House, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuste, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/358168</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reduced repertoire of cortical microstates and neuronal ensembles in medically-induced loss of consciousness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/358317v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficient coding of subjective value 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/358317v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Preference-based decisions are essential for survival, for instance when deciding what we should (not) eat. Despite their importance, choices based on preferences are surprisingly variable and can appear irrational in ways that have defied mechanistic explanations. Here we propose that subjective valuation results from an inference process that accounts for the information structure of values in the environment and that maximizes information in value representations in line with demands imposed by limited coding resources. A model of this inference process explains the variability in both subjective value reports and preference-based choices, and predicts a new preference illusion that we validate with empirical data. Interestingly, the same model also explains the level of confidence associated with these reports. Our results imply that preference-based decisions reflect information-maximizing transmission and statistically optimal decoding of subjective values by a limited-capacity system. These findings provide a unified account of how humans perceive and valuate the environment to optimally guide behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Polania, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodford, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruff, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/358317</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficient coding of subjective value]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/358903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Seizures start as silent microseizures by neuronal ensembles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/358903v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding seizure formation and spread remains a critical goal of epilepsy research. While many studies have documented seizure spread, it remains mysterious how they start. We used fast in-vivo two-photon calcium imaging to reconstruct, at cellular resolution, the dynamics of focal cortical seizures as they emerge in epileptic foci (intrafocal), and subsequently propagate (extrafocal). We find that seizures start as intrafocal coactivation of small numbers of neurons (ensembles), which are electrographically silent. These silent "microseizures" expand saltatorily until they break into neighboring cortex, where they progress smoothly and first become detectable by LFP. Surprisingly, we find spatially heterogeneous calcium dynamics of local PV interneuron sub-populations, which rules out a simple role of inhibitory neurons during seizures. We propose a two-step model for the circuit mechanisms of focal seizures, where neuronal ensembles first generate a silent microseizure, followed by widespread neural activation in a travelling wave, which is then detected electrophysiologically.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wenzel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamm, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterka, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuste, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/358903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Seizures start as silent microseizures by neuronal ensembles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/359117v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Salmonella effectors SseK1 and SseK3 target death domain proteins in the TNF and TRAIL signaling pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/359117v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Strains of Salmonella utilise two distinct type three secretion systems to deliver effector proteins directly into host cells. The Salmonella effectors SseK1 and SseK3 are arginine glycosyltransferases that modify mammalian death domain containing proteins with N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc) when overexpressed ectopically or as recombinant protein fusions. Here, we combined Arg-GlcNAc glycopeptide immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry to identify host proteins GlcNAcylated by endogenous levels of SseK1 and SseK3 during Salmonella infection. We observed that SseK1 modified the mammalian signaling protein TRADD, but not FADD as previously reported. Overexpression of SseK1 greatly broadened substrate specificity, while ectopic co-expression of SseK1 and TRADD increased the range of modified arginine residues within the death domain of TRADD. In contrast, endogenous levels of SseK3 resulted in modification of the death domains of receptors of the mammalian TNF superfamily, TNFR1 and TRAILR, at residues Arg376 and Arg293 respectively. Structural studies on SseK3 showed that the enzyme displays a classic GT-A glycosyltransferase fold and binds UDP-GlcNAc in a narrow and deep cleft with the GlcNAc facing the surface. Together our data suggests that Salmonellae carrying sseK1 and sseK3 employ the glycosyltransferase effectors to antagonise different components of death receptor signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Newson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeuk Wah Chung, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong Fok Lung, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giogha, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strugnell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cygler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartland, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/359117</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Salmonella effectors SseK1 and SseK3 target death domain proteins in the TNF and TRAIL signaling pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/360206v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antisense lncRNA transcription drives stochastic Protocadherin α promoter choice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/360206v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stochastic and combinatorial activation of clustered Protocadherin (Pcdh) , {beta}, and {gamma} gene promoters generates a cell-surface identity code in individual neurons that functions in neural circuit assembly. Here we show that Pcdh promoter choice requires transcription of a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) initiated from newly identified promoters located in the protein coding sequence of each Pcdh exon. Antisense transcription of the lncRNA through the sense promoter results in its activation and in DNA demethylation of the binding sites for the CCCTC-binding protein, CTCF, located in close proximity to both sense and antisense promoters. Increased CTCF binding promotes the assembly of long-range DNA contacts between the activated promoter and a neuron-specific enhancer, thus locking in the epigenetic state of the stochastically chosen Pcdh promoter. Examination of this hierarchical molecular mechanism in differentiating olfactory sensory neurons, suggests that antisense Pcdh transcription is a key prerequisite for stochastic Pcdh promoter choice in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Canzio, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nwakeze, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajkumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duffy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duffie, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lomvardas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maniatis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/360206</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antisense lncRNA transcription drives stochastic Protocadherin α promoter choice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/360255v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The return to water in ancestral Xenopus was accompanied by a novel mechanisms for producing and shaping vocal signals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/360255v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Species-specific vocal signals allow listeners to locate potential mates. During the tetrapod transition from water to land, lungs replaced gills, allowing expiration to drive sound production. Several groups, e.g. cetaceans and some frogs, then returned to water. Here we explore how air-driven sound production changed upon re-entry and how essential acoustic information on species identity was preserved in the secondarily aquatic frog Xenopus. We filmed movements of cartilage and muscles during evoked sound production in isolated larynges. Our results refute the current theory for Xenopus vocalization, cavitation, and instead favor sound production by mechanical excitation of laryngeal resonance modes following rapid separation of laryngeal arytenoid discs. The resulting frequency resonance modes (dyads) are intrinsic to the larynx rather than due to neuromuscular control. We show that dyads are a distinctive acoustic signature across species. While dyad component frequencies overlap across species, their ratio is shared within each Xenopus clade and thus provide information on species identity, potentially facilitating both conspecific localization and ancient species divergence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kwong-Brown, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobias, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elias, D. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elemans, C. P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelley, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/360255</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The return to water in ancestral Xenopus was accompanied by a novel mechanisms for producing and shaping vocal signals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/360644v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tracking disease resistance deployment in potato breeding by enrichment sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/360644v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Following the molecular characterisation of functional disease resistance genes in recent years, methods to track and verify the integrity of multiple genes in varieties are needed for crop improvement through resistance stacking. Diagnostic resistance gene enrichment sequencing (dRenSeq) enables the high-confidence identification and complete sequence validation of known functional resistance genes in crops. As demonstrated for tetraploid potato varieties, the methodology is more robust and cost-effective in monitoring resistances than whole-genome sequencing and can be used to appraise (trans)gene integrity efficiently. All currently known NB-LRRs effective against viruses, nematodes and the late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans can be tracked with dRenSeq in potato and hitherto unknown polymorphisms have been identified. The methodology provides a means to improve the speed and efficiency of future disease resistance breeding in crops by directing parental and progeny selection towards effective combinations of resistance genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vossen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, T. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutten, R. C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strachan, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrower, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Champouret, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilroy, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hein, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/360644</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tracking disease resistance deployment in potato breeding by enrichment sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/362392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Why mediation analysis trumps Mendelian randomization in population epigenomics studies of the Dutch Famine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/362392v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our recent analysis of genome-wide DNA methylation data in men and women exposed to the Dutch Famine met passionate criticism by several researchers active on Twitter. It also prompted a more reasoned letter by Richmond and colleagues. At the core of the debate is the proper interpretation of findings from a mediation analysis. We used this method to identify specific DNA methylation changes that statistically provide a link between prenatal exposure to famine and adult metabolic traits. Our critics first argue that our results do not suggest mediation but reverse-causation, where famine-induced metabolic traits drive changes in DNA methylation. We rebut this scenario in a simulation study showing that our test of mediation was unlikely to become statistically significant in the case of reverse-causation. Some critics then argue that Mendelian randomization provides the sole path to correct inference. This belief misses a crucial point: DNA methylation, especially when measured in peripheral blood, is not likely to be a causal mediator from a biological point of view. It could however be a proxy of epigenetic regulation changes in specific tissues, for example at the level of transcription factor binding. If so, a Mendelian randomization approach using genetic variants affecting local DNA methylation in blood will be disconnected from the underlying biological mechanism and is bound to yield false-negative results. Our new simulation studies strengthen the original reasoning that the relationship between prenatal famine and metabolic traits is statistically mediated by specific DNA methylation changes while the specific molecular mechanism awaits elucidation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tobi, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Zwet, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lumey, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heijmans, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/362392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Why mediation analysis trumps Mendelian randomization in population epigenomics studies of the Dutch Famine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/363671v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Energetic substrate availability regulates synchronous activity in an excitatory neural network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/363671v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural networks are required to meet significant metabolic demands associated with performing sophisticated computational tasks in the brain. The necessity for efficient transmission of information imposes stringent constraints on the metabolic pathways that can be used for energy generation at the synapse, and thus low availability of energetic substrates can reduce the efficacy of synaptic function. Here we study the effects of energetic substrate availability on global neural network behavior and find that glucose alone can sustain excitatory neurotransmission required to generate high-frequency synchronous bursting that emerges in culture. In contrast, obligatory oxidative energetic substrates such as lactate and pyruvate are unable to substitute for glucose, indicating that processes involving glucose metabolism form the primary energy-generating pathways supporting coordinated network activity. Our experimental results are discussed in the context of the role that metabolism plays in supporting the performance of individual synapses, including the relative contributions from postsynaptic responses, astrocytes, and presynaptic vesicle cycling. We propose a simple computational model for our excitatory cultures that accurately captures the inability of metabolically compromised synapses to sustain synchronous bursting when extracellular glucose is depleted.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tourigny, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdul Karim, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echeveste, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotter, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neill, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/363671</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Energetic substrate availability regulates synchronous activity in an excitatory neural network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/365569v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional grading of pericellular matrix surrounding chondrocytes: potential roles in signaling and fluid transport 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/365569v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The extracellular matrix surrounding chondrocytes within cartilage and fibrocartilage has spatial gradients in mechanical properties. Although the function of these gradients is unknown, the potential exists for cells to tailor their mechanical microenvironment through these gradients. We hypothesized that these gradients enhance fluid transport around the cell during the slow loading cycles that occur over the course of a day, and that this enhancement changes the nature of the mechanical signals received at the surface of the cell. To test this hypothesis, we studied the effect of these gradients on the mechanical environment around a chondrocyte using a closed form, linearized model. Results demonstrated that functional grading of the character observed around chondrocytes in articular cartilage enhances fluid transport, and furthermore inverts compressive radial strains to provide tensile signals at the cell surface. The results point to several potentially important roles for functional grading of the pericellular matrix.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saadat, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lagieski, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomopoulos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genin, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/365569</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional grading of pericellular matrix surrounding chondrocytes: potential roles in signaling and fluid transport]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/366948v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
cis-regulatory architecture of a short-range EGFR organizing center in the Drosophila melanogaster leg. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/366948v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We characterized the establishment of an Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) organizing center (EOC) during leg development in Drosophila melanogaster. Initial EGFR activation occurs in the center of leg discs by expression of the EGFR ligand Vn and the EGFR ligand-processing protease Rho, each through single enhancers, vnE and rhoE, that integrate inputs from Wg, Dpp, Dll and Sp1. Deletion of vnE and rhoE eliminates vn and rho expression in the center of the leg imaginal discs, respectively. Animals with deletions of both vnE and rhoE (but not individually) show distal but not medial leg truncations, suggesting that the distal source of EGFR ligands acts at short-range to only specify distal-most fates, and that multiple additional  ring enhancers are responsible for medial fates. Further, based on the cis-regulatory logic of vnE and rhoE we identified many additional leg enhancers, suggesting that this logic is broadly used by many genes during Drosophila limb development.nnAuthor SummaryThe EGFR signaling pathway plays a major role in innumerable developmental processes in all animals and its deregulation leads to different types of cancer, as well as many other developmental diseases in humans. Here we explored the integration of inputs from the Wnt- and TGF-beta signaling pathways and the leg-specifying transcription factors Distal-less and Sp1 at enhancer elements of EGFR ligands. These enhancers trigger a specific EGFR-dependent developmental output in the fly leg that is limited to specifying distal-most fates. Our findings suggest that activation of the EGFR pathway during fly leg development occurs through the activation of multiple EGFR ligand enhancers that are active at different positions along the proximo-distal axis. Similar enhancer elements are likely to control EGFR activation in humans as well. Such DNA elements might be  hot spots that cause formation of EGFR-dependent tumors if mutations in them occur. Thus, understanding the molecular characteristics of such DNA elements could facilitate the detection and treatment of cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Newcomb, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voutev, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jory, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delker, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slattery, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/366948</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[cis-regulatory architecture of a short-range EGFR organizing center in the Drosophila melanogaster leg.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/367003v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo Gene Signature Identification from Single-Cell RNA-Seq with Hierarchical Poisson Factorization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/367003v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Common approaches to gene signature discovery in single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) depend upon predefined structures like clusters or pseudo-temporal order, require prior normalization, or do not account for the sparsity of single cell data. We present single cell Hierarchical Poisson Factorization (scHPF), a Bayesian factorization method that adapts Hierarchical Poisson Factorization [1] for de novo discovery of both continuous and discrete expression patterns from scRNA-seq. scHPF does not require prior normalization and captures statistical properties of single cell data better than other methods in benchmark datasets. Applied to scRNA-seq of the core and margin of a high-grade glioma, scHPF uncovers marked differences in the abundance of glioma subpopulations across tumor regions and subtle, regionally-associated expression biases within glioma subpopulations. scHFP revealed an expression signature that was spatially biased towards the glioma-infiltrated margins and associated with inferior survival in glioblastoma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levitin, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz, F. J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bush, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruce, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canoll, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iavarone, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasorella, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blei, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sims, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/367003</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo Gene Signature Identification from Single-Cell RNA-Seq with Hierarchical Poisson Factorization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/367615v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic data and cognitively-defined late-onset Alzheimer’s disease subgroups 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/367615v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Categorizing people with late-onset Alzheimers disease into biologically coherent subgroups is important for personalized medicine. We evaluated data from five studies (total n=4 050, of whom 2 431 had genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data). We assigned people to cognitively-defined subgroups on the basis of relative performance in memory, executive functioning, visuospatial functioning, and language at the time of Alzheimers disease diagnosis. We compared genotype frequencies for each subgroup to those from cognitively normal elderly controls. We focused on APOE and on SNPs with p<10-5 and odds ratios more extreme than those previously reported for Alzheimers disease (<0.77 or >1.30). There was substantial variation across studies in the proportions of people in each subgroup. In each study, higher proportions of people with isolated substantial relative memory impairment had [&ge;]1 APOE e4 allele than any other subgroup (overall p= 1.5 x 10-27). Across subgroups, there were 33 novel suggestive loci across the genome with p<10-5 and an extreme OR compared to controls, of which none had statistical evidence of heterogeneity and 30 had ORs in the same direction across all datasets. These data support the biological coherence of cognitively-defined subgroups and nominate novel genetic loci.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trittschuh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saykin, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbons, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fardo, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wessels, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, S.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louden, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grabowski, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bird, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCurry, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snitz, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamboh, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, O. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keene, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larson, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crane, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/367615</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic data and cognitively-defined late-onset Alzheimer’s disease subgroups]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/368506v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detecting adaptive differentiation in structured populations with genomic data and common gardens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/368506v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adaptation in quantitative traits often occurs through subtle shifts in allele frequencies at many loci, a process called polygenic adaptation. While a number of methods have been developed to detect polygenic adaptation in human populations, we lack clear strategies for doing so in many other systems. In particular, there is an opportunity to develop new methods that leverage datasets with genomic data and common garden trait measurements to systematically detect the quantitative traits important for adaptation. Here, we develop methods that do just this, using principal components of the relatedness matrix to detect excess divergence consistent with polygenic adaptation and using a conditional test to control for confounding effects due to population structure. We apply these methods to inbred maize lines from the USDA germplasm pool and maize landraces from Europe. Ultimately, these methods can be applied to additional domesticated and wild species to give us a broader picture of the specific traits that contribute to adaptation and the overall importance of polygenic adaptation in shaping quantitative trait variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Josephs, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berg, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross-Ibarra, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coop, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/368506</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detecting adaptive differentiation in structured populations with genomic data and common gardens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/370379v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parameterized expertise: Evidence for gradations of musical expertise from electroencephalographic monitoring of auditory decision-making 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/370379v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A musicians nervous system is thought to specialize to their mode of music production. For instance, the pianists control of hands and arms develops to facilitate greater dexterity at the keyboard, while the cellist develops control to play notes using both the fret board and/or bow. Our previous work, employing an anomalous musical event (AME) detection task, identified neural and behavioral correlates that differentiated between a specific class of musicians, cellists, and those without professional musical training and expertise. Here we investigate a fine-grain differentiation between musicians having different modes of musical production, specifically in terms of how these differences are manifested in the neural correlates identified in the AME task. We show, using electroencephalography (EEG), that both event related potentials (ERPs) and single-trial analysis of the EEG can grade musical expertise by mode of sound production. Important is that these fine-grained EEG correlates are observable absent any motor response or active music production by the individuals. We find evidence that these grades of expertise are mediated by different sensory-motor interactions emblematic of the sound production mode. More broadly, our results show that neural markers can both define types of musical expertise and decompose their source components when behavioral differences are either minute or indistinguishable.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sherwin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sajda, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/370379</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parameterized expertise: Evidence for gradations of musical expertise from electroencephalographic monitoring of auditory decision-making]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/370676v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Macroecological relationships in the dynamics of gut microbiota 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/370676v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The gut microbiome is now widely recognized as a dynamic ecosystem that plays an important role in health and disease1. While current sequencing technologies make it possible to estimate relative abundances of host-associated bacteria over time2, 3, the biological processes governing their dynamics remain poorly understood. Therefore, as in other ecological systems4, 5, it is important to identify quantitative relationships describing global aspects of gut microbiota dynamics. Here we use multiple high-resolution time series data obtained from humans and mice6-8 to demonstrate that despite their inherent complexity, gut microbiota dynamics can be characterized by several robust scaling relationships. Interestingly, these patterns are highly similar to those previously observed across diverse ecological communities and economic systems, including the temporal fluctuations of animal and plant populations9-12 and the performance of publicly traded companies13. Specifically, we find power law relationships describing short- and long-term changes in gut microbiota abundances, species residence and return times, and the connection between the mean and variance of species abundances. The observed scaling relationships are altered in mice receiving different diets and affected by context-specific perturbations in humans. We use these macroecological relationships to reveal specific bacterial taxa whose dynamics are significantly affected by dietary and environmental changes. Overall, our results suggest that a quantitative macroecological framework will be important for characterizing and understanding complex dynamics of microbial communities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ji, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheth, R. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixit, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitkup, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/370676</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Macroecological relationships in the dynamics of gut microbiota]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/370775v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
\"DoC-feeling\": a new behavioural tool to help diagnose the Minimally Conscious State. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/370775v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectivesThe clinical distinction between vegetative state/unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS) and minimally conscious state (MCS) is a key step to elaborate a prognosis and formulate an appropriate medical plan for any patient suffering from disorders of consciousness (DoC). However, this assessment is often challenging and may require specialized expertise. In this study, we hypothesized that pooling subjective reports of the level of consciousness of a given patient across several nursing staff members can be used to clinically detect MCS.nnSetting and ParticipantsPatients referred for consciousness assessment were prospectively screened. MCS (target condition) was defined according to the best Coma Recovery Scale-Revised score (CRS-R) obtained from expert physicians (reference standard). "DoC-feeling" score consisted in the median value of multiple ratings of patients behavior observation pooled from multiple staff members during a week of hospitalisation (index test). Individual ratings were collected at the end of each shift using a 100mm visual analog scale, blinded from the reference standard. Diagnostic accuracy was evaluated using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), sensitivity and specificity metrics.nnResults692 ratings performed by 83 nursing staff members were collected from 47 patients. Twenty patients were in a UWS and 27 in a MCS. DoC-feeling scores obtained by pooling all individual ratings obtained for a given patient were significantly greater in MCS than in UWS patients (59.2 mm [IQR: 27.3-77.3] vs. 7.2 mm [IQR: 2.4-11.4]; p<0.001) yielding an AUC of 0.92 (95%CI: 0.84-0.99).nnConclusionsDoC-feeling capitalizes on the expertise of nursing staff to evaluate patients consciousness. Together with the CRS-R as well as with brain imaging, DoC-feeling might improve diagnostic and prognostic accuracy of DoC patients.nnStrengths and limitations of this studyO_LIWe designed a new behavioural tool called "DoC-feeling" to help face the clinical challenge of the detection of Minimally Conscious State in patients suffering from disorders of consciousness (DoC)nC_LIO_LI"DoC-feeling score" quantifies nursing staffs subjective perception of patients consciousness by pooling multiple assessments obtained from multiple caregivers ("wisdom of the crowds")nC_LIO_LIThis score which requires no particular training showed a very good accuracy when compared to the gold standard (repeated expert clinical assessment using the Coma Recovery Scale - Revised (CRS-R))nC_LIO_LIA validation in a separate cohort would help to determine its place in consciousness assessmentnC_LIO_LIThis score should be tested not only against the CRS-R but also against brain-imaging techniques to test for its capacity to detect covert signs of consciousnessnC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hermann, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goudard, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courcoux, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valente, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Despois, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourmaleau, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard Gillis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faugeras, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demeret, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sitt, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naccache, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohaut, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/370775</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[\"DoC-feeling\": a new behavioural tool to help diagnose the Minimally Conscious State.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/371088v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Comprehensive Approach Characterizing Fusion Proteins and Their Interactions Using Biomedical Literature 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/371088v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Todays increase in scientific literature requires the efficient methods of data mining for improving the extraction of the useful information from texts. In this manuscript, we used a data and text mining method to identify fusions and their protein-protein interactions from published biomedical text. The extracted fusion proteins and their protein-protein interactions are used as a training set for a Naive Bayes classifier that is further used for final identification of testing dataset, consisting of 1817 fusions. Our method has a literature corpus, text and annotation mappers; keywords, rule bases, negative tokens, and pattern extractor; synonym tagger, normalization, regular expression mapper; and Naive Bayes classifier. We classified 1817 unique fusion proteins and their corresponding 2908 protein-protein interactions for 18 cancer types. Therefore, it can be used for screening literature for identifying mentions unique cases of fusions that can be further used for downstream analysis. It is available at http://protfus.md.biu.ac.il/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tagore, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorohovski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frenkel-Morgenstern, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/371088</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Comprehensive Approach Characterizing Fusion Proteins and Their Interactions Using Biomedical Literature]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/371989v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RecNW: A fast pairwise aligner for targeted sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/371989v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationTargeted sequencing aims at in-depth analysis of specific genomic loci through high-throughput sequencing for applications such as resequencing or CRISPR gene editing. These applications require exact pairwise alignment algorithms to fully characterize large amounts of reads by comparison to the targeted locus, or reference. Optimal solutions to this alignment problem are provided by classic implementations of the global and semi-global versions of Needleman-Wunsch algorithms, but they remain computationally expensive due to their quadratic complexity in time and space.nnImplementationIn this paper we present RecNW, an open source C++ exact aligner packaged for Python that implements the semi-global version of the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm with affine gap penalty. RecNW utilizes low complexity of targeted sequencing libraries by aligning only unique reads, and recurrently using blocs of the alignment matrix between reads based on their similarities. Through this, RecNW performs exact alignment on average more than four times faster than gold standard comparable software.nnSoftwarehttps://github.com/AYahi/recNW
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yahi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lappalainen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammadi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tatonetti, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/371989</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RecNW: A fast pairwise aligner for targeted sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/373035v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tracking Activity In A Deformable Nervous System With Motion Correction And Point-Set Registration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/373035v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The combination of fluorescent probes with time-lapse microscopy allows for the visualization of the entire neuronal activity of small animals, such as worms or cnidarians, over a long period of time. However, large deformations of the animal combined with the natural intermittency of neuronal activity make robust automated tracking of firing fluorescent neurons challenging. Here we present an hybrid approach where (i) a subset of very bright neurons is used as moving reference points (fiducials) to estimate the elastic deformation of the animal; (ii) deformation is frame-by-frame corrected, and firing neurons are aligned at each time with the initial mask; and (iii) point-set registration is used to robustly track the intermittent activity of all the immobilized neurons. We compare different registration strategies with manual tracking performed over {approx}620 neurons over 100 time frames in the cnidarian Hydra vulgaris.nnIndex TermsFluorescence imaging, wavelet detection, tracking, point-set registration, elastic deformation, Thin Plate Spline (TPS) transform, Coherent Point Drift (CPD), Hydra.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lagache, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lansdell, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuste, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fairhall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/373035</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tracking Activity In A Deformable Nervous System With Motion Correction And Point-Set Registration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/373597v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parkinson’s disease-linked Parkin mutations impair glutamatergic synaptic transmission and plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/373597v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinson's disease (PD)-associated E3 ubiquitin ligase Parkin is enriched at glutamatergic synapses, where it ubiquitinates multiple substrates, suggesting that its mutation/loss-of-function could contribute to the etiology of PD by disrupting excitatory neurotransmission. Here, we evaluate the impact of four common PD-associated Parkin point mutations (T240M, R275W, R334C, G430D) on glutamatergic synaptic function in hippocampal neurons. We find that expression of these point mutants in Parkin-deficient and -null backgrounds alters NMDA and AMPA receptor-mediated currents and cell-surface levels, and prevents the induction of long-term depression. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that Parkin regulates NMDA receptor trafficking through its ubiquitination of GluN1, and that all four mutants are impaired in this ubiquitinating activity. Furthermore, Parkin regulates synaptic AMPA receptor trafficking via its binding and retention of postsynaptic scaffold Homer1, and all mutants are similarly impaired in this capacity. Our findings demonstrate that pathogenic Parkin mutations disrupt glutamatergic synaptic transmission and plasticity by impeding NMDA and AMPA receptor trafficking, and through these effects likely contribute to the pathophysiology of PD in PARK2 patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortese, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waites, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/373597</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parkinson’s disease-linked Parkin mutations impair glutamatergic synaptic transmission and plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/375774v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regional collapsing of rare variation implicates specific genic regions in ALS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/375774v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large-scale sequencing efforts in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have implicated novel genes using gene-based collapsing methods. However, pathogenic mutations may be concentrated in specific genic regions. To address this, we developed two collapsing strategies, one focuses rare variation collapsing on homology-based protein domains as the unit for collapsing and another gene-level approach that, unlike standard methods, leverages existing evidence of purifying selection against missense variation on said domains. The application of these two collapsing methods to 3,093 ALS cases and 8,186 controls of European ancestry, and also 3,239 cases and 11,808 controls of diversified populations, pinpoints risk regions of ALS genes including SOD1, NEK1, TARDBP and FUS. While not clearly implicating novel ALS genes, the new analyses not only pinpoint risk regions in known genes but also highlight candidate genes as well.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gelfman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugger, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Araujo Martins Moreno, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolock, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shneider, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phatnani, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cirulli, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasseigne, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maniatis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouleau, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gitler, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrovski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harms, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/375774</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regional collapsing of rare variation implicates specific genic regions in ALS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/376194v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High resolution discovery of chromatin interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/376194v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromatin interaction analysis by paired-end tag sequencing (ChIA-PET) is a method for the genome-wide de novo discovery of chromatin interactions. Existing computational methods typically fail to detect weak or dynamic interactions because they use a peak-calling step that ignores paired-end linkage information. We have developed a novel computational method called Chromatin Interaction Discovery (CID) to overcome this limitation with an unbiased clustering approach for interaction discovery. CID outperforms existing chromatin interaction detection methods with improved sensitivity, replicate consistency, and concordance with other chromatin interaction datasets. In addition, CID also outperforms other methods in discovering chromatin interactions from HiChIP data. We expect that the CID method will be valuable in characterizing 3D chromatin interactions and in understanding the functional consequences of disease-associated distal genetic variations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krismer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Closser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wichterle, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gifford, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/376194</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High resolution discovery of chromatin interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/376509v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmental Regulation of an Organelle Tether Coordinates Mitochondrial Remodeling in Meiosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/376509v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular differentiation involves remodeling cellular architecture to transform one cell type to another. By investigating mitochondrial dynamics during meiotic differentiation in budding yeast, we sought to understand how organelle morphogenesis is developmentally controlled in a system where regulators of differentiation as well as organelle architecture are known, but the interface between them remains unexplored. We found that mitochondria abruptly detach from the cell cortex shortly before segregating into gametes. Mitochondrial detachment is enabled by the programmed destruction of the mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum-cortex anchor (MECA), an organelle tether that forms contact sites between mitochondria and the plasma membrane. MECA regulation is governed by a meiotic transcription factor, Ndt80, which promotes the activation of a conserved kinase, Ime2. We found that MECA undergoes Ime2-dependent phosphorylation. Furthermore, Ime2 promotes MECA degradation in a temporally controlled manner. Our study defines a key mechanism that coordinates mitochondrial morphogenesis with the landmark events of meiosis and demonstrates that cells can developmentally regulate tethering to induce organelle remodeling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Unal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawyer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berchowitz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/376509</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmental Regulation of an Organelle Tether Coordinates Mitochondrial Remodeling in Meiosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/377150v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Substantia nigra dopamine neurons evoke a delayed excitation in lateral dorsal striatal cholinergic interneurons via glutamate cotransmission 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/377150v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dopamine neurons have different synaptic actions in the ventral and dorsal striatum (dStr), but whether this heterogeneity extends to dStr subregions has not been addressed. We have found that optogenetic activation of dStr dopamine neuron terminals in mouse brain slices pauses the firing of cholinergic interneurons in both the medial and lateral subregions, while in the lateral subregion the pause is shorter due to a subsequent excitation. This excitation is mediated mainly by metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1) and partially by dopamine D1-like receptors coupled to transient receptor potential channel 3 and 7. DA neurons do not signal to spiny projection neurons in the medial dStr, while they elicit ionotropic glutamate responses in the lateral dStr. The DA neurons mediating these excitatory signals are in the substantia nigra (SN). Thus, SN dopamine neurons engage different receptors in different postsynaptic neurons in different dStr subregions to convey strikingly different signals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chuhma, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mingote, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yetnikoff, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalmbach, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ztaou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sienna, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tepler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulin, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ansorge, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awatramani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, U. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rayport, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/377150</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Substantia nigra dopamine neurons evoke a delayed excitation in lateral dorsal striatal cholinergic interneurons via glutamate cotransmission]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/377960v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An open source platform for analyzing and sharing worm behavior data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/377960v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animal behavior is increasingly being recorded in systematic imaging studies that generate large data sets. To maximize the usefulness of these data there is a need for improved resources for analyzing and sharing behavior data that will encourage re-analysis and method development by computational scientists1. However, unlike genomic or protein structural data, there are no widely used standards for behavior data. It is therefore desirable to make the data available in a relatively raw form so that different investigators can use their own representations and derive their own features. For computational ethology to approach the level of maturity of other areas of bioinformatics, we need to address at least three challenges: storing and accessing video files, defining flexible data formats to facilitate data sharing, and making software to read, write, browse, and analyze the data. We have developed an open resource to begin addressing these challenges using worm tracking as a model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Javer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Currie, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hokanson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martineau, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yemini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grundy, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafer, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nollen, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/377960</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An open source platform for analyzing and sharing worm behavior data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/378349v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo mutations in the GTP/GDP-binding region of RALA, a RAS-like small GTPase, cause intellectual disability and developmental delay 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/378349v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations that alter signaling of RAS/MAPK-family proteins give rise to a group of Mendelian diseases known as RASopathies, but the matrix of genotype-phenotype relationships is still incomplete, in part because there are many RAS-related proteins, and in part because the phenotypic consequences may be variable and/or pleiotropic. Here, we describe a cohort of ten cases, drawn from six clinical sites and over 16,000 sequenced probands, with de novo protein-altering variation in RALA, a RAS-like small GTPase. All probands present with speech and motor delays, and most have intellectual disability, low weight, short stature, and facial dysmorphism. The observed rate of de novo RALA variants in affected probands is significantly higher (p=4.93 x 10-11) than expected from the estimated mutation rate. Further, all de novo variants described here affect conserved residues within the GTP/GDP-binding region of RALA; in fact, six alleles arose at only two codons, Val25 and Lys128. We directly assayed GTP hydrolysis and RALA effector-protein binding, and all but one tested variant significantly reduced both activities. The one exception, S157A, reduced GTP hydrolysis but significantly increased RALA-effector binding, an observation similar to that seen for oncogenic RAS variants. These results show the power of data sharing for the interpretation and analysis of rare variation, expand the spectrum of molecular causes of developmental disability to include RALA, and provide additional insight into the pathogenesis of human disease caused by mutations in small GTPases.nnAuthor SummaryWhile many causes of developmental disabilities have been identified, a large number of affected children cannot be diagnosed despite extensive medical testing. Previously unknown genetic factors are likely to be the culprits in many of these cases. Using DNA sequencing, and by sharing information among many doctors and researchers, we have identified a set of individuals with developmental problems who all have changes to the same gene, RALA. The affected individuals all have similar symptoms, including intellectual disability, speech delay (or no speech), and problems with motor skills like walking. In nearly all of these cases (10 of 11), the genetic change found in the child was not inherited from either parent. The locations and biological properties of these changes suggest that they are likely to disrupt the normal functions of RALA and cause significant health problems. We also performed experiments to show that the genetic changes found in these individuals alter two key functions of RALA. Together, we have provided evidence that genetic changes in RALA can cause DD/ID. These results will allow doctors and researchers to identify additional children with the same condition, providing a clinical diagnosis to these families and leading to new research opportunities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hiatt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neu, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramaker, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardigan, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prokop, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hancarova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prchalova, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Havlovicova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prchal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stranecky, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yim, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powis, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nava, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mignot, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Revah-Politi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hemati, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stong, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iglesias, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suchy, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willaert, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wentzensen, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brick, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozenko, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurst, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheless, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacassie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlacek, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barsh, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/378349</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo mutations in the GTP/GDP-binding region of RALA, a RAS-like small GTPase, cause intellectual disability and developmental delay]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/378414v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acetic acid activates distinct taste pathways in Drosophila to elicit opposing, state-dependent feeding responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/378414v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Taste circuits are genetically determined to elicit an innate appetitive or aversive response, ensuring that animals consume nutritious foods and avoid the ingestion of toxins. We have examined the response of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster to acetic acid, a tastant that can be a metabolic resource but can also be toxic to the fly. Our data reveal that flies accommodate these conflicting attributes of acetic acid by virtue of a hunger-dependent switch in their behavioral response to this stimulus. Fed flies show taste aversion to acetic acid, likely a response to its potential toxicity, whereas starved flies show a robust appetitive response that may reflect their overriding need for calories. These opposing responses are mediated by two different classes of taste neurons. Acetic acid activates both the sugar and bitter pathways, which have opposing effects on feeding behavior. Hunger shifts the response from aversion to attraction by enhancing the appetitive sugar pathway as well as suppressing the aversive bitter pathway. Thus a single tastant can drive opposing behaviors by activating distinct taste pathways modulated by internal state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Devineni, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhukovskaya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Axel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/378414</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acetic acid activates distinct taste pathways in Drosophila to elicit opposing, state-dependent feeding responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/380832v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting negative control drugs to support research in drug safety 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/380832v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The lack of high-quality reference data is a major limitation in drug safety and drug discovery science. Unreliable standards prohibit the use of supervised learning methods and make evaluation of algorithms difficult. While some data is available for positive examples (e.g. which drugs are associated with a side effect), there are no systematic resources of negative controls. To solve this issue, we introduced SIDERctrl, a computational method that ranks drugs based on the likelihood of not causing a side effect. We applied SIDERctrl to predict negative controls from unreported drugs of 890 side effects in SIDER. Our predictions decreased the false negative rate by one-third according to a validation study using AEOLUS data. Three sets of predicted negative controls by different thresholds of precision were provided, and can be accessed at http://tatonettilab.org/resources/negative-drugs.html. This new reference standard will be important in chemical biology, drug development, and pharmacoepidemiology.nnKEY POINTSO_LIThe lack of systematic resources providing negative control drugs limits the performance of existing research in drug safety.nC_LIO_LIWe developed a novel method that integrated chemical and biological properties a drug and the target proteins to calculate the likelihood of the drug being negative control.nC_LIO_LIWe applied our method to 890 side effects, and showed that our method significantly decreased the false negative rate of predictions.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tatonetti, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/380832</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting negative control drugs to support research in drug safety]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/382481v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Measuring intolerance to mutation in human genetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/382481v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In numerous applications, from working with animal models to mapping the genetic basis of human disease susceptibility, it is useful to know whether a single disrupting mutation in a gene is likely to be deleterious1-4. With this goal in mind, a number of measures have been developed to identify genes in which protein-truncating variants (PTVs), or other types of mutations, are absent or kept at very low frequency in large population samples--genes that appear "intolerant to mutation"3,5-9. One measure in particular, pLI, has been widely adopted7. By contrasting the observed versus expected number of PTVs, it aims to classify genes into three categories, labelled "null", "recessive" and "haploinsufficient"7. Such population genetic approaches can be useful in many applications. As we clarify, however, these measures reflect the strength of selection acting on heterozygotes, and not dominance for fitness or haploinsufficiency for other phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fuller, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berg, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostafavi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sella, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przeworski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/382481</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Measuring intolerance to mutation in human genetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/383711v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disulfide bonds: the power switches of elastic proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/383711v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The delivery of mechanical power, a crucial component of animal motion, is constrained by the universal compromise between force and velocity of its constituent molecular systems. Here we demonstrate a switchable power amplifier in an Ig domain of the massive muscle protein titin. Titin is composed of many tandem repeats of individually foldable Ig domains, which unfold and extend during muscle stretch and readily refold when the force on titin is quenched during a contraction. Cryptic cysteine residues are common in elastic proteins like titin where they can oxidize to form intra-domain disulfide bonds, limiting the extensibility of an unfolding domain. However, the functional significance of disulfide-bonds in titin Ig domains remains unknown and may be fundamental to muscle mechanics. Here we use ultra-stable magnetic tweezers force spectroscopy to study the elasticity of a disulfide bonded modular titin protein operating in the physiological range, with the ability to control the oxidation state of the protein in real time using both organic reagents and oxidoreductase enzymes. We show that presence of an oxidized disulfide bond allows the parent Ig domain to fold at much higher forces, shifting the midpoint folding probability from 4.0 pN to 12.8 pN after formation. The presence of disulfide bonds in titin regulates the power output of protein folding in an all-or-none manner, providing for example at 6.0 pN, a boost from 0 to 6,000 zeptowatts upon oxidation. At this same force, single molecular motors such as myosin are typically stalled and perform little to no work. We further demonstrate that protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) readily reintroduces disulfide bonds into unfolded titin Ig domains, an important mechanism for titin which operates under a resting force of several pN in vivo. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, the functional significance of disulfide bonds as potent power amplifiers in titin and provide evidence that protein folding can generate substantial amounts of power to supplement the myosin motors during a contraction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eckels, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haldar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapia-Rojo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivas Pardo, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/383711</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disulfide bonds: the power switches of elastic proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/384826v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conserved cell types with divergent features between human and mouse cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/384826v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Elucidating the cellular architecture of the human neocortex is central to understanding our cognitive abilities and susceptibility to disease. Here we applied single nucleus RNA-sequencing to perform a comprehensive analysis of cell types in the middle temporal gyrus of human cerebral cortex. We identify a highly diverse set of excitatory and inhibitory neuronal types that are mostly sparse, with excitatory types being less layer-restricted than expected. Comparison to a similar mouse cortex single cell RNA-sequencing dataset revealed a surprisingly well-conserved cellular architecture that enables matching of homologous types and predictions of human cell type properties. Despite this general conservation, we also find extensive differences between homologous human and mouse cell types, including dramatic alterations in proportions, laminar distributions, gene expression, and morphology. These species-specific features emphasize the importance of directly studying human brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hodge, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakken, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkan, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graybuck, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Close, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penn, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eggermont, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollt, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levi, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shehata, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aevermann, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beller, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertagnolli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brouner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casper, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cobbs, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, S.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellenbogen, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fong, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garren, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gwinn, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirschstein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keene, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keshk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lathia, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahfouz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maltzer, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGraw, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyhus, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ojemann, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oldre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parry, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rimorin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapovalova, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Somasundaram, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/384826</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conserved cell types with divergent features between human and mouse cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/385229v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic self-organized error-correction of grid cells by border cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/385229v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Grid cells in the entorhinal cortex are believed to establish their regular, spatially correlated firing patterns by path integration of the animals motion. Mechanisms for path integration, e.g. in attractor network models, predict stochastic drift of grid responses, which is not observed experimentally. We demonstrate a biologically plausible mechanism of dynamic self-organization by which border cells, which fire at environmental boundaries, can correct such drift in grid cells. In our model, experience-dependent Hebbian plasticity during exploration allows border cells to learn connectivity to grid cells. Border cells in this learned network reset the phase of drifting grids. This error-correction mechanism is robust to environmental shape and complexity, including enclosures with interior barriers, and makes distinctive predictions for environmental deformation experiments. Our work demonstrates how diverse cell types in the entorhinal cortex could interact dynamically and adaptively to achieve robust path integration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pollock, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, X.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balasubramanian, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/385229</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic self-organized error-correction of grid cells by border cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/386789v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Camphor white oil induces tumor regression through cytotoxic T cell-dependent mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/386789v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bioactive derivatives from the camphor laurel tree, Cinnamomum camphora, are posited to exhibit chemopreventive properties but the efficacy and mechanism of these natural products have not been established. We tested an essential-oil derivative, camphor white oil (CWO), for anti-tumor activity in a mouse model of keratinocyte-derived skin cancer. Daily topical treatment with CWO induced dramatic regression of pre-malignant skin tumors and a two-fold reduction in cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas. We next investigated underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. In cultured keratinocytes, CWO stimulated calcium signaling, resulting in calcineurin-dependent activation of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT). In vivo, CWO induced transcriptional changes in immune-related genes, resulting in cytotoxic T cell-dependent tumor regression. Finally, we identified chemical constituents of CWO that recapitulated effects of the admixture. Together, these studies identify T cell-mediated tumor regression as the mechanism through which a plant-derived essential oil diminishes established tumor burden.nnSUMMARY BLURBEssential oil derived from the camphor tree acts by stimulating immune cell-dependent regression of skin tumors in a mouse model of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moayedi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenberg, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimitrov, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owens, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lumpkin, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/386789</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Camphor white oil induces tumor regression through cytotoxic T cell-dependent mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/389163v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Chemically-triggered Transition from Conflict to Cooperation in Burying Beetles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/389163v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although interspecific competition has long been recognized as a major driver of trait divergence and adaptive evolution1-3, relatively little effort has focused on how it influences the evolution of intraspecific cooperation4-6. Here we identify the mechanism by which the perceived pressure of interspecific competition influences the transition from intraspecific conflict to cooperation in a facultative cooperatively breeding species, the Asian burying beetle Nicrophorus nepalensis. In their natural environment in central Taiwan, N. nepalensis are typically aggressive to conspecifics and only cooperate with others of their own species at critical carcass resources in the presence of blowflies, their primary competitors7. We demonstrate that beetles form larger groups and are more cooperative in carcass preparation in warmer environments where the pressure of interspecific competition with blowflies is highest8. To test the hypothesis that the presence of blowflies promotes beetle cooperation and to identify the mechanism by which this occurs, we manipulated blowfly larvae on carcasses in the lab. We not only found that beetles are more cooperative at carcasses when blowfly maggots have begun to digest the tissue, but that this social cooperation appears to be triggered by a single chemical cue-- dimethyl disulfide (DMDS)--emitted from carcasses consumed by blowflies but not from control carcasses lacking blowflies. Our results provide experimental evidence that interspecific competition promotes the transition from intraspecific conflict to cooperation in N. nepalensis via a surprisingly simple social chemical cue that is a reliable indicator of interspecific competition. This finding helps bridge the gap between the proximate and ultimate factors regulating the transition between cooperation and conflict and moves toward a more comprehensive understanding of the evolution of mechanisms governing intraspecific variation in social behaviour.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubenstein, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, S.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/389163</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Chemically-triggered Transition from Conflict to Cooperation in Burying Beetles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/389270v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Molecular Pathology in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/389270v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Paralysis occurring in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) results from denervation of skeletal muscle as a consequence of motor neuron degeneration. Interactions between motor neurons and glia contribute to motor neuron loss, but the spatiotemporal ordering of molecular events that drive these processes in intact spinal tissue remains poorly understood. Here, we use spatial transcriptomics to obtain gene expression measurements of mouse spinal cords over the course of disease, as well as of postmortem tissue from ALS patients, to characterize the underlying molecular mechanisms in ALS. We identify novel pathway dynamics, regional differences between microglia and astrocyte populations at early time-points, and discern perturbations in several transcriptional pathways shared between murine models of ALS and human postmortem spinal cords.nnOne Sentence SummaryAnalysis of the ALS spinal cord using Spatial Transcriptomics reveals spatiotemporal dynamics of disease driven gene regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maniatis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aijo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vickovic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braine, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mollbrink, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrusivova, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saarenpaa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saiz-Castro, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuevas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watters, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundeberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonneau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phatnani, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/389270</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Molecular Pathology in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/390674v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Real-time structural dynamics of late steps in bacterial translation initiation visualized using time-resolved cryogenic electron microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/390674v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial translation initiation entails the tightly regulated joining of the 50S ribosomal subunit to an initiator transfer RNA (fMet-tRNAfMet)-containing 30S ribosomal initiation complex (IC) to form a 70S IC that subsequently matures into a 70S elongation-competent complex (70S EC). Rapid and accurate 70S IC formation is promoted by 30S IC-bound initiation factor (IF) 1 and the guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) IF2, both of which must ultimately dissociate from the 70S IC before the resulting 70S EC can begin translation elongation1. Although comparison of 30S2-6 and 70S5,7-9 IC structures have revealed that the ribosome, IFs, and fMet-tRNAfMet can acquire different conformations in these complexes, the timing of conformational changes during 70S IC formation, structures of any intermediates formed during these rearrangements, and contributions that these dynamics might make to the mechanism and regulation of initiation remain unknown. Moreover, lack of an authentic 70S EC structure has precluded an understanding of ribosome, IF, and fMet-tRNAfMet rearrangements that occur upon maturation of a 70S IC into a 70S EC. Using time-resolved cryogenic electron microscopy (TR cryo-EM)10 we report the first, near-atomic-resolution view of how a time-ordered series of conformational changes drive and regulate subunit joining, IF dissociation, and fMet-tRNAfMet positioning during 70S EC formation. We have found that, within ~20-80 ms, rearrangements of the 30S subunit and IF2, uniquely captured in its GDP*Pi-bound state, stabilize fMet-tRNAfMet in its intermediate,  70S P/I, configuration7 and trigger dissociation of IF1 from the 70S IC. Within the next several hundreds of ms, dissociation of IF2 from the 70S IC is coupled to further remodeling of the ribosome that positions fMet-tRNAfMet into its final,  P/P, configuration within the 70S EC. Our results demonstrate the power of TR cryo-EM to determine how a time-ordered series of conformational changes contribute to the mechanism and regulation of one of the most fundamental processes in biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaledhonkar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caban, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/390674</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Real-time structural dynamics of late steps in bacterial translation initiation visualized using time-resolved cryogenic electron microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/394999v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Triggering visually-guided behavior by holographic activation of pattern completion neurons in cortical ensembles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/394999v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal ensembles are building blocks of cortical activity yet it is unclear if they have any causal role in behavior. Here we tested if the precise activation of neuronal ensembles with two-photon holographic optogenetics in mouse primary visual cortex alters behavioral performance in a visual task. Disruption of behaviorally relevant cortical ensembles by activation of non-selective neurons decreased behavioral performance whereas optogenetic targeting of as few as two neurons with pattern completion capability from behaviorally relevant ensembles improved task performance by reliably recalling the whole ensemble. Moreover, in some cases, activation of two pattern completion neurons, in the absence of visual stimulus, triggered correct behavioral responses. Our results demonstrate a causal role of neuronal ensembles in a visually guided behavior and suggest that ensembles could represent perceptual states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carrillo-Reid, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akrouh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuste, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/394999</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Triggering visually-guided behavior by holographic activation of pattern completion neurons in cortical ensembles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/395384v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole-neuron synaptic mapping reveals local balance between excitatory and inhibitory synapse organization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/395384v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The balance between excitatory and inhibitory (E and I) synaptic inputs is thought to be critical for information processing in neural circuits. However, little is known about the principles of spatial organization of E and I synapses across the entire dendritic tree of mammalian neurons. We developed a new, open-source, reconstruction platform for mapping the size and spatial distribution of E and I synapses received by individual, genetically-labeled, layer 2/3 cortical pyramidal neurons (PNs) in vivo. We mapped over 90,000 E and I synapses across twelve L2/3 PNs and uncovered structured organization of E and I synapses across dendritic domains as well as within individual dendritic segments in these cells. Despite significant, domain-specific, variations in the absolute density of E and I synapses, their ratio is strikingly balanced locally across dendritic segments. Computational modeling indicates that this spatially-precise E/I balance dampens dendritic voltage fluctuations and strongly impacts neuronal firing output.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iascone, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumbul, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doron, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goudy, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segev, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polleux, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/395384</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole-neuron synaptic mapping reveals local balance between excitatory and inhibitory synapse organization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/395525v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human antibody cocktail deploys multiple functions to confer pan-ebolavirus protection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/395525v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During the unprecedented 2013-2016 Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic in Western Africa and in its aftermath, the passive administration of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) emerged as a promising treatment approach1-7. However, all antibody-based therapeutics currently in advanced development are specific for a single member of the Ebolavirus genus, Ebola virus (EBOV), and ineffective against divergent outbreak-causing ebolaviruses, including Bundibugyo virus (BDBV) and Sudan virus (SUDV)2,3,5,7. Here we advance MBP134, a cocktail of two broadly neutralizing human mAbs targeting the filovirus surface glycoprotein, GP, as a candidate pan-ebolavirus therapeutic. One component of this cocktail is a pan-ebolavirus neutralizing mAb, ADI-15878, isolated from a human EVD survivor8,9. The second, ADI-23774, was derived by affinity maturation of a human mAb8,9 via yeast display to enhance its potency against SUDV. MBP134 afforded exceptionally potent pan-ebolavirus neutralization in vitro and demonstrated greater protective efficacy than ADI-15878 alone in the guinea pig model of lethal EBOV challenge. A second-generation cocktail, MBP134AF, engineered to effectively harness natural killer (NK) cells afforded additional, unprecedented improvements in protective efficacy against EBOV and SUDV in guinea pigs relative to both its precursor and to any mAbs or mAb cocktails tested previously. MBP134AF is a best-in-class mAb cocktail suitable for evaluation as a pan-ebolavirus therapeutic in nonhuman primates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wec, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bornholdt, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbert, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodwin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirchnianski, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunn, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abelson, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moyer, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jangra, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakken, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohorova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohorov, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pauly, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velasco, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bortz, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whaley, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anthony, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alter, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dye, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeitlin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandran, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/395525</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human antibody cocktail deploys multiple functions to confer pan-ebolavirus protection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/396663v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large-Scale Annotation of Histopathology Images from Social Media 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/396663v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathologists are responsible for rapidly providing a diagnosis on critical health issues. Challenging cases benefit from additional opinions of pathologist colleagues. In addition to on-site colleagues, there is an active worldwide community of pathologists on social media for complementary opinions. Such access to pathologists worldwide has the capacity to improve diagnostic accuracy and generate broader consensus on next steps in patient care. From Twitter we curate 13,626 images from 6,351 tweets from 25 pathologists from 13 countries. We supplement the Twitter data with 113,161 images from 1,074,484 PubMed articles. We develop machine learning and deep learning models to (i) accurately identify histopathology stains, (ii) discriminate between tissues, and (iii) differentiate disease states. Area Under Receiver Operating Characteristic is 0.805-0.996 for these tasks. We repurpose the disease classifier to search for similar disease states given an image and clinical covariates. We report precision@k=1 = 0.7618{+/-}0.0018 (chance 0.397{+/-}0.004, mean{+/-}stdev). The classifiers find texture and tissue are important clinico-visual features of disease. Deep features trained only on natural images (e.g. cats and dogs) substantially improved search performance, while pathology-specific deep features and cell nuclei features further improved search to a lesser extent. We implement a social media bot (@pathobot on Twitter) to use the trained classifiers to aid pathologists in obtaining real-time feedback on challenging cases. If a social media post containing pathology text and images mentions the bot, the bot generates quantitative predictions of disease state (normal/artifact/infection/injury/nontumor, pre-neoplastic/benign/ low-grade-malignant-potential, or malignant) and lists similar cases across social media and PubMed. Our project has become a globally distributed expert system that facilitates pathological diagnosis and brings expertise to underserved regions or hospitals with less expertise in a particular disease. This is the first pan-tissue pan-disease (i.e. from infection to malignancy) method for prediction and search on social media, and the first pathology study prospectively tested in public on social media. We will share data through pathobotology.org. We expect our project to cultivate a more connected world of physicians and improve patient care worldwide.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schaumberg, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juarez, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhury, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pastrian, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pritt, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prieto Pozuelo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotillo Sanchez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zahra, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sener, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yip, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Annavarapu, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosado-Orozco, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sirintrapun, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuchs, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/396663</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large-Scale Annotation of Histopathology Images from Social Media]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/397190v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Forecasting seasonal influenza in the U.S.: A collaborative multi-year, multi-model assessment of forecast performance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/397190v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Influenza infects an estimated 9 to 35 million individuals each year in the United States and is a contributing cause for between 12,000 and 56,000 deaths annually. Seasonal outbreaks of influenza are common in temperate regions of the world, with highest incidence typically occurring in colder and drier months of the year. Real-time forecasts of influenza transmission can inform public health response to outbreaks. We present the results of a multi-institution collaborative effort to standardize the collection and evaluation of forecasting models for influenza in the US for the 2010/2011 through 2016/2017 influenza seasons. For these seven seasons, we assembled weekly real-time forecasts of 7 targets of public health interest from 22 different models. We compared forecast accuracy of each model relative to a historical baseline seasonal average. Across all regions of the US, over half of the models showed consistently better performance than the historical baseline when forecasting incidence of influenza-like illness 1, 2 and 3 weeks ahead of available data and when forecasting the timing and magnitude of the seasonal peak. In some regions, delays in data reporting were strongly and negatively associated with forecast accuracy. More timely reporting and an improved overall accessibility to novel and traditional data sources are needed to improve forecasting accuracy and its integration with real-time public health decision-making.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reich, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kandula, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGowan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osthus, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tushar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamana, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biggerstaff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johansson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenfeld, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/397190</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Forecasting seasonal influenza in the U.S.: A collaborative multi-year, multi-model assessment of forecast performance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/398107v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synthetic and genomic regulatory elements reveal aspects of cis-regulatory grammar in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/398107v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In embryonic stem cells (ESCs), a core network of transcription factors establish and maintain the gene expression program necessary to grow indefinitely in cell culture and generate all three primary germ layers. To understand how interactions between four key pluripotency transcription factors (TFs), SOX2, POU5F1 (OCT4), KLF4, and ESRRB, contribute to cis-regulation in mouse ESCs, we assayed two massively parallel reporter assay (MPRA) libraries composed of different combinations of binding sites for these TFs. One library was an exhaustive set of synthetic cis-regulatory elements and the second was a set of genomic sequences with comparable configurations of binding sites. Comparisons between the libraries allowed us to determine the regulatory grammar requirements for these binding sites in constrained synthetic contexts versus genomic sequence contexts. We found that binding site quality is a common attribute for active elements in both the synthetic and genomic contexts. For synthetic regulatory elements, the level of expression is mostly determined by the number of binding sites but is tuned by a grammar that includes position effects. Surprisingly, this grammar appears to only play a small role in setting the output levels of genomic sequences. The relative activity of genomic sequences is best explained by the predicted affinity of binding sites, regardless of identity, and optimized spacing between sites. Our findings highlight the need for detailed examinations of complex sequence space when trying to understand cis-regulatory grammar in the genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>King, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maricque, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/398107</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synthetic and genomic regulatory elements reveal aspects of cis-regulatory grammar in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/398339v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Group Based Trajectory Analysis of Cognitive Outcomes in Children with Perinatal HIV 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/398339v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCognitive impairment is common in children with perinatally-acquired HIV (pHIV). It is not known whether exposure to HIV-related neuropathogenic mechanisms during vulnerable periods of neurodevelopment may produce distinct long-term cognitive phenotypes as children age. We used group based trajectory modeling to identify clusters of children with pHIV following a unique developmental trajectory across age and predictors of belonging to select cognitive trajectory groups.nnMethodsParticipants included children aged 1 to 17 enrolled in the PREDICT resilience study, a cohort study of children with pHIV in Thailand and Cambodia. Cognitive testing was conducted semi-annually over three years. Group based trajectory analyses determined subgroups of children with differing cognitive trajectories using maximum likelihood estimates and Bayesian statistics. Multiple logistic regression identified baseline factors associated with belonging to the lowest scoring trajectory group.nnResultsThree distinct cognitive phenotypes were identified for each neurocognitive test categorized as high, medium and low scoring groups. A subgroup of children demonstrated normal developmental patterns for Color Trails Test 1 and 2. Children in the low trajectory group were more likely to present at an older age (>8 years, OR: 2.72; p 0.01) and report lower household income level (OR: 0.33-0.42; p<0.005). Neither CD4 nadir nor treatment arm was associated with cognitive trajectory status.nnConclusionOur study reflects the benefit of using group based trajectory modeling to classify the heterogeneity in cognitive outcomes of children with pHIV. Children were described as belonging to three distinct subgroups determined at study onset alluding to the fact that cognitive outcomes are likely to be determined at an early age with little variability over time in children with pHIV. Demographic variables, including older age at presentation and household income, were associated with low scoring cognitive trajectories, whereas HIV related variables were not. These findings mirror other studies and demonstrate the impact of socioeconomic factors on cognitive development in children with pHIV.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apornpong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerr, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puthanakit, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thongpibul, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosalaraksa, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ounchanum, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanhanavanit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngampiyaskul, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penhsun, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chettra, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spudich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ananworanich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luesonboon, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mellins, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The PREDICT Resilience Study,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/398339</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Group Based Trajectory Analysis of Cognitive Outcomes in Children with Perinatal HIV]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/400317v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ENRICH: a fast method to improve the quality of flexible macromolecular reconstructions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/400317v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryo-electron microscopy using single particle analysis requires the computational averaging of thousands of projection images captured from identical macromolecules. However, macromolecules usually present some degree of flexibility showing different conformations. Computational approaches are then required to classify heterogeneous single particle images into homogeneous sets corresponding to different structural states. Nonetheless, sometimes the attainable resolution of reconstructions obtained from these smaller homogeneous sets is compromised because of reduced number of particles or lack of images at certain macromolecular orientations. In these situations, the current solution to improve map resolution is returning to the electron microscope and collect more data. In this work, we present a fast approach to partially overcome this limitation for heterogeneous data sets. Our method is based on deforming and then moving particles between different conformations using an optical flow approach. Particles are then merged into a unique conformation obtaining reconstructions with improved resolution, contrast and signal-to-noise ratio, then, partially circumventing many issues that impact obtaining high quality reconstructions from small data sets. We present experimental results that show clear improvements in the quality of obtained 3D maps, however, there are also limits to this approach, which we discuss in the manuscript.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kazemi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorzano, C. O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Des Georges, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carazo, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/400317</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ENRICH: a fast method to improve the quality of flexible macromolecular reconstructions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/403931v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Potential Bias of Doubly Labeled Water for Measuring Energy Expenditure Differences Between Diets Varying in Carbohydrate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/403931v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundVery low-carbohydrate diets have been reported to substantially increase human energy expenditure as measured by doubly labeled water (DLW) but not by respiratory chambers. Do the DLW data reflect true physiological differences that are undetected by respiratory chambers? Alternatively, are the apparent DLW energy expenditure a consequence of failure to fully account for respiratory quotient (RQ) differences between diets?nnObjectiveTo examine energy expenditure differences between diets varying drastically in carbohydrate and to quantitatively compare DLW data with respiratory chamber and body composition measurements within an energy balance framework.nnDesignDLW measurements were obtained during the final two weeks of month-long baseline (BD; 50% carbohydrate, 35% fat, 15% protein) and isocaloric ketogenic diets (KD; 5% carbohydrate, 80% fat, 15% protein) in 17 men with BMI 25-35 kg/m2. Subjects resided 2d/week in respiratory chambers to measure energy expenditure (EEchamber). DLW expenditure was calculated using chamber-determined respiratory quotients (RQ) either unadjusted (EEDLW) or adjusted (EEDLW{Delta}RQ) for net energy imbalance using diet-specific coefficients. Accelerometers measured physical activity. Body composition changes were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry which were combined with energy intake measurements to calculate energy expenditure by balance (EEbal).nnResultsAfter transitioning from BD to KD, neither EEchamber nor EEbal were significantly changed ({triangleup}EEchamber=24{+/-}30 kcal/d; p=0.43 and {triangleup}EEbal=-141{+/-}118 kcal/d; p=0.25). Similarly, physical activity (-5.1{+/-}4.8%; p=0.3) and exercise efficiency (-1.6{+/-}2.4%; p=0.52) were not significantly changed. However, EEDLW was 209{+/-}83 kcal/d higher during the KD (p=0.023) but was not significantly increased when adjusted for energy balance (EEDLW{Delta}RQ =139{+/-}89 kcal/d; p=0.14). After removing 2 outliers whose EEDLW were incompatible with other data, EEDLW and EEDLW{triangleup}RQ were marginally increased during the KD by 126{+/-}62 kcal/d (p=0.063) and 46{+/-}65 kcal/d (p=0.49), respectively.nnConclusionsDLW calculations failing to account for diet-specific energy imbalance effects on RQ erroneously suggest that very low carbohydrate diets substantially increase energy expenditure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hall, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leibel, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reitman, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenbaum, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravussin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/403931</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Potential Bias of Doubly Labeled Water for Measuring Energy Expenditure Differences Between Diets Varying in Carbohydrate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/404327v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bayesian-estimated hierarchical HMMs enable robust analysis of single-molecule kinetic heterogeneity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/404327v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-molecule kinetic experiments allow the reaction trajectories of individual biomolecules to be directly observed, eliminating the effects of population averaging and providing a powerful approach for elucidating the kinetic mechanisms of biomolecular processes. A major challenge to the analysis and interpretation of these experiments, however, is the kinetic heterogeneity that almost universally complicates the recorded single-molecule signal versus time trajectories (i.e., signal trajectories). Such heterogeneity manifests as changes and/or differences in the transition rates that are observed within individual signal trajectories or across a population of signal trajectories. Although characterizing kinetic heterogeneity can provide critical mechanistic information, there are currently no computational methods available that effectively and/or comprehensively enable such analysis. To address this gap, we have developed a computational algorithm and software program, hFRET, that uses the variational approximation for Bayesian inference to estimate the parameters of a hierarchical hidden Markov model, thereby enabling robust identification and characterization of kinetic heterogeneity. Using simulated signal trajectories, we demonstrate the ability of hFRET to accurately and precisely characterize kinetic heterogeneity. In addition, we use hFRET to analyze experimentally recorded signal trajectories reporting on the conformational dynamics of ribosomal pre-translocation (PRE) complexes. The results of our analyses demonstrate that PRE complexes exhibit kinetic heterogeneity, reveal the physical origins of this heterogeneity, and allow us to expand the current model of PRE complex dynamics. The methods described here can be applied to signal trajectories generated using any type of signal and can be easily extended to the analysis of signal trajectories exhibiting more complex kinetic behaviors. Moreover, variations of our approach can be easily developed to integrate kinetic data obtained from different experimental constructs and/or from molecular dynamics simulations of a biomolecule of interest. The hFRET source code, graphical user interface, and user manual can be downloaded as freeware at https://github.com/GonzalezBiophysicsLab/hFRET.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/404327</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bayesian-estimated hierarchical HMMs enable robust analysis of single-molecule kinetic heterogeneity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/404467v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wave-like activity patterns in the neuropil of striatal cholinergic interneurons in freely moving mice represent their collective spiking dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/404467v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cholinergic interneurons (CINs) are believed to form synchronous cell assemblies that modulate the striatal microcircuitry and possibly orchestrate local dopamine release. We expressed GCaMP6s, a genetically encoded calcium indicator (GECIs), selectively in CINs, and used microendoscopes to visualize the putative CIN assemblies in the dorsal striatum of freely moving mice. The GECI fluorescence signal from the dorsal striatum was composed of signals from individual CIN somata that were engulfed by a widespread fluorescent neuropil. Bouts of synchronous activation of the cholinergic neuropil revealed traveling-wave-like patterns of activity that preceded the signal from individual somata. To investigate the nature of the neuropil signal and why it precedes the somatic signal, we target-patched GECI-expressing CINs in acute striatal slices in conjunction with multiphoton imaging or wide-field imaging that emulates the microendoscopes specifications. The ability to detect fluorescent transients associated with individual action potential was constrained by the long decay constant of GECIs (relative to common inorganic dyes) to slowly firing (< 2 spikes/s) CINs. The microendoscopes resolving power and sampling rate further diminished this ability. Additionally, we found that only back-propagating action potentials but not synchronous optogenetic activation of thalamic inputs elicited observable calcium transients in CIN dendrites. Our data suggest that only bursts of CIN activity (but not their tonic firing) are visible using endoscopic imaging, and that the spatiotemporal neuropil patterns are a physiological measure of the collective recurrent CIN network spiking activity.nnSignificance StatementCholinergic interneurons (CINs) are key modulators of the striatal microcircuitry that are necessary for assigning action value and behavioral flexibility. We present a first endoscopic imaging study of multiple molecularly identified CINs in freely moving mice. We reveal the presence of traveling-wave-like activity in the CIN neuropil. We then use ex vivo electrophysiological and imaging techniques to show that the neuropil signal is the integrated fluorescence arising from the axo-dendritic arbors of CINs dispersed throughout the striatum. We conclude that the neuropil signal acts as a mean-field readout of the striatal CIN network activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rehani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atamna, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiroshi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, W.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aceves Buendia, J. d. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martins, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobson, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/404467</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wave-like activity patterns in the neuropil of striatal cholinergic interneurons in freely moving mice represent their collective spiking dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/405159v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wnt/Fgf crosstalk is required for the specification of tracheal basal progenitor cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/405159v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Basal progenitor cells are critical for the establishment and maintenance of the tracheal epithelium. However, it remains unclear how these progenitor cells are specified during foregut development. Here, we found that ablation of the Wnt chaperon protein Gpr177 (also known as Wntless) in the epithelium causes significant reduction in the numbers of basal progenitor cells accompanied by cartilage loss in Shh-Cre;Gpr177loxp/loxp mutants. Consistent with the association between cartilage and basal cell development, Nkx2.1+p63+ basal cells are co-present with cartilage nodules in Shh-Cre;Ctnnb1DM/loxp mutants which keep partial cell-cell adhesion but not the transcription regulation function of {beta}-catenin. More importantly, deletion of Ctnnb1 in the mesenchyme leads to the loss of basal cells and cartilage concomitant with the reduced transcript levels of Fgf10 in Dermo1-Cre;Ctnnb1loxp/loxp mutants. Furthermore, deletion of Fgf receptor 2 (Fgfr2) in the epithelium also leads to significantly reduced numbers of basal cells, supporting the importance of the Wnt/Fgf crosstalk in early tracheal development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mori, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Que, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/405159</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wnt/Fgf crosstalk is required for the specification of tracheal basal progenitor cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/405886v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acute Psychological Stress Triggers Circulating Cell-Free Mitochondrial DNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/405886v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intrinsic biological mechanisms transduce psychological stress into physiological adaptation, but the role of mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in this process has not been defined in humans. Here, we show that similar to physical injury, psychological stress triggers elevation in circulating cell- free mtDNA (ccf-mtDNA). Healthy midlife adults exposed on two separate occasions to a brief psychological challenge exhibit a 2-3-fold increase in ccf-mtDNA, with no change in nuclear DNA levels, establishing the magnitude and specificity to ccf-mtDNA. In cell-based studies, we show that glucocorticoid signaling - a consequence of psychological stress in humans - is sufficient to induce mtDNA extrusion in a time frame consistent with human psychophysiology. Collectively, these findings provide the first evidence that psychological stress induces ccf-mtDNA and implicate glucocorticoid signaling as a trigger for ccf-mtDNA release. Further work is needed to examine the functional significance of psychological stress-induced ccf-mtDNA as a mitokine in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trumpff, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsland, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basualto-Alarcon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturm, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincent, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosharov, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/405886</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acute Psychological Stress Triggers Circulating Cell-Free Mitochondrial DNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/406207v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Plasticity of the electrical connectome of C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/406207v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The patterns of electrical synapses of an animal nervous system ("electrical connectome"), as well as the functional properties and plasticity of electrical synapses, are defined by the neuron type-specific complement of electrical synapse constituents. We systematically examine here properties of the electrical connectome of the nematode C. elegans through a genome- and nervous system-wide analysis of the expression pattern of the central components of invertebrate electrical synapses, the innexins, revealing highly complex combinatorial patterns of innexin expression throughout the nervous system. We find that the complex expression patterns of 12 out of 14 neuronally expressed innexins change in a strikingly neuron type-specific manner throughout most of the nervous system, if animals encounter harsh environmental conditions and enter the dauer arrest stage. We systematically describe the plasticity of locomotory patterns of dauer stage animals and, by analyzing several individual electrical synapses, we demonstrate that dauer stage-specific electrical synapse remodeling is responsible for specific aspects of the altered locomotory patterns as well as altered chemosensory behavior of dauer stage animals. We describe an intersectional gene regulatory mechanism, involving terminal selector and FoxO transcription factors that are responsible for inducing innexin expression changes in a neuron type- and environment-specific manner. Taken together, our studies illustrate the remarkably dynamic nature of electrical synapses on a nervous system-wide level and describe regulatory strategies for how these alterations are achieved.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aghayeva, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berghoff, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/406207</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Plasticity of the electrical connectome of C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/407007v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain-Score: Which Artificial Neural Network for Object Recognition is most Brain-Like? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/407007v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The internal representations of early deep artificial neural networks (ANNs) were found to be remarkably similar to the internal neural representations measured experimentally in the primate brain. Here we ask, as deep ANNs have continued to evolve, are they becoming more or less brain-like? ANNs that are most functionally similar to the brain will contain mechanisms that are most like those used by the brain. We therefore developed Brain-Score - a composite of multiple neural and behavioral benchmarks that score any ANN on how similar it is to the brains mechanisms for core object recognition - and we deployed it to evaluate a wide range of state-of-the-art deep ANNs. Using this scoring system, we here report that: (1) DenseNet-169, CORnet-S and ResNet-101 are the most brain-like ANNs. (2) There remains considerable variability in neural and behavioral responses that is not predicted by any ANN, suggesting that no ANN model has yet captured all the relevant mechanisms. (3) Extending prior work, we found that gains in ANN ImageNet performance led to gains on Brain-Score. However, correlation weakened at [&ge;] 70% top-1 ImageNet performance, suggesting that additional guidance from neuroscience is needed to make further advances in capturing brain mechanisms. (4) We uncovered smaller (i.e. less complex) ANNs that are more brain-like than many of the best-performing ImageNet models, which suggests the opportunity to simplify ANNs to better understand the ventral stream. The scoring system used here is far from complete. However, we propose that evaluating and tracking model-benchmark correspondences through a Brain-Score that is regularly updated with new brain data is an exciting opportunity: experimental benchmarks can be used to guide machine network evolution, and machine networks are mechanistic hypotheses of the brains network and thus drive next experiments. To facilitate both of these, we release Brain-Score.org: a platform that hosts the neural and behavioral benchmarks, where ANNs for visual processing can be submitted to receive a Brain-Score and their rank relative to other models, and where new experimental data can be naturally incorporated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schrimpf, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kubilius, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majaj, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajalingham, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Issa, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bashivan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prescott-Roy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamins, D. L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiCarlo, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/407007</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain-Score: Which Artificial Neural Network for Object Recognition is most Brain-Like?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/407601v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diagnosis and Prognosis Using Machine Learning Trained on BrainMorphometry and White Matter Connectomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/407601v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate, reliable prediction of risk for Alzheimers disease (AD) is essential for early, disease-modifying therapeutics. Multimodal MRI, such as structural and diffusion MRI, is likely to contain complementary information of neurodegenerative processes in AD. Here we tested the utility of the multimodal MRI (T1-weighted structure and diffusion MRI), combined with high-throughput brain phenotyping--morphometry and structural connectomics--and machine learning, as a diagnostic tool for AD. We used, firstly, a clinical cohort at a dementia clinic (National Health Insurance Service-Ilsan Hospital [NHIS-IH]; N=211; 110 AD, 64 mild cognitive impairment [MCI], and 37 cognitively normal with subjective memory complaints [SMC]) to test the diagnostic models; and, secondly, Alzheimers Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI)-2 to test the generalizability. Our machine learning models trained on the morphometric and connectome estimates (number of features=34,646) showed optimal classification accuracy (AD/SMC: 97% accuracy, MCI/SMC: 83% accuracy; AD/MCI: 97% accuracy) in NHIS-IH cohort, outperforming a benchmark model (FLAIR-based white matter hyperintensity volumes). In ADNI-2 data, the combined connectome and morphometry model showed similar or superior accuracies (AD/HC: 96%; MCI/HC: 70%; AD/MCI: 75% accuracy) compared with the CSF biomarker model (t-tau, p-tau, and Amyloid {beta}, and ratios). In predicting MCI to AD progression in a smaller cohort of ADNI-2 (n=60), the morphometry model showed similar performance with 69% accuracy compared with CSF biomarker model with 70% accuracy. Our comparison of classifiers trained on structural MRI, diffusion MRI, FLAIR, and CSF biomarkers show the promising utility of the white matter structural connectomes in classifying AD and MCI in addition to the widely used structural MRI-based morphometry, when combined with machine learning.nnHighlightsO_LIWe showed the utility of multimodal MRI, combining morphometry and white matter connectomes, to classify the diagnosis of AD and MCI using machine learning.nC_LIO_LIIn predicting the progression from MCI to AD, the morphometry model showed the best performance.nC_LIO_LITwo independent clinical datasets were used in this study: one for model building, the other for generalizability testing.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cha, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/407601</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diagnosis and Prognosis Using Machine Learning Trained on BrainMorphometry and White Matter Connectomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/407858v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterizing the nonlinear structure of shared variability in cortical neuron populations using neural networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/407858v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensory neurons often have variable responses to repeated presentations of the same stimulus, which can significantly degrade the information contained in those responses. Such variability is often shared across many neurons, which in principle can allow a decoder to mitigate the effects of such noise, depending on the structure of the shared variability and its relationship to sensory encoding at the population level. Latent variable models offer an approach for characterizing the structure of this shared variability in neural population recordings, although they have thus far typically been used under restrictive mathematical assumptions, such as assuming linear transformations between the latent variables and neural activity. Here we leverage recent advances in machine learning to introduce two nonlinear latent variable models for analyzing large-scale neural recordings. We first present a general nonlinear latent variable model that is agnostic to the stimulus tuning properties of the individual neurons, and is hence well suited for exploring neural populations whose tuning properties are not well characterized. This motivates a second class of model, the Generalized Affine Model, which simultaneously determines each neurons stimulus selectivity and a set of latent variables that modulate these stimulus responses both additively and multiplicatively. While these approaches can detect general nonlinear relationships in shared neural variability, we find that neural activity recorded in anesthetized primary visual cortex (V1) is best described by a single additive and single multiplicative latent variable, i.e., an "affine model". In contrast, application of the same models to recordings in awake macaque prefrontal cortex discover more general nonlinearities to compactly describe the population response variability. These results thus demonstrate how nonlinear latent variable models can be used to describe population variability, and suggest that a range of methods is necessary to study different brain regions under different experimental conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Whiteway, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Socha, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonin, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butts, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/407858</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterizing the nonlinear structure of shared variability in cortical neuron populations using neural networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/408633v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The geometry of abstraction in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/408633v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The curse of dimensionality plagues models of reinforcement learning and decision-making. The process of abstraction solves this by constructing abstract variables describing features shared by different specific instances, reducing dimensionality and enabling generalization in novel situations. Here we characterized neural representations in monkeys performing a task where a hidden variable described the temporal statistics of stimulus-response-outcome mappings. Abstraction was defined operationally using the generalization performance of neural decoders across task conditions not used for training. This type of generalization requires a particular geometric format of neural representations. Neural ensembles in dorsolateral pre-frontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex and hippocampus, and in simulated neural networks, simultaneously represented multiple hidden and explicit variables in a format reflecting abstraction. Task events engaging cognitive operations modulated this format. These findings elucidate how the brain and artificial systems represent abstract variables, variables critical for generalization that in turn confers cognitive flexibility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bernardi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benna, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rigotti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munuera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fusi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/408633</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The geometry of abstraction in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/409607v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Object-in-Place Memory Predicted by Anterolateral Entorhinal Cortex and Parahippocampal Cortex Volume in Older Adults 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/409607v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The lateral portion of the entorhinal cortex is one of the first brain regions affected by tau pathology, an important biomarker for Alzheimers disease (AD). Improving our understanding of this regions cognitive role may help identify better cognitive tests for early detection of AD. Based on its functional connections, we tested the idea that the human anterolateral entorhinal cortex (alERC) may play a role in integrating spatial information into object representations. We recently demonstrated that the volume of the alERC was related to processing the spatial relationships of the features within an object (Yeung et al., 2017). In the present study, we investigated whether the human alERC might also play a role in processing the spatial relationships between an object and its environment using an eyetracking task that assessed visual fixations to a critical object within a scene. Guided by rodent work, we measured both object-in-place memory, the association of an object with a given context (Wilson et al., 2013), and object-trace memory, the memory for the former location of objects (Tsao, Moser, & Moser, 2013). In a group of older adults with varying stages of brain atrophy and cognitive decline, we found that the volume of the alERC and the volume of the parahippocampal cortex (PHC) selectively predicted object-in-place memory, but not object-trace memory. These results provide support for the notion that the alERC may integrate spatial information into object representations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yeung, L.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsen, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mihajlovic, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Angelo, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kacollja, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barense, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/409607</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Object-in-Place Memory Predicted by Anterolateral Entorhinal Cortex and Parahippocampal Cortex Volume in Older Adults]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/409672v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Live-Cell Imaging Reveals Enhancer-dependent Sox2 Transcription in the Absence of Enhancer Proximity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/409672v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Enhancers are important regulatory elements that can control gene activity across vast genetic distances. However, the underlying nature of this regulation remains obscured because it has been difficult to observe in living cells. Here, we visualize the spatial organization and transcriptional output of the key pluripotency regulator Sox2 and its essential enhancer Sox2 Control Region (SCR) in living embryonic stem cells (ESCs). We find that Sox2 and SCR show no evidence of enhanced spatial proximity and that spatial dynamics of this pair is limited over tens of minutes. Sox2 transcription occurs in short, intermittent bursts in ESCs and, intriguingly, we find this activity demonstrates no association with enhancer proximity, suggesting that direct enhancer-promoter contacts do not drive contemporaneous Sox2 transcription. Our study establishes a framework for interrogation of enhancer function in living cells and supports an unexpected mechanism for enhancer control of Sox2 expression that uncouples transcription from enhancer proximity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alexander, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lomvardas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, O. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/409672</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Live-Cell Imaging Reveals Enhancer-dependent Sox2 Transcription in the Absence of Enhancer Proximity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/410894v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 induces multilineage maturation of human pluripotent stem cell-derived lung progenitors in 3D culture. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/410894v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although strategies for directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into lung and airway have been established, terminal maturation of the cells remains a vexing problem. We show here that in Collagen I 3D cultures in the absence of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) inhibition, hPSC-derived lung progenitors (LPs) undergo multilineage maturation into proximal cells arranged in pseudostratified epithelia, type I alveolar epithelial cells and morphologically mature type II cells. Enhanced cell cycling, one of the signaling outputs of GSK3 inhibition, plays a role in the maturation-inhibiting effect of GSK3 inhibition. Using this model, we show NOTCH signaling induced a distal at the expense of a proximal and ciliated cell fate, while WNT signaling promoted a proximal, club cell fate, thus implicating both signaling pathways in proximodistal specification in human lung development. These findings establish an approach to achieve multilineage maturation of lung and airway cells from hPSCs, demonstrate a pivotal role of GSK3 in the maturation of lung progenitors, and provide novel insight into proximodistal specification during human lung development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Snoeck, H.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues Toste de Carvalho, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strikoudis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dantas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vallee, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correia-Pinto, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/410894</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 induces multilineage maturation of human pluripotent stem cell-derived lung progenitors in 3D culture.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/412007v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Music reveals medial prefrontal cortex sensitive period in childhood 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/412007v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An outstanding issue in our understanding of human brain development is whether sensitive periods exist for higher-order processes (e.g., emotion regulation) that depend on the prefrontal cortex. Evidence from rodent models suggests that there is a sensitive period before puberty when acoustic stimuli, like music, shape medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) responses that regulate affect in the context of acute stress in adulthood. The present study examined whether a homologous sensitive period for the mPFC occurs during human childhood. In the context of acute stress, adult behavioral preferences were observed only for music experienced during childhood, not preschool or adolescent periods. Childhood music increased mPFC activation and modulated connectivity with the amygdala, which was associated with enhanced emotion regulation and lowered autonomic arousal. Moreover, the timing of this sensitive period could be moved by early-life stress. These findings indicate that childhood is a sensitive period for mPFC encoding of regulatory stimuli.nnSensitive periods are developmental moments of heightened neuroplasticity when experiences shape brain function and behavior with lasting effects (1). They are fundamental to human cortical ontogeny, and yet, the timing and nature of sensitive periods for human prefrontal cortex functions remain unknown (2-8). In the rodent, Yang and colleagues have shown that the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) exhibits a sensitive period during the prepubertal juvenile period, with heightened responsivity to complex auditory stimuli (i.e., music) (9). Specifically, initial exposure to music during the open (juvenile) sensitive period or a pharmacologically re-opened sensitive period in adulthood was followed by that music uniquely producing a behavioral preference in adulthood, increasing mPFC activity, and reducing anxiety-like behavior. This finding and others converging on the same prepubertal period of plasticity in the rodent (9, 10) may have important implications for human development; the complementary prepubertal period in humans (i.e., school-age childhood) also exhibits developmentally-unique mPFC circuitry phenotypes (11-17) that make childhood a strong candidate for a human mPFC sensitive period. Here, we used Billboard music chart data to identify age-specific exposures to pop songs to test whether music shapes human mPFC responses during a childhood sensitive period as in the rodent. To parallel the approach used in the rodent, we examined whether (i) music experienced during childhood uniquely produced a behavioral preference under stress, (ii) childhood music enhanced emotion regulation behaviorally and physiologically, (iii) mPFC activity was enhanced by childhood music, and mPFC circuitry mediated emotion regulation benefits of childhood music, and (iv) whether the timing of this putative sensitive period could be shifted by early adversity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gabard-Durnam, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hensch, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tottenham, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/412007</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Music reveals medial prefrontal cortex sensitive period in childhood]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/412361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenomic Profiling and Single-Nucleus-RNA-Seq Reveal Cis-Regulatory Elements in Human Retina, Macula and RPE and Non-Coding Genetic Variation. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/412361v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cis-regulatory elements (CREs) orchestrate the dynamic and diverse transcriptional programs that assemble the human central nervous system (CNS) during development and maintain its function throughout life. Genetic variation within CREs plays a central role in phenotypic variation in complex traits including the risk of developing disease. However, the cellular complexity of the human brain has largely precluded the identification of functional regulatory variation within the human CNS. We took advantage of the retina, a well-characterized region of the CNS with reduced cellular heterogeneity, to establish a roadmap for characterizing regulatory variation in the human CNS. This comprehensive resource of tissue-specific regulatory elements, transcription factor binding, and gene expression programs in three regions of the human visual system (retina, macula, retinal pigment epithelium/choroid) reveals features of regulatory element evolution that shape tissue-specific gene expression programs and defines the regulatory elements with the potential to contribute to mendelian and complex disorders of human vision.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cherry, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harmin, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timms, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauwens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allikmets, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeBaere, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenberg, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/412361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenomic Profiling and Single-Nucleus-RNA-Seq Reveal Cis-Regulatory Elements in Human Retina, Macula and RPE and Non-Coding Genetic Variation.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/416735v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Timing mechanism of sexually dimorphic nervous system differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/416735v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In all animals, sexual differentiation of somatic tissue is precisely timed, yet the molecular mechanisms that control the timing of sexual differentiation, particularly in the brain, are poorly understood. We have used sexually dimorphic molecular, anatomical and behavioral features of the C. elegans nervous system to decipher a regulatory pathway that controls the precise timing of sexual differentiation. We find that the sexually dimorphic differentiation of postmitotic neurons in the male nervous system is abrogated in animals that carry a mutation in the miRNA let-7 and prematurely executed in animals either lacking the let-7 inhibitor lin-28, or the direct let-7 target lin-41, an RNA-binding, posttranscriptional regulator. We show that an isoform of a phylogenetically conserved transcription factor, lin-29a, is a critical target of LIN-41 in controlling sexual maturation of sex-shared neurons. lin-29a is expressed in a male-specific manner in a subset of sex-shared neurons at the onset of sexual maturation. lin-29a acts cell-autonomously in these neurons to control the expression of sexually dimorphic neurotransmitter switches, sensory receptor expression, neurite anatomy and connectivity, and locomotor behavior. lin-29a is not only required but also sufficient to impose male-specific features at earlier stages of development and in the opposite sex. The temporal, sexual and spatial specificity of lin-29a expression is controlled intersectionally through the lin-28/let-7/lin-41 heterochronic pathway, sex chromosome configuration and neuron type-specific terminal selector transcription factors. Two Doublesex-like transcription factors represent additional neuron-type specific targets of LIN-41 and are regulated in a similar intersectional manner, indicating the existence of modular outputs downstream of the heterochronic pathway. In conclusion, we have provided insights into the molecular logic of the timing of sexual differentiation in the C. elegans nervous system. Remarkably, the lin28/let7 axis also controls the timing of sexual differentiation in mice and humans thereby hinting toward a striking universality of the control mechanisms of sexual differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pereira, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aeschimann, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serrano-Saiz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portman, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grosshans, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/416735</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Timing mechanism of sexually dimorphic nervous system differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/418202v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genotypic clustering does not imply recent tuberculosis transmission in a high prevalence setting: A genomic epidemiology study in Lima, Peru 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/418202v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundWhole genome sequencing (WGS) can elucidate Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) transmission patterns but more data is needed to guide its use in high-burden settings. In a household-based transmissibility study of 4,000 TB patients in Lima, Peru, we identified a large MIRU-VNTR Mtb cluster with a range of resistance phenotypes and studied host and bacterial factors contributing to its spread.nnMethodsWGS was performed on 61 of 148 isolates in the cluster. We compared transmission link inference using epidemiological or genomic data with and without the inclusion of controversial variants, and estimated the dates of emergence of the cluster and antimicrobial drug resistance acquisition events by generating a time-calibrated phylogeny. We validated our findings in genomic data from an outbreak of 325 TB cases in London. Using a larger set of 12,032 public Mtb genomes, we determined bacterial factors characterizing this cluster and under positive selection in other Mtb lineages.nnFindingsFour isolates were distantly related and the remaining 57 isolates diverged ca. 1968 (95% HPD: 1945-1985). Isoniazid resistance arose once, whereas rifampicin resistance emerged subsequently at least three times. Amplification of other drug resistance occurred as recently as within the last year of sampling. High quality PE/PPE variants and indels added information for transmission inference. We identified five cluster-defining SNPs, including esxV S23L to be potentially contributing to transmissibility.nnInterpretationClusters defined by MIRU-VNTR typing, could be circulating for decades in a high-burden setting. WGS allows for an improved understanding of transmission, as well as bacterial resistance and fitness factors.nnFundingThe study was funded by the National Institutes of Health (Peru Epi study U19-AI076217 and K01-ES026835 to MRF). The funding sources had no role in any aspect of the study, manuscript or decision to submit it for publication.nnResearch in contextO_ST_ABSEvidence before this studyC_ST_ABSUse of whole genome sequencing (WGS) to study tuberculosis (TB) transmission has proven to have higher resolution that traditional typing methods in low-burden settings. The implications of its use in high-burden settings are not well understood.nnAdded value of this studyUsing WGS, we found that TB clusters defined by traditional typing methods may be circulating for several decades. Genomic regions typically excluded from WGS analysis contain large amount of genetic variation that may affect interpretation of transmission events. We also identified five bacterial mutations that may contribute to transmission fitness.nnImplications of all the available evidenceAdded value of WGS for understanding TB transmission may be even higher in high-burden vs. low-burden settings. Methods integrating variants found in polymorphic sites and insertions and deletions are likely to have higher resolution. Several host and bacterial factors may be responsible for higher transmissibility that can be targets of intervention to interrupt TB transmission in communities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dixit, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freschi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calderon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sacchettini, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drobniewski, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galea, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contreras, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yataco, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lecca, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolokotronis, S.-O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathema, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farhat, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/418202</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genotypic clustering does not imply recent tuberculosis transmission in a high prevalence setting: A genomic epidemiology study in Lima, Peru]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/420273v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trans-ethnic genome-wide association study provides insight into effector genes and molecular mechanisms for kidney function and highlights a causal effect on kidney-specific disease aetiologies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/420273v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects [~]10% of the global population, with considerable ethnic differences in prevalence and aetiology. We assembled genome-wide association studies (GWAS)1-3 of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), a measure of kidney function that defines CKD, in 312,468 individuals from four ancestry groups. We identified 93 loci (20 novel), which were delineated to 127 distinct association signals. These signals were homogenous across ancestries, and were enriched for protein-coding exons, kidney-specific histone modifications, and transcription factor binding sites for HDAC2 and EZH2. Fine-mapping revealed 40 high-confidence variants driving eGFR associations and highlighted potential causal genes with cell-type specific expression in glomerulus, and proximal and distal nephron. Mendelian randomisation (MR) supported causal effects of eGFR on overall and cause-specific CKD, kidney stone formation, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and hypertension. These results define novel molecular mechanisms and effector genes for eGFR, offering insight into clinical outcomes and routes to CKD treatment development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morris, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbarov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Most, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hemani, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaulton, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadkarni, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valladares-Salgado, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wacher-Rodarte, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mychaleckyj, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dueker, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haessler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamatani, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stilp, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnlov, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanton, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Borst, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bottinger, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchanan, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charchar, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eales, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gharavi, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giedraitis, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heath, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ipp, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiryluk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kubo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindgren, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madden, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papanicolaou, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raffel, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>S</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/420273</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trans-ethnic genome-wide association study provides insight into effector genes and molecular mechanisms for kidney function and highlights a causal effect on kidney-specific disease aetiologies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/422337v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Atlas-CNV: a validated approach to call Single-Exon CNVs in the eMERGESeq gene panel 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/422337v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeTo provide a validated method to confidently identify exon-containing copy number variants (CNVs), with a low false discovery rate (FDR), in targeted sequencing data from a clinical laboratory with particular focus on single-exon CNVs.nnMethodsDNA sequence coverage data are normalized within each sample and subsequently exonic CNVs are identified in a batch of samples (midpool), when the target log2 ratio of the sample to the batch median exceeds defined thresholds. The quality of exonic CNV calls is assessed by C-scores (Z-like scores) using thresholds derived from gold standard samples and simulation studies. We integrate an ExonQC threshold to lower FDR and compare performance with alternate software (VisCap).nnResultsThirteen CNVs were used as a truth set to validate Atlas-CNV and compared with VisCap. We demonstrated FDR reduction in validation, simulation and 10,926 eMERGESeq samples without sensitivity loss. Sixty-four multi-exon and 29 single-exon CNVs with high C-scores were assessed by MLPA.nnConclusionsAtlas-CNV is validated as a method to identify exonic CNVs in targeted sequencing data generated in the clinical laboratory. The ExonQC and C-score assignment can reduce FDR (identification of targets with high variance) and improve calling accuracy of single-exon CNVs respectively. We proposed guidelines and criteria to identify high confidence single-exon CNVs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chiang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, T.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlazeck, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaid, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Andrade, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarvik, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crosslin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanaway, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrell, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connolly, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hakonarson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groopman, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gharavi, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedotov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leduc, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murdock, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eng, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muzny, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerwinkle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salerno, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/422337</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Atlas-CNV: a validated approach to call Single-Exon CNVs in the eMERGESeq gene panel]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/424218v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sae2 antagonizes Rad9 accumulation at DNA double-strand breaks to attenuate checkpoint signaling and facilitate end resection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/424218v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Mre11-Rad50-Xrs2NBS1 complex plays important roles in the DNA damage response by activating the Tel1ATM kinase and catalyzing 5-3 resection at DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). To initiate resection, Mre11 endonuclease nicks the 5 strands at DSB ends in a reaction stimulated by Sae2CtIP. Accordingly, Mre11-nuclease deficient (mre11-nd) and sae2{Delta} mutants are expected to exhibit similar phenotypes; however, we found several notable differences. First, sae2{Delta} cells exhibit greater sensitivity to genotoxins than mre11-nd cells. Second, sae2{Delta} is synthetic lethal with sgs1{Delta}, whereas the mre11-nd sgs1{Delta} mutant is viable. Third, Sae2 attenuates the Tel1-Rad53CHK2 checkpoint and antagonizes Rad953BP1 accumulation at DSBs independent of Mre11 nuclease. We show that Sae2 competes with other Tel1 substrates, thus reducing Rad9 binding to chromatin and to Rad53. We suggest that persistent Sae2 binding at DSBs in the mre11-nd mutant counteracts the inhibitory effects of Rad9 and Rad53 on Exo1 and Dna2-Sgs1 mediated resection, accounting for the different phenotypes conferred by mre11-nd and sae2{Delta} mutations. Collectively, these data show a resection initiation independent role for Sae2 at DSBs by modulating the DNA damage checkpoint.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, T.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimble, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Symington, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/424218</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sae2 antagonizes Rad9 accumulation at DNA double-strand breaks to attenuate checkpoint signaling and facilitate end resection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/424242v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of two centuries of global environmental variation on phenology and physiology of Arabidopsis thaliana 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/424242v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intraspecific trait variation is caused by genetic and plastic responses to environment. This intraspecific diversity is captured in immense natural history collections, giving us a window into trait variation across continents and through centuries of environmental shifts. Here we tested if hypotheses based on life history and the leaf economics spectrum explain intraspecific trait changes across global spatiotemporal environmental gradients. We measured phenotypes on a 216-year time series of Arabidopsis thaliana accessions from across the native range and applied spatially varying coefficient models to quantify region-specific trends in trait coordination and trait responses to climate gradients. All traits exhibited significant change across space and/or through time. For example, {delta}15N decreased over time across much of the range and leaf C:N increased, consistent with predictions based on anthropogenic changes in land use and atmosphere. Plants were collected later in the growing season in more recent years in many regions, possibly because populations shifted toward more spring germination and summer flowering as opposed to fall germination and spring flowering. When climate variables were considered, collection dates were earlier in warmer years, while summer rainfall had opposing associations with collection date depending on regions. There was only a modest correlation among traits, indicating a lack of a single life history/physiology axis. Nevertheless, leaf C:N was low for summer- versus spring-collected plants, consistent with a life history-physiology axis from slow-growing winter annuals to fast-growing spring/summer annuals. Regional heterogeneity in phenotype trends indicates complex responses to spatiotemporal environmental gradients potentially due to geographic genetic variation and climate interactions with other aspects of environment. Our study demonstrates how natural history collections can be used to broadly characterize trait responses to environment, revealing heterogeneity in response to anthropogenic change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeLeo, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menge, D. N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanks, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juenger, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasky, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/424242</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of two centuries of global environmental variation on phenology and physiology of Arabidopsis thaliana]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/425942v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Xrs2 and Tel1 independently contribute to MR-mediated DNA tethering and replisome stability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/425942v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The yeast Mre11-Rad50-Xrs2 (MRX) complex has structural, signaling and catalytic functions in the cellular response to DNA damage. Xrs2, the eukaryotic-specific component of the complex, is required for nuclear import of Mre11 and Rad50, and to recruit the Tel1 kinase to damage sites. We show that nuclear-localized MR complex (Mre11-NLS) catalyzes homology-dependent repair without Xrs2, but MR cannot activate Tel1 and it fails to tether DSBs resulting in sensitivity to genotoxins, replisome instability and increased gross chromosome rearrangements (GCRs). Fusing the Tel1 interaction domain from Xrs2 to Mre11-NLS is sufficient to restore telomere elongation and Tel1 signaling to Xrs2-deficient cells. Furthermore, Tel1 stabilizes Mre11-DNA association, and this stabilization function becomes important for DNA damage resistance in the absence of Xrs2. Enforcing Tel1 recruitment to the nuclear MR complex fully rescues end tethering, stalled replication fork stability and suppresses GCRs, highlighting important roles for Xrs2 and Tel1 to ensure optimal MR activity.nnHighlightsO_LIXrs2 is required for recruitment but not for activation of Tel1 kinasenC_LIO_LITel1 and Xrs2 function independently to optimize MR activity at DSBs and stalled replication forksnC_LIO_LIStable association of Mre11 at DSBs is required to maintain end-to-end tetheringnC_LIO_LIMR-mediated DNA tethering promotes replisome stability and genome integritynC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothstein, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Symington, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/425942</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Xrs2 and Tel1 independently contribute to MR-mediated DNA tethering and replisome stability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/426239v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quasi-universality in single-cell sequencing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/426239v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The development of single-cell technologies provides the opportunity to identify new cellular states and reconstruct novel cell-to-cell relationships. Applications range from understanding the transcriptional and epigenetic processes involved in metazoan development to characterizing distinct cells types in heterogeneous populations like cancers or immune cells. However, analysis of the data is impeded by its unknown intrinsic biological and technical variability together with its sparseness; these factors complicate the identification of true biological signals amidst artifact and noise. Here we show that, across technologies, roughly 95% of the eigenvalues derived from each single-cell data set can be described by universal distributions predicted by Random Matrix Theory. Interestingly, 5% of the spectrum shows deviations from these distributions and present a phenomenon known as eigenvector localization, where information tightly concentrates in groups of cells. Some of the localized eigenvectors reflect underlying biological signal, and some are simply a consequence of the sparsity of single cell data; roughly 3% is artifactual. Based on the universal distributions and a technique for detecting sparsity induced localization, we present a strategy to identify the residual 2% of directions that encode biological information and thereby denoise single-cell data. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach by comparing with standard single-cell data analysis techniques in a variety of examples with marked cell populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aparicio, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bordyuh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blumberg, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabadan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/426239</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quasi-universality in single-cell sequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/427559v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiplex transcriptional characterizations across diverse and hybrid bacterial cell-free expression systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/427559v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell-free expression systems enable rapid prototyping of genetic programs in vitro. However, current throughput of cell-free measurements is often limited by the use of single-channel reporter assays. Here, we describe DNA Regulatory element Analysis by cell-Free Transcription and Sequencing (DRAFTS), a rapid and robust in vitro approach for multiplexed measurement of transcriptional activities from thousands of regulatory sequences in a single reaction. We employed this method in active cell lysates developed from ten diverse bacterial species. Interspecies analysis of transcriptional profiles from >1,000 diverse regulatory sequences revealed functional differences in gene expression that could be predictively modeled. Finally, we constructed and examined the transcriptional capacities of dual-species "hybrid" cell lysates that can simultaneously harness gene expression properties of multiple organisms. We expect that this cell-free multiplex transcriptional measurement approach will improve genetic circuit prototyping in new bacterial chassis for synthetic biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yim, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johns, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomes, A. L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McBee, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garenne, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noireaux, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/427559</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiplex transcriptional characterizations across diverse and hybrid bacterial cell-free expression systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/427658v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
pavo 2.0: new tools for the spectral and spatial analysis of colour in R 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/427658v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIBiological colouration presents a canvas for the study of ecological and evolutionary processes. Enduring interest in colour-based phenotypes has driven, and been driven by, improved techniques for quantifying colour patterns in ever-more relevant ways, yet the need for flexible, open frameworks for data processing and analysis persists.nC_LIO_LIHere we introduce pavo 2, the latest iteration of the R package pavo. This release represents the extensive refinement and expansion of existing methods, as well as a suite of new tools for the cohesive analysis of the spectral and (now) spatial structure of colour patterns and perception. At its core, the package retains a broad focus on (a) the organisation and processing of spectral and spatial data, and tools for the alternating (b) visualisation, and (c) analysis of data. Significantly, pavo 2 introduces image-analysis capabilities, providing a cohesive workflow for the comprehensive analysis of colour patterns.nC_LIO_LIWe demonstrate the utility of pavo with a brief example centred on mimicry in Heliconius butterflies. Drawing on visual modelling, adjacency, and boundary strength analyses, we show that the combined spectral (colour and luminance) and spatial (pattern element distribution and boundary salience) features of putative models and mimics are closely aligned.nC_LIO_LIpavo 2 offers a flexible and reproducible environment for the analysis of colour, with renewed potential to assist researchers in answering fundamental questions in sensory ecology and evolution.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Endler, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/427658</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[pavo 2.0: new tools for the spectral and spatial analysis of colour in R]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/427880v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Redefining Nephrotic Syndrome in Molecular Terms: Outcome-associated molecular clusters and patient stratification with noninvasive surrogate biomarkers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/427880v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A tissue transcriptome driven classification of nephrotic syndrome patients identified a high risk group of patients with TNF activation and established a non-invasive marker panel for pathway activity assessment paving the way towards precision medicine trials in NS.nnAbstractNephrotic syndrome from primary glomerular diseases can lead to chronic kidney disease (CKD) and/or end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Conventional diagnoses using a combination of clinical presentation and descriptive biopsy information do not accurately predict risk for progression in patients with nephrotic syndrome, which complicates disease management. To address this challenge, a transcriptome-driven approach was used to classify patients with minimal change disease and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in the Nephrotic Syndrome Study Network (NEPTUNE). Transcriptome-based classification revealed a group of patients at risk for disease progression. High risk patients had a transcriptome profile consistent with TNF activation. Non-invasive urine biomarkers TIMP1 and CCL2 (MCP1), which are causally downstream of TNF, accurately predicted TNF activation in the NEPTUNE cohort setting the stage for patient stratification approaches and precision medicine in kidney disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mariani, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eddy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichinger, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godfrey, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appel, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Athavale, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barisoni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cattran, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dell, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derebail, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fervenza, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fornoni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gadegbeku, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gipson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenbaum, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hingorani, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hlandunewich, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holzman, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jefferson, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaskel, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopp, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lafayette, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemley, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lieske, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachman, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nast, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neu, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sambandam, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedor, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sethna, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trachtman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/427880</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Redefining Nephrotic Syndrome in Molecular Terms: Outcome-associated molecular clusters and patient stratification with noninvasive surrogate biomarkers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/428615v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling RNA-binding protein specificity in vivo by precisely registering protein-RNA crosslink sites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/428615v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) regulate post-transcriptional gene expression by recognizing short and degenerate sequence elements in their target transcripts. Despite the expanding list of RBPs with in vivo binding sites mapped genomewide using crosslinking and immunoprecipitation (CLIP), defining precise RBP binding specificity remains challenging. We previously demonstrated that the exact protein-RNA crosslink sites can be mapped using CLIP data at single-nucleotide resolution and observed that crosslinking frequently occurs at specific positions in RBP motifs. Here we have developed a computational method, named mCross, to jointly model RBP binding specificity while precisely registering the crosslinking position in motif sites. We applied mCross to 112 RBPs using ENCODE eCLIP data and validated the reliability of the resulting motifs by genome-wide analysis of allelic binding sites also detected by CLIP. We found that the prototypical SR protein SRSF1 recognizes GGA clusters to regulate splicing in a much larger repertoire of transcripts than previously appreciated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weyn-Vanhentenryck, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/428615</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling RNA-binding protein specificity in vivo by precisely registering protein-RNA crosslink sites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/428755v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation of arousal via on-line neurofeedback improves human performance in a demanding sensory-motor task 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/428755v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our state of arousal can significantly affect our ability to make optimal decisions, judgments, and actions in real-world dynamic environments. The Yerkes-Dodson law, which posits an inverse-U relationship between arousal and task performance, suggests that there is a state of arousal that is optimal for behavioral performance in a given task. Here we show that we can use on-line neurofeedback to shift an individuals arousal toward this optimal state. Specifically, we use a brain computer interface (BCI) that uses information in the electroencephalogram (EEG) to generate a neurofeedback signal that dynamically adjusts an individuals arousal state when they are engaged in a boundary avoidance task (BAT). The BAT is a demanding sensory-motor task paradigm that we implement as an aerial navigation task in virtual reality (VR), and which creates cognitive conditions that escalate arousal and quickly results in task failure -- e.g. missing or crashing into the boundary. We demonstrate that task performance, measured as time and distance over which the subject can navigate before failure, is significantly increased when veridical neurofeedback is provided. Simultaneous measurements of pupil dilation and heart rate variability show that the neurofeedback indeed reduces arousal. Our work is the first demonstration of a BCI system that uses on-line neurofeedback to shift arousal state and increase task performance in accordance with the Yerkes-Dodson law.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Faller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cummings, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saproo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sajda, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/428755</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation of arousal via on-line neurofeedback improves human performance in a demanding sensory-motor task]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/431536v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improved Pathogenic Variant Localization using a Hierarchical Model of Sub-regional Intolerance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/431536v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Different parts of a gene can be of differential importance to development and health. This regional heterogeneity is also apparent in the distribution of disease mutations which often cluster in particular regions of disease genes. The ability to precisely estimate functionally important sub-regions of genes will be key in correctly deciphering relationships between genetic variation and disease. Previous methods have had some success using standing human variation to characterize this variability in importance by measuring sub-regional intolerance, i.e., the depletion in functional variation from expectation within a given region of a gene. However, the ability to precisely estimate local intolerance was restricted by the fact that only information within a given sub-region is used, leading to instability in local estimates, especially for small regions. We show that borrowing information across regions using a Bayesian hierarchical model, stabilizes estimates, leading to lower variability and improved predictive utility. Specifically, our approach more effectively identifies regions enriched for ClinVar pathogenic variants. We also identify significant correlations between sub-region intolerance and the distribution of pathogenic variation in disease genes, with AUCs for classifying de novo missense variants in Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) genes of up to 0.86 using exonic sub-regions and 0.91 using sub-regions defined by protein domains. This result immediately suggests that considering the intolerance of regions in which variants are found may improve diagnostic interpretation. We also illustrate the utility of integrating regional intolerance into gene-level disease association tests with a study of known disease genes for epileptic encephalopathy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hayeck, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stong, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolock, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Copeland, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamalakaran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/431536</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improved Pathogenic Variant Localization using a Hierarchical Model of Sub-regional Intolerance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/432211v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic variants influence on the placenta regulatory landscape 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/432211v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundFrom genomic association studies, quantitative trait loci analysis, and epigenomic mapping, it is evident that significant efforts are necessary to define genetic-epigenetic interactions and understand their role in disease susceptibility and progression. For this reason, an analysis of the effects of genetic variation on gene expression and DNA methylation in human placentas at high resolution and whole-genome coverage will have multiple mechanistic and practical implications.nnResultsBy producing and analyzing DNA sequence variation (n=303), DNA methylation (n=303) and mRNA expression data (n=80) from placentas from healthy women, we investigate the regulatory landscape of the human placenta and offer analytical approaches to integrate different types of genomic data and address some potential limitations of current platforms. We distinguish two profiles of interaction between expression and DNA methylation, revealing linear or bimodal effects, reflecting differences in genomic context, transcription factor recruitment, and possibly cell subpopulations.nnConclusionsThese findings help to clarify the interactions of genetic, epigenetic, and transcriptional regulatory mechanisms in normal human placentas. They also provide strong evidence for genotype-driven modifications of transcription and DNA methylation in normal placentas. In addition to these mechanistic implications, the data and analytical methods presented here will improve the interpretability of genome-wide and epigenome-wide association studies for human traits and diseases that involve placental functions.nnAuthor summaryThe placenta is a critical organ playing multiple roles including oxygen and metabolite transfer from mother to fetus, hormone production, and vascular perfusion. With this study, we aimed to deliver a placenta-specific regulatory map based on a combination of publicly available and newly generated data. To complete this reference, we obtained genotype information (n=303), DNA methylation (n=303) and expression data (n=80) for placentas from healthy women. Our analysis of methylation and expression quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and correlations between methylation and expression data were designed to identify fundamental associations between genome, transcriptome, and epigenome in this key fetal organ. The results provide high-resolution genetic and epigenetic maps specific to the placenta based on a representative ethnically diverse cohort. As interest and efforts are growing to better understand the etiology of placental disease and the impact of the environment on placental function these data will provide a reference and enhance future investigations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Delahaye, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashkar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tycko, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wapner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/432211</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic variants influence on the placenta regulatory landscape]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/432732v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Right hemisphere superiority for executive control of attention 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/432732v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over forty years have passed since the first evidence showing the unbalanced attentional allocation of humans across the two visual fields, and since then, a wealth of behavioral, neurophysiological, and clinical data increasingly showed a right hemisphere dominance for orienting of attention. However, inconsistent evidence exists regarding the right-hemisphere dominance for executive control of attention, possibly due to a lack of consideration of its dynamics with the alerting and orienting functions. In this study, we used a version of the Attentional Network Test with lateralized presentation of the stimuli to the left visual field (processed by the right hemisphere, RH) and right visual field (processed by the left hemisphere, LH) to examine visual field differences in executive control of attention under conditions of alerting or orienting. Analyses of behavioral performance (reaction time and error rate) showed a more efficient executive control (reduced conflict effect) in the RH compared to the LH for the reaction time, under conditions of increased alerting and of informative spatial orienting. These results demonstrate the right-hemisphere superiority for executive control, and that this effect depends on the activation of the alerting and orienting functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spagna, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/432732</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Right hemisphere superiority for executive control of attention]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/432823v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic And Epigenetic Fine Mapping Of Complex Trait Associated Loci In The Human Liver 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/432823v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deciphering the impact of genetic variation on gene regulation is fundamental to understanding common, complex human diseases. Although histone modifications are important markers of gene regulatory regions of the genome, any specific histone modification has not been assayed in more than a few individuals in the human liver. As a result, the impacts of genetic variation that direct histone modification states in the liver are poorly understood. Here, we generate the most comprehensive genome-wide dataset of two epigenetic marks, H3K4me3 and H3K27ac, and annotate thousands of putative regulatory elements in the human liver. We integrate these findings with genome-wide gene expression data collected from the same human liver tissues and high-resolution promoter-focused chromatin interaction maps collected from human liver-derived HepG2 cells. We demonstrate widespread functional consequences of natural genetic variation on putative regulatory element activity and gene expression levels. Leveraging these extensive datasets, we fine-map a total of 77 GWAS loci that have been associated with at least one complex phenotype. Our results contribute to the repertoire of genes and regulatory mechanisms governing complex disease development and further the basic understanding of genetic and epigenetic regulation of gene expression in the human liver tissue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Caliskan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manduchi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segert, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holsbach Beltrame, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trizzino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chesi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodge, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonard, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loza, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berrido, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hand, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olthoff, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaked, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rader, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/432823</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic And Epigenetic Fine Mapping Of Complex Trait Associated Loci In The Human Liver]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/433516v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heading direction with respect to a reference point modulates place-cell activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/433516v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Utilizing electrophysiological recordings from CA1 pyramidal cells in freely moving mice, we find that a majority of neural responses are modulated by the heading-direction of the animal relative to a point within or outside their enclosure that we call a reference point. Our findings identify a novel representation in the neuronal responses in the dorsal hippocampus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jercog, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmadian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodruff, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deb-Sen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kandel, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/433516</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heading direction with respect to a reference point modulates place-cell activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/433862v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single neurons in the human entorhinal cortex remap to distinguish individual spatial memories 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/433862v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The entorhinal cortex (EC) is known to play a key role in both memory and spatial navigation. Despite this overlap in spatial and mnemonic circuits, it is unknown how spatially responsive neurons contribute to our ability to represent and distinguish past experiences. Recording from medial temporal lobe (MTL) neurons in subjects performing cued recall of object-location memories in a virtual-reality environment, we identified "trace cells" in the EC that remap their spatial fields to locations subjects were cued to recall on each trial. In addition to shifting its firing field according to the memory cue, this neuronal activity exhibited a firing rate predictive of the cued memorys content. Critically, this memory-specific neuronal activity re-emerged when subjects were cued for recall without entering the environment, indicating that trace-cell memory representations generalized beyond navigation. These findings suggest a general mechanism for memory retrieval via trace-cell activity and remapping in the EC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qasim, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inman, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willie, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lega, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sperling, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKhann, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schevon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/433862</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single neurons in the human entorhinal cortex remap to distinguish individual spatial memories]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/435826v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ligand Geometry Controls Adhesion formation via Integrin Clustering 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/435826v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Integrin-mediated cell matrix adhesions are key to sensing the geometry and rigidity of the extracellular environment to regulate vital cellular processes. In vivo, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is composed of a fibrous mesh. To understand the geometry that supports adhesion formation on fibrous substrates, we patterned 10 nm gold-palladium single lines or pairs of lines (total width within 100 nm), mimicking thin single ECM fibers or a minimal mesh geometry, respectively and functionalized it with integrin binding ligand Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD). Single lines showed reduced focal adhesion kinase (FAK) recruitment and did not support cell spreading or formation of focal adhesions, despite the presence of a high density of integrin-binding ligands. Using super resolution microscopy, we observed transient integrin clusters on single lines, whereas stable 110 nm integrin clusters formed on pairs of lines similar to those on continuous substrates. This indicated that two-dimensional ligand geometry is required for adhesion formation on rigid substrates. A mechanism to form modular 100nm integrin clusters bridging the minimal fiber mesh would require unliganded integrins. We observed that integrin mutants unable to bind ligand co-clustered with ligand-bound integrins when present in an active extended conformation. Thus, these results indicate that functional integrin clusters are required to form focal adhesions and unliganded integrins can co-cluster to bridge between thin matrix fibers and can form stable integrin adhesions on dense fibrous networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Changede, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wind, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheetz, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/435826</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ligand Geometry Controls Adhesion formation via Integrin Clustering]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/436204v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High local mutual information drives the response in the human language network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/436204v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fronto-temporal language network responds robustly and selectively to sentences. But the features of linguistic input that drive this response and the computations these language areas support remain debated. Two key features of sentences are typically confounded in natural linguistic input: words in sentences a) are semantically and syntactically combinable into phrase- and clause-level meanings, and b) occur in an order licensed by the languages grammar. Inspired by recent psycholinguistic work establishing that language processing is robust to word order violations, we hypothesized that the core linguistic computation is composition, and, thus, can take place even when the word order violates the grammatical constraints of the language. This hypothesis predicts that a linguistic string should elicit a sentence-level response in the language network as long as the words in that string can enter into dependency relationships as in typical sentences. We tested this prediction across two fMRI experiments (total N=47) by introducing a varying number of local word swaps into naturalistic sentences, leading to progressively less syntactically well-formed strings. Critically, local dependency relationships were preserved because combinable words remained close to each other. As predicted, word order degradation did not decrease the magnitude of the BOLD response in the language network, except when combinable words were so far apart that composition among nearby words was highly unlikely. This finding demonstrates that composition is robust to word order violations, and that the language regions respond as strongly as they do to naturalistic linguistic input as long as composition can take place.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mollica, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegelman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diachek, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piantadosi, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mineroff, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Futrell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedorenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/436204</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High local mutual information drives the response in the human language network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/436840v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bright and photostable chemigenetic indicators for extended in vivo voltage imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/436840v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Imaging changes in membrane potential using genetically encoded fluorescent voltage indicators (GEVIs) has great potential for monitoring neuronal activity with high spatial and temporal resolution. Brightness and photostability of fluorescent proteins and rhodopsins have limited the utility of existing GEVIs. We engineered a novel GEVI,  Voltron, that utilizes bright and photostable synthetic dyes instead of protein-based fluorophores, extending the combined duration of imaging and number of neurons imaged simultaneously by more than tenfold relative to existing GEVIs. We used Voltron for in vivo voltage imaging in mice, zebrafish, and fruit flies. In mouse cortex, Voltron allowed single-trial recording of spikes and subthreshold voltage signals from dozens of neurons simultaneously, over 15 minutes of continuous imaging. In larval zebrafish, Voltron enabled the precise correlation of spike timing with behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abdelfattah, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawashima, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novak, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimm, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedrich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mensh, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macklin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Podgorski, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, B.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, T.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koyama, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svoboda, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahrens, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavis, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiter, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/436840</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bright and photostable chemigenetic indicators for extended in vivo voltage imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/438036v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robust Algorithms for Capturing Population Dynamics and Transport in Oceanic Variables along Drifter Trajectories using Linear Dynamical Systems with Latent Variables 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/438036v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The blooms of Noctiluca in the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Sea have been intensifying in recent years posing a threat to regional fisheries and the long-term health of an ecosystem supporting a coastal population of nearly 120 million people. We present the results of a microscopic data analysis to investigate the onset and patterns of the Noctiluca (mixotrophic dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans) blooms, which form annually during the winter monsoon in the Gulf of Oman and in the Arabian Sea. Our approach combines methods in physical and biological oceanography with machine learning techniques. In particular, we present a robust algorithm, the variable-length Linear Dynamic Systems (vLDS) model, that extracts the causal factors and latent dynamics at the microscopic population-level along each individual drifter trajectory, and demonstrate its effectiveness by using it to test and confirm previously benchmarked macroscopic scientific hypotheses. The test results provide microscopic statistical evidence to support and recheck the macroscopic physical and biological Oceanography hypotheses on the Noctiluca blooms; it also helps identify complementary microscopic dynamics that might not be visible or discoverable at the macroscopic scale. The vLDS model also exhibits a generalization capability (inherited from a machine learning methodology) to investigate important causal factors and hidden dynamics associated with ocean biogeochemical processes and phenomena at the population-level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jebara, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abernathey, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomes, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/438036</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robust Algorithms for Capturing Population Dynamics and Transport in Oceanic Variables along Drifter Trajectories using Linear Dynamical Systems with Latent Variables]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/438267v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stereotyped Terminal Axon Branching of Leg Motor Neurons Mediated by IgSF Proteins DIP-α and Dpr10 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/438267v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability of animals to perform coordinated movements depends on the precise organization of neural circuits controlling motor function. Motor neurons (MNs), which are key components of these circuits, must project their axons out of the central nervous system and form precise terminal branching patterns at specific muscles in the periphery. By focusing on the Drosophila adult leg neuromuscular system we show that the stereotyped terminal branching of a subset of leg MNs is mediated by interacting transmembrane Ig superfamily (IgSF) proteins DIP- and Dpr10, present in MNs and target muscles, respectively. Importantly, the DIP-/Dpr10 interaction is needed only after MN axons reach the vicinity of their muscle targets. Live imaging of this process suggests that precise terminal branching patterns are gradually established by DIP-/Dpr10-dependent interactions between fine axon filopodia and developing muscles. Further, different leg MNs depend on the DIP- and Dpr10 interaction to varying degrees that correlate with the morphological complexity of the MNs and their muscle targets, suggesting that some MNs depend upon multiple sets of interacting proteins to establish terminal axon branching.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Venkatasubramanian, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagarkar-Jaiswal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/438267</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stereotyped Terminal Axon Branching of Leg Motor Neurons Mediated by IgSF Proteins DIP-α and Dpr10]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/438507v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens shell does not decrease cocaine self-administration in cocaine-dependent rats but increases GluR1/GluA1 in the central nucleus of the amygdala 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/438507v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCocaine addiction is a major public health problem. Despite decades of intense research, no effective treatments are available. Both preclinical and clinical studies of drug addiction strongly suggest that the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) is a viable target for deep brain stimulation (DBS).nnObjectiveAlthough previous studies have shown that DBS of the NAcc decreases cocaine seeking and reinstatement, the effects of DBS on cocaine intake in cocaine-dependent animals have not yet been investigated.nnMethodsRats were made cocaine-dependent by allowing them to self-administer cocaine in long-access sessions (6 h, 0.5 mg/kg/infusion). The effects of high-frequency DBS of the NAcc shell on cocaine intake was then studied. Furthermore, cocaine-induced locomotor activity, irritability-like behavior during cocaine abstinence and the levels of the -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor subunits 1 and 2 (GluR1/GluA1 and GluR2/GluA2) after DBS were investigated.nnResultsContrary to our expectations, DBS of the NAcc shell induced a slight increase in both cocaine self-administration and cocaine-induced locomotor activity. In addition, 18 h into cocaine withdrawal, we found that DBS decreased irritability-like behavior. We also found that DBS-induced a robust increase in both cytosolic and synaptosomal levels of GluR1, but not GluR2, specifically in the central nucleus of the amygdala but not in other brain regions.nnConclusionsThese preclinical results with cocaine-dependent animals do not support high-frequency DBS of the NAcc shell as a therapeutic approach for the treatment of cocaine addiction in active cocaine users. However, the decrease in irritability-like behavior during cocaine abstinence, together with previous findings showing that DBS of the NAcc shell reduces the reinstatement of cocaine seeking in abstinent animals, warrants future investigations of DBS as a treatment for negative emotional states and craving during abstinence.nnHighlightsO_LIHigh-frequency DBS of the NAcc shell for the treatment of cocaine addiction is proposednC_LIO_LIDBS of the NAcc shell does not decrease cocaine intake in cocaine-dependent ratsnC_LIO_LIDBS increases the level of GluR1 specifically in the central nucleus of the amygdalanC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kononoff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melas, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qvist, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Guglielmo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kallupi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kandel, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/438507</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens shell does not decrease cocaine self-administration in cocaine-dependent rats but increases GluR1/GluA1 in the central nucleus of the amygdala]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/440735v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Minimal phenotyping yields GWAS hits of low specificity for major depression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/440735v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Minimal phenotyping refers to the reliance on the use of a small number of self-report items for disease case identification. This strategy has been applied to genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of major depressive disorder (MDD). Here we report that the genotype derived heritability (h2SNP) of depression defined by minimal phenotyping (14%, SE = 0.8%) is lower than strictly defined MDD (26%, SE = 2.2%). This cannot be explained by differences in prevalence between definitions or including cases of lower liability to MDD in minimal phenotyping definitions of depression, but can be explained by misdiagnosis of those without depression or with related conditions as cases of depression. Depression defined by minimal phenotyping is as genetically correlated with strictly defined MDD (rG = 0.81, SE = 0.03) as it is with the personality trait neuroticism (rG = 0.84, SE = 0.05), a trait not defined by the cardinal symptoms of depression. While they both show similar shared genetic liability with neuroticism, a greater proportion of the genome contributes to the minimal phenotyping definitions of depression (80.2%, SE = 0.6%) than to strictly defined MDD (65.8%, SE = 0.6%). We find that GWAS loci identified in minimal phenotyping definitions of depression are not specific to MDD: they also predispose to other psychiatric conditions. Finally, while highly predictive polygenic risk scores can be generated from minimal phenotyping definitions of MDD, the predictive power can be explained entirely by the sample size used to generate the polygenic risk score, rather than specificity for MDD. Our results reveal that genetic analysis of minimal phenotyping definitions of depression identifies non-specific genetic factors shared between MDD and other psychiatric conditions. Reliance on results from minimal phenotyping for MDD may thus bias views of the genetic architecture of MDD and may impede our ability to identify pathways specific to MDD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kendler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flint, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/440735</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Minimal phenotyping yields GWAS hits of low specificity for major depression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/441667v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Role of RIG-I-like receptors in innate immune sensing of Coxsackievirus B3 and encephalomyocarditis virus in murine macrophages and fibroblasts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/441667v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viral infections are sensed by pattern recognition receptors that trigger an innate immune response through the expression of interferons (IFNs) and other cytokines. Most RNA viruses are sensed by the RIG-I like receptors (RLR)s. The contributions of these receptors to sensing viruses of the Picornaviridae family were investigated. Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) and Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), picornaviruses of the Cardiovirus and Enterovirus genera, are detected by both MDA5 and RIG-I in bone marrow derived macrophages. In macrophages from wild type mice, type I IFN is produced early after infection; IFN{beta} synthesis is reduced in the absence of each sensor, while IFN production is reduced in the absence of MDA5. EMCV and CVB3 do not replicate in murine macrophages, and their detection is different in murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), in which the viruses replicate to high titers. In MEFs RIG-I was essential for the expression of type I IFNs but contributes to increased yields of CVB3, while MDA5 inhibited CVB3 replication but in an IFN independent manner. These observations demonstrate that innate sensing of similar viruses by RLRs depends upon the cell type.nnImportanceEnteroviruses such as Coxsackieviruses are the most common human respiratory pathogens. The hosts innate immune response, in particular that modulated by the production of type I and III interferons, is thought to restrict picornavirus infection. Two cytoplasmic proteins, MDA5 and RIG-I, are critical for initiating the early innate immune response against these viruses. Mutations within MDA5 encoding gene have been associated with the development of severe enterovirus associated respiratory illnesses in healthy children. To further understand how the innate immune response dependent upon MDA5 and Rig-I is initiated during picornavirus infection, macrophages from mice lacking MDA5 or RIG-I were infected with Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) and a related animal virus. RIG-I is essential for type I IFN production during CVB3 infection; when MDA5 is present, viral titers are reduced by an IFN-independent pathway. These observations demonstrate that innate sensing of viruses by MDA5 and RIG-I depends upon the cell type.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Francisco, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suthar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gale, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenfeld, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Racaniello, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/441667</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Role of RIG-I-like receptors in innate immune sensing of Coxsackievirus B3 and encephalomyocarditis virus in murine macrophages and fibroblasts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/441709v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep structural brain lesions associated with consciousness impairment early after haemorrhagic stroke 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/441709v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe significance of deep structural lesions on level of consciousness early after intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) is largely unknown.nnMethodsWe studied a consecutive series of patients with spontaneous ICH that underwent MRI within 7 days of the bleed. We assessed consciousness by testing for command following from time of MRI to hospital discharge, and determined 3-months functional outcomes using the Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOS-E). ICH and oedema volumes, intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH), and midline shift (MLS) were quantified. Presence of blood and oedema in deep brain regions previously implicated in consciousness were assessed. A machine learning approach using logistic regression with elastic net regularization was applied to identify parameters that best predicted consciousness at discharge controlling for confounders.nnResultsFrom 158 ICH patients that underwent MRI, 66% (N=105) were conscious and 34% (N=53) unconscious at the time of MRI. Almost half of unconscious patients (49%, N= 26) recovered consciousness by ICU discharge. Focal lesions within subcortical structures predicted persistent impairment of consciousness at discharge together with MLS, IVH, and ICH and oedema volumes (AUC 0.74; 95%-CI 0.73-0.75). Caudate nucleus, midbrain peduncle, and pontine tegmentum were implicated as critical structures. Unconscious patients predicted to recover consciousness had better 3-month functional outcomes than those predicted to remain unconscious (35% vs 0% GOS-E [&ge;]4; p-value=0.02).nnConclusionMRI lesions within key subcortical structures together with measures reflecting the mass effect of the haemorrhage (lesion volumes, IVH, MLS) obtained within one week of ICH can help predict early recovery of consciousness and 3-month functional outcome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rohaut, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Igwe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matory, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizvi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velasquez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Megjhani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mauro, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eliseyev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlbarg, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connolly, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brickman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claassen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/441709</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep structural brain lesions associated with consciousness impairment early after haemorrhagic stroke]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/443309v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interfacial actin protrusions mechanically potentiate killing by cytotoxic T cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/443309v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) kill by forming immunological synapses with target cells and secreting toxic proteases and the pore forming protein perforin into the intercellular space. Immunological synapses are highly dynamic structures that potentiate perforin activity by applying mechanical force against the target cell. Here, we employed high-resolution imaging and microfabrication to investigate how CTLs exert synaptic forces and coordinate their mechanical output with perforin secretion. Using micropatterned stimulatory substrates that enable synapse growth in three dimensions, we found that perforin release occurs at the base of actin-rich protrusions that extend from central and intermediate locations within the synapse. These protrusions, which depended on the cytoskeletal regulator WASP and the Arp2/3 actin nucleation complex, were required for synaptic force exertion and efficient killing. They also mediated physical distortion of the target cell surface during CTL-target cell interactions. Our results reveal the mechanical basis of cellular cytotoxicity and highlight the functional importance of dynamic, three-dimensional architecture in immune cell-cell interfaces.nnOne sentence summaryCytotoxic T lymphocytes use F-actin-rich protrusions at the immunological synapse to potentiate perforin-and granzyme-mediated target cell killing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tamzalit, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyko, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heddleston, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Black, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kam, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huse, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/443309</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interfacial actin protrusions mechanically potentiate killing by cytotoxic T cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/443416v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deficient FGF signaling in the developing peripheral retina disrupts ciliary margin development and causes aniridia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/443416v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mammalian ciliary margin is a part of the developing peripheral neural retina that differentiates into the ciliary body and the iris. Canonical WNT signaling plays a critical role in the specification of the ciliary margin at the peripheral retina in the presence of strong FGF signaling in the central retina. The mechanism of how the boundary between the central retina and the ciliary margin is created has not been previously elucidated. Using genetic ablation and epistasis experiments, we show that loss of FGF signaling gradient in the peripheral retina causes expansion of WNT signaling towards the central retina thereby disrupting the neurogenic boundary and compartmentalization of the ciliary margin. Loss of WNT signaling displays a complimentary effect with expansion of FGF signaling into the ciliary marginal space. Using in vivo experiments, we elucidate the FGF signaling cascade involved in development of the ciliary margin. We also identify the surface ectoderm as the source of WNT ligands in eliciting WNT response at the ciliary margin. We show that an interaction between FGF and WNT signaling is required for generation of the ciliary marginal cells. Taken together, our results reveal that a gradient intersection of FGF and WNT signaling is required for specification of the ciliary margin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Balasubramanian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polanco, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/443416</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deficient FGF signaling in the developing peripheral retina disrupts ciliary margin development and causes aniridia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/444687v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High throughput droplet single-cell Genotyping of Transcriptomes (GoT) reveals the cell identity dependency of the impact of somatic mutations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/444687v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Defining the transcriptomic identity of clonally related malignant cells is challenging in the absence of cell surface markers that distinguish cancer clones from one another or from admixed non-neoplastic cells. While single-cell methods have been devised to capture both the transcriptome and genotype, these methods are not compatible with droplet-based single-cell transcriptomics, limiting their throughput. To overcome this limitation, we present single-cell Genotyping of Transcriptomes (GoT), which integrates cDNA genotyping with high-throughput droplet-based single-cell RNA-seq. We further demonstrate that multiplexed GoT can interrogate multiple genotypes for distinguishing subclonal transcriptomic identity. We apply GoT to 26,039 CD34+ cells across six patients with myeloid neoplasms, in which the complex process of hematopoiesis is corrupted by CALR-mutated stem and progenitor cells. We define high-resolution maps of malignant versus normal hematopoietic progenitors, and show that while mutant cells are comingled with wildtype cells throughout the hematopoietic progenitor landscape, their frequency increases with differentiation. We identify the unfolded protein response as a predominant outcome of CALR mutations, with significant cell identity dependency. Furthermore, we identify that CALR mutations lead to NF-{kappa}B pathway upregulation specifically in uncommitted early stem cells. Collectively, GoT provides high-throughput linkage of single-cell genotypes with transcriptomes and reveals that the transcriptional output of somatic mutations is heavily dependent on the native cell identity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nam, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaligne, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izzo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abu-Zeinah, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omans, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pastore, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonso, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mariani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cubillos-Ruiz, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tam, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scandura, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabadan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdel-Wahab, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smibert, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landau, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/444687</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High throughput droplet single-cell Genotyping of Transcriptomes (GoT) reveals the cell identity dependency of the impact of somatic mutations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/446443v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Focusing on what matters: Modulation of the human hippocampus by relational attention 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/446443v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hippocampal episodic memory is fundamentally relational, consisting of links between events and the spatial and temporal contexts in which they occurred. Such relations are also important over much shorter time periods, during online visual perception. For example, how do we assess the relative spatial positions of objects, their temporal order, or the relationship between their features? Here, we investigate the role of the hippocampus in such online relational processing by manipulating visual attention to different kinds of relations in a dynamic display. While undergoing high-resolution fMRI, participants viewed two images in rapid succession on each trial and performed one of three relational tasks, judging the images relative: spatial positions, temporal onsets, or sizes. As a control, they sometimes also judged whether one image was tilted, irrespective of the other; this served as a baseline item task with no demands on relational processing. All hippocampal regions of interest (CA1, CA2/3/DG, subiculum) showed reliable deactivation when participants attended to relational vs. item information. Attention to temporal relations was associated with more robust deactivation than the other conditions. One possible interpretation of such deactivation is that it reflects hippocampal disengagement. If true, there should be reduced information content and noisier, less reliable patterns of activity in the hippocampus for the temporal vs. other tasks. Instead, analyses of multivariate activity patterns revealed more stable hippocampal representations in the temporal task. Additional analyses showed that this increased pattern similarity was not simply a reflection of the lower univariate activity. Thus, the hippocampus differentiates between relational and item processing even during online visual perception, and its representations of temporal relations in particular are robust and stable. Together, these findings suggest that the relational computations of the hippocampus, known to be important for memory, extend beyond this purpose, enabling the rapid online extraction of relational information in visual perception.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cordova, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk-Browne, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/446443</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Focusing on what matters: Modulation of the human hippocampus by relational attention]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/447680v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Translation factor mRNA granules direct protein synthetic capacity to regions of polarized growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/447680v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
mRNA localization serves key functions in localized protein production making it critical that the translation machinery itself is present at these locations. Here we show that translation factor mRNAs are localized to distinct granules within yeast cells. In contrast to many mRNP granules, such as P-bodies and stress granules, which contain translationally repressed mRNAs, these granules harbor translated mRNAs under active growth conditions. The granules require Pablp for their integrity and are inherited by developing daughter cells in a She2p/ She3p dependent manner. These results point to a model where roughly half the mRNA for certain translation factors are specifically directed in granules toward the tip of the developing daughter cell where protein synthesis is most heavily required, which has particular implications for filamentous forms of growth. Such a feedforward mechanism would ensure adequate provision of the translation machinery where it is to be needed most over the coming growth cycle.

SummaryThis study shows that mRNAs encoding a range of translation factors are localized to granules that get transported into the yeast daughter cell using the She2p/She3p machinery. This likely supports an intensification of protein synthetic activity to facilitate apical polarized growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pizzinga, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bates, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lui, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forte, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morales-Polanco, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linney, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knotkova, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solari, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berchowitz, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portela, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashe, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/447680</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Translation factor mRNA granules direct protein synthetic capacity to regions of polarized growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/449470v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting the future with multi-scale successor representations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/449470v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The successor representation (SR) is a candidate principle for generalization in reinforcement learning, computational accounts of memory, and the structure of neural representations in the hippocampus. Given a sequence of states, the SR learns a predictive representation for every given state that encodes how often, on average, each upcoming state is expected to be visited, even if it is multiple steps ahead. A discount or scale parameter determines how many steps into the future SR's generalizations reach, enabling rapid value computation, subgoal discovery, and flexible decision-making in large trees. However, SR with a single scale could discard information for predicting both the sequential order of and the distance between states, which are common problems in navigation for animals and artificial agents. Here we propose a solution: an ensemble of SRs with multiple scales. We show that the derivative of multi-scale SR can reconstruct both the sequence of expected future states and estimate distance to goal. This derivative can be computed linearly: we show that a multi-scale SR ensemble is the Laplace transform of future states, and the inverse of this Laplace transform is a biologically plausible linear estimation of the derivative. Multi-scale SR and its derivative could lead to a common principle for how the medial temporal lobe supports both map-based and vector-based navigation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Momennejad, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/449470</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting the future with multi-scale successor representations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/452219v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortical subnetworks encode context of a visual stimulus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/452219v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cortical processing of sensory events is significantly influenced by context. For instance, a repetitive or redundant visual stimulus elicits attenuated cortical responses, but if the same stimulus is unexpected or "deviant", responses are augmented. This contextual modulation of sensory processing is likely a fundamental function of neural circuits, yet an understanding of how it is computed is still missing. Using holographic two-photon calcium imaging in awake animals, here we identify three distinct, spatially intermixed ensembles of neurons in mouse primary visual cortex which differentially respond to the same stimulus under separate contexts, including a subnetwork which selectively responds to deviant events. These non-overlapping ensembles are distributed across layers 2-5, though deviance detection is more common in superficial layers. Contextual preferences likely arise locally since they are not present in bottom up inputs from the thalamus or top-down inputs from prefrontal cortex. The functional parcellation of cortical circuits into independent ensembles that encode stimulus context provides a circuit basis underlying cortically based perception of novel or redundant stimuli, a key deficit in many psychiatric disorders.nnOne Sentence SummaryVisual cortex represents deviant and redundant stimuli with separate subnetworks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hamm, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shymkiv, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuste, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/452219</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortical subnetworks encode context of a visual stimulus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/452417v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Building Key Populations HIV Treatment Cascades in Data-Scarce Environments: Towards a participatory stakeholder methodology for cascades construction, adoption, and utilization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/452417v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionRecent HIV key populations (KP) surveillance studies in South Africa, including female sex workers (FSW) and men who have sex with men (MSM), demonstrate the disproportionate burden of HIV they bear compared to the general population. The national response for KP has lagged due to relatively scarce KP data focused narrowly on urban areas. We adopted a participatory data triangulation approach with stakeholders to overcome the challenges of KP program planning in KP data-scarce districts. Here we describe our methodology for achieving consensus on population size estimates (PSE) and treatment cascade indicator estimates derived from FSW and MSM surveillance data and applied across the country.nnMethodsThe South African National AIDS Council (SANAC) convened the group; technical advisors from the University of California San Francisco (UCSF) facilitated; and stakeholders from government, non-government, academic, and KP-led advocacy organizations involved in program implementation and research provided input through three in-person meetings covering four phases of work: surveillance data analysis; cascades data extraction; presentation for feedback; and data extrapolation.nnResultsTechnical advisors presented eight cascades (three FSW, five MSM) to stakeholders, recommending data-informed extrapolation factors for each population. Stakeholders adopted recommendations by consensus with few adjustments. FSW cascades displayed high awareness of HIV status and steep breakpoints towards ART uptake; MSM cascades displayed less HIV status awareness, but relatively good ART uptake, with metropolitan areas displaying better uptake than rural districts.nnConclusionThe participatory process enabled KP stakeholders to vet disparate data sources against programmatic experience and recommend consistency in cascades data; participatory triangulation of additional surveillance and program data will follow. The considerable time and resource investments in this process had downstream benefits, including consistency in sub-national HIV implementation plans. We recommend this consensus-based approach as a transparent, consistent, and sound methodology for cascades construction in KP data-scarce environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lane, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grasso, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheibe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marr, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murangandi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aynalem, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slabbert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malaka, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isdahl, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osmand, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadol, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/452417</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Building Key Populations HIV Treatment Cascades in Data-Scarce Environments: Towards a participatory stakeholder methodology for cascades construction, adoption, and utilization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/453787v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visual cue-related activity of cells in the medial entorhinal cortex during navigation in virtual reality 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/453787v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During spatial navigation, animals use self-motion to estimate positions through path integration. However, estimation errors accumulate over time and it is unclear how they are corrected. Here we report a new cell class ("cue cell") in mouse medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) that encoded visual cue information that could be used to correct errors in path integration. Cue cells accounted for a large fraction of unidentified MEC cells. They exhibited firing fields only near visual cues during virtual navigation and spatially stable activity during navigation in a real arena. Cue cells responses occurred in sequences repeated at each cue and were likely driven by visual inputs. In layers 2/3 of the MEC, cue cells formed clusters. Anatomically adjacent cue cells responded similarly to cues. These cue cell properties demonstrate that the MEC circuits contain a code representing spatial landmarks that could play a significant role in error correction during path integration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kinkhabwala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tank, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/453787</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visual cue-related activity of cells in the medial entorhinal cortex during navigation in virtual reality]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/455311v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early detection of impending cryostorage tank failure using a weight-based monitoring system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/455311v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectTo study the ability of custom-built, web-enabled scales to monitor liquid nitrogen (LN2) levels in cryostorage dewars.nnDesignLaboratory studynnSettingA large academic fertility center in New York City.nnInterventionsCryostorage dewars were placed on top of the custom-engineered scales with continuous real-time monitoring, and weight and temperature data were recorded in the setting of slow, medium, and fast rate-loss of LN2 designed to mimic models of tank failures.nnMain Outcome MeasuresWeights were continuously monitored and recorded, with a calculated alarm trigger set at 10% weight loss. Temperature within the tanks was simultaneously monitored with probes placed near the top of the tanks, with calculated alarms using a -185 {degrees}C as the threshold. For the "slow rate-loss" simulations, tanks were left intact and closed in usual operating conditions, and LN2 was allowed to evaporate at the normal rate. For the "medium rate-loss" simulation, the foam core of the tank neck was removed and the insulating vacuum was eliminated by making a 1/16 inch hole in the outer tank wall. For the "fast rate-loss" simulation, a 1/16" hole was made through the outer tank wall and LN2 was released at a rate of 0.15 L/second. All simulations were performed in duplicate.nnResultsWith an intact and normally functioning tank, a 10% loss in LN2 occurred in 4.2-4.9 days. Warming to -185 {degrees}C occurred in 37.8 - 43.7 days, over 30 days after the weight-based alarm was triggered. Full evaporation of LN2required 36.8 days. For the medium rate-loss simulation, a 10% loss in LN2 occurred in 0.8 h. Warming to -185 {degrees}C occurred in 3.7 - 4.8 hours, approximately 3 hours after the weight-based alarm was triggered. For the fast rate-loss simulation, a 10% weight loss occurred within 15 seconds and tanks were completely depleted in under 3 minutes. Tank temperatures began to rise immediately and at a relatively constant rate of 43.9 {degrees}C/hour and 51.6 {degrees}C/hour. Temperature alarms would have sounded within 0.37 and 0.06 hours after the breech.nnConclusionsThis study demonstrates that a weight-based, automated alarm system can detect tank failures prior to a temperature-based alarm system, in some cases over a month in advance. In combination with existing safety mechanisms such as temperature probes, a weight-based monitoring system could serve as a redundant safety mechanism for added protection of cryopreserved reproductive tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Michaelson, Z. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bondalapati, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amrane, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prosser, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaur, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Recio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Travassos, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfkamp, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadowy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forman, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/455311</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early detection of impending cryostorage tank failure using a weight-based monitoring system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/455485v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural Dynamics of Executive Function in Cognitively-able Kindergarteners with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) as Predictors of Concurrent Academic Achievement: Preliminary Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/455485v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although electrophysiological (EEG) measures of executive functions (EF) (e.g. error monitoring) have been used to predict academic achievement in typically developing (TD) children, work investigating a link between error monitoring, and academic skills in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is limited. In the current study, we employed traditional electrophysiological and advanced time-frequency methods, combined with principal components analyses, to extract neural activity related to error monitoring, and tested their relations to academic achievement in cognitively-able kindergarteners with ASD. Thirty-five cognitively-able kindergarteners with ASD completed academic assessments and the child-friendly "Zoo Game" Go/No-go task at school entry. The Go/No-go task successfully elicited an error-related negativity (ERN) and error positivity (Pe) in children with ASD as young as 5 years at medio-frontal and posterior electrode sites, respectively. We also observed increased response-related theta power during errors relative to correct trials at medio-frontal sites. Both larger Pe and theta power significantly predicted concurrent academic achievement after controlling for behavioral performance on the Zoo Game and IQ. These results suggest that the use of time frequency EEG analyses, combined with traditional ERP measures, may provide new opportunities to investigate neurobiological mechanisms of EF and academic achievement in young children with ASD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buzzell, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faja, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, Y. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brito, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuffrey, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fifer, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lord, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/455485</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural Dynamics of Executive Function in Cognitively-able Kindergarteners with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) as Predictors of Concurrent Academic Achievement: Preliminary Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/456277v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep Learning on MRI Affirms the Prominence of the Hippocampal Formation in Alzheimer’s Disease Classification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/456277v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep learning techniques on MRI scans have demonstrated great potential to improve the diagnosis of neurological diseases. Here, we investigate the application of 3D deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for classifying Alzheimers disease (AD) based on structural MRI data. In particular, we take on two challenges that are under-explored in the literature on deep learning for neuroimaging. First deep neural networks typically require large-scale data that is not always available in medical studies. Therefore, we explore the use of including longitudinal scans in classification studies, greatly increasing the amount of data for training and improving the generalization performance of our classifiers. Moreover, previous studies applying deep learning to classifying Alzheimers disease from neuroimaging have typically addressed classification based on whole brain volumes but stopped short of performing in-depth regional analyses to localize the most predictive areas. Additionally, we show a deep net trained to distinguish between AD and cognitively normal subjects can be applied to classify mild cognitive impairment patients, with classification scores aligning empirically with the likelihood of progression to AD. Our initial results demonstrate both that we can classify AD with an area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUROC) of .990 and that we can predict conversion to AD among patients in the MCI subgroup with an AURUC of 0.787. We then localize the predictive regions, by performing both saliency-based interpretation and rigorous slice and lobar level ablation studies. Interestingly, our regional analyses identified the hippocampal formation, including the entorhinal cortex, to be the most predictive region for our models. This finding adds evidence that the hippocampal formation is an anatomical seat of AD and a prominent feature in its diagnosis. Together, the results of this study further demonstrate the potential of deep learning to impact AD classification and to identify ADs structural neuroimaging signatures. The proposed classification and regional analyses methods constitute a general framework that can easily be applied to other disorders and imaging modalities.nnAcronyms
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipton, Z. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Small, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Provenzano, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/456277</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep Learning on MRI Affirms the Prominence of the Hippocampal Formation in Alzheimer’s Disease Classification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/456574v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complementary subnetworks of cortical somatostatin interneurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/456574v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neocortex is organized into discrete layers of excitatory neurons: layer 4 receives the densest  bottom up projection carrying external sensory data, while layers 2/3 and 5 receive  top down inputs from higher cortical areas that may convey sensory expectations and behavioral goals. A subset of cortical somatostatin (SST) neurons gate top down input and control sensory computation by inhibiting the apical dendrites of pyramidal cells in layers 2/3 and 5. However, it is unknown whether an analogous inhibitory mechanism separately and specifically controls activity in layer 4. We hypothesized that distinct SST circuits might exist to inhibit specific cortical layers. By enforcing layer-specific inhibition, distinct SST subnetworks could mediate pathway-specific gain control, such as regulating the balance between bottom up and top down input. Employing a combination of high precision circuit mapping, in vivo optogenetic perturbations, and single cell transcriptional profiling, we reveal distinct and complementary SST circuits that specifically and reciprocally interconnect with excitatory cells in either layer 4 or layers 2/3 and 5. Our data further define a transcriptionally distinct SST neuronal sub-class that powerfully gates bottom up sensory activity during active sensation by regulating layer 4 activity. This integrated paradigm further represents a potentially generalizable approach to identify and characterize neuronal cell types and reveal their in vivo function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Naka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shababo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egladyous, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sridharan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adesnik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/456574</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complementary subnetworks of cortical somatostatin interneurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/457242v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On the inference speed and video-compression robustness of DeepLabCut 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/457242v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pose estimation is crucial for many applications in neuroscience, biomechanics, genetics and beyond. We recently presented a highly efficient method for markerless pose estimation based on transfer learning with deep neural networks called DeepLabCut. Current experiments produce vast amounts of video data, which pose challenges for both storage and analysis. Here we improve the inference speed of DeepLabCut by up to tenfold and benchmark these updates on various CPUs and GPUs. In particular, depending on the frame size, poses can be inferred offline at up to 1200 frames per second (FPS). For instance, 278 x 278 images can be processed at 225 FPS on a GTX 1080 Ti graphics card. Furthermore, we show that DeepLabCut is highly robust to standard video compression (ffmpeg). Compression rates of greater than 1,000 only decrease accuracy by about half a pixel (for 640 x 480 frame size). DeepLabCuts speed and robustness to compression can save both time and hardware expenses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mathis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/457242</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On the inference speed and video-compression robustness of DeepLabCut]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/457283v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Markov link method: a nonparametric approach to combine observations from multiple experiments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/457283v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This paper studies measurement linkage. An example from cell biology helps explain the problem: imagine for a given cell we can either sequence the cells RNA or we can examine its morphology, but not both. Given a cells morphology, what do we expect to see in its RNA? Given a cells RNA, what do we expect in its morphology? More broadly, given a measurement of one type, can we predict measurements of the other type? This measurement linkage problem arises in many scientific and technological fields. To solve this problem, we develop a nonparametric approach we dub the "Markov link method" (MLM). The MLM makes a conditional independence assumption that holds in many multi-measurement contexts and provides a way to estimate the link, the conditional probability of one type of measurement given the other. We derive conditions under which the MLM estimator is consistent and we use simulated data to show that it provides accurate measures of uncertainty. We evaluate the MLM on real data generated by a pair of single-cell RNA sequencing techniques. The MLM characterizes the link between them and helps connect the two notions of cell type derived from each technique. Further, the MLM reveals that some aspects of the link cannot be determined from the available data, and suggests new experiments that would allow for better estimates.nnSignificance StatementNovel experimental techniques are developing quickly, and each technique gives new perspectives. Ideally we would build theories that account for many perspectives at once. This is not easy. One challenge is that many experiments use measurement techniques that alter or destroy the subject, making it impossible to measure the same subject with both techniques and difficult to combine data from different experiments. In this paper we develop the Markov Link Method, a new tool that overcomes this challenge.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Loper, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakken, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumbul, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blei, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blei, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/457283</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Markov link method: a nonparametric approach to combine observations from multiple experiments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/457762v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biological adaptation under fluctuating selection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/457762v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bet-hedging--an evolutionary strategy that reduces fitness variance at the expense of lower mean fitness--is the primary explanation for most forms of biological adaptation to environmental unpredictability. However, most applications of bet-hedging theory to biological problems have largely made unrealistic demographic assumptions, such as non-overlapping generations and fixed population sizes. Consequently, the generality and applicability of bet-hedging theory to real world phenomena remains unclear. Here we use continuous-time, stochastic Lotka-Volterra models to relax overly restrictive demographic assumptions and explore a suite of biological adaptations to fluctuating environments. We discover a novel "rising-tide strategy" that--unlike the bet-hedging strategy--generates both a higher mean and variance in fitness. The positive fitness effects of the rising-tide strategys specialization to good years can overcome any negative effects of higher fitness variance in unpredictable environments. Moreover, we show not only that the rising-tide strategy will be selected for over a much broader range of environmental conditions than the bet-hedging strategy, but also under more realistic demographic circumstances. Ultimately, our model demonstrates that there are likely to be a wide range of ways that organisms respond to environmental unpredictability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubenstein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, S.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/457762</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biological adaptation under fluctuating selection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/458562v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Largest genome-wide association study for PTSD identifies genetic risk loci in European and African ancestries and implicates novel biological pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/458562v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common and debilitating disorder. The risk of PTSD following trauma is heritable, but robust common variants have yet to be identified by genome-wide association studies (GWAS). We have collected a multi-ethnic cohort including over 30,000 PTSD cases and 170,000 controls. We first demonstrate significant genetic correlations across 60 PTSD cohorts to evaluate the comparability of these phenotypically heterogeneous studies. In this largest GWAS meta-analysis of PTSD to date we identify a total of 6 genome-wide significant loci, 4 in European and 2 in African-ancestry analyses. Follow-up analyses incorporated local ancestry and sex-specific effects, and functional studies. Along with other novel genes, a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) and a Parkinsons Disease gene, PARK2, were associated with PTSD. Consistent with previous reports, SNP-based heritability estimates for PTSD range between 10-20%. Despite a significant shared liability between PTSD and major depressive disorder, we show evidence that some of our loci may be specific to PTSD. These results demonstrate the role of genetic variation contributing to the biology of differential risk for PTSD and the necessity of expanding GWAS beyond European ancestry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nievergelt, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maihofer, A. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klengel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkinson, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, J. R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalvie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logue, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Provost, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratanatharathorn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aiello, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almli, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amstadter, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arbisi, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashley-Koch, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Austin, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avdibegovic, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baekvad-Hansen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckham, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bierut, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bisson, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boks, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolger, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borglum, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradley, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brashear, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bybjerg-Grauholm, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabres</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/458562</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Largest genome-wide association study for PTSD identifies genetic risk loci in European and African ancestries and implicates novel biological pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/458570v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local online learning in recurrent networks with random feedback 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/458570v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A longstanding challenge for computational neuroscience has been the development of biologically plausible learning rules for recurrent neural networks (RNNs) enabling the production and processing of time-dependent signals such as those that might drive movement or facilitate working memory. Classic gradient-based algorithms for training RNNs have been available for decades, but they are inconsistent with known biological features of the brain, such as causality and locality. In this work we derive an approximation to gradient-based learning that comports with these biologically motivated constraints. Specifically, the online learning rule for the synaptic weights involves only local information about the pre- and postsynaptic activities, in addition to a random feedback projection of the RNN output error. In addition to providing mathematical arguments for the effectiveness of the new learning rule, we show through simulations that it can be used to train an RNN to successfully perform a variety of tasks. Finally, to overcome the difficulty of training an RNN over a very large number of timesteps, we propose an augmented circuit architecture that allows the RNN to concatenate short-duration patterns into sequences of longer duration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/458570</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local online learning in recurrent networks with random feedback]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/459123v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhancer redundancy predicts gene pathogenicity and informs complex disease gene discovery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/459123v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-coding transcriptional regulatory elements are critical for controlling the spatiotemporal expression of genes. Here, we demonstrate that the number of bases in enhancers linked to a gene reflects its disease pathogenicity. Moreover, genes with redundant enhancer domains are depleted of cis-acting genetic variants that disrupt gene expression, and are buffered against the effects of disruptive non-coding mutations. Our results demonstrate that dosage-sensitive genes have evolved robustness to the disruptive effects of genetic variation by expanding their regulatory domains. This resolves a puzzle in the genetic literature about why disease genes are depleted of cis-eQTLs, suggesting that eQTL information may implicate the wrong genes at genome-wide association study loci, and establishes a framework for identifying non-coding regulatory variation with phenotypic consequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/459123</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhancer redundancy predicts gene pathogenicity and informs complex disease gene discovery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/460402v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic identification of human SNPs affecting regulatory element activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/460402v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most of the millions of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the human genome are non-coding, and many overlap with putative regulatory elements. Genome-wide association studies have linked many of these SNPs to human traits or to gene expression levels, but rarely with sufficient resolution to identify the causal SNPs. Functional screens based on reporter assays have previously been of insufficient throughput to test the vast space of SNPs for possible effects on enhancer and promoter activity. Here, we have leveraged the throughput of the SuRE reporter technology to survey a total of 5.9 million SNPs, including 57% of the known common SNPs. We identified more than 30 thousand SNPs that alter the activity of putative regulatory elements, often in a cell-type specific manner. These data indicate that a large proportion of human non-coding SNPs may affect gene regulation. Integration of these SuRE data with genome-wide association studies may help pinpoint SNPs that underlie human traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van Arensbergen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagie, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>FitzPatrick, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Haas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baltissen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comoglio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Weide, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teunissen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vosa, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franke, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Wit, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vermeulen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bussemaker, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Steensel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/460402</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic identification of human SNPs affecting regulatory element activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/461236v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ENvironmental Dynamics Underlying Responsive Extreme Survivors (ENDURES) of Glioblastoma: a Multi-disciplinary Team-based, Multifactorial Analytical Approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/461236v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although glioblastoma is a fatal primary brain cancer with a short median survival of 15 months, a small number of patients survive more than 5 years after diagnosis; they are known as extreme survivors (ES). Due to their rarity, very little is known about what differentiates these outliers from other glioblastoma patients. For the purpose of identifying unknown drivers of extreme survivorship in glioblastoma, we developed the ENDURES consortium (ENvironmental Dynamics Underlying Responsive Extreme Survivors of glioblastoma). This consortium is a multicenter collaborative network of investigators focused on the integration of multiple types of clinical data and the creation of patient-specific models of tumor growth informed by radiographic and histological parameters. Leveraging our combined resources, the goals of the ENDURES consortium are two-fold: (1) to build a curated, searchable, multilayered repository housing clinical and outcome data on a large cohort of ES patients with glioblastoma and (2) to leverage the ENDURES repository for new insights on tumor behavior and novel targets for prolonging survival for all glioblastoma patients. In this article, we review the available literature and discuss what is already known about ES. We then describe the creation of our consortium and some of our preliminary results.nnFundingThis review was financially supported by a grant from the James S. McDonnell FoundationnnConflicts of InterestThe authors have declared that no conflicts of interest exist.nnAuthorshipConceptualized consortium: LW, RG, KME, PC, and KRS. Built consortium: SKJ, PK, NR, JS, KME, PC, and KRS. Wrote the manuscript: SKJ, PW, SCM, PK, AP, and KME. Reviewed and edited the manuscript: LFGC, MMM, AHD, PRJ, and LSH. Contributed to writing, provided feedback, and approved of final manuscript: All authors.nnLink to website for ENDUREShttp://mathematicalneurooncology.org/?page_id=2125
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnston, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitmire, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massey, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumthekar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porter, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raghunand, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Cuyar, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mrugala, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkins-Daarud, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkaria, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gatenby, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egan, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canoll, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swanson, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/461236</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ENvironmental Dynamics Underlying Responsive Extreme Survivors (ENDURES) of Glioblastoma: a Multi-disciplinary Team-based, Multifactorial Analytical Approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/461558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple mechanisms link prestimulus neural oscillations to sensory responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/461558v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spontaneous fluctuations of neural activity may explain why sensory responses vary across repeated presentation of the same physical stimulus. To test this hypothesis, we recorded electroencephalography in humans during stimulation with identical visual stimuli and analyzed how prestimulus neural oscillations modulate different stages of sensory processing reflected by distinct components of the event-related potential (ERP). We found that strong prestimulus alpha- and beta-band power resulted in a suppression of early ERP components (C1 and N150) and in an amplification of late components (after 0.4 s). Whereas functional inhibition of sensory processing underlies the reduction of early ERP responses, we found that the modulation of non-zero-mean oscillations (baseline shift) accounted for the amplification of late responses. Distinguishing between these two mechanisms is crucial for the understanding of how internal brain states modulate the processing of incoming sensory information.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iemi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busch, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laudini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samaha, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villringer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikulin, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/461558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple mechanisms link prestimulus neural oscillations to sensory responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/463042v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Task-Related Hemodynamic Responses Are Modulated by Reward and Task-engagement 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/463042v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hemodynamic recordings from visual cortex contain powerful endogenous task-related responses that may reflect task-engagement distinct from attention. We tested this hypothesis with hemodynamic measurements (intrinsic-signal optical imaging) from monkey V1, while the animals engagement in a periodic fixation task over several hours was varied though reward size, and as animals took breaks. With higher rewards, animals appeared more task-engaged; task-related responses were more temporally precise at the task period (~ 10-20 seconds), and modestly stronger. Surprisingly, 2-5-minute blocks of high-reward trials led to ramp-like decreases in mean local blood volume; these reversed with ramp-like increases during low reward. The blood volume increased even more sharply when the animal shut his eyes and disengaged completely from the task (5-10 minutes). We propose a mechanism that controls vascular tone, likely along with local neural responses, with phasic and tonic components tied to task-engagement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cardoso, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lima, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sirotin, Y. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/463042</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Task-Related Hemodynamic Responses Are Modulated by Reward and Task-engagement]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/463422v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A comparison of deep learning and linear-nonlinear cascade approaches to neural encoding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/463422v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A large body of work on neural encoding has focused on "cascade" type models such as the linear-nonlinear-Poisson (LNP) model. This approach seeks to describe the encoding process in terms of a series of stages: (1) projection of the stimulus onto a bank of linear filters; (2) a nonlinear function combining these filter outputs; and (3) a noisy spike generation process. Here we explore the relationship of the LNP modeling framework to more recent approaches arising from the deep learning literature. Specifically, we show that deep neural network (DNN) and convolutional neural network (CNN) models of neural activity sit firmly within the LNP framework, and correspond to particular parametrizations of the nonlinear stage of the LNP model. Using data from primate retina and primary visual cortex, we compare the performance of LNP models fit with deep learning methods to LNP models fit with traditional estimators, including spike-triggered covariance (STC), information-theoretic spike-triggered averaging and covariance (iSTAC), and maximum likelihood estimators also known as "maximally informative dimensions" (MID). We show that models with nonlinearities parametrized by deep networks achieve higher accuracy for a fixed number of filters, and can extract a larger number of informative filters than traditional models. Finally, we perform a dimensionality analysis of LNP models trained with deep learning methods, revealing that a large number of filters are needed to accurately describe the neural responses of many cells even early in the visual pathway. This result overturns one of the central tenets of the LNP modeling framework: that neural computations are low-dimensional, or depend on the stimulus only via its projection onto a small number of linear filters. We discuss the implications of these findings for both the fitting and interpretation of LNP encoding models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moskovitz, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillow, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/463422</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A comparison of deep learning and linear-nonlinear cascade approaches to neural encoding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/464230v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Performance Limitations in Sensorimotor Control: Tradeoffs between Neural Computing and Accuracy in Tracking Fast Movements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/464230v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to move fast and accurately track moving objects is fundamentally constrained by the biophysics of neurons and dynamics of the muscles involved. Yet, the corresponding tradeoffs between these factors and tracking motor commands have not been rigorously quantified. We use feedback control principles to quantify performance limitations of the sensorimotor control system (SCS) to track fast periodic movements. We show that (i) linear models of the SCS fail to predict known undesirable phenomena, including skipped cycles, overshoot and undershoot, produced when tracking signals in the "fast regime", while non-linear pulsatile control models can predict such undesirable phenomena, and (ii) tools from nonlinear control theory allow us to characterize fundamental limitations in this fast regime. Using a validated and tractable nonlinear model of the SCS, we derive an analytical upper bound on frequencies that the SCS model can reliably track before producing such undesirable phenomena as a function of the neurons biophysical constraints and muscle dynamics. The performance limitations derived here have important implications in sensorimotor control. For example, if primary motor cortex is compromised due to disease or damage, the theory suggests ways to manipulate muscle dynamics by adding the necessary compensatory forces using an assistive neuroprosthetic device to restore motor performance, and more importantly fast and agile movements. Just how one should compensate can be informed by our SCS model and the theory developed here.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saxena, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarma, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahleh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/464230</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Performance Limitations in Sensorimotor Control: Tradeoffs between Neural Computing and Accuracy in Tracking Fast Movements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/464990v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanism and resistance for antimycobacterial activity of a fluoroquinophenoxazine compound 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/464990v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We have previously reported the inhibition of bacterial topoisomerase I activity by a fluoroquinophenoxazine compound (FP-11g) with a 6-bipiperidinyl lipophilic side chain that exhibited promising antituberculosis activity (MIC = 2.5 M against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, SI = 9.8). Here, we found that the compound is bactericidal towards Mycobacterium smegmatis, resulting in greater than 5 Log10 reduction in colony-forming units [cfu]/mL following a 10 h incubation at 1.25 M (4X MIC) concentration. Growth inhibition (MIC = 50 M) and reduction in cfu could also be observed against a clinical isolate of Mycobacterium abscessus. Stepwise isolation of resistant mutants of M. smegmatis was conducted to explore the mechanism of resistance. Mutations in the resistant isolates were identified by direct comparison of whole-genome sequencing data from mutant and wild-type isolates. These include mutations in genes likely to affect the entry and retention of the compound. FP-11g inhibits Mtb topoisomerase I and Mtb gyrase with IC50 of 0.24 and 31.5 M, respectively. Biophysical analysis showed that FP-11g binds DNA as an intercalator but the IC50 for inhibition of Mtb topoisomerase I activity is >10 fold lower than the compound concentrations required for producing negatively supercoiled DNA during ligation of nicked circular DNA. Thus, the DNA-binding property of FP-11g may contribute to its antimycobacterial mechanism, but that alone cannot account for the observed inhibition of Mtb topoisomerase I.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tse-Dinh, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Annamalai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin Pancorbo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sikandar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seddek, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uhlemann, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiwari, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leng, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/464990</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanism and resistance for antimycobacterial activity of a fluoroquinophenoxazine compound]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/467274v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of proprioceptive system dynamics in behaving Drosophila larvae using high-speed volumetric microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/467274v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proprioceptors provide feedback about body position that is essential for coordinated movement. Proprioceptive sensing of the position of rigid joints has been described in detail in several systems, however it is not known how animals with an elastic skeleton encode their body positions. Understanding how diverse larval body positions are dynamically encoded requires knowledge of proprioceptor activity patterns in vivo during natural movement. Here we applied high-speed volumetric SCAPE microscopy to simultaneously track the position, physical deformation, and temporal patterns of intracellular calcium activity of multidendritic proprioceptors in crawling Drosophila larvae. During the periodic segment contraction and relaxation that occurs during crawling, proprioceptors with diverse morphologies showed sequential onset of activity throughout each periodic episode. A majority of these proprioceptors showed activity during segment contraction with one neuron type activated by segment extension. Different timing of activity of contraction-sensing proprioceptors was related to distinct dendrite terminal targeting, providing a continuum of position encoding during all phases of crawling. These dynamics could endow different proprioceptors with specific roles in monitoring the progression of contraction waves, as well as body shape during other behaviors. We provide activity measurements during exploration as one example. Our results provide powerful new insights into the body-wide neuronal dynamics of the proprioceptive system in crawling Drosophila, and demonstrate the utility of our approach for characterization of neural encoding throughout the nervous system of a freely behaving animal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vaadia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voleti, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singhania, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillman, E. M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grueber, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/467274</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of proprioceptive system dynamics in behaving Drosophila larvae using high-speed volumetric microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/469775v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic loss of the ubiquitin ligase RNF126, an AID interacting partner and modifier, affects strand targeting during somatic hypermutation of antibody genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/469775v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) initiates somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR) in B lymphocytes by catalyzing the introduction of deoxyuracil: deoxyguanine mismatches into the DNA of the transcribed Ig locus. Repair pathways then process these mismatches to produce point mutations in the Ig variable region or double-stranded DNA breaks in the switch region followed by deletional recombination. It has been suggested that post-translational modifications on AID mediate a number of these different decisions, ranging from global targeting (Ig vs the genome), local targeting (variable vs switch region; transcribed vs non-transcribed strand) as well as process-appropriate DNA repair. Here we demonstrate that absence of RNF126, an E3 ligase shown to mono-ubiquitylate AID, results in a specific strand targeting defect in SHM, producing substantial G>C bias; strickingly, loss of RNF126 was also associated with tandem indels within the variable region (JH4 intron) but only a slight increase in the types of chromosomal translocations that are characteristic of deregulated AID. Conversely, these findings suggest that mono-ubiquitination of AID, likely in situ, is necessary for the proper removal of the protein from the non-transcribed strand, thus producing both optimal patterns of SHM and also limiting the number of indels within the target locus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Economos, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delker, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stavropoulos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papavasiliou, F. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/469775</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic loss of the ubiquitin ligase RNF126, an AID interacting partner and modifier, affects strand targeting during somatic hypermutation of antibody genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/470047v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The structural basis for release factor activation during translation termination revealed by time-resolved cryogenic electron microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/470047v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When the mRNA translating ribosome encounters a stop codon in its aminoacyl site (A site), it recruits a class-1 release factor (RF) to induce hydrolysis of the ester bond between peptide chain and peptidyl-site (P-site) tRNA. This process, called termination of translation, is under strong selection pressure for high speed and accuracy. Class-1 RFs (RF1, RF2 in bacteria, eRF1 in eukarya and aRF1 in archaea), have structural motifs that recognize stop codons in the decoding center (DC) and a universal GGQ motif for induction of ester bond hydrolysis in the peptidyl transfer center (PTC) 70 [A] away from the DC. The finding that free RF2 is compact with only 20 [A] between its codon reading and GGQ motifs came therefore as a surprise1. Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) then showed that ribosome-bound RF1 and RF2 have extended structures2,3, suggesting that bacterial RFs are compact when entering the ribosome and switch to the extended form in a stop signal-dependent manner3. FRET4, cryo-EM5,6 and X-ray crystallography7, along with a rapid kinetics study suggesting a pre-termination conformational change on the millisecond time-scale of ribosome-bound RF1 and RF28, have lent indirect support to this proposal. However, direct experimental evidence for such a short-lived compact conformation on the native pathway to RF-dependent termination is missing due to its transient nature. Here we use time-resolved cryo-EM9,10,11,12,13 to visualize compact and extended forms of RF1 and RF2 at 3.5 and 4 [A] resolution, respectively, in the codon-recognizing complex on the pathway to termination. About 25% of ribosomal complexes have RFs in the compact state at 24 ms reaction time after mixing RF and ribosomes, and within 60 ms virtually all ribosome-bound RFs are transformed to their extended forms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Indrisiunaite, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaledhonkar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grassucci, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrenberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/470047</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The structural basis for release factor activation during translation termination revealed by time-resolved cryogenic electron microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/472621v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional interrogation of a depression-related serotonergic SNP, rs6295, using a humanized mouse model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/472621v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The serotonin 1A receptor (5-HT1A) system has been extensively implicated in modulating mood and behavior. Notably, 5-HT1A levels in humans display remarkable variation and differences in receptor levels have been linked with a variety of psychiatric disorders. Further, manipulation of receptor levels in mice suggests that changes in receptor levels that model existing human variation are sufficient to drive behavioral alterations. As a result, genetic mechanisms that modulate human 5-HT1A levels may be important for explaining individual differences in mood and behavior, representing a potential source of psychiatric disease risk. One common genetic variant implicated in differential 5-HT1A levels is the G/C single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs6295, located upstream of the human 5-HT1A gene. This SNP differentially binds the transcription factor, NUDR/Deaf1, leading to cell-type specific effects on transcription in vitro. To investigate the direct effects of this SNP in the heterogeneous cellular context of the brain, we generated humanized transgenic mice using a design that maximized the local transcriptional landscape of the human HTR1A gene while also controlling for effects of genomic insertion location. Expression of the human transgene in a 5-HT1A null mouse resulted in line-dependent expression of human 5-HT1A. The effect of rs6295 on protein levels and behavior similarly differed across lines, suggesting that the penetrance of rs6295 may depend upon background genetic factors. Together, this work confirms that relatively subtle differences in 5-HT1A levels can contribute to differences in behavior and highlights the challenges of modeling human non-coding genetic variation in mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutzeit, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donaldson, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/472621</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional interrogation of a depression-related serotonergic SNP, rs6295, using a humanized mouse model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/474478v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural and biochemical studies define Nudt12 as a new class of RNA deNADding enzyme in mammalian cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/474478v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We recently demonstrated mammalian cells harbor NAD-capped mRNAs that are hydrolyzed by the DXO deNADding enzyme. Here we report the Nudix protein Nudt12 is a second mammalian deNADding enzyme structurally and mechanistically distinct from DXO and targets different RNAs. Crystal structure of mouse Nudt12 in complex with the deNADding product AMP and three Mg2+ ions at 1.6 [A] resolution provides exquisite insights into the molecular basis of the deNADding activity within the NAD pyrophosphate. Disruption of the Nudt12 gene stabilizes transfected NAD-capped RNA in cells and its endogenous NAD-capped mRNA targets are enriched in those encoding proteins involved in cellular energetics. Furthermore, exposure of cells to metabolic stress manifests changes in NAD-capped RNA levels indicating an association between NAD-capped RNAs and cellular metabolism. Lastly, we show that the bacterial RppH protein also possesses deNADding activity toward NAD-capped RNA but not free NAD, revealing a third class of deNADding enzymes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grudzien-Nogalska, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiledjian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/474478</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural and biochemical studies define Nudt12 as a new class of RNA deNADding enzyme in mammalian cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/475384v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstitution of eukaryotic chromosomes and manipulation of DNA N6-methyladenine alters chromatin and gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/475384v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA N6-adenine methylation (6mA) has recently been reported in diverse eukaryotes, spanning unicellular organisms to metazoans. Yet the functional significance of 6mA remains elusive due to its low abundance, difficulty of manipulation within native DNA, and lack of understanding of eukaryotic 6mA writers. Here, we report a novel DNA 6mA methyltransferase in ciliates, termed MTA1. The enzyme contains an MT-A70 domain but is phylogenetically distinct from all known RNA and DNA methyltransferases. Disruption of MTA1 in vivo leads to the genome-wide loss of 6mA in asexually growing cells and abolishment of the consensus ApT dimethylated motif. Genes exhibit subtle changes in chromatin organization or RNA expression upon loss of 6mA, depending on their starting methylation level. Mutants fail to complete the sexual cycle, which normally coincides with a peak of MTA1 expression. Thus, MTA1 functions in a developmental stage-specific manner. We determine the impact of 6mA on chromatin organization in vitro by reconstructing complete, full-length ciliate chromosomes harboring 6mA in native or ectopic positions. Using these synthetic chromosomes, we show that 6mA directly disfavors nucleosomes in vitro in a local, quantitative manner, independent of DNA sequence. Furthermore, the chromatin remodeler ACF can overcome this effect. Our study identifies a novel MT-A70 protein necessary for eukaryotic 6mA methylation and defines the impact of 6mA on chromatin organization using epigenetically defined synthetic chromosomes.nnHighlightsO_LIThe MT-A70 protein MTA1 mediates DNA N6-adenine methylation in OxytrichanC_LIO_LIMTA1 mutants exhibit subtle changes in nucleosome organization and transcription in vivonC_LIO_LI6mA directly disfavors nucleosome occupancy in natural and synthetic chromosomes in vitronC_LIO_LIDe novo synthesis of complete, epigenetically defined Oxytricha chromosomesnC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beh, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debelouchina, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clay, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindblad, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutton, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bracht, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebra, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muir, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landweber, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/475384</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstitution of eukaryotic chromosomes and manipulation of DNA N6-methyladenine alters chromatin and gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/476036v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nuclei multiplexing with barcoded antibodies for single-nucleus genomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/476036v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-nucleus RNA-Seq (snRNA-seq) enables the interrogation of cellular states in complex tissues that are challenging to dissociate, including frozen clinical samples. This opens the way, in principle, to large studies, such as those required for human genetics, clinical trials, or precise cell atlases of large organs. However, such applications are currently limited by batch effects, sequential processing, and costs. To address these challenges, we present an approach for multiplexing snRNA-seq, using sample-barcoded antibodies against the nuclear pore complex to uniquely label nuclei from distinct samples. Comparing human brain cortex samples profiled in multiplex with or without hashing antibodies, we demonstrate that nucleus hashing does not significantly alter the recovered transcriptome profiles. We further developed demuxEM, a novel computational tool that robustly detects inter-sample nucleus multiplets and assigns singlets to their samples of origin by antibody barcodes, and validated its accuracy using gender-specific gene expression, species-mixing and natural genetic variation. Nucleus hashing significantly reduces cost per nucleus, recovering up to about 5 times as many single nuclei per microfluidc channel. Our approach provides a robust technique for diverse studies including tissue atlases of isogenic model organisms or from a single larger human organ, multiple biopsies or longitudinal samples of one donor, and large-scale perturbation screens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gaublomme, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCabe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knecht, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drokhlyansky, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Wittenberghe, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dionne, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeung, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habib, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozenblatt-Rosen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/476036</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nuclei multiplexing with barcoded antibodies for single-nucleus genomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/476663v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convolutional Sparse Coded Dynamic Brain Functional Connectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/476663v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional brain network has been widely studied in many previous work for brain disorder diagnosis and brain network analysis. However, most previous work focus on static dynamic brain network research. Lots of recent work reveals that the brain shows dynamic activity even in resting state. Such dynamic brain functional connectivity reveals discriminative patterns for identifying many brain disorders. Current sliding window based dynamic brain connectivity framework are not easy to be applied to real clinical applications due to many issues: First, how to set up the optimal sliding window size and how to determine the threshold for the brain connectivity patterns. Secondly, how to represent the high dimensional dynamic brain connectivity pattern in a low dimensional representations for diagnosis purpose. Last, how to deal with the different length dynamic brain network patterns especially when the raw data are of different length. In order to address all those above issues, we proposed a new framework, which employs multiple scale sliding windows and automatically learns a sparse and low ran dynamic brain functional connectivity patterns from raw fMRI data. Furthermore, we are able to measure different length dynamic brain functional connectivity patterns in an equal space by learning a sparse coded convolutional filters. We have evaluated our method with state of the art dynamic brain network methods and the results demonstrated the strong potential of our methods for brain disorder diagnosis in real clinical applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>zhu, y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/476663</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convolutional Sparse Coded Dynamic Brain Functional Connectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/478776v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic variation in educational attainment modifies Alzheimer’s disease risk 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/478776v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveTo determine the putative protective relationship of educational attainment on Alzheimers disease (AD) risk using Mendelian randomization, and to test the hypothesis that by using genetic regions surrounding individually associated SNPs as the instrumental variable we can identify genes that contribute to the relationship.nnMethodsWe performed Mendelian randomization using genome-wide association study summary statistics from studies of educational attainment and AD in two stages. Our instrumental variable comprised of i) 1,271 SNPs significantly associated with educational attainment and ii) individual 2Mb regions surrounding the genome-wide significant SNPs.nnResultsA causal inverse relationship between educational attainment and AD was identified by the 1,271 SNPs (odds ratio = 0.63; 95% CI, 0.54-0.74; p =4.08x10-8). Analysis of individual loci identified six regions that significantly replicated the causal relationship. Genes within these regions included LRRC2, SSBP2, and NEGR1; the latter a regulator of neuronal growth.nnConclusionsEducational attainment is an important protective factor for AD. Genomic regions that significantly paralleled the overall causal relationship contain genes expressed in neurons or involved in the regulation of neuronal development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raghavan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardarajan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayeux, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/478776</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic variation in educational attainment modifies Alzheimer’s disease risk]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/479824v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
arcasHLA: high resolution HLA typing from RNA seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/479824v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationHuman leukocyte antigen (HLA) locus makes up the major compatibility complex (MHC) and plays a critical role in host response to disease, including cancers and autoimmune disorders. In the clinical setting, HLA typing is necessary for determining tissue compatibility. Recent improvements in the quality and accessibility of next-generation sequencing have made HLA typing from standard short-read data practical. However, this task remains challenging given the high level of polymorphism and homology between the HLA genes. HLA typing from RNA sequencing is further complicated by post-transcriptional splicing and bias due to amplification.nnResultsHere, we present arcasHLA: a fast and accurate in silico tool that infers HLA genotypes from RNA sequencing data. Our tool outperforms established tools on the gold-standard benchmark dataset for HLA typing in terms of both accuracy and speed, with an accuracy rate of 100% at two field precision for MHC class I genes, and over 99.7% for MHC class II. Importantly, arcasHLA takes as its input pre-aligned BAM files, and outputs three-field resolution for all HLA genes in less than 2 minutes. Finally, we discuss evaluate the performance of our tool on a new biological dataset of 447 single-end total RNA samples from nasopharyngeal swabs, and establish the applicability of arcasHLA in metatranscriptome studies.nnAvailabilityarcasHLA is available at https://github.com/RabadanLab/arcasHLA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Orenbuch, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filip, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comito, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe'er, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabadan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/479824</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[arcasHLA: high resolution HLA typing from RNA seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/482422v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
APOE4 is Associated with Differential Regional Vulnerability to Bioenergetic Deficits in Aged APOE Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/482422v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The {varepsilon}4 allele of apolipoprotein E (APOE) is the dominant genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimers disease (AD). However, the reason for the association between APOE4 and AD remains unclear. While much of the research has focused on the ability of the apoE4 protein to increase the aggregation and decrease the clearance of A{beta}, there is also an abundance of data showing that APOE4 negatively impacts many additional processes in the brain, including bioenergetics. In order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the APOE4s role in AD pathogenesis, we performed a multi-omic analysis of APOE4 vs. APOE3 expression in the entorhinal cortex (EC) and primary visual cortex (PVC) of aged APOE mice. These studies revealed region-specific alterations in several bioenergetic pathways, including oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos), the TCA-cycle and fatty acid metabolism. Follow-up analysis utilizing the Seahorse platform revealed decreased mitochondrial respiration in the hippocampus and cortex of aged APOE4 vs. APOE3 mice, but not in the EC of these mice. Additional studies, as well as the original multi-omic data suggest that bioernergetic pathways in the EC of aged APOE mice may be differentially regulated by APOE4 expression. Given the importance of the EC as one of the first regions to be affected by AD pathology in humans, this differential bionenergetic regulation observed in the EC vs. other brain regions of aged APOE4 mice may play an important role in the pathogenesis of AD, particularly among APOE4 carriers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nuriel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larrea, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guilfoyle, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pirhaji, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shannon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arain, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashok, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pera, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillman, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figueroa, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cookson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraenkel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duff, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Area-Gomez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/482422</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[APOE4 is Associated with Differential Regional Vulnerability to Bioenergetic Deficits in Aged APOE Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/484113v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel genes for autism implicate both excitatory and inhibitory cell lineages in risk 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/484113v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present the largest exome sequencing study to date focused on rare variation in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (n=35,584). Integrating de novo and case-control variation with an enhanced Bayesian framework incorporating evolutionary constraint against mutation, we implicate 99 genes in ASD risk at a false discovery rate (FDR) [&le;] 0.1. Of these 99 risk genes, 46 show higher frequencies of disruptive de novo variants in individuals ascertained for severe neurodevelopmental delay, while 50 show higher frequencies in individuals ascertained for ASD, and comparing ASD cases with disruptive mutations in the two groups shows differences in phenotypic presentation. Expressed early in brain development, most of the risk genes have roles in neuronal communication or regulation of gene expression, and 12 fall within recurrent copy number variant loci. In human cortex single-cell gene expression data, expression of the 99 risk genes is also enriched in both excitatory and inhibitory neuronal lineages, implying that disruption of these genes alters the development of both neuron types. Together, these insights broaden our understanding of the neurobiology of ASD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Satterstrom, F. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosmicki, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Rubeis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grove, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klei, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reichert, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulhern, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Artomov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerges, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheppard, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhaduri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brand, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerrero, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dias, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aleksic, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anney, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbosa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brusco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bybjerg-Grauholm, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carracedo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, M. C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiocchetti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuccaro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalla Bernardina, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domenici, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fallerini, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Prieto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrero, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freitag,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/484113</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel genes for autism implicate both excitatory and inhibitory cell lineages in risk]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/484857v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stress-induced phospho-ubiquitin formation causes parkin degradation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/484857v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in the E3 ubiquitin ligase parkin are the most common known cause of autosomal recessive parkinsonism. Multiple types of stress decrease parkin protein levels, an effect that may be relevant to sporadic Parkinsons disease (PD), but the mechanism(s) involved in this loss remain largely unclear. We sought to elucidate these mechanisms using a PD-relevant stressor, L-DOPA, the precursor to dopamine, which forms reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as toxic quinones via auto-oxidation. We find that L-DOPA causes parkin loss through both an oxidative stress-independent and an oxidative stress-dependent pathway. Characterization of the latter reveals that it requires both the kinase PINK1 and parkins interaction with phosphorylated ubiquitin (phospho-Ub) and is mediated by proteasomal degradation.nnSurprisingly, mitochondrial parkin activity and autoubiquitination as well as mitophagy are not required for such loss. During stress induced by the oxidative stressor hydrogen peroxide or the metabolic uncoupler CCCP, parkin degradation also requires its association with phospho-Ub, indicating that this mechanism is broadly generalizable. As oxidative stress, metabolic dysfunction and phospho-Ub levels are all elevated in PD patients, we suggest that these changes may lead to the loss of parkin expression in PD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kovalchuke, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosharov, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/484857</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stress-induced phospho-ubiquitin formation causes parkin degradation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/486936v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Topological Data Analysis of Single-cell Hi-C Contact Maps 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/486936v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this article, we show how the recent statistical techniques developed in Topological Data Analysis for the Mapper algorithm can be extended and leveraged to formally define and statistically quantify the presence of topological structures coming from biological phenomena in datasets of CCC contact maps.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carriere, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabadan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/486936</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Topological Data Analysis of Single-cell Hi-C Contact Maps]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/487405v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Attenuation of Aβ-associated hyperactivity reduces Aβ and tau pathology along the entorhinal cortex-hippocampal network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/487405v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High levels of the amyloid-beta (A{beta}) peptide have been shown to disrupt neuronal function and induce hyperexcitability but it is unclear what effects A{beta}-associated hyperexcitability may have on tauopathy pathogenesis or propagation in vivo. Using a novel transgenic mouse line to model the impact of hAPP/A{beta} accumulation on tauopathy in the entorhinal cortex-hippocampal (EC-HIPP) network, we demonstrate that hAPP aggravates EC tau aggregation and accelerates pathological tau spread into the hippocampus. In vivo recordings revealed a strong role for hAPP/A{beta}, but not tau, in the emergence of EC neuronal hyperactivity and impaired theta rhythmicity. Chemogenetic attenuation of A{beta}-associated hyperactivity led to reduced hAPP/A{beta} accumulation and reduction of pathological tau in downstream hippocampus. These data strongly support the hypothesis that in Alzheimers disease (AD), A{beta}-associated hyperactivity accelerates the progression of pathological tau along vulnerable neuronal circuits, and demonstrates the utility of chronic, neuromodulatory approaches in ameliorating AD pathology in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duff, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussaini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/487405</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Attenuation of Aβ-associated hyperactivity reduces Aβ and tau pathology along the entorhinal cortex-hippocampal network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/489781v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using DNA from mothers and children to study parental investment in children’s educational attainment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/489781v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This study tested implications of new genetic discoveries for understanding the association between parental investment and childrens educational attainment. A novel design matched genetic data from 860 British mothers and their children with home-visit measures of parenting: the E-Risk Study. Three findings emerged. First, both mothers and childrens education-associated genetics, summarized in a genome-wide polygenic score, predicted parenting -- a gene-environment correlation. Second, accounting for genetic influences slightly reduced associations between parenting and childrens attainment -- indicating some genetic confounding. Third, mothers genetics influenced childrens attainment over and above genetic mother-to-child transmission, via cognitively-stimulating parenting -- an environmentally-mediated effect. Findings imply that, when interpreting parents effects on children, environmentalists must consider genetic transmission, but geneticists must also consider environmental transmission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wertz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moffitt, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agnew-Blais, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arseneault, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belsky, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corcoran, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houts, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthews, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prinz, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richmond-Rakerd, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugden, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caspi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/489781</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using DNA from mothers and children to study parental investment in children’s educational attainment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/489930v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cellular multifunctionality in the muscle activity of Hydra vulgaris 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/489930v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As a cnidarian, Hydra has an anatomically simple neuromuscular system likely similar to those of ancestral species, and its study could provide insights on the design logic and function of animal body plans throughout evolution. Here we have used calcium imaging to map the activity of the entire epitheliomuscular system of living Hydra in mounted preparations. We find seven basic spatiotemporal patterns of activation, with fast and slow kinetics of initiation and propagation. Contrary to previous assumptions, both endodermal and ectodermal epitheliomuscular tissues are systematically activated jointly during contractions, in spite of their muscle fibers being orthogonally arranged. We also find that individual cells surprisingly participate in multiple patterns, using different kinetics of activation. Our results reveal that Hydras epitheliomuscular tissue is a multifunctional system that can be flexibly reconfigured to generate different spatiotemporal activity patterns, enabling a structurally simple design to implement a varied behavior output.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Szymanski, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuste, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/489930</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cellular multifunctionality in the muscle activity of Hydra vulgaris]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/490862v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inferring Processes of Coevolutionary Diversification in a Community of Panamanian Strangler Figs and Associated Pollinating Wasps 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/490862v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1The fig and pollinator wasp obligate mutualism is diverse (~750 described species), ecologically important, and ancient (~80-90 Ma), providing model systems for generating and testing many questions in evolution and ecology. Once thought to be a prime example of strict one-to-one cospeciation, current thinking suggests that genera of pollinator wasps co-evolve with corresponding subsections of figs, but the degree to which cospeciation or other processes contributes to the association at finer scales is unclear. Here we use genome-wide sequence data from a community of Panamanian strangler figs (Ficus subgenus Urostigma, section Americana) and associated fig wasp pollinators (Pegoscapus spp.) to infer the process of coevolutionary diversification in this obligate mutualism. Using a model-based approach adapted from the study of gene family evolution, our results indicate pervasive and ongoing host switching of pollinator wasps at this fine phylogenetic and regional scale. Although the model estimates a modest amount of cospeciation, simulations reveal this signal to be consistent with levels of co-association expected under a model of free host switching. Our findings provide an outline for testing how ecological and evolutionary processes can be modeled to evaluate the history of association of interacting lineages in a phylogenetic framework.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Satler, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jander, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eaton, D. A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machado, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heath, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nason, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/490862</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inferring Processes of Coevolutionary Diversification in a Community of Panamanian Strangler Figs and Associated Pollinating Wasps]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/491159v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid screening of engineered microbial therapies in a 3-D multicellular model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/491159v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synthetic biology is transforming therapeutic paradigms by engineering living cells and microbes to intelligently sense and respond to diseases including inflammation1,2, infections3-5, metabolic disorders6,7, and cancer8,9. However, the ability to rapidly engineer new therapies far outpaces the throughput of animal-based testing regimes, creating a major bottleneck for clinical translation10,11. In vitro approaches to address this challenge have been limited in scalability and broad-applicability. Here, we present a bacteria-in-spheroid co-culture (BSCC) platform that simultaneously tests host species, therapeutic payloads and synthetic gene circuits of engineered bacteria within multicellular spheroids over a timescale of weeks. Long-term monitoring of bacterial dynamics and disease progression enables quantitative comparison of critical therapeutic parameters such as efficacy and biocontainment. Specifically, we screen S. typhimurium strains expressing and delivering a library of antitumor therapeutic molecules via several synthetic gene circuits. We identify novel candidates exhibiting significant tumor reduction and demonstrate high similarity in their efficacies using a syngeneic mouse model. Lastly, we show that our platform can be expanded to dynamically profile diverse microbial species including L. monocytogenes, P. mirabilis, and E. coli in various host cell types. This high-throughput framework may serve to accelerate synthetic biology for clinical applications and understanding the host-microbe interactions in disease sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harimoto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velazquez, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinchliffe, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mather, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danino, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/491159</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid screening of engineered microbial therapies in a 3-D multicellular model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/491746v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanical Stretch Kills Transformed Cancer Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/491746v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transformed cancer cells differ from normal cells in several important features like anchorage independence, Warburg effect and mechanosensing. Consequently, transformed cancer cells develop an anaplastic morphology and respond aberrantly to external mechanical forces. Consistent with altered mechano-responsiveness, here we show that transformed cancer cells from many different tissues have reduced growth and become apoptotic upon cyclic stretch as do normal cells after the transformation. When matrix rigidity sensing is restored in transformed cancer cells, they survive and grow faster on soft surface upon cyclic stretch like normal cells but undergo anoikis without stretch by activation of death associated protein kinase1 (DAPK1). In contrast, stretch-dependent apoptosis (mechanoptosis) of transformed cells is driven by stretch-mediated calcium influx and calcium-dependent calpain 2 protease activation on both collagen and fibronectin matrices. Further, mechanosensitive calcium channel, Piezo1 is needed for mechanoptosis. Thus, cyclic stretching of transformed cells from different tissues activates apoptosis, whereas similar stretching of normal cells stimulates growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tijore, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nematbakhsh, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hariharan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheetz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/491746</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanical Stretch Kills Transformed Cancer Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/491969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clinical and Functional Characterization of Melanocortin 4 Receptor genetic variants in African American and/or Hispanic children with severe early onset obesity. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/491969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ContextMutations in melanocortin receptor (MC4R) are the most frequent cause of monogenic obesity in children of European ancestry, but little is known about their prevalence in children from minority populations in the United States.nnObjectiveThis study aims to identify the prevalence of MC4R mutations in children with severe early onset obesity of African-American and/or Latina ancestry.nnDesign and SettingIndividuals were recruited from the weight management clinics at two hospitals and from the institutional biobank at a third hospital. Sequencing of the MC4R gene was performed by whole exome and/or Sanger sequencing. Functional testing was performed to establish the surface expression of the receptor and cAMP response to its cognate ligand -melanocyte stimulating hormone.nnParticipantsThree hundred and twelve children (1-18 years, 50% girls) with body mass index (BMI) > 120% of 95th percentile of CDC 2000 growth charts at an age < 6 years, with no known pathological cause of obesity were enrolled.nnResultsEight rare MC4R mutations (2.6%) were identified in this study (R7S, F202L (n=2), M215I, G252D, V253I, I269N, F284I), three of which have not been previously reported (M215I, G252D, F284I). The pathogenicity of the variants was confirmed either by prior literature reports, or by functional testing. There was no significant difference in the BMI or height trajectories of children with or without MC4R mutations in this cohort.nnConclusionsWhile the prevalence of MC4R mutations in this cohort was similar to that reported in obese children of European ancestry, some of the variants were novel.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>De Rosa, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chesi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCormack, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liimatta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenbaum, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hakonarson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doege, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirschhorn, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thaker, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/491969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clinical and Functional Characterization of Melanocortin 4 Receptor genetic variants in African American and/or Hispanic children with severe early onset obesity.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/492181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting the CaV -  interaction yields a selective antagonist of the N-type CaV2.2 channel with broad antinociceptive efficacy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/492181v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inhibition of voltage-gated calcium (CaV) channels is a potential therapy for many neurological diseases including chronic pain. Neuronal CaV1/CaV2 channels are composed of , {beta} and 2{delta} subunits. The {beta}-subunits of CaV channels are cytoplasmic proteins that increase the surface expression of the pore-forming  subunit of CaV. We targeted the high-affinity protein-protein interface of CaV{beta}s pocket within the CaV-subunit. Structure-based virtual screening of 50,000 small molecule library docked to the {beta}-subunit led to the identification of 2-(3,5-dimethylisoxazol-4-yl)-N-((4-((3-phenylpropyl)amino)quinazolin-2-yl)methyl)acetamide (compound 45). This small molecule bound to CaV{beta} and inhibited its coupling with N-type voltage-gated calcium (CaV2.2) channels, leading to a reduction in CaV2.2 currents in rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory neurons, decreased pre-synaptic localization of CaV2.2 in vivo, decreased frequency of spontaneous excitatory post-synaptic potentials (sEPSC), and inhibited release of the nociceptive neurotransmitter calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) from spinal cord. 45 was antinociceptive in naive animals and reversed allodynia and hyperalgesia in models of acute (post-surgical) and neuropathic (spinal nerve ligation, chemotherapy- and gp120-induced peripheral neuropathy, and genome-edited neuropathy) pain. 45 did not cause akinesia or motor impairment, a common adverse effect of CaV2.2 targeting drugs, when injected into the brain. 45, a quinazoline analog, represents a novel class of CaV2.2-targeting compounds that may serve as probes to interrogate CaV-{beta} function and ultimately be developed as a non-opioid therapeutic for chronic pain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chefdeville, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moutal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gokhale, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuja, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chew, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellampalli, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francois-Moutal, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Miller, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patwardhan, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streicher, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colecraft, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khanna, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khanna, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/492181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting the CaV -  interaction yields a selective antagonist of the N-type CaV2.2 channel with broad antinociceptive efficacy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/492561v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pan-Cancer modelling of genomic alterations through gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/492561v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer is a disease often characterized by the presence of multiple genomic alterations, which trigger altered transcriptional patterns and gene expression, which in turn sustain the processes of tumorigenesis, tumor progression and tumor maintenance. The links between genomic alterations and gene expression profiles can be utilized as the basis to build specific molecular tumorigenic relationships. In this study we perform pan-cancer predictions of the presence of single somatic mutations and copy number variations using machine learning approaches on gene expression profiles. We show that gene expression can be used to predict genomic alterations in every tumor type, where some alterations are more predictable than others. We propose gene aggregation as a tool to improve the accuracy of alteration prediction models from gene expression profiles. Ultimately, we show how this principle can be beneficial in intrinsically noisy datasets, such as those based on single cell sequencing.

Author SummaryIn this article we show that transcript abundance can be used to predict the presence or absence of the majority of genomic alterations present in human cancer. We also show how these predictions can be improved by aggregating genes into small networks to counteract the effects of transcript measurement noise.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giorgi, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/492561</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pan-Cancer modelling of genomic alterations through gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/492736v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of three sequence motifs in the transcription termination factor Sen1 that mediate direct interactions with Nrd1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/492736v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Nrd1-Nab3-Sen1 (NNS) complex carries out the transcription termination of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) in yeast, although the detailed interactions among its subunits remain obscure. Here we have identified three sequence motifs in Sen1 that mediate direct interactions with the RNA polymerase II CTD interaction domain (CID) of Nrd1, determined the crystal structures of these Nrd1 interaction motifs (NIMs) bound to the CID, and characterized the interactions in vitro and in yeast.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buratowski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/492736</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of three sequence motifs in the transcription termination factor Sen1 that mediate direct interactions with Nrd1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/492751v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Real-time capture of horizontal gene transfers from gut microbiota by engineered CRISPR-Cas acquisition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/492751v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is central to the adaptation and evolution of bacteria. However, our knowledge about the flow of genetic material within complex microbiomes is lacking; most studies of HGT rely on bioinformatic analyses of genetic elements maintained on evolutionary timescales or experimental measurements of phenotypically trackable markers (e.g. antibiotic resistance). Consequently, our knowledge of the capacity and dynamics of HGT in complex communities is limited. Here, we utilize the CRISPR-Cas spacer acquisition process to detect HGT events from complex microbiota in real-time and at nucleotide resolution. In this system, a recording strain is exposed to a microbial sample, spacers are acquired from foreign transferred elements and permanently stored in genomic CRISPR arrays. Subsequently, sequencing and analysis of these spacers enables identification of the transferred elements. This approach allowed us to quantify transfer frequencies of individual mobile elements without the need for phenotypic markers or post-transfer replication. We show that HGT in human clinical fecal samples can be extensive and rapid, often involving multiple different plasmid types, with the IncX type being the most actively transferred. Importantly, the vast majority of transferred elements did not carry readily selectable phenotypic markers, highlighting the utility of our approach to reveal previously hidden real-time dynamics of mobile gene pools within complex microbiomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Munck, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheth, R. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedberg, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/492751</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Real-time capture of horizontal gene transfers from gut microbiota by engineered CRISPR-Cas acquisition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/494013v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The loci of behavioral evolution: Fas2 and tilB underlie differences in pupation site choice behavior between Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/494013v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The recent boom in genotype-phenotype studies has led to a greater understanding of the genetic architecture of a variety of traits. Among these traits, however, behaviors are still lacking, perhaps because they are complex and environmentally sensitive phenotypes, making them difficult to measure reliably for association studies. Here, we aim to fill this gap in knowledge with the results of a genetic screen for a complex behavioral difference, pupation site choice, between Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans. In this study, we demonstrate a significant contribution of the X chromosome to the difference in pupation site choice behavior between these species. Using a panel of X-chromosome deletions, we screened the majority of the X chromosome for causal loci, and identified two regions that explain a large proportion of the X-effect. We then used gene disruptions and RNAi to demonstrate the substantial effects of a single gene within each region: Fas2 and tilB. Finally, we show that differences in tilB expression underlie species differences in pupation site choice behavior, and that generally, pupation site choice behavior appears to be correlated with relative expression of this gene. Our results suggest that even complex, environmentally sensitive behaviors may evolve through changes to loci with large phenotypic effects.nnAuthor summaryBehaviors are complex traits that involve sensory detection, higher level processing, and a coordinated output by the nervous system. This level of processing is highly susceptible to environmentally induced variation. Because of their complexity and sensitivity, behaviors are difficult to study; as a result, we have very little understanding of the genes involved in behavioral variation. In this study, we use common laboratory fruit fly model, Drosophila, to address this gap and dissect the genetic underpinnings of an environmentally sensitive behavior that differs between species. We find that a significant amount of the phenotypic difference between species is explained by a single chromosome. We further show that just two genes on this chromosome account for a large majority of its effect, suggesting that the genetic basis of complex behavioral evolution may be simpler than anticipated. For one of these genes, we show that a species-level difference in gene expression is associated with the difference in behavior. Our results contribute to a growing number of studies identifying the genetic components of behavior. Ultimately, we hope to use these data to better predict the number, types, and effects of genetic mutations necessary for complex behaviors to evolve.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pischedda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahandeh, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/494013</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The loci of behavioral evolution: Fas2 and tilB underlie differences in pupation site choice behavior between Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/494229v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rare variants imputation in admixed populations: Comparison across reference panels and bioinformatics tools. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/494229v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundImputation has become a standard approach in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to infer in silico untyped markers. Although feasibility for common variants imputation is well established, we aimed to assess rare and ultra-rare variants imputation in an admixed Caribbean Hispanic population (CH).

MethodsWe evaluated imputation accuracy in CH (N = 1,000), focusing on rare (0.1% [&le;]minor allele frequency (MAF) [&le;] 1%) and ultra-rare (MAF < 0.1%) variants. We used two reference panels, the Haplotype Reference Consortium (HRC; N = 27,165) and 1000 Genome Project (1000G phase 3; N = 2,504) and multiple phasing (SHAPEIT, Eagle2) and imputation algorithms (IMPUTE2, MACH-Admix). To assess imputation quality, we reported: a) high-quality variant counts according to imputation tools internal indexes (e.g. IMPUTE2 "Info"[&ge;]80%). b) Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test comparing imputation quality for genotyped variants that were masked and imputed; c) Cohens kappa coefficient to test agreement between imputed and whole-exome sequencing (WES) variants; d) imputation of G206A mutation in the PSEN1 (ultra-rare in the general population an more frequent in CH) followed by confirmation genotyping. We also tested ancestry proportion (European, African and Native American) against WES-imputation mismatches in a Poisson regression fashion.

ResultsSHAPEIT2 retrieved higher percentage of imputed high-quality variants than Eagle2 (rare: 51.02% vs. 48.60%; ultra-rare 0.66% vs 0.65%, Wilcoxon p-value < 0.001). SHAPEIT-IMPUTE2 employing HRC outperformed 1000G (64.50% vs. 59.17%; 1.69% vs 0.75% for high-quality rare and ultra-rare variants, respectively; Wilcoxon p-value < 0.001). SHAPEIT-IMPUTE2 outperformed MaCH-Admix. Compared to 1000G, HRC-imputation retrieved a higher number of high-quality rare and ultra-rare variants, despite showing lower agreement between imputed and WES variants (e.g. rare: 98.86% for HRC vs. 99.02% for 1000G). High Kappa (K = 0.99) was observed for both reference panels. Twelve G206A mutation carriers were imputed and all validated by confirmation genotyping. African ancestry was associated with higher imputation errors for uncommon and rare variants (p-value < 1e-05).

ConclusionReference panels with larger numbers of haplotypes can improve imputation quality for rare and ultra-rare variants in admixed populations such as CH. Ethnic composition is an important predictor of imputation accuracy, with higher African ancestry associated with poorer imputation accuracy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sariya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayeux, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardarajan, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes-Dumeyer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manly, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brickman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lantigua, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medrano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez-Velazquez, I. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tosto, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/494229</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rare variants imputation in admixed populations: Comparison across reference panels and bioinformatics tools.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/495218v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unique properties of high-order thalamic inputs versus cortical inputs to primary somatosensory cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/495218v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Layer (L) 2/3 pyramidal neurons in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) are sparsely active, spontaneously and during sensory stimulation. Long-range inputs from higher areas may gate L2/3 activity. We investigated their in vivo impact by expressing channelrhodopsin in three main sources of feedback to rat S1: primary motor cortex, secondary somatosensory cortex, and secondary somatosensory thalamic nucleus (the posterior medial nucleus, POm). Inputs from cortical areas were relatively weak. POm, however, more robustly depolarized L2/3 cells and, when paired with peripheral stimulation, evoked action potentials. POm triggered not only a stronger fast-onset depolarization but also a delayed all-or-nonepersistent depolarization, lasting up to 1 second and exhibiting beta oscillations. Inactivating POm somata abolished persistent but not initial depolarization, indicating a recurrent circuit mechanism. We conclude that secondary thalamus can enhance L2/3 responsiveness over long periods. Such timescales could provide a potential modality-specific substrate for attention, working memory, and plasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruno, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/495218</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unique properties of high-order thalamic inputs versus cortical inputs to primary somatosensory cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/497180v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysing linear multivariate pattern transformations in neuroimaging data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/497180v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most connectivity metrics in neuroimaging research reduce multivariate activity patterns in regions-of-interests (ROIs) to one dimension, which leads to a loss of information. Importantly, it prevents us from investigating the transformations between patterns in different ROIs. Here, we applied linear estimation theory in order to robustly estimate the linear transformations between multivariate fMRI patterns with a cross-validated Tikhonov regularisation approach. We derived three novel metrics that describe different features of these voxel-by-voxel mappings: goodness-of-fit, sparsity and pattern deformation. The goodness-of-fit describes the degree to which the patterns in an input region can be described as a linear transformation of patterns in an output region. The sparsity metric, which relies on a Monte Carlo procedure, was introduced in order to test whether the transformation mostly consists of one-to-one mappings between voxels in different regions. Furthermore, we defined a metric for pattern deformation, i.e. the degree to which the transformation rotates or rescales the input patterns. As a proof of concept, we applied these metrics to an event-related fMRI data set consisting of four subjects that has been used in previous studies. We focused on the transformations from early visual cortex (EVC) to inferior temporal cortex (ITC), fusiform face area (FFA) and parahippocampal place area (PPA). Our results suggest that the estimated linear mappings are able to explain a significant amount of variance of the three output ROIs. The transformation from EVC to ITC shows the highest goodness-of-fit, and those from EVC to FFA and PPA show the expected preference for faces and places as well as animate and inanimate objects, respectively. The pattern transformations are sparse, but sparsity is lower than would have been expected for one-to-one mappings, thus suggesting the presence of one-to-few voxel mappings. ITC, FFA and PPA patterns are not simple rotations of an EVC pattern, indicating that the corresponding transformations amplify or dampen certain dimensions of the input patterns. While our results are only based on a small number of subjects, they show that our pattern transformation metrics can describe novel aspects of multivariate functional connectivity in neuroimaging data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Basti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mur, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriegeskorte, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pizzella, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marzetti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hauk, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/497180</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysing linear multivariate pattern transformations in neuroimaging data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/497297v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Imbalanced Nucleocytoskeletal Connections Create Common Polarity Defects in Progeria and Physiological Aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/497297v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studies of the accelerated aging disorder Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) can potentially reveal cellular defects associated with physiological aging. HGPS results from expression and abnormal nuclear envelope association of a farnesylated, truncated variant of prelamin A called progerin. We surveyed the diffusional mobilities of nuclear membrane proteins to identify proximal effects of progerin expression. The mobilities of three proteins were reduced in fibroblasts from children with HGPS compared to normal fibroblasts: SUN2, nesprin-2G, and emerin. These proteins function together in nuclear movement and centrosome orientation in fibroblasts polarizing for migration. Both processes were impaired in fibroblasts from children with HGPS and in NIH3T3 fibroblasts expressing progerin, but were restored by inhibiting protein farnesylation. Progerin affected both the coupling of the nucleus to actin cables and the oriented flow of the cables necessary for nuclear movement and centrosome orientation. Progerin overexpression increased levels of SUN1, which couples the nucleus to microtubules through nesprin-2G and dynein, and microtubule association with the nucleus. Reducing microtubule-nuclear connections through SUN1 depletion or dynein inhibition rescued the polarity defects. Nuclear movement and centrosome orientation were also defective in fibroblasts from normal individuals over 60 years old and both defects were rescued by reducing the increased level of SUN1 in these cells or inhibiting dynein. Our results identify imbalanced nuclear engagement of the cytoskeleton (microtubules, high; actin filaments, low) as the basis for intrinsic cell polarity defects in HGPS and physiological aging and suggest that rebalancing the connections can ameliorate the defects.nnSignificanceThe rare, premature aging syndrome HGPS arises from expression of a pathological prelamin A variant, termed progerin. Studies of progerin may identify treatments for HGPS and reveal novel cellular and molecular characteristics of normal aging. Here, we show that progerin selectively affects mobilities of three nuclear membrane proteins, SUN2, nesprin-2G and emerin that position the nucleus and establish cell polarity essential for migration. We find that both processes are defective in fibroblasts from children with HGPS and aged (> 60 years) individuals. The mechanism underlying these defects is excessive interaction of the nucleus with microtubules. Our work identifies nuclear-based defects in cell polarization as intrinsic factors in premature and physiological aging and suggests means for correcting them.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luxton, G. W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostlund, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worman, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gundersen, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/497297</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Imbalanced Nucleocytoskeletal Connections Create Common Polarity Defects in Progeria and Physiological Aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/497982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Serotonin regulates mitochondrial biogenesis and function in rodent cortical neurons via the 5-HT2A receptor and SIRT1-PGC-1α axis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/497982v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondria in neurons in addition to their primary role in bioenergetics also contribute to specialized functions including regulation of synaptic transmission, Ca2+ homeostasis, neuronal excitability and stress adaptation. However, the factors that influence mitochondrial biogenesis and function in neurons remain poorly elucidated. Here, we identify an important role for serotonin (5-HT) as a regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis and function in rodent cortical neurons, via a 5-HT2A receptor-mediated recruitment of the SIRT1-PGC-1 axis, which is relevant to the neuroprotective action of 5-HT. 5-HT increased mitochondrial biogenesis, reflected through enhanced mtDNA levels, mitotracker staining, and expression of mitochondrial genes. This was accompanied by increased cellular ATP levels, basal and maximal respiration, as well as spare respiratory capacity. Mechanistically the effects of 5-HT were mediated via the 5-HT2A receptor and master modulators of mitochondrial biogenesis, SIRT1 and PGC-1. SIRT1 was required to mediate the effects of 5-HT on mitochondrial biogenesis and function in cortical neurons. In vivo studies revealed that 5-HT2A receptor stimulation increased cortical mtDNA and ATP levels, in a SIRT1 dependent manner. In cortical neurons, 5-HT enhanced expression of anti-oxidant enzymes, decreased cellular reactive oxygen species, and exhibited neuroprotection against excitotoxic and oxidative stress, an effect that required SIRT1. These findings identify 5-HT as a novel upstream regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis and function in cortical neurons, and implicate the mitochondrial effects of 5-HT in its neuroprotective action.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fanibunda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deb, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maniyadath, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weisstaub, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gingrich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaidya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolthur-Seetharam, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaidya, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/497982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Serotonin regulates mitochondrial biogenesis and function in rodent cortical neurons via the 5-HT2A receptor and SIRT1-PGC-1α axis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/498055v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functionally distinct high and low theta oscillations in the human hippocampus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/498055v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Based on rodent models, researchers have theorized that the hippocampus supports episodic memory and navigation via the theta oscillation, a ~4-10-Hz rhythm that coordinates brain-wide neural activity. However, recordings from humans have indicated that hippocampal theta oscillations are lower in frequency and less prevalent than in rodents, suggesting interspecies differences in thetas function. To characterize human hippocampal theta, we examined the properties of theta oscillations throughout the anterior-posterior length of the hippocampus as neurosurgical subjects performed a virtual spatial navigation task. During virtual movement, we observed hippocampal oscillations at multiple frequencies from 2 to 14 Hz. The posterior hippocampus prominently displayed oscillations at ~8-Hz and the precise frequency of these oscillations correlated with the speed of movement, implicating these signals in spatial navigation. We also observed slower ~3-Hz oscillations, but these signals were more prevalent in the anterior hippocampus and their frequency did not vary with movement speed. Our results converge with recent findings to suggest an updated view of human hippocampal electrophysiology. Rather than one hippocampal theta oscillation with a single general role, high-and low-theta oscillations, respectively, may reflect spatial and non-spatial cognitive processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goyal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qasim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watrous, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inman, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willie, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lega, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sperling, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheth, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKhann, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schevon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/498055</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functionally distinct high and low theta oscillations in the human hippocampus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/498964v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional and Optogenetic Approaches to Discovering Stable Subtype-Specific Circuit Mechanisms in Depression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/498964v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundUsing canonical correlation analysis (CCA), hierarchical clustering, and machine learning methods, we recently identified four subtypes of depression defined by distinct patterns of abnormal functional connectivity in depression-related brain networks, which in turn predicted differing clinical symptom profiles and individual differences in treatment response. However, whether and how dysfunction in specific circuits may give rise to specific depressive symptoms and behaviors remains unclear. Furthermore, this approach assumes that there are robust and stable canonical correlations between functional connectivity and depressive symptoms--an assumption that was not extensively tested in our earlier work.nnMethodsFirst, we comprehensively re-evaluate the stability of canonical correlations between functional connectivity and symptoms, using optimized approaches for large-scale statistical testing, and we validate methods for improving stability. Next, we illustrate one approach to formulating hypotheses regarding subtype-specific circuit mechanisms driving depressive symptoms and behaviors and then testing them in animal models using optogenetic fMRI. We review recent work in this field and describe one example of this approach.nnResultsCorrelations between connectivity features and clinical symptoms are robustly significant, and CCA solutions tested repeatedly on held-out data generalize, but they are sensitive to data quality, preprocessing decisions, and clinical sample heterogeneity, which can reduce effect sizes. Generalization can be markedly improved by adding L2-regularization to CCA, which decreases variance, increases canonical correlations in left-out data, and stabilizes feature selection. This approach, in turn, can be used to identify candidate circuits for optogenetic interrogation in rodent models.nnConclusionsMulti-view approaches like CCA are a conceptually useful framework for discovering stable patient subtypes by synthesizing multiple clinical and functional measures. Optogenetic fMRI holds substantial promise for testing hypotheses regarding subtype-specific mechanisms driving specific symptoms and behaviors in depression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grosenick, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunning, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubin, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Downar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liston, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/498964</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional and Optogenetic Approaches to Discovering Stable Subtype-Specific Circuit Mechanisms in Depression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/499814v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal activity in the posterior cingulate cortex signals environmental information and predicts behavioral variability during routine foraging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/499814v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals engage in routine behavior in order to efficiently navigate their environments. This routine behavior may be influenced by the state of the environment, such as the location and size of rewards. The neural circuits tracking environmental information and how that information impacts decisions to diverge from routines remains unexplored. To investigate the representation of environmental information during routine foraging, we recorded the activity of single neurons in posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) in monkeys searching through an array of targets in which the location of rewards was unknown. Outside the laboratory, people and animals solve such traveling salesman problems by following routine traplines that connect nearest-neighbor locations. In our task, monkeys also deployed traplining routines, but as the environment became better known, they diverged from them despite the reduction in foraging efficiency. While foraging, PCC neurons tracked environmental information but not reward and predicted variability in the pattern of choices. Together, these findings suggest that PCC mediates the influence of information on variability in choice behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barack, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Platt, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/499814</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal activity in the posterior cingulate cortex signals environmental information and predicts behavioral variability during routine foraging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/499822v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A counterselectable sucrose sensitivity marker permits efficient and flexible mutagenesis in Streptococcus agalactiae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/499822v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus; GBS) is a cause of severe infections, particularly during the newborn period. While methods exist for generating chromosomal mutations in GBS, they are cumbersome and inefficient and present significant challenges if the goal is to study subtle mutations such as single base pair polymorphisms. To address this problem, we have developed an efficient and flexible GBS mutagenesis protocol based on sucrose counterselection against levansucrase (SacB) expressed from a temperature-selective shuttle vector. GBS containing the SacB expression cassette demonstrate lethal sensitivity to supplemental sucrose whether the plasmid DNA is replicating outside of the chromosome or has been integrated during a crossover event. Transmission electron microscopy shows that SacB-mediated lethal sucrose sensitivity results from accumulation of inclusion bodies that eventually lead to complete degradation of normal cellular architecture and subsequent lysis. We used this new mutagenesis technique to generate an in-frame, allelic exchange knockout of the GBS sortase gene srtA, demonstrating that >99% of colonies that emerge from our protocol had the expected knockout phenotype and that among a subset tested by sequencing, 100% had the correct genotype. We also generated barcoded nonsense mutations in the cylE gene in two GBS strains, showing that the approach can be used to make small, precise chromosomal mutations.nnImportanceThe ability to generate chromosomal mutations is fundamental to microbiology. Historically, however, GBS pathogenesis research has been made challenging by the relative genetic intractability of the organism. Generating a single knockout in GBS using traditional techniques can take many months, with highly variable success rates. Furthermore, traditional methods do not offer a straightforward way to generate single base pair polymorphisms or other subtle changes, especially to noncoding regions of the chromosome. We have developed a new sucrose counterselection-based method that permits rapid, efficient, and flexible GBS mutagenesis. Our technique requires no additional equipment beyond what is needed for traditional approaches. We believe that it will catalyze rapid advances in GBS genetics research by significantly easing the path to generating mutants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hooven, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonakdar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamby, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratner, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/499822</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A counterselectable sucrose sensitivity marker permits efficient and flexible mutagenesis in Streptococcus agalactiae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/500793v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generation of Transgenic Human Malaria Parasites With Strong Fluorescence in the Transmission Stages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/500793v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Malaria parasites have a complex life cycle that includes specialized stages for transmission between their mosquito and human hosts. These stages are an understudied part of the lifecycle yet targeting them is an essential component of the effort to shrink the malaria map. The human parasite Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for the majority of deaths due to malaria. Our goal was to generate transgenic P. falciparum lines that could complete the lifecycle and produce fluorescent transmission stages for more in-depth and high-throughput studies. Using zinc-finger nuclease technology to engineer a marker-free integration site, we generated three transgenic P. falciparum lines in which tdtomato or gfp were stably integrated into the genome. Expression was driven by either stage-specific peg4 and csp promoters or the constitutive ef1a promoter. Phenotypic characterization of these lines demonstrates that they complete the life cycle with high infection rates and give rise to fluorescent mosquito stages. The transmission stages are sufficiently bright for intra-vital imaging, flow cytometry and scalable screening of chemical inhibitors and potentially inhibitory antibodies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McLean, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straimer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopp, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vega-Rodriguez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mlambo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doumolin, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shears, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ankarklev, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kafsack, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fidock, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinnis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/500793</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generation of Transgenic Human Malaria Parasites With Strong Fluorescence in the Transmission Stages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/502443v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergence of the East-Central-South-African genotype of Chikungunya virus in Brazil and the city of Rio de Janeiro may have occurred years before surveillance detection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/502443v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brazil, which is hyperendemic for dengue virus (DENV), has had recent Zika (ZIKV) and (CHIKV) Chikungunya virus outbreaks. Since March 2016, CHIKV is the arbovirus infection most frequently diagnosed in Rio de Janeiro. In the analysis of 1835 syndromic patients, screened by real time RT-PCR, 56.4% of the cases were attributed to CHIKV, 29.6% to ZIKV, and 14.1% to DENV-4. Sequence analyses of CHIKV from sixteen samples revealed that the East-Central-South-African (ECSA) genotype of CHIKV has been circulating in Brazil since 2013 [95% bayesian credible interval (BCI): 03/2012-10/2013], almost a year before it was detected by arbovirus surveillance program. Brazilian cases are related to Central African Republic sequences from 1980s. To the best of our knowledge, given the available sequence published here and elsewhere, the ECSA genotype was likely introduced to Rio de Janeiro early on 2014 (02/2014; BCI: 07/2013-08/2014) through a single event, after primary circulation in the Bahia state at the Northestern Brazil in the previous year. The observation that the ECSA genotype of CHIKV was circulating undetected underscores the need for improvements in molecular methods for viral surveillance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Souza, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangel Vieira, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delatorre, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbosa-Lima, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leal Faria Luiz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vizzoni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesquita, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhuva, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogarten, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thakkar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surrage Calheiros, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teixeira Monteiro, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bozza, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bozza, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tschoeke, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leomil, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lima de Mendonca, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damasceno dos Santos Rodrigues, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bispo de Filippis, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ribeiro Nogueira, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durovni, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerbino-Neto, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morel, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipkin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/502443</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergence of the East-Central-South-African genotype of Chikungunya virus in Brazil and the city of Rio de Janeiro may have occurred years before surveillance detection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/503029v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The elasticity of individual protocadherin 15 molecules implicates cadherins as the gating springs for hearing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/503029v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hair cells, the sensory receptors of the inner ear, respond to mechanical forces originating from sounds and accelerations1,2. An essential feature of each hair cell is an array of filamentous tip links, consisting of the proteins protocadherin 15 (PCDH15) and cadherin 23 (CDH23)3, whose tension is thought to directly gate the cells transduction channels4,5,6. These links are considered far too stiff to represent the gating springs that convert hair-bundle displacement into forces capable of opening the channels7,8, and no mechanism has been suggested through which tip-link stiffness could be varied to accommodate hair cells of distinct frequency sensitivity in different receptor organs and animals. As a consequence, the gating springs identity and mechanism of operation remain central questions in sensory neuroscience. Using a high-precision optical trap, we show that an individual monomer of PCDH15 acts as an entropic spring that is much softer than its enthalpic stiffness alone would suggest7,8. This low stiffness implies that the protein is a significant part of the gating spring that controls a hair cells transduction channels. The tip links entropic nature then allows for stiffness control through modulation of its tension. We find that a PCDH15 molecule is unstable under tension and exhibits a rich variety of reversible unfolding events that are augmented when the Ca2+ concentration is reduced to physiological levels. Tip-link tension and Ca2+ concentration are therefore likely parameters through which nature tunes a gating springs mechanical properties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bartsch, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hengel, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oswald, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dionne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chipendo, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangat, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El Shatanofy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudspeth, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/503029</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The elasticity of individual protocadherin 15 molecules implicates cadherins as the gating springs for hearing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/503300v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Economic status mediates the relationship between educational attainment and posttraumatic stress disorder: a multivariable Mendelian randomization study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/503300v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectivesTo investigate the genetic overlap and causal relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and traits related to educational attainment.nnDesignGenetic correlation, polygenic risk scoring, and causal inference via multivariable Mendelian randomization (MR).nnSettingPsychiatric Genomics Consortium for PTSD, UK Biobank, 23andMe, and Social Science Genetic Association Consortium.nnParticipants23,185 PTSD cases and 151,309 controls; up to 1,131,881 individuals assessed for educational attainment and related traits.nnMain outcome measuresGenetic correlation obtained from linkage disequilibrium score regression, phenotypic variance explained by polygenic risk scores, and casual effects (beta values) estimated with MRnnResultsPTSD showed strong negative genetic correlations with educational attainment (EdAtt; rg=-0.26, p=4.6x10-8). PRS based on genome-wide significant variants associated with EdAtt significantly predicted PTSD (p=6.16x10-4), but PRS based on variants associated with PTSD did not predict EdAtt (p>0.05). MR analysis indicated that EdAtt has negative causal effects on PTSD (beta=-0.23, p=0.004). Investigating potential mediators of the EdAtt-PTSD relationship, we observed that propensity for trauma exposure and risk-taking behaviors are risk factors for PTSD independently from EdAtt (beta = 0.36, p = 2.57x10-5 and beta = 0.76, p = 6.75x10-4, respectively), while income fully mediates the causal effect of EdAtt on PSTD (MR: Income - beta = -0.18, p =0.001; EdAtt - beta =-0.23, p=0.004; multivariable MR: Income - beta = -0.32, p = 0.017; EdAtt - beta = -0.04, p = 0.786).nnConclusionsWe report novel findings based on large-scale datasets regarding the relationship between educational attainment and PTSD, supporting the role of economic status as the key mediator in the causal relationship observed.nnWhat is already known on this topicThere is a well-established negative association of educational attainment and other traits related to cognitive ability with posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD). However, the findings of these previous studies support various possible causal explanations: 1) individuals with high educational attainment are more resilient with respect to developing PTSD, 2) PTSD negatively impacts cognitive ability, or 3) PTSD and educational attainment share some underlying determinants, including relevant molecular mechanisms.nnA key obstacle to disentangling the complex association between educational attainment and PTSD is reverse causation, i.e. the situation in which the outcome precedes and causes the exposure instead of the other way around.nnWhat this study addsWe conducted a causal-inference investigation based on large-scale information from the investigation of more than one million individuals. Our main assumption is that genetic information can strongly minimize the bias of reverse causation, because genetic variants are determined at conception and do not change throughout life.nnOur findings indicate 1) the effect of traits related to educational attainment on PTSD, 2) no reverse effect of PTSD on educational attainment, and 3) economic status mediates the relationship between educational attainment and PTSD, independently from the brain mechanisms related to educational attainment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Polimanti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratanatharathorn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maihofer, A. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morey, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logue, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nievergelt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koenen, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelernter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Workgroup,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/503300</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Economic status mediates the relationship between educational attainment and posttraumatic stress disorder: a multivariable Mendelian randomization study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/503755v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biophysical characterizations of the recognition of the AAUAAA polyadenylation signal 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/503755v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most eukaryotic messenger RNA precursors must undergo 3-end cleavage and polyadenylation for maturation. We and others recently reported the structure of the AAUAAA polyadenylation signal (PAS) in complex with the protein factors CPSF-30, WDR33 and CPSF-160, revealing the molecular mechanism for this recognition. Here we have characterized in detail the interactions between the PAS RNA and the protein factors using fluorescence polarization experiments. Our studies show that AAUAAA is recognized with ~1 nM affinity by the CPSF-160-WDR33-CPSF-30 ternary complex. Variations in the RNA sequence can greatly reduce the affinity. Similarly, mutations of residues that have van der Waals interactions with the bases of AAUAAA also lead to substantial reductions in affinity. Finally, our studies confirm that both CPSF-30 and WDR33 are required for binding the PAS RNA, and determine a ~7 nM affinity between CPSF-30 and the CPSF-160-WDR33 binary complex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/503755</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biophysical characterizations of the recognition of the AAUAAA polyadenylation signal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/504126v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extensive recombination suppression and chromosome-wide differentiation of a segregation distorter in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/504126v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Segregation distorters violate Mendelian Inheritance by over-representing themselves in the progeny of carrier individuals and are commonly associated with chromosomal inversions. When distorting alleles are found on sex chromosomes, the progeny of carrier individuals will exhibit skewed sex ratios, as exemplified by the array of Sex-Ratio (SR) distorting chromosomes found in Drosophila. Because of the strong selective pressures such chromosomes are thought to inflict on genomes, segregation distorters and their associated inversions are expected to experience rapid turn-over. However, the SR X-chromosome of Drosophila pseudoobscura is found at high frequencies in natural populations, forms stable latitudinal clines, appears to be unsuppressed, and shows evidence of being quite long-lived. Despite being a historically significant and well-studied segregation distortion system, the mechanisms allowing for the long-term persistence of the D. pseudoobscura SR chromosome remain unclear. Here, we perform a comparative genomic analysis between SR and uninverted standard X-chromosomes in D. pseudoobscura to study its evolutionary history and dynamics. We find a substantial level of differentiation between the SR and standard chromosome and estimate that the associated inversions have likely existed for the entire lifetime of the species (> 2 million generations). Through direct recombination experiments and population genetic analyses, we infer that this high level of differentiation is maintained by a combination of suppressed recombination and epistatic selection. Finally, our data reveal a massive mutational target size for protein and expression level changes specific to SR generated by its three non-overlapping inversions. Together our results imply that the entire SR chromosome in D. pseudoobscura behaves as a single co-adapted gene complex and has been maintained through a combination of suppressed recombination and epistatic selection. This finding highlights the dramatic consequences segregation distorters can have in shaping chromosome-wide patterns of recombination, nucleotide variation, and gene expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fuller, Z. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koury, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonard, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikegami, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westlake, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richards, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaeffer, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phadnis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/504126</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extensive recombination suppression and chromosome-wide differentiation of a segregation distorter in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/504233v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dual-color volumetric imaging of neural activity of cortical columns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/504233v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To capture the emergent properties of neural circuits, high-speed volumetric imaging of neural activity at cellular resolution is desirable. But while conventional two-photon calcium imaging is a powerful tool to study population activity in vivo, it is restrained to two-dimensional planes. Expanding it to 3D while maintaining high spatiotemporal resolution appears necessary. Here, we developed a two-photon microscope with dual-color laser excitation that can image neural activity in a 3D volume. We imaged the neuronal activity of primary visual cortex from awake mice, spanning from L2 to L5 with 10 planes, at a rate of 10 vol/sec, and demonstrated volumetric imaging of L1 long-range PFC projections and L2/3 somatas. Using this method, we map visually-evoked neuronal ensembles in 3D, finding a lack of columnar structure in orientation responses and revealing functional correlations between cortical layers which differ from trial to trial and are missed in sequential imaging. We also reveal functional interactions between presynaptic L1 axons and postsynaptic L2/3 neurons. Volumetric two-photon imaging appears an ideal method for functional connectomics of neural circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuste, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/504233</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dual-color volumetric imaging of neural activity of cortical columns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/504522v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparison of Two-Talker Attention Decoding from EEG with Nonlinear Neural Networks and Linear Methods 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/504522v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Auditory attention decoding (AAD) through a brain-computer interface has had a flowering of developments since it was first introduced by Mesgarani and Chang (2012) using electrocorticograph recordings. AAD has been pursued for its potential application to hearing-aid design in which an attention-guided algorithm selects, from multiple competing acoustic sources, which should be enhanced for the listener and which should be suppressed. Traditionally, researchers have separated the AAD problem into two stages: reconstruction of a representation of the attended audio from neural signals, followed by determining the similarity between the candidate audio streams and the reconstruction. In this work, we compare the traditional two-stage approach with a novel neural-network architecture that subsumes the explicit similarity step. We compare this new architecture against linear and non-linear (neural-network) baselines using both wet and dry electroencephalogram (EEG) systems. Our results indicate that the wet and dry systems can deliver comparable results despite the latter having one third as many EEG channels as the former, and that the new architecture outperforms the baseline stimulus-reconstruction methods for both EEG modalities. The 14-subject, wet-electrode AAD dataset for two competing, co-located talkers, the 11-subject, dry-electrode AAD dataset, and our software are available to download for further validation, experimentation, and modification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ciccarelli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perricone, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calamia, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haro, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Sullivan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesgarani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quatieri, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smalt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/504522</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparison of Two-Talker Attention Decoding from EEG with Nonlinear Neural Networks and Linear Methods]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/504936v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Delay activity dynamics: task dependent time encoding and low dimensional trajectories 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/504936v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our decisions often depend on multiple sensory experiences separated by time delays. The brain can remember these experiences and, simultaneously, estimate the timing between events. To understand the mechanisms underlying working memory and time encoding we analyze neural activity recorded during delays in four experiments on non-human primates. To disambiguate potential mechanisms, we propose two analyses, namely, decoding the passage of time from neural data, and computing the cumulative dimensionality of the neural trajectory over time. Time can be decoded with high precision in tasks where timing information is relevant and with lower precision when irrelevant for performing the task. Neural trajectories are always observed to be low dimensional. These constraints rule out working memory models that rely on constant, sustained activity, and neural networks with high dimensional trajectories, like reservoir networks. Instead, recurrent networks trained with backpropagation capture the time encoding properties and the dimensionality observed in the data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cueva, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcos, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genovesio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jazayeri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzman, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadlen, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fusi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/504936</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Delay activity dynamics: task dependent time encoding and low dimensional trajectories]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/507392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synapse propensity of human memory CD8 T cells confers competitive advantage over naïve counterparts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/507392v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Memory T cells are endowed with multiple functional features that enable them to be more protective than naive T cells against infectious threats. It is not known if memory cells have a higher synapse propensity, i.e. increased probability to form immature immunological synapses that then provide an entry into different modes of durable interaction with antigen presenting cells. Here we show that only human memory CD8 T cells have remarkably high synapse propensity compared to naive counterparts. Such a dichotomy between naive and memory cells is not observed within the human CD4 or murine CD8 T cell population. Increased surface expression of LFA1 contributes to the higher synapse propensity in human memory CD8 T cells. Finally, we show that higher synapse propensity in human memory CD8 T cells allows them to compete out naive CD8 T cells from getting recruited to the response. This observation has implications for original antigenic sin and aging of the immune system in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mayya, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Judokusumo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abu-Shah, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neiswanger, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kam, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dustin, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/507392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synapse propensity of human memory CD8 T cells confers competitive advantage over naïve counterparts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/507467v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The MHC class-II HLA-DR receptor mediates bat influenza A-like H17N10 virus entry into mammalian cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/507467v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bats are notorious reservoirs of diverse, potentially zoonotic viruses, exemplified by the evolutionarily distinct, influenza A-like viruses H17N10 and H18N11 (BatIVs). The surface glycoproteins [haemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N)] of BatIVs neither bind nor cleave sialic acid receptors, which suggests that these viruses employ cell attachment and entry mechanisms that differ from those of classical influenza A viruses (IAVs). Identifying the cellular factors that mediate entry and determine susceptibility to infection will help assess the host range of BatIVs. Here, we investigated a range of cell lines from different species for their susceptibility to infection by pseudotyped viruses (PV) bearing bat H17 and/or N10 envelope glycoproteins. We show that a number of human haematopoietic cancer cell lines and the canine kidney MDCK II (but not MDCK I) cells are susceptible to H17-pseudotypes (H17-PV). We observed with microarrays and qRT-PCR that the dog leukocyte antigen DLA-DRA mRNA is over expressed in late passaged parental MDCK and commercial MDCK II cells, compared to early passaged parental MDCK and MDCK I cells, respectively. The human orthologue HLA-DRA encodes the alpha subunit of the MHC class II HLA-DR antigen-binding heterodimer. Small interfering RNA- or neutralizing antibody-targeting HLA-DRA, drastically reduced the susceptibility of Raji B cells to H17-PV. Conversely, over expression of HLA-DRA and its paralogue HLA-DRB1 on the surface of the unsusceptible HEK293T/17 cells conferred susceptibility to H17-PV. The identification of HLA-DR as an H17N10 entry mediator will contribute to a better understanding of the tropism of the virus and will elucidate its zoonotic transmission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giotis, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnell, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghanny, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soteropoulos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barclay, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skinner, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temperton, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/507467</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The MHC class-II HLA-DR receptor mediates bat influenza A-like H17N10 virus entry into mammalian cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/507525v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TIGAR: An Improved Bayesian Tool for Transcriptomic Data Imputation Enhances Gene Mapping of Complex Traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/507525v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) that test for association between the study trait and the imputed gene expression levels from cis-acting expression quantitative trait loci (cis-eQTL) genotypes have successfully enhanced the discovery of genetic risk loci for complex traits. By using the gene expression imputation models fitted from reference datasets that have both genetic and transcriptomic data, TWAS facilitates gene-based tests with GWAS data while accounting for the reference transcriptomic data. The existing TWAS tools like PrediXcan and FUSION use parametric imputation models that have limitations for modeling the complex genetic architecture of transcriptomic data. Therefore, we propose an improved Bayesian method that assumes a data-driven nonparametric prior to impute gene expression. Our method is general and flexible and includes both the parametric imputation models used by PrediXcan and FUSION as special cases. Our simulation studies showed that the nonparametric Bayesian model improved both imputation R2 for transcriptomic data and the TWAS power over PrediXcan. In real applications, our nonparametric Bayesian method fitted transcriptomic imputation models for 2X number of genes with 1.7X average regression R2 over PrediXcan, thus improving the power of follow-up TWAS. Hence, the nonparametric Bayesian model is preferred for modeling the complex genetic architecture of transcriptomes and is expected to enhance transcriptome-integrated genetic association studies. We implement our Bayesian approach in a convenient software tool "TIGAR" (Transcriptome-Integrated Genetic Association Resource), which imputes transcriptomic data and performs subsequent TWAS using individual-level or summary-level GWAS data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nagpal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epstein, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsoi, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patrick, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingo, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingo, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/507525</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TIGAR: An Improved Bayesian Tool for Transcriptomic Data Imputation Enhances Gene Mapping of Complex Traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/507681v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detection of circulating extracellular mRNAs by modified small RNA-sequencing analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/507681v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular mRNAs (ex-mRNAs) potentially supersede extracellular miRNAs (ex-miRNAs) and other RNA classes as biomarkers. Here, we present a comprehensive extracellular RNA (exRNA) study in human blood circulation based on conventional small RNA-sequencing (sRNA-seq) and sRNA-seq after T4 polynucleotide kinase (PNK) end-treatment of total exRNA isolated from serum and platelet-poor EDTA, ACD, and heparin plasma. Applying strict criteria for read mapping and annotation, we found that compared to conventional sRNA-seq PNK-treatment increased the detection of informative ex-mRNAs reads up to 50-fold. Based on captured ex-mRNAs from healthy individuals, we concluded that the exRNA pool is dominated by hematopoietic cells and platelets, with additional contribution from the liver. About 60% of the 15- to 42-nt long reads originated from the coding sequences, in a pattern reminiscent of ribosome-profiling studies for high abundance transcripts. Blood sample type had a considerable influence on the exRNA profile. The number of detected distinct ex-mRNA transcripts ranged from on average ~350 to 1100 in the different plasma types. In serum, additional transcripts from neutrophils and hematopoietic cells increased this number to ~2300. For EDTA and ACD, in particular, we found evidence of destabilization of mRNA and non-coding RNA ribonucleoprotein complexes. In a proof-of-concept study, we compared patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) to healthy controls. The improved tissue resolution of ex-mRNAs after PNK-treatment enabled us to detect a neutrophil-signature in ACS that escaped detection in an ex-miRNA analysis. Thus, ex-mRNAs provide superior resolution for the study of exRNA changes in vivo and ex vivo. They can be readily studied by sRNA-seq after T4 PNK end-treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Akat, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morozov, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Max, K. E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogardus, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sopeyin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hildner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diacovo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neurath, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borggrefe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuschl, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/507681</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detection of circulating extracellular mRNAs by modified small RNA-sequencing analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/507814v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An increase in spontaneous activity mediates visual habituation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/507814v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cerebral cortex is spontaneously active1,2, but the function of this ongoing activity remains unclear3, 4. One possibility is that spontaneous activity provides contextual information in cortical computations, replaying previously learned patterns of activity5-8 that conditions the cortex to respond more efficiently, based on past experience. To test this, we measured the response of neuronal populations in mouse primary visual cortex with chronic two-photon calcium imaging during a visual habituation to a specific oriented stimulus. We unexpectedly found that, during habituation, spontaneous activity increased in neurons across the full range of orientation selectivity, eventually matching that of evoked levels. The increase in spontaneous activity strongly correlated with the degree of habituation. In fact, boosting spontaneous activity with two-photon optogenetic stimulation to the levels of stimulus-evoked activity induced habituation in naive animals. Our study shows that cortical spontaneous activity is causally linked to habituation, which unfolds by minimizing the difference between spontaneous and stimulus-evoked activity levels, rendering the cortex less responsive. We also show how manipulating spontaneous activity can accelerate this type of learning. We hypothesize that spontaneous activity in visual cortex gates incoming sensory information.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miller, J.-e. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuste, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/507814</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An increase in spontaneous activity mediates visual habituation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/510420v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Meta-analysis of the human brain transcriptome identifies heterogeneity across human AD coexpression modules robust to sample collection and methodological approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/510420v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers disease (AD) is a complex and heterogenous brain disease that affects multiple inter-related biological processes. This complexity contributes, in part, to existing difficulties in the identification of successful disease-modifying therapeutic strategies. To address this, systems approaches are being used to characterize AD-related disruption in molecular state. To evaluate the consistency across these molecular models, a consensus atlas of the human brain transcriptome was developed through coexpression meta-analysis across the AMP-AD consortium. Consensus analysis was performed across five coexpression methods used to analyze RNA-seq data collected from 2114 samples across 7 brain regions and 3 research studies. From this analysis, five consensus clusters were identified that described the major sources of AD-related alterations in transcriptional state that were consistent across studies, methods, and samples. AD genetic associations, previously studied AD-related biological processes, and AD targets under active investigation were enriched in only three of these five clusters. The remaining two clusters demonstrated strong heterogeneity between males and females in AD-related expression that was consistently observed across studies. AD transcriptional modules identified by systems analysis of individual AMP-AD teams were all represented in one of these five consensus clusters except ROS/MAP-identified Module 109, which was specific for genes that showed the strongest association with changes in AD-related gene expression across consensus clusters. The other two AMP-AD transcriptional analyses reported modules that were enriched in one of the two sex-specific Consensus Clusters. The fifth cluster has not been previously identified and was enriched for genes related to proteostasis. This study provides an atlas to map across biological inquiries of AD with the goal of supporting an expansion in AD target discovery efforts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perumal, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swarup, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Funk, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaiteri, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dammer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sieberts, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omberg, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eddy, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chae, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amberkar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hide, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preuss, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ergun, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebert, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Airey, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostafavi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, H.-U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collier, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golde, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estrada, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Decker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shulman, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schadt, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ertekin-Taner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangravite, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/510420</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Meta-analysis of the human brain transcriptome identifies heterogeneity across human AD coexpression modules robust to sample collection and methodological approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/513895v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrating Quality of Life and Survival Outcomes Cardiovascular Clinical Trials: Results from the PARTNER Trial 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/513895v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSurvival and health status (e.g., symptoms and quality of life) are key outcomes in clinical trials of heart failure treatment. However, health status can only be recorded on survivors, potentially biasing treatment effect estimates when there is differential survival across treatment groups. Joint modeling of survival and health status can address this bias.nnMethods and ResultsWe analyzed patient-level data from the PARTNER 1B trial of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) versus standard care. Health status was quantified with the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) at randomization, 1, 6, and 12 months. We compared hazard ratios for survival and mean differences in KCCQ scores at 12 months using several models: the original growth curve model for KCCQ scores (ignoring death), separate Bayesian models for survival and KCCQ scores, and a Bayesian joint longitudinal-survival model fit to either 12 or 30 months of survival follow-up. The benefit of TAVR on 12-month KCCQ scores was greatest in the joint model fit to all survival data (mean difference = 33.7 points; 95% CrI: 24.2, 42.4), followed by the joint model fit to 12 months of survival follow-up (32.3 points; 95% CrI: 22.5, 41.5), a Bayesian model without integrating death (30.4 points; 95% CrI: 21.4, 39.3), and the original growth curve model (26.0 points; 95% CI: 18.7, 33.3). At 12 months, the survival benefit of TAVR was also greater in the joint model (hazard ratio = 0.50; 95% CrI: 0.32, 0.73) than in the non-joint Bayesian model (0.54; 95% CrI: 0.37, 0.75) or the original Kaplan-Meier estimate (0.55; 95% CI: 0.40, 0.74).nnConclusionsIn patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis and prohibitive surgical risk, the estimated benefits of TAVR on survival and health status compared with standard care were greater in joint Bayesian models than other approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spertus, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatfield, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuckerman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spertus, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/513895</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrating Quality of Life and Survival Outcomes Cardiovascular Clinical Trials: Results from the PARTNER Trial]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/514927v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tau-mediated Disruption of the Spliceosome Triggers Cryptic RNA-splicing and Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/514927v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In Alzheimers disease (AD), spliceosomal proteins with critical roles in RNA processing aberrantly aggregate and mislocalize to Tau neurofibrillary tangles. We test the hypothesis that Tau-spliceosome interactions disrupt pre-mRNA splicing in AD. In human postmortem brain with AD pathology, Tau coimmunoprecipitates with spliceosomal core components. In Drosophila models, pan-neuronal Tau expression triggers reductions in core and U1-specific spliceosomal proteins, and genetic disruption of these factors, including SmB, U1-70K, and U1A, enhances Tau-mediated neurodegeneration. We further show that loss-of-function in SmB, encoding a core spliceosomal protein, causes decreased survival, progressive locomotor impairment, and neuronal loss, independent of Tau toxicity. Lastly, RNA-sequencing reveals a similar profile of mRNA splicing errors in SmB mutant and Tau transgenic flies, including intron retention and non-annotated cryptic splice junctions. In human brains, we confirm cryptic splicing errors in association with neurofibrillary tangle pathologic burden. Our results implicate spliceosome disruption and perturbations of the neuronal transcriptome in Tau-mediated neurodegeneration in AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yalamanchili, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abreha, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Ouran, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dammer, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lah, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levey, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seyfried, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shulman, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/514927</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tau-mediated Disruption of the Spliceosome Triggers Cryptic RNA-splicing and Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/516435v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular Logic of Spinocerebellar Tract Neuron Diversity and Connectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/516435v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coordinated motor behaviors depend on feedback communication between peripheral sensory systems and central circuits in the brain and spinal cord. Relay of muscle and tendon-derived sensory information to the CNS is facilitated by functionally and anatomically diverse groups of spinocerebellar tract neurons (SCTNs), but the molecular logic by which SCTN diversity and connectivity is achieved is poorly understood. We used single cell RNA sequencing and genetic manipulations to define the mechanisms governing the molecular profile and organization of SCTN subtypes. We found that SCTNs relaying proprioceptive sensory information from limb and axial muscles are generated through segmentally-restricted actions of specific Hox genes. Loss of Hox function disrupts SCTN subtype-specific transcriptional programs, leading to defects in the connections between proprioceptive sensory neurons, SCTNs, and the cerebellum. These results indicate that Hox-dependent genetic programs play essential roles in the assembly of the neural circuits required for proprioception.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jessell, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hantman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dasen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/516435</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular Logic of Spinocerebellar Tract Neuron Diversity and Connectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/516625v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exome sequencing of 457 autism families recruited online provides evidence for novel ASD genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/516625v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a genetically heterogeneous condition, caused by a combination of rare de novo and inherited variants as well as common variants in at least several hundred genes. However, significantly larger sample sizes are needed to identify the complete set of genetic risk factors. We conducted a pilot study for SPARK (SPARKForAutism.org) of 457 families with ASD, all consented online. Whole exome sequencing (WES) and genotyping data were generated for each family using DNA from saliva. We identified variants in genes and loci that are clinically recognized causes or significant contributors to ASD in 10.4% of families without previous genetic findings. Additionally, we identified variants that are possibly associated with autism in an additional 3.4% of families. A meta-analysis using the TADA framework at a false discovery rate (FDR) of 0.2 provides statistical support for 34 ASD risk genes with at least one damaging variant identified in SPARK. Nine of these genes (BRSK2, DPP6, EGR3, FEZF2, ITSN1, KDM1B, NR4A2, PAX5 and RALGAPB) are newly emerging genes in autism, of which BRSK2 has the strongest statistical support as a risk gene for autism (TADA q-value = 0.0015). Future studies leveraging the thousands of individuals with ASD that have enrolled in SPARK are likely to further clarify the genetic risk factors associated with ASD as well as allow accelerate autism research that incorporates genetic etiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feliciano, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Astrovskaya, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brueggeman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnard, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muzny, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The SPARK Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Roak, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaelson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volfovsky, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/516625</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exome sequencing of 457 autism families recruited online provides evidence for novel ASD genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/517763v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
White matter regions with low microstructure in young adults are associated with white matter hyperintensities in late life 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/517763v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundWhite matter hyperintensities (WMH) are areas of increased signal observed on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that reflect macrostructural white matter damage frequently observed in aging. The extent to which diminished microstructure precedes or results from white matter damage is unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the hypothesis that white matter areas that show normatively lower microstructure are most susceptible to develop WMH.

MethodsFive hundred fifty-seven older adults (age: 73.9{+/-}5.7yrs) underwent diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) and T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Diffusion weighted imaging scans were processed into parametric maps of fractional anisotropy (FA) and T2-weighted MRI scans were segmented into WMH. All images were spatially normalized to standard space. A FA template was created to represent normative values from a separate, independent sample of young, healthy adults (N=49, age: 25.8{+/-}2.8yrs) and a WMH frequency template was created from the segmented WMH in the older adults. We compared FA values between areas defined as WMH with those defined as normal appearing white matter (NAWM) in the older participants. White matter hyperintensity frequency was binned (0-5%, 5-10%, 10-15%, 15-20%, >20%) and we determined whether WMH frequency bins were different by normative FA values defined in the younger group.

ResultsFractional anisotropy values were lower (p<0.001) in WMH regions compared with NAWM regions in the older sample. Areas with higher WMH frequency in older adults had lower FA values in younger adults (5-10%>10-15%>15-20%; p<0.001).

DiscussionLow FA values are observed in frank WMH, but FA is also normatively low in regions with high WMH frequency prior to damage. Regions with normatively lower microstructure are more susceptible to future damage from factors such as chronic hypoperfusion or pathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lao, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vorberger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narkhede, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazes, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Igwe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guzman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Last, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habeck, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brickman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/517763</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[White matter regions with low microstructure in young adults are associated with white matter hyperintensities in late life]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/519421v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Signatures of replication, recombination and sex in the spectrum of rare variants on the human X chromosome and autosomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/519421v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The sources of human germline mutations are poorly understood. Part of the difficulty is that mutations occur very rarely, and so direct pedigree-based approaches remain limited in the numbers that they can examine. To address this problem, we consider the spectrum of low frequency variants in a dataset (gnomAD) of 13,860 human X chromosomes and autosomes. X-autosome differences are reflective of germline sex differences, and have been used extensively to learn about male versus female mutational processes; what is less appreciated is that they also reflect chromosome-level biochemical features that differ between the X and autosomes. We tease these components apart by comparing the mutation spectrum in multiple genomic compartments on the autosomes and between the X and autosomes. In so doing, we are able to ascribe specific mutation patterns to replication timing and recombination, and to identify differences in the types of mutations that accrue in males and females. In particular, we identify C>G as a mutagenic signature of male meiotic double strand breaks on the X, which may result from late repair. Our results show how biochemical processes of damage and repair in the germline interact with sex-specific life history traits to shape mutation patterns on both the X chromosome and autosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przeworski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/519421</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Signatures of replication, recombination and sex in the spectrum of rare variants on the human X chromosome and autosomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/519454v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stereotyped large amplitude cortical LFP events can be clustered and reveal precisely ordered phase-locking in neuronal populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/519454v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During quiet wakefulness, slow-wave sleep and anesthesia, mammalian cortex exhibits a synchronised state during which transient changes in the local field potential (LFP) accompany periods of increased single neuron firing, known as UP-states. While UP-state genesis is still debated (Crunelli and Hughes, 2010) such transitions may constitute the default activity pattern of the entire cortex (Neske, 2016). Recent findings of preserved firing order between UP-state transitions and stimulus processing in high-firing rate (>2Hz) rat auditory and barrel cortex neurons (Luczak et al., 2015) support this hypothesis. Yet it is unknown whether UP-states are homogeneous and whether neurons with firing rates <2Hz in visual cortex or other species exhibit spiking order. Using extracellular recordings during anesthetized states in cat visual cortex and mouse visual, auditory and barrel cortex, we show that UP-states can be tracked and clustered based on the shape of the LFP waveform. We show that LFP event clusters (LECs) have current-source-density profiles that are common across different recordings or animals and using simultaneous electrophysiology and widefield voltage and calcium imaging in mouse we confirm that LEC transitions are cortex-wide phenomena. Individual LEC events can be resolved in time to within 1 - 4 ms and they elicit synchronous firing of over 75% of recorded neurons with most neurons synchronizing their firing to within {+/-}5 - 15 ms relative LECs. Firing order of different neurons during LEC events was preserved over periods of ~30 minutes enabling future studies of UP-state transitions and firing order with near millisecond precision.nnSignificant StatementDuring sleep and anesthetic states mammalian cortex undergoes substantial changes from awake active states. Recent studies show that single neurons in some cortical areas in rats undergo increased spiking during sleep and anesthetic states (called UP-state transitions) with some neurons firing in an order similar to awake states. This suggests that sensory processing may be similar across all states and that firing order is important for stimulus processing. Yet UP-state transitions remain poorly understood and it is unclear whether firing order is present in other cortical areas or species. Here we describe multiple classes of UP-state transitions and show most neurons in visual cortex in cats and visual, barrel and auditory cortex in mice exhibit firing order during such transitions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mitelut, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spacek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swindale, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/519454</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stereotyped large amplitude cortical LFP events can be clustered and reveal precisely ordered phase-locking in neuronal populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/521054v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fine-mapping of 150 breast cancer risk regions identifies 178 high confidence target genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/521054v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide association studies have identified breast cancer risk variants in over 150 genomic regions, but the mechanisms underlying risk remain largely unknown. These regions were explored by combining association analysis with in silico genomic feature annotations. We defined 205 independent risk-associated signals with the set of credible causal variants (CCVs) in each one. In parallel, we used a Bayesian approach (PAINTOR) that combines genetic association, linkage disequilibrium, and enriched genomic features to determine variants with high posterior probabilities (HPPs) of being causal. Potentially causal variants were significantly over-represented in active gene regulatory regions and transcription factor binding sites. We applied our INQUSIT pipeline for prioritizing genes as targets of potentially causal variants, using gene expression (eQTL), chromatin interaction and functional annotations. Known cancer drivers, transcription factors and genes in the developmental, apoptosis, immune system and DNA integrity checkpoint gene ontology pathways, were over-represented among the 178 highest confidence target genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fachal, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aschard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beesley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pooley, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michailidou, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soucy, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemacon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lush, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyrer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghoussaini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moradi Marjaneh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agata, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aittomaki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonso, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrulis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anton-Culver, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonenkova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arason, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arndt, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arun, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auber, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azzollini, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balmana, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkardottir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrowdale, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beeghly-Fadiel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benitez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bermisheva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bialkowska, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blomqvist, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blot, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogdanova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bojesen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolla, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonanni, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>B</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/521054</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fine-mapping of 150 breast cancer risk regions identifies 178 high confidence target genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/523480v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Understanding the variation in wood densities of trees and its implications for carbon assessments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/523480v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wood density is a key functional trait used to estimate aboveground biomass (AGB) and carbon stocks. A common practice in forest AGB and carbon estimation is to substitute genus averages (across species with known wood densities) in cases where wood densities of particular species are unknown. However, the extent to which genus-level averages are reflective of species wood densities across tree genera is uncertain, and understanding this is critical for estimating the accuracy of carbon stock estimates. Using primary field data from India and secondary data from a published global dataset, we quantified the extent to which wood density varied among individuals within species (intraspecific variation) at the regional scale and among species within genera (interspecific variation) at regional to global scales. We used a published global database with wood density data for 7743 species belonging to 1741 genera. Linear models were used to compare the species values with the genera averages and the individual values with the species averages, respectively. To estimate the error associated with using genus-level averages for carbon stocks estimation, we compared genus values averaged at the global, old world and continental scales with species values from actually measured data. We also ran a simulation using vegetation data from a published database to calculate the estimation errors in a 1 hectare plot level when genera-averaged wood densities are used. Intraspecific variation was significantly lower than interspecific variation. Continental level genera averages led to estimates closer to the species values for the 10 genera for which most data on species was available. This was also evident from a comparison of genera averages at these three spatial scales with species values from our data. Species within certain  hypervarying genera showed relatively high levels of variation, irrespective of the spatial scale of the dataset used. The error in estimation of AGB when genera-averaged values were used for species wood densities was 0.35, 0.71 and 2.43% when 0, 10 and 25% of the girth of the trees in the simulated plot were from hypervariable genera. Our findings indicate that species values provide the most accurate estimates for individuals. Genus average wood density values at the continental scale provided more reliable estimates than those at larger spatial scales. The aboveground biomass estimation error when species wood densities were approximated to the genera-average values was 1.4 to 3.7 tonnes per ha when 10% and 25%, respectively, of the girth of trees was from species from hypervariable genera. Our findings indicate that regional or continental scale genera averages provide more reliable estimates than global data and we propose a method to identify hypervariable genera, for which species values rather than genera averages can provide better estimates of carbon stocks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Teegalapalli, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osuri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratnam, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankaran, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/523480</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Understanding the variation in wood densities of trees and its implications for carbon assessments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/523753v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-neuron representations of spatial memory targets in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/523753v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hippocampus and surrounding medial-temporal-lobe (MTL) structures are critical for both memory and spatial navigation, but we do not fully understand the neuronal representations used to support these behaviors. Much research has examined how the MTL neurally represents spatial information, such as with "place cells" that represent the current location or "head-direction cells" that code for the current heading. In addition to behaviors that require an animal to attend to the current spatial location, navigating to remote destinations is a common part of daily life. To examine the neural basis of these behaviors we recorded single-neuron activity from neurosurgical patients playing Treasure Hunt, a virtual-reality spatial-memory task. By analyzing how the activity of these neurons related to behavior in Treasure Hunt, we found that the firing rates of many MTL neurons during navigation significantly changed depending on the position of the current spatial target. In addition, we observed neurons whose firing rates during navigation were tuned to specific heading directions in the environment, and others whose activity changed depending on the timing within the trial. By showing that neurons in our task represent remote locations rather than the subjects own position, our results suggest that the human MTL can represent remote spatial information according to task demands.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsitsiklis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qasim, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inman, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willie, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheth, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schevon, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sperling, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/523753</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-neuron representations of spatial memory targets in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/525659v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alpha-Synuclein is a Target of Fic-mediated Adenylylation/AMPylation: Implications for Parkinson’s Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/525659v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During disease, cells experience various stresses that manifest as an accumulation of misfolded proteins and eventually lead to cell death. To combat this stress, cells activate a pathway called UPR (Unfolded Protein Response) that functions to maintain ER (endoplasmic reticulum) homeostasis and determines cell fate. We recently reported a hitherto unknown mechanism of regulating ER stress via a novel post-translational modification (PTM) called Fic-mediated Adenylylation/AMPylation. Specifically, we showed that the human Fic (filamentation induced by cAMP) protein, HYPE/FicD, catalyzes the addition of an AMP (adenosine monophosphate) to the ER chaperone, BiP, to alter the cells UPR-mediated response to misfolded proteins. Here, we report that we have now identified a second target for HYPE - alpha-Synuclein (Syn), a presynaptic protein involved in Parkinsons disease (PD). Aggregated Syn has been shown to induce ER stress and elicit neurotoxicity in PD models. We show that HYPE adenylylates Syn and reduces phenotypes associated with Syn aggregation in vitro, suggesting a possible mechanism by which cells cope with Syn toxicity.nnHIGHLIGHTSO_LIAggregated forms of the presynaptic protein Syn cause neurotoxicity and induce ER stress in cellular and animal models of Parkinsons disease.nC_LIO_LIWe have identified Syn as a novel target for the human Fic protein, HYPE, a key regulator of ER homeostasis.nC_LIO_LIHYPE adenylylates Syn and reduces the aggregation of recombinant SynnC_LIO_LIFic-mediated adenylylation/AMPylation is a possible mechanism by which cells cope with Syn toxicity.nC_LInnGraphic Abstract O_FIG_DISPLAY_L [Figure 1] M_FIG_DISPLAY C_FIG_DISPLAY
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mattoo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanyal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koller, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camara, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sengupta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ysselstein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montenegro, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rochet, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/525659</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alpha-Synuclein is a Target of Fic-mediated Adenylylation/AMPylation: Implications for Parkinson’s Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/525683v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultra-rare genetic variation in the epilepsies: a whole-exome sequencing study of 17,606 individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/525683v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sequencing-based studies have identified novel risk genes for rare, severe epilepsies and revealed a role of rare deleterious variation in common epilepsies. To identify the shared and distinct ultra-rare genetic risk factors for rare and common epilepsies, we performed a whole-exome sequencing (WES) analysis of 9,170 epilepsy-affected individuals and 8,364 controls of European ancestry. We focused on three phenotypic groups; the rare but severe developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEE), and the commoner phenotypes of genetic generalized epilepsy (GGE) and non-acquired focal epilepsy (NAFE). We observed that compared to controls, individuals with any type of epilepsy carried an excess of ultra-rare, deleterious variants in constrained genes and in genes previously associated with epilepsy, with the strongest enrichment seen in DEE and the least in NAFE. Moreover, we found that inhibitory GABAA receptor genes were enriched for missense variants across all three classes of epilepsy, while no enrichment was seen in excitatory receptor genes. The larger gene groups for the GABAergic pathway or cation channels also showed a significant mutational burden in DEE and GGE. Although no single gene surpassed exome-wide significance among individuals with GGE or NAFE, highly constrained genes and genes encoding ion channels were among the top associations, including CACNA1G, EEF1A2, and GABRG2 for GGE and LGI1, TRIM3, and GABRG2 for NAFE. Our study confirms a convergence in the genetics of common and rare epilepsies associated with ultra-rare coding variation and highlights a ubiquitous role for GABAergic inhibition in epilepsy etiology in the largest epilepsy WES study to date.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Epi25 Collaborative,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Y.-C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howrigan, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tashman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerrato, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heyne, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrnes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchhouse, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lal, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinzen, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavalleri, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hakonarson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helbig, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krause, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>May, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weckhuysen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrovski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamalakaran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sisodiya, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cossette, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cotsapas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jonghe, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixon-Salazar, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerrini, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marson, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Depondt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dlugos, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheffer, I. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Striano, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freyer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenna, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regan, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellows, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johns, E. M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macdonald, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shilling,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/525683</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultra-rare genetic variation in the epilepsies: a whole-exome sequencing study of 17,606 individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/525840v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Incorporating prior information into signal-detection analyses across biologically informed gene-sets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/525840v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Signal detection analyses are used to assess whether there is any evidence of signal within a large collection of hypotheses. For example, we may wish to assess whether there is any evidence of association with disease among a set of biologically related genes. Such an analysis typically treats all genes within the sets similarly, even though there is substantial information concerning the likely importance of each gene within each set. For example, deleterious variants within genes that show evidence of purifying selection are more likely to substantially affect the phenotype than genes that are not under purifying selection, at least for traits that are themselves subject to purifying selection. Here we improve such analyses by incorporating prior information into a higher-criticism-based signal detection analysis. We show that when this prior information is predictive of whether a gene is associated with disease, our approach can lead to a significant increase in power. We illustrate our approach with a gene-set analysis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), which implicates a number of gene-sets containing SOD1 and NEK1 as well as showing enrichment of small p-values for gene-sets containing known ALS genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelfman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/525840</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Incorporating prior information into signal-detection analyses across biologically informed gene-sets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/525881v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trophic complexity alters the diversity-multifunctionality relationship in experimental grassland mesocosms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/525881v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Higher levels of diversity within trophic levels are necessary to sustain multiple ecosystem functions, but this diversity-multifunctionality relationship peaks at intermediate percent-function thresholds. The presence of multiple trophic levels, or trophic complexity, affects ecosystem multifunctionality but its effect on the diversity-multifunctionality relationship has not been experimentally tested. To test the sensitivity of the diversity-multifunctionality relationship to trophic complexity, we simultaneously manipulated plant diversity and trophic complexity in a multifactorial tall-grass prairie mesocosm experiment at Cedar Creek, Minnesota, USA. Trophic complexity altered the diversity-multifunctionality relationship, by lowering the height of the peak as well as by shifting to a negative effect at lower thresholds. These outcomes are consistent with decreases in both the "jack-of-all-trades" effect and complementarity among plant species. Our findings suggest that trophic complexity, which is experiencing widespread declines on a global scale, is important for sustaining ecosystem multifunctionality in the face of equally widespread declines in biodiversity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anujan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heilpern, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prager, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naeem, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/525881</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trophic complexity alters the diversity-multifunctionality relationship in experimental grassland mesocosms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/528976v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regular cycling between representations of alternatives in the hippocampus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/528976v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cognitive faculties such as imagination, planning, and decision-making require the ability to represent alternative scenarios. In animals, split-second decision-making implies that the brain can represent alternatives at a commensurate speed. Yet despite this insight, it has remained unknown whether there exists neural activity that can consistently represent alternatives in <1 s. Here we report that neural activity in the hippocampus, a brain structure vital to cognition, can regularly cycle between representations of alternative locations (bifurcating paths in a maze) at 8 Hz. This cycling dynamic was paced by the internally generated 8 Hz theta rhythm, often occurred in the absence of overt deliberative behavior, and unexpectedly also governed an additional hippocampal representation defined by alternatives (heading direction). These findings implicate a fast, regular, and generalized neural mechanism underlying the representation of competing possibilities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kay, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sosa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schor, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlsson, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larkin, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/528976</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regular cycling between representations of alternatives in the hippocampus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/529131v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Social hierarchy position in female mice is associated with plasma corticosterone levels and hypothalamic gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/529131v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Social hierarchies emerge when animals compete for access to resources such as food, mates or physical space. Wild and laboratory male mice have been shown to develop linear hierarchies, however, less is known regarding whether female mice have sufficient intrasexual competition to establish significant social dominance relationships. In this study, we examined whether groups of outbred CD-1 virgin female mice housed in a large vivaria formed social hierarchies. We show that females use fighting, chasing and mounting behaviors to rapidly establish highly directionally consistent social relationships. Notably, these female hierarchies are less linear, steep and despotic compared to male hierarchies. Female estrus state was not found to have a significant effect on aggressive behavior, though dominant females had elongated estrus cycles (due to increased time in estrus) compared to subordinate females. Plasma estradiol levels were equivalent between dominant and subordinate females. Subordinate females had significantly lower levels of basal corticosterone compared to dominant females. Analyses of gene expression in the ventromedial hypothalamus indicated that subordinate females have elevated ER, ER{beta} and OTR mRNA compared to dominant females. This study provides a methodological framework for the study of the neuroendocrine basis of female social aggression and dominance in laboratory mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williamson, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Decasien, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanham, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romeo, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curley, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/529131</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Social hierarchy position in female mice is associated with plasma corticosterone levels and hypothalamic gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/529701v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recapitulation and reversal of schizophrenia-related phenotypes in Setd1a-deficient mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/529701v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SETD1A, a histone methyltransferase, is a key schizophrenia susceptibility gene. Mutant mice carrying a heterozygous loss-of-function mutation of the orthologous gene exhibit alterations in axonal branching and cortical synaptic dynamics, accompanied by specific deficits in working memory that recapitulates SCZ-related alterations. We show that Setd1a targets mostly enhancers and reveal a striking overlap between Setd1a and Mef2 chromatin targets. Setd1a targets are highly expressed in pyramidal neurons and enriched for genes with postnatally-biased expression involved in synaptic structure and function. Notably, evolutionary conserved Setd1a binding sites and target genes are strongly associated with neuropsychiatric genetic risk burden. Reinstating Setd1a expression in adulthood rescues working memory deficits. We identify LSD1 as a major demethylase counteracting the effects of Setd1a methyl transferase activity and show that LSD1 antagonism in adult Setd1a-deficient mice results in a full rescue of the behavioral abnormalities and axonal branching deficits. Our findings advance our understanding of how SETD1A mutations predispose to SCZ and point to therapeutic interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mukai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannavo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crabtree, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamantopoulou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thakur, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lomvardas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takata, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/529701</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recapitulation and reversal of schizophrenia-related phenotypes in Setd1a-deficient mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/529768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Huntington's disease onset is determined by length of uninterrupted CAG, not encoded polyglutamine, and is modified by DNA maintenance mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/529768v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The effects of variable, glutamine-encoding, CAA interruptions indicate that a property of the uninterrupted HTT CAG repeat sequence, distinct from huntingtins polyglutamine segment, dictates the rate at which HD develops. The timing of onset shows no significant association with HTT cis-eQTLs but is influenced, sometimes in a sex-specific manner, by polymorphic variation at multiple DNA maintenance genes, suggesting that the special onset-determining property of the uninterrupted CAG repeat is a propensity for length instability that leads to its somatic expansion. Additional naturally-occurring genetic modifier loci, defined by GWAS, may influence HD pathogenesis through other mechanisms. These findings have profound implications for the pathogenesis of HD and other repeat diseases and question a fundamental premise of the "polyglutamine disorders".
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Genetic Modifiers of Huntington's Disease (GeM-HD) Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correia, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loupe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucente, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vonsattel, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mouro Pinto, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abu Elneel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mysore, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacDonald, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gusella, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massey, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAllister, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medway, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmans, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrhardt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sampaio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciosi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maxwell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monckton, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landwehrmeyer, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulsen, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorsey, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoulson, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/529768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Huntington's disease onset is determined by length of uninterrupted CAG, not encoded polyglutamine, and is modified by DNA maintenance mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/530766v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of genetic networks regulating refractive eye development in collaborative cross progenitor strain mice reveals new genes and pathways underlying human myopia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/530766v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Population studies suggest that genetic factors play an important role in refractive error development; however, the precise role of genetic background and the composition of the signaling pathways underlying refractive eye development remain poorly understood. Here, we analyzed normal refractive development and susceptibility to form-deprivation myopia in the eight progenitor mouse strains of the Collaborative Cross (CC). Genetic background strongly influenced both baseline refractive development and susceptibility to environmentally-induced myopia. Baseline refractive errors ranged from -21.2 diopters (D) in 129S1/svlmj mice to +22.0 D in CAST/EiJ mice and represented a continuous distribution typical of a quantitative genetic trait. The extent of induced form-deprivation myopia ranged from -5.6 D in NZO/HILtJ mice to -20.0 D in CAST/EiJ mice and also followed a continuous distribution. Whole-genome (RNA-seq) gene expression profiling in retinae from CC progenitor strains identified genes whose expression level correlated with either baseline refractive error or susceptibility to myopia. Expression levels of 2,302 genes correlated with the baseline refractive state of the eye, whereas 1,917 genes correlated with susceptibility to induced myopia. Genome-wide gene-based association analysis in the CREAM and UK Biobank human cohorts revealed that 985 of the above genes were associated with refractive error development in humans, including 847 genes which were implicated in the development of human myopia for the first time. Although the gene sets controlling baseline refractive development and those regulating susceptibility to myopia overlapped, these two processes appeared to be controlled by largely distinct sets of genes. Comparison with data for other animal models of myopia revealed that the genes identified in this study comprise a well-defined set of retinal signaling pathways, which are highly conserved across different species. These results provide attractive targets for the development of anti-myopia drugs.

Author SummarySeveral lines of evidence suggest that variations in genetic background have a strong impact on a default (baseline) trajectory of eye growth and refractive development. Many studies also highlighted differences in susceptibility of different individuals to environmentally induced changes in refractive eye development, suggesting that genetic background plays an important role in visual regulation of eye growth. However, genes and signaling pathways that control the baseline trajectory of refractive eye development and those that regulate the impact of visual environment on refractive eye development are still poorly understood. Our data suggest that both processes are regulated by elaborate retinal genetic networks. Surprisingly, we found that although genes that control baseline refractive eye development and genes regulating the impact of visual environment on refractive development overlap, there is a large number of genes and pathways which exclusively control either the baseline trajectory of refractive eye development or the impact of visual environment on refractive development. Moreover, we found that many of the genes and pathways, which we found to be associated with either baseline refractive development or susceptibility to environmentally induced myopia in mice, are also associated with refractive error development in the human population and are highly conserved across different species. Identification of genes and pathways that underlie visual regulation of eye growth versus genes and pathways that control default trajectory of refractive eye development sheds light on the basic mechanisms of eye emmetropization and provides previously unexplored possibilities for the development of new treatment options for myopia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tkatchenko, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagasaki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tkatchenko, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/530766</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of genetic networks regulating refractive eye development in collaborative cross progenitor strain mice reveals new genes and pathways underlying human myopia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/531046v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computed Tomography Measures of Inter-site tumor Heterogeneity for Classifying Outcomes in High-Grade Serous Ovarian Carcinoma: a Retrospective Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/531046v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractO_ST_ABSBackgroundC_ST_ABSHigh grade serous ovarian carcinoma shows marked intra-tumoral heterogeneity which is associated with decreased survival and resistance to platinum-based chemotherapy. Pre-treatment quantification of spatial tumor heterogeneity by multiple tissue sampling is not clinically feasible. Using standard-of-care CT imaging to non-invasively quantify heterogeneity could have high clinical utility and would be highly cost-effective. Texture analysis measures local variations in computed tomography (CT) image intensity. Haralick texture methods are typically used to capture the heterogeneity of entire lesions; however, this neglects the possible presence of texture habitats within the lesion, and the differences between metastatic sites. The primary aim of this study was to develop texture analysis of intra-site and inter-site spatial heterogeneity from standard-of-care CT images and to correlate these measures with clinical and genomic features in patients with HGSOC.

Methods and findingsWe analyzed the data from a retrospective cohort of 84 patients with HGSOC consisting of 46 patients from Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) and 38 non-MSKCC cases selected from The Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA). Inclusion criteria consisted of FIGO stage II-IV HGSOC, attempted primary cytoreductive surgery, intravenous contrast-enhanced CT of abdomen and pelvis performed prior to surgery and availability of molecular tumor data analysed as per the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Research Network ovarian cancer project. Manual segmentation and image analysis was performed on 463 metastatic tumor sites from 84 patients. In the MSKCC cohort the median number of tumor sites was 7 (interquartile range 5-9) and 4 (interquartile range 3-4) in the TCIA patients. Sub-regions were produced within each tumor site by grouping voxels with similar Haralick texture using the Kernel K-means method. We derived statistical measures of intra- and inter-site tumor heterogeneity (IISTH) including cluster sites entropy (cSE), cluster sites standard deviation (cluDev) and cluster sites dissimilarity (cluDiss) from sub-regions identified within and between individual tumor sites. Unsupervised clustering was used to group patient IISTH measures into low, medium, high, and ultra-high heterogeneity clusters from each cohort.

The IISTH measure cluDiss was an independent predictor of progression-free survival (PFS) in multivariable analysis in both datasets (MSKCC hazard ratio [HR] 1.04, 95% CI 1.01-1.06, P = 0.002; TCIA HR 1.05, 95% CI 1.00-1.10, P = 0.049). Low and medium IISTH clusters were associated with longer PFS in multivariable analysis (MSKCC HR 2.94, 90% CI 1.29-6.70, P = 0.009, TCIA HR 5.94, 95% CI 1.05-33.6, P = 0.044). IISTH measures were robust to differences in the CT imaging systems. Average Haralick textures contrast (TCIA HR 1.08, 95% CI 1.01-1.10, P = 0.019) and homogeneity (TCIA HR 1.09, 95% CI 1.02-1.16, P = 0.008) were associated with PFS in mutivariate analysis only in the TCIA dataset. All other average Haralick textures and total tumor volume were not associated with PFS in either dataset.

ConclusionsTexture measures of intra- and inter-site tumor heterogeneity from standard of care CT images are correlated with shorter PFS in HGSOC patients. These quantitative methods are independent of the CT imaging system and can thus be applied in clinical practice. The methodology proposed here enables the non-invasive quantification of intra-tumoral heterogeneity and disease stratification for future experimental medicine studies and clinical trials, particularly in cases where total tumour volume and averaged textures have low predictive power.

Author summaryO_ST_ABSWhy was this study done?C_ST_ABSO_LITumor heterogeneity is a feature of many solid malignancies including ovarian cancer.
C_LIO_LIRecent genomic research suggests that intra-site tumor heterogeneity (heterogeneity within a single tumor site) and inter-site tumor heterogeneity (heterogeneity between different metastatic sites in the same patient) correlate with clinical outcome in HGSOC.
C_LI

What did the researchers do and find?O_LIWe developed quantitative and non-invasive image-analysis based measures for predicting outcome in HGSOC patients by combining image-based information from within and between multiple tumor sites.
C_LIO_LIUsing datasets from two sources, we demonstrate that these image-based tumor heterogeneity measures predict progression free survival in patients with HGSOC.
C_LI

What do these findings mean?O_LINon-invasive measures of CT image heterogeneity may predict outcomes in HGSOC patients.
C_LIO_LIWider application of these CT image heterogeneity measures could prove useful for stratifying patients to different therapies given that total tumour volume and averaged textures have low predictive power.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Veeraraghavan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Micco, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mema, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capanu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakhman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crispin-Ortuzar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deasy, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenton, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sala, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/531046</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computed Tomography Measures of Inter-site tumor Heterogeneity for Classifying Outcomes in High-Grade Serous Ovarian Carcinoma: a Retrospective Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/531368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissociation of broadband high-frequency activity and neuronal firing in the neocortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/531368v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Broadband High-frequency Activity (BHA; 70-150 Hz), also known as "high gamma," a key analytic signal in human intracranial recordings is often assumed to reflect local neural firing (multiunit activity; MUA). Accordingly, BHA has been used to study neuronal population responses in auditory (1,2), visual (3,4), language (5), mnemonic processes (6-9) and cognitive control (10,11). BHA is arguably the electrophysiological measure best correlated with the Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) signal in fMRI (12-13). However, beyond the fact that BHA correlates with neuronal spiking (12, 14-16), the neuronal populations and physiological processes generating BHA are not precisely defined. Although critical for interpreting intracranial signals in human and non-human primates, the precise physiology of BHA remains unknown. Here, we show that BHA dissociates from MUA in primary visual and auditory cortex. Using laminar multielectrode data in monkeys, we found a bimodal distribution of stimulus-evoked BHA across depth of a cortical column: an early-deep, followed by a later-superficial layer response. Only, the early-deep layer BHA had a clear local MUA correlate, while the more prominent superficial layer BHA had a weak or undetectable MUA correlate. In many cases, particularly in V1 (70%), supragranular sites showed strong BHA in lieu of any detectable increase in MUA. Due to volume conduction, BHA from both the early-deep and the later-supragranular generators contribute to the field potential at the pial surface, though the contribution may be weighted towards the late-supragranular BHA. Our results demonstrate that the strongest generators of BHA are in the superficial cortical layers and show that the origins of BHA include a mixture of the neuronal action potential firing and dendritic processes separable from this firing. It is likely that the typically-recorded BHA signal emphasizes the latter processes to a greater extent than previously recognized.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leszczynski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barczak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kajikawa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulbert, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falchier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tal, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haegens, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melloni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/531368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissociation of broadband high-frequency activity and neuronal firing in the neocortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/531871v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early Life Adversity, but not suicide, is associated with less prefrontal cortex gray matter in adulthood 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/531871v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSuicide and major depression (MDD) are more prevalent in individuals reporting early life adversity (ELA). Prefrontal cortex volume is reduced by stress acutely and progressively in vivo, and changes in neuron and glia density are reported in depressed suicide decedents. We previously found reduced levels of the neurotrophic factor BDNF in suicide decedents and with ELA, and in the present study we sought to determine whether cortex thickness, neuron density or glia density in the dorsolateral prefrontal (BA9) and anterior cingulate (BA24) cortex are associated with ELA or suicide.

MethodsA total of 52 brains, constituting 13 quadruplets of nonpsychiatric nonsuicide controls and MDD suicide decedents with and without ELA (n=13/group), all with psychological autopsy, were matched for age, sex and postmortem interval. Brains were collected at autopsy and frozen and blocks containing BA9 and BA24 were later dissected, post-fixed and sectioned. Sections were immunostained for NeuN to label neurons and counterstained with thionin to stain glial cell nuclei. Cortex thickness, neuron and glial density and neuron volume were measured by stereology.

ResultsCortical thickness was 6% less with an ELA history in BA9 and 12% less in BA24 (p<0.05), but not in depressed suicide decedents in either BA9 or BA24. Neuron density was not different in ELA or in suicide decedents, but glial density was 17% greater with ELA history in BA9 and 15% greater in BA24, but not in suicides. Neuron volume was not different with ELA or suicide.

DiscussionReported ELA, but not the stress associated with suicide, is associated with thinner prefrontal cortex and greater glia density in adulthood. ELA may alter normal neurodevelopment and contribute to suicide risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Underwood, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakalian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escobar, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kassir, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arango, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/531871</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early Life Adversity, but not suicide, is associated with less prefrontal cortex gray matter in adulthood]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/532424v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Facilitating open-science with realistic fMRI simulation: validation and application 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/532424v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundWith advances in methods for collecting and analyzing fMRI data, there is a concurrent need to understand how to reliably evaluate and optimally use these methods. Simulations of fMRI data can aid in both the evaluation of complex designs and the analysis of data.

New MethodWe present fmrisim, a new Python package for standardized, realistic simulation of fMRI data. This package is part of BrainIAK: a recently released open-source Python toolbox for advanced neuroimaging analyses. We describe how to use fmrisim to extract noise properties from real fMRI data and then create a synthetic dataset with matched noise properties and a user-specified signal.

ResultsWe validate the noise generated by fmrisim to show that it can approximate the noise properties of real data. We further show how fmrisim can help researchers find the optimal design in terms of power.

Comparison with other methodsfmrisim ports the functionality of other packages to the Python platform while extending what is available in order to make it seamless to simulate realistic fMRI data.

ConclusionsThe fmrisim package holds promise for improving the design of fMRI experiments, which may facilitate both the pre-registration of such experiments as well as the analysis of fMRI data.

HighlightsO_LIfmrisim can simulate fMRI data matched to the noise properties of real fMRI.
C_LIO_LIThis can help researchers investigate the power of their fMRI designs.
C_LIO_LIThis also facilitates open science by making it easy to pre-register analysis pipelines.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ellis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldassano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schapiro, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/532424</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Facilitating open-science with realistic fMRI simulation: validation and application]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/533927v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prophylactic TLR9 stimulation reduces brain metastasis through microglia activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/533927v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain metastases are prevalent in various types of cancer, and are often terminal given low efficacy of available therapies. Therefore, preventing them is of outmost clinical relevance and prophylactic treatments are perhaps the most efficient strategy. Here, we show that systemic prophylactic administration of a TLR9 agonist, CpG-C, is effective against brain metastases. Acute and chronic systemic administration of CpG-C reduced tumor cell seeding and growth in the brain in three tumor models in mice, including metastasis of human and mouse lung cancer, and spontaneous melanoma-derived brain metastasis. Studying mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of CpG-C, we found that in the brain, unlike in the periphery, NK cells and monocytes are not involved in controlling metastasis. Next, we demonstrated that the systemically administered CpG-C is taken up by endothelial cells, astrocytes, and microglia, without affecting blood-brain barrier integrity and tumor brain extravasation. In vitro assays pointed to microglia, but not astrocytes, as mediators of CpG-C effects through increased tumor killing and phagocytosis, mediated by direct microglia-tumor contact. In vivo, CpG-C-activated microglia displayed elevated mRNA expression levels of apoptosis-inducing and phagocytosis-related genes. Intravital imaging showed that CpG-C-activated microglia cells contact, kill, and phagocytize tumor cells in the early stages of tumor brain invasion more than non-activated microglia. Blocking in vivo activation of microglia with minocycline, and depletion of microglia with a colony-stimulating factor 1 inhibitor, indicated that microglia mediate the anti-tumor effects of CpG-C. Overall, the results suggest prophylactic CpG-C treatment as a new intervention against brain metastasis, through an essential activation of microglia.

SummaryBrain metastases are prevalent and often terminal. Thus, reducing their occurrence could markedly improve cancer outcome. We show that systemic prophylactic and perioperative administration of a TLR9 agonist, CpG-C, reduced metastatic growth in experimental and spontaneous brain metastasis models, employing mouse and human tumors. CpG-C was taken up in the brain, without affecting blood-brain barrier integrity and tumor extravasation. In vitro assays, imaging flow cytometry, and intravital imaging pointed to microglia as mediators of CpG-C effects through contact-dependent tumor killing and phagocytosis; corresponding with in vivo mRNA profile. In vivo depletion studies proved that microglia, but not NK cells or monocytes, mediated the beneficial effects of CpG-C; Also hindered by blocking microglial activation. In-toto, perioperative treatment with CpG-C should be considered clinically relevant.

SignificancePreventing brain metastases is paramount, as they are considered incurable and their incidence is on the rise due to prolonged survival of cancer patients. Here, we demonstrate that systemic prophylactic treatment with CpG-C reduces peripheral and brain metastasis of mouse and human lung cancers. While traditional therapies are halted during the perioperative period, we found systemic CpG-C treatment during this time frame beneficial in a model of spontaneous brain metastases following excision of a primary melanoma tumor, comprehensively mimicking the clinical setting. Mechanistically, we show microglia activation with CpG-C results in tumor cell eradication, pointing to microglia as potential therapeutic targets. Importantly, CpG-ODNs have negligible toxicity in humans. Therefore, CpG-C may be used prophylactically and during the perioperative period in high-risk cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benbenishty, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gadrich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cottarelli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubart, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kain, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaashua, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glasner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agalliu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Eliyahu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blinder, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/533927</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prophylactic TLR9 stimulation reduces brain metastasis through microglia activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/535682v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BIN1 protein isoforms are differentially expressed in astrocytes, neurons, and microglia: neuronal and astrocyte BIN1 implicated in Tau pathology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/535682v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identified as an Alzheimers disease (AD) susceptibility gene by genome wide-association studies, BIN1 has 10 isoforms that are expressed in the Central Nervous System (CNS). The distribution of these isoforms in different cell types, as well as their role in AD pathology still remains unclear. Utilizing antibodies targeting specific BIN1 epitopes in human postmortem tissue and analyzing RNA expression data from purified microglia, we identified three isoforms expressed specifically in neurons (isoforms 1, 2 and 3) and four isoforms expressed in microglia (isoforms 6, 9, 10 and 12). The abundance of selected peptides, which correspond to groups of BIN1 protein isoforms, was measured in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and their relation to neuropathological features of AD was assessed. Peptides contained in exon 7 of BIN1s N-BAR domain were found to be significantly associated with AD-related traits and, particularly, tau pathology. Since only isoforms 1, 2 and 3 contain exon 7, it appears that decreased protein expression of the N-BAR domain of BIN1 is associated with greater accumulation of tau pathology and subsequent cognitive decline, with astrocytic rather than neuronal BIN1 being the more likely culprit. These effects are independent of the BIN1 AD risk variant, suggesting that targeting specific BIN1 isoforms might be a novel therapeutic approach to prevent the accumulation of tau pathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taga, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petyuk, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsh, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, H.-U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connor, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khairallah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olah, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ransohoff, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crotti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradshaw, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/535682</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BIN1 protein isoforms are differentially expressed in astrocytes, neurons, and microglia: neuronal and astrocyte BIN1 implicated in Tau pathology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/536680v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
mTOR suppresses macroautophagy during postnatal development of the striatum. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/536680v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) plays a critical role in neuronal function related to development and degeneration. Here, we investigated whether autophagy is developmentally regulated in the striatum, a brain region implicated in neurodevelopmental disease. We demonstrate that autophagic flux is suppressed during striatal postnatal development, reaching adult levels around postnatal day 28 (P28). We also find that mTOR signaling, a key regulator of autophagy, increases during the same developmental period. We further show that mTOR signaling is responsible for suppressing autophagy, via regulation of Beclin-1 and VPS34 activity. These results demonstrate that neurons coopt metabolic signaling cascades to developmentally regulate autophagy and establish mTOR as a central node in the regulation of neuronal autophagy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lieberman, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pigulevskiy, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Post, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulzer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/536680</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[mTOR suppresses macroautophagy during postnatal development of the striatum.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/537142v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Increasing Synaptic GluN2B levels within the Basal and Lateral Amygdala Enables the Modification of Strong Reconsolidation Resistant Fear Memories 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/537142v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reconsolidation disruption has been proposed as a method to attenuate pathological memories in disorders such as PTSD. However, studies from our group and others indicate that strong memories are resistant to becoming destabilized following reactivation, rendering them impervious to agents that disrupt the re-stabilization phase of reconsolidation. Thus, therapies designed to attenuate maladaptive memories by disrupting reconsolidation updating have not been adequately developed. We previously determined that animals possessing strong auditory fear memories, compared to animals with weaker fear memories, are associated with an enduring increase in the synaptic GluN2A/GluN2B ratio in neurons of the mouse basal and lateral amygdala (BLA). In this study, we determined whether increasing GluN2B levels within BLA excitatory neuronal synapses is sufficient to enable modification of strong fear memories via reconsolidation. To accomplish this, we utilized a combinatorial genetic strategy to express GluN2B or GluN2B(E1479Q) in excitatory neurons of the mouse BLA before or after fear memory consolidation. GluN2B(E1479Q) contains a point mutation that increases synaptic expression of the subunit by interfering with phosphorylation-driven endocytosis. At the time of memory retrieval, increasing synaptic GluN2B levels by expression of GluN2B(E1479Q), but not GluN2B(WT), enhanced the induction of reconsolidation rendering the strong fear memory modifiable. GluN2B(WT) or GluN2B(E1479Q) expression did not influence fear memory maintenance or extinction. Fear memory consolidation, however, was enhanced when GluN2B(E1479Q) was expressed in the BLA at the time of training. These findings indicate that enhancing GluN2B synaptic trafficking may provide a novel therapeutic strategy to enhance modification of pathological memories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Solis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, C. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galdamez, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perish, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodard, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salinas, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elahi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pineda, O. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oad, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gatica de las Fuentes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owen, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandoval, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holehonnur, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ploski, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/537142</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Increasing Synaptic GluN2B levels within the Basal and Lateral Amygdala Enables the Modification of Strong Reconsolidation Resistant Fear Memories]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/538827v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain-derived circulating cell-free DNA defines the brain region and cell specific origins associated with neuronal atrophy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/538827v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Liquid biopsies are revolutionizing the fields of prenatal non-invasive testing and cancer diagnosis by leveraging the genetic differences between mother and fetus, and, host and cancer. In the absence of genetic variance, epigenetics has been used to decipher the cell-of-origin of cell-free DNA (cfDNA). Liquid biopsies are minimally invasive and thus represent an attractive option for hard to biopsy tissues such as the brain. Here we report the first evidence of neuron derived cfDNA and cerebellum cfDNA within acute neurotrauma and chronic neurodegeneration, establishing the first class of peripheral biomarkers with specificity for the cell-type and brain-region undergoing potential injury and/or neurodegeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chatterton, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendelev, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raj, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamimori, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beeri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dwork, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haghighi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/538827</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain-derived circulating cell-free DNA defines the brain region and cell specific origins associated with neuronal atrophy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/538991v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling of fibrotic lung disease using 3D organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/538991v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is an intractable interstitial lung disease for which no curative treatment is available except for lung transplantation. Its pathogenesis is unclear, but a role for injury to type 2 alveolar epithelial cells is hypothesized. Recessive mutations in some, but not all genes implicated in Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome (HPS) cause HPS-associated interstitial pneumonia (HPSIP), a clinical entity similar to IPF. We previously reported that mutation in HPS1 in embryonic stem cells-derived 3D lung organoids caused fibrotic changes. Here we show that introduction of all HPS mutations associated with HPSIP (HPS1, 2 and 4) promote fibrosis in lung organoids, while mutation in HSP8, which is not associated with HPSIP, does not. Furthermore, genome-expression analysis of epithelial cells derived from these organoids revealed significant overlap with similar analyses of both affected and unaffected lung tissue of non-HPS IPF patients. Importantly, this analysis showed upregulation of interleukin-11 in HPS-mutant fibrotic organoids and in fibrotic and unaffected lung tissue from IPF patients. Furthermore, IL-11 induced fibrosis in WT organoids, while its deletion prevented fibrosis in fibrotic HPS4-mutant organoids, suggesting IL-11 as a therapeutic target in IPF and HPSIP. hPSC-derived 3D lung organoids are therefore a valuable resource to model fibrotic lung disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Snoeck, H.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strikoudis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loffredo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/538991</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling of fibrotic lung disease using 3D organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/540187v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sensorimotor adaptation compensates for distortions of 3D shape information 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/540187v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visual perception often fails to recover the veridical 3D shape of objects in the environment due to ambiguity and variability in the available depth cues. However, we rely heavily on 3D shape estimates when planning movements, for example reaching to pick up an object from a slanted surface. Given the wide variety of distortions that can affect 3D perception, how do our actions remain accurate across different environments? One hypothesis is that the visuomotor system performs selective filtering of 3D information to minimize distortions. Indeed, some studies have found that actions appear to preferentially target stereo information when it is put in conflict with texture information. However, since these studies analyze averages over multiple trials, this apparent preference could be produced by sensorimotor adaptation. In Experiment 1, we create a set of cue-conflict stimuli where one available depth cue is affected by a constant bias. Sensory feedback rapidly aligns the motor output with physical reality in just a few trials, which can make it seem as if action planning selectively relies on the reinforced cue--yet no change in the relative influences of the cues is necessary to eliminate the constant errors. In contrast, when one depth cue becomes less correlated with physical reality, variable movement errors will occur, causing canonical adaptation to fail as the opposite error corrections cancel out. As a result, canonical adaptation cannot explain the preference for stereo found in studies with variable errors. However, Experiment 2 shows that persistent errors can produce a novel form of adaptation that gradually reduces the relative influence of an unreliable depth cue. These findings show that grasp control processes are continuously modified based on sensory feedback to compensate for both biases and noise in 3D visual processing, rather than having a hardwired preference for one type of depth information.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cesanek, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/540187</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sensorimotor adaptation compensates for distortions of 3D shape information]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/542142v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intracranial EEG reveals bihemispheric parietal and extra parietal brain networks supporting mental arithmetic 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/542142v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mathematical reasoning is central to everyday life. Lesion data and functional MRI studies suggest that even simple arithmetic involves the coordination of multiple spatially diverse brain regions, but to date, math processing has not been well characterized using direct brain recordings, especially outside of the parietal cortex. To address this, we utilized an unparalleled data set of 310 subjects implanted with intracranial electrodes to investigate the spatial and temporal dynamics of arithmetic reasoning. Our data support the importance of regions previously implicated in numerosity such as the superior parietal lobule and intraparietal sulcus. However, we also identify contributions to arithmetic processing from regions such as the entorhinal cortex and temporal pole. Using the excellent bihemispheric coverage afforded by our data set and the precise temporal resolution of intracranial recordings, we characterize in detail the spatial and temporal characteristics of an arithmetic processing network, quantifying subtle hemispheric differences for selected regions. We also examine how activity in these regions predicts arithmetic ability and look for gender differences in the pattern of network activation. Our findings further define the complex network of regions involved in human arithmetical reasoning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Umbach, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rugg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worrell, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sperling, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jobst, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaghloul, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lega, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/542142</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intracranial EEG reveals bihemispheric parietal and extra parietal brain networks supporting mental arithmetic]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/542811v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predictability in the evolution of Orthopteran cardenolide insensitivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/542811v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The repeated evolutionary specialisation of distantly related insects to cardenolide-containing host plants provides a stunning example of parallel adaptation. Hundreds of herbivorous insect species have independently evolved insensitivity to cardenolides, which are potent inhibitors of the alpha-subunit of Na+, K+-ATPase (ATP). Previous studies investigating ATP-mediated cardenolide insensitivity in five insect orders have revealed remarkably high levels of parallelism in the evolution of this trait, including the frequent occurrence of parallel amino acid substitutions at two sites and recurrent episodes of duplication followed by neo-functionalisation. Here we add data for a sixth insect order, Orthoptera, which includes an ancient group of highly aposematic cardenolide-sequestering grasshoppers in the family Pyrgomorphidae. We find that Orthopterans exhibit largely predictable patterns of evolution of insensitivity established by sampling other insect orders. Taken together the data lend further support to the proposal that negative pleiotropic constraints are a key determinant in the evolution of cardenolide insensitivity in insects. Furthermore, analysis of our expanded taxonomic survey implicates positive selection acting on site 111 of cardenolide-sequestering species with a single-copy of ATP, and sites 115, 118 and 122 in lineages with neo-functionalised duplicate copies, all of which are sites of frequent parallel amino acid substitution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravikanthachari, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marino-Perez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshmukh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunte, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andolfatto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/542811</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predictability in the evolution of Orthopteran cardenolide insensitivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/546598v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Weak modulation of thalamic discharge by basal ganglia output in association with a reaching task 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/546598v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Task-related activity in the ventral thalamus, a major target of basal ganglia output, is often assumed to be permitted or triggered by changes in basal ganglia activity through gating- or rebound-like mechanisms. To test those hypotheses, we sampled single-unit activity from connected basal ganglia output and thalamic nuclei (globus pallidus-internus, GPi, and ventrolateral-anterior nucleus, VLa) in monkeys performing a reaching task. Rate increases were the most common peri-movement change in both nuclei. Moreover, peri-movement changes generally began earlier in VLa than in GPi. Simultaneously-recorded GPi-VLa pairs rarely showed short-timescale spike-to-spike correlations or slow across-trials covariations and both were equally positive and negative. Finally, spontaneous GPi bursts and pauses were both followed by small, slow reductions in VLa rate. These results appear incompatible with standard gating and rebound models. Still, gating or rebound may be possible in other physiological situations: Simulations show how GPi-VLa communication can scale with GPi synchrony and GPi-to-VLa convergence, illuminating how synchrony of basal ganglia output during motor learning or in pathological conditions may render this pathway effective. Thus, in the healthy state, basal ganglia-thalamic communication during learned movement is more subtle than expected, with changes in firing rates possibly being dominated by a common external source.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schwab, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kase, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimnik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenbaum, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/546598</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Weak modulation of thalamic discharge by basal ganglia output in association with a reaching task]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/547331v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aversive learning strengthens episodic memory in both adolescents and adults 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/547331v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adolescence is often filled with positive and negative emotional experiences that may change how individuals remember and respond to stimuli in their environment. In adults, aversive events can both enhance memory for associated stimuli as well as generalize to enhance memory for unreinforced but conceptually related stimuli. The present study tested whether learned aversive associations similarly lead to better memory and generalization across a category of stimuli in adolescents. Participants completed an olfactory Pavlovian category conditioning task in which trial-unique exemplars from one of two categories were partially reinforced with an aversive odor. Participants then returned 24-hours later to complete a surprise recognition memory test. We found better corrected recognition memory for the reinforced versus the unreinforced category of stimuli in both adults and adolescents. Further analysis revealed that enhanced recognition memory was driven specifically by better memory for the reinforced exemplars. Autonomic arousal during learning was also related to subsequent memory. These findings build on previous work in adolescent and adult humans and rodents showing comparable acquisition of aversive Pavlovian conditioned responses across age groups and demonstrate that memory for stimuli with an acquired aversive association is enhanced in both adults and adolescents.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohen, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matese, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filimontseva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livne, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartley, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/547331</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aversive learning strengthens episodic memory in both adolescents and adults]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/549220v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detection of Base Analogs Incorporated During DNA Replication by Nanopore Sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/549220v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA synthesis is a fundamental requirement for cell proliferation and DNA repair, but no tools exist to identify the location, direction and speed of replication forks with base pair resolution. Mammalian cells have the ability to incorporate thymidine analogs along with the natural A, T, G and C bases during DNA synthesis, which allows for labelling of replicating or repaired DNA. Most sequencing platforms rely on base-pairing to identify the four canonical nucleotides, and are thus unable to distinguish them from these analogs. In contrast, the Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) MinION infers nucleotide identity from changes in the ionic current as DNA strands are pulled through nanopores and can in principle differentiate noncanonical nucleotides from natural ones. Here, we demonstrate the use of the ONT MinION to detect 11 different thymidine analogs including CldU, BrdU, IdU, as well as, EdU alone or coupled to Biotin and other bulky adducts in synthetic DNA templates. We also show detection of IdU in the genome of mouse pluripotent stem cells. We find that different modifications generate variable shifts in ionic signals, providing a method of using analog combinations to identify the location and direction of DNA synthesis and repair at high resolution. We conclude that this novel method has the potential for single-base, genome-wide examination of DNA replication in stem cell differentiation or cell transformation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Georgieva, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/549220</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detection of Base Analogs Incorporated During DNA Replication by Nanopore Sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/550327v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel risk genes and mechanisms implicated by exome sequencing of 2,572 individuals with pulmonary arterial hypertension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/550327v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Group 1 pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare disease with high mortality despite recent therapeutic advances. Pathogenic remodeling of pulmonary arterioles leads to increased pulmonary pressures, right ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure. Mutations in bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 and other risk genes predispose to disease, but the vast majority of non-familial cases remain genetically undefined. To identify new risk genes, we performed exome sequencing in a large cohort from the National Biological Sample and Data Repository for PAH. By statistical association of rare deleterious variants, we found tissue kallikrein 1 and gamma glutamyl carboxylase as new candidate risk genes for idiopathic PAH associated with a later age-of-onset and relatively moderate disease phenotype compared to bone morphogenetic receptor type 2. Both genes play important roles in vascular hemodynamics and inflammation but have not been implicated in PAH previously. These data suggest new genes, pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic targets for this lethal vasculopathy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pauciulo, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutz, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzaga-Jauregui, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimes, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PAH Biobank,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/550327</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel risk genes and mechanisms implicated by exome sequencing of 2,572 individuals with pulmonary arterial hypertension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/552117v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large, three-generation CEPH families reveal post-zygotic mosaicism and variability in germline mutation accumulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/552117v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The number of de novo mutations (DNMs) found in an offsprings genome is known to increase with both paternal and maternal age. But does the rate of mutation accumulation in parental gametes differ across families? To answer this question, we analyzed DNMs in 33 large, three-generation families collected in Utah by the Centre dEtude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH) consortium. We observed significant variability in parental age effects on DNM counts across families, ranging from 0.24 to 3.33 additional DNMs per year. Using up to 14 grandchildren in these families, we find that 3% of DNMs originated following primordial germ cell specification (PGCS) in a parent, and differ from non-mosaic germline DNMs in their mutational spectra. We also identify a median of 3 gonosomal mutations per sample in the F1 generation, which, along with post-PGCS DNMs, occur at equivalent frequencies on the paternal and maternal haplotypes. These results demonstrate that the rate of germline mutation accumulation varies among families with similar ancestry, and confirm that parental mosaicism is a substantial source of de novo mutations in children.

Data and code availabilityCode used for statistical analysis and figure generation has been deposited on GitHub as a collection of annotated Jupyter Notebooks: https://github.com/quinlan-lab/ceph-dnm-manuscript. Data files containing germline de novo mutations, as well as the gonosomal and post-primordial germ cell specification (PGCS) mosaic mutations, are included with these Notebooks. To mitigate compatibility/version issues, we have also made all notebooks available in a Binder environment, accessible at the above GitHub repository.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sasani, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedersen, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baird, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przeworski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorde, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinlan, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/552117</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large, three-generation CEPH families reveal post-zygotic mosaicism and variability in germline mutation accumulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/552257v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Motor cortex signals corresponding to the two arms are shared across hemispheres, mixed among neurons, yet partitioned within the population response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/552257v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Primary motor cortex (M1) has lateralized outputs, yet M1 neurons can be active during movements of either arm. What is the nature and role of activity in the two hemispheres? When one arm moves, are the contralateral and ipsilateral cortices performing similar or different computations? When both hemispheres are active, how does the brain avoid moving the "wrong" arm? We recorded muscle and neural activity bilaterally while two male monkeys (Macaca mulatta) performed a cycling task with one or the other arm. Neurons in both hemispheres were active during movements of either arm. Yet response patterns were arm-dependent, raising two possibilities. First, the nature of neural signals may differ (e.g., be high versus low-level) depending on whether the ipsilateral or contralateral arm is used. Second, the same population-level signals may be present regardless of the arm being used, but be reflected differently at the individual-neuron level. The data supported this second hypothesis. Muscle activity could be predicted by neural activity in either hemisphere. More broadly, we failed to find signals unique to the hemisphere contralateral to the moving arm. Yet if the same signals are shared across hemispheres, how do they avoid impacting the wrong arm? We found that activity related to the two arms occupied distinct, orthogonal subspaces of population activity. As a consequence, a linear decode of contralateral muscle activity naturally ignored signals related to the ipsilateral arm. Thus, information regarding the two arms is shared across hemispheres and neurons, but partitioned at the population level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ames, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchland, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/552257</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Motor cortex signals corresponding to the two arms are shared across hemispheres, mixed among neurons, yet partitioned within the population response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/555268v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cross-Species Alignment of Single Cell States with Biological Process Activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/555268v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The maintenance and transition of cellular states are controlled by biological processes. Here we present a gene set-based transformation of single cell RNA-Seq data into biological process activities that provides a robust description of cellular states. Moreover, as these activities represent species-independent descriptors, they facilitate the alignment of single cell states across different organisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ding, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blair, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuart, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/555268</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cross-Species Alignment of Single Cell States with Biological Process Activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/555557v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A single-cell reference map for human blood and tissue T cell activation reveals functional states in health and disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/555557v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human T cells coordinate adaptive immunity by localization in diverse tissue sites, though blood T cells are the most readily studied. Here, we used single-cell RNA-seq to define the functional responses of T cells isolated from human lungs, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and blood to TCR-stimulation. We reveal how human T cells in tissues relate to those in blood, and define activation states for CD4+ and CD8+T cells across all sites, including an interferon-response state for CD4+T cells and distinct effector states for CD8+T cells. We further show how profiles of individual tumor-associated T cells can be projected onto this healthy reference map, revealing their functional state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Szabo, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levitin, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miron, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senda, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bush, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dogra, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thapa, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farber, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sims, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/555557</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A single-cell reference map for human blood and tissue T cell activation reveals functional states in health and disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/555565v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The allosteric mechanism of substrate-specific transport in SLC6 is mediated by a volumetric sensor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/555565v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurotransmitter:sodium symporters (NSS) in the SLC6 family terminate neurotransmission by coupling the thermodynamically favorable transport of ions to the thermodynamically unfavorable transport of neurotransmitter back into presynaptic neurons. While a combination of structural, functional, and computational studies on LeuT, a bacterial NSS homolog, has provided critical insight into the mechanism of sodium-coupled transport, the mechanism underlying substrate-specific transport rates is still not understood. We present a combination of MD simulations, single-molecule FRET imaging, and measurements of Na+ binding and substrate transport that reveal an allosteric mechanism in which residues F259 and I359 in the substrate binding pocket couple substrate binding to Na+ release from the Na2 site through allosteric modulation of the stability of a partially-open, inward-facing state. We propose a new model for transport selectivity in which the two residues act as a volumetric sensor that inhibits the transport of bulky amino acids.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>LeVine, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terry, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khelashvili, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegel, Z. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quick, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javitch, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanchard, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstein, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/555565</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The allosteric mechanism of substrate-specific transport in SLC6 is mediated by a volumetric sensor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/556282v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Holding the arm still through subcortical mathematical integration of cortical commands 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/556282v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A period of holding still follows every movement. It has been assumed that for the arm, moving and holding are functionally independent: movement is via an adaptive, feedback-dependent controller that generates commands to transport the arm, while holding is via setting of reflexes that produce a postural field at movement endpoint. This assumption predicts that commands that move the arm should not affect the postural field at movement termination. Surprisingly, we found that as the reach commands changed, so did the ensuing postural field. The postural commands depended on mathematical integration of the reach commands. Following damage to the corticospinal tract, despite severe reach impairments, the holding system faithfully integrated the imperfect reach commands on a trial-by-trial basis. Together, these findings suggest that holding the arm still is accomplished via a separate, likely subcortical structure that acts as a mathematical integrator of the commands generated by the cortical reach controller.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Albert, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadjiosif, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krakauer, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadmehr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/556282</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Holding the arm still through subcortical mathematical integration of cortical commands]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/561159v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Programmable bacteria induce durable tumor regression and systemic antitumor immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/561159v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SUMMARY PARAGRAPHSynthetic biology is driving a new era of medicine through the genetic programming of living cells1,2. This transformative approach allows for the creation of engineered systems that intelligently sense and respond to diverse environments, ultimately adding specificity and efficacy that extends beyond the capabilities of molecular-based therapeutics3-5. One particular focus area has been the engineering of bacteria as therapeutic delivery systems to selectively release therapeutic payloads in vivo6-8. Here, we engineered a non-pathogenic E. coli to specifically lyse within the tumor microenvironment and release an encoded nanobody antagonist of CD47 (CD47nb)9, an anti-phagocytic receptor commonly overexpressed in several human cancers10,11. We show that intratumoral delivery of CD47nb by tumor-colonizing bacteria increases activation of tumor-infiltrating T cells, stimulates rapid tumor regression, prevents metastasis, and leads to long-term survival in a syngeneic tumor model. Moreover, we report that local injection of CD47nb bacteria stimulates systemic antitumor immune responses that reduce the growth of untreated tumors - providing, to the best of our knowledge, the first demonstration of an abscopal effect induced by a bacteria cancer therapy. Thus, engineered bacteria may be used for safe and local delivery of immunotherapeutic payloads leading to systemic antitumor immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chowdhury, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinchliffe, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arpaia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danino, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/561159</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Programmable bacteria induce durable tumor regression and systemic antitumor immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/561233v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mouse Model Systems of Autism Spectrum Disorder: Replicability and Informatics Signature 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/561233v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
3.BackgroundPhenotyping mouse model systems of human disease has proven to be a difficult task, with frequent poor inter- and intra-laboratory replicability and translatability, particularly in behavioral domains such as social and verbal function. However, establishing robust animal model systems with strong construct validity is of fundamental importance as they are central tools for understanding disease pathophysiology and developing therapeutics. To complete our studies of mouse model systems relevant to autism spectrum disorder (ASD), we present a replication of the main findings from our two published studies comprising five genetic mouse model systems of ASD.

MethodsTo assess the robustness of our previous results, we chose the two model systems that showed the greatest phenotypic differences, the Shank3/F and Cntnap2, and repeated assessments of general health, activity, and social behavior. We additionally explored all five model systems in the same framework, comparing all results obtained in this three-yearlong effort using informatics techniques to look for commonalities and differences.

ResultsResults in the current study were very similar to our previously published results. The informatics signatures of the two model systems chosen for the replication showed that they were most distinguished by activity levels. Although the two model systems were opposite in this regard, those aspects of their social behavior not confounded by activity (vocalizations) were similar.

ConclusionsOur results showed high intra-laboratory replicability of results, even for those with effect sizes that were not particularly large, suggesting that discrepancies in the literature may be dependent on subtle differences in testing conditions, housing enrichment, or background strains and not so much on the variability of the behavioral phenotypes. The overall informatics analysis suggests two main classes of model systems that in some aspects lie on opposite ends of the behavioral spectrum, supporting the view that autism is not a unitary concept.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kabitzke, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morales, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutphen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiede, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabath, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanania, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biemans, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/561233</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mouse Model Systems of Autism Spectrum Disorder: Replicability and Informatics Signature]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/561746v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A spatial cell culture model for predicting chemotherapy dosing strategies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/561746v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predicting patient responses to chemotherapy regimens is a major challenge in cancer treatment. To do this requires quantitative mathematical models to predict optimal dose and frequency for a particular drug, and experimental model systems such as three-dimensional organoids that accurately recapitulate the tumor microenvironment and heterogeneity. However, tracking the spatial dynamics of multiple cell types in three-dimensions can be a significant challenge in terms of time and throughput. Here we develop a two-dimensional system that allows for simple tracking of cell populations via fluorescence microscopy for modeling spatial dynamics in tumors. We first develop multiple 4T1 breast cancer cell lines resistant to varying concentrations of doxorubicin, and demonstrate how well mixed and spatially heterogeneous populations expand in a two-dimensional colony. We subject cell populations to varied dose and frequency of chemotherapy and measure colony growth radius and populations. We then build a mathematical model to describe the dynamics of both chemosensitive and chemoresistant populations, where we determine which number of doses can produce the smallest tumor size based on parameters in the system. In the future, this system can be adapted to quickly optimize dosing strategies in the setting of heterogeneous cell types or patient derived cells with varied chemoresistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deb, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danino, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/561746</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A spatial cell culture model for predicting chemotherapy dosing strategies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/562785v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineered probiotics for local tumor delivery of checkpoint blockade nanobodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/562785v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immunotherapies such as checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized cancer therapy yet lead to a multitude of immune-related adverse events, suggesting the need for more targeted delivery systems. Due to their preferential colonization of tumors and advances in engineering capabilities from synthetic biology, microbes are a natural platform for the local delivery of cancer therapeutics. Here, we present an engineered probiotic bacteria system for the controlled production and release of novel immune checkpoint targeting nanobodies from within tumors. Specifically, we engineered genetic lysis circuit variants to effectively release nanobodies and safely control bacteria populations. To maximize therapeutic efficacy of the system, we used computational modeling coupled with experimental validation of circuit dynamics and found that lower copy number variants provide optimal nanobody release. Thus, we subsequently integrated the lysis circuit operon into the genome of a probiotic E. coli Nissle 1917, and confirmed lysis dynamics in a syngeneic mouse model using in vivo bioluminescent imaging. Expressing a nanobody against PD-L1 in this strain demonstrated enhanced efficacy compared to a plasmid-based lysing variant, and similar efficacy to a clinically relevant monoclonal antibody against PD-L1. Expanding upon this therapeutic platform, we produced a nanobody against cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein -4 (CTLA-4), which reduced growth rate or completely cleared tumors when combined with a probiotically-expressed PD-L1 nanobody in multiple syngeneic mouse models. Together, these results demonstrate that our engineered probiotic system combines innovations in synthetic biology and immunotherapy to improve upon the delivery of checkpoint inhibitors.

SENTENCE SUMMARYWe designed a probiotic platform to locally deliver checkpoint blockade nanobodies to tumors using a controlled lysing mechanism for therapeutic release.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gurbatri, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinchliffe, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lia, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Treuting, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arpaia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danino, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/562785</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineered probiotics for local tumor delivery of checkpoint blockade nanobodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/563866v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequencing of 53,831 diverse genomes from the NHLBI TOPMed Program 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/563866v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary paragraphThe Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) program seeks to elucidate the genetic architecture and disease biology of heart, lung, blood, and sleep disorders, with the ultimate goal of improving diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. The initial phases of the program focus on whole genome sequencing of individuals with rich phenotypic data and diverse backgrounds. Here, we describe TOPMed goals and design as well as resources and early insights from the sequence data. The resources include a variant browser, a genotype imputation panel, and sharing of genomic and phenotypic data via dbGaP. In 53,581 TOPMed samples, >400 million single-nucleotide and insertion/deletion variants were detected by alignment with the reference genome. Additional novel variants are detectable through assembly of unmapped reads and customized analysis in highly variable loci. Among the >400 million variants detected, 97% have frequency <1% and 46% are singletons. These rare variants provide insights into mutational processes and recent human evolutionary history. The nearly complete catalog of genetic variation in TOPMed studies provides unique opportunities for exploring the contributions of rare and non-coding sequence variants to phenotypic variation. Furthermore, combining TOPMed haplotypes with modern imputation methods improves the power and extends the reach of nearly all genome-wide association studies to include variants down to ~0.01% in frequency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taliun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kessler, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szpiech, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagliano Taliun, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corvelo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogarten, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min Kang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitsillides, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeFaive, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.-b.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Browning, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emde, A.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loesch, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shetty, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackwell, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonso, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardlie, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aslibekyan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auer, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beer, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bielak, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blangero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boehnke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowden, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burchard, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cade, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casella, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalazan, B. L</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/563866</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequencing of 53,831 diverse genomes from the NHLBI TOPMed Program]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/565671v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative analysis of EHR-based stroke phenotyping methods, their applications, and interpretation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/565671v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background and PurposeAccurate identification of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patient cohorts is essential for a wide range of clinical investigations. Automated phenotyping methods that leverage electronic health records (EHRs) represent a fundamentally new approach cohort identification. Unfortunately, the current generation of these algorithms is laborious to develop, poorly generalize between institutions, and rely on incomplete information. We systematically compared and evaluated the ability of several machine learning algorithms and case-control combinations to phenotype acute ischemic stroke patients using data from an EHR.nnMethodsUsing structured patient data from the EHR at a tertiary-care hospital system, we built machine learning models to identify patients with AIS based on 75 different case-control and classifier combinations. We then determined the models classification ability for AIS on an internal validation set, and estimated the prevalence of AIS patients across the EHR. Finally, we externally validated the ability of the models to detect self-reported AIS patients without AIS diagnosis codes using the UK Biobank.nnResultsAcross all models, we found that the mean area under the receiver operating curve for detecting AIS was 0.963{+/-}0.0520 and average precision score 0.790{+/-}0.196 with minimal feature processing. Logistic regression classifiers with L1 penalty gave the best performance. Classifiers trained with cases with AIS diagnosis codes and controls with no cerebrovascular disease diagnosis codes had the best average F1 score (0.832{+/-}0.0383). In the external validation, we found that the top probabilities from a model-predicted AIS cohort were significantly enriched for self-reported AIS patients without AIS diagnosis codes (65-250 fold over expected).nnConclusionsOur findings support machine learning algorithms as a way to accurately identify AIS patients without relying on diagnosis codes or using process-intensive manual feature curation. When a set of AIS patients is unavailable, diagnosis codes may be used to train classifier models. Our approach is potentially generalizable to other academic institutions and further external validation is needed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thangaraj, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kummer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorberbaum, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elkind, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tatonetti, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/565671</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative analysis of EHR-based stroke phenotyping methods, their applications, and interpretation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/566067v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Social status in mouse social hierarchies is associated with variation in oxytocin and vasopressin 1a receptor densities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/566067v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neuropeptides oxytocin and vasopressin and their receptors have established roles in the regulation of mammalian social behavior including parental care, sex, affiliation and pair-bonding, but less is known regarding their relationship to social dominance and subordination within social hierarchies. We have previously demonstrated that male mice can form stable linear dominance hierarchies with individuals occupying one of three classes of social status: alpha, subdominant, subordinate. Alpha males exhibit high levels of aggression and rarely receive aggression. Subdominant males exhibit aggression towards subordinate males but also receive aggression from more dominant individuals. Subordinate males rarely exhibit aggression and receive aggression from more dominant males. Here, we examined whether variation in social status was associated with levels of oxytocin (OTR) and vasopressin 1a (V1aR) receptor binding in socially relevant brain regions. We found that socially dominant males had significantly higher OTR binding in the nucleus accumbens core than subordinate animals. Alpha males also had higher OTR binding in the anterior olfactory nucleus, posterior part of the cortical amygdala and rostral lateral septum compared to more subordinate individuals. Conversely, alpha males had lower V1aR binding in the rostral lateral septum and lateral preoptic area compared to subordinates. These observed relationships have two potential explanations. Preexisting individual differences in the patterns of OTR and V1aR binding may underlie behavioral differences that promote or inhibit the acquisition of social status. More likely, the differential social environments experienced by dominant and subordinate animals may shift receptor expression, potentially facilitating the expression of adaptive social behaviors.

HighlightsO_LIMice living in social hierarchies express different levels of oxytocin receptor (OTR) and vasopressin 1a receptor (V1aR) binding in various brain regions according to their social status.
C_LIO_LIAlphas and subdominants have higher OTR binding in the nucleus accumbens compared to subordinates.
C_LIO_LIAlphas have higher OTR binding in the anterior olfactory nucleus compared to subdominants and subordinates.
C_LIO_LIAlphas have higher OTR and lower V1aR binding in the rostral lateral septum compared to subordinates.
C_LIO_LIAlphas have lower V1aR binding in the lateral preoptic area compared to subordinates.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiura, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broekman, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ophir, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/566067</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Social status in mouse social hierarchies is associated with variation in oxytocin and vasopressin 1a receptor densities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/566307v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deconvolving the contributions of cell-type heterogeneity on cortical gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/566307v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Complexity of cell-type composition has created much skepticism surrounding the interpretation of brain bulk-tissue transcriptomic studies. We generated paired tissue genome-wide gene expression data and immunohistochemistry data, enabling us to assess statistical methods for modeling and estimating cellular heterogeneity in the brain. We demonstrate that several algorithms that rely on single-cell and cell-sorted data to define cell marker gene sets yield accurate relative and absolute estimates of constituent cell-type proportions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patrick, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taga, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ergun, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casazza, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cimpean, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yung, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennet, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaiteri, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradshaw, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostafavi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/566307</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deconvolving the contributions of cell-type heterogeneity on cortical gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/566604v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Collaborative Multi-Model Ensemble for Real-Time Influenza Season Forecasting in the U.S. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/566604v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Seasonal influenza results in substantial annual morbidity and mortality in the United States and worldwide. Accurate forecasts of key features of influenza epidemics, such as the timing and severity of the peak incidence in a given season, can inform public health response to outbreaks. As part of ongoing efforts to incorporate data and advanced analytical methods into public health decision-making, the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has organized seasonal influenza forecasting challenges since the 2013/2014 season. In the 2017/2018 season, 22 teams participated. A subset of four teams created a research consortium called the FluSight Network in early 2017. During the 2017/2018 season they worked together to produce a collaborative multi-model ensemble that combined 21 separate component models into a single model using a machine learning technique called stacking. This approach creates a weighted average of predictive densities where the weight for each component is based on that components forecast accuracy in past seasons. In the 2017/2018 influenza season, one of the largest seasonal outbreaks in the last 15 years, this multi-model ensemble performed better on average than all individual component models and placed second overall in the CDC challenge. It also outperformed the baseline multi-model ensemble created by the CDC that took a simple average of all models submitted to the forecasting challenge. This project shows that collaborative efforts between research teams to develop ensemble forecasting approaches can bring measurable improvements in forecast accuracy and important reductions in the variability of performance from year to year. Efforts such as this, that emphasize real-time testing and evaluation of forecasting models and facilitate the close collaboration between public health officials and modeling researchers, are essential to improving our understanding of how best to use forecasts to improve public health response to seasonal and emerging epidemic threats.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reich, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGowan, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamana, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tushar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osthus, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kandula, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford-Crudell, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biggerstaff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johansson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenfeld, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/566604</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Collaborative Multi-Model Ensemble for Real-Time Influenza Season Forecasting in the U.S.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/566729v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TmDOTP : An NMR- based Thermometer for Magic Angle Spinning NMR Experiments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/566729v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Solid state NMR is a powerful tool to probe membrane protein structure and motions in native lipid structures. Sample heating, caused by magic angle spinning and radio frequency irradiation in solid state NMR, produces uncertainties in sample temperature and thermal broadening caused by temperature distributions, which can also lead to sample deterioration. To measure the sample temperature in real time, and to quantify thermal gradients and their dependence on radio frequency irradiation or spinning frequency, we use the chemical shift thermometer TmDOTP, a lanthanide complex. Compared to other NMR thermometers (e.g., the proton NMR signal of water), the proton spectrum of TmDOTP exhibits higher thermal sensitivity and resolution. In addition, the H6 proton in TmDOTP has a large chemical shift (-175 ppm at 275 K) and is well resolved from the rest of the proton spectrum. We identified two populations of TmDOTP, with differing temperatures and dependency on the radio frequency irradiation power, within proteoliposome samples. We interpret these populations as arising from the supernatant and the pellet, which is sedimented from the sample spinning. Our results indicate that TmDOTP is an excellent internal standard for monitoring temperatures of biophysically relevant samples without distorting their properties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDermott, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/566729</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TmDOTP : An NMR- based Thermometer for Magic Angle Spinning NMR Experiments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/567024v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Allosteric studies of an open pH gate KcsA mutant in its activated and inactivated states 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/567024v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transmembrane allosteric coupling is a feature of many critical biological signaling events. Here we test whether transmembrane allosteric coupling controls the mean open time of the prototypical potassium channel KcsA in the context of C-type inactivation. Activation of KcsA is initiated by proton binding to the pH gate upon an intracellular drop in pH. Numerous studies have suggested that this proton binding also prompts a conformational switch leading to a loss of affinity for potassium ions at the selectivity filter and therefore to channel inactivation. We tested this mechanism for inactivation using a KcsA mutant (H25R/E118A) that has the pH gate open across a broad range of pH values. We present solid-state NMR measurements of this open mutant at neutral pH to probe the affinity for potassium at the selectivity filter. The potassium binding affinity in the selectivity filter of this mutant, 81 mM, is about 4 orders of magnitude weaker than that of wild type KcsA at neutral pH and is comparable to the value for wild type KcsA at low pH (pH [~] 3.5). This result strongly supports our assertion that the open pH gate allosterically effects the potassium binding affinity of the selectivity filter. In this mutant the protonation state of a glutamate residue (E120) in the pH sensor is sensitive to potassium binding, suggesting that this mutant also has flexibility in the activation gate and is subject to transmembrane allostery.nnSignificance statementInactivation of potassium channels controls mean open times and provides exquisite control over biological processes. In the highly conserved C-type inactivation process, opening of the activation gate causes subsequent inactivation. We test whether the open state of the channel simply has a poor ability to bind the K+ ion. Previously, activated and inactivated states were stabilized using truncations or a significant pH drop. Here, we use the H25R/E118A constitutively open mutant of KcsA and also observe a large drop in potassium binding affinity. This provides strong evidence that channel opening causes an allosteric loss of ion affinity, and that the central feature of this universal channel inactivation process is loss of ion affinity at the selectivity filter.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDermott, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/567024</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Allosteric studies of an open pH gate KcsA mutant in its activated and inactivated states]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/567701v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bioisosterism reveals new structure-odor relationships 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/567701v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The question of structure-odor relationship (SOR) has inspired numerous studies into chemical odorants via their perceptual similarities. Much of this data comes from psychophysical studies on humans, precluding the possibility of direct measurements of receptor or receptor neuron activation. Remarkably, we find that many of the perceptual classifications used by human subjects translate well enough to mouse that we can apply cellular methods to better understand the molecular mechanism, that leads to odor discrimination and perception. Using a well studied and well recognizable odor percept of bitter almond, we have tested an odorant panel of aldehydes and ketones that were reported to share such perceptual qualities. These odorants include aromatic and aliphatic, as well as cyclic and allylic features. When parsing these odorants using chemical descriptors, we have a clear separation of molecules possessing these various features. However, here we show that OSN responses better recapitulate the physiological percept. Using these odorants, we also provide a proof-of-concept for non-classical bioisosterism at work in the olfactory system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tahirova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poivet, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterlin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, D.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/567701</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bioisosterism reveals new structure-odor relationships]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/572347v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole exome sequencing and characterization of coding variation in 49,960 individuals in the UK Biobank 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/572347v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The UK Biobank is a prospective study of 502,543 individuals, combining extensive phenotypic and genotypic data with streamlined access for researchers around the world. Here we describe the first tranche of large-scale exome sequence data for 49,960 study participants, revealing approximately 4 million coding variants (of which ~98.4% have frequency < 1%). The data includes 231,631 predicted loss of function variants, a >10-fold increase compared to imputed sequence for the same participants. Nearly all genes (>97%) had [&ge;]1 predicted loss of function carrier, and most genes (>69%) had [&ge;]10 loss of function carriers. We illustrate the power of characterizing loss of function variation in this large population through association analyses across 1,741 phenotypes. In addition to replicating a range of established associations, we discover novel loss of function variants with large effects on disease traits, including PIEZO1 on varicose veins, COL6A1 on corneal resistance, MEPE on bone density, and IQGAP2 and GMPR on blood cell traits. We further demonstrate the value of exome sequencing by surveying the prevalence of pathogenic variants of clinical significance in this population, finding that 2% of the population has a medically actionable variant. Additionally, we leverage the phenotypic data to characterize the relationship between rare BRCA1 and BRCA2 pathogenic variants and cancer risk. Exomes from the first 49,960 participants are now made accessible to the scientific community and highlight the promise offered by genomic sequencing in large-scale population-based studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Van Hout, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tachmazidou, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Backman, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, J. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzaga-Jauregui, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalid, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Dushlaine, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcketta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staples, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maxwell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnard, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habegger, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blumenfeld, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Praveen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salerno, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surakka, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willer, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hveem, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leader, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carey, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ledbetter, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yancopoulos, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Economides, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppola, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuldiner, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balasubramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whittaker, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/572347</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole exome sequencing and characterization of coding variation in 49,960 individuals in the UK Biobank]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/577064v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid invariant encoding of scene layout in human OPA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/577064v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Successful visual navigation requires a sense of the geometry of the local environment. How do our brains extract this information from retinal images? Here we visually presented scenes with all possible combinations of five scene-bounding elements (left, right and back wall, ceiling, floor) to human subjects during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and magnetoencephalography (MEG). The fMRI response patterns in the scene-responsive occipital place area (OPA) reflected scene layout with invariance to changes in surface texture. This result contrasted sharply with the primary visual cortex (V1), which reflected low-level image features of the stimuli, and parahippocampal place area (PPA), which showed better texture than layout decoding. MEG indicated that the texture-invariant scene-layout representation is computed from visual input within ~100 ms, suggesting a rapid computational mechanism. Taken together, these results suggest that the cortical representation underlying our instant sense of the environmental geometry is located in OPA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Henriksson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mur, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriegeskorte, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/577064</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid invariant encoding of scene layout in human OPA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/577379v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying the most influential features of neural population responses for information encoding and behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/577379v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying the features of population responses that are relevant to the amount of information encoded by neuronal populations is a crucial step toward understanding the neural code. Statistical features such as tuning properties, individual and shared response variability, and global activity modulations could all affect the amount of information encoded and modulate behavioral performance. We show that two features in particular affect information: the modulation of population responses across conditions and the projection of the inverse population variability along the modulation axis. We demonstrate that fluctuations of these two quantities are correlated with fluctuations of behavioral performance in various tasks and brain regions. In contrast, fluctuations in mean correlations among neurons and global activity have negligible or inconsistent effects on the amount of information encoded and behavioral performance. Our results are consistent with predictions of a model that optimally decodes population responses, which suggests that in our behavioral tasks the readout of information is near-optimal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nogueira, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peltier, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anzai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeAngelis, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Trujillo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno-Bote, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/577379</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying the most influential features of neural population responses for information encoding and behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/577445v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A HaloTag-TEV genetic cassette for mechanical phenotyping of native proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/577445v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-molecule methods using recombinant proteins have generated transformative hypotheses on how mechanical forces are generated and sensed in biological tissues. However, testing these mechanical hypotheses on native molecules in their natural environment remains inaccessible to conventional genetics, biophysics and molecular biology tools. To address these limitations, here we demonstrate a genetically engineered knock-in mouse model carrying a HaloTag-TEV insertion in the protein titin, the main determinant of myocyte stiffness. Using our system, we have specifically severed the titin filament by digestion with TEV protease, and found that the response of muscle fibers to length changes requires mechanical transduction through titins intact polypeptide chain. HaloTag-based covalent tethering has enabled directed examination of the dynamics of titin under 1-100 pN forces using recently developed magnetic tweezers. At pulling forces lower than 10 pN, titin domains are readily recruited to the unfolded state, and produce 41.5 zJ mechanical work during refolding. Our results support an active role of titin in muscle contraction in coordination with actomyosin motors. Insertion of the HaloTag-TEV cassette in proteins with mechanical roles opens new grounds to explore the molecular basis of cellular force generation, mechanosensing and mechanotransduction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rivas-Pardo, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martonfalvi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapia-Rojo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Trasancos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrero-Galan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velazquez-Carreras, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linke, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alegre-Cebollada, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/577445</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A HaloTag-TEV genetic cassette for mechanical phenotyping of native proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/580290v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Fruit Fly Brain Observatory: From Structure to Function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/580290v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fruit fly is a key model organism for studying the activity of interconnected brain circuits. A large scattered global research community of neurobiologists and neurogeneticists, computational and theoretical neuroscientists, and computer scientists and engineers has been developing a vast trove of experimental and modeling data that has yet to be distilled into new knowledge and understanding of the functional logic of the brain. Developing open shared models, modelling tools and data repositories that can be accessed from anywhere in the world is the necessary engine for accelerating our understanding of how the brain works.nnTo that end we developed the Fruit Fly Brain Observatory (FFBO), the next generation open-source platform to support open, collaborative Drosophila neuroscience research. FFBO provides a (i) hub for storing and integrating fruit fly brain research data from multiple data sources worldwide, (ii) unified repository of tools and methods to build, emulate and compare fruit fly brain models in health and disease, and (iii) an open framework for fruit fly brain data processing and model execution. FFBO provides access to application tools for visualizing, configuring, simulating and analyzing computational models of brain circuits of the (i) cell type map, (ii) connectome, (iii) synaptome, and (iv) activity map using intuitive queries in plain English. Tools are provided to extract the function inherent in these structural maps. All applications can be accessed with any modern browser.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ukani, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomkins, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florescu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luna Ortiz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turkcan, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richmond, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coca, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, A.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazar, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/580290</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Fruit Fly Brain Observatory: From Structure to Function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/580324v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rational use of Episodic and Working Memory: A Normative Account of Prospective Memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/580324v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWHumans often simultaneously pursue multiple plans at different time scales. The successful realization of non-immediate plans (e.g., post package after work) requires keeping track of a future plan while accomplishing other intermediate tasks (e.g., write a paper), a capacity known as prospective memory. This capacity requires the integration of noisy evidence from perceptual input with evidence from short-term working memory (WM) and longer-term or episodic memory (LTM/EM). Here we formulate a set of dual-task problems in empirical studies of prospective memory as problems of computational rationality, and ask how a rational model should exploit noisy perception and memory to maximize payoffs. The model combines reinforcement learning (optimal action selection) with evidence accumulation (optimal inference) in order to derive good decision parameters for optimal task performance (i.e., performing an ongoing task while monitoring for a cue that triggers executing a second prospective task). We compare model behavior to key accuracy and reaction time phenomena in human performance. Thus, we offer a normative approach to theorizing and modeling these phenomena without assumptions about mechanisms of attention or retrieval. This approach can be extended to study meta-parameters governing the boundedly rational use of memory in planned action in health, as well as compensatory mnemonic strategies that may be rational responses to disturbances of these mechanisms in neuropsychiatric disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Momennejad, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/580324</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rational use of Episodic and Working Memory: A Normative Account of Prospective Memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/582833v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LF4/MOK and a CDK-related kinase regulate the number and length of cilia in Tetrahymena 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/582833v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The length of cilia is controlled by a poorly understood mechanism that involves members of the conserved RCK kinase group, and among them, the LF4/MOK kinases. In Tetrahymena, a loss of an LF4/MOK ortholog, LF4A, lengthened the locomotory cilia, but also reduced their total number per cell. Without LF4A, cilia assembled faster and showed signs of increased intraflagellar transport (IFT). Consistently, overproduced LF4A shortened cilia and downregulated the IFT. GFP-tagged LF4A, expressed in the native locus and imaged by total internal reflection microscopy, was enriched at the basal bodies and distributed along the shafts of cilia. Within cilia, most LF4A-GFP particles were immobile and a few either diffused or moved by IFT. A forward genetic screen identified a CDK-related kinase, CDKR1, whose loss-of-function suppressed the shortening of cilia caused by overexpression of LF4A, by reducing its kinase activity. A loss of CDKR1 alone lengthened both the locomotory and oral cilia. CDKR1 resembles other known ciliary CDK-related kinases: LF2 of Chlamydomonas, mammalian CCRK and DYF-18 of C. elegans, in lacking the cyclin-binding motif and acting upstream of RCKs. We propose that the total LF4/MOK activity per cilium is dependent on both its activation by an upstream CDK-related kinase and cilium length. Previous studies showed that the rate of assembly is high in growing cilia and decreases as cilia elongate to achieve the steady-state length. We propose that in a longer cilium, the IFT components, which travel from the base to the tip, are subjected to a higher dose of inhibition by the uniformly distributed LF4/MOK. Thus, in a feedback loop, LF4/MOK may translate cilium length into proportional inhibition of IFT, to balance the rates of assembly and disassembly at steady-state.nnAuthor summaryCilia are conserved organelles that generate motility and mediate vital sensory functions, including olfaction and vision. Cilia that are either too short or too long fail to generate proper forces or responses to extracellular signals. Several cilia-based diseases (ciliopathies) are associated with defects in cilia length. Here we use the multiciliated model protist Tetrahymena, to study a conserved protein kinase whose activity shortens cilia, LF4/MOK. We find that cells lacking an LF4/MOK kinase of Tetrahymena, LF4A, have excessively long, but also fewer cilia. We show that LF4A decreases the intraflagellar transport, a motility that shuttles ciliary precursors from the cilium base to the tip. Live imaging revealed that LF4A is distributed along cilium length and remains mostly immobile, likely due to its anchoring to ciliary microtubules. We proposed that in longer cilia, the intraflagellar transport machinery is exposed to a higher dose of inhibition by LF4A, which could decrease the rate of cilium assembly, to balance the rate of cilium disassembly in mature cilia that maintain stable length.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maier, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumeister, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minevich, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joachimiak, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wloga, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kannan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bocarro, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahraini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasudevan, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lechtreck, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orias, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaertig, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/582833</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LF4/MOK and a CDK-related kinase regulate the number and length of cilia in Tetrahymena]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/583104v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Population history from the Neolithic to present on the Mediterranean island of Sardinia: An ancient DNA perspective 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/583104v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent ancient DNA studies of western Eurasia have revealed a dynamic history of admixture, with evidence for major migrations during the Neolithic and Bronze Age. The population of the Mediterranean island of Sardinia has been notable in these studies - Neolithic individuals from mainland Europe cluster more closely with Sardinian individuals than with all other present-day Europeans. The current model to explain this result is that Sardinia received an initial influx of Neolithic ancestry and then remained relatively isolated from expansions in the later Neolithic and Bronze Age that took place in continental Europe. To test this model, we generated genome-wide capture data (approximately 1.2 million variants) for 43 ancient Sardinian individuals spanning the Neolithic through the Bronze Age, including individuals from Sardinias Nuragic culture, which is known for the construction of numerous large stone towers throughout the island. We analyze these new samples in the context of previously generated genome-wide ancient DNA data from 972 ancient individuals across western Eurasia and whole-genome sequence data from approximately 1,500 modern individuals from Sardinia. The ancient Sardinian individuals show a strong affinity to western Mediterranean Neolithic populations and we infer a high degree of genetic continuity on the island from the Neolithic (around fifth millennium BCE) through the Nuragic period (second millennium BCE). In particular, during the Bronze Age in Sardinia, we do not find significant levels of the "Steppe" ancestry that was spreading in many other parts of Europe at that time. We also characterize subsequent genetic influx between the Nuragic period and the present. We detect novel, modest signals of admixture between 1,000 BCE and present-day, from ancestry sources in the eastern and northern Mediterranean. Within Sardinia, we confirm that populations from the more geographically isolated mountainous provinces have experienced elevated levels of genetic drift and that northern and southwestern regions of the island received more gene flow from outside Sardinia. Overall, our genetic analysis sheds new light on the origin of Neolithic settlement on Sardinia, reinforces models of genetic continuity on the island, and provides enhanced power to detect post-Bronze-Age gene flow. Together, these findings offer a refined demographic model for future medical genetic studies in Sardinia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marcus, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Posth, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ringbauer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skeates, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidore, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckett, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furtwängler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olivieri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Asadi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dey, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Der Sarkissian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radzeviciute, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gradoli, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haak, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlessinger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cucca, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krause, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novembre, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/583104</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Population history from the Neolithic to present on the Mediterranean island of Sardinia: An ancient DNA perspective]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/583252v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Live-cell Imaging Analysis of Antimycin-Type Depsipeptides via Bioorthogonal Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/583252v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Small-molecule natural products have been an essential source of pharmaceuticals to treat human diseases, but very little is known about their behavior inside dynamic, living human cells. Here, we demonstrate the first structure-activity-distribution study of complex natural products, the anti-cancer antimycin-type depsipeptides, using the emerging bioorthogonal Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) Microscopy. Our results show that the intracellular enrichment and distribution of these compounds are driven by their potency and specific protein targets, as well as the lipophilic nature of compounds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seidel, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porterfield, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattarai-Kline, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/583252</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Live-cell Imaging Analysis of Antimycin-Type Depsipeptides via Bioorthogonal Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/585109v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenome-wide meta-analysis of PTSD across 10 military and civilian cohorts identifies novel methylation loci 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/585109v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Differences in susceptibility to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may be related to epigenetic differences between PTSD cases and trauma-exposed controls. Such epigenetic differences may provide insight into the biological processes underlying the disorder. Here we describe the results of the largest DNA methylation meta-analysis of PTSD to date with data from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) PTSD Epigenetics Workgroup. Ten cohorts, military and civilian, contributed blood-derived DNA methylation data (HumanMethylation450 BeadChip) from 1,896 PTSD cases (42%) and trauma-exposed controls (58%). Utilizing a common QC and analysis strategy, we identified ten CpG sites associated with PTSD (9.61E-07<p<4.72E-11) after adjustment for multiple comparisons (FDR<.05). Several CpGs were located in genes previously implicated in PTSD and other psychiatric disorders. The top four CpG sites fell within the aryl-hydrocarbon receptor repressor (AHRR) locus and were associated with lower DNA methylation in PTSD cases relative to controls. Interestingly, this association appeared to uncorrelated with smoking status and was most pronounced in non-smokers with PTSD. Additional evaluation of metabolomics data supported our findings and revealed that AHRR methylation associated with kynurenine levels, which were lower among subjects with PTSD relative to controls. Overall, this study supports epigenetic differences in those with PTSD and suggests a role for decreased kynurenine as a contributor to immune dysregulation in PTSD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratanatharathorn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maihofer, A. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naviaux, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aiello, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amstadter, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashley-Koch, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckham, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boks, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bromet, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galea, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrett, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geuze, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guffanti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hauser, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katrinli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilaru, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kessler, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimbrel, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koenen, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuan, P.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logue, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lori, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luft, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naviaux, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nugent, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ressler, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risbrough, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutten, B. P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ursano, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vermetten, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinkers, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youssef, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>INTRuST Clinical Con</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/585109</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenome-wide meta-analysis of PTSD across 10 military and civilian cohorts identifies novel methylation loci]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/586792v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anchoring of actin to the plasma membrane enables tension production in the fission yeast cytokinetic ring 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/586792v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cytokinetic ring generates tensile force that drives cell division, but how tension emerges from the relatively disordered ring organization remains unclear. Long ago a muscle-like sliding filament mechanism was proposed, but evidence for sarcomeric order is lacking. Here we present quantitative evidence that in fission yeast ring tension originates from barbed-end anchoring of actin filaments to the plasma membrane, providing resistance to myosin forces which enables filaments to develop tension. The role of anchoring was highlighted by experiments on isolated fission yeast rings, where sections of ring unanchored from the membrane and shortened ~30-fold faster than normal [Mishra M., et al. (2013) Nat Cell Biol 15(7):853-859]. The dramatically elevated constriction rates are unexplained. Here we present a molecularly explicit simulation of constricting partially anchored rings as studied in these experiments. Simulations accurately reproduced the experimental constriction rates, and showed that following anchor release a segment becomes tensionless and shortens via a novel non-contractile reeling-in mechanism at about the load-free myosin-II velocity. The ends are reeled in by barbed-end-anchored actin filaments in adjacent segments. Other actin anchoring schemes failed to constrict rings. Our results quantitatively support a specific organization and anchoring scheme that generates tension in the cytokinetic ring.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Shaughnessy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/586792</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anchoring of actin to the plasma membrane enables tension production in the fission yeast cytokinetic ring]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/592766v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stability of Nitroxide Biradical TOTAPOL in Biological Samples 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/592766v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We characterize chemical reduction of a nitroxide biradical, TOTAPOL, used in dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) experiments, specifically probing the stability in whole-cell pellets and lysates, and present a few strategies to stabilize the biradicals for DNP studies. DNP solid-state NMR experiments use paramagnetic species such as nitroxide biradicals to dramatically increase NMR signals. Although there is considerable excitement about using nitroxide-based DNP for detecting the NMR spectra of proteins in whole cells, nitroxide radicals are reduced in minutes in bacterial cell pellets, which we confirm and quantify here. We show that addition of the covalent cysteine blocker N-ethylmaleimide to whole cells significantly slows the rate of reduction, suggesting that cysteine thiol radicals are important to in vivo radical reduction. The use of cell lysates rather than whole cells also slows TOTAPOL reduction, which suggests a possible role for the periplasm and oxidative phosphorylation metabolites in radical degradation. Reduced TOTAPOL in lysates can also be efficiently reoxidized with potassium ferricyanide. These results point to a practical and robust set of strategies for DNP of cellular preparations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCoy, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogawski, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stovicek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDermott, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/592766</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stability of Nitroxide Biradical TOTAPOL in Biological Samples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/595025v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of neuronal anatomy and circuitry in two highly divergent nematode species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/595025v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nematodes C. elegans and P. pacificus populate diverse habitats and display distinct patterns of behavior. To understand how their nervous systems have diverged, we undertook a detailed examination of the neuroanatomy of the chemosensory system of P. pacificus. Using independent features such as cell body position, axon projections and lipophilic dye uptake, we have assigned homologies between the amphid neurons, their first-layer interneurons, and several internal receptor neurons of P. pacificus and C. elegans. We found that neuronal number and soma position are highly conserved. However, the morphological elaborations of several amphid cilia are different between them, most notably in the absence of  winged cilia morphology in P. pacificus. We established a synaptic wiring diagram of amphid sensory neurons and amphid interneurons in P. pacificus and found striking patterns of conservation and divergence in connectivity relative to C. elegans, but very little changes in relative neighborhood of neuronal processes.nnImpact StatementThe substrate for evolutionary divergence does not lie in changes in neuronal cell number or targeting, but rather in sensory perception and synaptic partner choice within invariant, prepatterned neuronal processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hong, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riebesell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bumbarger, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carstensen, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarpolaki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cochella, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castrejon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sieriebriennikov, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sommer, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/595025</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of neuronal anatomy and circuitry in two highly divergent nematode species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/596940v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The human-specific paralogs SRGAP2B and SRGAP2C differentially modulate SRGAP2A-dependent synaptic development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/596940v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human-specific gene duplications (HSGD) have recently emerged as key modifiers of brain development and evolution. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the function of HSGDs remain often poorly understood. In humans, a truncated duplication of SRGAP2A led to the emergence of two human-specific paralogs: SRGAP2B and SRGAP2C. The ancestral copy SRGAP2A limits synaptic density and promotes maturation of both excitatory (E) and inhibitory (I) synapses received by cortical pyramidal neurons (PNs). SRGAP2C binds to and inhibits all known functions of SRGAP2A leading to an increase in E and I synapse density and protracted synapse maturation, traits characterizing human cortical neurons. Here, we demonstrate how the evolutionary changes that led to the emergence of SRGAP2 HSGD generated proteins that, in neurons, are intrinsically unstable and upon hetero-dimerization with SRGAP2A, reduces SRGAP2A levels in a proteasome-dependent manner. Moreover, we show that, compared to SRGAP2B, and despite only a few non-synonymous mutations specifically targeting arginine residues, SRGAP2C is unique, compared to SRGAP2B, in its ability to induce long-lasting changes in synaptic density throughout adulthood. The non-synonymous mutations specifically targeting arginine residues led to the unique ability of SRGAP2C to inhibit SRGAP2A function and thereby contribute to the emergence of human-specific features of synaptic development during evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kupferman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stackmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polleux, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/596940</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The human-specific paralogs SRGAP2B and SRGAP2C differentially modulate SRGAP2A-dependent synaptic development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/598532v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic Associations with Mathematics Tracking and Persistence in Secondary School 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/598532v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Maximizing the flow of students through the science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) pipeline is important to promoting human capital development and reducing economic inequality1. A critical juncture in the STEM pipeline is the highly-cumulative sequence of secondary school math courses2-5. Students from disadvantaged schools are less likely to complete advanced math courses, but debate continues about why6,7. Here, we address this question using student polygenic scores, which are DNA-based indicators of propensity to succeed in education8. We integrated genetic and official school transcript data from over 3,000 European-ancestry students from U.S. high schools. We used polygenic scores as a molecular tracer to understand how the flow of students through the high school math pipeline differs in socioeconomically advantaged versus disadvantaged schools. Students with higher education polygenic scores were tracked to more advanced math already at the beginning of high school and persisted in math for more years. Molecular tracer analyses revealed that the dynamics of the math pipeline differed by school advantage. Compared to disadvantaged schools, advantaged schools tracked more students with high polygenic scores into advanced math classes at the start of high school, and they buffered students with low polygenic scores from dropping out of math. Across all schools, even students with exceptional polygenic scores (top 2%) were unlikely to take the most advanced math classes, suggesting substantial room for improvement in the development of potential STEM talent. These results link new molecular genetic discoveries to a common target of educational-policy reforms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harden, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domingue, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belsky, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boardman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crosnoe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malanchini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nivard, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker-Drob, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/598532</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic Associations with Mathematics Tracking and Persistence in Secondary School]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/600221v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mid-lateral Cerebellar Purkinje Cells Provide a Cognitive Error Signal When Monkeys Learn a New Visuomotor Association 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/600221v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How do we learn to establish associations between arbitrary visual cues (like a red light) and movements (like braking the car)? We investigated the neural correlates of visuomotor association learning in the monkey mid-lateral cerebellum. Here we show that, during learning but not when the associations were overlearned, individual Purkinje cells reported the outcome of the monkeys most recent decision, an error signal, which was independent of changes in hand movement or reaction time. At the population level, Purkinje cells collectively maintained a memory of the most recent decision throughout the entire trial period, updating it after every decision. This error signal decreased as the performance improved. Our results suggest a role of mid-lateral cerebellum in visuomotor associative learning and provide evidence that cerebellum could be a generalized learning system, essential in non-motor learning as well as motor learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sendhilnathan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ipata, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/600221</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mid-lateral Cerebellar Purkinje Cells Provide a Cognitive Error Signal When Monkeys Learn a New Visuomotor Association]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/603282v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deleterious in late life mitochondrial alleles and aging: secrets of Japanese centenarians 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/603282v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging in postmitotic tissues is associated with clonal expansion of somatic mitochondrial deletions, the origin of which is not well understood. Deletions in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are often flanked by direct nucleotide repeats, but this alone does not fully explain their distribution. Here, we hypothesized that the close proximity of direct repeats on single-stranded DNA might play a role in the formation of deletions. By analyzing human mtDNA deletions in the major arc of mtDNA, which is single-stranded during replication and is characterized by a high number of deletions, we found a non-uniform distribution with a "hot spot" where one deletion breakpoint occurred within the region of 6-9kb and another within 13-16kb of the mtDNA. This distribution was not explained by the presence of direct repeats, suggesting that other factors, such as the spatial proximity of these two regions can be the cause. In silico analyses revealed that the single-stranded major arc may be organized as a large-scale hairpin-like loop with a center close to 11kb and contacting regions between 6-9 kb and 13-16 kb, which would explain the high deletion activity in this contact zone. The direct repeats located within the contact zone, such as the well-known common repeat with a first arm at 8470-8482 bp and a second arm at 13447-13459 bp, are three times more likely to cause deletions compared to direct repeats located outside of the contact zone. An analysis of age- and disease-associated deletions demonstrated that the contact zone plays a crucial role in explaining the age-associated deletions, emphasizing its importance in the rate of healthy aging. Overall, we provide topological insights into the mechanism of age-associated deletion formation in human mtDNA, which could be used to predict somatic deletion burden and maximum lifespan in different human haplogroups and mammalian species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mikhailova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamansky, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazykin, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazunin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunbin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reymond, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khrapko, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popadin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/603282</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deleterious in late life mitochondrial alleles and aging: secrets of Japanese centenarians]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/605295v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human Aging DNA Methylation Signatures are Conserved but Accelerated in Cultured Fibroblasts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/605295v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging is associated with progressive and site-specific changes in DNA methylation (DNAm). These global changes are captured by DNAm clocks that accurately predict chronological age in humans but relatively little is known about how clocks perform in vitro. Here we culture primary human fibroblasts across the cellular lifespan ([~]6 months) and use four different DNAm clocks to show that age-related DNAm signatures are conserved and accelerated in vitro. The Skin & Blood clock shows the best linear correlation with chronological time (r=0.90), including during replicative senescence. Although similar in nature, the rate of epigenetic aging is approximately 62x times faster in cultured cells than in the human body. Consistent with in vivo data, cells aged under hyperglycemic conditions exhibit an approximately three years elevation in baseline DNAm age. Moreover, candidate gene-based analyses further corroborate the conserved but accelerated biological aging process in cultured fibroblasts. Fibroblasts mirror the established DNAm topology of the age-related ELOVL2 gene in human blood and the rapid hypermethylation of its promoter cg16867657, which correlates with a linear decrease in ELOVL2 mRNA levels across the lifespan. Using generalized additive modeling on twelve timepoints across the lifespan, we also show how single CpGs exhibit loci-specific, linear and nonlinear trajectories that reach rates up to -47% (hypomethylation) to +23% (hypermethylation) per month. Together, these high temporal resolution global, gene-specific, and single CpG data highlight the conserved and accelerated nature of epigenetic aging in cultured fibroblasts, which may constitute a system to evaluate age-modifying interventions across the lifespan.nnnnO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/605295_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">nView larger version (60K):norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@101e4f2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@15df049org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@4a704dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@112f970_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG Graphical AbstractnnC_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sturm, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardenas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bind, M.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/605295</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human Aging DNA Methylation Signatures are Conserved but Accelerated in Cultured Fibroblasts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/605493v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Light-sheet microscopy with isotropic, sub-micron resolution and solvent-independent large-scale imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/605493v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present cleared tissue Axially Swept Light-Sheet Microscopy (ctASLM), which achieves sub-micron isotropic resolution, high optical sectioning capability, and large field of view imaging (870x870 m2) over a broad range of immersion media. ctASLM can image live, expanded, and both aqueous and organic chemically cleared tissue preparations and provides 2- to 5-fold better axial resolution than confocal or other reported cleared tissue light-sheet microscopes. We image millimeter-sized tissues with sub-micron 3D resolution, which enabled us to perform automated detection of cells and subcellular features such as dendritic spines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Driscoll, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roudot, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, B.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vora, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhemkov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiremath, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De La Cruz, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bezprozvanny, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heintzmann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meeks, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marciano, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danuser, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dean, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiolka, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/605493</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Light-sheet microscopy with isotropic, sub-micron resolution and solvent-independent large-scale imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/606236v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus IRES captures host ribosomes by mimicking a ribosomal state with hybrid tRNAs. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/606236v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Colony Collapse Disorder or CCD is a multi-faceted syndrome decimating bee populations worldwide[1]. A group of viruses of the widely distributed Dicistroviridae family have been identified as a causing agent of CCD[2]. This family of viruses employ non-coding RNA sequences, called Internal Ribosomal Entry Site (IRES), to precisely exploit the host machinery for protein production. Using single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) we have characterized at high resolution how the IRES of the intergenic region of the Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus (IAPV) captures and redirects translating ribosomes towards viral messengers. Through a series of six structures at nominal resolutions close to 3[A], we could reconstruct the trajectory of IAPV-IRES from an early small subunit recruitment to a final post-translocated state in the ribosome. An early commitment of IRES/ribosome complexes for global pre-translocation mimicry explains the high efficiency observed for this IRES. The presented structures will help guide on-going efforts directed towards fighting CCD through RNA-interference technology [3].
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acosta-Reyes, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neupane, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/606236</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus IRES captures host ribosomes by mimicking a ribosomal state with hybrid tRNAs.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/607176v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MiR-219 deficiency in Alzheimer’s disease contributes to neurodegeneration and memory dysfunction through post-transcriptional regulation of tau-kinase network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/607176v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intracellular accumulation of hyperphosphorylated misfolded tau proteins is one of the main neuropathological hallmarks in Alzheimers disease (AD) and related tauopathies. Hence, knowledge and understanding of disease mechanisms altering tau proteostasis and inducing cytotoxicity is critical. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are capable of binding to and silencing many target transcripts, providing an additional level of regulation that complements canonical transcriptional pathways. Therefore, observed abnormalities in their expression patterns in neurodegeneration suggest alterations of microRNA-target networks as drivers of cellular dysfunction in the disease. Strikingly, here we have found in autopsy brain tissue that miRNA miR-219 expression levels are decreased in a brain region early affected in AD patients, the entorhinal cortex. Our bioinformatics analysis indicates miR-219 is predicted to target Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 2 gamma subunit (CAMK2{gamma}), Tau tubulin kinase 1 (TTBK1) and Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3{beta}), which are all implicated in the generation of abnormal hyperphosphorylated tau. We reveal human proteomic data supporting dysregulation in the levels of predicted miR-219 targets in the entorhinal cortex. In mammalian cellular models, we found that downregulation of miR-219 de-repress synthesis of three tau kinases, CAMK2{gamma}, TTBK1 and GSK3{beta} on the post-transcriptional level resulting in tau phosphorylation and cell toxicity. Finally, we show that deficiency of miR-219 in vivo promotes age dependent neurodegeneration in the adult brain, with enhanced alterations in tau proteostasis, presynaptic terminals and memory impairment. Taken together, our data implicate miRNA dysregulation central to AD etiopathogenesis and suggest potential targets for the treatment of AD and related tauopathies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arnes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lannes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alaniz, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCabe, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santa-Maria, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/607176</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MiR-219 deficiency in Alzheimer’s disease contributes to neurodegeneration and memory dysfunction through post-transcriptional regulation of tau-kinase network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/608513v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stasimon contributes to the loss of sensory synapses and motor neuron death in a mouse model of spinal muscular atrophy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/608513v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reduced expression of the SMN protein causes spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) - an inherited neurodegenerative disease characterized by multiple synaptic deficits and motor neuron loss. Here, we show that AAV9-mediated delivery of Stasimon - a gene encoding an ER-resident transmembrane protein regulated by SMN - improves motor function in a mouse model of SMA through multiple mechanisms. In proprioceptive neurons of SMA mice, Stasimon overexpression prevents the loss of afferent synapses on motor neurons and enhances sensory-motor neurotransmission. In SMA motor neurons, Stasimon suppresses the neurodegenerative process by selectively reducing phosphorylation but not upregulation of the tumor suppressor p53, both of which are converging events required to trigger neuronal death. We further show that Stasimon deficiency synergizes with SMA-related mechanisms of p53 upregulation to induce phosphorylation of p53. These findings identify Stasimon dysfunction induced by SMN deficiency as an upstream driver of cellular pathways that lead to synaptic loss and motor neuron degeneration, revealing a dual contribution of Stasimon to motor circuit pathology in SMA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Simon, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Alstyne, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotti, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bianchetti, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tisdale, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mentis, G. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellizzoni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/608513</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stasimon contributes to the loss of sensory synapses and motor neuron death in a mouse model of spinal muscular atrophy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/612309v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combined behavioral and electrophysiological evidence for a direct cortical effect of prefrontal tDCS on disorders of consciousness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/612309v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe brain injuries can lead to long-lasting disorders of consciousness (DoC) such as vegetative state/unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (VS/UWS) or minimally conscious state (MCS). While behavioral assessment remains the gold standard to determine conscious state, EEG has proven to be a promising complementary tool to monitor the effect of new therapeutics. Encouraging results have been obtained with invasive electrical stimulation of the brain, and recent studies identified transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) as an effective approach in randomized controlled trials. This non-invasive and inexpensive tool may turn out to be the preferred treatment option. However, its mechanisms of action and physiological effects on brain activity remain unclear and debated. Here, we stimulated 60 DoC patients with the anode placed over left-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in a prospective open-label study. Clinical behavioral assessment improved in twelve patients (20%) and none deteriorated. This behavioral response after tDCS coincided with an enhancement of putative EEG markers of consciousness: in comparison with non-responders, responders showed increases of power and long-range cortico-cortical functional connectivity in the theta-alpha band, and a larger and more sustained P300 suggesting improved conscious access to auditory novelty. The EEG changes correlated with electric fields strengths in prefrontal cortices, and no correlation was found on the scalp. Taken together, this prospective intervention in a large cohort of DoC patients strengthens the validity of the proposed EEG signatures of consciousness, and is suggestive of a direct causal effect of tDCS on consciousness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hermann, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raimondo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirsch, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denis-Valente, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engemann, D.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faugeras, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demeret, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohaut, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parra, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sitt, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naccache, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/612309</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combined behavioral and electrophysiological evidence for a direct cortical effect of prefrontal tDCS on disorders of consciousness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/613638v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hippocampal network reorganization underlies the formation of a temporal association memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/613638v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Episodic memory requires linking events in time, a function dependent on the hippocampus. In "trace" fear conditioning, animals learn to associate a neutral cue with an aversive stimulus despite their separation in time by a delay period on the order of tens of seconds. But how this temporal association forms remains unclear. Here we use 2-photon calcium imaging to track neural population dynamics over the complete time-course of learning and show that, in contrast to previous theories, the hippocampus does not generate persistent activity to bridge the time delay. Instead, learning is concomitant with broad changes in the active neural population in CA1. While neural responses were highly stochastic in time, cue identity could be reliably read out from population activity rates over longer timescales after learning. These results question the ubiquity of neural sequences during temporal association learning, and suggest that trace fear conditioning relies on mechanisms that differ from persistent activity accounts of working memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priestley, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefanini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balough, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavoie, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazzucato, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fusi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Losonczy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/613638</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hippocampal network reorganization underlies the formation of a temporal association memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/613893v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex-dependent polygenic effects on the clinical progressions of Alzheimer’s disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/613893v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sex differences in the manifestations of Alzheimers disease (AD) are under intense investigations 1,2. Despite the emerging importance of polygenic predictions for AD 3-8, the sex-dependent polygenic effects have not been demonstrated. Here, using a sex crossover analysis, we show that sex-dependent autosomal genetic effects on AD can be revealed by characterizing disease progress via the hazard function. We first performed sex-stratified genome-wide associations, and then applied derived sex-dependent weights to two independent cohorts. Sex-matched polygenic hazard scores (PHS) have significantly stronger associations with age-at-disease-onset, clinical progressions, amyloid depositions, neurofibrillary tangles, and composite neuropathological scores, than sex-mismatched PHS, independent of apolipoprotein E. Models without using hazard weights, i.e. polygenic risk scores (PRS), have lower predictive power than PHS and show no evidence for sex differences. Our results indicate revealing sex-dependent genetic architecture requires the consideration of temporal processes of AD. This has strong implications not only for the genetic underpinning of AD but also for how we estimate sex-dependent polygenic effects for clinical use.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fan, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banks, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McEvoy, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kukull, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrer, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayeux, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schellenberg, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desikan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/613893</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex-dependent polygenic effects on the clinical progressions of Alzheimer’s disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/614024v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interaction between DNA damage response, translation and apoptosome determines cancer susceptibility to TOP2 poisons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/614024v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Topoisomerase II poisons are one of the most common class of chemotherapeutics used in cancer. We show that glioblastoma (GBM), the most malignant of all primary brain tumors in adults is responsive to TOP2 poisons. To identify genes that confer susceptibility to this drug in gliomas, we performed a genome-scale CRISPR knockout screen with etoposide. Genes involved in protein synthesis and DNA damage were implicated in etoposide susceptibility. To define potential biomarkers for TOP2 poisons, CRISPR hits were overlapped with genes whose expression correlates with susceptibility to this drug across glioma cell lines, revealing ribosomal protein subunit RPS11, 16, 18 as putative biomarkers for response to TOP2 poisons. Loss of RPS11 impaired the induction of pro-apoptotic gene APAF1 following etoposide treatment, and led to resistance to this drug and doxorubicin. The expression of these ribosomal subunits was also associated with susceptibility to TOP2 poisons across cell lines from multiple cancers.nnGraphical AbstractnnO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=93 SRC="FIGDIR/small/614024v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">nView larger version (14K):norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@310f7org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@14ed578org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@a0d9c0org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@37f59a_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Awah, C. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bansal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warnke, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Buendia, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldstein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zannikou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balyasnikova, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martuscello, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konermann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gyorffy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burdett, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholtens, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stupp, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonabend, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/614024</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interaction between DNA damage response, translation and apoptosome determines cancer susceptibility to TOP2 poisons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/614438v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neurostructural Heterogeneity in Youth with Internalizing Symptoms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/614438v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Internalizing disorders such as anxiety and depression are the most common psychiatric disorders, frequently begin in youth, and exhibit marked heterogeneity in treatment response and clinical course. It is increasingly recognized that symptom-based classification approaches to internalizing disorders do not align with underlying neurobiology. An alternative to classifying psychopathology based on clinical symptoms is to identify neurobiologically-informed subtypes based on brain imaging data. We used a recently developed semi-supervised machine learning method (HYDRA) to delineate patterns of neurobiological heterogeneity within youth with internalizing symptoms using structural imaging data collected at 3T from a large community-based sample of 1,141 youth. Using volume and cortical thickness, cross-validation methods indicated a highly stable solution (ARI=.66; permutation-based pfdr < .001) and identified two subtypes of internalizing youth. Subtype 1, defined by smaller brain volumes and reduced cortical thickness, was marked by impaired cognitive performance and higher levels of psychopathology than both Subtype 2 and typically developing youth. Using resting-state fMRI and diffusion images not considered during clustering, we found that Subtype 1 also showed reduced amplitudes of low-frequency fluctuations in fronto-limbic regions at rest, as well as reduced fractional anisotropy in white matter tracts such as the parahippocampal cingulum bundle and the uncinate fasciculus. In contrast, Subtype 2 showed intact cognitive performance, greater volume, cortical thickness, and amplitudes during rest compared to Subtype 1 and typically developing youth, despite still showing clinically significant levels of psychopathology. Identification of biologically-grounded subtypes of internalizing disorders may assist in targeting early interventions and assessing longitudinal prognosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaczkurkin, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotiras, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baller, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calkins, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chand, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erus, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roalf, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, A. F. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruparel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinohara, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varol, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davatzikos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satterthwaite, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/614438</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neurostructural Heterogeneity in Youth with Internalizing Symptoms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/615872v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Myeloid Tribbles 1 induces early atherosclerosis via enhanced foam cell expansion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/615872v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macrophages drive atherosclerotic plaque progression and rupture, hence attenuating their atherosclerosis-inducing properties holds promise for reducing coronary heart disease (CHD). Recent studies in mouse models have demonstrated that Tribbles 1 (Trib1) regulates macrophage phenotype and shows that Trib1 deficiency increases plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels, suggesting that reduced TRIB1 expression mediates the strong genetic association between the TRIB1 locus and increased CHD risk in man. However, we report here that myeloid-specific Trib1 (mTrib1) deficiency reduces early atheroma formation and that mTrib1 transgene expression increases atherogenesis. Mechanistically, mTrib1 increased macrophage lipid accumulation and the expression of a critical receptor (OLR1), promoting oxidized low density lipoprotein uptake and the formation of lipid-laden foam cells. As TRIB1 and OLR1 RNA levels were also strongly correlated in human macrophages, we suggest that a conserved, TRIB1-mediated mechanism drives foam cell formation in atherosclerotic plaque and that inhibiting mTRIB1 could be used therapeutically to reduce CHD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnston, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angyal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamby, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suvarna, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baidzajevas, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hegedus, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dear, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Cardiogenics Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rader, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoulders, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiss-Toth, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/615872</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Myeloid Tribbles 1 induces early atherosclerosis via enhanced foam cell expansion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/617514v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A single wave of monocytes is sufficient to replenish the long-term Langerhans cell network after immune injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/617514v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Embryo-derived Langerhans cells (eLC) are maintained within the sealed epidermis without contribution from circulating cells. When the network is perturbed by transient exposure to ultra-violet light, short-term LC are temporarily reconstituted from an initial wave of monocytes, but thought to be superseded by more permanent repopulation with undefined LC precursors. However, the extent to which this mechanism is relevant to immune-pathological processes that damage LC population integrity is not known. Using a model of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, where allo-reactive T cells directly target eLC, we have asked if and how the original LC network is ultimately restored. We find that donor monocytes, but not dendritic cells, are the precursors of the long-term LC in this context. Destruction of eLC leads to recruitment of a single wave of monocytes which engraft in the epidermis and undergo a sequential pathway of differentiation via transcriptionally distinct EpCAM+ precursors. Monocyte-derived LC acquire the capacity of self-renewal, and turn-over in the epidermis was remarkably similar to that of steady state eLC. However, we have identified a bottleneck in the differentiation and survival of epidermal monocytes, which together with the slow turn-over of mature LC limits repair of the network. Furthermore, replenishment of the LC network leads to constitutive entry of cells into the epidermal compartment. Thus, immune injury triggers functional adaptation of mechanisms used to maintain tissue-resident macrophages at other sites, but this process is highly inefficient in the skin.nnHighlightsO_LIImmune injury leads to recruitment of a single wave of monocytes to replace resident Langerhans cells (LC).nC_LIO_LIDC lineage cells cannot become long-term replacement LC.nC_LIO_LIThe size of the re-emerging network is controlled by density-dependent division of mature LC.nC_LIO_LIImmune injury and inefficient repopulation by monocyte-derived cells lead to a permanently altered LC niche.nC_LInnnnO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=107 SRC="FIGDIR/small/617514v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">nView larger version (32K):norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c08563org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@753e0corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@13ca3cforg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@269ffc_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ferrer, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ushakov, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos e Sousa, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strid, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraverty, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/617514</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A single wave of monocytes is sufficient to replenish the long-term Langerhans cell network after immune injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/617936v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The role of lineage, hemilineage and temporal identity in establishing neuronal targeting and connectivity in the Drosophila embryo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/617936v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanisms specifying neuronal diversity are well-characterized, yet it remains unclear how or if these mechanisms regulate neural circuit assembly. To address this, we mapped the developmental origin of 160 interneurons from seven bilateral neural progenitors (neuroblasts), and identify them in a synapse-scale TEM reconstruction of the Drosophila larval CNS. We find that lineages concurrently build the sensory and motor neuropils by generating sensory and motor hemilineages in a Notch-dependent manner. Neurons in a hemilineage share common synaptic targeting within the neuropil, which is further refined based on neuronal temporal identity. Connectome analysis shows that hemilineage-temporal cohorts share common connectivity. Finally, we show that proximity alone cannot explain the observed connectivity structure, suggesting hemilineage/temporal identity confers an added layer of specificity. Thus, we demonstrate that the mechanisms specifying neuronal diversity also govern circuit formation and function, and that these principles are broadly applicable throughout the nervous system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mark, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, S.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arzan Zarin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardona, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Truman, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doe, C. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/617936</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The role of lineage, hemilineage and temporal identity in establishing neuronal targeting and connectivity in the Drosophila embryo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/618496v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Retromer repletion with AAV9-VPS35 restores endosomal function in the mouse hippocampus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/618496v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retromer has emerged as a master conductor of endosomal trafficking, and VPS35 and other retromer-related proteins are found to be deficient in late-onset Alzheimers disease (AD). Depleting VPS35 in neurons impairs retromer function, affecting for example the trafficking of the amyloid-precursor protein (APP) and the glutamate receptor GluA1. Whether VPS35 repletion, after chronic in vivo depletion, can rescue these impairments remains unknown. Here we set out to address this question by using a viral vector approach for VPS35 repletion. First, we completed a series of studies using neuronal cultures in order to optimize AAV9-VPS35 delivery, and to understand how exogenous VPS35 expression affects its endogenous levels as well as its binding to other retromer proteins. Next, we completed a series of studies in wildtype mice to determine the optimum protocol for in vivo delivery of AAV9-VPS35 to the hippocampus. We relied on this information to deliver AAV9-VPS35 to the hippocampus of mice genetically engineered to have chronic, neuronal-selective, VPS35 depletion. VPS35 repletion in the hippocampus was found to normalize APP cleavage and to restore glutamate receptor levels. Unexpectedly, chronic VPS35 depletion in neurons caused glial activation, similar to the pattern observed in AD, which was also partially normalized by VPS35 repletion. Taken together, these studies strengthen the mechanistic link between retromer and AD, and have therapeutic implications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qureshi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simoes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kannan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waksal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petsko, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Small, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/618496</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Retromer repletion with AAV9-VPS35 restores endosomal function in the mouse hippocampus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/619478v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dopamine modulates learning-related changes in dynamic striatal-cortical connectivity in Parkinson’s disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/619478v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Learning from reinforcement is thought to depend on striatal dopamine inputs, which serve to update the value of actions by modifying connections in widespread cortico-striatal circuits. While considerable research has described the activity of individual striatal and midbrain regions in reinforcement learning, the broader role for dopamine in modulating network-level processes has been difficult to decipher. To examine whether dopamine modulates circuit-level dynamic connectivity during learning, we characterized the effects of dopamine on learning-related dynamic functional connectivity estimated from fMRI data acquired in patients with Parkinsons disease. Patients with Parkinsons disease have severe dopamine depletion in the striatum and are treated with dopamine replacement drugs, providing an opportunity to compare learning and network dynamics when patients are in a low dopamine state (off drugs) versus a high dopamine state (on drugs). We assessed the relationship between dopamine and dynamic connectivity while patients performed a probabilistic reversal learning task. We found that reversal learning altered dynamic network flexibility in the striatum and that this effect was dependent on dopaminergic state. We also found that dopamine modulated changes in connectivity between the striatum and specific task-relevant visual areas of inferior temporal cortex, providing empirical support for theories stipulating that value is updated through changes in cortico-striatal circuits. These results suggest that dopamine exerts a widespread effect on neural circuitry and network dynamics during reinforcement learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gerraty, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharp, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassett, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shohamy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/619478</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dopamine modulates learning-related changes in dynamic striatal-cortical connectivity in Parkinson’s disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/619544v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adapterama II: Universal amplicon sequencing on Illumina platforms (TaggiMatrix) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/619544v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) of amplicons is used in a wide variety of contexts. Most NGS amplicon sequencing remains overly expensive and inflexible, with library preparation strategies relying upon the fusion of locus-specific primers to full-length adapter sequences with a single identifying sequence or ligating adapters onto PCR products. In Adapterama I, we presented universal stubs and primers to produce thousands of unique index combinations and a modifiable system for incorporating them into Illumina libraries. Here, we describe multiple ways to use the Adapterama system and other approaches for amplicon sequencing on Illumina instruments. In the variant we use most frequently for large-scale projects, we fuse partial adapter sequences (TruSeq or Nextera) onto the 5 end of locus-specific PCR primers with variable-length tag sequences between the adapter and locus-specific sequences. These fusion primers can be used combinatorially to amplify samples within a 96-well plate (eight forward primers + 12 reverse primers yield 8 x 12 = 96 combinations), and the resulting amplicons can be pooled. The initial PCR products then serve as template for a second round of PCR with dual-indexed iTru or iNext primers (also used combinatorially) to make full-length libraries. The resulting quadruple-indexed amplicons have diversity at most base positions and can be pooled with any standard Illumina library for sequencing. The number of sequencing reads from the amplicon pools can be adjusted, facilitating deep sequencing when required or reducing sequencing costs per sample to an economically trivial amount when deep coverage is not needed. We demonstrate the utility and versatility of our approaches with results from six projects using different implementations of our protocols. Thus, we show that these methods facilitate amplicon library construction for Illumina instruments at reduced cost with increased flexibility. A simple web page to design fusion primers compatible with iTru primers is available at: http://baddna.uga.edu/tools-taggi.html. A fast and easy to use program to demultiplex amplicon pools with internal indexes is available at: https://github.com/lefeverde/Mr_Demuxy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Glenn, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierson, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayona-Vasquez, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kieran, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffberg, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lefever, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finger, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolli, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bentley, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rushmore, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, T. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothrock, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKee, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mauricio, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cummings, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lash, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbell, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faircloth, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/619544</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adapterama II: Universal amplicon sequencing on Illumina platforms (TaggiMatrix)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/620633v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Isoform specificity of PKMs during long-term facilitation in Aplysia is mediated through stabilization by KIBRA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/620633v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Persistent activity of protein kinase M (PKM), the truncated form of protein kinase C (PKC), can maintain long-term changes in synaptic strength in many systems including the hermaphrodite marine mollusk, Aplysia californica. Moreover, different types of long-term facilitation (LTF) in cultured Aplysia sensorimotor synapses rely on the activities of different PKM isoforms in the presynaptic sensory neuron and postsynaptic motor neuron. When the atypical PKM isoform was required, the kidney and brain expressed adaptor protein (KIBRA) was also required. Here, we explore how this isoform specificity is established. We find that PKM overexpression in the motor neuron, but not the sensory neuron, is sufficient to increase synaptic strength and that this activity is not isoform specific. KIBRA is not the rate-limiting step in facilitation since overexpression of KIBRA is neither sufficient to increase synaptic strength, nor to prolong a form of PKM-dependent intermediate synaptic facilitation. However, the isoform specificity of dominant negative (DN)-PKMs to erase LTF is correlated with isoform specific competition for stabilization by KIBRA. We identify a new conserved region of KIBRA. Different splice isoforms in this region stabilize different PKMs based on the isoform-specific sequence of an alpha-helix  handle in the PKMs. Thus, specific stabilization of distinct PKMs by different isoforms of KIBRA can explain the isoform specificity of PKMs during LTF in Aplysia.nnSignificance StatementLong lasting changes in synaptic plasticity associated with memory formation are maintained by persistent protein kinases. We have previously shown in the Aplysia sensorimotor model that distinct isoforms of persistently active protein kinase Cs (PKMs) maintain distinct forms of long-lasting synaptic changes, even when both forms are expressed in the same motor neuron. Here, we show that, while the effects of overexpression of PKMs in not isoform specific, isoform specificity is defined by a  handle helix in PKMs that confers stabilization by distinct splice forms in a previously undefined domain of the adaptor protein KIBRA. Thus, we define new regions in both KIBRA and PKMs that define the isoform specificity for maintaining synaptic strength in distinct facilitation paradigms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glanzman, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schacher, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sossin, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/620633</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Isoform specificity of PKMs during long-term facilitation in Aplysia is mediated through stabilization by KIBRA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/620948v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbial Similarity between Students in a Common Dormitory Environment Reveals the Forensic Potential of Individual Microbial Signatures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/620948v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The microbiota of the built environment is an amalgamation of both human and environmental sources. While human sources have been examined within single-family households or in public environments, it is unclear what effect a large number of cohabitating people have on the microbial communities of their shared environment. We sampled the public and private spaces of a college dormitory, disentangling individual microbial signatures and their impact on the microbiota of common spaces. We compared multiple methods for marker gene sequence clustering, and found that Minimum Entropy Decomposition (MED) was best able to distinguish between the microbial signatures of different individuals, and was able to uncover more discriminative taxa across all taxonomic groups. Further, weighted UniFrac- and random forest-based graph analyses uncovered two distinct spheres of hand or shoe associated samples. For hand-associated samples, connection between cliques was enriched for hands, implicating them as a primary means of transmission. By contrast, shoe-associated samples were found to be freely interacting, with individual shoes more connected to each other than to the floors they interact with. Individual interactions were highly dynamic, with groups of samples originating from individuals clustering freely with other individuals, while all floor and shoe samples consistently clustered together.nnImportanceHumans leave behind a microbial trail, regardless of intention. This may allow for the identification of individuals based on the  microbial signatures they shed in built environments. In a shared living environment, these trails intersect, and through interaction with common surfaces may become homogenized, potentially confounding our ability to link individuals to their associated microbiota. We sought to understand the factors that influence the mixing of individual signatures, and how best to process sequencing data to best tease apart these signatures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Richardson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lax, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/620948</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbial Similarity between Students in a Common Dormitory Environment Reveals the Forensic Potential of Individual Microbial Signatures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/620971v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A new approach to automated CBMN scoring following high doses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/620971v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In recent years we have automated the CBMN assay using microvolumes of blood, processed in multiwell plates. We have seen that at doses above 6 Gy the detected yield of micronuclei actually declines with dose, likely because of mitotic delay, preventing cells from forming micronuclei and also, when using one color imaging, resulting in many false binucleated cells, consisting of two randomly-adjacent nuclei. By using the inverse mitotic index (the ratio of mononuclear to binuclear cells) to adjust the micronucleus yield we were able to obtain a monotonic increasing dose response curve at doses of up to at least 10 Gy from the same samples which generated dose-response curve with a peak near 6 Gy, when scored using the traditional micronucleus yield.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Repin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garty, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/620971</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A new approach to automated CBMN scoring following high doses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/621185v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptive substitutions underlying cardiac glycoside insensitivity in insects exhibit epistasis in vivo. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/621185v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predicting how species will respond to selection pressures requires understanding the factors that constrain their evolution. We use genome engineering of Drosophila to investigate constraints on the repeated evolution of unrelated herbivorous insects to toxic cardiac glycosides, which primarily occurs via a small subset of possible functionally-relevant substitutions to Na+,K+-ATPase. Surprisingly, we find that frequently observed adaptive substitutions at two sites, 111 and 122, are lethal when homozygous and adult heterozygotes exhibit dominant neural dysfunction. We identify a phylogenetically correlated substitution, A119S, that partially ameliorates the deleterious effects of substitutions at 111 and 122. Despite contributing little to cardiac glycoside-insensitivity in vitro, A119S, like substitutions at 111 and 122, substantially increases adult survivorship upon cardiac glycoside exposure. Our results demonstrate the importance of epistasis in constraining adaptive paths. Moreover, by revealing distinct effects of substitutions in vitro and in vivo, our results underscore the importance of evaluating the fitness of adaptive substitutions and their interactions in whole organisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taverner, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barile, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becky, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinharanda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roland, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talsma, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petschenka, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palladino, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andolfatto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/621185</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptive substitutions underlying cardiac glycoside insensitivity in insects exhibit epistasis in vivo.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/621250v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Psychotic symptoms in 16p11.2 copy number variant carriers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/621250v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
16p11.2 copy number variation (CNV) is implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders, with the duplication and deletion associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and the duplication associated with schizophrenia (SCZ). The 16p11.2 CNV may therefore provide insight into the relationship between ASD and SCZ, distinct disorders that co-occur at an elevated rate and are difficult to distinguish from each other and from common co-occurring diagnoses such as obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), itself a potential risk factor for SCZ. As psychotic symptoms are core to SCZ but distinct from ASD, we sought to examine their predictors in a population (n = 546) of 16p11.2 CNV carriers and their noncarrier siblings recruited by the Simons Variation in Individuals Project. We hypothesized that psychotic symptoms would be most common in duplication carriers followed by deletion carriers and noncarriers, that an ASD diagnosis would predict psychotic symptoms among CNV carriers, and that OCD symptoms would predict psychotic symptoms among all participants. Using data collected across multiple measures, we identified 19 participants with psychotic symptoms. Logistic regression models adjusting for biological sex, age, and IQ found that 16p11.2 duplication and ASD diagnosis predicted psychotic symptom presence. Our findings suggest that the association between 16p11.2 duplication and psychotic symptoms is independent of ASD diagnosis and that ASD diagnosis and psychotic symptoms may be associated in 16p11.2 CNV carriers.nnLay SummaryEither deletion or duplication at chromosome 16p11.2 raises the risk of autism spectrum disorder, and duplication, but not deletion, has been reported in schizophrenia. In a sample of 16p11.2 deletion and duplication carriers, we found that having the duplication or having an autism diagnosis may increase the risk of psychosis, a key feature of schizophrenia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jutla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green Snyder, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veenstra-VanderWeele, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/621250</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Psychotic symptoms in 16p11.2 copy number variant carriers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/621292v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Memory for Individual Items is Related to Non-Reinforced Preference Change 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/621292v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is commonly assumed that memories contribute to value-based decisions. Nevertheless, most theories of value-based decision-making do not account for memory influences on choice. Recently, new interest has emerged in the interactions between these two fundamental processes, mainly using reinforcement-based paradigms. Here, we aimed to study the role memory processes play in preference change following the non-reinforced cue-approach training (CAT) paradigm. In CAT, the mere association of cued items with a speeded motor response influences choices. Previous studies with this paradigm showed that a single training session induces a long-lasting effect of enhanced preferences for high-value trained stimuli, that is maintained for several months. We hypothesized that CAT influences memory accessibility for trained items, leading to enhanced accessibility of their positive associative memories and in turn to preference changes. In two pre-registered experiments, we tested whether memory for trained items was enhanced following CAT, in the short and in the long-term, and whether memory modifications were related to choices. We found that memory was enhanced for trained items and that better memory was correlated with enhanced preferences at the individual item level, both immediately and one month following CAT. Our findings show that memory plays a central role in value-based decision-making following CAT, even in the absence of external reinforcements. These findings contribute to new theories relating memory and value-based decision-making and set the groundwork for the implementation of novel behavioral interventions that lead to long-lasting behavioral change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Botvinik-Nezer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakkour, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salomon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shohamy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schonberg, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/621292</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Memory for Individual Items is Related to Non-Reinforced Preference Change]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/621540v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hierarchical recurrent state space models reveal discrete and continuous dynamics of neural activity in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/621540v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modern recording techniques enable large-scale measurements of neural activity in a variety of model organisms. The dynamics of neural activity shed light on how organisms process sensory information and generate motor behavior. Here, we study these dynamics using optical recordings of neural activity in the nematode C. elegans. To understand these data, we develop state space models that decompose neural time-series into segments with simple, linear dynamics. We incorporate these models into a hierarchical framework that combines partial recordings from many worms to learn shared structure, while still allowing for individual variability. This framework reveals latent states of population neural activity, along with the discrete behavioral states that govern dynamics in this state space. We find stochastic transition patterns between discrete states and see that transition probabilities are determined by both current brain activity and sensory cues. Our methods automatically recover transition times that closely match manual labels of different behaviors, such as forward crawling, reversals, and turns. Finally, the resulting model can simulate neural data, faithfully capturing salient patterns of whole brain dynamics seen in real data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Linderman, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, A. L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blei, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/621540</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hierarchical recurrent state space models reveal discrete and continuous dynamics of neural activity in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/623827v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The neuronal calcium sensor Synaptotagmin-1 and SNARE proteins cooperate to dilate fusion pores mechanically 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/623827v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
All membrane fusion reactions proceed through an initial fusion pore, including calcium-triggered release of neurotransmitters and hormones. Expansion of this small pore to release cargo is energetically costly and regulated by cells, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we show that the neuronal/exocytic calcium sensor Synaptotagmin-1 (Syt1) promotes expansion of fusion pores induced by SNARE proteins. Pore dilation relied on calcium-induced insertion of the tandem C2 domain hydrophobic loops of Syt1 into the membrane, previously shown to reorient the C2 domain. Mathematical modelling suggests that C2B reorientation rotates a bound SNARE complex so that it exerts force on the membranes in a mechanical lever action that increases the height of the fusion pore, provoking pore dilation to offset the bending energy penalty. We conclude that Syt1 exerts novel non-local calcium-dependent mechanical forces on fusion pores that dilate pores and assist neurotransmitter and hormone release.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTDuring neurotransmitter release, calcium-induced membrane insertion of the C2B domain of Synaptotagmin re-orients the bound SNARE complex which dilates the fusion pore in a mechanical lever action.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dharan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiyagarajan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Shaughnessy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karatekin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/623827</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The neuronal calcium sensor Synaptotagmin-1 and SNARE proteins cooperate to dilate fusion pores mechanically]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/624155v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Role of Sevenless in Drosophila R7 Photoreceptor Specification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/624155v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sevenless (Sev) is a Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) that is required for the specification of the Drosophila R7 photoreceptor. Other Drosophila photoreceptors are specified by the action of another RTK; the Drosophila EGF Receptor (DER). Why Sev is required specifically in the R7 precursor, and the exact role it plays in the cells fate assignment have long remained unclear. Notch (N) signaling plays many roles in R7 specification, one of which is to prevent DER activity from establishing the photoreceptor fate. Our current model of Sev function is that it hyperactivates the RTK pathway in the R7 precursor to overcome in the N-imposed block on photoreceptor specification. From this perspective DER and Sev are viewed as engaging the same transduction machinery, the only difference between them being the level of pathway activation that they induce. To test this model, we generated a Sev/DER chimera in which the intracellular domain of Sev is replaced with that of DER. This chimerical receptor acts indistinguishably from Sev itself; a result that is entirely consistent with the two RTKs sharing identical transduction abilities. A long-standing question in regard to Sev is the function of a hydrophobic domain some 60 amino acids from the initiating Methionine. If this represents a transmembrane domain, it would endow Sev with N-terminal intracellular sequences through which it could engage internal transduction pathways. However, we find that this domain acts as an internal signal peptide, and that there is no Sev N-terminal intracellular domain. phyllopod (phyl) is the target gene of the RTK pathway, and we show that R7 precursors are selectively lost when phyl gene function is mildly compromised, and that other photoreceptors are removed when the gene function is further reduced. This result adds a key piece of evidence for the hyperactivation of the RTK pathway in the R7 precursor. To facilitate the hyperactivation of the RTK pathway, Sev is expressed at high levels. However, when we express DER at the levels at which Sev is expressed, strong gain-of-function effects result, consistent with ligand-independent activation of the receptor. This highlights another key feature of Sev; that it is expressed at high levels yet remains strictly ligand dependent. Finally, we find that activated Sev can rescue R3/4 photoreceptors when their DER function is abrogated. These results are collectively consistent with Sev and DER activating the same transduction machinery, with Sev generating a pathway hyperactivation to overcome the N-imposed block to photoreceptor specification in R7 precursors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tomlinson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mavromatakis, Y. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arias, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/624155</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Role of Sevenless in Drosophila R7 Photoreceptor Specification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/624239v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Are place cells just memory cells? Memory compression leads to spatial tuning and history dependence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/624239v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The observation of place cells has suggested that the hippocampus plays a special role in encoding spatial information. However, place cell responses are modulated by several non-spatial variables, and reported to be rather unstable. Here we propose a memory model of the hippocampus that provides a novel interpretation of place cells consistent with these observations. We hypothesize that the hippocampus is a memory device that takes advantage of the correlations between sensory experiences to generate compressed representations of the episodes that are stored in memory. A simple neural network model that can efficiently compress information naturally produces place cells that are similar to those observed in experiments. It predicts that the activity of these cells is variable and that the fluctuations of the place fields encode information about the recent history of sensory experiences. Place cells may simply be a consequence of a memory compression process implemented in the hippocampus.

Significance StatementNumerous studies on humans revealed the importance of the hippocampus in memory formation. The rodent literature instead focused on the spatial representations that are observed in navigation experiments. Here we propose a simple model of the hippocampus that reconciles the main findings of the human and rodent studies. The model assumes that the hippocampus is a memory system that generates compressed representations of sensory experiences using previously acquired knowledge about the statistics of the world. These experiences can then be memorized more efficiently. The sensory experiences during the exploration of an environment, when compressed by the hippocampus, lead naturally to spatial representations similar to those observed in rodent studies and to the emergence of place cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benna, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fusi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/624239</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Are place cells just memory cells? Memory compression leads to spatial tuning and history dependence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/625582v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electronic Health Records Based Prediction of Future Incidence of Alzheimers Disease Using Machine Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/625582v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nationwide population-based cohort provides a new opportunity to build a completely automated risk prediction model based on individuals history of health and healthcare beyond existing risk prediction models. We tested the possibility of machine learning models to predict future incidence of Alzheimers disease (AD) using large-scale administrative health data. From the Korean National Health Insurance Service database between 2002 and 2010, we obtained de-identified health data in elders above 65 years (N=40,736) containing 4,894 unique clinical features including ICD-10 codes, medication codes, laboratory values, history of personal and family illness, and socio-demographics. To define incident AD two operational definitions were considered: "definite AD" with diagnostic codes and dementia medication (n=614) and "probable AD" with only diagnosis (n=2,026). We trained and validated a random forest, support vector machine, and logistic regression to predict incident AD in 1,2,3, and 4 subsequent years. For predicting future incidence of AD in balanced samples (bootstrapping), the machine learning models showed reasonable performance in 1-year prediction with AUC of 0.775 and 0.759, based on "definite AD" and "probable AD" outcomes, respectively; in 2-year, 0.730 and 0.693; in 3-year, 0.677 and 0.644; in 4-year, 0.725 and 0.683. The results were similar when the entire (unbalanced) samples were used. Important clinical features selected in logistic regression included hemoglobin level, age, and urine protein level. This study may shed a light on the utility of the data-driven machine learning model based on large-scale administrative health data in AD risk prediction, which may enable better selection of individuals at risk for AD in clinical trials or early detection in clinical settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wall, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>CHA, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/625582</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electronic Health Records Based Prediction of Future Incidence of Alzheimers Disease Using Machine Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/626051v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
cohorts: A Python package for clinical ‘omics data management 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/626051v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryPrecision medicine uses patient clinical and molecular characteristics to personalize diagnosis and treatment. This emerging discipline integrates multi-modal data into large-scale studies of human disease to make accurate individual-level predictions. The success of these studies will depend on the generalizability of the results, the ability of other researchers and clinicians to replicate studies, and the understandability of the methods used. Tools for data management and standardization are needed to promote flexible, transparent, and reproducible analyses. Here we present cohorts, a python package facilitating clinical and biomarker data management to enhance standardization and reproducibility of clinical findings.nnAvailabilityThe python package cohorts is available at http://www.github.com/ngiangre/cohorts.nnCONTACTNPT2105@CUMC.COLUMBIA.EDU
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giangreco, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fine, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tatonetti, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/626051</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[cohorts: A Python package for clinical ‘omics data management]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/627141v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human Trypanosoma cruzi infection risk is driven by eco-social interactions in rural communities of the Argentine Chaco 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/627141v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi to humans is determined by multiple ecological, socio-economic and cultural factors acting at different scales. Their effects on the human risk of infection with T. cruzi have often been examined separately or using a limited set of ecological and socio-demographic variables. Herein, we integrated the ecological and social dimensions of human disease risk with the spatial distribution patterns of human and vector (Triatoma infestans) infection with T. cruzi in rural communities of the Argentine Chaco composed mainly of indigenous people (90% Qom) and a creole minority. Prior to the implementation of a vector control intervention, the estimated seroprevalence of T. cruzi among 1,929 local residents examined in a cross-sectional study was 29.0%, and was twice as large in Qom than creoles. Using generalized linear mixed models, the risk of human infection increased by 60% with each additional infected triatomine and by 40% with each seropositive household co-inhabitant; increased significantly with increasing household social vulnerability (a multidimensional index of poverty), and decreased with increasing host availability in sleeping quarters. A significant negative interaction between household social vulnerability and the relative abundance of infected T. infestans indicated that vulnerable household residents were exposed to a higher risk of infection even at low infected-vector abundances. Household mobility within the study area reduced the effects of domiciliary vector abundance, possibly due to less consistent exposures. Nonetheless, the seroprevalence rates of movers and non-movers were not significantly different. Human infection was clustered by household and at a larger spatial scale, with hotspots of human and vector infection matching areas of higher social vulnerability. These results were integrated in a risk map that shows high-priority areas for targeted interventions oriented to suppress house (re)infestations, treat infected children, and thus reduce the burden of future disease.nnAuthor summaryChagas disease is one of the main neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) affecting vulnerable communities in Latin America where transmission by triatomine vectors still occurs. Access to diagnosis and treatment is one of the remaining challenges for sustainable control of Chagas disease in endemic areas. In this study, we integrated the ecological and social determinants of human infection with the spatial component to identify individuals, households and geographic sectors at higher risk of infection. We found that the risk of human infection was higher in indigenous people compared to creoles, and increased with the abundance of infected vectors and with household social vulnerability (a multidimensional index of poverty). We also found that the social factors modulated the effect of the abundance of infected vectors: vulnerable-household residents were exposed to a higher risk of infection even at low infected-vector abundance, and human mobility within the area determined a lower and more variable exposure to the vector over time. These results were integrated in a risk map that showed high-priority areas, which can be used in designing cost-effective serological screening strategies adapted to resource-constrained areas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, M. d. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaspe, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sartor, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gürtler, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/627141</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human Trypanosoma cruzi infection risk is driven by eco-social interactions in rural communities of the Argentine Chaco]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/627596v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The use of a centrifuge-free RABiT-II system for high-throughput micronucleus analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/627596v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay is considered as the most suitable biodosimetry method for automation. Previously, we automated this assay on a commercial robotic biotech high-throughput system (RABiT-II) adopting both a traditional and an accelerated micronucleus protocol, both using centrifugation steps for lymphocyte harvesting and washing, after whole blood culturing. Here we describe further development of our accelerated CBMN assay protocol for using on High Throughput/High Content Screening (HTS/HCS) robotic systems without a centrifuge. This opens the way for implementation of the CBMN assay on a wider range of commercial automated HTS/HCS systems and thus increases the potential capacity of dose estimates following a mass-casualty radiological event.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Repin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pampou, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garty, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/627596</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The use of a centrifuge-free RABiT-II system for high-throughput micronucleus analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/627661v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of Pathogenic Structural Variants in Rare Disease Patients through Genome Sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/627661v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeClinical whole genome sequencing is becoming more common for determining the molecular diagnosis of rare disease. However, standard clinical practice often focuses on small variants such as single nucleotide variants and small insertions/deletions. This leaves a wide range of larger "structural variants" that are not commonly analyzed in patients.nnMethodsWe developed a pipeline for processing structural variants for patients who received whole genome sequencing through the Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN). This pipeline called structural variants, stored them in an internal database, and filtered the variants based on internal frequencies and external annotations. The remaining variants were manually inspected and then interesting findings were reported as research variants to clinical sites in the UDN.nnResultsOf 477 analyzed UDN cases, 286 cases ({approx} 60%) received at least one structural variant as a research finding. The variants in 16 cases ({approx} 4%) are considered "Certain" or "Highly likely" molecularly diagnosed and another 4 cases are currently in review. Of those 20 cases, at least 13 were identified originally through our pipeline with one finding leading to identification of a new disease. As part of this paper, we have also released the collection of variant calls identified in our cohort along with heterozygous and homozygous call counts. This data is available at https://github.com/HudsonAlpha/UDN_SV_export.nnConclusionStructural variants are key genetic features that should be analyzed during routine clinical genomic analysis. For our UDN patients, structural variants helped solve {approx} 4% of the total number of cases ({approx} 13% of all genome sequencing solves), a success rate we expect to improve with better tools and greater understanding of the human genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holt, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birch, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gajapathy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sosonkina, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilk, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spillmann, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stong, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohler, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macnamara, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diseases Network, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shashi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worthey, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/627661</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of Pathogenic Structural Variants in Rare Disease Patients through Genome Sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/629295v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stem cell-derived cranial and spinal motor neurons reveal proteostatic differences between ALS resistant and sensitive motor neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/629295v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) spinal motor neurons (SpMN) progressively degenerate while a subset of cranial motor neurons (CrMN) are spared until late stages of the disease. Using a rapid and efficient protocol to differentiate mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC) to SpMNs and CrMNs, we now report that ESC-derived CrMNs accumulate less human (h)SOD1 and insoluble p62 than SpMNs over time. ESC-derived CrMNs have higher proteasome activity to degrade misfolded proteins and are intrinsically more resistant to chemically-induced proteostatic stress than SpMNs. Chemical and genetic activation of the proteasome rescues SpMN sensitivity to proteostatic stress. In agreement, the hSOD1 G93A mouse model reveals that ALS-resistant CrMNs accumulate less insoluble hSOD1 and p62-containing inclusions than SpMNs. Primary-derived ALS-resistant CrMNs are also more resistant than SpMNs to proteostatic stress. Thus, an ESC-based platform has identified a superior capacity to maintain a healthy proteome as a possible mechanism to resist ALS-induced neurodegeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>An, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujiki, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iannitelli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smerdon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maity, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelber, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wanaselja, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yagudayeva, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wichterle, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazzoni, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/629295</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stem cell-derived cranial and spinal motor neurons reveal proteostatic differences between ALS resistant and sensitive motor neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/629949v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Variable prediction accuracy of polygenic scores within an ancestry group 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/629949v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fields as diverse as human genetics and sociology are increasingly using polygenic scores based on genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for phenotypic prediction. However, recent work has shown that polygenic scores have limited portability across groups of different genetic ancestries, restricting the contexts in which they can be used reliably and potentially creating serious inequities in future clinical applications. Using the UK Biobank data, we demonstrate that even within a single ancestry group, the prediction accuracy of polygenic scores depends on characteristics such as the age or sex composition of the individuals in which the GWAS and the prediction were conducted, and on the GWAS study design. Our findings highlight both the complexities of interpreting polygenic scores and underappreciated obstacles to their broad use.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mostafavi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harpak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conley, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pritchard, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przeworski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/629949</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Variable prediction accuracy of polygenic scores within an ancestry group]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/632273v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting neurodevelopmental outcomes in children with perinatal HIV using a novel machine learning algorithm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/632273v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundA subset of children with perinatal HIV (pHIV) experience long-term neurocognitive symptoms despite treatment with antiretroviral therapy. However, predictors of neurocognitive outcomes remain elusive, particularly for children with pHIV residing in low-to-middle income countries. The present study utilized a novel data analytic approach to identify clinically-relevant predictors of neurocognitive development in children with pHIV.nnMethodsAnalyses were conducted on a large repository of longitudinal data from 285 children with pHIV in Thailand (n=170) and Cambodia (n=115). Participants were designated as neurocognitively resilient (i.e., positive slope; n=143) or at risk (i.e., negative slope; n=142) according to annual performances on the Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration over an average of 5.4 years. Gradient-boosted multivariate regression (GBM) with 5-fold cross validation was utilized to identify the optimal combination of demographic, HIV disease, blood markers, and emotional health indices that predicted classification into the two neurocognitive subgroups. Model performance was assessed using Receiver Operator Curves and sensitivity/specificity.nnResultsThe analytic approach distinguished neurocognitive subgroups with high accuracy (93%; sensitivity and specificity each > 90%). Dynamic change indices and interactions between mental health and biological indices emerged as key predictors.nnConclusionMachine learning-based regression defined a unique explanatory model of neurocognitive outcomes among children with pHIV. The predictive algorithm included a combination of HIV, physical health, and mental health indices extracted from readily available clinical measures. Studies are needed to explore the clinical relevance of the data-driven explanatory model, including potential to inform targeted interventions aimed at modifiable risk factors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paul, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mellins, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robbins, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerr, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sophonphan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanshad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auripibul, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thongpibul, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosalaraksa, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanjanavanit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngampiyaskul, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luesomboon, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wongsawat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vonthanak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chettra, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suwanlerk, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valcour, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balla, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salminen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preston, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ananworanich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puthanakit, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/632273</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting neurodevelopmental outcomes in children with perinatal HIV using a novel machine learning algorithm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/632281v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential impact of self and environmental antigens on the ontogeny and maintenance of CD4+ T cell memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/632281v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Laboratory mice develop populations of circulating memory CD4+ T cells in the absence of overt infection. We have previously shown that these populations are replenished from naive precursors at high levels throughout life (Gossel et al., 2017). However, the nature, relative importance and timing of the forces generating these cells remain unclear. Here, we tracked the generation of memory CD4+ T cell subsets in mice housed in facilities differing in their  dirtiness. We found evidence for sequential naive to central memory to effector memory development, and confirmed that both memory subsets are heterogeneous in their rates of turnover. We also inferred that early exposure to self and environmental antigens establishes persistent memory populations at levels determined largely, though not exclusively, by the dirtiness of the environment. After the first few weeks of life, however, these populations are continuously supplemented by new memory cells at rates that are independent of environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hogan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nowicka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cownden, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seddon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/632281</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential impact of self and environmental antigens on the ontogeny and maintenance of CD4+ T cell memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/632554v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The landscape of myeloid and astrocyte phenotypes in acute multiple sclerosis lesions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/632554v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Activated myeloid cells and astrocytes are the predominant cell types in active multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions. Both cell types can adopt diverse functional states that play critical roles in lesion formation and resolution. In order to identify phenotypic subsets of myeloid cells and astrocytes, we profiled acute MS lesions with thirteen glial activation markers using imaging mass cytometry (IMC), a method for multiplexed labeling of histological sections. In a demyelinating lesion, we found multiple distinct myeloid and astrocyte phenotypes that populated separate lesion zones. In a post-demyelinating lesion, phenotypes were less distinct and more uniformly distributed. In both lesions cell-to-cell interactions were not random, but occurred between specific glial subpopulations and lymphocytes. Finally, we demonstrated that myeloid, but not astrocyte phenotypes were activated along a lesion rim-to-center gradient, and that marker expression in glial cells at the lesion rim was driven more by cell-extrinsic factors than in cells at the center. This proof-of-concept study demonstrates that highly multiplexed tissue imaging, combined with the appropriate computational tools, is a powerful approach to study heterogeneity, spatial distribution and cellular interactions in the context of MS lesions. Identifying glial phenotypes and their interactions at different lesion stages may provide novel therapeutic targets for inhibiting acute demyelination and low-grade, chronic inflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponath, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine-Ritterman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bull, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swanson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segal, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/632554</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The landscape of myeloid and astrocyte phenotypes in acute multiple sclerosis lesions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/632794v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifying genetic regulatory variation in human populations improves transcriptome analysis in rare disease patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/632794v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcriptome data holds substantial promise for better interpretation of rare genetic variants in basic research and clinical settings. Here, we introduce ANalysis of Expression VAriation (ANEVA) to quantify genetic variation in gene dosage from allelic expression (AE) data in a population. Application to GTEx data showed that this variance estimate is robust across datasets and is correlated with selective constraint in a gene. We next used ANEVA variance estimates in a Dosage Outlier Test (ANEVA-DOT) to identify genes in an individual that are affected by a rare regulatory variant with an unusually strong effect. Applying ANEVA-DOT to AE data form 70 Mendelian muscular disease patients showed high accuracy in detecting genes with pathogenic variants in previously resolved cases, and lead to one confirmed and several potential new diagnoses in cases previously unresolved. Using our reference estimates from GTEx data, ANEVA-DOT can be readily incorporated in rare disease diagnostic pipelines to better utilize RNA-seq data.nnOne Sentence SummaryNew statistical framework for modelling allelic expression characterizes genetic regulatory variation in populations and informs diagnosis in rare disease patients
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mohammadi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castel, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cummings, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Einson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sousa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donkervoort, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohassel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonnemann, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacArthur, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lappalainen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/632794</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifying genetic regulatory variation in human populations improves transcriptome analysis in rare disease patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/632877v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sphingolipid production by gut Bacteroidetes regulates glucose homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/632877v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Levels of Bacteroidetes in the gut microbiome are positively associated with insulin resistance (IR) in humans. Considering that IR is promoted by elevations in hepatic sphingolipids (SL), particularly ceramides, and that Bacteroidetes are the only microbiome phylum possessing genes encoding serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT), which mediates SL synthesis, we investigated a potential link between bacterial SL production, host SL metabolism, and IR. In vitro, bacterial SLs entered colonocytes and were metabolized into complex SL, including ceramides. In mice, administration of WT Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, but not a SPT-deficient mutant, resulted in elevated levels of liver ceramides and reduced responsiveness to exogenously administered insulin. This work establishes bacterial SLs as a new class of microbiome-derived molecule capable of impacting host metabolism.nnOne Sentence SummarySL production by gut Bacteroidetes regulates liver ceramide levels and insulin sensitivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heaver, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waters, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, B. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bretin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gewirtz, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worgall, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ley, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/632877</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sphingolipid production by gut Bacteroidetes regulates glucose homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/633628v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
POLARIS: path of least action analysis on energy landscapes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/633628v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Free-energy landscapes are a powerful tool for analyzing dynamical processes - capable of providing a complete mapping of a systems configurations in state space while articulating its energetics topologically in the form of sprawling hills and valleys. Within this mapping, the path of least action can be derived - representing the most probable sequence of transitions taken between any two states in the landscape. In this article, POLARIS (Path of Least Action Recursive Survey) is presented as a dynamic, global approach that efficiently automates the discovery of the least action path on 2D energy landscapes. Important built-in features of this program include plotting of landscape trajectories and transition state theory diagrams, generation of text files with least action coordinates and respective energies, and bifurcation analysis tools that provide downstream versatility for comparing most probable paths and reaction rates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seitz, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/633628</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[POLARIS: path of least action analysis on energy landscapes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/635532v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decrease in within-trial variability contributes to a decrease in across-trial variability of neural firing in the primate cortex during neural computations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/635532v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The conventional approach to understanding neural responses underlying complex computations is to study across-trial averages of repeatedly performed computations from single neurons. When a brain region performs complex computations, such as processing stimulus related information or motor planning, it has been repeatedly shown through measures such as the Fano factor (FF) that neural variability across trials in the network decreases. However, in reality, multiple neurons contribute to a common computation on a single trial, rather than a single neuron contributing to a computation on multiple trials. Therefore, on individual trials the concept of FF loses significance. In this study, we extended previous work using measures of variability that are confined to a single trial and found that neurons perform a common computation, they briefly fire with increased regularity in spike timings, with similar inter-spike interval durations. We propose that this decrease in within-trial variability in neural spiking contributes to a decrease in across-trial variability in neural firing rates during network level computations. We confirmed our hypothesis by testing it on the activity of frontal eye field neurons recorded as two monkeys performed a memory-guided saccade task, and also on simulated spike trains. Furthermore, this phenomenon also has important behavioral correlates: the reaction time of the animal was faster when the within-trial variability was lower. We show that a decrease in within-trial variability is linked to a decrease in across-trial variability in neural response and indicates stationarity of neural network variability across time.nnNew & NoteworthyDuring computations, neural variability across trials decreases. In reality, multiple neurons contribute to a common computation on a single trial, rather than a single neuron contributing to a computation on multiple trials. We found that when a network of neurons performs a common computation, they briefly fire with increased regularity in spike timings. We propose that this decrease in within-trial variability in neural spiking contributes to a decrease in the observed across-trial variability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sendhilnathan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murthy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/635532</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decrease in within-trial variability contributes to a decrease in across-trial variability of neural firing in the primate cortex during neural computations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/635995v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell Generation Dynamics Underlying Naïve T Cell Homeostasis in Adult Humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/635995v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Thymic involution and proliferation of naive T cells both contribute to shaping the naive T cell repertoire as humans age, but a clear understanding of the roles of each throughout a human lifespan has been difficult to determine. By measuring nuclear bomb test-derived 14C in genomic DNA we determined the turnover rates of CD4+ and CD8+ naive T cell populations and defined their dynamics in healthy individuals ranging from 20-65 years of age. We demonstrate that naive T cell generation decreases with age, and that this could be explained by a combination of declining cell loss, peripheral division and thymic production during adulthood. We investigated putative mechanisms underlying age-related changes in homeostatic regulation of naive T cell turnover using mass cytometry to profile candidate signaling pathways involved in T cell activation and proliferation in CD4+ naive T cells relative to CD31 expression, a marker of thymic proximity. We show that basal NF-{kappa}B phosphorylation inversely correlated with CD31 expression and thus is decreased in peripherally expanded naive T cell clones. Functionally we found that NF-{kappa}B signaling was essential for naive T cell proliferation to the homeostatic growth factor IL-7, and reduced NF-{kappa}B phosphorylation in CD4+CD31- naive T cells is linked to reduced homeostatic proliferation potential. Our results reveal an age-related decline in naive T cell turnover as a putative regulator of naive T cell diversity and identify a molecular pathway that restricts proliferation of peripherally expanded naive T cell clones that accumulate with age.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mold, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaëlsson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rane, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khosravi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salehpour, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Possnert, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frisen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/635995</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell Generation Dynamics Underlying Naïve T Cell Homeostasis in Adult Humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/636761v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide association study of susceptibility to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/636761v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RationaleIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a complex lung disease characterised by scarring of the lung that is believed to result from an atypical response to injury of the epithelium. The mechanisms by which this arises are poorly understood and it is likely that multiple pathways are involved. The strongest genetic association with IPF is a variant in the promoter of MUC5B where each copy of the risk allele confers a five-fold risk of disease. However, genome-wide association studies have reported additional signals of association implicating multiple pathways including host defence, telomere maintenance, signalling and cell-cell adhesion.nnObjectivesTo improve our understanding of mechanisms that increase IPF susceptibility by identifying previously unreported genetic associations.nnMethods and measurementsWe performed the largest genome-wide association study undertaken for IPF susceptibility with a discovery stage comprising up to 2,668 IPF cases and 8,591 controls with replication in an additional 1,467 IPF cases and 11,874 controls. Polygenic risk scores were used to assess the collective effect of variants not reported as associated with IPF.nnMain resultsWe identified and replicated three new genome-wide significant (P<5x10-8) signals of association with IPF susceptibility (near KIF15, MAD1L1 and DEPTOR) and confirm associations at 11 previously reported loci. Polygenic risk score analyses showed that the combined effect of many thousands of as-yet unreported IPF risk variants contribute to IPF susceptibility.nnConclusionsNovel association signals support the importance of mTOR signalling in lung fibrosis and suggest a possible role of mitotic spindle-assembly genes in IPF susceptibility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Allen, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillen-Guio, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oldham, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, S.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dressen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paynton, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraven, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obeidat, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braybrooke, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molina-Molina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobbs, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putman, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakornsakolpat, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booth, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fahy, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbard, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAnulty, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millar, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navaratnam, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oballa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parfrey, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saini, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whyte, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudmundsson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudnason, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatabu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lederer, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manichaikul, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newell, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortega, V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fingerlin, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosse, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joubert, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickle, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/636761</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide association study of susceptibility to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/637199v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aβ42 oligomers trigger synaptic loss through CAMKK2-AMPK-dependent effectors coordinating mitochondrial fission and mitophagy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/637199v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During the early stages of Alzheimers disease (AD) in both mouse models and human patients, soluble forms of Amyloid-{beta}1-42 oligomers (A{beta}42o) trigger loss of excitatory synapses (synaptotoxicity) in cortical and hippocampal pyramidal neurons (PNs) prior to the formation of insoluble A{beta} plaques. We observed a spatially restricted structural remodeling of mitochondria in the apical tufts of CA1 PNs dendrites in the hAPPSWE,IND transgenic AD mouse model (J20), corresponding to the dendritic domain receiving presynaptic inputs from the entorhinal cortex and where the earliest synaptic loss is detected in vivo. We also observed significant loss of mitochondrial biomass in human neurons derived from a new model of human ES cells where CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome engineering was used to introduce the  Swedish mutation bi-allelically (APPSWE/SWE). Recent work uncovered that A{beta}42o mediates synaptic loss by over-activating the CAMKK2-AMPK kinase dyad, and that AMPK is a central regulator of mitochondria homeostasis in non-neuronal cells. Here, we demonstrate that A{beta}42o-dependent over-activation of CAMKK2-AMPK mediates synaptic loss through coordinated MFF-dependent mitochondrial fission and ULK2-dependent mitophagy in dendrites of PNs. We also found that the ability of A{beta}42o-dependent mitochondrial remodeling to trigger synaptic loss requires the ability of AMPK to phosphorylate Tau on Serine 262. Our results uncover a unifying stress-response pathway triggered by A{beta}o and causally linking structural remodeling of dendritic mitochondria to synaptic loss.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kondapalli, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Virga, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koo, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashok, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mairet-Coello, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herzig, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sproul, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polleux, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/637199</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aβ42 oligomers trigger synaptic loss through CAMKK2-AMPK-dependent effectors coordinating mitochondrial fission and mitophagy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/637306v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clinically-relevant cell type cross-talk identified from a human lung tumor microenvironment interactome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/637306v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tumors comprise a complex microenvironment of interacting malignant and stromal cell types. Much of our understanding of the tumor microenvironment comes from in vitro studies isolating the interactions between malignant cells and a single stromal cell type, often along a single pathway. To develop a deeper understanding of the interactions between cells within human lung tumors we performed RNA-seq profiling of flow-sorted malignant cells, endothelial cells, immune cells, fibroblasts, and bulk cells from freshly resected human primary non-small-cell lung tumors. We mapped the cell-specific differential expression of prognostically-associated secreted factors and cell surface genes, and computationally reconstructed cross-talk between these cell types to generate a novel resource we call the Lung Tumor Microenvironment Interactome (LTMI). Using this resource, we identified and validated a prognostically unfavorable influence of Gremlin-1 production by fibroblasts on proliferation of malignant lung adenocarcinoma cells. We also found a prognostically favorable association between infiltration of mast cells and less aggressive tumor cell behavior. These results illustrate the utility of the LTMI as a resource for generating hypotheses concerning tumor-microenvironment interactions that may have prognostic and therapeutic relevance.nnSummaryRNA-seq profiling of sorted populations from primary lung cancer samples identifies prognostically relevant cross-talk between cell types in the tumor microenvironment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gentles, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azizi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bejnood, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forgo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van de Rijn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diehn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plevritis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/637306</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clinically-relevant cell type cross-talk identified from a human lung tumor microenvironment interactome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/637371v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of a high-throughput γ-H2AX assay based on imaging flow cytometry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/637371v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMeasurement of {gamma}-H2AX foci formation in cells provides a sensitive and reliable method for quantitation of the radiation-induced DNA damage response. The objective of the present study was to develop a rapid, high-throughput {gamma}-H2AX assay based on imaging flow cytometry (IFC) using the ImageStream(R)X Mk II (ISX MKII) platform to evaluate DNA double strand break (DSB) repair kinetics in human peripheral blood cells after exposure to ionizing irradiation.nnMethodsThe {gamma}-H2AX protocol was optimized for small volumes (100 {micro}l) of blood in Matrix 96-tube format and blood cell lymphocytes were identified and captured by ISX INSPIRE software and analyzed by Data Exploration and Analysis Software.nnResultsPresented here are: 1) dose response curves based on {gamma}-H2AX fluorescence intensity and foci number, 2) measurements of DNA repair kinetics up to 24 h after exposure to 4 Gy {gamma} rays and, 3) a mathematical approach for modeling DNA DSB rejoining kinetics using two key parameters a) rate of {gamma}-H2AX decay, and b) yield of residual unrepaired breaks.nnConclusionsThe results indicate that the IFC-based {gamma}-H2AX protocol may provide a practical, high-throughput and inexpensive platform for measurements of individual global DSB repair capacity and facilitate the prediction of precision medicine concepts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuryak, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/637371</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of a high-throughput γ-H2AX assay based on imaging flow cytometry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/637652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A zero-inflated gamma model for post-deconvolved calcium imaging traces 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/637652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Calcium imaging is a critical tool for measuring the activity of large neural populations. Much effort has been devoted to developing "pre-processing" tools applied to calcium video data, addressing the important issues of e.g., motion correction, denoising, compression, demixing, and deconvolution. However, computational modeling of deconvolved calcium signals (i.e., the estimated activity extracted by a pre-processing pipeline) is just as critical for interpreting calcium measurements. Surprisingly, these issues have to date received significantly less attention. To fill this gap, we examine the statistical properties of the deconvolved activity estimates, and propose several density models for these random signals. These models include a zero-inflated gamma (ZIG) model, which characterizes the calcium responses as a mixture of a gamma distribution and a point mass which serves to model zero responses. We apply the resulting models to neural encoding and decoding problems. We find that the ZIG model out-performs simpler models (e.g., Poisson or Bernoulli models) in the context of both simulated and real neural data, and can therefore play a useful role in bridging calcium imaging analysis methods with tools for analyzing activity in large neural populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wei, X.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grosmark, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ajabi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sparks, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Losonczy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/637652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A zero-inflated gamma model for post-deconvolved calcium imaging traces]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/638544v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large eQTL meta-analysis reveals differing patterns between cerebral cortical and cerebellar brain regions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/638544v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The availability of high-quality RNA-sequencing and genotyping data of post-mortem brain collections from consortia such as CommonMind Consortium (CMC) and the Accelerating Medicines Partnership for Alzheimers Disease (AMP-AD) Consortium enable the generation of a large-scale brain cis-eQTL meta-analysis. Here we generate cerebral cortical eQTL from 1433 samples available from four cohorts (identifying >4.1 million significant eQTL for >18,000 genes), as well as cerebellar eQTL from 261 samples (identifying 874,836 significant eQTL for >10,000 genes), and provide the results as a community resource. We find substantially improved power in the meta-analysis over individual cohort analyses, particularly in comparison to the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) Project eQTL. In addition, we observed differences in eQTL patterns between cerebral and cerebellar brain regions. We provide these brain eQTL as a common resource for use across the community in research programs. As a proof of principle for their utility, we apply a colocalization analysis to identify genes underlying the GWAS association peaks for schizophrenia and identify a potentially novel gene colocalization with lncRNA RP11-677M14.2 (posterior probability of colocalization 0.975).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sieberts, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perumal, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrasquillo, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebert, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eddy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenwood, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostafavi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>the AMP-AD Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>the CommonMind Consortium (CMC),</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omberg, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ertekin-Taner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangravite, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/638544</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large eQTL meta-analysis reveals differing patterns between cerebral cortical and cerebellar brain regions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/638825v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Task-Based Functional Connectomes Predict Cognitive Phenotypes Across Psychiatric Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/638825v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ImportanceWe show that three common approaches to clinical deficits (cognitive phenotype, disease group, disease severity) each offer useful and perhaps complimentary explanations for the brains underlying functional architecture as affected by psychiatric disease.nnObjectiveTo understand how different clinical frameworks are represented in the brains functional connectome.nnDesignWe use an openly available dataset to create predictive models based on multiple connectomes built from task-based functional MRI data. We use these models to predict individual traits corresponding to multiple cognitive constructs across disease category. We also show that these same connectomes statistically differ depending on disease category and symptom burden.nnSettingThis was a population-based study with data collected in UCLA.nnParticipantsHealthy adults were recruited by community advertisements from the Los Angeles area. Participants with adult ADHD, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia were recruited using a patient-oriented strategy involving outreach to local clinics and online portals (separate from the methods used to recruit healthy volunteers)
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barron, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadashkarimi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spann, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noble, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lake, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krystal, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constable, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheinost, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/638825</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Task-Based Functional Connectomes Predict Cognitive Phenotypes Across Psychiatric Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/639658v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic overlap between psychiatric disorders and neuropsychiatric symptoms in HD 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/639658v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Huntingtons disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by an expanded CAG repeat in the HTT gene. It is diagnosed following a standardized exam of motor control and often presents with cognitive decline and psychiatric symptoms. Recent studies have detected genetic loci modifying the age at onset of motor symptoms in HD, but genetic factors influencing cognitive and psychiatric presentations are unknown. We tested the hypothesis that psychiatric and cognitive symptoms in HD are influenced by the same common genetic variation as in the general population by constructing polygenic risk scores from large genome-wide association studies of psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, and of intelligence, and testing for correlation with the presence of psychiatric and cognitive symptoms in a large sample (n=5160) of HD patients. Polygenic risk score for major depression was associated specifically with increased risk of depression in HD, as was schizophrenia risk score with psychosis and irritability. Cognitive impairment and apathy were associated with reduced polygenic risk score for intelligence. In general, polygenic risk scores for psychiatric disorders, particularly depression and schizophrenia, are associated with increased risk of the corresponding psychiatric symptoms in HD, suggesting a common genetic liability. However, the genetic liability to cognitive impairment and apathy appears to be distinct from other psychiatric symptoms in HD. No associations were observed between HD symptoms and risk scores for other neurodegenerative disorders. These data provide a rationale for treatments effective in depression and schizophrenia to be used to treat depression and psychotic symptoms in HD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ellis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAllister, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massey, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLauchlan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correia, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loupe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucente, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vonsattel, J. P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mouro Pinto, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elneel, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mysore, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medway, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrhardt, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sampaio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciosi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maxwell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monckton, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landwehrmeyer, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulsen, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoulson, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duijn, E. v.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rickards, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacDonald, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gusella, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmans, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/639658</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic overlap between psychiatric disorders and neuropsychiatric symptoms in HD]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/640011v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissection of central clock function in Drosophila through cell-specific CRISPR-mediated clock gene disruption 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/640011v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In Drosophila, ~150 neurons expressing molecular clock proteins regulate circadian behavior. Sixteen of these clock neurons secrete the neuropeptide Pdf and have been called "master pacemakers" because they are essential for circadian rhythms. A subset of Pdf+ neurons (the morning oscillator) regulates morning activity and communicates with other non-Pdf+ neurons, including a subset called the evening oscillator. It is assumed that the molecular clock in Pdf+ neurons is required for these functions. To test this, we developed and validated Gal4-UAS based CRISPR tools for cell-specific disruption of key molecular clock components, period and timeless. While loss of the molecular clock in both the morning and evening oscillators eliminates circadian locomotor activity, the molecular clock in either oscillator alone is sufficient for circadian locomotor activity. This suggests that clock neurons do not act in a hierarchy but as a distributed network to regulate circadian activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shirasu-Hiza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delventhal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pantalia, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulgherait, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basturk, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canman, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/640011</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissection of central clock function in Drosophila through cell-specific CRISPR-mediated clock gene disruption]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/640052v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
New Approaches for Quantitative Reconstruction of Radiation Dose in Human Blood Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/640052v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the event of a nuclear attack or radiation event, there would be an urgent need for assessing and reconstructing the dose to which hundreds or thousands of individuals were exposed. These measurements would need a rapid assay to facilitate triage and medical management for individuals based on dose. Our approaches to development of rapid assays for reconstructing dose, using transcriptomics, have led to identification of gene sets that have potential to be used in the field; but need further testing. This was a proof-of-principle study for new methods using radiation-responsive genes to generate quantitative, rather than categorical, radiation-dose reconstructions based on a blood sample. We used a new normalization method to reduce effects of variability of gene signals in unirradiated samples across studies; developed a quantitative dose-reconstruction method that is generally under-utilized compared to categorical methods; and combined these to determine a gene-set as a reconstructor. Our dose-reconstruction biomarker was trained on two data sets and tested on two independent ones. It was able to predict dose up to 4.5 Gy with root mean squared error (RMSE) of {+/-} 0.35 Gy on test datasets (same platform), and up to 6.0 Gy with RMSE of 1.74 Gy on another (different platform).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghandhi, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuryak, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amundson, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/640052</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[New Approaches for Quantitative Reconstruction of Radiation Dose in Human Blood Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/640870v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct antagonist-bound inactive states underlie the divergence in the structures of the dopamine D2 and D3 receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/640870v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how crystal structures reflect the range of possible G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) states is critical for rational drug discovery (RDD). Combining computational simulations with mutagenesis and binding studies, we find that the structure of the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R)/risperidone complex captures an inactive receptor conformation that accommodates some but not all antagonist scaffolds. Indeed, we find that eticlopride binds D2R in a configuration very similar to that seen in the D3R structure, in a pose that is incompatible with the D2R/risperidone structure. Moreover, our simulations reveal that extracellular loops 1 and 2 (EL1 and EL2) are highly dynamic, with spontaneous transitions of EL2 from the helical conformation in the D2R/risperidone structure to an extended conformation similar to that in the D3R/eticlopride structure. Our results highlight previously unappreciated conformational diversity and dynamics in the inactive state of a GPCR with potential functional implications. These findings are also of paramount importance for RDD as limiting a virtual screen to one state will miss relevant ligands.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lane, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramyan, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javitch, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/640870</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct antagonist-bound inactive states underlie the divergence in the structures of the dopamine D2 and D3 receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/643387v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A general LC/MS-based RNA sequencing method for direct analysis of multiple-base modifications in RNA mixtures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/643387v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A complete understanding of the structural and functional potential of RNA requires understanding of chemical modifications and noncanonical bases; this in turn requires advances in current sequencing methods to be able to sequence not only canonical ribonucleotides, but at the same time directly sequence these nonstandard moieties. Here, we present the first direct and modification type-independent RNA sequencing method via integration of a hydrophobic end-labeling strategy with of 2-D mass-retention time LC/MS analysis to allow de novo sequencing of RNA mixtures and enhance sample usage efficiency. Our method can directly read out the complete sequence, while identifying, locating, and quantifying base modifications accurately in both single and mixed RNA samples containing multiple different modifications at single-base resolution. Our method can also quantify stoichiometry/percentage of modified RNA vs. its canonical counterpart RNA, simulating a real biological sample where modifications exist but may not be 100% at a particular site of the RNA. This method is a critical step towards fully sequencing real complex cellular RNA samples of any type and containing any modification types and can also be used in the quality control of modified therapeutic RNAs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, T. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziegler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/643387</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A general LC/MS-based RNA sequencing method for direct analysis of multiple-base modifications in RNA mixtures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/645895v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scalable and cost-effective ribonuclease-based rRNA depletion for bacterial transcriptomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/645895v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) is a powerful approach for quantitatively delineating the global transcriptional profiles of microbes in order to gain deeper understanding of their physiology and function. Cost-effective bacterial RNA-seq requires efficient physical removal of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), which otherwise dominates transcriptomic reads. However, current methods to effectively deplete rRNA of diverse non-model bacterial species are lacking. Here, we describe a probe and ribonuclease based strategy for bacterial rRNA removal. We implemented the method using either chemically synthesized oligonucleotides or amplicon-based single-stranded DNA probes and validated the technique on three novel gut microbiota isolates from three distinct phyla. We further showed that different probe sets can be used on closely related species. We provide a detailed methods protocol, probe sets for >5,000 common microbes from RefSeq, and an online tool to generate custom probe libraries. This approach lays the groundwork for large-scale and cost-effective bacterial transcriptomics studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheth, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/645895</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scalable and cost-effective ribonuclease-based rRNA depletion for bacterial transcriptomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/646711v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
New High Throughput Approaches to Detect Partial-body and Neutron Exposures on an Individual Basis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/646711v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biodosimetry-based discrimination between homogeneous total-body photon exposure and complex irradiation scenarios (partial-body shielding and/or neutron + photon mixtures) can improve treatment decisions after mass-casualty radiation-related incidents. Our study objective was to use high-throughput biomarkers to: a) detect partial-body and/or neutron exposure on an individual basis, and b) estimate separately the photon and neutron doses in a mixed exposure. We developed a novel approach, where metrics related to the shapes of micronuclei distributions per binucleated cell in ex-vivo irradiated human lymphocytes (variance/mean, kurtosis, skewness, etc.) served as predictors in machine learning or parametric analyses of the following scenarios: (A) Homogeneous gamma-irradiation, mimicking total-body exposures, vs. mixtures of irradiated blood with unirradiated blood, mimicking partial-body exposures. (B) X rays vs. various neutron + photon mixtures. Classification of samples as homogeneously vs. heterogeneously irradiated (scenario A) achieved a receiver operating characteristic curve area (AUROC) of 0.931 (uncertainty range of 0.903-0.951), and R2 for actual vs. reconstructed mean dose was 0.87. Detection of samples with [&ge;]10% neutron contribution (scenario B) achieved AUROC of 0.916 (0.893-0.943), and R2 for reconstructing photon-equivalent dose was 0.77. These encouraging findings demonstrate a proof-of-principle for the proposed approach of analyzing micronuclei/cell distributions to detect clinically-relevant complex radiation exposure scenarios.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shuryak, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrier, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunha, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pujol Canadell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durrani, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harken, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertucci, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taveras, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garty, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/646711</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[New High Throughput Approaches to Detect Partial-body and Neutron Exposures on an Individual Basis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/647164v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parallel and nonparallel genomic responses contribute to herbicide resistance in Ipomoea purpurea, a common agricultural weed 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/647164v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The repeated evolution of herbicide resistance has been cited as an example of genetic parallelism, wherein separate species or genetic lineages utilize the same genetic solution in response to selection. However, most studies that investigate the genetic basis of herbicide resistance examine the potential for changes in the protein targeted by the herbicide rather than considering genome-wide changes. We used a population genomics screen and targeted exome re-sequencing to uncover the potential genetic basis of glyphosate resistance in the common morning glory, Ipomoea purpurea, and to determine if genetic parallelism underlies the repeated evolution of resistance across replicate resistant populations. We found no evidence for changes in 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), glyphosates target protein, that were associated with resistance, and instead identified five genomic regions that show evidence of selection. Within these regions, genes involved in herbicide detoxification--cytochrome P450s, ABC transporters, and glycosyltransferases--are enriched and exhibit signs of selective sweeps. One region under selection shows parallel changes across all assayed resistant populations whereas other regions exhibit signs of divergence. Thus, while it appears likely that the physiological mechanism of resistance in this species is likely the same among resistant populations, we find patterns of both similar and divergent selection across separate resistant populations at particular loci.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Van Etten, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, S.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baucom, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/647164</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parallel and nonparallel genomic responses contribute to herbicide resistance in Ipomoea purpurea, a common agricultural weed]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/647362v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cytogenetically-based biodosimetry after high doses of radiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/647362v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dosimetry is an important tool for triage and treatment planning following any radiation exposure accident, and biological dosimetry, which estimates exposure dose using a biological parameter, is a practical means of determining the specific dose an individual receives. The cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus assay (CBMN) is an established biodosimetric tool to measure chromosomal damage in mitogen-stimulated human lymphocytes. The CBMN method is especially valuable for biodosimetry in triage situations thanks to simplicity in scoring and adaptability to high-throughput automated sample processing systems. While this technique produces dose-response data which fit very well to a linear-quadratic model for exposures to low linear energy transfer (LET) radiation and for doses up for 5 Gy, limitations to the accuracy of this method arise at larger doses. Resolution at higher doses is limited by the number of cells reaching mitosis. Whereas it would be expected that the yield of micronuclei increases with the dose, in many experiments it has been shown to actually decrease when normalized over the total number of cells. This variation from a monotonically increasing dose response poses a limitation for retrospective dose reconstruction. In this study we modified the standard CBMN assay to increase its resolution following exposures to higher doses of photons or a mixed neutron-photon beam. The assay is modified either through inhibitions of the G2/M and spindle checkpoints with the addition of caffeine and/or ZM447439 (an Aurora kinase inhibitor), respectively to the blood cultures at select times during the assay. Our results showed that caffeine addition improved assay performance for photon up to 10 Gy. This was achieved by extending the assay time from the typical 70 h to just 74 h. Compared to micronuclei yields without inhibitors, addition of caffeine and ZM447439 resulted in improved accuracy in the detection of micronuclei yields up to 10 Gy from photons and 4 Gy of mixed neutrons-photons. When the dose-effect curves were fitted to take into account the turnover phenomenon observed at higher doses, best fitting was achieved when the combination of both inhibitors was used. These techniques permit reliable dose reconstruction after high doses of radiation with a method that can be adapted to high-throughput automated sample processing systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pujol Canadell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrier, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunha, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuryak, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harken, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garty, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/647362</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cytogenetically-based biodosimetry after high doses of radiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/648568v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA damage response in peripheral mouse blood leukocytes in vivo after variable, low-dose rate exposure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/648568v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Environmental contamination and ingestion of the radionuclide Cesium-137 (137Cs) is a large concern in fallout from a nuclear reactor accident and improvised nuclear device and highlights the need to develop biological assays for low dose rate, internal emitter radiation. To mimic low dose rates attributable to fallout, we have developed a VAriable Dose-rate External 137Cs irradiatoR (VADER), which can provide arbitrarily varying and progressive low dose rate irradiations in the range of 1.2 to 0.1 Gy/day, while circumventing the complexities of dealing with radioactively-contaminated biomaterials. We investigated the kinetics of mouse peripheral leukocytes DNA damage response in vivo after variable, low-dose rate 137Cs exposure. C57BL/6 mice were placed in the VADER over 7 days with total accumulated dose up to 2.7 Gy. Peripheral blood response including the leukocytes depletion, apoptosis signal protein p53 and DNA repair biomarker {gamma}-H2AX were measured. The results illustrated that blood leukocyte count had significantly dropped by days 7. P53 levels peaked at day 2 (total dose=0.91Gy) and then declined whereas {gamma}-H2AX yields generally increased with accumulated dose and peaked at day 5 (total dose=2.08Gy). ROC curve analysis for {gamma}-H2AX provided a good discrimination of accumulated dose < 2 Gy and [&ge;] 2 Gy, highlighting the potential of {gamma}-H2AX as a biomarker dosimetry in a protracted, environmental exposure scenario.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pujol, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taveras, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bueno-Beti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuryak, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/648568</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA damage response in peripheral mouse blood leukocytes in vivo after variable, low-dose rate exposure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/649087v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PI3K activation prevents Aβ42-induced synapse loss and favors insoluble amyloid deposits formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/649087v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers disease is, to a large extent, a disease of the synapse triggered by the unbalanced amyloidogenic cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein APP. Excess of A{beta}42 peptide in particular is considered a hallmark of the disease. Here we drive the expression of the human A{beta}42 peptide to assay the neuroprotective effects of PI3K in adult Drosophila melanogaster. We show that the neuronal expression of the human peptide elicits progressive toxicity in the adult. The pathological traits include reduced axonal transport, synapse loss, defective climbing ability and olfactory perception, as well as life-span reduction. The A{beta}42-dependent synapse decay does not involve transcriptional changes in the core synaptic protein encoding genes: bruchpilot, liprin and synaptobrevin. All toxicity features, however, are suppressed by the co-expression of PI3K. Moreover, PI3K activation induces a significant increase of 6E10 and Thioflavin-positive amyloid deposits. Mechanistically, we suggest that A{beta}42-Ser26 could be a candidate residue for direct or indirect phosphorylation by PI3K. Finally, along with these in vivo experiments we further analyze A{beta}42 toxicity and its suppression by PI3K activation in in vitro assays with SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell cultures, where A{beta}42 aggregation into large insoluble deposits is reproduced. Taken together, these results uncover a potential novel pharmacological strategy against this disease with PI3K activation as a target.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arnes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casas-Tinto, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acebes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrus, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/649087</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PI3K activation prevents Aβ42-induced synapse loss and favors insoluble amyloid deposits formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/649731v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multilevel feedback architecture for adaptive regulation of learning in the insect brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/649731v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modulatory (e.g. dopaminergic) neurons provide "teaching signals" that drive associative learning across the animal kingdom, but the circuits that regulate their activity and compute teaching signals are still poorly understood. We provide the first synaptic-resolution connectome of the circuitry upstream of all modulatory neurons in a brain center for associative learning, the mushroom body (MB) of the Drosophila larva. We discovered afferent pathways from sensory neurons, as well as an unexpected large population of 61 feedback neuron pairs that provide one- and two-step feedback from MB output neurons. The majority of these feedback pathways link distinct memory systems (e.g. aversive and appetitive). We functionally confirmed some of the structural pathways and found that some modulatory neurons compare inhibitory input from their own compartment and excitatory input from compartments of opposite valence, enabling them to compute integrated common-currency predicted values across aversive and appetitive memory systems. This architecture suggests that the MB functions as an interconnected ensemble during learning and that distinct types of previously formed memories can regulate future learning about a stimulus. We developed a model of the circuit constrained by the connectome and by the functional data which revealed that the newly discovered architectural motifs, namely the multilevel feedback architecture and the extensive cross-compartment connections, increase the computational performance and flexibility on learning tasks. Together our study provides the most detailed view to date of a recurrent brain circuit that computes teaching signals and provides insights into the architectural motifs that support reinforcement learning in a biological system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eschbach, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fushiki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winding, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider-Mizell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arruda, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdes-Aleman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohyama, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thum, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerber, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fetter, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Truman, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litwin-Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardona, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zlatic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/649731</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multilevel feedback architecture for adaptive regulation of learning in the insect brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/650002v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural trajectories in the supplementary motor area and primary motor cortex exhibit distinct geometries, compatible with different classes of computation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/650002v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The supplementary motor area (SMA) is believed to contribute to higher-order aspects of motor control. To examine this contribution, we employed a novel cycling task and leveraged an emerging strategy: testing whether population trajectories possess properties necessary for a hypothesized class of computations. We found that, at the single-neuron level, SMA exhibited multiple response features absent in M1. We hypothesized that these diverse features might contribute, at the population level, to avoidance of  population trajectory divergence - ensuring that two trajectories never followed the same path before separating. Trajectory divergence was indeed avoided in SMA but not in M1. Network simulations confirmed that low trajectory divergence is necessary when guidance of future action depends upon internally tracking contextual factors. Furthermore, the empirical trajectory geometry - helical in SMA versus elliptical in M1 - was naturally reproduced by networks that did, versus did not, internally track context.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Russo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khajeh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bittner, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perkins, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchland, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/650002</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural trajectories in the supplementary motor area and primary motor cortex exhibit distinct geometries, compatible with different classes of computation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/650093v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Localized semi-nonnegative matrix factorization (LocaNMF) of widefield calcium imaging data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/650093v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Widefield calcium imaging enables recording of large-scale neural activity across the mouse dorsal cortex. In order to examine the relationship of these neural signals to the resulting behavior, it is critical to demix the recordings into meaningful spatial and temporal components that can be mapped onto well-defined brain regions. However, no current tools satisfactorily extract the activity of the different brain regions in individual mice in a data-driven manner, while taking into account mouse-specific and preparation-specific differences. Here, we introduce Localized semi-Nonnegative Matrix Factorization (LocaNMF), a method that efficiently decomposes widefield video data and allows us to directly compare activity across multiple mice by outputting mouse-specific localized functional regions that are significantly more interpretable than more traditional decomposition techniques. Moreover, it provides a natural subspace to directly compare correlation maps and neural dynamics across different behaviors, mice, and experimental conditions, and enables identification of task- and movement-related brain regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saxena, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinsella, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musall, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meszaros, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thibodeaux, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchland, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/650093</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Localized semi-nonnegative matrix factorization (LocaNMF) of widefield calcium imaging data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/650150v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
From cells to tissue: How cell scale heterogeneity impacts glioblastoma growth and treatment response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/650150v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glioblastomas are aggressive primary brain tumors known for their inter- and intratumor heterogeneity. This disease is uniformly fatal, with intratumor heterogeneity the major reason for treatment failure and recurrence. Just like the nature vs nurture debate, heterogeneity can arise from heritable or environmental influences. Whilst it is impossible to clinically separate observed behavior of cells from their environmental context, using a mathematical framework combined with multiscale data gives us insight into the relative roles of variation from inherited and environmental sources.nnTo better understand the implications of intratumor heterogeneity on therapeutic outcomes, we created a hybrid agent-based mathematical model that captures both the overall tumor kinetics and the individual cellular behavior. We track single cells as agents, cell density on a coarser scale, and growth factor diffusion and dynamics on a finer scale over time and space. Our model parameters were fit utilizing serial MRI imaging and cell tracking data from ex vivo tissue slices acquired from a growth-factor driven glioblastoma murine model.nnWhen fitting our model to serial imaging only, there was a spectrum of equally-good parameter fits corresponding to a wide range of phenotypic behaviors. This wide spectrum of in silico tumors also had a wide variety of responses to an application of an antiproliferative treatment. Recurrent tumors were generally less proliferative than pre-treatment tumors as measured via the model simulations and validated from human GBM patient histology. When fitting our model using imaging and cell scale data, we determined that heritable heterogeneity is required to capture the observed migration behavior. Further, we found that all tumors increased in size after an anti-migratory treatment, and some tumors were larger after a combination treatment than with an anti-proliferative treatment alone. Together our results emphasize the need to understand the underlying phenotypes and tumor heterogeneity in designing therapeutic regimens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gallaher, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massey, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkins-Daarud, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noticewala, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rockne, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Cuyar, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juliano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gil, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swanson, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canoll, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, A. R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/650150</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[From cells to tissue: How cell scale heterogeneity impacts glioblastoma growth and treatment response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/650671v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Universal Nonparametric Event Detection Framework for Neuropixels Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/650671v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuropixels probes present exciting new opportunities for neuroscience, but such large-scale high-density recordings also introduce unprecedented challenges in data analysis. Neuropixels data usually consist of hundreds or thousands of long stretches of sequential spiking activities that evolve non-stationarily over time and are often governed by complex, unknown dynamics. Extracting meaningful information from the Neuropixels recordings is a non-trial task. Here we introduce a general-purpose, graph-based statistical framework that, without imposing any parametric assumptions, detects points in time at which population spiking activity exhibits simultaneous changes as well as changes that only occur in a subset of the neural population, referred to as "change-points". The sequence of change-point events can be interpreted as a footprint of neural population activities, which allows us to relate behavior to simultaneously recorded high-dimensional neural activities across multiple brain regions. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method with an analysis of Neuropixels recordings during spontaneous behavior of an awake mouse in darkness. We observe that change-point dynamics in some brain regions display biologically interesting patterns that hint at functional pathways, as well as temporally-precise coordination with behavioral dynamics. We hypothesize that neural activities underlying spontaneous behavior, though distributed brainwide, show evidences for network modularity. Moreover, we envision the proposed framework to be a useful off-the-shelf analysis tool to the neuroscience community as new electrophysiological recording techniques continue to drive an explosive proliferation in the number and size of data sets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/650671</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Universal Nonparametric Event Detection Framework for Neuropixels Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/651083v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Castration-mediated IL-8 Promotes Myeloid Infiltration and Prostate Cancer Progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/651083v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immunotherapy is a treatment for many types of cancer, primarily due to deep and durable clinical responses mediated by immune checkpoint blockade (ICB)1, 2. Prostate cancer is a notable exception in that it is generally unresponsive to ICB. The standard treatment for advanced prostate cancer is androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT), a form of castration (CTX). ADT is initially effective, but over time patients eventually develop castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Here, we focused on defining tumor-cell intrinsic factors that contribute to prostate cancer progression and resistance to immunotherapy. We analyzed cancer cells isolated from castration-sensitive and castration-resistant prostate tumors, and discovered that castration resulted in significant secretion of Interleukin-8 (IL-8) and its likely murine homolog Cxcl15. These chemokines drove subsequent intra-tumoral infiltration with polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PMN-MDSCs), promoting tumor progression. PMN-MDSC infiltration was abrogated when IL-8 was deleted from prostate cancer epithelial cells using CRISPR/Cas9, or when PMN-MDSC migration was blocked with antibodies against the IL-8 receptor CXCR2. Blocking PMN-MDSC infiltration in combination with anti-CTLA-4 delayed the onset of castration resistance and increased the density of polyfunctional CD8 T cells in tumors. Taken together, our findings establish castration-mediated IL-8 secretion and subsequent PMN-MDSC infiltration as a key suppressive mechanism in the progression of prostate cancer. Targeting of the IL-8/CXCR2 axis around the time of ADT, in combination with ICB, represents a novel therapeutic approach to delay prostate cancer progression to advanced disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Bujanda, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haffner, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaimowitz, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chowdhury, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venturini, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obradovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackow, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sfanos, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bieberich, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selby, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korman, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christiano, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Marzo, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drake, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/651083</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Castration-mediated IL-8 Promotes Myeloid Infiltration and Prostate Cancer Progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/652537v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying predictors of HPV-related head and neck squamous cell carcinoma progression and survival through patient-derived models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/652537v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Therapeutic innovation for human papilloma virus-related (HPV+) head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) is impaired by inadequate biomarkers and preclinical models. This study addressed both limitations using the largest panel of HPV+ HNSCC patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) and organoids described to date. Whole exome profiles of the PDXs were compared to those of HPV+ human tumors and cell lines, and genetic features of the models were analyzed relative to their growth properties and outcomes of their patients of origin. PDX engraftment enriched for negatively prognostic NOTCH1 mutations while preserving multiple features lost in existing cell lines, including PIK3CA mutations, TRAF3 deletion, and absence of EGFR amplification. Observation of more mutations in faster-growing models facilitated identification of an association between mutational burden and local progression in both HPV+ and HPV-HNSCCs. Reduced E7 and p16INK4A levels found in a PDX from a lethal case led to detection of a similar profile among recurrent HPV+ HNSCCs in two patient cohorts, where low E2F target gene expression downstream of E7 predicted recurrence and mortality. Our findings bridge a critical gap in preclinical models for HPV+ HNSCCs and simultaneously reveal novel applications for mutational burden and E2F target dysregulation in biomarker development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Facompre, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajagopalan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montone, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gleber-Netto, F. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstein, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jalaly, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rustgi, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakagawa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickering, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Windle, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gimotty, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/652537</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying predictors of HPV-related head and neck squamous cell carcinoma progression and survival through patient-derived models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/652834v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Community driven dynamics of oscillatory network responses to threat 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/652834v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Physiological responses to threat stimuli involve neural synchronized oscillations in cerebral networks with distinct organization properties. Community architecture within these networks and its dynamic adaptation could play a critical role in achieving optimal physiological responses.nnHere we applied dynamic network analyses to address the early phases of threat processing at the millisecond level, describing multi-frequency (theta and alpha) integration and basic reorganization properties (flexibility and clustering) that drive physiological responses. We quantified cortical and subcortical network interactions and captured illustrative reconfigurations using community allegiance as essential fingerprints of large-scale adaptation.nnA theta band driven community reorganization of key anatomical regions forming the threat network (TN) along with transitions of nodes from the dorsal attention (DAN) and salience (SN) circuits predict the optimal physiological response to threat. We show that increase flexibility of the community network architecture drives the physiological responses during instructed threat processing. Nodal switches modulate the directionality of information flows in the involved circuits.nnThese results provide a captivating perspective of flexible network responses to threat and shed new light on basic physiological principles relevant for the development of stress- and threat-related mental disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muthuraman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chirumamilla, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koirala, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anwar, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuescher, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horstmann, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonazalez-Escamilla, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groppa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/652834</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Community driven dynamics of oscillatory network responses to threat]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/652867v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain-predicted age difference score is related to specific cognitive functions: A multi-site replication analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/652867v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain-predicted age difference scores are calculated by subtracting chronological age from  brain age, which is estimated using neuroimaging data. Positive scores reflect accelerated ageing and are associated with increased mortality risk and poorer physical function. To date, however, the relationship between brain-predicted age difference scores and specific cognitive functions has not been systematically examined using appropriate statistical methods. First, applying machine learning to 1,359 T1-weighted MRI scans, we predicted the relationship between chronological age and voxel-wise grey matter data. This model was then applied to MRI data from three independent datasets, significantly predicting chronological age in each dataset: Dokuz Eylul University (n=175), the Cognitive Reserve/Reference Ability Neural Network study (n=380), and The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (n=487). Each independent dataset had rich neuropsychological data. Brain-predicted age difference scores were significantly negatively correlated with performance on measures of general cognitive status (two datasets); processing speed, visual attention, and cognitive flexibility (three datasets); visual attention and cognitive flexibility (two datasets); and semantic verbal fluency (two datasets). As such, there is firm evidence of correlations between increased brain-predicted age differences and reduced cognitive function in some domains that are implicated in cognitive ageing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boyle, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jollans, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rueda-Delgado, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizzo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yener, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMorrow, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carey, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emek-Savas, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whelan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/652867</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain-predicted age difference score is related to specific cognitive functions: A multi-site replication analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/654996v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Engineered Cas-Transposon System for Programmable and Precise DNA Transpositions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/654996v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Efficient targeted insertion of heterologous DNA into a genome remains a challenge in genome engineering. Recombinases that can introduce kilobase-sized DNA constructs require pre-existing recombination sites to be present in the genome and are difficult to reprogram to other loci. Genome insertion using current CRISPR-Cas methods relies on host DNA repair machinery, which is generally inefficient. Here, we describe a Cas-Transposon (CasTn) system for genomic insertions that uses a transposase fused to a catalytically-dead dCas9 nuclease to mediate programmable, site-specific transposition. CasTn combines the power of the Himar1 transposase, which inserts multi-kb DNA transposons into TA dinucleotides by a cut-and-paste mechanism, and the targeting capability of Cas9, which uses guide-RNAs to bind to specific DNA sequences. Using in vitro assays, we demonstrated that Himar-dCas9 proteins increased the frequency of transposon insertions at a single targeted TA dinucleotide by >300-fold compared to an untargeted transposase, and that site-specific transposition is dependent on target choice while robust to log-fold variations in protein and DNA concentrations. We then showed that Himar-dCas9 mediates site-specific transposition into a target plasmid in E. coli. This work provides CasTn as a new method for host-independent, programmable, targeted DNA insertions to expand the genomic engineering toolbox.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/654996</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Engineered Cas-Transposon System for Programmable and Precise DNA Transpositions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/655043v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nuclear actin regulates inducible transcription by enhancing RNA polymerase II clustering 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/655043v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene expression in response to external stimuli underlies a variety of fundamental cellular processes. However, how the transcription machinery is regulated under these scenarios is largely unknown. Here, we discover a novel role of nuclear actin in inducible transcriptional regulation using next-generation transcriptome sequencing and super-resolution microscopy. The RNA-seq data reveal that nuclear actin is required for the establishment of the serum-induced transcriptional program. Using super-resolution imaging, we found a remarkable enhancement of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) clustering upon serum stimulation and this enhancement requires the presence of nuclear actin. To study the molecular mechanisms, we firstly observed that Pol II clusters co-localized with the serum-response genes and nuclear actin polymerized in adjacent to Pol II clusters upon serum stimulation. Furthermore, N-WASP and Arp2/3 are reported to interact with Pol II, and we demonstrated N-WASP is required for serum-enhanced Pol II clustering. Importantly, using an optogenetic tool, we revealed that N-WASP phase-separated with the carboxy-terminal domain of Pol II and nuclear actin. In addition to serum stimulation, we found nuclear actin also essential in enhancing Pol II clustering upon interferon-{gamma} treatment. Taken together, our work unveils nuclear actin promotes the formation of transcription factory on inducible genes, acting as a general mechanism underlying the rapid response to environmental cues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wei, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/655043</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nuclear actin regulates inducible transcription by enhancing RNA polymerase II clustering]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/655290v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Understanding Cognitive Impairment in Mood Disorders: Mediation Analyses in the UK Biobank Cohort 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/655290v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCognitive impairment is strongly linked with persistent disability in people with mood disorders, but the factors that explain cognitive impairment in this population are unclear.nnAimsWe aimed to estimate the total effect of (i) bipolar disorder (BD) and (ii) major depression on cognitive function, and the magnitude of the effect that was explained by potentially modifiable intermediate factors.nnMethodCross-sectional study using baseline data from the UK Biobank cohort. Participants were categorised as BD (N=2,709), major depression (N=50,975), or no mood disorder (N=102,931 to 105,284). The outcomes were computerised tests of reasoning, reaction time and memory. The potential mediators were cardiometabolic disease and psychotropic medication. Analyses were informed by graphical methods, and controlled for confounding using regression, propensity score-based methods, and G-computation.nnResultsGroup differences of small magnitude were found on a visuospatial memory test. Z-score differences for BD were in the range -0.23 to -0.17 (95% CI range -0.39 to -0.03) across different estimation methods, and approximately -0.07 (95% CI -0.10 to -0.03) for major depression. One-quarter of the effect was mediated via psychotropic medication in the BD group (-0.05; 95% CI -0.09 to -0.01). No evidence was found for mediation via cardiometabolic disease.nnConclusionsIn a large community-based sample in middle to early old age, BD and depression were associated with lower visuospatial memory performance, in part potentially due to psychotropic medication use. Mood disorders and their treatments will have increasing importance for population cognitive health as the proportion of older adults continues to grow.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cullen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deary, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pell, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keyes, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/655290</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Understanding Cognitive Impairment in Mood Disorders: Mediation Analyses in the UK Biobank Cohort]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/655969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling missing cases and transmission links in networks of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/655969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The transmission patterns of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) remain poorly understood, despite over half a million incident cases in 2017. Modeling TB transmission networks can provide insight into the nature and drivers of transmission, but incomplete and non-random sampling of TB cases can pose challenges to making inferences from epidemiologic and molecular data. We conducted a quantitative bias analysis to assess the effect of missing cases on a transmission network inferred from Mtb sequencing data on extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB cases in South Africa. We tested scenarios in which cases were missing at random, differentially by clinical characteristics, or differentially by transmission (i.e., cases with many links were under or over-sampled). Under the assumption cases were missing at random, cases in the complete, modeled network would have had a mean of 20 or more transmission links, which is far higher than expected, in order to reproduce the observed, partial network. Instead, we found that the most likely scenario involved undersampling of high-transmitting cases, and further models provided evidence for superspreading behavior. This is, to our knowledge, the first study to define and assess the support for different mechanisms of missingness in a study of TB transmission. Our findings should caution interpretation of results of future studies of TB transmission in high-incidence settings, given the potential for biased sampling, and should motivate further research aimed at identifying the specific host, pathogen, or environmental factors contributing to superspreading.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nelson, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gandhi, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathema, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brust, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auld, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ismail, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omar, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allana, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moodley, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mlisana, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenness, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/655969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling missing cases and transmission links in networks of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/657049v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Demultiplexing overlapping signaling scaffold functions to probe lipid messenger coupling to cytoskeletal dynamics. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/657049v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The coordination of lipid messenger signaling with cytoskeletal regulation is central to many organelle-specific signaling and regulatory processes. While central to many aspects of cell physiology, this coupling often depends on the function of multi-domain scaffolds that orchestrate transient interactions and dynamic feedback among a spectrum of signaling intermediates and regulatory proteins on organelles. Understanding scaffold protein functions has remained challenging given this complexity. This work employs live-cell imaging and statistical analyses to deconvolve (demultiplex) how the multi-domain scaffold IQGAP1 coordinates phosphoinositide signaling with organelle-specific actin regulation and membrane processing events. Using actin-ensconced endosomes that localize to the basal cortex of polarized epithelial cells as a model system, we demonstrate abilities to dissect how IQGAP1 transitions between different actin and endosomal-membrane tethered states. We provide evidence IQGAP1 functions as a transient inhibitor of actin growth around the endosomes in at least one of these states. While not easily distilled via standard (static) colocalization analyses or traditional pathway perturbations methods, this negative regulation was revealed via a series of dynamic correlation and multiple regression analyses. These methods also uncovered that the negative actin regulation is linked to GTPase-dependent tethering to the endosomal membrane. Moreover, the scaffold transitions underlying this control are shown to depend on the production of PIP3 lipid messengers by the lipid kinase PI3K. Overall, these methods and results provide new insights in to how IQGAP1 act as a signaling hub by orchestrating time-dependent membrane and cytoskeletal protein interactions and provide new routes to dissect scaffold-mediated pathway regulation in a variety of settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trenton, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLaughlin, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellamkonda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mace, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>orange, j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweikhard, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diehl, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/657049</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Demultiplexing overlapping signaling scaffold functions to probe lipid messenger coupling to cytoskeletal dynamics.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/658914v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Benefits of commitment in hierarchical inference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/658914v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans have the tendency to commit to a single interpretation of what has caused some observed evidence rather than considering all possible alternatives. This tendency can explain various forms of confirmation and reference biases. However, committing to a single high-level interpretation seems short-sighted and irrational, and thus it is unclear why humans seem motivated to pursue such strategy.nnIn a first step toward answering this question, we systematically quantified how this strategy affects estimation accuracy at the feature level in the context of two universal hierarchical inference tasks, categorical perception and causal cue combination. Using model simulations, we demonstrate that although estimation is generally impaired when conditioned on only a single high-level inter-pretation, the impairment is not uniform across the entire feature range. On the contrary, compared to a full inference strategy that considers all high-level interpretations, accuracy is actually better for feature values for which the probability of an incorrect categorical/structural commitment is relatively low. That is to say, if an observer is reasonably certain about the high-level interpretation of the feature, it is advantageous to condition subsequent feature inference only on that particular interpretation. We also show that this benefit of commitment is substantially amplified if late noise corrupts information processing (e.g., during retention in working memory). Our results suggest that top-down inference strategies that solely rely on the most likely high-level interpretation can be favorable and at least locally outperform a full inference strategy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qiu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stocker, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/658914</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Benefits of commitment in hierarchical inference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/665893v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Novel Tmem119-tdTomato Reporter Mouse Model for Studying Microglia in the Central Nervous System 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/665893v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microglia are resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). The exact role of microglia in the physiopathology of CNS disorders is not clear due to lack of tools to discriminate between CNS resident and infiltrated innate immune cells. Here, we present a novel reporter mouse model targeting a microglia-specific marker (TMEM119) for studying the function of microglia in health and disease. By placing a reporter cassette (GSG-3xFlag-P2A-tdTomato) between the coding sequence of exon 2 and 3UTR of the Tmem119 gene using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, we generated a Tmem119-tdTomato knock-in mouse strain. Gene expression assay showed no difference of endogenous Tmem119 mRNA level in the CNS of Tmem119tdTomato/+ relative to control Wild-type mice. The cells expressing tdTomato-were recognized by immunofluorescence staining using commercially available anti-TMEM119 antibodies. Using immunofluorescence and flow cytometry techniques, tdTomato+ cells were detected throughout the CNS, but not in peripheral tissues of adult Tmem119tdTomato/+ mice. In addition, aging does not seem to influence TMEM119 expression as tdTomato+ cells were detectable in the CNS of older mice (300 and 540 days old). Further immunofluorescence characterization shows that the tdTomato+ cells were highly colocalized with Iba1+ cells (microglia and macrophages) in the brain, but not with NeuN- (neurons), GFAP- (astrocytes) or Olig2- (oligodendrocytes) labeled cells. Moreover, flow cytometry analysis of brain tissues of adult mice demonstrates that the majority of microglial CD45lowCD11b+ cells (96.6%) are tdTomato positive. Functionally, using a laser-induced injury model, we measured time-lapse activation of tdTomato-labeled microglia by transcranial two-photon microscopy in live Tmem119tdTomato/+ mice. Taken together, the Tmem119-tdTomato reporter mouse model will serve as a valuable tool to specifically study the role of microglia in health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kroshilina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckers, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradshaw, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elyaman, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/665893</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Novel Tmem119-tdTomato Reporter Mouse Model for Studying Microglia in the Central Nervous System]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/666289v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reliability and Reproducibility of T1-weighted images: comparing MPRAGE and Prospective Motion Correction with Volumetric Navigators 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/666289v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
New large neuroimaging studies, such as the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study (ABCD) and Human Connectome Project (HCP) Development studies are adopting a new T1-weighted imaging sequence with prospective motion correction (PMC) in favor of the more traditional 3-Dimensional Magnetization-Prepared Rapid Gradient-Echo Imaging (MPRAGE) sequence. Here, we used a developmental dataset (ages 5-21, N=348) from the Healthy Brain Network (HBN) Initiative to directly compare two widely used MRI structural sequences: one based on the Human Connectome Project (MPRAGE) and another based on the ABCD study (MPRAGE+PMC). We aimed to determine if the morphometric measurements obtained from both protocols are equivalent or if one sequence has a clear advantage over the other. The sequences were also compared through quality control measurements. Inter- and intra-sequence reliability were assessed with another set of participants (N=71) from HBN that performed two MPRAGE and two MPRAGE+PMC sequences within the same imaging session, with one MPRAGE (MPRAGE1) and MPRAGE+PMC (MPRAGE+PMC1) pair at the beginning of the session and another pair (MPRAGE2 and MPRAGE+PMC2) at the end of the session. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) scores for morphometric measurements such as volume and cortical thickness showed that intra-sequence reliability is the highest with the two MPRAGE+PMC sequences and lowest with the two MPRAGE sequences. Regarding inter-sequence reliability, ICC scores were higher for the MPRAGE1 - MPRAGE+PMC1 pair at the beginning of the session than the MPRAGE1 - MPRAGE2 pair, possibly due to the higher motion artifacts in the MPRAGE2 run. Results also indicated that the MPRAGE+PMC sequence is robust, but not impervious, to high head motion. For quality control metrics, the traditional MPRAGE yielded better results than MPRAGE+PMC in 5 of the 8 measurements. In conclusion, morphometric measurements evaluated here showed high inter-sequence reliability between the MPRAGE and MPRAGE+PMC sequences, especially in images with low head motion. We suggest that studies targeting hyperkinetic populations use the MPRAGE+PMC sequence, given its robustness to head motion and higher reliability scores. However, neuroimaging researchers studying non-hyperkinetic participants can choose either MPRAGE or MPRAGE+PMC sequences, but should carefully consider the apparent tradeoff between relatively increased reliability, but reduced quality control metrics when using the MPRAGE+PMC sequence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craddock, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tottenham, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colcombe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milham, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franco, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/666289</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reliability and Reproducibility of T1-weighted images: comparing MPRAGE and Prospective Motion Correction with Volumetric Navigators]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/668319v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spectral Hallmark of Auditory-Tactile Interactions in Somatosensory Cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/668319v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To synthesize a coherent representation of the external world, the brain must integrate inputs across stimulus modalities. Yet the mechanistic basis of this computation at the level of neuronal populations remains obscure. Here, we investigate tactile-auditory integration using two-photon Ca2+ imaging in the mouse primary (S1) and secondary (S2) somatosensory cortices. Pairing sound with whisker stimulation modulates tactile responses in both S1 and S2, with the most prominent modulation being robust inhibition in S2. The degree of inhibition depends on tactile stimulation frequency, with lower frequency responses the most severely attenuated. Alongside these neurons, we identify sound-selective neurons in S2 whose responses are inhibited by high tactile frequencies. These results are consistent with a hypothesized local mutually-inhibitory S2 circuit that spectrally selects tactile versus auditory inputs. Our findings enrich mechanistic understanding of multisensory integration and suggest a key role for S2 in combining auditory and tactile information.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Johny, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Issa, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/668319</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spectral Hallmark of Auditory-Tactile Interactions in Somatosensory Cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/670620v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium channels mediate action potential firing and excitability in menthol-sensitive Vglut3-lineage sensory neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/670620v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Small-diameter vesicular glutamate transporter 3-lineage (Vglut3lineage) dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons play an important role in mechanosensation and thermal hypersensitivity; however, little is known about their intrinsic electrical properties. We therefore set out to investigate mechanisms of excitability within this population. Calcium microfluorimetry analysis of male and female mouse DRG neurons demonstrated that the cooling compound menthol selectively activates a subset of Vglut3lineage neurons. Whole-cell recordings showed that small-diameter Vglut3lineage DRG neurons fire menthol-evoked action potentials and exhibited robust, transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8)-dependent discharges at room temperature. This heightened excitability was confirmed by current-clamp and action potential phase-plot analyses, which showed menthol-sensitive Vglut3lineage neurons to have more depolarized membrane potentials, lower firing thresholds, and higher evoked firing frequencies compared with menthol-insensitive Vglut3lineage neurons. A biophysical analysis revealed voltage-gated sodium channel (NaV) currents in menthol-sensitive Vglut3lineage neurons were resistant to entry into slow inactivation compared with menthol-insensitive neurons. Multiplex in situ hybridization showed similar distributions of tetrodotoxin (TTX)-sensitive NaVs transcripts between TRPM8-positive and -negative Vglut3lineage neurons; however, NaV1.8 transcripts, which encode TTX-resistant channels, were more prevalent in TRPM8-negative neurons. Conversely, pharmacological analyses identified distinct functional contributions of NaV subunits, with NaV1.1 driving firing in menthol-sensitive neurons, whereas other small-diameter Vglut3lineage neurons rely primarily on TTX-resistant NaV channels. Additionally, when NaV1.1 channels were blocked, the remaining NaV currents readily entered into slow inactivation in menthol-sensitive Vglut3lineage neurons. Thus, these data demonstrate that TTX-sensitive NaVs drive action potential firing in menthol-sensitive sensory neurons and contribute to their heightened excitability.nnSignificance StatementSomatosensensory neurons encode various sensory modalities including thermoreception, mechanoreception, nociception and itch. This report identifies a previously unknown requirement for tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium channels in action potential firing in a discrete subpopulation of small-diameter sensory neurons that are activated by the cooling agent menthol. Together, our results provide a mechanistic understanding of factors that control intrinsic excitability in functionally distinct subsets of peripheral neurons. Furthermore, as menthol has been used for centuries as an analgesic and anti-pruritic, these findings support the viability of NaV1.1 as a therapeutic target for sensory disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Griffith, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Docter, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lumpkin, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/670620</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium channels mediate action potential firing and excitability in menthol-sensitive Vglut3-lineage sensory neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/672246v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Probabilistic Models of Larval Zebrafish Behavior: Structure on Many Scales 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/672246v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nervous systems have evolved to combine environmental information with internal state to select and generate adaptive behavioral sequences. To better understand these computations and their implementation in neural circuits, natural behavior must be carefully measured and quantified. Here, we collect high spatial resolution video of single zebrafish larvae swimming in a naturalistic environment and develop models of their action selection across exploration and hunting. Zebrafish larvae swim in punctuated bouts separated by longer periods of rest called interbout intervals. We take advantage of this structure by categorizing bouts into discrete types and representing their behavior as labeled sequences of bout-types emitted over time. We then construct probabilistic models - specifically, marked renewal processes - to evaluate how bout-types and interbout intervals are selected by the fish as a function of its internal hunger state, behavioral history, and the locations and properties of nearby prey. Finally, we evaluate the models by their predictive likelihood and their ability to generate realistic trajectories of virtual fish swimming through simulated environments. Our simulations capture multiple timescales of structure in larval zebrafish behavior and expose many ways in which hunger state influences their action selection to promote food seeking during hunger and safety during satiety.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linderman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panier, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wee, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrera, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engert, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/672246</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Probabilistic Models of Larval Zebrafish Behavior: Structure on Many Scales]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/673418v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development and Validation of Phenotype Classifiers across Multiple Sites in the Observational Health Sciences and Informatics (OHDSI) Network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/673418v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveAccurate electronic phenotyping is essential to support collaborative observational research. Supervised machine learning methods can be used to train phenotype classifiers in a high-throughput manner using imperfectly labeled data. We developed ten phenotype classifiers using this approach and evaluated performance across multiple sites within the Observational Health Sciences and Informatics (OHDSI) network.nnMaterials and MethodsWe constructed classifiers using the Automated PHenotype Routine for Observational Definition, Identification, Training and Evaluation (APHRODITE) R-package, an open-source framework for learning phenotype classifiers using datasets in the OMOP CDM. We labeled training data based on the presence of multiple mentions of disease-specific codes. Performance was evaluated on cohorts derived using rule-based definitions and real-world disease prevalence. Classifiers were developed and evaluated across three medical centers, including one international site.nnResultsCompared to the multiple mentions labeling heuristic, classifiers showed a mean recall boost of 0.43 with a mean precision loss of 0.17. Performance decreased slightly when classifiers were shared across medical centers, with mean recall and precision decreasing by 0.08 and 0.01, respectively, at a site within the USA, and by 0.18 and 0.10, respectively, at an international site.nnDiscussion and ConclusionWe demonstrate a high-throughput pipeline for constructing and sharing phenotype classifiers across multiple sites within the OHDSI network using APHRODITE. Classifiers exhibit good portability between sites within the USA, however limited portability internationally, indicating that classifier generalizability may have geographic limitations, and consequently, sharing the classifier-building recipe, rather than the pre-trained classifiers, may be more useful for facilitating collaborative observational research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kashyap, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seneviratne, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banda, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falconer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hripcsak, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/673418</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development and Validation of Phenotype Classifiers across Multiple Sites in the Observational Health Sciences and Informatics (OHDSI) Network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/675405v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biofilm inhibitor taurolithocholic acid alters colony morphology, specialized metabolism, and virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/675405v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biofilm inhibition by exogenous molecules has been an attractive strategy for the development of novel therapeutics. We investigated the biofilm inhibitor taurolithocholic acid (TLCA) and its effects on the specialized metabolism, virulence and biofilm formation of the clinically relevant bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PA14. Our study shows that TLCA alters specialized metabolism, thereby affecting P. aeruginosa colony biofilm physiology. We observed an upregulation of metabolites correlated to virulence such as the siderophore pyochelin. A wax moth virulence assay confirmed that treatment with TLCA increases virulence of P. aeruginosa. Based on our results, we believe that future endeavors to identify biofilm inhibitors must consider how a putative lead is altering the specialized metabolism of a bacterial community to prevent pathogens from entering a highly virulent state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Condren, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahl, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kritikos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banzhaf, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dietrich, L. E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/675405</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biofilm inhibitor taurolithocholic acid alters colony morphology, specialized metabolism, and virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/675439v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell based elucidation of molecularly-distinct glioblastoma states and drug sensitivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/675439v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glioblastoma heterogeneity and plasticity remain controversial, with proposed subtypes representing the average of highly heterogeneous admixtures of independent transcriptional states. Single-cell, protein-activity-based analysis allowed full quantification of >6,000 regulatory and signaling proteins, thus providing a previously unattainable single-cell characterization level. This helped identify four novel, molecularly distinct subtypes that successfully harmonize across multiple GBM datasets, including previously published bulk and single-cell profiles and single cell profiles from seven orthotopic PDX models, representative of prior subtype diversity. GBM is thus characterized by the plastic coexistence of single cells in two mutually-exclusive developmental lineages, with additional stratification provided by their proliferative potential. Consistently, all previous subtypes could be recapitulated by single-cell mixtures drawn from newly identified states. Critically, drug sensitivity was predicted and validated as highly state-dependent, both in single-cell assays from patient-derived explants and in PDX models, suggesting that successful treatment requires combinations of multiple drugs targeting these distinct tumor states.nnSignificanceWe propose a new, 4-subtype GBM classification, which harmonizes across bulk and single-cell datasets. Single-cell mixtures from these subtypes effectively recapitulate all prior classifications, suggesting that the latter are a byproduct of GBM heterogeneity. Finally, we predict single-cell level activity of three clinically-relevant drugs, and validate them in patient-derived explant.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ding, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgenske, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramaniam, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakken, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laise, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paull, E. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spinazzi, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dovas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marie, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhyayula, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dela Cruz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diolaiti, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruce, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canoll, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sims, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkaria, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/675439</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell based elucidation of molecularly-distinct glioblastoma states and drug sensitivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/675959v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A neuronal signature for monogamous reunion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/675959v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pair bond formation depends vitally on neuromodulatory signaling within the nucleus accumbens, but the neuronal dynamics underlying this behavior remain unclear. Using in vivo Ca2+ imaging in monogamous prairie voles, we found that pair bonding does not elicit differences in overall nucleus accumbens Ca2+ activity. Instead, we identified distinct neuronal ensembles in this region recruited during approach to either a partner or novel vole. The partner-approach neuronal ensemble increased in size following bond formation and differences in the size of approach ensembles for partner and novel voles predicts bond strength. In contrast, neurons comprising departure ensembles do not change over time and are not correlated with bond strength indicating that ensemble plasticity is specific to partner approach. Further, the neurons comprising partner and novel approach ensembles are non-overlapping while departure ensembles are more overlapping than chance, which may reflect another key feature of approach ensembles. We posit that the features of the partner approach ensemble and its expansion upon bond formation make it a potential key substrate underlying bond formation and maturation.nnHighlightsO_LIWe performed in vivo Ca2+ in the nucleus accumbens of pair bonded prairie volesnC_LIO_LIOverall nucleus accumbens activity did not differ during partner versus stranger interactionnC_LIO_LIDistinct approach neurons exist for the partner and for the strangernC_LIO_LIPartner-approach ensemble increases as partner preference emergesnC_LIO_LIWe identify a putative neuronal substrate underlying bond formation and maturationnC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scribner, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Protter, D. S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saslow, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cameron, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kheirbek, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donaldson, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/675959</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A neuronal signature for monogamous reunion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/676312v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NeuroPAL: A Neuronal Polychromatic Atlas of Landmarks for Whole-Brain Imaging in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/676312v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Comprehensively resolving single neurons and their cellular identities from whole-brain fluorescent images is a major challenge. We achieve this in C. elegans through the engineering and use of a multicolor transgene called NeuroPAL (a Neuronal Polychromatic Atlas of Landmarks). NeuroPAL worms share a stereotypical multicolor fluorescence map for the entire hermaphrodite nervous system that allows comprehensive determination of neuronal identities. Neurons labeled with NeuroPAL do not exhibit fluorescence in the green, cyan, or yellow emission channels, allowing the transgene to be used with numerous reporters of gene expression or neuronal dynamics. Here we showcase three studies that leverage NeuroPAL for nervous-system-wide neuronal identification. First, we determine the brainwide expression patterns of all metabotropic receptors for acetylcholine, GABA, and glutamate, completing a map of this communication network. Second, we uncover novel changes in cell fate caused by transcription factor mutations. Third, we record brainwide activity in response to attractive and repulsive chemosensory cues, characterizing multimodal coding and novel neuronal asymmetries for these stimuli. We present a software package that enables semi-automated determination of all neuronal identities based on color and positional information. The NeuroPAL framework and software provide a means to design landmark atlases for other tissues and organisms. In conclusion, we expect NeuroPAL to serve as an invaluable tool for gene expression analysis, neuronal fate studies, and for mapping whole-brain activity patterns.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yemini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nejatbakhsh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varol, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mena, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuel, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatachalam, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/676312</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NeuroPAL: A Neuronal Polychromatic Atlas of Landmarks for Whole-Brain Imaging in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/677153v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Altered White Matter Microstructural Organization in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder across 3,049 Adults: Results from the PGC-ENIGMA PTSD Consortium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/677153v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A growing number of studies have examined alterations in white matter organization in people with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) using diffusion MRI (dMRI), but the results have been mixed, which may be partially due to relatively small sample sizes among studies. Altered structural connectivity may be both a neurobiological vulnerability for, and a result of, PTSD. In an effort to find reliable effects, we present a multi-cohort analysis of dMRI metrics across 3,049 individuals from 28 cohorts currently participating in the PGC-ENIGMA PTSD working group (a joint partnership between the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium and the Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis consortium). Comparing regional white matter metrics across the full brain in 1,446 individuals with PTSD and 1,603 controls (2152 males/897 females) between ages 18-83, 92% of whom were trauma-exposed, we report associations between PTSD and disrupted white matter organization measured by lower fractional anisotropy (FA) in the tapetum region of the corpus callosum (Cohens d=-0.12, p=0.0021). The tapetum connects the left and right hippocampus, structures for which structure and function have been consistently implicated in PTSD. Results remained significant/similar after accounting for the effects of multiple potentially confounding variables: childhood trauma exposure, comorbid depression, history of traumatic brain injury, current alcohol abuse or dependence, and current use of psychotropic medications. Our results show that PTSD may be associated with alterations in the broader hippocampal network.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dennis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Disner, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salminen, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke-Rubright, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haswell, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Averill, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baugh, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bomyea, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruce, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cha, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davenport, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Densmore, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>du Plessis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forster, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frijling, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonenc, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruber, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grupe, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guenette, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofmann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ipser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinzel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koerte, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koopowitz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korgaonkar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krystal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebois, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnotta, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manthey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>May, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menefee, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawijn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neufeld, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nitschke,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/677153</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Altered White Matter Microstructural Organization in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder across 3,049 Adults: Results from the PGC-ENIGMA PTSD Consortium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/677237v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recurrent networks can recycle neural resources to flexibly trade speed for accuracy in visual recognition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/677237v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep feedforward neural network models of vision dominate in both computational neuroscience and engineering. The primate visual system, by contrast, contains abundant recurrent connections. Recurrent signal flow enables recycling of limited computational resources over time, and so might boost the performance of a physically finite brain or model. Here we show: (1) Recurrent convolutional neural network models outperform feedforward convolutional models matched in their number of parameters in large-scale visual recognition tasks on natural images. (2) Setting a confidence threshold, at which recurrent computations terminate and a decision is made, enables flexible trading of speed for accuracy. At a given confidence threshold, the model expends more time and energy on images that are harder to recognise, without requiring additional parameters for deeper computations. (3) The recurrent models reaction time for an image predicts the human reaction time for the same image better than several parameter-matched and state-of-the-art feedforward models. (4) Across confidence thresholds, the recurrent model emulates the behaviour of feedforward control models in that it achieves the same accuracy at approximately the same computational cost (mean number of floating-point operations). However, the recurrent model can be run longer (higher confidence threshold) and then outperforms parameter-matched feedforward comparison models. These results suggest that recurrent connectivity, a hallmark of biological visual systems, may be essential for understanding the accuracy, flexibility, and dynamics of human visual recognition.

Author summaryDeep neural networks provide the best current models of biological vision and achieve the highest performance in computer vision. Inspired by the primate brain, these models transform the image signals through a sequence of stages, leading to recognition. Unlike brains in which outputs of a given computation are fed back into the same computation, these models do not process signals recurrently. The ability to recycle limited neural resources by processing information recurrently could explain the accuracy and flexibility of biological visual systems, which computer vision systems cannot yet match. Here we report that recurrent processing can improve recognition performance compared to similarly complex feedforward networks. Recurrent processing also enabled models to behave more flexibly and trade off speed for accuracy. Like humans, the recurrent network models can compute longer when an object is hard to recognise, which boosts their accuracy. The models recognition times predicted human recognition times for the same images. The performance and flexibility of recurrent neural network models illustrates that modeling biological vision can help us improve computer vision.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spoerer, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kietzmann, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriegeskorte, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/677237</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recurrent networks can recycle neural resources to flexibly trade speed for accuracy in visual recognition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/677435v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unbiased Assessment of H-STS cells as high-fidelity models for gastro-enteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor drug mechanism of action analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/677435v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantitative metrics to objectively assess the fidelity of cancer models, such as cell lines, organoids, or patient-derived xenografts (PDXs), remain elusive, with histological criteria or the presence of specific mutations often used as driving principles. We show that molecular criteria, based on the regulatory proteins responsible for maintaining transcriptional cell state and its regulatory network, are effective in identifying models that can recapitulate drug mechanism of action and drug sensitivity, independent of histological consideration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alpaugh, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowden, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sicinska, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Realubit, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mundi, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grunn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jäger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chabot, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fojo, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oberstein, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hibshoosh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milsom, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulke, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiosis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reidy-Lagunes, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/677435</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unbiased Assessment of H-STS cells as high-fidelity models for gastro-enteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor drug mechanism of action analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/678136v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Comparison of Comorbidities and their Contribution to Medical Resource Utilization for Matched HIV-Infected and Uninfected Individuals: A Cross-Sectional Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/678136v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HIV long-term survivorship is characterized by higher rates of comorbidities compared to uninfected groups. Aging with HIV involves complex interactions of factors (e.g., Individual Characteristics, Infections) that result in a 20% increase in comorbidity risk. With over half of the 1.1 million people living with HIV in the US age 50 and over, the need exists to further understand this interplay and differences in aging-related outcomes. Electronic health record data was analyzed for HIV infected (N=208) and uninfected (N=208) adult inpatients, propensity score matched by age and gender. Diagnostic codes were extracted that comprise the factors of Individual Characteristics, High Risk Behaviors, Chronic Conditions, Mental Health Conditions and Infections. Identified codes were assessed for their contributions to medical resource utilization, based on Charlson Comorbidity scores. Significant contributors to high Charslon scores for HIV infected patients were age ({beta}=0.116; [95% CI 0.077, 0.155]) and admission frequency ({beta}=0.159; [95% CI 0.114, 0.205]) in addition to the comorbidities of acute kidney failure ({beta}=3.27; [95% CI 1.76, 4.78]), hypertension ({beta}= -1.77; [95% CI -2.99, -0.551]). Significant contributors for HIV uninfected patients were age ({beta}=0.110; [95% CI 0.087, 0.133]), length of hospital stay ({beta}=0.006; [95% CI 0.003, 0.009]), acute kidney failure ({beta}=1.556; [95% CI 0.611, 2.50]), heart failure ({beta}= 1.713; [95% CI 0.717, 2.71]), and diabetes mellitus II ({beta}= 1.385; [95% CI 0.634, 2.14]). Our findings enhance the understanding of the contributions to medical resource utilization based on HIV status and can inform intervention efficacy for improved HIV aging outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Odlum, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/678136</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Comparison of Comorbidities and their Contribution to Medical Resource Utilization for Matched HIV-Infected and Uninfected Individuals: A Cross-Sectional Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/679357v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intensity Warping for multisite MRI Harmonization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/679357v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In multisite neuroimaging studies there is often unwanted technical variation across scanners and sites. These "scanner effects" can hinder detection of biological features of interest, produce inconsistent results, and lead to spurious associations. We assess scanner effects in two brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies where subjects were measured on multiple scanners within a short time frame, so that one could assume any differences between images were due to technical rather than biological effects. We propose mica (multisite image harmonization by CDF alignment), a tool to harmonize images taken on different scanners by identifying and removing within-subject scanner effects. Our goals in the present study were to (1) establish a method that removes scanner effects by leveraging multiple scans collected on the same subject, and, building on this, (2) develop a technique to quantify scanner effects in large multisite trials so these can be reduced as a preprocessing step. We found that unharmonized images were highly variable across site and scanner type, and our method effectively removed this variability by warping intensity distributions. We further studied the ability to predict intensity harmonization results for a scan taken on an existing subject at a new site using cross-validation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wrobel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinohara, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldsmith, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/679357</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intensity Warping for multisite MRI Harmonization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/679464v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activity-dependent nucleation of dynamic microtubules at presynaptic boutons is required for neurotransmission 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/679464v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Control of microtubule (MT) dynamics is critical for neuronal function. Whether MT nucleation is regulated at presynaptic boutons and influences overall presynaptic activity remains unknown. By visualizing MT dynamics at individual excitatory en passant boutons in axons of hippocampal neurons we found that MTs preferentially grow from presynaptic boutons as a result of {gamma}-tubulin and augmin-dependent nucleation. MT nucleation at boutons is promoted by neuronal activity, functionally coupled to synaptic vesicle (SV) transport, and required for neurotransmission. Hence, en passant boutons act as hotspots for activity-dependent MT nucleation, which is required for neurotransmission by providing the tracks for a rate-limiting supply of SVs to sites of neurotransmitter release.nnHighlightsO_LIExcitatory boutons are hotspots for neuronal activity-induced {gamma}-tubulin dependent MT nucleationnC_LIO_LIThe augmin complex is required for the correct polarity of presynaptic de novo nucleated MTsnC_LIO_LIPresynaptic MT nucleation promotes SV motility and exocytosis at sites of releasenC_LInnIn BriefOur results demonstrate that excitatory en passant boutons are hotspots for neuronal activity-induced {gamma}-tubulin- and augmin-dependent oriented MT nucleation, and that the resulting presynaptic de novo nucleated MTs promote inter-bouton SV motility which is rate-limiting for neurotransmitter release.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blockus, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waites, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartolini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/679464</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activity-dependent nucleation of dynamic microtubules at presynaptic boutons is required for neurotransmission]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/680439v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Understanding the functional and structural differences across excitatory and inhibitory neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/680439v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One of the most fundamental organizational principles of the brain is the separation of excitatory (E) and inhibitory (I) neurons. In addition to their opposing effects on post-synaptic neurons, E and I cells tend to differ in their selectivity and connectivity. Although many such differences have been characterized experimentally, it is not clear why they exist in the first place. We studied this question in an artificial neural network equipped with multiple E and I cell types. We found that a deep convolutional recurrent network trained to perform an object classification task was able to capture salient distinctions between E and I neurons. We explored the necessary conditions for the network to develop distinct selectivity and connectivity across cell types. We found that neurons that project to higher-order areas will have greater stimulus selectivity, regardless of whether they are excitatory or not. Sparser connectivity is required for higher selectivity, but only when the recurrent connections are excitatory. These findings demonstrate that the differences observed across E and I neurons are not independent, and can be explained using a smaller number of factors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Minni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji-An, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moskovitz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsay, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dipoppa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/680439</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Understanding the functional and structural differences across excitatory and inhibitory neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/682815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nitric oxide acts as a cotransmitter in a subset of dopaminergic neurons to diversify memory dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/682815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals employ multiple and distributed neuronal networks with diverse learning rules and synaptic plasticity dynamics to record distinct temporal and statistical information about the world. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this diversity are poorly understood. The anatomically defined compartments of the insect mushroom body function as parallel units of associative learning, with different learning rates, memory decay dynamics and flexibility (Aso & Rubin 2016). Here we show that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a neurotransmitter in a subset of dopaminergic neurons in Drosophila. NOs effects develop more slowly than those of dopamine and depend on soluble guanylate cyclase in postsynaptic Kenyon cells. NO acts antagonistically to dopamine; it shortens memory retention and facilitates the rapid updating of memories. The interplay of NO and dopamine enables memories stored in local domains along Kenyon cell axons to be specialized for predicting the value of odors based only on recent events. Our results provide key mechanistic insights into how diverse memory dynamics are established in parallel memory systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aso, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cichewicz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngo, T.-T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christoforou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharp, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemire, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirsh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litwin Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/682815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nitric oxide acts as a cotransmitter in a subset of dopaminergic neurons to diversify memory dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/683540v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human condensin I and II drive extensive ATP-dependent compaction of nucleosome-bound DNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/683540v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) complexes are essential for genome organization from bacteria to humans, but their mechanisms of action remain poorly understood. Here, we characterize human SMC complexes condensin I and II and unveil the architecture of the human condensin II complex, revealing two putative DNA-binding sites. Using single-molecule imaging, we demonstrate that both condensin I and II exhibit ATP-dependent motor activity and promote extensive and reversible compaction of double-stranded DNA. Nucleosomes are incorporated into DNA loops during compaction without being displaced from the DNA, indicating that condensin complexes can readily act upon nucleosome fibers. These observations shed light on critical processes involved in genome organization in human cells.nnOne Sentence SummaryATP-dependent DNA compaction by human condensin complexes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutts, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beuron, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaliyappan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musacchio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vannini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/683540</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human condensin I and II drive extensive ATP-dependent compaction of nucleosome-bound DNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/686550v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of DNM3 and VAMP4 as genetic modifiers of LRRK2 Parkinsons disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/686550v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveTo assess genetic modifiers of Parkinsons disease (PD) age at onset (AAO) penetrance in individuals carrying common and rare LRRK2 risk allelesnnMethodsWe analysed reported genetic modifier DNM3 rs2421947 in 724 LRRK2 p.G2019S heterozygotes using linear regression of AAO. We meta-analysed our data with previously published data (n=754). VAMP4 is in close proximity to DNM3 and is associated with PD. We analysed the effect of the rs11578699 VAMP4 variant on pG2019S penetrance in 786 LRRK2 p.G2019S heterozygotes. We also evaluated the impact of VAMP4 variants using AAO regression in 4882 patients with PD carrying a common LRRK2 risk variant (rs10878226).nnResultsThere was no evidence for linkage disequilibrium between DNM3 rs2421947 and VAMP4 rs11578699. Our linear regression AAO of 724 p.G2019S carriers showed no relationship between DNM3 rs2421947 and AAO (beta = -1.19, p = 0.55, n =708). Meta-analysis with previously published data did not indicate a significant effect on AAO (beta = -2.21, p = 0.083, n = 1304), but there was significant heterogeneity in the analyses of new and previously published data. VAMP4 rs11578699 was nominally associated with AAO in patients dichotomized by the common LRRK2 risk variant rs10878226 (beta=1.68, se=0.81 p=0.037).nnInterpretationAnalysis of DNM3 in previously unpublished data does not show an interaction between DNM3 and LRRK2 G2019S for AAO, however the inter-study heterogeneity may indicate ethnic-specific effects of DNM3 rs2421947. Analysis of sporadic PD patients stratified by the PD risk variant rs10878226 indicates a possible interaction between LRRK2 and VAMP4.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brown, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blauwendraat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizig, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nalls, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leveille, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruskey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonvik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandres-Ciga, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassin-Baer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brockmann, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singleton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcalay, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gasser, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grosset, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pittman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gan-Or, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Santiago, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brice, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesage, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/686550</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of DNM3 and VAMP4 as genetic modifiers of LRRK2 Parkinsons disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/686824v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular estimation of neurodegeneration pseudotime in older brains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/686824v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The temporal molecular changes that lead to disease onset and progression in Alzheimers disease are still unknown. Here we develop a temporal model for these unobserved molecular changes with a manifold learning method applied to RNA-Seq data collected from human postmortem brain samples collected within the ROS/MAP and Mayo Clinic RNA-Seq studies. We define an ordering across samples based on their similarity in gene expression and use this ordering to estimate the molecular disease stage - or disease pseudotime - for each sample. Disease pseudotime is strongly concordant with the burden of tau (Braak score, P = 1.0x10-5), A{beta} (CERAD score, P = 1.8x10-5), and cognitive diagnosis (P = 3.5x10-7) of LOAD. Early stage disease pseudotime samples are enriched for controls and show changes in basic cellular functions. Late stage disease pseudotime samples are enriched for late stage AD cases and show changes in neuroinflammation and amyloid pathologic processes. We also identify a set of late stage pseudotime samples that are controls and show changes in genes enriched for protein trafficking, splicing, regulation of apoptosis, and prevention of amyloid cleavage pathways. In summary, we present a method for ordering patients along a trajectory of LOAD disease progression from brain transcriptomic data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preuss, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayadev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garden, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenwood, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sieberts, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ertekin-Taner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangravite, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/686824</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular estimation of neurodegeneration pseudotime in older brains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/687780v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detecting GPCR Complexes in Postmortem Human Brain with Proximity Ligation Assay and a Bayesian Classifier 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/687780v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the general controversy regarding the existence and physiological relevance of Class A GPCR dimerization, there is substantial evidence for functional interactions between dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) and adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR). A2AR-D2R complexes have been detected in rodent brains by proximity ligation assay (PLA), but their existence in the human brain is yet to be demonstrated. In this study, we used brightfield PLA, combined with a systematic sampling and a parameter-free naive Bayesian classifier, and demonstrated proximity between D2R and A2AR in the adult human ventral striatum, consistent with their colocalization within complexes and the possible existence of D2R-A2AR heteromers. These methods are applicable to the quantitative analysis of proximity of two proteins and the expression of individual proteins.nnMethod SummaryBrightfield proximity ligation assay (PLA) was used to assess the expression of G protein-coupled receptors and their proximity in postmortem adult human brains. A novel automated machine learning method (Bayesian Optimized PLA Signal Sorting) was developed to automatically quantify brightfield PLA data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meszaros, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walle, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dwork, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trifilieff, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javitch, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/687780</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detecting GPCR Complexes in Postmortem Human Brain with Proximity Ligation Assay and a Bayesian Classifier]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/688051v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Natural selection shapes codon usage in the human genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/688051v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synonymous codon usage has been identified as an important determinant of translational efficiency and mRNA stability in model organisms and human cell lines. However, to date, population genetics studies have failed to observe evolutionary constraint on human codon usage, and synonymous variation has been largely overlooked as a component of human genetic diversity. Using genetic sequencing data from nearly 200,000 individuals, we uncover clear evidence that natural selection optimizes codon content in the human genome. We derive intolerance metrics to quantify gene-level constraint on synonymous variation and demonstrate that dosage-sensitive, DNA damage response, and cell cycle regulated genes are more intolerant to synonymous variation than other genes in the genome. Notably, we illustrate that reductions in codon optimality can attenuate the function of BRCA1. Our results reveal that synonymous mutations likely play an important and underappreciated role in human variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dhindsa, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Copeland, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mustoe, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/688051</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Natural selection shapes codon usage in the human genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/688119v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Risk of Seizures Induced by Intracranial Research Stimulation: Analysis of 770 Stimulation Sessions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/688119v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPatients with medically refractory epilepsy often undergo intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) monitoring to identify a seizure focus and determine their candidacy for surgical intervention. This clinically necessary monitoring period provides an increasingly utilized research opportunity to study human neurophysiology, however, ethical concerns demand a thorough appreciation of the associated risks.nnObjectiveWe measured the incidence of research stimulation-associated seizures in a large multi-institutional study on brain stimulations effect on memory in order to determine if brain stimulation was statistically associated with seizure incidence, and identify potential risk factors for stimulation-associated seizures.nnMethods188 subjects undergoing iEEG monitoring across 10 institutions participated in 770 research stimulation sessions over 3.5 years. Seizures within 30 minutes of a stimulation session were included in our retrospective analysis. We analyzed stimulation parameters, seizure incidence, and typical seizure patterns, to assess the likelihood that recorded seizures were stimulation-induced, rather than events that occurred by chance in epilepsy patients prone to seizing.nnResultsIn total, 14 seizures were included in our analysis. All events were single seizures, and no adverse events occurred. The mean amplitude of seizure-associated stimulation did not differ significantly from the mean amplitude delivered in sessions without seizures.nnIn order to determine the likelihood that seizures were stimulation induced, we used three sets of analyses: Visual iEEG analysis, statistical frequency, and power analyses. We determined that three of the 14 seizures were likely stimulation-induced, five were possibly stimulation-induced, and six were unlikely stimulation-induced. Overall, we estimate a rate of stimulation-induced seizures between 0.39% and 1.82% of sessions.nnConclusionsThe rarity of stimulation-associated seizures, and that none added morbidity or affected the clinical course of any patient, are important findings for understanding the feasibility and safety of intracranial stimulation for research purposes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jobst, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lega, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sperling, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worrell, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaghloul, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wanda, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahana, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizzuto, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schevon, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKhann, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheth, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/688119</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Risk of Seizures Induced by Intracranial Research Stimulation: Analysis of 770 Stimulation Sessions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/688259v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Population subspaces reflect movement intention for arm and brain-machine interface control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/688259v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Motor cortex is active during covert motor acts, such as action observation and mental rehearsal, when muscles are quiescent. Such neuronal activity, which is thought to be similar to the activity underlying overt movement, is exploited by neural prosthetics to afford subjects control of an external effector. We compared neural activity in primary motor cortex of monkeys who controlled a cursor using either their arm or a brain-machine interface (BMI) to identify what features of neural activity are similar or dissimilar in these two control contexts. Neuronal population activity parcellates into orthogonal subspaces, with some representations that are unique to arm movements and others that are shared between arm and BMI control. The shared subspace is invariant to the effector used and to biomechanical details of the movement, revealing a representation that reflects movement intention. This intention representation is likely the signal extracted by BMI algorithms for cursor control, and subspace orthogonality accounts for how neurons involved in arm control can drive a BMI while the arm remains at rest. These results provide a resolution to the long-standing debate of whether motor cortex represents muscle activity or abstract movement variables, and it clarifies various puzzling aspects of neural prosthetic research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lalazar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaadia, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/688259</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Population subspaces reflect movement intention for arm and brain-machine interface control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/689133v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal responses in posterior parietal cortex during learning of implied serial order 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/689133v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Monkeys are able to learn the implied ordering of pairs of images drawn from an ordered set, without ever seeing all of the images simultaneously and without explicit spatial or temporal cues. The learning of implied order differs from learning of explicit visual or motor sequences. We recorded the activity of parietal neurons in rhesus macaques while they learned 7-item TI lists when only 2 items were presented on each trial. Behavior and ensemble neuronal activity were significantly influenced by the ordinal relationship of the stimulus pairs, specifically symbolic distance (the difference in rank) and joint ranks (the sum of the ranks). Symbolic distance strongly predicted decision accuracy, and learning was consistently faster as symbolic distance increased. An effect of joint rank on performance was also found nested within the symbolic distance effect. Across the population of neurons, there was significant modulation of firing correlated with the relative ranks of the two stimuli presented on each trial. Neurons exhibited selectivity for stimulus rank during learning, but not before or after. The observed behavior during learning is best explained by a virtual workspace model, not by associative or reward mechanisms. The neural data support a role for posterior parietal cortex in representing several variables that contribute to serial learning, particularly information about the ordinal ranks of the stimuli presented during a given trial. Thus, parietal cortex appears to belong to a neural substrate for learning and representing abstract relationships in a virtual workspace.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Munoz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alkan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terrace, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrera, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/689133</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal responses in posterior parietal cortex during learning of implied serial order]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/689786v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tracking the mind’s eye: Primate gaze behavior during virtual visuomotor navigation reflects belief dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/689786v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To take the best actions, we often need to maintain and update beliefs about variables that cannot be directly observed. To understand the principles underlying such belief updates, we need tools to uncover subjects belief dynamics from natural behaviour. We tested whether eye movements could be used to infer subjects beliefs about latent variables using a naturalistic, visuomotor navigation task. We observed eye movements that appeared to continuously track the goal location even when no visible target was present there. Accurate goal-tracking was associated with improved task performance, and inhibiting eye movements in humans impaired navigation precision. By using passive stimulus playback and manipulating stimulus reliability, we show that subjects eye movements are likely voluntary, rather than reflexive. These results suggest that gaze dynamics play a key role in action-selection during challenging visuomotor behaviours, and may possibly serve as a window into the subjects dynamically evolving internal beliefs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lakshminarasimhan, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avila, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neyhart, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeAngelis, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitkow, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angelaki, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/689786</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tracking the mind’s eye: Primate gaze behavior during virtual visuomotor navigation reflects belief dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/692004v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic immunodeficiency and autoimmune disease reveal distinct roles of Hem1 in the WAVE2 and mTORC2 complexes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/692004v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immunodeficiency often coincides with immune hyperresponsiveness such as autoimmunity, lymphoproliferation, or atopy, but the molecular basis of this paradox is typically unknown. We describe four families with immunodeficiency coupled with atopy, lymphoproliferation, cytokine overproduction, hemophagocytic lymphohistocytosis, and autoimmunity. We discovered loss-of-function variants in the gene NCKAP1L, encoding the hematopoietic-specific Hem1 protein. Three mutations cause Hem1 protein and WAVE regulatory complex (WRC) loss, thereby disrupting actin polymerization, synapse formation, and immune cell migration. Another mutant, M371V encodes a stable Hem1 protein but abrogates binding of the Arf1 GTPase and identifies Arf1 as a critical Hem1 regulator. All mutations reduce the cortical actin barrier to cytokine release explaining immune hyperresponsiveness. Finally, Hem1 loss blocked mTORC2-dependent AKT phosphorylation, T cell proliferation, and effector cytokine production during T cell activation. Thus, our data show that Hem1 independently governs two key regulatory complexes, the WRC and mTORC2, and how Hem1 loss causes a combined immunodeficiency and immune hyperresponsiveness disease.nnOne sentence summaryHem1 loss of function mutations cause a congenital immunodysregulatory disease and reveal its role regulating WAVE2 and mTORC2 signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Comrie, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poli, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Similuk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faruqi, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhns, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carisey, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fournier, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chahla, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas-Hernandez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forbes, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mace, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coban-Akdemir, Z. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jhangiani, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muzny, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lupski, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orange, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuvelier, G. D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al Hassani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>AL Kaabi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al Yafei, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jyonouchi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raje, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldwell, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkhardt, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latour, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ElGhazali, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chinn, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenardo, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/692004</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic immunodeficiency and autoimmune disease reveal distinct roles of Hem1 in the WAVE2 and mTORC2 complexes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/692533v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Compound stimuli reveal the structure of visual motion selectivity in macaque MT neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/692533v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Motion selectivity in primary visual cortex (V1) is approximately separable in orientation, spatial frequency, and temporal frequency ("frequency-separable"). Models for area MT neurons posit that their selectivity arises by combining direction-selective V1 afferents whose tuning is organized around a tilted plane in the frequency domain, specifying a particular direction and speed ("velocity-separable"). This construction explains "pattern direction selective" MT neurons, which are velocity-selective but relatively invariant to spatial structure, including spatial frequency, texture and shape. Surprisingly, when tested with single drifting gratings, most MT neurons responses are fit equally well by models with either form of separability. However, responses to plaids (sums of two moving gratings) tend to be better described as velocity-separable, especially for pattern neurons. We conclude that direction selectivity in MT is primarily computed by summing V1 afferents, but pattern-invariant velocity tuning for complex stimuli may arise from local, recurrent interactions.nnSignificance StatementHow do sensory systems build representations of complex features from simpler ones? Visual motion representation in cortex is a well-studied example: the direction and speed of moving objects, regardless of shape or texture, is computed from the local motion of oriented edges. Here we quantify tuning properties based on single-unit recordings in primate area MT, then fit a novel, generalized model of motion computation. The model reveals two core properties of MT neurons -- speed tuning and invariance to local edge orientation -- result from a single organizing principle: each MT neuron combines afferents that represent edge motions consistent with a common velocity, much as V1 simple cells combine thalamic inputs consistent with a common orientation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zaharia, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goris, R. L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Movshon, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simoncelli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/692533</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Compound stimuli reveal the structure of visual motion selectivity in macaque MT neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/693937v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Variants in the degron of AFF3 cause a multi-system disorder with mesomelic dysplasia, horseshoe kidney and developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/693937v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ALF transcription factor paralogs, AFF1, AFF2, AFF3 and AFF4, are components of the transcriptional super elongation complex that regulates expression of genes involved in neurogenesis and development. We describe a new autosomal dominant disorder associated with de novo missense variants in the degron of AFF3, a nine amino acid sequence important for its degradation. Consistent with a causative role of AFF3 variants, the mutated AFF3 proteins show reduced clearance. Ten affected individuals were identified, and present with a recognizable pattern of anomalies, which we named KINSSHIP syndrome (KI for horseshoe KIdney, NS for Nievergelt/Savarirayan type of mesomelic dysplasia, S for Seizures, H for Hypertrichosis, I for Intellectual disability and P for Pulmonary involvement), partially overlapping the AFF4 associated CHOPS syndrome. An eleventh individual with a microdeletion encompassing only the transactivation domain and degron motif of AFF3 exhibited overlapping clinical features. A zebrafish overexpression model that shows body axis anomalies provides further support for the pathological effect of increased amount of AFF3 protein.nnWhereas homozygous Aff3 knockout mice display skeletal anomalies, kidney defects, brain malformation and neurological anomalies, knock-in animals modeling the microdeletion and the missense variants identified in affected individuals presented with lower mesomelic limb deformities and early lethality, respectively.nnTranscriptome analyses as well as the partial phenotypic overlap of syndromes associated with AFF3 and AFF4 variants suggest that ALF transcription factors are not redundant in contrast to what was previously suggested
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Voisin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnur, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douzgou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiatt, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rustad, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Earl, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levchenko, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geuer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amor, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brusco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bebin, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cappuccio, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charrow, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatron, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadali, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delafontaine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Giudice, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Funari, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giannuzzi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guex, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heron, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holla, O. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurst, A. C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juusola, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kronn, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavrov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merckoll, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikhaleva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pradervand, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sirchia, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takenouchi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taska-Tench, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tonne, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tveten, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitiello, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uehara, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nava, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Y</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/693937</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Variants in the degron of AFF3 cause a multi-system disorder with mesomelic dysplasia, horseshoe kidney and developmental and epileptic encephalopathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/694364v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of task-based functional MRI data preprocessed with fMRIPrep 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/694364v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a standard tool to investigate the neural correlates of cognition. fMRI noninvasively measures brain activity, allowing identification of patterns evoked by tasks performed during scanning. Despite the long history of this technique, the idiosyncrasies of each dataset have led to the use of ad-hoc preprocessing protocols customized for nearly every different study. This approach is time-consuming, error-prone, and unsuitable for combining datasets from many sources. Here we showcase fMRIPrep (http://fmriprep.org), a robust tool to prepare human fMRI data for statistical analysis. This software instrument addresses the reproducibility concerns of the established protocols for fMRI preprocessing. By leveraging the Brain Imaging Data Structure (BIDS) to standardize both the input datasets --MRI data as stored by the scanner-- and the outputs --data ready for modeling and analysis--, fMRIPrep is capable of preprocessing a diversity of datasets without manual intervention. In support of the growing popularity of fMRIPrep, this protocol describes how to integrate the tool in a task-based fMRI investigation workflow.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Esteban, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciric, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finc, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blair, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markiewicz, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moodie, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kent, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncalves, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DuPre, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valabregue, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amlien, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liem, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacoby, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stojic, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cieslak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urchs, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halchenko, Y. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de la Vega, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarkoni, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poldrack, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorgolewski, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/694364</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of task-based functional MRI data preprocessed with fMRIPrep]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/696161v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intracranial recordings from human auditory cortex reveal a neural population selective for musical song 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/696161v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How are neural representations of music organized in the human brain? While neuroimaging has suggested some segregation between responses to music and other sounds, it remains unclear whether finer-grained organization exists within the domain of music. To address this question, we measured cortical responses to natural sounds using intracranial recordings from human patients and inferred canonical response components using a data-driven decomposition algorithm. The inferred components replicated many prior findings including distinct neural selectivity for speech and music. Our key novel finding is that one component responded nearly exclusively to music with singing. Song selectivity was not explainable by standard acoustic features and was co-located with speech- and music-selective responses in the middle and anterior superior temporal gyrus. These results suggest that neural representations of music are fractionated into subpopulations selective for different types of music, at least one of which is specialized for the analysis of song.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Norman-Haignere, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feather, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunner, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritaccio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDermott, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schalk, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanwisher, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/696161</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intracranial recordings from human auditory cortex reveal a neural population selective for musical song]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/697235v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
G protein-coupled potassium channels implicated in mouse and cellular models of GNB1 Encephalopathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/697235v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
De novo mutations in GNB1, encoding the G{beta}1 subunit of G proteins, cause a neurodevelopmental disorder with global developmental delay and epilepsy. Mice carrying a pathogenic mutation, K78R, recapitulate aspects of the disorder, including developmental delay and frequent spike-wave discharges (SWD). Cultured mutant cortical neurons display aberrant bursting activity on multi-electrode arrays. Strikingly, the antiepileptic drug ethosuximide (ETX) restores normal neuronal network behavior in vitro and suppresses SWD in vivo. In contrast, while valproic acid suppresses SWD, it does not restore normal network behavior, suggesting that ETX has mechanistic specificity for the effects of aberrant G{beta}1 signaling. Consistent with this, we show that K78R is a gain-of-function of G protein-coupled potassium channel (GIRK) activation that is potently inhibited by ETX. This work suggests that altered G{beta}1 signaling causes disease in part through effects on GIRK channels, illustrates the utility of cultured neuronal networks in pharmacological screening, and establishes effective pre-clinical models for GNB1 Encephalopathy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Colombo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shalomov, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabak, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhindsa, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelfman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krizay, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafikian, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bera, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boland, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frankel, W. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dascal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/697235</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[G protein-coupled potassium channels implicated in mouse and cellular models of GNB1 Encephalopathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/697334v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perifornical Area Urocortin-3 Neurons Promote Infant-directed Neglect and Aggression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/697334v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While recent studies have uncovered dedicated neural pathways mediating the positive control of parenting, the regulation of infant-directed aggression and how it relates to adult-adult aggression is poorly understood. Here we show that urocortin-3 (Ucn3)-expressing neurons in the hypothalamic perifornical area (PeFAUcn3) are activated during infant-directed attacks in males and females, but not other behaviors. Functional manipulations of PeFAUcn3 neurons demonstrate the role of this population in the negative control of parenting in both sexes. PeFAUcn3 neurons receive input from areas associated with vomeronasal sensing, stress, and parenting, and send projections to hypothalamic and limbic areas. Optogenetic activation of PeFAUcn3 axon terminals in these regions triggers various aspects of infant-directed agonistic responses, such as neglect, repulsion and aggression. Thus, PeFAUcn3 neurons emerge as a dedicated circuit component controlling infant-directed neglect and aggression, providing a new framework to understand the positive and negative regulation of parenting in health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Autry, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bambah-Mukku, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubinstein, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marin-Rodriguez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carta, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedwick, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dulac, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/697334</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perifornical Area Urocortin-3 Neurons Promote Infant-directed Neglect and Aggression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/699173v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neuroectodermal epithelial cells mistaken for blood-brain barrier-forming endothelial cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/699173v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) possess unique properties underlying the blood-brain-barrier (BBB), that are crucial for homeostatic brain functions and interactions with the immune system. Modulation of BBB function is essential for treatment of neurological diseases and effective tumor targeting. Studies to-date have been hampered by the lack of physiological models using cultivated human BMECs that sustain BBB properties. Recently, differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into cells with BBB-like properties has been reported, providing a robust in vitro model for drug screening and mechanistic understanding of neurological diseases. However, the precise identity of these iBMECs remains unclear. Employing single-cell RNA sequencing, bioinformatic analysis and immunofluorescence for several pathways, transcription factors (TFs), and surface markers, we examined the molecular and functional properties of iBMECs differentiated either in the absence or presence of retinoic acid. We found that iBMECs lack both endothelial-lineage genes and ETS TFs that are essential for the establishment and maintenance of EC identity. Moreover, iBMECs fail to respond to angiogenic stimuli and form lumenized vessels in vivo. We demonstrate that human iBMECs are not barrier-forming ECs but rather EpCAM+ neuroectodermal epithelial cells (NE-EpiCs) that form tight junctions resembling those present in BBB-forming BMECs. Finally, overexpression of ETS TFs (ETV2, FLI1, and ERG) reprograms NE-EpiCs to become more like the BBB-forming ECs. Thus, although directed differentiation of human iBMECs primarily gives rise to epithelial cells, overexpression of several ETS TFs can divert them toward a vascular BBB in vitro.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redmond, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magdeldin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snead, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sproul, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fine, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shido, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenwaks, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafii, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agalliu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lis, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/699173</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neuroectodermal epithelial cells mistaken for blood-brain barrier-forming endothelial cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/699280v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovering therapeutic activities from venoms using differential gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/699280v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Venoms are a diverse and complex group of natural toxins that have been adapted to treat many types of human disease, but rigorous computational approaches for discovering new therapeutic activities are scarce. We have designed and validated a new platform--named VenomSeq--to systematically identify putative associations between venoms and drugs/diseases via high-throughput transcriptomics and perturbational differential gene expression analysis. In this study, we describe the architecture of VenomSeq and its evaluation using the crude venoms from 25 diverse animal species and 9 purified teretoxin peptides. By integrating comparisons to public repositories of differential expression, associations between regulatory networks and disease, and existing knowledge of venom activity, we provide a number of new therapeutic hypotheses linking venoms to human diseases supported by multiple layers of preliminary evidence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Romano, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Realubit, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tatonetti, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/699280</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovering therapeutic activities from venoms using differential gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/702589v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ins2 gene bursting activity defines a mature beta-cell state 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/702589v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcriptional and functional cellular specialization has been described for insulin-secreting {beta}-cells of the endocrine pancreas. However, it is not clear whether {beta}-cell heterogeneity is stable or reflects dynamic cellular states. We investigated the temporal kinetics of endogenous insulin gene activity using live cell imaging, with complementary experiments employing FACS and single cell RNA sequencing, in {beta}-cells from Ins2GFP knock-in mice. In vivo staining and FACS analysis of islets from Ins2GFP mice confirmed that at a given moment, ~25% of {beta}-cells exhibited significantly higher activity at the conserved insulin gene Ins2. Live cell imaging captured Ins2 gene activity dynamics in single {beta}-cells over days. Autocorrelation analysis revealed a subset of cells with oscillating behavior, with mean oscillation periods of 17 hours. Increased glucose concentrations stimulated more cells to oscillate and resulted in higher average Ins2 gene activity per cell. Single cell RNA sequencing showed that Ins2(GFP)HIGH {beta}-cells were enriched for markers of {beta}-cell maturity. Ins2(GFP)HIGH {beta}-cells were also significantly less viable at all glucose concentrations and in the context of ER stress. Collectively, our results demonstrate that the heterogeneity of insulin production, observed in mouse and human {beta}-cells, can be accounted for by dynamic states of insulin gene activity.

BlurbPreviously reported pancreatic {beta}-cell heterogeneity reflects {beta}-cell state transitions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Modi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skovso, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krentz, N. A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noursadeghi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panzhinskiy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dionne, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xuan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huisind, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kieffer, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynn, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/702589</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ins2 gene bursting activity defines a mature beta-cell state]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/702910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A custom genotyping array reveals population-level heterogeneity for the genetic risks of prostate cancer and other cancers in Africa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/702910v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although prostate cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality for African men, the vast majority of known disease associations have been detected in European study cohorts. Furthermore, most genome-wide association studies have used genotyping arrays that are hindered by SNP ascertainment bias. To overcome these disparities in genomic medicine, the Men of African Descent and Carcinoma of the Prostate (MADCaP) Network has developed a genotyping array that is optimized for African populations. The MADCaP Array contains more than 1.5 million markers and an imputation backbone that successfully tags over 94% of common genetic variants in African populations. This array also has a high density of markers in genomic regions associated with cancer susceptibility, including 8q24. We assessed the effectiveness of the MADCaP Array by genotyping 399 prostate cancer cases and 403 controls from seven urban study sites in sub-Saharan Africa. We find that samples from Ghana and Nigeria cluster together, while samples from Senegal and South Africa yield distinct ancestry clusters. Using the MADCaP array, we identified cancer-associated loci that have large allele frequency differences across African populations. Polygenic risk scores were also generated for each genome in the MADCaP pilot dataset, and we found that predicted risks of CaP are lower in Senegal and higher in Nigeria.nnSignificanceWe have developed an Africa-specific genotyping array which enables investigators to identify novel disease associations and to fine-map genetic loci that are associated with prostate and other cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harlemon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ajayi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kachambwa, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simonti, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quiver, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsing, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baichoo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agalliu, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jalloh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gueye, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyper, N. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adusei, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mensah, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrahams, A. O. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adebiyi, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orunmuyi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, O. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nwegbu, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joffe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irusen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neugut, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quintana, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seutloali, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fadipe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woehrmann, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ongaco, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mawhinney, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McBride, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrews, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pugh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rebbeck, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lachance, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/702910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A custom genotyping array reveals population-level heterogeneity for the genetic risks of prostate cancer and other cancers in Africa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/705152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CD8+ T-cell-mediated immunoediting influences genomic evolution and immune evasion in murine gliomas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/705152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer immunoediting shapes tumor progression by the selection of tumor cell variants that can evade immune recognition. Given the immune evasion and intra-tumor heterogeneity intrinsic to gliomas, we hypothesized that CD8+ T-cells mediate immunoediting in these tumors. We evaluated glioma progression in the absence of CD8+ T-cells by depleting this immune cell population in transgenic murine gliomas. Upon transplantation, gliomas that developed in the absence of CD8+ T-cells engrafted poorly in recipients with intact immunity but engrafted well in those with CD8+ T-cell depletion. Gliomas developed in absence of CD8+ T-cells exhibited increased chromosomal instability, MAPK signaling, gene fusions, and macrophage/microglial infiltration. MAPK activation correlated with macrophage/microglial recruitment in this model and in the human disease. Our results indicate that CD8+ T-cells mediate immunoediting during gliomagenesis, influencing the genomic stability of glioma and its microenvironment, leading to immune evasion.nnSignificanceImmune evasion renders cancer resistant to anti-tumoral immunity. Therapeutic intervention often fails for gliomas because of the plasticity of tumor cell variants that resist immune surveillance. Our results demonstrate a mechanism of immune evasion in gliomas that derives from CD8+ T-cells during the development and progression of this disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kane, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsujiuchi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laffleur, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mela, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dmello, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arrieta, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Buendia, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee-Chang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothschild, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basu, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horbinski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesniak, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heimberger, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabadan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canoll, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonabend, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/705152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CD8+ T-cell-mediated immunoediting influences genomic evolution and immune evasion in murine gliomas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/705533v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of common and rare VPS13C variants in late onset Parkinson disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/705533v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveWe aimed to study the role of coding VPS13C variants in a large cohort of late-onset PD (LOPD) patients.nnMethodsVPS13C and its untranslated regions were sequenced using targeted next-generation sequencing in 1,567 PD patients and 1,667 controls from 3 cohorts. Association tests of rare potential homozygous and compound heterozygous variants and burden tests for rare heterozygous variants were performed. Common variants were analyzed using logistic regression adjusted for age and sex in each of the cohorts, followed by a meta-analysis.nnResultsNo bi-allelic carriers of rare VPS13C variants were found among patients and two carriers of compound heterozygous variants were found in two controls. There was no statistically significant burden of rare (MAF<1%) or very rare (MAF<0.1%) coding VPS13C variants in PD. A VPS13C haplotype including the p.R153H-p.I398I-p.I1132V-p.Q2376Q variants was nominally associated with a reduced risk for PD (meta-analysis of the tagging SNP p.I1132V (OR=0.48, 95%CI=0.28-0.82, p=0.0052). This haplotype was not in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with the known genome-wide association study (GWAS) top hit.nnConclusionsOur results do not support a role for rare heterozygous or bi-allelic VPS13C variants in LOPD. Additional genetic replication and functional studies are needed to examine the role of the haplotype identified here associated with reduced risk for PD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rudakou, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruskey, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krohn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurent, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiegelman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenbaum, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yahalom, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desautels, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montplaisir, J. Y. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fahn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waters, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kehoe, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dauvilliers, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupre, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassin-Baer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcalay, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouleau, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fon, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gan-Or, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/705533</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of common and rare VPS13C variants in late onset Parkinson disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/706143v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis of DNA targeting by a transposon-encoded CRISPR-Cas system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/706143v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria have evolved adaptive immune systems encoded by Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and the CRISPR-associated (Cas) genes to maintain genomic integrity in the face of relentless assault from pathogens and mobile genetic elements [1-3]. Type I CRISPR-Cas systems canonically target foreign DNA for degradation via the joint action of the ribonucleoprotein complex Cascade and the helicase-nuclease Cas3 [4,5] but nuclease-deficient Type I systems lacking Cas3 have been repurposed for RNA-guided transposition by bacterial Tn7-like transposons [6,7]. How CRISPR- and transposon-associated machineries collaborate during DNA targeting and insertion has remained elusive. Here we determined structures of a novel TniQ-Cascade complex encoded by the Vibrio cholerae Tn6677 transposon using single particle electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM), revealing the mechanistic basis of this functional coupling. The quality of the cryo-EM maps allowed for de novo modeling and refinement of the transposition protein TniQ, which binds to the Cascade complex as a dimer in a head-to-tail configuration, at the interface formed by Cas6 and Cas7 near the 3 end of the crRNA. The natural Cas8-Cas5 fusion protein binds the 5 crRNA handle and contacts the TniQ dimer via a flexible insertion domain. A target DNA-bound structure reveals critical interactions necessary for protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) recognition and R-loop formation. The present work lays the foundation for a structural understanding of how DNA targeting by TniQ-Cascade leads to downstream recruitment of additional transposon-associated proteins, and will guide protein engineering efforts to leverage this system for programmable DNA insertions in genome engineering applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Halpin-Healy, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klompe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sternberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/706143</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis of DNA targeting by a transposon-encoded CRISPR-Cas system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/706473v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Context-dependent gene regulation by transcription factor complexes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/706473v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotic transcription factors (TFs) form complexes with various partner proteins to recognize their genomic target sites. Yet, how the DNA sequence determines which TF complex forms at any given site is poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that high-throughput in vitro binding assays coupled with unbiased computational analysis provides unprecedented insight into how complexes of homeodomain proteins adapt their stoichiometry and configuration to the bound DNA. Using inferred knowledge about minor groove width readout, we design targeted protein mutations that destabilize homeodomain binding in a complex-specific manner. By performing parallel SELEX-seq, ChIP-seq, RNA-seq and Hi-C assays, we not only reveal complex-specific functions, but also show that TF binding sites that lack a canonical sequence motif emerge as a consequence of direct interaction with functionally bound sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kribelbauer, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loker, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rastogi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abe, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rube, H. T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bussemaker, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/706473</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Context-dependent gene regulation by transcription factor complexes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/708032v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex Differences in Predictors of Seizure in Contrast-Enhancing Gliomas at Clinical Presentation: A Network Approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/708032v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundBrain tumor related epilepsy (BTE) is a major co-morbidity related to the management of patients with brain cancer. Despite published practice guidelines recommending against anti-epileptic drug (AED) utilization in patients with gliomas, there is heterogeneity in prescription practices of AEDs in these patients. In an attempt to impact BTE management, we statistically analyzed clinically relevant attributes (sex, age, tumor size, tumor growth kinetics, and tumor location) pertaining to seizure at presentation and used them to build a computational machine learning model to predict the probability of a seizure (at presentation).nnMethodsFrom our clinical data repository, we identified 223 patients (females, n=86; males, n=137) with pathologically-determined glioma and known seizure status at clinical presentation. Non-parametric and Fishers Exact tests were used to identify statistical differences in clinical characteristics. We utilized a random forest machine learning method for generating our predictive models by entire cohort and separated by male and female.nnFindingsPatients were divided into those that presented with seizure (SP, n=96, 43%; F, n= 28; M, n= 68) and those that presented without seizure (nSP, n=127, 57%, F n=58, M n=69). Females presented with seizures significantly less often than males (x2=6{middle dot}28, p=0{middle dot}01). SP patients had significantly smaller T1Gd radius compared to nSP (SP 11{middle dot}30mm, nSP 18.66mm, p<0{middle dot}0001). Tumor size and patient age were significant negative predictors for SP; patients with larger tumors, older age and less tumor diffusivity (p/D) were at lower risk for SP.nnInterpretationDespite heterogeneity across our patient cohort, there is strong evidence of a role for patient sex, tumor size, tumor invasion, and patient age in predicting the incidence of seizures at diagnosis. Future studies, with prospectively detailed data collection, may provide clearer insights into the incidence of seizures through a patients treatment course.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnston, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khurana, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitmire, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranjbar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkins-Daarud, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porter, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canoll, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mrugala, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumthekar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swanson, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/708032</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex Differences in Predictors of Seizure in Contrast-Enhancing Gliomas at Clinical Presentation: A Network Approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/709246v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutations in CalDAG-GEFI Lead to Striatal Signaling Deficits and Psychomotor Symptoms in Multiple Species Including Human 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/709246v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Syndromes caused by mutations in Ras-MAP kinase signaling molecules are known as RASopathies and share features such as developmental delay, autistic traits, and cancer. Syndromic features of Rap-MAP kinase signaling defects remain undefined. CalDAG-GEFI is a calcium-responsive Rap-GTPase activator that is enriched in the matrix of the sensorimotor striatum and down-regulated in Huntingtons disease. We show here that CalDAG-GEFI mutations, including striatum-specific deletions and spontaneous mutations in the enzymatic domain, are associated with psychomotor phenotypes in humans, dogs and mice. The identification of these neural mutants was guided by the overt bleeding phenotype in CalDAG-GEFI knockout mice, and then in humans and other species with conserved platelet signaling deficits. Knockout mice exhibit loss of striatal long-term potentiation and deficits in dopamine, acetylcholine and glutamate signaling, along with delayed motor learning and drug-induced perseverative behaviors. Thus, loss of CalDAG-GEFI signaling produces an evolutionarily conserved syndrome characterized by bleeding and psychomotor dysfunction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crittenden, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauvage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitsukawa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burguiere, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cepeda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andre, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canault, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomsen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martella, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghiglieri, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pescatore, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unterwald, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Housman, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caine, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulzer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabresi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brefel-Courbon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alessi, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azulay, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graybiel, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/709246</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutations in CalDAG-GEFI Lead to Striatal Signaling Deficits and Psychomotor Symptoms in Multiple Species Including Human]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/710053v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Centrioles control the capacity, but not the specificity, of cytotoxic T cell killing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/710053v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immunological synapse formation between cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and the target cells they aim to destroy is accompanied by reorientation of the CTL centrosome to a position beneath the synaptic membrane. Centrosome polarization is thought to enhance the potency and specificity of killing by driving lytic granule fusion at the synapse and thereby the release of perforin and granzymes toward the target cell. To test this model, we employed a genetic strategy to delete centrioles, the core structural components of the centrosome. Centriole deletion altered microtubule architecture, as expected, but surprisingly had no effect on lytic granule polarization and directional secretion. Nevertheless, CTLs lacking centrioles did display substantially reduced killing potential, which was associated with defects in both lytic granule biogenesis and synaptic actin remodeling. These results reveal an unexpected role for the intact centrosome in controlling the capacity, but not the specificity, of cytotoxic killing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tamzalit, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyko, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazzi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kepecs, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kam, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huse, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/710053</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Centrioles control the capacity, but not the specificity, of cytotoxic T cell killing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/711036v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal microstructure of dyadic social behavior during relationship formation in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/711036v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the temporal dynamics of how unfamiliar animals establish dominant-subordinate relationships and learn to modify their behavior in response to their social partner in context-appropriate manners is critical in biomedical research concerning social competence. Here we observe and analyze the microstructure of social and non-social behaviors as 21 pairs of outbred CD-1 male mice (Mus Musculus) establish dominant-subordinate relationships during daily 20-minute interaction for five consecutive days. Using Kleinberg burst detection algorithm, we demonstrate aggressive and subordinate interactions occur in bursting patterns followed by quiescence period rather than in uniformly distributed across social interactions. Further, we identify three phases of dominant-subordinate relationship development (pre-, middle-, and post-resolution) by combining phi-coefficient and difference methods used to determine at which bursting event mice resolve dominant-subordinate relationships. Using First Order Markov Chains within individuals we show dominant and subordinate animals establish significantly different behavioral repertoire once they resolve the relationships. In both dominant and subordinate mice, the transitions between investigative and agonistic behavior states are not common. Lastly, we introduce Forward Spike Time Tiling Coefficient, the strength of association between the given behavior of one individual with the target behavior of the other individual within a specified time window. With this method, we describe the likelihood of a mouse responding to a behavior with another behavior differ in pre- and post-resolution phases. The data suggest that subordinate mice learn to exhibit subordinate behavior in response to dominant partners behaviors while dominant mice become less likely to show subordinate behaviors in response to their partners action. Overall, with the tool we present in this study, the data suggest CD-1 male mice are able to establish dominance relationships and modify their behaviors even to the same social cues under different social contexts competently.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouwman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farago, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/711036</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal microstructure of dyadic social behavior during relationship formation in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/712752v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ovarian hormones mediate the prophylactic efficacy of (R,S)-ketamine and (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine in female mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/712752v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDFemales are more likely than males to develop major depressive disorder (MDD) after exposure to stress. We previously reported that the administration of (R,S)-ketamine before stress can prevent stress-induced depressive-like behavior in male mice but have yet to assess efficacy in female mice or for other compounds, such as the metabolites of (R,S)-ketamine.nnMETHODSWe administered (R,S)-ketamine or its metabolites (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine ((2R,6R)-HNK) and (2S,6S)-HNK at various doses 1 week before one of a number of stressors, including contextual fear conditioning (CFC), learned helplessness (LH), and chronic immobilization stress (CIS), in male and female 129S6/SvEv mice. To examine the interaction between ovarian hormones and stress resilience, female mice also underwent ovariectomy surgery (OVX) and a hormone replacement protocol prior to drug administration.nnRESULTS(R,S)-ketamine and (2S,6S)-HNK, but not (2R,6R)-HNK, attenuated learned fear in male mice. (R,S)-ketamine and (2R,6R)-HNK, but not (2S,6S)-HNK, significantly reduced stress-induced depressive-like behavior in male and female mice. (R,S)-ketamine and (2R,6R)-HNK) were prophylactically effective at a lower dose (10 mg/kg and 0.025 mg/kg, respectively) in female mice than in male mice (30 mg/kg and 0.075 mg/kg, respectively). Moreover, ovarian-derived hormones were necessary and sufficient for prophylaxis in female mice.nnCONCLUSIONSOur results suggest that prophylactics against stress-induced depressive-like behavior can be developed in a sex-specific manner and that ovarian hormones mediate prophylactic efficacy in females. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the prophylactic efficacy of the metabolites of (R,S)-ketamine in male and female mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaGamma, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, S.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brachman, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suckow, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denny, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/712752</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ovarian hormones mediate the prophylactic efficacy of (R,S)-ketamine and (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine in female mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/712786v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prophylactic efficacy of 5-HT4R agonists against stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/712786v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Enhancing stress resilience could protect against stress-induced psychiatric disorders in at-risk populations. We and others have previously reported that (R,S)-ketamine acts as a resilience enhancing drug (e.g., prophylactic) against stress when administered 1 week before stress. While we have shown that the selective 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) (serotonin) reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluoxetine (Flx) is ineffective as a prophylactic, it remains to be determined if other serotonergic drugs could be effective prophylactics. Here, we hypothesized that serotonin 4 receptor (5-HT4R) agonists could be prophylactic against fear, depressive-like, and/or anxiety-like behavior. We tested if three 5-HT4R agonists with varying affinity (e.g., partial or selective agonists) could protect against stress in two mouse strains by utilizing a chronic corticosterone (CORT) administration or a contextual fear conditioning (CFC) paradigm. Mice were administered RS-67,333, prucalopride, or PF-04995274 at varying doses and then 1 week later were subjected to chronic CORT or CFC. Chronic administration of RS-67,333, but not Flx was efficacious as a prophylactic against CORT in C57BL/6NTac mice. A single injection of RS-67,333 attenuated learned fear in male, but not female 129S6/SvEv mice. RS-67,333 was ineffective against stress-induced depressive-like behavior in the forced swim test (FST). A single injection of either prucalopride or PF-04995274 attenuated learned fear and decreased stress-induced depressive-like behavior. These data show that in addition to (R,S)-ketamine, 5-HT4R agonists are also effective prophylactics against stress, suggesting that the 5-HT4R may be a novel target for prophylactic drug development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendez-David, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faye, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardier, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denny, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/712786</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prophylactic efficacy of 5-HT4R agonists against stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/712851v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain-age in midlife is associated with accelerated biological aging and cognitive decline in a longitudinal birth-cohort 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/712851v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An individuals brain-age is the difference between chronological age and age predicted from machine-learning models of brain-imaging data. Brain-age has been proposed as a biomarker of age-related deterioration of the brain. Having an older brain-age has been linked to Alzheimers, dementia and mortality. However, these findings are largely based on cross-sectional associations which can confuse age differences with cohort differences. To illuminate the validity of brain-age a biomarker of accelerated brain aging, a study is needed of a large cohort all born the same year who nevertheless vary on brain-age. In a population-representative 1972-73 birth cohort we measured brain-age at age 45, as well as the pace of biological aging and cognitive decline in longitudinal data from childhood to midlife (N=869). In this cohort, all chronological age 45 years, brain-age was measured reliably (ICC=.81) and ranged from 24 to 72 years. Those with older midlife brain-ages tended to have poorer cognitive function in both adulthood and childhood, as well as impaired brain health at age 3. Furthermore, those with older brain-ages had an accelerated pace of biological aging, older facial appearance and early signs of cognitive decline from childhood to midlife. These findings help to validate brain-age as a potential surrogate biomarker for midlife intervention studies that seek to measure treatment response to dementia-prevention efforts in midlife. However, the findings also caution against the assumption that brain-age scores represent only age-related deterioration of the brain as they may also index central nervous system variation present since childhood.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elliott, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belsky, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knodt, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ireland, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melzer, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramrakha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caspi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moffitt, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hariri, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/712851</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain-age in midlife is associated with accelerated biological aging and cognitive decline in a longitudinal birth-cohort]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/714113v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A polygenic and phenotypic risk prediction for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome evaluated by Phenome-wide association studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/714113v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeAs many as 75% of patients with Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are estimated to be unidentified in clinical practice. Utilizing polygenic risk prediction, we aim to identify the phenome-wide comorbidity patterns characteristic of PCOS to improve accurate diagnosis and preventive treatment.nnMethods and FindingsLeveraging the electronic health records (EHRs) of 124,852 individuals, we developed a PCOS risk prediction algorithm by combining polygenic risk scores (PRS) with PCOS component phenotypes into a polygenic and phenotypic risk score (PPRS). We evaluated its predictive capability across different ancestries and perform a PRS-based phenome-wide association study (PheWAS) to assess the phenomic expression of the heightened risk of PCOS. The integrated polygenic prediction improved the average performance (pseudo-R2) for PCOS detection by 0.228 (61.5-fold), 0.224 (58.8-fold), 0.211 (57.0-fold) over the null model across European, African, and multi-ancestry participants respectively. The subsequent PRS-powered PheWAS identified a high level of shared biology between PCOS and a range of metabolic and endocrine outcomes, especially with obesity and diabetes:  morbid obesity,  type 2 diabetes,  hypercholesterolemia,  disorders of lipid metabolism,  hypertension and  sleep apnea reaching phenome-wide significance.nnConclusionsOur study has expanded the methodological utility of PRS in patient stratification and risk prediction, especially in a multifactorial condition like PCOS, across different genetic origins. By utilizing the individual genome-phenome data available from the EHR, our approach also demonstrates that polygenic prediction by PRS can provide valuable opportunities to discover the pleiotropic phenomic network associated with PCOS pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joo, Y. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Actkins, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pacheco, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basile, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crosslin, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denny, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velez Edwards, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hakonarson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harley, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hebbring, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarvik, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karderi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mentch, F. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Namjou, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pendergrass, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritchie, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanaway, I. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urbanek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walunas, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chisholm, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>International PCOS Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kho, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/714113</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A polygenic and phenotypic risk prediction for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome evaluated by Phenome-wide association studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/714436v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Attenuation of Motion Artifacts in fMRI using Discrete Reconstruction of Irregular fMRI Trajectories (DRIFT) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/714436v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Numerous studies reported motion as the most detrimental source of noise and artifacts in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Different approaches have been proposed and used to attenuate the effect of motion on fMRI data, including both prospective and retrospective (post-processing) techniques. However, each type of motion (e.g. translation versus rotation or in-plane versus out-of-plane) has a distinct effect on the MR signal, which is not fully understood nor appropriately modeled in the field. In addition, effects of the same motion can be substantially different depending on when it occurs during the pulse sequence (e.g. RF excitation, gradient encoding, or k-space read-out). Thus, each distinct kind of motion and the time of its occurrence may require a unique approach to be optimally corrected. Therefore, we start with an investigation of the effects of different motions on the MR signal based on the Bloch equation. We then simulate their unique effects with a comprehensive fMRI simulator. Our results indicate that current motion correction methods fail to completely address the motion problem. Retrospective techniques such as spatial realignment can correct for between-volume misalignment, but fail to address within volume contamination and spin-history artifacts. Because of the steady state nature of the fMRI acquisition, spin-history artifacts arising from over/under excitation during slice-selection causes the motion artifacts to contaminate MR signal even after cessation of motion, which makes it challenging to be corrected retrospectively. Prospective motion correction has been proposed to prevent spin-history artifacts, but fails to address motion artifacts during k-space readout. In this article, we propose a novel method to remove these artifacts: Discrete reconstruction of irregular fMRI trajectory (DRIFT). Our method calculates the exact displacement of k-space recording due to motion at each dwell time and retrospectively corrects each slice of the fMRI volume using an inverse nonuniform Fourier transform. We evaluate our proposed methods using simulated data as well as fMRI data collected from a rotating phantom inside a 3T Siemens Prisma scanner. We conclude that a hybrid approach with both prospective and retrospective components are essentially required for optimal removal of motion artifacts from the fMRI data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razlighi, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/714436</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Attenuation of Motion Artifacts in fMRI using Discrete Reconstruction of Irregular fMRI Trajectories (DRIFT)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/714634v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortical encoding of melodic expectations in human temporal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/714634v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans engagement in music rests on underlying elements such as the listeners cultural background and general interest in music, all shaping the way music is processed in the brain and perceived. Crucially, these factors modulate how listeners anticipate musical events, a process inducing instantaneous neural responses as the music confronts these expectations. Measuring such neural correlates would represent a direct window into high-level brain processing of music. Here we recorded electroencephalographic and electrocorticographic brain responses as participants listened to Bach melodies. We assessed the relative contributions of the acoustic versus melodic components of the music to the neural signal. Acoustic features included envelope and its derivative. Melodic features included information on melodic progressions (pitch) and their tempo (onsets), which were extracted from a Markov model predicting the next note based on a corpus of Western music and the preceding proximal musical context. We related the music to brain activity with a linear temporal response function, and demonstrated that cortical responses to music encode melodic expectations. Specifically, individual-subject neural signals were better predicted by a combination of acoustic and melodic expectation features than by either alone. This effect was most pronounced at response latencies up to 350ms, and in both planum temporale and Heschls gyrus. Finally, expectations of pitch and onset-time of musical notes exerted independent cortical effects, and such influences were modulated by the listeners musical expertise. Overall, this study demonstrates how the interplay of experimental and theoretical approaches can yield novel insights into the cortical encoding of melodic expectations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Di Liberto, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelofi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bianco, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Cheveigne, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesgarani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/714634</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortical encoding of melodic expectations in human temporal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/719682v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Antisense Oligonucleotide Modulates Protease-Antiprotease Imbalance without Further Aggravating Smoke-induced Lung Injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/719682v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) is a serum protease inhibitor that prevents lung injury from protease production during cigarette smoking but causes severe liver disease once mutated. A custom AAT antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) was found to be beneficial for the AATD liver disease by blocking the mutated AAT transcripts. Here we hypothesized that knock-down of AAT aggravates murine lung injury during smoke exposure and acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 4 groups for each of the injury models, smoking (inhale for 3 months at 150mg/m3) and smoke-flu (inhale for 2 weeks and intranasal influenza virus). The ASO and control (No-ASO) were injected subcutaneously at 10ml/kg of body weight, starting with smoking or four days prior to influenza infection weekly at 50mg/kg. ASO treatment during a 3 month smoke exposure significantly increased the expression of Cela1 mRNA and decreased the serum and lung AAT expression. However, despite the decrease in AAT, neither the inflammatory cell counts in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) nor the lung structural changes were significantly affected by ASO treatment. We observed significant differences in inflammation and emphysema due to smoke exposure alone. With the smoke-flu model, similarly the major differences were found between smoke-flu and room air control, with no additional effect with ASO treatment. Off-target effects or compensatory mechanisms may account for this finding. Alternatively, the reduction of AAT with ASO treatment was not robust enough to lead to lung injury. The result also suggest that the AAT ASO approach for treating liver disease is relatively safe at the specified dose as it did not lead to detrimental outcomes in the lung. These potential mechanisms need to be further investigated in order to fully understand the impact of AAT inhibition on protease-antiprotease imbalance in the murine smoke exposure model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stearns, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zelonina, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldklang, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blomenkamp, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teckman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Armiento, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/719682</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Antisense Oligonucleotide Modulates Protease-Antiprotease Imbalance without Further Aggravating Smoke-induced Lung Injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/720516v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human inference in changing environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/720516v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To make informed decisions in natural environments that change over time, humans must update their beliefs as new observations are gathered. Studies exploring human inference as a dynamical process that unfolds in time have focused on situations in which the statistics of observations are history-independent. Yet temporal structure is everywhere in nature, and yields history-dependent observations. Do humans modify their inference processes depending on the latent temporal statistics of their observations? We investigate this question experimentally and theoretically using a change-point inference task. We show that humans adapt their inference process to fine aspects of the temporal structure in the statistics of stimuli. As such, humans behave qualitatively in a Bayesian fashion, but, quantitatively, deviate away from optimality. Perhaps more importantly, humans behave suboptimally in that their responses are not deterministic, but variable. We show that this variability itself is modulated by the temporal statistics of stimuli. To elucidate the cognitive algorithm that yields this behavior, we investigate a broad array of existing and new models that characterize different sources of suboptimal deviations away from Bayesian inference. While models with  output noise that corrupts the response-selection process are natural candidates, human behavior is best described by sampling-based inference models, in which the main ingredient is a compressed approximation of the posterior, represented through a modest set of random samples and updated over time. This result comes to complement a growing literature on sample-based representation and learning in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prat-Carrabin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azeredo da Silveira, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/720516</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human inference in changing environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/721852v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pathogenic Role of Delta 2 Tubulin in Bortezomib Induced Peripheral Neuropathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/721852v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The pathogenesis of chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is still poorly understood. Herein, we found that the CIPN-causing drug, bortezomib (Bort), induces delta 2 tubulin (D2) while affecting MT stability and dynamics in sensory neurons, and that accumulation of D2 is a hallmark of Bort-induced peripheral neuropathy in humans. Furthermore, while induction of D2 was sufficient to cause axonopathy and inhibit mitochondria motility, reducing D2 alleviated both axonal degeneration and loss of mitochondria motility promoted by Bort. Altogether, our data demonstrate that Bort, structurally unrelated to tubulin poisons, can affect the tubulin cytoskeleton in sensory neurons in vitro, in vivo and in humans, indicating that the pathogenic mechanisms of seemingly unrelated CIPN drugs may converge on tubulin damage. They further reveal a previously unrecognized pathogenic role for D2 in bortezomib-causing CIPN through its regulation of mitochondria dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pero, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meregalli, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shorey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolls, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanji, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brannagan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alberti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fumagalli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monza, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavaletti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartolini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/721852</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pathogenic Role of Delta 2 Tubulin in Bortezomib Induced Peripheral Neuropathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/722033v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Statistical inference for the evolutionary history of cancer genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/722033v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent years have produced a large amount of work on inference about cancer evolution from mutations identified in cancer samples. Much of the modeling work has been based on classical models of population genetics, generalized to accommodate time-varying cell population size. Reverse-time genealogical views of such models, commonly known as coalescents, have been used to infer aspects of the past of growing populations. Another approach is to use branching processes, the simplest scenario being the linear birth-death process (lbdp), a binary fission Markov age-dependent branching process. A genealogical view of such models is also available. The two approaches lead to similar but not identical results. Inference from evolutionary models of DNA often exploits summary statistics of the sequence data, a common one being the so-called Site Frequency Spectrum (SFS). In a sequencing experiment with a known number of sequences, we can estimate for each site at which a novel somatic mutation has arisen, the number of cells that carry that mutation. These numbers are then grouped into sites which have the same number of copies of the mutant. SFS can be computed from the statistics of mutations in a sample of cells, in which DNA has been sequenced. In this paper, examine how the SFS based on birth-death processes differ from those based on the coalescent model. This may stem from the different sampling mechanisms in the two approaches. However, we also show mathematically and computationally that despite this, they can be made quantitatively comparable at least for the range of parameters typical for tumor cell populations. We also present a model of tumor evolution with selective sweeps, based on coalescence, and demonstrate how it may help in understanding the past history of tumor as well the influence of data pre-processing. We illustrate the theory with applications to several examples of The Cancer Genome Atlas tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Đinh, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaksik, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimmel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavare, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/722033</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Statistical inference for the evolutionary history of cancer genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/724088v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A theoretical model for focal seizure initiation, propagation, termination, and progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/724088v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We developed a neural network model that can account for the major elements common to human focal seizures. These include the tonic-clonic transition, slow advance of clinical semiology and corresponding seizure territory expansion, widespread EEG synchronization, and slowing of the ictal rhythm as the seizure approaches termination. These were reproduced by incorporating usage-dependent exhaustion of inhibition in an adaptive neural network that receives global feedback inhibition in addition to local recurrent projections. Our model proposes mechanisms that may underline common EEG seizure onset patterns and status epilepticus and postulates a role for synaptic plasticity in emergence of epileptic foci. Complex patterns of seizure activity and bi-stable seizure evolution end-points arise when stochastic noise is included. With the rapid advancement of clinical and experimental tools, we believe that this can provide a roadmap and potentially a testbed for future explorations of seizure mechanisms and clinical therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liou, J.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bateman, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruce, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKhann, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emerson, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schevon, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/724088</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A theoretical model for focal seizure initiation, propagation, termination, and progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/724492v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anxiety, avoidance, and sequential evaluation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/724492v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anxiety disorders are characterized by a range of aberrations in the processing of and response to threat, but there is little clarity what core pathogenesis might underlie these symptoms. Here we propose that a particular set of unrealistically pessimistic assumptions can distort an agents behavior and underlie a host of seemingly disparate anxiety symptoms. We formalize this hypothesis in a decision theoretic analysis of maladaptive avoidance and a reinforcement learning model, which shows how a localized bias in beliefs can formally explain a range of phenomena related to anxiety. The core observation, implicit in standard decision theoretic accounts of sequential evaluation, is that the potential for avoidance should be protective: if danger can be avoided later, it poses less threat now. We show how a violation of this assumption -- via a pessimistic, false belief that later avoidance will be unsuccessful -- leads to a characteristic, excessive propagation of fear and avoidance to situations far antecedent of threat. This single deviation can explain a range of features of anxious behavior, including exaggerated threat appraisals, fear generalization, and persistent avoidance. Simulations of the model reproduce laboratory demonstrations of abnormal decision making in anxiety, including in situations of approach-avoid conflict and planning to avoid losses. The model also ties together a number of other seemingly disjoint phenomena in anxious disorders. For instance, learning under the pessimistic bias captures a hypothesis about the role of anxiety in the later development of depression. The bias itself offers a new formalization of classic insights from the psychiatric literature about the central role of maladaptive beliefs about control and self-efficacy in anxiety. This perspective also extends previous computational accounts of beliefs about control in mood disorders, which neglected the sequential aspects of choice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zorowitz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Momennejad, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daw, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/724492</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anxiety, avoidance, and sequential evaluation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/730218v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A size principle for leg motor control in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/730218v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To move the body, the brain must precisely coordinate patterns of activity among diverse populations of motor neurons. In many species, including vertebrates, the motor neurons innervating a given muscle fire in a specific order that is determined by a gradient of cellular size and electrical excitability. This hierarchy allows premotor circuits to recruit motor neurons of increasing force capacity in a task-dependent manner. However, it remains unclear whether such a size principle also applies to species with more compact motor systems, such as the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, which has just 53 motor neurons per leg. Using in vivo calcium imaging and electrophysiology, we found that genetically-identified motor neurons controlling flexion of the fly tibia exhibit a gradient of anatomical, physiological, and functional properties consistent with the size principle. Large, fast motor neurons control high force, ballistic movements while small, slow motor neurons control low force, postural movements. Intermediate neurons fall between these two extremes. In behaving flies, motor neurons are recruited in order from slow to fast. This hierarchical organization suggests that slow and fast motor neurons control distinct motor regimes. Indeed, we find that optogenetic manipulation of each motor neuron type has distinct effects on the behavior of walking flies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Azevedo, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurung, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatasubramanian, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuthill, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/730218</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A size principle for leg motor control in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/730465v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiplexed, bioorthogonal labeling of multicomponent, biomolecular complexes using genomically encoded, non-canonical amino acids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/730465v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stunning advances in the structural biology of multicomponent biomolecular complexes (MBCs) have ushered in an era of intense, structure-guided mechanistic and functional studies of these complexes. Nonetheless, existing methods to site-specifically conjugate MBCs with biochemical and biophysical labels are notoriously impracticable and/or significantly perturb MBC assembly and function. To overcome these limitations, we have developed a general, multiplexed method in which we genomically encode non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs) into multiple, structure-informed, individual sites within a target MBC; select for ncAA-containing MBC variants that assemble and function like the wildtype MBC; and site-specifically conjugate biochemical or biophysical labels to these ncAAs. As a proof-of-principle, we have used this method to generate unique single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET) signals reporting on ribosome structural dynamics that have thus far remained inaccessible to smFRET studies of translation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Desai, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/730465</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiplexed, bioorthogonal labeling of multicomponent, biomolecular complexes using genomically encoded, non-canonical amino acids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/731976v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Familial relationships in electronic health records (EHR) v2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/731976v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heritability is an important statistic for evaluating genetic contribution to phenotypes. Estimating heritability, however, requires a laborious recruitment of a large number of relatives. Electronic health records (EHR) contain massive relative information in emergency contact forms. Recently, we presented RIFTEHR, an algorithm for extracting relationships from EHR. Here, we present an updated version and reconstructed 4.2 million familial relationships from the latest New York-Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUIMC) EHR system. The number of updated relationships is 30 percent more than the last version. We present a new implementation of RIFTEHR, which runs in linear time, thus largely improves the speed of the algorithm. We also present a data encryption method, to protect patient privacy in running the algorithm. These resources can be used for generalized use of familial relationships from EHR in genetic studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tatonetti, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/731976</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Familial relationships in electronic health records (EHR) v2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/732537v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MKPV (aka MuCPV) and related chapparvoviruses are nephro-tropic and encode novel accessory proteins p15 and NS2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/732537v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mouse kidney parvovirus (MKPV) is a member of the provisional Chapparvovirus genus that causes renal disease in immune-compromised mice, with a disease course reminiscent of polyomavirus-associated nephropathy in immune-suppressed kidney transplant patients. Here we map four MKPV transcripts, created by alternative splicing, to a common transcription initiation region, and use mass spectrometry to identify "p10" and "p15" as novel chapparvovirus accessory proteins produced in MKPV-infected kidneys. p15 and a splicing-dependent putative accessory protein NS2 are conserved in all near-complete tetrapod chapparvovirus genomes currently available (from mammals, birds and a reptile). In contrast, p10 may be encoded only by viruses with >60% amino acid identity to MKPV. We show that MKPV is kidney-tropic and that the bat chapparvovirus DrPV-1 and a non-human primate chapparvovirus, CKPV, are also found in the kidneys of their hosts. We propose, therefore, that chapparvoviruses with >60% VP1 amino acid identity to MKPV be classified into a genus dubbed Nephroparvovirus, which is consistent with nomenclature for the genus Erythroparvovirus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jolly, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padula, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinello, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Rourke, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fumagalli, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orkin, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaban, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weninger, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Souza, W. M. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melin, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, J. J.- L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crim, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monette, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roediger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/732537</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MKPV (aka MuCPV) and related chapparvoviruses are nephro-tropic and encode novel accessory proteins p15 and NS2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/733105v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early post-zygotic mutations contribute to congenital heart disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/733105v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe contribution of somatic mosaicism, or genetic mutations arising after oocyte fertilization, to congenital heart disease (CHD) is not well understood. Further, the relationship between mosaicism in blood and cardiovascular tissue has not been determined.nnResultsWe developed a computational method, Expectation-Maximization-based detection of Mosaicism (EM-mosaic), to analyze mosaicism in exome sequences of 2530 CHD proband-parent trios. EM-mosaic detected 326 mosaic mutations in blood and/or cardiac tissue DNA. Of the 309 detected in blood DNA, 85/97 (88%) tested were independently confirmed, while 7/17 (41%) candidates of 17 detected in cardiac tissue were confirmed. MosaicHunter detected an additional 64 mosaics, of which 23/46 (50%) among 58 candidates from blood and 4/6 (67%) of 6 candidates from cardiac tissue confirmed. Twenty-five mosaic variants altered CHD-risk genes, affecting 1% of our cohort. Of these 25, 22/22 candidates tested were confirmed. Variants predicted as damaging had higher variant allele fraction than benign variants, suggesting a role in CHD. The frequency of mosaic variants above 10% mosaicism was 0.13/person in blood and 0.14/person in cardiac tissue. Analysis of 66 individuals with matched cardiac tissue available revealed both tissue-specific and shared mosaicism, with shared mosaics generally having higher allele fraction.nnConclusionsWe estimate that ~1% of CHD probands have a mosaic variant detectable in blood that could contribute to cardiac malformations, particularly those damaging variants expressed at higher allele fraction compared to benign variants. Although blood is a readily-available DNA source, cardiac tissues analyzed contributed ~5% of somatic mosaic variants identified, indicating the value of tissue mosaicism analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, S. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willcox, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorham, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tai, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DePalma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKean, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manheimer, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernstein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newburger, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porter, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tristani-Firouzi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brueckner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lifton, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldmuntz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelb, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidman, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/733105</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early post-zygotic mutations contribute to congenital heart disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/733642v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic variant identification methods alter Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission inference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/733642v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathogen genomic data are increasingly used to characterize global and local transmission patterns of important human pathogens and to inform public health interventions. Yet there is no current consensus on how to measure genomic variation. We investigated the effects of variant identification approaches on transmission inferences for M. tuberculosis by comparing variants identified by five different groups in the same sequence data from a clonal outbreak. We then measured the performance of commonly used variant calling approaches in recovering variation in a simulated tuberculosis outbreak and tested the effect of applying increasingly stringent filters on transmission inferences and phylogenies. We found that variant calling approaches used by different groups do not recover consistent sets of variants, often leading to conflicting transmission inferences. Further, performance in recovering true outbreak variation varied widely across approaches. Finally, stringent filters rapidly eroded the accuracy of transmission inferences and quality of phylogenies reconstructed from outbreak variation. We conclude that measurements of genetic distance and phylogenetic structure are dependent on variant calling approach. Variant calling algorithms trained upon true sequence data outperform other approaches and enable inclusion of repetitive regions typically excluded from genomic epidemiology studies, maximizing the information gleaned from outbreak genomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walter, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colijn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathema, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowers, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelthaler, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narechania, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croda, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrews, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/733642</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic variant identification methods alter Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission inference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/735894v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pan-active imidazolopiperazine antimalarials target the Plasmodium falciparum intracellular secretory pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/735894v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWOne of the most promising new compound classes in clinical development for the treatment of malaria is the imidazolopiperazines (IZPs) class. Human trials have demonstrated that members of the IZP series, which includes KAF156 (Ganaplacide) and GNF179, are potent and effective against Plasmodium symptomatic asexual blood-stage infections. Unlike other commonly used antimalarials, they also prevent transmission and block future infection in animal models. Despite the identification of several Plasmodium falciparum resistance mechanisms including mutations in ER-localized PfCARL (PfEMP65), Acetyl-coA transporter, and PfUGT transporter, IZPs mechanism of action remains unknown.nnTo investigate, we combined in vitro evolution and whole-genome analysis in the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae with molecular, metabolomic, and chemogenomic methods, in P. falciparum. S. cerevisiae clones that resist IZP activity carry multiple mutations in genes that encode endoplasmic reticulum(ER)-based lipid homeostasis and autophagy including elo2, elo3, sur2, atg15 and lcb4, as well as ER-based sec66. In Plasmodium, IZPs cause inhibition of protein trafficking, block the establishment of new permeation pathways and result in ER expansion. We also observe sensitization with other secretion inhibitors such as brefeldin A and golgicidin as well as synthetic lethality with PfSEC62. Our data show that IZPs target the secretory pathway and highlight a novel mechanism for blocking parasite growth and development that is distinct from those of standard compounds used to treat malaria. In addition, we provide physiological signatures and hallmarks for inhibitors that work through this mechanism of action and show that IZPs are tool compounds for studying ER-dependent protein processing in different species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>LaMonte, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marapana, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gnadig, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ottilie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luth, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worgall, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocamora, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldgof, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohunlal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, T. R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vigil, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, B. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egan, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M. C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowman, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fidock, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winzeler, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/735894</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pan-active imidazolopiperazine antimalarials target the Plasmodium falciparum intracellular secretory pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/736280v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ability of the misfolding avoidance hypothesis to explain protein evolutionary rates in the light of empirical evidence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/736280v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For more than a decade the misfolding avoidance hypothesis (MAH) and related theories have dominated evolutionary discussions aimed at explaining the variance of molecular clock across cellular proteins. In this study we use various experimental data to further investigate the consistency of the MAH predictions with empirical evidence. We also critically discuss experimental results that motivated the MAH development and that are often viewed as evidence of its major contribution to constraining protein evolution. We demonstrate, in Escherichia coli and Homo sapiens, the lack of a substantial negative correlation between protein evolutionary rates and Gibbs free energies of unfolding, a direct measure of protein stability. We then analyze multiple new genome-scale datasets describing protein aggregation and interaction propensities, which are likely optimized in evolution to alleviate deleterious effects associated with toxic protein misfolding and misinteractions. Our results demonstrate that the propensity of proteins to aggregate, the fraction of charged amino acids, and protein stickiness do correlate with protein abundances. Nevertheless, across multiple organisms and datasets we do not observe substantial correlations between proteins aggregation- and stability-related properties and evolutionary rates. Therefore, diverse empirical data support the conclusion that the MAH and similar hypotheses are unlikely to play a major role in mediating a strong negative correlation between protein expression and molecular clock, and thus in explaining the variability of evolutionary rates across cellular proteins.

Significance statementEvolutionary rates vary substantially across cellular proteins. Understanding the nature of molecular clock and its variability across proteins is a foundational question in molecular evolution. The popular and currently dominant theory to explain the molecular clock variability is the misfolding avoidance hypothesis (MAH). The role of the MAH is currently under active debate. In the manuscript we discuss how to appropriately test the MAH based on available empirical data, and then rigorously test the hypothesis using more than a dozen of new genome-wide datasets of protein stability and aggregation propensities. Our results suggest that the MAH is unlikely to play a major role in explaining the variability of molecular clock across proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Plata, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Usmanova, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitkup, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/736280</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ability of the misfolding avoidance hypothesis to explain protein evolutionary rates in the light of empirical evidence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/737064v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Models of heterogeneous dopamine signaling in an insect learning and memory center 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/737064v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Drosophila mushroom body exhibits dopamine dependent synaptic plasticity that underlies the acquisition of associative memories. Recordings of dopamine neurons in this system have identified signals related to external reinforcement such as reward and punishment. However, other factors including locomotion, novelty, reward expectation, and internal state have also recently been shown to modulate dopamine neurons. This heterogeneity is at odds with typical modeling approaches in which these neurons are assumed to encode a global, scalar error signal. How is dopamine dependent plasticity coordinated in the presence of such heterogeneity? We develop a modeling approach that infers a pattern of dopamine activity sufficient to solve defined behavioral tasks, given architectural constraints informed by knowledge of mushroom body circuitry. Model dopamine neurons exhibit diverse tuning to task parameters while nonetheless producing coherent learned behaviors. Our results provide a mechanistic framework that accounts for the heterogeneity of dopamine activity during learning and behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litwin-Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/737064</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Models of heterogeneous dopamine signaling in an insect learning and memory center]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/737080v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting MEK5 impairs non-homologous end-joining repair and sensitizes prostate cancer to DNA damaging agents 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/737080v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Radiotherapy is commonly used to treat a variety of solid human tumors, including localized prostate cancer. However, treatment failure often ensues due to tumor intrinsic or acquired radioresistance. Here we find that the MEK5/ERK5 signaling pathway is associated with resistance to genotoxic stress in aggressive prostate cancer cells. MEK5 knockdown by RNA interference sensitizes prostate cancer cells to ionizing radiation (IR) and etoposide treatment, as assessed by clonogenic survival and short-term proliferation assays. Mechanistically, MEK5 downregulation impairs phosphorylation of the catalytic subunit of DNA-PK at serine 2056 in response to IR or etoposide treatment. Although MEK5 knockdown does not influence the initial appearance of radiation- and etoposide-induced {gamma}H2AX and 53BP1 foci, it markedly delays their resolution, indicating a DNA repair defect. A cell-based assay shows that non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) is compromised in cells with ablated MEK5 protein expression. Finally, MEK5 silencing combined with focal irradiation causes strong inhibition of tumor growth in mouse xenografts, compared with MEK5 depletion or radiation alone. These findings reveal a convergence between MEK5 signaling and DNA repair by NHEJ in conferring resistance to genotoxic stress in advanced prostate cancer and suggest targeting MEK5 as an effective therapeutic intervention in the management of this disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Broustas, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duval, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhary, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Virk, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lieberman, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/737080</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting MEK5 impairs non-homologous end-joining repair and sensitizes prostate cancer to DNA damaging agents]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/737239v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling and treating GRIN2A developmental and epileptic encephalopathy in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/737239v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
NMDA receptors (NMDAR) play crucial roles in excitatory synaptic transmission. Rare variants of GRIN2A, which encodes the GluN2A NMDAR subunit, are associated with several intractable neurodevelopmental disorders, including developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE). A de novo missense variant, p.Ser644Gly (c.1930A>G), was identified in a child with DEE, and Grin2a knockin mice were generated to model and extend understanding of this intractable childhood disease. Homozygous and heterozygous mutant mice exhibit altered hippocampal morphology at two weeks of age, and homozygotes exhibit lethal tonic-clonic seizures in the third week. Heterozygous adult mice display a variety of distinct features, including resistance to electrically induced partial seizures, as well as hyperactivity and repetitive and reduced anxiety behaviors. Multielectrode recordings of mutant neuronal networks reveal hyperexcitability and altered bursting and synchronicity. When expressed in heterologous cells, mutant receptors exhibit enhanced NMDAR agonist potency and slow deactivation following rapid removal of glutamate, as occurs at synapses. Consistent with these observations, NMDAR-mediated synaptic currents in hippocampal slices from mutant mice show a prolonged deactivation time course. Standard antiepileptic drug monotherapy was ineffective in the patient, but combined treatment of NMDAR antagonists with antiepileptic drugs substantially reduced the seizure burden albeit without appreciable developmental improvement. Chronic treatment of homozygous mutant mouse pups with NMDAR antagonists delayed the onset of lethal seizures but did not prevent them. These studies illustrate the power of modeling severe neurodevelopmental seizure disorders using multiple experimental modalities and suggest their extended utility in identifying and evaluating new therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amador, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bostick, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camp, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krizay, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanber, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teoh, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paek, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.-O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutz, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poduri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boland, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traynelis, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frankel, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/737239</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling and treating GRIN2A developmental and epileptic encephalopathy in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/737577v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expression profiling of the mature C. elegans nervous system by single-cell RNA-Sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/737577v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A single neuron and its synapses define the fundamental structural motif of the brain but the underlying gene expression programs that specify individual neuron types are poorly understood. To address this question in a model organism, we have produced a gene expression profile of >90% of the individual neuron classes in the C. elegans nervous system, an ensemble of neurons for which both the anatomy and connectivity are uniquely defined at single cell resolution. We generated single cell transcriptomes for 52,412 neurons that resolve as clusters corresponding to 109 of the canonical 118 neuron classes in the mature hermaphrodite nervous system. Detailed analysis revealed molecular signatures that further subdivide identified classes into specific neuronal subtypes. Notably, neuropeptide-related genes are often differentially expressed between subtypes of the given neuron class which points to distinct functional characteristics. All of these data are publicly available at our website (http://www.cengen.org) and can be interrogated at the web application SCeNGEA (https://cengen.shinyapps.io/SCeNGEA). We expect that this gene expression catalog will spur the goal of delineating the underlying mechanisms that define the developmental lineage, detailed anatomy, synaptic connectivity and function of each type of C. elegans neuron.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taylor, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santpere, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glenwinkel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poff, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McWhirter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinreb, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basavaraju, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrams, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cros, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sestan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammarlund, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/737577</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expression profiling of the mature C. elegans nervous system by single-cell RNA-Sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/738013v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Release of stem cells from quiescence reveals multiple gliogenic domains in the adult brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/738013v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quiescent neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) have a regional identity and undergo activation to generate neurons. The domains for gliogenesis are less explored. Here we show that Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor beta (PDGFR{beta}) is expressed by adult V-SVZ NSCs that generate olfactory bulb interneurons and glia with slow baseline kinetics. Selective deletion of PDGFR{beta} in adult V-SVZ NSCs leads to their release from quiescence uncovering multiple domains in the septal wall for oligodendrocyte and astrocyte formation. Unexpectedly, we identify a novel intraventricular oligodendrocyte progenitor inside the brain ventricles. Together our findings reveal different NSC spatial domains for gliogenesis in the adult V-SVZ that are largely quiescent under homeostasis and may have key functions for brain plasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Delgado, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maldonado-Soto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva-Vargas, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizrak, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Kaenel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuervo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitajewski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doetsch, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/738013</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Release of stem cells from quiescence reveals multiple gliogenic domains in the adult brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/738054v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acute and Chronic Molecular Signatures and Associated Symptoms of Blast Exposure in Military Breachers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/738054v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Injuries from exposure to explosions rose dramatically during the Iraq and Afghanistan wars, which motivated investigations of blast-related neurotrauma and operational breaching. In this study, military "breachers" were exposed to controlled, low-level blast during a 10-day explosive breaching course. Using an omics approach, we assessed epigenetic, transcriptional, and inflammatory profile changes in blood from operational breaching trainees, with varying levels of lifetime blast exposure, along with daily self-reported symptoms (with tinnitus, headaches, and sleep disturbances as the most frequently reported). Although acute exposure to blast did not confer epigenetic changes, specifically in DNA methylation, differentially methylated regions (DMRs) with coordinated gene expression changes associated with chronic lifetime cumulative blast exposures were identified. The accumulative effect of blast showed increased methylation of PAX8 antisense transcript with coordinated repression of gene expression, which has been associated with sleep disturbance. DNA methylation analyses conducted in conjunction with reported symptoms of tinnitus in the low vs. high blast incidents groups identified DMRS in KCNE1 and CYP2E1 genes. KCNE1 and CYP2E1 showed the expected inverse correlation between DNA methylation and gene expression, which have been previously implicated in noise related hearing loss. Although no significant transcriptional changes were observed in samples obtained at the onset of the training course relative to chronic cumulative blast, we identified a large number of transcriptional perturbations acutely pre- versus post-blast exposure. Acutely, 67 robustly differentially expressed genes (fold change [&ge;]1.5), including UFC1 and YOD1, ubiquitin-related proteins were identified. Inflammatory analyses of cytokines and chemokines revealed dysregulation of MCP-1, GCSF, HGF, MCSF, and RANTES acutely following blast exposure. These data show the importance of an omics approach, revealing that transcriptional and inflammatory biomarkers capture acute low-level blast overpressure exposure, whereas DNA methylation marks encapsulate chronic long-term symptoms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendelev, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galfalvy, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elder, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahlers, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarnell, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LoPreseti, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamimori, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haghighi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/738054</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acute and Chronic Molecular Signatures and Associated Symptoms of Blast Exposure in Military Breachers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/738351v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic modifiers of risk and age at onset in GBA associated Parkinson disease and Lewy body dementia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/738351v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons disease (PD) is a genetically complex disorder. Multiple genes have been shown to contribute to the risk of PD, and currently 90 independent risk variants have been identified by genome-wide association studies. Thus far, a number of genes (including SNCA, LRRK2, and GBA) have been shown to contain variability across a spectrum of frequency and effect, from rare, highly penetrant variants to common risk alleles with small effect sizes. Variants in GBA, encoding the enzyme glucocerebrosidase, are associated with Lewy body diseases such as PD and Lewy body dementia (LBD). These variants, which reduce or abolish enzymatic activity, confer a spectrum of disease risk, from 1.4- to >10-fold. An outstanding question in the field is what other genetic factors that influence GBA-associated risk for disease, and whether these overlap with known PD risk variants.nnUsing multiple, large case-control datasets, totalling 217,165 individuals (22,757 PD cases, 13,431 PD proxy cases, 622 LBD cases and 180,355 controls), we identified 1,772 PD cases, 711 proxy cases and 7,624 controls with a GBA variant (p.E326K, p.T369M or p.N370S). We performed a genome-wide association study and analysed the most recent PD-associated genetic risk score to detect genetic influences on GBA risk and age at onset. We attempted to replicate our findings in two independent datasets, including the personal genetics company 23andMe, Inc. and whole-genome sequencing data. Our analysis showed that the overall PD genetic risk score modifies risk for disease and decreases age at onset in carriers of GBA variants. Notably, this effect was consistent across all tested GBA risk variants. Dissecting this signal demonstrated that variants in close proximity to SNCA and CTSB (encoding cathepsin B) are the most significant contributors. Risk variants in the CTSB locus were identified to decrease mRNA expression of CTSB. Additional analyses suggest a possible genetic interaction between GBA and CTSB and GBA p.N370S neurons were shown to have decreased Cathepsin B expression compared to controls. These data provide a genetic basis for modification of GBA-associated PD risk and age at onset and demonstrate that variability at genes implicated in lysosomal function exerts the largest effect on GBA associated risk for disease. Further, these results have important implications for selection of GBA carriers for therapeutic interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blauwendraat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krohn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heilbron, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandres-Ciga, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumaran, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langston, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonet Ponce, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcalay, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassin-Baer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenbaum, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grenn, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruskey, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabir, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makarious, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pihlstrom, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toft, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Hilten, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marinus, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulte, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brockmann, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siitonen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majamaa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eerola-Rautio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tienari, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The 23andMe Research Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pantelyat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillis-Trupe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenthal, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Resnick, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrucci, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ple</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/738351</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic modifiers of risk and age at onset in GBA associated Parkinson disease and Lewy body dementia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/739094v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hippocampal subfield volumes are uniquely affected in PTSD and depression: International analysis of 31 cohorts from the PGC-ENIGMA PTSD Working Group 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/739094v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPTSD and depression commonly co-occur and have been associated with smaller hippocampal volumes compared to healthy and trauma-exposed controls. However, the hippocampus is heterogeneous, with subregions that may be uniquely affected in individuals with PTSD and depression.nnMethodsWe used random effects regressions and a harmonized neuroimaging protocol based on FreeSurfer (v6.0) to identify sub-structural hippocampal markers of current PTSD (C-PTSD), depression, and the interaction of these conditions across 31 cohorts worldwide (N=3,115; Mage=38.9{+/-}13.9 years). Secondary analyses tested these associations by sex and after modeling the simultaneous effects of remitted PTSD, childhood trauma, mild traumatic brain injury, and alcohol use disorder.nnResultsA significant negative main effect of depression (n=800, vs. no depression, n=1456) was observed in the hippocampal tail ({beta}=-0.13) and CA1 ({beta}=-0.09) after adjusting for covariates and multiple testing (adjusted ps (q)=0.028). A main effect of C-PTSD (n=1042 vs. control, n=1359) was not significant, but an interaction between C-PTSD and depression was significant in the CA1 ({beta}=-0.24, q=0.044). Pairwise comparisons revealed significantly smaller CA1 volumes in individuals with C-PTSD+Depression than controls ({beta}=-0.12, q=0.012), C-PTSD-only ({beta}=-0.17, q=0.001), and Depression-only ({beta}=-0.18, q=0.023). Follow-up analyses revealed sex effects in the hippocampal tail of depressed females, and an interaction effect of C-PTSD and depression in the fimbria of males.nnConclusionsCollectively our results suggest that depression is a stronger predictor of hippocampal volumetry than PTSD, particularly in the CA1, and provide compelling evidence of more pronounced hippocampal phenotypes in comorbid PTSD and depression compared to either condition alone.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Salminen, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sämann, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanshad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iglesias, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whelan, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruce, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seedat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Averill, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baugh, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bomyea, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bright, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckle, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davenport, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Densmore, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Disner, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>du Plessis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elman, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forster, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franz, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frijling, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonenc, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruber, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grupe, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guenette, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haswell, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofmann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollifield, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hosseini, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ipser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy-Krage, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinzel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/739094</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hippocampal subfield volumes are uniquely affected in PTSD and depression: International analysis of 31 cohorts from the PGC-ENIGMA PTSD Working Group]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/739391v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortical Overgrowth in a Preclinical Forebrain Organoid Model of CNTNAP2-Associated Autism Spectrum Disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/739391v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) represents a major public health burden but translating promising treatment findings from preclinical non-human models of ASD to the clinic has remained challenging. The recent development of forebrain organoids generated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) derived from subjects with brain disorders is a promising method to study human-specific neurobiology, and may facilitate the development of novel therapeutics.nnIn this study, we utilized forebrain organoids generated from hiPSCs derived from patients from the Old Order Amish community with a rare syndromic form of ASD, carrying a homozygous c.3709DelG mutation in CNTNAP2 and healthy controls to investigate the effects of this mutation on cortical embryonic development.nnPatients carrying the c.3709DelG mutation in CNTNAP2 present with an increased head circumference and brain MRI reveals an increase in gray matter volume. Patient-derived organoids displayed an increase in total volume that was driven by an increased proliferation in neural progenitor cells, leading to an increase in the generation of cortical neuronal and non-neuronal cell types. The observed phenotypes were rescued after correction of the pathogenic mutation using CRISPR-Cas9. RNA sequencing revealed 339 genes differentially expressed between patient- and control-derived organoids of which a subset are implicated in cell proliferation and neurogenesis. Notably, these differentially expressed genes included previously identified ASD-associated genes and are enriched for genes in ASD-associated weighted gene co-expression networks.nnThis work provides a critical step towards understanding the role of CNTNAP2 in human cortical development and has important mechanistic implications for ASD associated with brain overgrowth. This CNTNAP2 organoid model provides opportunity for further mechanistic inquiry and development of new therapeutic strategies for ASD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Jong, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llapashtica, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strauss, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Provenzano, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortese, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brigatti, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corneo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Migliori, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kushner, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellendonk, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javitch, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markx, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/739391</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortical Overgrowth in a Preclinical Forebrain Organoid Model of CNTNAP2-Associated Autism Spectrum Disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/740563v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mnemonic prediction errors bias hippocampal states 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/740563v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In situations when our experience violates our predictions, it is adaptive to upregulate encoding of novel information, while down-weighting retrieval of erroneous memory predictions to promote an updated representation of the world. We asked whether mnemonic prediction errors promote distinct hippocampal processing  states by leveraging recent results showing that encoding and retrieval processes are supported by distinct patterns of connectivity, or  states, across hippocampal subfields. During fMRI scanning, participants were cued to retrieve well-learned room-images and were then presented with either an image identical to the learned room or a modified version (1-4 changes). We found that CA1-entorhinal connectivity increased, and CA1-CA3 connectivity decreased, with the number of changes to the learned rooms. Further, stronger memory predictions measured in CA1 during the cue correlated with the CA1-entorhinal connectivity increase in response to violations. Our findings provide a mechanism by which mnemonic prediction errors may drive memory updating - by biasing hippocampal states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bein, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davachi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/740563</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mnemonic prediction errors bias hippocampal states]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/740670v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
THE C99 FRAGMENT OF APP REGULATES CHOLESTEROL TRAFFICKING 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/740670v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The link between cholesterol homeostasis and the cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), and their relationship to the pathogenesis of Alzheimers disease (AD) is still unknown. Cellular cholesterol levels are regulated by a crosstalk between the plasma membrane (PM), where most of the cholesterol resides, and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where the protein machinery that regulates cholesterol resides. This crosstalk between PM and ER is believed to be regulated by lipid-sensing peptide(s) that can modulate the internalization of extracellular cholesterol and/or its de novo synthesis in the ER. Our data here indicates that the 99-aa C-terminal fragment of APP (C99), a cholesterol-binding peptide, regulates cholesterol trafficking between the PM and the ER. In AD models, increases in C99 provoke the upregulation of cholesterol internalization and its delivery to the ER, which in turn result into the loss of lipid homeostasis and the appearance of AD signatures, such as higher production of longer forms of amyloid {beta}. Our data suggest a novel role of C99 as mediator of cholesterol disturbances in AD, and as a potential early hallmark of the disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Area-Gomez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pera, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larrea, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montesinos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guardia-Laguarta, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velasco, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koo, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snead, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sproul, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/740670</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[THE C99 FRAGMENT OF APP REGULATES CHOLESTEROL TRAFFICKING]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/741009v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of immunoreactive linear epitopes of Borrelia miyamotoi 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/741009v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Borrelia miyamotoi is an emerging tick-borne spirochete transmitted by Ixodid ticks. Current serologic assays for B. miyamotoi are impacted by genetic similarities to other Borrelia and limited understanding of optimal antigenic targets. In this study, we employed the TBD-Serochip, a peptide array platform, to identify new linear targets for serologic detection of B. miyamotoi. We examined a wide range of suspected B. miyamotoi antigens and identified 352 IgM and 91 IgG reactive peptides, with the majority mapping to variable membrane proteins. These included peptides within conserved fragments of variable membrane proteins that may have greater potential for differential diagnosis. We also identified reactive regions on FlaB, and demonstrate crossreactivity of B. burgdorferi C6 with a B. miyamotoi C6-like peptide. The panel of linear peptides identified in this study can be used to enhance serodiagnosis of B. miyamotoi.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tokarz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tagliafierro, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caciula, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thakkar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chauhan, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sameroff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delaney, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wormser, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marques, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipkin, W. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/741009</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of immunoreactive linear epitopes of Borrelia miyamotoi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/741884v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct Observation of a Coil-to-Helix Contraction Triggered by Vinculin Binding to Talin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/741884v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vinculin binds unfolded talin domains in focal adhesions, which recruits actin filaments to rein-force the mechanical coupling of this organelle. However, the mechanism by which this interaction is regulated, and its impact in the force transmission properties of this mechanotransduction pathway remain unknown. Here, we use magnetic tweezers force spectroscopy to measure the binding of vinculin head to the talin R3 domain under physiological force loads. For the first time, we resolve individual binding events as a short contraction of the unfolded talin polypeptide due to the reformation of the helices in the vinculin-binding sites. This force-dependent contraction dictates the mechanism by which force regulates the talin-vinculin interaction. Force is needed to unfold talin and expose the cryptic vinculin-binding sites; however, the structural contraction triggered by binding introduces an energy penalty that increases with force, defining an optimal binding force range. This novel mechanism implies that the talin-vinculin-actin association works in focal adhesions as a negative feedback mechanism, which operates to stabilize the force acting on each junction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tapia-Rojo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonso-Caballero, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/741884</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct Observation of a Coil-to-Helix Contraction Triggered by Vinculin Binding to Talin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/743005v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tri-4C: efficient identification of cis-regulatory loops at hundred base pair resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/743005v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The resolution limit of chromatin conformation capture methodologies (3Cs) has restrained their application in detection of fine-level chromatin structure mediated by cis-regulatory elements (CREs). Here we report two 3C-derived methods, Tri-4C and Tri-HiC, which utilize mult-restriction enzyme digestions for ultrafine mapping of targeted and genome-wide chromatin interaction, respectively, at up to one hundred basepair resolution. Tri-4C identified CRE loop interaction networks and quantifatively revealed their alterations underlying dynamic gene control. Tri-HiC uncovered global fine-gage regulatory interaction networks, identifying > 20-fold more enhancer:promoter (E:P) loops than in situ HiC. In addition to vasly improved identification of subkilobase-sized E:P loops, Tri-HiC also uncovered interaction stripes and contact domain insulation from promoters and enhancers, revealing their loop extrusion behaviors resembling the topologically-associated domain (TAD) boundaries. Tri-4C and Tri-HiC provide robust approaches to achieve the high resolution interactome maps required for characterizing fine-gage regulatory chromatin interactions in analysis of development, homeostasis and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suh, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/743005</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tri-4C: efficient identification of cis-regulatory loops at hundred base pair resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/743393v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein folding modulates the adhesion strategy of Gram positive pathogens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/743393v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gram positive bacteria colonize mucosal tissues against large mechanical perturbations, such as coughing, which generate large shear forces that exceed the ability of non-covalent bonds to remain attached. To overcome these challenges, the pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes utilizes the protein Cpa, a pilus tip-end adhesin equipped with a Cys-Gln thioester bond. The reactivity of this bond towards host surface ligands enables covalent anchoring of the bacterium, allowing it to resist large mechanical shocks; however, colonization also requires cell migration and spreading over surfaces. The molecular mechanisms underlying these seemingly incompatible requirements remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate a magnetic tweezers force spectroscopy assay that resolves the dynamics of Cpa thioester bond under force. While folded at forces < 6 pN, Cpa thioester bond reacts reversibly with amine ligands, of common occurrence in inflammation sites; however, mechanical unfolding and exposure to forces higher than 35 pN blocks thioester reactivity entirely. We propose that this folding-coupled thioester reactivity switch allows the adhesin to hop and sample host surface ligands at low force (nomadic mobility phase), and yet gets covalently anchored in place while under mechanical stress (locked phase). We dub such bonds "smart covalent bonds", adding a novel class to the known repertoire of non-covalent adhesion strategies that include slip bonds, and catch bonds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alonso-Caballero, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echelman, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapia-Rojo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haldar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eckels, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/743393</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein folding modulates the adhesion strategy of Gram positive pathogens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/743419v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy is caused by epidermal ROS and mitochondrial damage through conserved MMP-13 activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/743419v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Paclitaxel is a chemotherapeutic agent that causes peripheral neuropathy (PIPN) as a side effect of cancer treatment. Severely affected patients need to terminate chemotherapy, diminishing their chance of survival. The underlying causes of PIPN are unclear, but epidermal, unmyelinated axons have been shown to be the first to degenerate. We previously utilized a zebrafish in vivo model to show that the epidermal matrix-metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13) induces degeneration of unmyelinated axons, whereas pharmacological inhibition of MMP-13 prevented axon degeneration. The precise functions by which MMP-13 is regulated and affects axons, however, remained elusive. In this study, we assessed mitochondrial damage and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation as possible inducers of MMP-13, and we analyzed MMP-13-dependent damage. We show that the small ROS, H2O2, is increased in keratinocytes following treatment with paclitaxel. Epidermal mitochondrial damage appears to be a source of ROS leading to cytoplasmic H2O2 elevation, upregulation of MMP-13, and increased matrix degradation. Intriguingly, although axonal mitochondria also show aberrant morphologies and are vacuolized, as shown in other neuropathies, these axonal mitochondria do not produce increased H2O2 levels. We suggest that mitochondrial vacuolization occurs independently of axonal damage given that MMP-13 inhibition prevents axon degeneration, though vacuoles persist. We further show that MMP-13 dysregulation also underlies PIPN in rodent paclitaxel models, and that this function appears to be DRG neuron-extrinsic. These findings suggest that vacuolization is not a cause of paclitaxel-induced neuropathy, and that epidermal MMP-13 is a strong candidate for therapeutic interventions in cancer patients with neuropathy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cirrincione, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rieger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellegrini, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Utkina-Sosunova, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotti, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jergova, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/743419</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy is caused by epidermal ROS and mitochondrial damage through conserved MMP-13 activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/743625v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Arfgef1 haploinsufficiency in mice alters neuronal endosome composition and decreases membrane surface postsynaptic GABAA receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/743625v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ARFGEF1 encodes a guanine exchange factor involved in intracellular vesicle trafficking, and is a candidate gene for childhood genetic epilepsies. To model ARFGEF1 haploinsufficiency observed in a recent Lennox Gastaut Syndrome patient, we studied a frameshift mutation (Arfgef1fs) in mice. Arfgef1fs/+ pups exhibit signs of developmental delay, and Arfgef1fs/+ adults have a significantly decreased threshold to induced seizures but do not experience spontaneous seizures. Histologically, the Arfgef1fs/+ brain exhibits a disruption in the apical lining of the dentate gyrus and altered spine morphology of deep layer neurons. In primary hippocampal neuron culture, dendritic surface and synaptic but not total GABAA receptors (GABAAR) are reduced in Arfgef1fs/+ neurons with an accompanying decrease in GABAAR-containing recycling endosomes in cell body. Arfgef1fs/+ neurons also display differences in the relative ratio of Arf6+:Rab11+:TrfR+ recycling endosomes. Although the GABAAR-containing early endosomes in Arfgef1fs/+ neurons are comparable to wildtype, Arfgef1fs/+ neurons show an increase in GABAAR-containing lysosomes in dendrite and cell body. Together, the altered endosome composition and decreased neuronal surface GABAAR results suggests a mechanism whereby impaired neuronal inhibition leads to seizure susceptibility.nnHighlightsO_LIArfgef1fs/+ mice have lower seizure threshold but no spontaneous seizure.nC_LIO_LIArfgef1fs/+ neurons show reduced dendritic surface GABAAR.nC_LIO_LIArfgef1fs/+ neurons have decreased GABAAR-containing recycling endosome accompanied with an increase in GABAAR-containing lysosomes.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Teoh, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pero, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartolini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amador, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanber, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haut, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frankel, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/743625</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Arfgef1 haploinsufficiency in mice alters neuronal endosome composition and decreases membrane surface postsynaptic GABAA receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/744094v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The domain-general multiple demand (MD) network does not support core aspects of language comprehension: a large-scale fMRI investigation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/744094v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aside from the language-selective left-lateralized fronto-temporal network, language comprehension sometimes additionally recruits a domain-general bilateral fronto-parietal network implicated in executive functions: the multiple demand (MD) network. However, the nature of the MD networks contributions to language comprehension remains debated. To illuminate the role of this network in language processing, we conducted a large-scale fMRI investigation using data from 30 diverse word and sentence comprehension experiments (481 unique participants, 678 scanning sessions). In line with prior findings, the MD network was active during many language tasks. Moreover, similar to the language-selective network, which is robustly lateralized to the left hemisphere, these responses were stronger in the left-hemisphere MD regions. However, in stark contrast with the language-selective network, the MD network responded more strongly (i) to lists of unconnected words than to sentences, and critically, (ii) in paradigms with an explicit task compared to passive comprehension paradigms. In fact, many passive comprehension tasks failed to elicit a response above the fixation baseline in the MD network, in contrast to strong responses in the language-selective network. In tandem, these results argue against a role for the MD network in core aspects of sentence comprehension like inhibiting irrelevant meanings or parses, keeping intermediate representations active in working memory, or predicting upcoming words or structures. These results align with recent evidence of relatively poor tracking of the linguistic signal by the MD regions during naturalistic comprehension, and instead suggest that the MD networks engagement during language processing likely reflects effort associated with extraneous task demands.

Significance StatementDomain-general executive processes, like working memory and cognitive control, have long been implicated in language comprehension, including in neuroimaging studies that have reported activation in domain-general multiple demand (MD) regions for linguistic manipulations. However, much prior evidence has come from paradigms where language interpretation is accompanied by extraneous tasks. Using a large fMRI dataset (30 experiments/481 participants/678 sessions), we demonstrate that MD regions are engaged during language comprehension in the presence of task demands, but not during passive reading/listening--conditions that strongly activate the fronto-temporal language network. These results present a fundamental challenge to proposals whereby linguistic computations, like inhibiting irrelevant meanings, keeping representations active in working memory, or predicting upcoming elements, draw on domain-general executive resources.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Diachek, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blank, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegelman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedorenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/744094</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The domain-general multiple demand (MD) network does not support core aspects of language comprehension: a large-scale fMRI investigation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/744631v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Low Affinity Binding Sites in an Activating CRM Mediate Negative Autoregulation of the Drosophila Hox Gene Ultrabithorax 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/744631v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Specification of cell identity and the proper functioning of a mature cell depend on precise regulation of gene expression. Both binary ON/OFF regulation of transcription, as well as more fine-tuned control of transcription levels in the ON state, are required to define cell types. The Drosophila melanogaster Hox gene, Ultrabithorax (Ubx), exhibits both of these modes of control during development. While ON/OFF regulation is needed to specify the fate of the developing wing (Ubx OFF) and haltere (Ubx ON), the levels of Ubx within the haltere differ between compartments along the proximal-distal axis. Here, we identify and molecularly dissect the novel contribution of a previously identified Ubx cis-regulatory module (CRM), anterobithorax (abx), to a negative auto-regulatory loop that maintains decreased Ubx expression in the proximal compartment of the haltere as compared to the distal compartment. We find that Ubx, in complex with the known Hox cofactors, Homothorax (Hth) and Extradenticle (Exd), acts through low-affinity Ubx-Exd binding sites to reduce the levels of Ubx transcription in the proximal compartment. Importantly, we also reveal that Ubx-Exd-binding site mutations sufficient to result in de-repression of abx activity in the proximal haltere in a transgenic context are not sufficient to de-repress Ubx expression when mutated at the endogenous locus, suggesting the presence of multiple mechanisms through which Ubx-mediated repression occurs. Our results underscore the complementary nature of CRM analysis through transgenic reporter assays and genome modification of the endogenous locus; but, they also highlight the increasing need to understand gene regulation within the native context to capture the potential input of multiple genomic elements on gene control.nnAuthor SummaryOne of the most fundamental questions in biology is how information encoded in the DNA is translated into the diversity of cell-types that exist within a multicellular organism, each with the same genome. Regulation at the transcriptional level, mediated through the activity of transcription factors bound to cis-regulatory modules (CRMs), plays a key role in this process. While we typically distinguish cell-type by the specific subset of genes that are transcriptionally ON or OFF, it is also important to consider the more fine-tuned transcriptional control of gene expression level. We focus on the regulatory logic of the Hox developmental regulator, Ultrabithorax (Ubx), in fruit flies, which exhibits both forms of transcriptional control. While ON/OFF control of Ubx is required to define differential appendage fate in the T2 and T3 thoracic segments, respectively, more fine-tuned control of transcription levels is observed in distinct compartments within the T3 appendage, itself, in which all cells exhibit a Ubx ON state. Through genetic analysis of regulatory inputs, and dissection of a Ubx CRM in a transgenic context and at the endogenous locus, we reveal a compartment-specific negative autoregulatory loop that dampens Ubx transcription to maintain distinct transcriptional levels within a single developing tissue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Delker, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranade, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voutev, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/744631</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Low Affinity Binding Sites in an Activating CRM Mediate Negative Autoregulation of the Drosophila Hox Gene Ultrabithorax]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/746834v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The effects of direct brain stimulation in humans depend on frequency, amplitude, and white-matter proximity. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/746834v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Researchers have used direct electrical brain stimulation to treat a range of neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, for brain stimulation to be maximally effective, clinicians and researchers should optimize stimulation parameters according to desired outcomes. To examine how different kinds of stimulation affect human brain activity, we compared the changes in neuronal activity that resulted from stimulation at a range of frequencies, amplitudes, and locations with direct human brain recordings. We recorded human brain activity directly with electrodes that were implanted in widespread regions across 106 neurosurgical epilepsy patients while systematically stimulating across a range of parameters and locations. Overall, stimulation most often had an inhibitory effect on neuronal activity, consistent with earlier work. When stimulation excited neuronal activity, it most often occurred from high-frequency stimulation. These effects were modulated by the location of the stimulating electrode, with stimulation sites near white matter more likely to cause excitation and sites near gray matter more likely to inhibit neuronal activity. By characterizing how different stimulation parameters produced specific neuronal activity patterns on a large scale, our results help guide clinicians and researchers when designing stimulation protocols to cause precisely targeted changes in human brain activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mohan, U. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watrous, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lega, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sperling, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worrell, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaghloul, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jobst, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheth, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorniak, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wanda, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahana, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/746834</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The effects of direct brain stimulation in humans depend on frequency, amplitude, and white-matter proximity.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/746974v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic screens reveal a central role for heme biosynthesis in artemisinin susceptibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/746974v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Artemisinins have revolutionized the treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria, however, resistance threatens to undermine global control efforts. To explore artemisinin resistance in apicomplexan parasites broadly, we used genome-scale CRISPR screens recently developed for Toxoplasma gondii to discover sensitizing and desensitizing mutations. Using a sublethal concentration of dihydroartemisinin (DHA), we uncovered the putative porphyrin transporter Tmem14c whose disruption increases DHA susceptibility. Screens performed under high doses of DHA provided evidence that mitochondrial metabolism can modulate resistance. We show that disruption of a top candidate from the screens, the mitochondrial protease DegP2, lowered levels of free heme and decreased DHA susceptibility, without significantly altering fitness in culture. Deletion of the homologous gene in P. falciparum, PfDegP, similarly lowered heme levels and DHA susceptibility. These results expose the vulnerability of the heme biosynthetic pathway for genetic perturbations that can lead to survival in the presence of DHA. We go on to show that chemically reducing heme biosynthesis can decrease the sensitivity of both T. gondii and P. falciparum to DHA, suggesting guidelines for developing combination therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harding, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidik, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrova, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gnädig, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okombo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markus, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fidock, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lourido, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/746974</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic screens reveal a central role for heme biosynthesis in artemisinin susceptibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/747311v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying a task-invariant cognitive reserve network using task potency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/747311v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cognitive reserve (CR) is thought to protect against the consequence of age- or disease-related structural brain changes across multiple cognitive domains. The neural basis of CR may therefore comprise a functional network that is actively involved in many different cognitive processes. To investigate the existence of such a "task-invariant" CR network, we measured functional connectivity in a cognitively normal sample between 20-80 years old (N=265), both at rest and during the performance of 11 separate tasks that aim to capture four latent cognitive abilities (i.e. vocabulary, episodic memory, processing speed, and fluid reasoning). For each individual, we determined the change in functional connectivity from the resting state to each task state, which is referred to as "task potency" (Chauvin et al., 2017; Chauvin et al., 2018). Task potency was calculated for each pair among 264 nodes (Power et al., 2011) and then summarized across tasks reflecting the same cognitive ability. Subsequently, we established the correlation between task potency and premorbid IQ or education (i.e. CR factors). We identified a set of 57 pairs in which task potency showed significant correlations with IQ, but not education, across all four cognitive abilities. These pairs were included in a principal component analysis, from which we extracted the first component to obtain a latent variable reflecting task potency in this task-invariant CR network. This task potency variable moderated the relationship between cortical thickness and episodic memory performance ({beta}=-.64, p=.01), and showed a direct effect on fluid reasoning ({beta}=.08, p<.01) after adjusting for the effects of cortical thickness. Our identification of this task-invariant network contributes to a better understanding of the mechanism underlying CR, which may facilitate the development of CR-enhancing treatments. Our work also offers a useful alternative operational measure of CR future studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van Loenhoud, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habeck, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Flier, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ossenkoppele, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/747311</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying a task-invariant cognitive reserve network using task potency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/748087v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hyperactive MEK1 signaling in cortical GABAergic interneurons causes embryonic parvalbumin-neuron death and deficits in behavioral inhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/748087v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Abnormal ERK/MAPK pathway activity is an important contributor to the neuropathogenesis of many disorders including Fragile X, Rett, 16p11.2 Syndromes, and the RASopathies. Individuals with these syndromes often present with intellectual disability, ADHD, autism, and epilepsy. However, the pathological mechanisms that underly these deficits are not fully understood. Here, we examined whether hyperactivation of MEK1 signaling modifies the development of GABAergic cortical interneurons (CINs), a heterogeneous population of inhibitory neurons necessary for cortical function. We show that GABAergic-neuron specific MEK1 hyperactivation in vivo leads to increased cleaved caspase-3 labeling in a subpopulation of immature neurons in the embryonic subpallium. Adult mutants displayed a significant loss of mature parvalbumin-expressing (PV) CINs, but not somatostatin-expressing CINs, during postnatal development and a modest reduction in perisomatic inhibitory synapse formation on excitatory neurons. Surviving mutant PV-CINs maintained a typical fast-spiking phenotype and minor differences in intrinsic electrophysiological properties. These changes coincided with an increased risk of seizure-like phenotypes. In contrast to other mouse models of PV-CIN loss, we discovered a robust increase in the accumulation of perineuronal nets, an extracellular structure thought to restrict plasticity in the developing brain. Indeed, we found that mutants exhibit a significant impairment in the acquisition of a behavioral test that relies on behavioral response inhibition, a process linked to ADHD-like phenotypes. Overall, our data suggests PV-CIN development is particularly sensitive to hyperactive MEK1 signaling which may underlie neurological deficits frequently observed in ERK/MAPK-linked syndromes.nnSignificance StatementThe RASopathies are a family of neurodevelopmental syndromes caused by mutations that lead to increased RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling and are associated with intellectual disability, epilepsy, and ADHD. We do not fully understand how distinct neuronal subtypes are affected in these syndromes. Here, we show that increased MEK signaling in developing mice promotes the embryonic death of a specific subset of cortical inhibitory neurons that express parvalbumin. Surviving mutant parvalbumin neurons also show significant changes in crucial maturation processes, which coincide with increased seizure susceptibility and profound deficits in behavioral inhibition. These data suggest that deficits in inhibitory circuit development contribute to RASopathy neuropathogenesis and indicate that therapeutic strategies targeting inhibitory interneuron dysfunction may be beneficial for these individuals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holter, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hewitt, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishimura, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjorklund, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fry, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rees, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Treiman, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olive, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanabria, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snider, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newbern, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/748087</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hyperactive MEK1 signaling in cortical GABAergic interneurons causes embryonic parvalbumin-neuron death and deficits in behavioral inhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/748889v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
From intent to implementation: Factors affecting public involvement in life science research 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/748889v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Public involvement is key to closing the gap between research production and research use, and the only way to achieving ultimate transparency in science. The majority of life science research is not public-facing, but is funded by the public and impacts the community. We undertook a survey of researchers within the life sciences to better understand their views and perceived challenges to involving the public in their research. We had a valid response cohort of n=110 researchers, of whom 90% were primarily laboratory based. Using a mixed methods approach, we demonstrate that a top-down approach is key to motivate progression of life scientists from feeling positive towards public involvement to actually engaging in it. Researchers who viewed public involvement as beneficial to their research were more likely to have direct experience of doing it. We demonstrate that the systemic flaws in the way life sciences research enterprise is organised, including the promotion system, hypercompetition, and time pressures are major barriers to involving the public in the scientific process. Scientists are also apprehensive of being involuntarily involved in the current politicized climate, misinformation and publicity hype surrounding science nowadays makes them hesitant to share their early and in-progress research. The time required to deliberate study design and relevance, plan and build relationships for sustained involvement, provide and undertake training, and improve communication in the current research environment is often considered nonpragmatic, particularly for early career researchers. In conclusion, a top-down approach involving institutional incentives and infrastructure appears most effective at transitioning researchers from feeling positive towards public involvement to actually implementing it.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Burns, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korzec, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorris, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/748889</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[From intent to implementation: Factors affecting public involvement in life science research]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/749226v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An assessment of LRRK2 serine 935 phosphorylation in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease and G2019S LRRK2 cohorts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/749226v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The phosphorylated form of LRRK2, pS935 LRRK2, has been proposed as a target modulation biomarker for LRRK2 inhibitors. To qualify the biomarker for therapeutic trials, we assessed pS935 LRRK2 levels in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs). Analyses of PBMCs from healthy controls, idiopathic Parkinsons disease (iPD), and G2019S carriers with and without PD showed significant reductions in pS935 LRRK2 levels normalized to total LRRK2 levels in G2019S carriers with PD compared to those without PD or iPD. Neither analyte correlated with age, gender, or disease severity. Thus, pS935 LRRK2 in PBMCs may reflect a state marker for G2019S LRRK2-driven PD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Padmanabhan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanz, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levers, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcalay, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutten, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baptista, M. A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merchant, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/749226</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An assessment of LRRK2 serine 935 phosphorylation in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease and G2019S LRRK2 cohorts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/750729v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antibiotic Resistance Increases Evolvability and Maximizes Opportunities Across Fitness Landscapes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/750729v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibiotic resistance continues to grow as a public health problem. One of the reasons for this continued growth is that resistance to antibiotics is strongly selected for in the presence of antibiotics and weakly selected against after their removal. This is frequently thought to be due to the effects of compensatory mutations. However, compensatory mutations are often not found in clinically relevant strains of antibiotic resistant pathogens. Here, we conduct experiments in vitro that highlight the role that fine scale differences in environment play in the maintenance of populations after selection for resistance. We show that differences in the mode of growth, dictated by environmental factors, are capable of reliably changing the force and direction of selection. Our results show that antibiotic resistance can increase evolvability in environments if conditions for selection exist, selecting differentially for newly arising variation and moving populations to previously unavailable adaptive peaks.nnSignificanceAntibiotic resistant bacteria are a large and growing problem for public health. A major question has been why antibiotic resistant strains do not disappear when they must compete with higher fitness drug sensitive strains. Here we show that selection for antibiotic resistant strains is particularly sensitive to differences in environmental conditions and that these differences help to define the fitness landscapes upon which these populations adapt. The result is an increase in evolvability, with many adaptive peaks that drug resistant populations can explore through natural selection, making predictions of evolution difficult and selection against resistant strains improbable.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spagnolo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dykhuizen, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/750729</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antibiotic Resistance Increases Evolvability and Maximizes Opportunities Across Fitness Landscapes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/751974v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of MCM8IP, an interactor of MCM8-9 and RPA1 that promotes homologous recombination and DNA synthesis in response to DNA damage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/751974v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Homologous recombination (HR) mediates the error-free repair of DNA double-strand breaks to maintain genomic stability. HR is carried out by a complex network of DNA repair factors. Here we identify C17orf53/MCM8IP, an OB-fold containing protein that binds ssDNA, as a novel DNA repair factor involved in HR. MCM8IP-deficient cells exhibit HR defects, especially in long-tract gene conversion, occurring downstream of RAD51 loading, consistent with a role for MCM8IP in HR-dependent DNA synthesis. Moreover, loss of MCM8IP confers cellular sensitivity to crosslinking agents and PARP inhibition. Importantly, we identify a direct interaction with MCM8-9, a putative helicase complex mutated in Primary Ovarian Insufficiency, that is crucial for MCM8IPs ability to promote resistance to DNA damaging agents. In addition to its association with MCM8-9, MCM8IP also binds directly to RPA1. We show that the interactions of MCM8IP with both MCM8-9 and RPA are required to maintain replication fork progression in response to treatment with crosslinking agents. Collectively, our work identifies MCM8IP as a key regulator of DNA damage-associated DNA synthesis during DNA recombination and replication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taglialatela, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acharya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leuzzi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nambiar, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuella-Martin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayward, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunette, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anand, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soni, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernstein, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cejka, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciccia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/751974</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of MCM8IP, an interactor of MCM8-9 and RPA1 that promotes homologous recombination and DNA synthesis in response to DNA damage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/752295v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alternative polyadenylation drives oncogenic gene expression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/752295v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alternative polyadenylation (APA) is a gene regulatory process that dictates mRNA 3-UTR length, resulting in changes in mRNA stability and localization. APA is frequently disrupted in cancer and promotes tumorigenesis through altered expression of oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Pan-cancer analyses have revealed common APA events across the tumor landscape; however, little is known about tumor type-specific alterations that may uncover novel events and vulnerabilities. Here we integrate RNA-sequencing data from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to comprehensively analyze APA events in 148 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAs). We report widespread, recurrent and functionally relevant 3-UTR alterations associated with gene expression changes of known and newly identified PDA growth-promoting genes and experimentally validate the effects of these APA events on expression. We find enrichment for APA events in genes associated with known PDA pathways, loss of tumor-suppressive miRNA binding sites, and increased heterogeneity in 3-UTR forms of metabolic genes. Survival analyses reveal a subset of 3-UTR alterations that independently characterize a poor prognostic cohort among PDA patients. Finally, we identify and validate the casein kinase CK1 as an APA-regulated therapeutic target in PDA. Knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of CK1 attenuates PDA cell proliferation and clonogenic growth. Our single-cancer analysis reveals APA as an underappreciated driver of pro-tumorigenic gene expression in PDA via the loss of miRNA regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Venkat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tisdale, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwarz, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alahmari, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maurer, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olive, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eng, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feigin, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/752295</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alternative polyadenylation drives oncogenic gene expression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/752360v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Olfactory Landmarks and Path Integration Converge to Form a Cognitive Spatial Map 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/752360v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The convergence of internal path integration with sensory information from external landmarks generates a cognitive spatial map in the hippocampus. We have recorded the activity of cells in CA1 during a virtual navigation task to examine how mice represent, recognize and employ sparse olfactory landmarks to estimate their location. We observe that the presence of odor landmarks at multiple locations in a virtual environment greatly enriches the place cell representation and dramatically improves navigation. Presentation of the same odor at different locations generates distinct place cell representations, indicating that path integration can disambiguate two identical cues on the basis of location. The enhanced place cell representation at one cue location led to the formation of place cells at locations beyond that cue and, ultimately recognition of a second odor cue as a distinct landmark. This suggests an iterative mechanism for extending place cell representations into unknown territory. These results reveal how odor cues can serve as landmarks to guide navigation and suggest a model to explain how the convergence of landmarks and path integration participates in an iterative process that generates a cognitive spatial map.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fischler, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devi-Chou, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitch, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnitzer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Axel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/752360</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Olfactory Landmarks and Path Integration Converge to Form a Cognitive Spatial Map]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/752386v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optogenetic reactivation of prefrontal social memory trace mimics social buffering of fear 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/752386v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Social buffering occurs when the presence of a companion attenuates the physiological and/or behavioral effects of a stressful or fear-provoking event. It represents a way in which social interactions can immediately and potently modulate behavior. As such, social buffering is one mechanism by which strong social support increases resilience to mental illness. While the behavioral and neuroendocrine impacts of social buffering are well studied in multiple species, including humans, the neuronal bases of this behavioral phenomenon remain largely unexplored. Previous work has shown that the infralimbic prefrontal cortex (IL-PFC) is important for processing social information and, in separate studies, for modulating fear and anxiety. Thus, we hypothesized that socially-active cells within the IL-PFC may integrate social information to modulate fear responsivity. To test this hypothesis, we employed social buffering paradigms in male and female mice. Similar to prior studies in rats, we found that the presence of a cagemate reduced freezing in fear and anxiety-provoking contexts. In accordance with previous work, we demonstrated that interaction with a novel or familiar conspecific induces activity in the IL-PFC as evidenced by increased immediate early gene (IEG) expression. We then utilized an activity-dependent tagging murine line, the ArcCreERT2 mice, to express channelrhodopsin (ChR2) in neurons active during the social encoding of a new cagemate. We found that optogenetic reactivation of these socially-active neuronal ensembles phenocopied the effects of cagemate presence in male and female mice in learned and innate fear contexts without being inherently rewarding or altering locomotion. These data suggest that a social neuronal ensemble within the IL-PFC may contribute to social buffering of fear. These neurons may represent a novel therapeutic target for fear and anxiety disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gutzeit, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahuna, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadsad Rooney, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denny, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donaldson, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/752386</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optogenetic reactivation of prefrontal social memory trace mimics social buffering of fear]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/753426v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Imposition of Value on Odor: Transient and Persistent Representations of Odor Value in Prefrontal Cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/753426v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The representation of odor in olfactory cortex (piriform) is distributive and unstructured and can only be afforded behavioral significance upon learning. We performed 2-photon imaging to examine the representation of odors in piriform and in two downstream stations, the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), as mice learned olfactory associations. In piriform we observed minor changes in neural activity unrelated to learning. In OFC, 30% of the neurons acquired robust responses to conditioned stimuli (CS+) after learning, and these responses were gated by context and internal state. The representation in OFC, however, diminished after learning and persistent representations of CS+ and CS- odors emerged in mPFC. Optogenetic silencing indicates that these two brain structures function sequentially to consolidate the learning of appetitive associations. These data demonstrate the transformation of a representation of odor identity in piriform into transient and persistent representations of value in the prefrontal cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, P. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boboila, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamash, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Axel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/753426</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Imposition of Value on Odor: Transient and Persistent Representations of Odor Value in Prefrontal Cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/753624v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Serotonergic modulation of walking in  Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/753624v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To navigate complex environments, animals must generate highly robust, yet flexible, locomotor behaviors. For example, walking speed must be tailored to the needs of a particular environment: Not only must animals choose the correct speed and gait, they must also rapidly adapt to changing conditions, and respond to sudden and surprising new stimuli. Neuromodulators, particularly the small biogenic amine neurotransmitters, allow motor circuits to rapidly alter their output by changing their functional connectivity. Here we show that the serotonergic system in the vinegar fly, Drosophilamelanogaster, can modulate walking speed in a variety of contexts and in response to sudden changes in the environment. These multifaceted roles of serotonin in locomotion are differentially mediated by a family of serotonergic receptors with distinct activities and expression patterns.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Howard, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabachnik, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hormigo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramdya, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/753624</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Serotonergic modulation of walking in  Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/755298v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Task sharing clubfoot treatment in Latin America: a cross-sectional survey of expert opinions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/755298v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While the Ponseti method has quickly become the mainstay of clubfoot treatment in most parts of the world, its dissemination and successful implementation in Latin America has been more limited. The additional shortage of orthopedic surgeons in this region makes task sharing a practical approach to address gaps in service provision. We designed an online survey to assess needs, perceptions, and willingness to task share the delivery of the Ponseti method by Ponseti-method-trained physicians across Latin America. Multiple-response questions were summarized and an applied thematic analysis approach was used to analyze free-response questions. We achieved a 66% response rate (31 of 47 experts responded). Our findings illustrate that most physicians feel the need for disseminating and improving Ponseti training, as well as having additional support for clubfoot treatment. While physicians who treat clubfoot have mixed opinions on the role of nonphysicians treating clubfoot, most report logistical concerns and insufficient training as barriers to their inclusion. Given this and the need for improved, more accessible clubfoot care across Latin America, future clubfoot treatment efforts may benefit from incorporating task sharing between orthopedic surgeons and non-physician personnel.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martinez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smythe, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pettitt-Schieber, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Everhart, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/755298</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Task sharing clubfoot treatment in Latin America: a cross-sectional survey of expert opinions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/755793v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of a novel striated muscle-enriched mitochondrial protein Coq10a enhances postnatal cardiac hypertrophic growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/755793v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Postnatal mammalian cardiomyocytes undergo a major transition from hyperplasia (increases in cell numbers) to hypertrophy (expansion in cell size). This process is accompanied by rapid mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolic switches to meet the demand of increased cardiac output. Although most mitochondrial components express ubiquitously, recent transcriptomic and proteomic analyses have discovered numerous tissue-specific mitochondrial proteins whose physiological functions are largely unknown. Here we report that a highly evolutionarily conserved mitochondrial protein Coq10a is predominantly expressed in mammalian cardiac and skeletal muscles, and is highly up-regulated around birth in a thyroid hormone-dependent manner. Deletion of Coq10a by CRISPR/Cas9 leads to enhanced cardiac growth after birth. Surprisingly, adult Coq10a mutant mice maintain the hypertrophic heart phenotype with increased levels of coenzyme Q (CoQ) per cardiomyocyte, preserved cardiac contractile function and mitochondrial respiration, which contrasts with reported mice and humans with mutations in other Coq family genes. Further RNA-seq analysis and mitochondrial characterization suggest an increase of mitochondrial biogenesis in the Coq10a mutant heart as a possible consequence of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1) activation, consistent with a recent intriguing report that CoQ may function as a natural ligand and partial agonist of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR) /{gamma}. Taken together, our study reveals a previously unknown function of a novel striated muscle-enriched mitochondrial protein Coq10a in regulating postnatal heart growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hirose, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barca, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khyeam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tajima, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoneshiro, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kajimura, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinzii, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, G. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/755793</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of a novel striated muscle-enriched mitochondrial protein Coq10a enhances postnatal cardiac hypertrophic growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/755819v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Membrane composition influences the conformation and function of the dopamine transporter in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/755819v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The biophysical and biochemical properties of membrane lipids can alter the conformation and function of membrane-spanning proteins, yet the specific, physiological consequence in vivo of changing the membrane milieu for a specific protein has been rarely investigated. Using various genetic approaches to eliminate expression of the membrane-associated protein Flotillin-1, we have found that the lipid environment of the dopamine transporter (DAT) is necessary for mice to respond to amphetamine but not cocaine, because the localization of DAT to cholesterol-rich membranes is required for a DAT conformation that is essential for reverse transport of dopamine. Furthermore, a conditional rather than constitutive loss-of-function approach was necessary to reveal this phenotype, indicating a broader role for membrane-protein interactions that are modulated by Flotillin-1. Taken together, these findings demonstrate how interaction of a transmembrane protein with its membrane environment can regulate distinct events in the vertebrate brain that give rise to specific behavioral outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fong, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erreger, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosharov, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javitch, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamamoto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/755819</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Membrane composition influences the conformation and function of the dopamine transporter in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/757104v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Context-dependent decision making in a premotor circuit 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/757104v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cognitive capacities afford contingent associations between sensory information and behavioral responses. We studied this problem using an olfactory delayed match to sample task whereby a sample odor specifies the association between a subsequent test odor and rewarding action. Multi-neuron recordings revealed representations of the sample and test odors in olfactory sensory and association cortex, which were sufficient to identify the test odor as match/non-match. Yet, inactivation of a downstream premotor area (ALM), but not orbitofrontal cortex, confined to the epoch preceding the test odor, led to gross impairment. Olfactory decisions that were not context dependent were unimpaired. Therefore, ALM may not receive the outcome of a match/non-match decision from upstream areas but contextual information--the identity of the sample--to establish the mapping between test odor and action. A novel population of pyramidal neurons in ALM layer 2 may mediate this process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litwin-Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamash, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Axel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadlen, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/757104</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Context-dependent decision making in a premotor circuit]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/758268v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Modular Master Regulator Landscape Determines the Impact of Genetic Alterations on the Transcriptional Identity of Cancer Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/758268v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite considerable pan-cancer efforts, the link between genomics and transcriptomics in cancer remains relatively weak and mostly based on statistical rather than mechanistic principles. By performing integrative analysis of transcriptomic and mutational profiles on a sample-by-sample basis, via regulatory/signaling networks, we identified a repertoire of 407 Master-Regulator proteins responsible for canalizing the genetics of 20 TCGA cohorts into 112 transcriptionally-distinct tumor subtypes. Further analysis highlighted a highly-recurrent regulatory architecture (oncotecture) with Master-Regulators organized into 24 modular MR-Blocks, regulating highly-specific tumor-hallmark functions and predictive of patient outcome. Critically, >50% of the somatic alterations identified in individual samples were in proteins affecting Master-Regulator activity, thus yielding novel insight into mechanisms linking tumor genetics and transcriptional identity and establishing novel non-oncogene dependencies. Experimental validation of functional mutations upstream of the most conserved MR-Block confirmed their ability to affect MR-protein activity, suggesting that the proposed methodology may effectively complement and extend current pan-cancer knowledge.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paull, E. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aytes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramaniam, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giorgi, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglass, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verhaak, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abate-Shen, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/758268</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Modular Master Regulator Landscape Determines the Impact of Genetic Alterations on the Transcriptional Identity of Cancer Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/760330v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Widespread Receptor Driven Modulation in Peripheral Olfactory Coding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/760330v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We utilized swept confocally aligned planar excitation (SCAPE) microscopy to measure odor-driven activity simultaneously in many (>10,000) olfactory sensory neurons distributed over large areas of intact mouse olfactory epithelium. This approach allowed us to investigate the responses to mixtures or blends of odors and their components, a more realistic stimulus than monomolecular odors. In up to 38% of responding cells, responses to a mixture of odors were different - absent, smaller or larger - than what would be expected from the sum of the individual components. Further investigation revealed instances of both antagonism and allosteric enhancement in the primary olfactory sensory neurons. All 10 of the odor compounds tested were found to act as both agonists and antagonists at different receptors. We present a hypothetical scheme for how modulation at the peripheral receptors increases the capability of the olfactory system to recognize patterns of complex odor mixtures. The widespread modulation of primary sensory receptors argues against a simple combinatorial code and should motivate a search for alternative coding strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voleti, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillman, E. M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/760330</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Widespread Receptor Driven Modulation in Peripheral Olfactory Coding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/760454v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interdependency of respiratory metabolism and phenazine-associated physiology in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/760454v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular electron transfer (EET), the reduction of compounds that shuttle electrons to distal oxidants, can support bacterial survival when preferred oxidants are not directly accessible. EET has been shown to contribute to virulence in some pathogenic organisms and is required for current generation in mediator-based fuel cells. In several species, components of the electron transport chain (ETC) have been implicated in electron shuttle reduction, raising the question of how shuttling-based metabolism is integrated with primary routes of metabolic electron flow. The clinically relevant bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa can utilize carbon sources (i.e., electron donors) covering a broad range of reducing potentials and possesses a branched ETC that can be modulated to optimize respiratory efficiency. It also produces electron shuttles called phenazines that facilitate intracellular redox balancing, increasing the complexity of its metabolic potential. In this study, we investigated the reciprocal influence of respiratory metabolism and phenazine-associated physiology in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14. We found that phenazine production affects respiratory activity and terminal oxidase gene expression, and that carbon source identity influences the mechanisms enabling phenazine reduction. Furthermore, we found that growth in biofilms, a condition for which phenazine metabolism is critical to normal development and redox balancing, dramatically affects the composition of the P. aeruginosa phenazine pool. Together, these findings can aid interpretation of P. aeruginosa behavior during host infection and provide inroads to understanding the crosstalk between primary metabolism and shuttling-based physiology in the diverse bacteria that carry out EET.nnIMPORTANCEPseudomonas aeruginosa is a major cause of healthcare-associated infections and long-term lung infections in people with cystic fibrosis. It can use diverse organic compounds as electron donors and possesses multiple enzymes that can transfer electrons from central metabolism to O2. These pathways support a balanced intracellular redox state and the production of cellular energy. Under hypoxic conditions, P. aeruginosa can reduce phenazines, secondary metabolites that also promote redox homeostasis and that contribute to virulence. We asked how these primary and secondary routes of electron flow influence each other. We found that phenazines affect respiratory function, that the roles of respiratory enzymes in phenazine reduction are highly condition-dependent, and that the complement of phenazines produced is strongly affected by growth in assemblages called biofilms. These results provide a more nuanced understanding of P. aeruginosa redox metabolism and may inform strategies for treating persistent infections caused by this bacterium.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price-Whelan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornell, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dietrich, L. E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/760454</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interdependency of respiratory metabolism and phenazine-associated physiology in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/760470v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unsupervised Clusterless Decoding using a Switching Poisson Hidden Markov Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/760470v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spike sorting is a standard preprocessing step to obtain ensembles of single unit data from multiunit, multichannel recordings in neuroscience. However, more recently, some researchers have started doing analyses directly on the unsorted data. Here we present a new computational model that is an extension of the standard (unsupervised) switching Poisson hidden Markov model (where observations are time-binned spike counts from each of N neurons), to a clusterless approximation in which we observe only a d-dimensional mark for each spike. Such an unsupervised yet clusterless approach has the potential to incorporate more information than is typically available from spike-sorted approaches, and to uncover temporal structure in neural data without access to behavioral correlates. We show that our approach can recover model parameters from simulated data, and that it can uncover task-relevant structure from real neural data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ackermann, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemere, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/760470</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unsupervised Clusterless Decoding using a Switching Poisson Hidden Markov Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/762245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Escalating protein supersaturation underlies inclusion formation in muscle proteinopathies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/762245v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Abundant, aggregation prone or "supersaturated" proteins are a feature of neurodegeneration. Whether the principle of supersaturation can similarly explain the widespread aggregation that occurs in non-neuronal protein conformational disorders and underlies pathogenic protein aggregate formation is not established. To test this prediction we analyzed proteomic datasets of biopsies from genetic and acquired protein aggregate myopathy (PAM) patients by quantifying the changes in composition, concentration and aggregation propensity of proteins in the fibers containing inclusions and those surrounding them. We found that similar to neurodegeneration, a supersaturated subproteome of aggregate prone proteins is present in skeletal muscle from healthy patients. This subproteome escalates in degree of supersaturation as proteomic samples are taken more proximal to the pathologic inclusion, eventually exceeding its solubility limits and aggregating. While most supersaturated proteins decrease or maintain steady abundance across healthy fibers and inclusion containing fibers, supersaturated proteins within the aggregate subproteome rise in abundance, suggesting they escape normal regulation. We show in the context of a human conformational disorder that the level of supersaturation of a metastable subproteome helps to explain widespread aggregation and correlates with the histopathological state of the tissue.nnSignificanceIncreasing evidence implicates the phenomenon of protein supersaturation with the selective vulnerability of specific cells to protein misfolding disorders. Quantitative studies of this phenomenon, however, have only been possible post mortem in the case of neurodegenerative diseases. To overcome this limitation, we study here protein aggregate myopathies (PAMs), for which we were able to carry out systematic single fiber proteomic studies on patient-derived samples. We found not only that proteins associated with PAM inclusions are highly supersaturated in muscle but also that their supersaturation levels increases further in affected fibers. These results provide a clear illustration of how an escalation in supersaturation leads protein inclusions in vulnerable cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ciryam, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antalek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samper, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tartaglia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobson, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guettsches, A.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eggers, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vorgerd, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcus, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morimoto, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vendruscolo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weihl, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/762245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Escalating protein supersaturation underlies inclusion formation in muscle proteinopathies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/762500v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FMRP binding to a ranked subset of long genes is revealed by coupled CLIP and TRAP in specific neuronal cell types 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/762500v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Loss of function of the Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP) in human Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) and in model organisms results in phenotypes of abnormal neuronal structure and dynamics, synaptic function and connectivity which may contribute to a state of neuronal, circuit and organism hyperexcitability. Previous in vivo identification of FMRP association with specific mRNA targets in mouse brain revealed that FMRP regulates the translation of a large fraction of the synaptic proteome in both pre- and post-synaptic compartments as well as many transcription factors and chromatin modifying proteins. However, it was not previously possible to determine the ratio of FMRP binding to transcript abundance due to the complexity of different neuronal cell types in whole brain. Moreover, it has been difficult to link the translational regulation of specific targets to model phenotypes or human symptoms. For example, loss-of-function of FMRP in the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum results in three cell autonomous phenotypes related to learning and memory, including enhanced mGluR-LTD at parallel fiber synapses, altered dendritic spines and behavioral deficits in a eyeblink-conditioning learning paradigm shared by human FXS patients. The molecular basis for these and related human Fragile X phenotypes is unknown. To address these critical issues we have developed a new mouse model (the Fmr1 cTAG mouse) in which endogenous FMRP can be conditionally tagged for RNA:protein crosslinking and immunoprecipitation (CLIP) identification of the RNAs with which it interacts in vivo. We used the Fmr1 cTAG mouse to quantitatively evaluate FMRP-mRNA association in Purkinje and cerebellar granule neurons which together comprise the parallel-fiber synapse. We calculated a stoichiometrically ranked list of FMRP RNA binding events by normalizing to ribosome-associated transcript abundance determined by TRAP-seq, and now definitively find that FMRP associates with specific sets of mRNAs which differ between the two cell types. In Purkinje cells, many components of the mGluR signaling pathway are FMRP targets including the top-ranked Purkinje cell mRNA Itpr1, encoding the IP3 receptor, the function of which is critical to proper mGluR-dependent synaptic plasticity. In sum, this novel approach provides the first ranked list of FMRP target mRNAs and further reveals that FMRP regulates a specific set of long neural genes related to relevant cell autonomous phenotypes.nnHighlightsO_LIWe have created a mouse model in which endogenous FMRP can be conditionally tagged.nC_LIO_LIUsing tag-specific CLIP we describe ranked and specific sets of in vivo FMRP mRNA targets in two types of neurons.nC_LIO_LIThis ranking was used to reveal that FMRP regulates mRNAs with long coding sequences.nC_LIO_LIFMRP mRNA targets in Purkinje cells, including the top-ranked IP3 receptor, are related to cell-autonomous Fragile X phenotypes.nC_LIO_LIWe have updated our previous list of whole mouse brain FMRP mRNA targets with more replicates, deeper sequencing and improved analysisnC_LIO_LIThe use of tagged FMRP in less abundant cell populations allowed identification of novel mRNA targets missed in a whole brain analysisnC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Van Driesche, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawicka, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, S. K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fak, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darnell, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darnell, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/762500</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FMRP binding to a ranked subset of long genes is revealed by coupled CLIP and TRAP in specific neuronal cell types]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/763524v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Changes in life history and population size can explain relative neutral diversity levels on X and autosomes in extant human populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/763524v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In human populations, relative levels of neutral polymorphism on the X and autosomes differ markedly from each other and from the naive theoretical expectation of [3/4]. These differences have attracted considerable attention, with studies highlighting several potential causes, including male biased mutation and reproductive variance, historical changes in population size, and selection at linked loci. We revisit this question in light of our new theory about the effects of life history and given pedigree-based estimates of the dependence of human mutation rates on sex and age. We demonstrate that life history effects, particularly higher generation times in males than females, likely had multiple effects on human X-to-autosomes (X:A) polymorphism ratios, through the extent of male mutation bias, the equilibrium X:A ratios of effective population sizes, and differential responses to changes in population size. We also show that the standard approach of using divergence between species to correct for the male bias in mutation results in biased estimates of X:A effective population size ratios. We obtain alternative estimates using pedigree-based estimates of the male mutation bias, which reveal X:A ratios of effective population sizes to be considerably greater than previously appreciated. We then show that the joint effects of historical changes in life history and population size can explain X:A polymorphism ratios in extant human populations. Our results suggest that ancestral human populations were highly polygynous; that non-African populations experienced a substantial reduction in polygyny and/or increase in male-biased generation times around the out of Africa bottleneck; and that extant diversity levels were affected by fairly recent changes in sex-specific life history.nnSignificance StatementAll else being equal, the ratio of diversity levels on X and autosomes at selectively neutral sites should mirror the ratio of their numbers in the population and thus equal [3/4]. In reality, the ratios observed across human populations differ markedly from [3/4] and from each other. Because from a population perspective, autosomes spend an equal number of generations in both sexes while the X spends twice as many generations in females, these departures from the naive expectations likely reflect differences between male and female life histories and their effects on mutation processes. Indeed, we show that the ratios observed across human populations can be explained by demographic history, assuming plausible, sex-specific mutation rates, generation times and reproductive variances.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amster, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milligan, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sella, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/763524</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Changes in life history and population size can explain relative neutral diversity levels on X and autosomes in extant human populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/763805v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glioma-induced alterations in neuronal activity and neurovascular coupling during disease progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/763805v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diffusely infiltrating gliomas are known to cause alterations in cortical function, vascular disruption and seizures. These neurological complications present major clinical challenges, yet their underlying mechanisms and causal relationships to disease progression are poorly characterized. Here, we followed glioma progression in awake Thy1-GCaMP6f mice using in-vivo wide-field optical mapping to monitor alterations in both neuronal activity and functional hemodynamics. The bilateral synchrony of spontaneous neuronal activity in glioma-infiltrated cortex gradually decreased, while neurovascular coupling was also progressively disrupted compared to uninvolved cortex. Over time, mice developed diverse patterns of high amplitude discharges and eventually generalized seizures that begin at the infiltrative margin of the tumors. Interictal and seizure events exhibited positive neurovascular coupling in uninfiltrated cortex, however glioma-infiltrated regions exhibited inverted hemodynamic responses driving seizure-evoked hypoxia. These results reveal a landscape of complex physiological interactions occurring during glioma progression and present new opportunities for exploring new biomarkers and therapeutic targets.nnHighlights- Glioma disrupts neural synchrony between bilateral cortical regions.n- WFOM reveals frequent interictal discharges and seizures during glioma progression.n- Tumor development is accompanied by local changes in neurovascular coupling.n- Altered neurovascular coupling drives hypoperfusion of the tumor during seizures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dovas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mela, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humala, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thibodeaux, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grinband, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schevon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillman, E. M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canoll, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/763805</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glioma-induced alterations in neuronal activity and neurovascular coupling during disease progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/763953v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Regulates MicroRNA-208b-Argonaute 2 Association and Thyroid Hormone Responsiveness in Cardiac Hypertrophy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/763953v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production plays an important role in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including cardiac hypertrophy. While the regulation of diverse sources of ROS is well characterized in the heart, the redox-sensitive targets that contribute to redox signaling remain largely undefined. We now report that protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is reversibly oxidized and inactivated in hearts undergoing hypertrophy and that gene deletion of PTP1B in mouse hearts cause an hypertrophic phenotype that is critically exacerbated in mice subjected to pressure overload. Furthermore, we show that PTP1B dephosphorylates Tyr393 on argonaute 2, a key component of the RNA-induced silencing complex, and sustains gene silencing in the heart. Our results indicate that PTP1B inactivation and argonaute 2 Tyr393 phosphorylation specifically prevents argonaute 2 from interacting with miR-208b. Phosphorylation and inactivation of argonaute 2 in PTP1B cKO mice revealed a mechanism by which defective miR-208b-mediated repression of thyroid hormone receptor-associated protein 1 (THRAP1/MED13) contributes to thyroid hormone-mediated cardiac hypertrophy. In support of this conclusion, inhibiting the synthesis of triiodothyronine (T3), using propylthiouracil, rescued TAC-induced hypertrophy and improved myocardial contractility and systolic function in PTP1B cKO mice. Together, our data illustrate that PTP1B activity exerts a cardioprotective effect in the heart and that redox signaling is tightly linked to thyroid hormone responsiveness and to microRNA-mediated gene silencing in pathological hypertrophy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coulis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labbe, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergeron, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahmi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinette, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karsenty, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tremblay, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tardif, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boivin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/763953</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Regulates MicroRNA-208b-Argonaute 2 Association and Thyroid Hormone Responsiveness in Cardiac Hypertrophy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/764100v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolite therapy guided by liquid biopsy proteomics delays retinal neurodegeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/764100v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurodegenerative diseases are debilitating, incurable disorders caused by progressive neuronal cell death. Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a blinding neurodegenerative disease that results in retinal photoreceptor cell death and progresses to the loss of the entire neural retinal network. We previously found that proteomic analysis of the adjacent vitreous serves as way to indirectly biopsy the neural retina and identify changes in the retinal proteome. We therefore analyzed protein expression in liquid vitreous biopsies from autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (arRP) patients with PDE6A mutations and arRP mice with Pde6[a] mutations. Proteomic analysis of retina and vitreous samples identified molecular pathways affected at the onset of photoreceptor cell death. Based on affected molecular pathways, arRP mice were treated with a ketogenic diet or metabolites involved in fatty-acid synthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Dietary supplementation of a single metabolite, [a]-ketoglutarate, increased docosahexaeonic acid (DHA) levels, provided neuroprotection, and enhanced visual function in arRP mice. A ketogenic diet delayed photoreceptor cell loss, while vitamin B supplementation had a limited effect. Finally, desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging (DESI-MSI) revealed restoration of key metabolites that correlated with our proteomic findings: pyrimidine and purine metabolism (uridine, dihydrouridine, and thymidine), glutamine and glutamate (glutamine/glutamate conversion), and succinic and aconitic acid (TCA cycle). This study demonstrates that replenishing TCA cycle metabolites via oral supplementation prolongs vision and provides a neuroprotective effect on the photoreceptor cells and inner retinal network.nnOne Sentence SummaryThe study shows protein and metabolite pathways affected during neurodegeneration and that replenishing metabolites provides a neuroprotective effect on the retina.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wert, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vijayalakshmi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shankar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sengillo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zare, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassuk, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsang, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/764100</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolite therapy guided by liquid biopsy proteomics delays retinal neurodegeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/765099v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
cAb-Rep: A Database of Curated Antibody Repertoires for Exploring antibody diversity and Predicting Antibody Prevalence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/765099v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The diversity of B cell receptors provides a basis for recognizing numerous pathogens. Antibody repertoire sequencing has revealed relationships between B cell receptor sequences, their diversity, and their function in infection, vaccination, and disease. However, many repertoire datasets have been deposited without annotation or quality control, limiting their utility. To accelerate investigations of B cell immunoglobulin sequence repertoires and to facilitate development of algorithms for their analysis, we constructed a comprehensive public database of curated human B cell immunoglobulin sequence repertoires, cAb-Rep (https://cab-rep.c2b2.columbia.edu), which currently includes 306 immunoglobulin repertoires from 121 human donors, who were healthy, vaccinated, or had autoimmune disease. The database contains a total of 267.9 million V(D)J heavy chain and 72.9 million VJ light chain transcripts. These transcripts are full-length or near full-length, have been annotated with gene origin, antibody isotype, somatic hypermutations, and other biological characteristics, and are stored in FASTA format to facilitate their direct use by most current repertoire-analysis programs. We describe a website to search cAb-Rep for similar antibodies along with methods for analysis of the prevalence of antibodies with specific genetic signatures, for estimation of reproducibility of somatic hypermutation patterns of interest, and for delineating frequencies of somatically introduced N-glycosylation. cAb-Rep should be useful for investigating attributes of B cell sequence repertoires, for understanding characteristics of affinity maturation, and for identifying potential barriers to the elicitation of effective neutralizing antibodies in infection or by vaccination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/765099</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[cAb-Rep: A Database of Curated Antibody Repertoires for Exploring antibody diversity and Predicting Antibody Prevalence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/765214v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic arousal signals construct memories of time and events 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/765214v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Everyday life unfolds continuously, yet we tend to remember past experiences as discrete event sequences or episodes. Although this phenomenon has been well documented, the brain mechanisms that support the transformation of continuous experience into memorable episodes remain unknown. Here we show that a sudden change in context, or  event boundary, elicits a burst of autonomic arousal, as indexed by pupil dilation. These boundaries during dynamic experience also led to the segmentation of adjacent episodes in later memory, evidenced by changes in memory for the timing, order, and perceptual details of recent event sequences. Critically, we find that distinct cognitive components of this pupil response were associated with both subjective (temporal distance judgements) and objective (temporal order discrimination) measures of episodic memory, suggesting that multiple arousal-mediated cognitive processes help construct meaningful mnemonic events. Together, these findings reveal that arousal processes may play a fundamental role in everyday memory organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clewett, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gasser, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davachi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/765214</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic arousal signals construct memories of time and events]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/765222v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The hippocampus is critical for spatial relational attention 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/765222v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The medial temporal lobe (MTL) is traditionally considered to be a system that is specialized for long-term memory. Recent work has challenged this notion by demonstrating that this region can contribute to many domains of cognition beyond long-term memory, including perception and attention. One potential reason why the MTL (and hippocampus specifically) contributes broadly to cognition is that it contains relational representations -- representations of multidimensional features of experience and their unique relationship to one another -- that are useful in many different cognitive domains. Here, we explore the hypothesis that the hippocampus/MTL plays a critical role in attention and perception via relational representations. We compared human participants with MTL damage to healthy age- and education-matched individuals on attention tasks that varied in relational processing demands. On each trial, participants viewed two images (rooms with paintings). On  similar room trials, they judged whether the rooms had the same spatial layout from a different perspective. On  similar art trials, they judged whether the paintings could have been painted by the same artist. On  identical trials, participants simply had to detect identical paintings or rooms. Patients were significantly and selectively impaired on the similar room task. This work provides further evidence that the hippocampus/MTL plays a ubiquitous role in cognition by virtue of its relational and spatial representations, and highlights its important contributions to rapid perceptual processes that benefit from attention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruiz, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meager, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/765222</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The hippocampus is critical for spatial relational attention]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/766311v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hippocampal subfields integrate information about past temporal and cognitive contexts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/766311v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hippocampus plays a critical role in supporting episodic memory, in large part by binding together experiences and items with surrounding contextual information. At present, however, little is known about the roles of different hippocampal subfields in supporting this item-context binding. To address this question, we constructed a task in which items were affiliated with differing types of context - cognitive associations that vary at the local, item level and membership in temporally organized lists that linked items together at a global level. Participants made item recognition judgments while undergoing high-resolution fMRI imaging. We performed voxel pattern similarity analyses to answer the question of how human hippocampal subfields represent retrieved information about cognitive states and the time at which a past event took place. As participants recollected previously presented items, activity patterns in the CA23DG subregion carried information about prior cognitive states associated with these items. We found no evidence to suggest reinstatement of information about temporal context at the level of list membership, but exploratory analyses revealed representations of temporal context at a coarse level in conjunction with representations of cognitive contexts. Results are consistent with characterizations of CA23DG as a critical site for binding together items and contexts in the service of memory retrieval.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dimsdale-Zucker, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montchal, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reagh, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Libby, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranganath, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/766311</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hippocampal subfields integrate information about past temporal and cognitive contexts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/767129v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
2D-HELS-AA MS Seq: Direct sequencing of tRNA reveals its different isoforms and multiple dynamic base modifications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/767129v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report a direct method for sequencing tRNAPhe without cDNA by combining 2-dimensional hydrophobic RNA end-labeling with an anchor-based algorithm in mass spectrometry-based sequencing (2D-HELS-AA MS Seq). The entire tRNAPhe was sequenced and the identity, location and abundance of all 11 base modifications were determined. Changes in ratios of wybutosine and its depurinated form under different conditions were quantified, pointing to the ability of our technology to determine dynamic changes of nucleotide modifications. Two truncated isoforms at 3CCA tail of the tRNAPhe (75 nt CC, 80% and 74 nt C, 3%) were identified in addition to the 76 nt tRNAPhe with a full-length 3CCA tail (17%). We also discovered a new isoform with A-G transitions at both the 44 and 45 positions in the tRNAPhe variable loop.nnOne Sentence SummaryDirect 2D-HELS-AA MS Seq of tRNA reveals different isoforms and base modifications
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, T. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziegler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/767129</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[2D-HELS-AA MS Seq: Direct sequencing of tRNA reveals its different isoforms and multiple dynamic base modifications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/768135v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AFF3 and BACH2 are master regulators of metabolic inflexibility, β/α-cell transition, and dedifferentiation in type 2 diabetes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/768135v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Type 2 Diabetes is associated with defective insulin secretion, reduced {beta}-cell mass, and increased glucagon production. Cell lineage-tracing in rodents and human autopsy surveys support the notion of {beta}-cell dedifferentiation as a unifying mechanism for these abnormalities. Yet, mechanistic determinants of human {beta}-cell failure remain elusive. Using regulatory-network-based single-cell analysis of human islets, we identify aberrant, diabetes-enriched transitional states characterized by metabolic inflexibility, /{beta}-transition, and endocrine progenitor/stem cell features. A coordinated transcription factor hierarchy mediating cell state transition emerged and was validated using barcoded guide-based, single-cell gene transfer and calcium flux measures in primary human islet cells. Specifically, two master regulators and associated epigenetic drivers emerged, one (AFF3) controlling {beta}- to -like-cell reprogramming, the other (BACH2) transition to a dedifferentiated endocrine progenitor-like cell. The findings provide mechanistic insight into diabetic islet cell dysfunction and suggest actionable pathways for pharmacological intervention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Son, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Accili, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/768135</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AFF3 and BACH2 are master regulators of metabolic inflexibility, β/α-cell transition, and dedifferentiation in type 2 diabetes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/768440v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting the genetic ancestry of 2.6 million New York City patients using clinical data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/768440v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ancestry is an essential covariate in clinical genomics research. When genetic data are available, dimensionality reduction techniques, such as principal components analysis, are used to determine ancestry in complex populations. Unfortunately, these data are not always available in the clinical and research settings. For example, electronic health records (EHRs), which are a rich source of temporal human disease data that could be used to enhance genetic studies, do not directly capture ancestry. Here, we present a novel algorithm for predicting genetic ancestry using only variables that are routinely captured in EHRs, such as self-reported race and ethnicity, and condition billing codes. Using patients that have both genetic and clinical information at Columbia University/ New York-Presbyterian Irving Medical Center, we developed a pipeline that uses only clinical data to predict the genetic ancestry of all patients of which more than 80% identify as other or unknown. Our ancestry estimates can be used in observational studies of disease inheritance, to guide genetic cohort studies, or to explore health disparities in clinical care and outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramlall, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinnies, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanguri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorberbaum, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tatonetti, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/768440</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting the genetic ancestry of 2.6 million New York City patients using clinical data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/768663v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trypsin treatment unlocks barrier for zoonotic coronaviruses infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/768663v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Traditionally, the emergence of coronaviruses (CoVs) has been attributed to a gain in receptor binding in a new host. Our previous work with SARS-like viruses argued that bats already harbor CoVs with the ability to infect humans without adaptation. These results suggested that additional barriers limit the emergence of zoonotic CoV. In this work, we describe overcoming host restriction of two MERS-like bat CoVs using exogenous protease treatment. We found that the spike protein of PDF2180-CoV, a MERS-like virus found in a Ugandan bat, could mediate infection of Vero and human cells in the presence of exogenous trypsin. We subsequently show that the bat virus spike can mediate infection of human gut cells, but is unable to infect human lung cells. Using receptor-blocking antibodies, we show that infection with the PDF2180 spike does not require MERS-CoV receptor DPP4 and antibodies developed against the MERS spike receptor-binding domain and S2 portion are ineffective in neutralizing the PDF2180 chimera. Finally, we found that addition of exogenous trypsin also rescues replication of HKU5-CoV, a second MERS-like group 2c CoV. Together, these results indicate that proteolytic cleavage of the spike, not receptor binding, is the primary infection barrier for these two group 2c CoVs. Coupled with receptor binding, proteolytic activation offers a new parameter to evaluate emergence potential of CoVs and offer a means to recover previously unrecoverable zoonotic CoV strains.nnImportanceOverall, our studies demonstrate that proteolytic cleavage is the primary barrier to infection for a subset of zoonotic coronaviruses. Moving forward, the results argue that both receptor binding and proteolytic cleavage of the spike are critical factors that must be considered for evaluating the emergence potential and risk posed by zoonotic coronaviruses. In addition, the findings also offer a novel means to recover previously uncultivable zoonotic coronavirus strains and argue that other tissues, including the digestive tract, could be a site for future coronavirus emergence events in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Menachery, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinnon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yount, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAnarney, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gralinski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hale, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scobey, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anthony, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randell, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipkin, W. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baric, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/768663</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trypsin treatment unlocks barrier for zoonotic coronaviruses infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/769620v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Bayesian approach to accurate and robust signature detection on LINCS L1000 data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/769620v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
LINCS L1000 dataset produced by L1000 assay contains numerous cellular expression data induced by large sets of perturbagens. Although it provides invaluable resources for drug discovery as well as understanding of disease mechanisms, severe noise in the dataset makes the detection of reliable gene expression signals difficult. Existing methods for the peak deconvolution, either k-means based or Gaussian mixture model, cannot reliably recover the accurate expression level of genes in many cases, thereby limiting their robust applications in biomedical studies. Here, we have developed a novel Bayes theory based deconvolution algorithm that gives unbiased likelihood estimations for peak positions and characterizes the peak with a probability based z-scores. Based on above algorithm, a pipeline is built to process raw data from L1000 assay into signatures that represent the features of perturbagen. The performance of the proposed new pipeline is rigorously evaluated using the similarity between bio-replicates and between drugs with shared targets. The results show that the new signature derived from the proposed algorithm gives a substantially more reliable and informative representation for perturbagens than existing methods. Thus, our new Bayesian-based peak deconvolution and z-score calculation method may significantly boost the performance of invaluable L1000 data in the down-stream applications such as drug repurposing, disease modeling, and gene function prediction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/769620</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Bayesian approach to accurate and robust signature detection on LINCS L1000 data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/769646v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MetroNome - a visual data exploration platform for integrating human genotypic and phenotypic data across diseases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/769646v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MetroNome is a web-based visual data exploration platform which integrates de-identified genomic, transcriptomic, and phenotypic data sets. Users can define and compare cohorts constructed from multimodal data and share the data and analyses with outside tools. MetroNomes interactive visualization and analysis tools allow researchers to quickly form and explore novel hypotheses. The deidentified data is linked back to the source biosample inventories in multiple biobanks, enabling researchers to further investigate new ideas using the most relevant samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stolte, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lapchyk, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novod, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abhyankar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostrow, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phatnani, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/769646</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MetroNome - a visual data exploration platform for integrating human genotypic and phenotypic data across diseases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/769869v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Frontal and parietal neurons encode reward prediction errors in multiple reference frames 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/769869v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Computing expectancy violations is essential for decision making and cognitive functions, but its neural mechanisms are incompletely understood. We describe a novel mechanism by which prefrontal and posterior parietal neurons encode reward prediction errors (RPEs) in their population but not single-neuron activity. Simultaneous recordings of neural populations showed that both areas co-activated information about experienced and expected rewards in a precise opponent organization. Neurons encoding expected rewards with positive (negative) scaling were reactivated simultaneously with those encoding experienced rewards with negative (positive) scaling. This opponent organization was mirrored in polarity-dependent noise correlations. Moreover, it extended to two types of expectancy information - based on task-relevant visual cues and statistically irrelevant reward history - allowing decoding of signed and unsigned RPE in two reference frames. Frontal and parietal areas implement canonical computations that facilitate contextual comparisons and the readout of multiple types of expectancy violations to flexibly serve behavioral goals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Foley, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohanpour, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semework, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheth, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottlieb, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/769869</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Frontal and parietal neurons encode reward prediction errors in multiple reference frames]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/770610v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell profiling and SCOPE-seq reveal the lineage dynamics of adult neurogenesis and NOTUM as a key V-SVZ regulator 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/770610v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural stem cells (NSCs) and their progeny reside in specialized niches in the adult mammalian brain where they generate new neurons and glia throughout life. Adult NSCs of the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) are prone to rapid exhaustion; thus timely, context-dependent neurogenesis demands adaptive signaling among the vast number of neighboring progenitors nestled between the ventricular surface and nearby blood vessels. To dissect adult neuronal lineage progression and regulation, we profiled >56,000 V-SVZ and olfactory bulb (OB) cells by single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq). Our analyses revealed the diversity of V-SVZ-derived OB neurons, the temporal dynamics of lineage progression, and a key intermediate NSC population enriched for expression of Notum, which encodes a secreted WNT antagonist. Single Cell Optical Phenotyping and Expression (SCOPE-seq), a technology linking live cell imaging with scRNA-seq, uncovered dynamic control of cell size concomitant with NSC differentiation with Notum+ NSCs at a critical size poised for cell division, and a preference of NOTUM surface binding to neuronal precursors with active WNT signaling. Finally, in vivo pharmacological inhibition of NOTUM significantly expanded neuronal precursor pools in the V-SVZ. Our findings highlight a critical regulatory state during NSC activation marked by NOTUM, a secreted enzyme that ensures efficient neurogenesis by preventing WNT signaling activation in NSC progeny.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mizrak, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayin, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suciu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niphakis, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lum, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cravatt, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joyner, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sims, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/770610</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell profiling and SCOPE-seq reveal the lineage dynamics of adult neurogenesis and NOTUM as a key V-SVZ regulator]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/774364v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cyb5r3 links FoxO1-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction with β-cell failure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/774364v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveDiabetes is characterized by pancreatic {beta}-cell dedifferentiation. Dedifferentiating {beta}-cells inappropriately metabolize lipids over carbohydrates and exhibit impaired mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. However, the mechanism linking the {beta}-cells response to an adverse metabolic environment with impaired mitochondrial function remains unclear.nnMethodsHere we report that the oxidoreductase cytochrome b5 reductase 3 (Cyb5r3) links FoxO1 signaling to {beta}-cell stimulus/secretion coupling by regulating mitochondrial function, reactive oxygen species generation, and NAD/NADH ratios.nnResultsExpression of Cyb5r3 is decreased in FoxO1-deficient {beta}-cells. Mice with {beta}-cell-specific deletion of Cyb5r3 have impaired insulin secretion resulting in glucose intolerance and diet-induced hyperglycemia. Cyb5r3-deficient {beta}-cells have a blunted respiratory response to glucose and display extensive mitochondrial and secretory granule abnormalities, consistent with altered differentiation. Moreover, FoxO1 is unable to maintain expression of key differentiation markers in Cyb5r3-deficient {beta}-cells, suggesting that Cyb5r3 is required for FoxO1-dependent lineage stability.nnConclusionsThe findings highlight a pathway linking FoxO1 to mitochondrial dysfunction that can mediate {beta}-cell failure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim-Muller, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Son, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larrea, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitamoto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraakman, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owusu-Ansah, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cirulli, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Accili, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/774364</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cyb5r3 links FoxO1-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction with β-cell failure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/776211v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational Justice: Simulating Structural Bias and Interventions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/776211v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gender inequality has been documented across a variety of high-prestige professions. Both structural bias (e.g., lack of proportionate representation) and interpersonal bias (e.g., sexism, discrimination) generate costs to underrepresented minorities. How can we estimate these costs and what interventions are most effective for reducing them? We used agent-based simulations, removing gender differences in interpersonal bias to isolate and quantify the impact and costs of structural bias (unequal gender ratios) on individuals and institutions. We compared the long-term impact of bias-confrontation strategies. Unequal gender ratios led to higher costs for female agents and institutions and increased sexism among male agents. Confronting interpersonal bias by targets and allies attenuated the impact of structural bias. However, bias persisted even after a structural intervention to suddenly make previously unequal institutions equal (50% women) unless the probability of interpersonal bias-confrontation was further increased among targets and allies. This computational approach allows for comparison of various policies to attenuate structural equality, and informs the design of new experiments to estimate parameters for more accurate predictions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Momennejad, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinclair, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cikara, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/776211</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational Justice: Simulating Structural Bias and Interventions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/777946v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Studying Spatial Memory in Augmented and Virtual reality 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/777946v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial memory is a crucial part of our lives. Spatial memory research and rehabilitation in humans is typically performed either in real environments, which is challenging practically, or in Virtual Reality (VR), which has limited realism. Here we explored the use of Augmented Reality (AR) for studying spatial cognition. AR combines the best features of real and VR paradigms by allowing subjects to learn spatial information in a flexible fashion while walking through a real-world environment. To compare these methods, we had subjects perform the same spatial memory task in VR and AR settings. Although subjects showed good performance in both, subjects reported that the AR task version was significantly easier, more immersive, and more fun than VR. Importantly, memory performance was significantly better in AR compared to VR. Our findings validate that integrating AR can lead to improved techniques for spatial memory research and suggest their potential for rehabilitation.nnHighlightsO_LIWe built matching spatial memory tasks in VR and ARnC_LIO_LISubjectively, subjects find the AR easier, more immersive and more funnC_LIO_LIObjectively, subjects are significantly more accurate in AR compared to VRnC_LIO_LIPointing based tasks did not fully show the same advantagesnC_LIO_LIOnly AR walking significantly correlated with SBSoD, suggesting mobile AR better captures more natural spatial performancenC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maidenbaum, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garlin, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/777946</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Studying Spatial Memory in Augmented and Virtual reality]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/778563v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SAMPL: The Spreading Activation and Memory PLasticity Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/778563v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present the Spreading Activation and Memory PLasticity Model (SAMPL), a computational model of how memory retrieval changes memories. SAMPL restructures memory networks as a function of spreading activation and plasticity. Memory networks are represented as graphs of items in which edge weights capture the strength of association between items. When an item is retrieved, activation spreads across nodes depending on edge weights and the strength of initial activation. A non-monotonic plasticity rule, in turn, updates edge weights following activation. SAMPL simulates human memory phenomena across a number of experiments including retrieval induced forgetting, context-based memory enhancement, and memory synchronization in conversational networks. Our results have implications for theorizing memory disorders such as PTSD and designing computationally assisted conversational therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sievers, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Momennejad, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/778563</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SAMPL: The Spreading Activation and Memory PLasticity Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/778605v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide association study identifies 32 novel breast cancer susceptibility loci from overall and subtype-specific analyses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/778605v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Breast cancer susceptibility variants frequently show heterogeneity in associations by tumor subtype. To identify novel loci, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) including 133,384 breast cancer cases and 113,789 controls, plus 18,908 BRCA1 mutation carriers (9,414 with breast cancer) of European ancestry, using both standard and novel methodologies that account for underlying tumor heterogeneity by estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status and tumor grade. We identified 32 novel susceptibility loci (P<5.0x10-8), 15 of which showed evidence for associations with at least one tumor feature (false discovery rate <0.05). Five loci showed associations (P<0.05) in opposite directions between luminal- and non-luminal subtypes. In-silico analyses showed these five loci contained cell-specific enhancers that differed between normal luminal and basal mammary cells. The genetic correlations between five intrinsic-like subtypes ranged from 0.35 to 0.80. The proportion of genome-wide chip heritability explained by all known susceptibility loci was 37.6% for triple-negative and 54.2% for luminal A-like disease. These findings provide an improved understanding of genetic predisposition to breast cancer subtypes and will inform the development of subtype-specific polygenic risk scores.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahearn, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lecarpentier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beesley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Mara, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolla, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunning, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abu Ful, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aittomaki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrulis, I. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anton-Culver, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arndt, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronson, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arun, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auer, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azzollini, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrowdale, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becher, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckmann, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrens, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benitez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bermisheva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bialkowska, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blomqvist, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogdanova, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bojesen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonanni, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bondavalli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brauch, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briceno, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broeks, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brucker, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruning, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burwinkel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buys, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/778605</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide association study identifies 32 novel breast cancer susceptibility loci from overall and subtype-specific analyses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/779678v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel terpene synthase produces an anti-aphrodisiac pheromone in the butterfly Heliconius melpomene 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/779678v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Terpenes, a group of structurally diverse compounds, are the biggest class of secondary metabolites. While the biosynthesis of terpenes by enzymes known as terpene synthases (TPSs) has been described in plants and microorganisms, few TPSs have been identified in insects, despite the presence of terpenes in multiple insect species. Indeed, in many insect species, it remains unclear whether terpenes are sequestered from plants or biosynthesised de novo. No homologs of plant TPSs have been found in insect genomes, though insect TPSs with an independent evolutionary origin have been found in Hemiptera and Coleoptera. In the butterfly Heliconius melpomene, the monoterpene (E)-{beta}-ocimene acts as an anti-aphrodisiac pheromone, where it is transferred during mating from males to females to avoid re-mating by deterring males. To date only one insect monoterpene synthase has been described, in Ips pini (Coleoptera), and is a multifunctional TPS and isoprenyl diphosphate synthase (IDS). Here, we combine linkage mapping and expression studies to identify candidate genes involved in the biosynthesis of (E)-{beta}-ocimene. We confirm that H. melpomene has two enzymes that exhibit TPS activity, and one of these, HMEL037106g1 is able to synthesise (E)-{beta}-ocimene in vitro. Unlike the enzyme in Ips pini, these enzymes only exhibit residual IDS activity, suggesting they are more specialised TPSs, akin to those found in plants. Phylogenetic analysis shows that these enzymes are unrelated to previously described plant and insect TPSs. The distinct evolutionary origin of TPSs in Lepidoptera suggests that they have evolved multiple times in insects.nnSignificance statementTerpenes are a diverse class of natural compounds, used by both plants and animals for a variety of functions, including chemical communication. In insects it is often unclear whether they are synthesised de novo or sequestered from plants. Some plants and insects have converged to use the same compounds. For instance, (E)-{beta}-ocimene is a common component of floral scent and is also used by the butterfly Heliconius melpomene as an anti-aphrodisiac pheromone. We describe two novel terpene synthases, one of which synthesises (E)-{beta}-ocimene in H. melpomene, unrelated not only to plant enzymes but also other recently identified insect terpene synthases. This provides the first evidence that the ability to synthesise terpenes has arisen multiple times independently within the insects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Darragh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orteu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byers, K. J. R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szczerbowski, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rastas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinharanda, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abondano Almeida, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merrill, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMillan, W. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiggins, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/779678</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel terpene synthase produces an anti-aphrodisiac pheromone in the butterfly Heliconius melpomene]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/781492v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anisotropy links cell shapes to a solid-to-fluid transition during convergent extension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/781492v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Within developing embryos, tissues flow and reorganize dramatically on timescales as short as minutes. This includes epithelial tissues, which often narrow and elongate in convergent extension movements due to anisotropies in external forces or in internal cell-generated forces. However, the mechanisms that allow or prevent tissue reorganization, especially in the presence of strongly anisotropic forces, remain unclear. We study this question in the converging and extending Drosophila germband epithelium, which displays planar polarized myosin II and experiences anisotropic forces from neighboring tissues, and we show that in contrast to isotropic tissues, cell shape alone is not sufficient to predict the onset of rapid cell rearrangement. From theoretical considerations and vertex model simulations, we predict that in anisotropic tissues two experimentally accessible metrics of cell patterns--the cell shape index and a cell alignment index--are required to determine whether an anisotropic tissue is in a solid-like or fluid-like state. We show that changes in cell shape and alignment over time in the Drosophila germband indicate a solid-to-fluid transition that corresponds to the onset of cell rearrangement and convergent extension in wild-type embryos and are also consistent with more solid-like behavior in bnt mutant embryos. Thus, the onset of cell rearrangement in the germband can be predicted by a combination of cell shape and alignment. These findings suggest that convergent extension is associated with a transition to more fluid-like tissue behavior, which may help accommodate tissue shape changes during rapid developmental events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merkel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutter, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erdemci-Tandogan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasza, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/781492</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anisotropy links cell shapes to a solid-to-fluid transition during convergent extension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/781815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reproducibility Assessment of Neuromelanin-Sensitive Magnetic Resonance Imaging Protocols for Region-of-Interest and Voxelwise Analyses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/781815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuromelanin-sensitive MRI (NM-MRI) provides a noninvasive measure of the content of neuromelanin (NM), a product of dopamine metabolism that accumulates with age in dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra (SN). NM-MRI has been validated as a measure of both dopamine neuron loss, with applications in neurodegenerative disease, and dopamine function, with applications in psychiatric disease. Furthermore, a voxelwise-analysis approach has been validated to resolve substructures, such as the ventral tegmental area (VTA), within midbrain dopaminergic nuclei thought to have distinct anatomical targets and functional roles. NM-MRI is thus a promising tool that could have diverse research and clinical applications to noninvasively interrogate in vivo the dopamine system in neuropsychiatric illness. Although a test-retest reliability study by Langley et al. using the standard NM-MRI protocol recently reported high reliability, a systematic and comprehensive investigation of the performance of the method for various acquisition parameters and preprocessing methods has not been conducted. In particular, most previous studies used relatively thick MRI slices ([~]3 mm), compared to the typical in-plane resolution ([~]0.5 mm) and to the height of the SN ([~]15 mm), to overcome technical limitations such as specific absorption rate and signal-to-noise ratio, at the cost of partial-volume effects. Here, we evaluated the effect of various acquisition and preprocessing parameters on the strength and test-retest reliability of the NM-MRI signal to determine optimized protocols for both region-of-interest (including whole SN/VTA-complex and atlas-defined dopaminergic nuclei) and voxelwise measures. Namely, we determined a combination of parameters that optimizes the strength and reliability of the NM-MRI signal, including acquisition time, slice-thickness, spatial-normalization software, and degree of spatial smoothing. Using a newly developed, detailed acquisition protocol, across two scans separated by 13 days on average, we obtained intra-class correlation values indicating excellent reliability and high contrast-to-noise, which could be achieved with a different set of parameters depending on the measures of interest and experimental constraints such as acquisition time. Based on this, we provide detailed guidelines covering acquisition through analysis and recommendations for performing NM-MRI experiments with high quality and reproducibility. This work provides a foundation for the optimization and standardization of NM-MRI, a promising MRI approach with growing applications throughout clinical and basic neuroscience.nnHighlightsO_LIA detailed NM-MRI volume placement protocol is described.nC_LIO_LIGuidelines covering acquisition through analysis for NM-MRI are given.nC_LIO_LIA test-retest study in 10 healthy subjects shows high reproducibility for region-of-interest (ROI) and voxelwise analyses.nC_LIO_LI[~]3 minutes of NM-MRI data is needed for high-quality ROI-analysis.nC_LIO_LI[~]6 minutes of NM-MRI data is needed for high-quality voxelwise-analysis.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wengler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abi-Dargham, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horga, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/781815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reproducibility Assessment of Neuromelanin-Sensitive Magnetic Resonance Imaging Protocols for Region-of-Interest and Voxelwise Analyses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/784371v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clickable methionine as a universal probe for labelling intracellular bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/784371v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite their clinical and biological importance, the cell biology of obligate intracellular bacteria is less well understood than that of many free-living model organisms. One reason for this is that they are mostly genetically intractable. As a consequence, it is not possible to engineer strains expressing fluorescent proteins and therefore fluorescence light microscopy - a key tool in host-pathogen cell biology studies - is difficult. Strain diversity limits the universality of antibody-based immunofluorescence approaches. Here, we have developed a universal labelling protocol for intracellular bacteria based on a clickable methionine analog. Whilst we have applied this to obligate intracellular bacteria, we expect it to be useful for labelling free living bacteria as well as other intracellular pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Atwal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giengkam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaiyen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feaga, h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dworkin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salje, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/784371</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clickable methionine as a universal probe for labelling intracellular bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/786053v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diverse transcriptomic signatures across human tissues identify functional rare genetic variation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/786053v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rare genetic variation is abundant in the human genome, yet identifying functional rare variants and their impact on traits remains challenging. Measuring aberrant gene expression has aided in identifying functional, large-effect rare variants. Here, we expand detection of genetically driven transcriptome abnormalities by evaluating and integrating gene expression, allele-specific expression, and alternative splicing from multi-tissue RNA-sequencing data. We demonstrate that each signal informs unique classes of rare variants. We further develop Watershed, a probabilistic model that integrates multiple genomic and transcriptomic signals to predict variant function. Assessing rare variants prioritized by Watershed in the UK Biobank and Million Veterans Program, we identify large effects across 34 traits, and 33 rare variant-trait combinations with both high Watershed scores and large trait effect sizes. Together, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the transcriptomic impact of rare variation and a framework to prioritize functional rare variants and assess their trait relevance.nnOne-sentence summaryIntegrating expression, allelic expression and splicing across tissues identifies rare variants with relevance to traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ferraro, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strober, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Einson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbeira, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castel, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilliard, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotis, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smail, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsang, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardlie, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assimes, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GTEx Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lappalainen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammadi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/786053</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diverse transcriptomic signatures across human tissues identify functional rare genetic variation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/786434v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predictive Representations in Hippocampal and Prefrontal Hierarchies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/786434v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As we navigate the world, we use learned representations of relational structures to explore and to reach goals. Studies of how relational knowledge enables inference and planning are typically conducted in controlled small-scale settings. It remains unclear, however, how people use stored knowledge in continuously unfolding navigation, e.g., walking long distances in a city. We hypothesized that multiscale predictive representations guide naturalistic navigation, and these scales are organized along posterior-anterior prefrontal and hippocampal hierarchies. We conducted model-based representational similarity analyses of neuroimaging data measured during navigation of realistically long paths in virtual reality. We tested the pattern similarity of each point-along each path-to a weighted sum of its successor points within predictive horizons of different scales. We found that anterior PFC showed the largest predictive horizons, posterior hippocampus the smallest, with the anterior hippocampus and orbitofrontal regions in between. Our findings offer novel insights into how cognitive maps support hierarchical planning at multiple scales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brunec, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Momennejad, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/786434</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predictive Representations in Hippocampal and Prefrontal Hierarchies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/787903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The GTEx Consortium atlas of genetic regulatory effects across human tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/787903v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project was established to characterize genetic effects on the transcriptome across human tissues, and to link these regulatory mechanisms to trait and disease associations. Here, we present analyses of the v8 data, based on 17,382 RNA-sequencing samples from 54 tissues of 948 post-mortem donors. We comprehensively characterize genetic associations for gene expression and splicing in cis and trans, showing that regulatory associations are found for almost all genes, and describe the underlying molecular mechanisms and their contribution to allelic heterogeneity and pleiotropy of complex traits. Leveraging the large diversity of tissues, we provide insights into the tissue-specificity of genetic effects, and show that cell type composition is a key factor in understanding gene regulatory mechanisms in human tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aguet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbeira, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonazzola, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castel, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasela, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim-Hellmuth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parsana, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fresard, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaamzon, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamel, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hormozdiari, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammadi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz-Aguirre, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segrc, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strober, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wucher, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrido-Martin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gay, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handsaker, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacArthur, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouhana, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Todres, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinuela, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The GTEx Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dermitzakis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelhardt,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/787903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The GTEx Consortium atlas of genetic regulatory effects across human tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/790261v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting Minimal Residual Disease in Acute Myeloid Leukemia through Stochastic Modeling of Clonality 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/790261v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Event-free and overall survival remains poor for acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Chemo-resistant clones contributing to relapse of the disease arise from minimal residual disease (MRD) rather than resulting from newly acquired mutations during or after chemotherapy. MRD is the presence of measurable leukemic cells using non-morphologic assays. It is considered a strong predictor of relapse. The dynamics of clones comprising MRD is poorly understood and is considered influenced by a form of Darwinian selection. We propose a stochastic model based on a multitype (multi-clone) age-dependent Markov branching process to study how random events in MRD contribute to the heterogeneity in response to treatment in a cohort of six patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas database with whole genome sequencing data at two time points. Our model offers a more accurate understanding of how relapse arises and which properties allow a leukemic clone to thrive in the Darwinian competition among leukemic and normal hematopoietic clones. The model suggests a quantitative relationship between MRD and time to relapse and therefore may aid clinicians in determining when and how to implement treatment changes to postpone or prevent the time to relapse.nnAuthor summaryRelapse affects about 50% of AML patients who achieved remission after treatment, and the prognosis of relapsed AML is poor. Current evidence has shown that in many patients, mutations giving rise to relapse are already present at diagnosis and remain in small numbers in remission, defined as the minimal residual disease (MRD). We propose a mathematical model to analyze how MRD develops into relapse, and how random events in MRD may affect the patients fate. This work may aid clinicians in predicting the range of outcomes of chemotherapy, given mutational data at diagnosis. This can help in choosing treatment strategies that reduce the risk of relapse.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dinh, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaksik, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimmel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/790261</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting Minimal Residual Disease in Acute Myeloid Leukemia through Stochastic Modeling of Clonality]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/790295v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Circuit mechanisms underlying chromatic encoding in Drosophila photoreceptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/790295v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spectral information is commonly processed in the brain through generation of antagonistic responses to different wavelengths. In many species, these color opponent signals arise as early as photoreceptor terminals. Here, we measure the spectral tuning of photoreceptors in Drosophila. In addition to a previously described pathway comparing wavelengths at each point in space, we find a horizontal-cell-mediated pathway similar to that found in mammals. This pathway enables additional spectral comparisons through lateral inhibition, expanding the range of chromatic encoding in the fly. Together, these two pathways enable optimal decorrelation of photoreceptor signals. A biologically constrained model accounts for our findings and predicts a spatio-chromatic receptive field for fly photoreceptor outputs, with a color opponent center and broadband surround. This dual mechanism combines motifs of both an insect-specific visual circuit and an evolutionarily convergent circuit architecture, endowing flies with the unique ability to extract chromatic information at distinct spatial resolutions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heath, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christenson, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oriol, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saavedra-Weisenhaus, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohn, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behnia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/790295</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Circuit mechanisms underlying chromatic encoding in Drosophila photoreceptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/792952v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polygenic adaptation after a sudden change in environment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/792952v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polygenic adaptation is thought to be ubiquitous, yet remains poorly understood. Here, we model this process analytically, in the plausible setting of a highly polygenic, quantitative trait that experiences a sudden shift in the fitness optimum. We show how the mean phenotype changes over time, depending on the effect sizes of loci that contribute to variance in the trait, and characterize the allele dynamics at these loci. Importantly, we describe the two phases of the allele dynamics: a rapid phase in which directional selection introduces small frequency differences between alleles whose effects are aligned with or opposed to the shift, which ultimately lead to small differences in their probability of fixation during a second, longer phase, governed by stabilizing selection. As we discuss, our key results should hold in more general settings, and have important implications for efforts to identify the genetic basis of adaptation in humans and other species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hayward, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sella, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/792952</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polygenic adaptation after a sudden change in environment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/793091v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long non-coding RNA gene regulation and trait associations across human tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/793091v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) genes are known to have diverse impacts on gene regulation. However, it is still a major challenge to distinguish functional lncRNAs from those that are byproducts of surrounding transcriptional activity. To systematically identify hallmarks of biological function, we used the GTEx v8 data to profile the expression, regulation, network relationships and trait associations of lncRNA genes across 49 tissues encompassing 87 distinct traits. In addition to revealing widespread differences in regulatory patterns between lncRNA and protein-coding genes, we identified novel disease-associated lncRNAs, such as C6orf3 for psoriasis and LINC01475/RP11-129J12.1 for ulcerative colitis. This work provides a comprehensive resource to interrogate lncRNA genes of interest and annotate cell type and human trait relevance.nnOne Sentence SummarylncRNA genes have distinctive regulatory patterns and unique trait associations compared to protein-coding genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Goede, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferraro, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachun, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbeira, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castel, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim-Hellmuth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strober, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GTEx Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lappalainen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardlie, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quertermous, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkegaard, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/793091</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long non-coding RNA gene regulation and trait associations across human tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/794537v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sites of Circadian Clock Neuron Plasticity Mediate Sensory Integration and Entrainment. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/794537v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Networks of circadian timekeeping in the brain display marked daily changes in neuronal morphology. In Drosophila melanogaster, the striking daily structural remodeling of the dorsal medial termini of the small ventral lateral neurons has long been hypothesized to mediate endogenous circadian timekeeping. To test this model, we have specifically abrogated these sites of daily neuronal remodeling through the reprogramming of neural development and assessed the effects on circadian timekeeping and clock outputs. Remarkably, the loss of these sites has no measurable effects on endogenous circadian timekeeping or on any of the major output functions of the small ventral lateral neurons. Rather, their loss reduces sites of glutamatergic sensory neurotransmission that normally encodes naturalistic time-cues from the environment. These results support an alternative model: structural plasticity in critical clock neurons is the basis for proper integration of light and temperature and gates sensory inputs into circadian clock neuron networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, M. d. l. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pettibone, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roell, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huynh, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davey, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lennox, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kostadinov, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shafer, O. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/794537</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sites of Circadian Clock Neuron Plasticity Mediate Sensory Integration and Entrainment.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/797001v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An amygdala circuit mediates experience-dependent momentary exploratory arrests 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/797001v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exploration of novel environments ensures survival and evolutionary fitness. This behavior is expressed through exploratory bouts and arrests, which change dynamically based on experience. Neural circuits mediating exploratory behavior should therefore integrate experience and use it to select the proper behavioral output. Using a spatial exploration assay, we uncovered an experience-dependent increase of momentary arrests in visited locations where animals previously arrested. Quantitative analyses of neuronal calcium activity in freely-exploring mice revealed that a large neuronal ensemble in basolateral amygdala is active during self-paced behavioral arrests. This ensemble was recruited in an experience-dependent manner, and closed-loop optogenetic manipulation of these neurons revealed that they are sufficient and necessary to drive experience-dependent arrests. Additionally, we found that neurons in the basolateral amygdala projecting to central amygdala mediate these momentary arrests. These findings uncover an amygdala circuit that mediates momentary exploratory arrests in familiar places, without changing place preference or anxiety/fear-like behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Botta, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fushiki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vicente, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammond, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosberger, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerfen, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterka, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/797001</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An amygdala circuit mediates experience-dependent momentary exploratory arrests]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/797357v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Light-mediated decreases in cyclic di-GMP levels are potentiated by pyocyanin and inhibit structure formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/797357v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Light is known to trigger regulatory responses in diverse organisms including slime molds, animals, plants, and phototrophic bacteria. However, light-dependent processes in non-phototrophic bacteria, and those of pathogens in particular, have received comparatively little research attention. In this study, we examined the impact of light on multicellular development in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a leading cause of biofilm-based bacterial infections, using a colony morphology assay. In this assay, P. aeruginosa strain PA14 grown in the dark forms vertical structures (i.e., "wrinkles") on the third day of incubation. We found that growth in blue light inhibited wrinkle formation until the fifth day and that this required the phenazine pyocyanin, a redox-active metabolite produced by PA14. Light-dependent inhibition of wrinkling was also correlated with low levels of cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP), consistent with the role of this signal in stimulating biofilm matrix production. Though phenazine-null biofilms also showed lower levels of c-di-GMP and subtle effects on wrinkling when grown in the light, their overall levels of c-di-GMP were higher than those of the wild type. This indicates that phenazines and light simultaneously promote c-di-GMP degradation such that c-di-GMP is pushed to a minimum level, yielding a pronounced macroscopic phenotype. A screen of enzymes with the potential to catalyze c-di-GMP synthesis or degradation identified four proteins that contribute to light-dependent inhibition of biofilm wrinkling. Together, these results provide a foundation for understanding the significance of light-dependent regulation in P. aeruginosa.nnImportanceThe response to light in non-phototrophic bacteria (i.e., chemotrophs) is relatively understudied in comparison to light-mediated behavior in eukaryotes and phototrophic bacteria. Though they do not depend on light for growth, chemotrophic bacteria could benefit from sensing this cue when it correlates with other parameters that are important for metabolism. In this paper, we describe light-dependent effects on a cellular signal that controls the development of multicellular assemblages, called biofilms, in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We found that light at intensities that are not harmful to human cells inhibited biofilm maturation. P. aeruginosa is a leading cause of chronic lung infections in people with cystic fibrosis and of hospital-acquired infections. As P. aeruginosas recalcitrance to treatment is attributed in part to its facile formation of biofilms, this study provides insight into a mechanism that could be inhibited via new therapeutic tools, such as photodynamic therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kahl, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price-Whelan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dietrich, L. E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/797357</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Light-mediated decreases in cyclic di-GMP levels are potentiated by pyocyanin and inhibit structure formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/797548v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Remembrance of things practiced: A two-pathway circuit for sequential learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/797548v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The learning of motor skills unfolds over multiple timescales, with rapid initial gains in performance followed by a longer period in which the behavior becomes more refined, habitual, and automatized. While recent lesion and inactivation experiments have provided hints about how various brain areas might contribute to such learning, their precise roles and the neural mechanisms underlying them are not well understood. In this work, we propose neural- and circuit-level mechanisms by which motor cortex, thalamus, and striatum support such learning. In this model, the combination of fast cortical learning and slow subcortical learning gives rise to a covert learning process through which control of behavior is gradually transferred from cortical to subcortical circuits, while protecting learned behaviors that are practiced repeatedly against overwriting by future learning. Together, these results point to a new computational role for thalamus in motor learning, and, more broadly, provide a framework for understanding the neural basis of habit formation and the automatization of behavior through practice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escola, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/797548</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Remembrance of things practiced: A two-pathway circuit for sequential learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/797902v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leukocyte-derived High-mobility group box 1 controls innate immune responses against Listeria monocytogenes. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/797902v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a damage-associated molecular pattern with key proinflammatory functions following tissue injury. Moreover, HMGB1 neutralization was shown to alleviate LPS-induced shock, suggesting a role for the protein as a master therapeutic target for inflammatory and infectious diseases. Here, we report that HMGB1 neutralization impedes immune responses to Listeria monocytogenes, a wide-spread bacterium with pathogenic relevance for humans and rodents. Using genetic deletion strategies and neutralizing antibodies, we demonstrate that hepatocyte HMGB1, a major driver of post-necrotic inflammation in the liver, is dispensable for pathogen defense during moderately severe infection with listeria. In contrast, antibody-mediated HMGB1 neutralization and HMGB1 deficiency in myeloid cells effectuate rapid and uncontrolled bacterial dissemination in mice despite preserved basic leukocyte functionality and autophagy induction. During overwhelming infection, hepatocyte injury may contribute to increased HMGB1 serum levels and excessive inflammation in the liver, supporting context-dependent roles for HMGB1 from different cellular compartments during infection. We provide mechanistic evidence that HMGB1 from circulating immune cells contributes to the timely induction of hepatic immune regulatory gene networks, early inflammatory monocyte recruitment to the liver and promotion of neutrophil survival, which are mandatory for pathogen control. In summary, our data establish HMGB1 as a critical co-factor in the immunological clearance of listeria, and argue against HMGB1 neutralization as a universal therapeutic strategy for sepsis.nnAuthor summaryHigh-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is an abundantly expressed nucleoprotein with signaling properties following secretion or release into the extracellular space. Given its central immune-regulatory roles during tissue injury and LPS-induced septic shock, interventions aimed at HMGB1 signaling have been advocated as therapeutic options for various disease conditions. Here, we show that antibody-mediated HMGB1 neutralization interferes with immunological defense against Listeria monocytogenes, a gram-positive bacterium with high pathogenic relevance for rodents and humans, effectuating uncontrolled bacterial growth and inflammation. Using conditional knockout animals, we demonstrate that while leukocyte functionality is preserved in HMGB1-deficient myeloid cells, HMGB1 released in response to Listeria triggers hepatic inflammatory monocyte recruitment and activation of transcriptional immune networks required for the early control of bacterial dissemination. Hepatocyte HMGB1, a key driver of post-necrotic inflammation in the liver, is dispensable for the immune response during moderately severe infection, but likely contributes to excessive hepatitis when infection is uncontrolled and cellular injury is high. We demonstrate a critical and non-redundant role for HMGB1 in the immune-mediated clearance of listeriosis and argue against HMGB1 neutralization as a universal therapeutic option in the context of infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Volmari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foelsch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartels, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kondratowicz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boettcher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishibori, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwabe, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lohse, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huber, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittruecker, H.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huebener, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/797902</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leukocyte-derived High-mobility group box 1 controls innate immune responses against Listeria monocytogenes.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/798124v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ASEP: gene-based detection of allele-specific expression in a population by RNA-seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/798124v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Allele-specific expression (ASE) analysis, which quantifies the relative expression of two alleles in a diploid individual, is a powerful tool for identifying cis-regulated gene expression variations that underlie phenotypic differences among individuals. Existing methods for gene-level ASE detection analyze one individual at a time, therefore wasting shared information across individuals. Failure to accommodate such shared information not only loses power, but also makes it difficult to interpret results across individuals. However, ASE detection across individuals is challenging because the data often include individuals that are either heterozygous or homozygous for the unobserved cis-regulatory SNP, leading to heterogeneity in ASE as only those heterozygous individuals are informative for ASE, whereas those homozygous individuals have balanced expression. To simultaneously model multi-individual information and account for such heterogeneity, we developed ASEP, a mixture model with subject-specific random effect accounting for multi-SNP correlations within the same gene. ASEP is able to detect gene-level ASE under one condition and differential ASE between two conditions (e.g., pre-versus post-treatment). Extensive simulations have demonstrated the convincing performance of ASEP under a wide range of scenarios. We further applied ASEP to RNA-seq data of human macrophages, and identified genes showing evidence of differential ASE pre-versus post-stimulation, which were extended through findings in cardiometabolic trait-relevant genome-wide association studies. To the best of our knowledge, ASEP is the first method for gene-level ASE detection at the population level. With the growing adoption of RNA-seq, we believe ASEP will be well-suited for various ASE studies for human diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/798124</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ASEP: gene-based detection of allele-specific expression in a population by RNA-seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/799064v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficient sampling and noisy decisions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/799064v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The precision of human decisions is limited by both processing noise and basing decisions on finite information. But what determines the degree of such imprecision? Here we develop an efficient coding framework for higher-level cognitive processes, in which information is represented by a finite number of discrete samples. We characterize the sampling process that maximizes perceptual accuracy or fitness under the often-adopted assumption that full adaptation to an environmental distribution is possible, and show how the optimal process differs when detailed information about the current contextual distribution is costly. We tested this theory on a numerosity discrimination task, and found that humans efficiently adapt to contextual distributions, but in the way predicted by the model in which people must economize on environmental information. Thus, understanding decision behavior requires that we account for biological restrictions on information coding, challenging the often-adopted assumption of precise prior knowledge in higher-level decision systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heng, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodford, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polania, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/799064</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficient sampling and noisy decisions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/799973v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-nucleus RNA-seq identifies Huntington disease astrocyte states 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/799973v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Huntington Disease (HD) is an inherited movement disorder caused by expanded CAG repeats in the Huntingtin gene. We have used single nucleus RNASeq (snRNASeq) to uncover cellular phenotypes that change in the disease, investigating single cell gene expression in cingulate cortex of patients with HD and comparing the gene expression to that of patients with no neurological disease. In this study, we focused on astrocytes, although we found significant gene expression differences in neurons, oligodendrocytes, and microglia as well. In particular, the gene expression profiles of astrocytes in HD showed multiple signatures, varying in phenotype from cells that had markedly upregulated metallothionein and heat shock genes, but had not completely lost the expression of genes associated with normal protoplasmic astrocytes, to astrocytes that had substantially upregulated GFAP and had lost expression of many normal protoplasmic astrocyte genes as well as metallothionein genes. When compared to astrocytes in control samples, astrocyte signatures in HD also showed downregulated expression of a number of genes, including several associated with protoplasmic astrocyte function and lipid synthesis. Thus, HD astrocytes appeared in variable transcriptional phenotypes, and could be divided into several different "states", defined by patterns of gene expression. Ultimately, this study begins to fill the knowledge gap of single cell gene expression in HD and provide a more detailed understanding of the variation in changes in gene expression during astrocyte "reactions" to the disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Al-Dalahmah, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sosunov, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ofori, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vonsattel, J. P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adorjan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/799973</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-nucleus RNA-seq identifies Huntington disease astrocyte states]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/801126v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neurodevelopmental shifts in learned value transfer on cognitive control during adolescence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/801126v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Value-associated cues in the environment often enhance subsequent goal-directed behaviors in adults, a phenomenon supported by integration of motivational and cognitive neural systems. Given the interactions among these systems change throughout adolescence, we tested when beneficial effects of value associations on subsequent cognitive control performance emerge during adolescence. Participants (N=81) aged 13-20 completed a reinforcement learning task with four cue-incentive pairings that could yield high gain, low gain, high loss, or low loss outcomes. Next, participants completed a Go/NoGo task during fMRI where the NoGo targets comprised the previously learned cues, which tested how prior value associations influence cognitive control performance. Improved accuracy for previously learned high gain relative to low gain cues emerged with age. Older adolescents exhibited enhanced recruitment of the dorsal striatum and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex during cognitive control execution to previously learned high gain relative to low gain cues. Older adolescents also expressed increased coupling between the dorsal striatum and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for high gain cues, whereas younger adolescents expressed increased coupling between the striatum and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. These findings reveal that learned high value cue-incentive associations enhance cognitive control in late adolescence in parallel with value-selective recruitment of corticostriatal systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Insel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charifson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Somerville, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/801126</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neurodevelopmental shifts in learned value transfer on cognitive control during adolescence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/801209v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hippocampal spike-time correlations and place-field overlaps during open field foraging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/801209v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phase precessing place cells encode spatial information on fine timescales via the timing of their spikes. This phase code has been extensively studied on linear tracks and for short runs in the open field. However, less is known about the phase code on unconstrained trajectories lasting tens of minutes, typical of open field foraging. In previous work (Monsalve-Mercado and Leibold, 2017), an analytic expression was derived for the spike-time cross-correlation between phase precessing place cells during natural foraging in the open field. This expression makes two predictions on how this phase code differs from the linear track case: cross-correlations are symmetric with respect to time, and they represent the distance between pairs of place fields in that the theta-filtered cross-correlations around zero time-lag are positive for cells with nearby fields while they are negative for those with fields further apart. Here we analyze several available open field recordings and show that these predictions hold for pairs of CA1 place cells. We also show that the relationship remains during remapping in CA1, and it is also present in place cells in area CA3. For CA1 place cells of Fmr1-null mice, which exhibit normal place fields but somewhat weaker temporal coordination with respect to theta compared to wild type, the cross-correlations still remain symmetric but the relationship to place field overlap is largely lost. The relationship discussed here describes how spatial information is communicated by place cells to downstream areas in a finer theta-timescale, relevant for learning and memory formation in behavioural tasks lasting tens of minutes in the open field.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Monsalve-Mercado, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roudi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/801209</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hippocampal spike-time correlations and place-field overlaps during open field foraging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/802959v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Consensus Proteomic Analysis of Alzheimer’s Disease Brain and Cerebrospinal Fluid Reveals Early Changes in Energy Metabolism Associated with Microglia and Astrocyte Activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/802959v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our understanding of the biological changes in the brain associated with Alzheimers disease (AD) pathology and cognitive impairment remains incomplete. To increase our understanding of these changes, we analyzed dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of control, asymptomatic AD, and AD brains from four different centers by label-free quantitative mass spectrometry and weighted protein co-expression analysis to obtain a consensus protein co-expression network of AD brain. This network consisted of 13 protein co-expression modules. Six of these modules correlated with amyloid-{beta} plaque burden, tau neurofibrillary tangle burden, cognitive function, and clinical functional status, and were altered in asymptomatic AD, AD, or in both disease states. These six modules reflected synaptic, mitochondrial, sugar metabolism, extracellular matrix, cytoskeletal, and RNA binding/splicing biological functions. The identified protein network modules were preserved in a community-based cohort analyzed by a different quantitative mass spectrometry approach. They were also preserved in temporal lobe and precuneus brain regions. Some of the modules were influenced by aging, and showed changes in other neurodegenerative diseases such as frontotemporal dementia and corticobasal degeneration. The module most strongly associated with AD pathology and cognitive impairment was the sugar metabolism module. This module was enriched in AD genetic risk factors, and was also highly enriched in microglia and astrocyte protein markers associated with an anti-inflammatory state, suggesting that the biological functions it represents serve a protective role in AD. Proteins from the sugar metabolism module were increased in cerebrospinal fluid from asymptomatic AD and AD cases, highlighting their potential as biomarkers of the altered brain network. In this study of >2000 brains and nearly 400 cerebrospinal fluid samples by quantitative proteomics, we identify proteins and biological processes in AD brain that may serve as therapeutic targets and fluid biomarkers for the disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dammer, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ping, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higginbotham, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guajardo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thambisetty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montine, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trojanowski, J. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beach, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiman, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haroutunian, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schadt, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickson, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ertekin-Taner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golde, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petyuk, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingo, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangaraju, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hajjar, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shulman, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lah, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levey, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seyfried, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/802959</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Consensus Proteomic Analysis of Alzheimer’s Disease Brain and Cerebrospinal Fluid Reveals Early Changes in Energy Metabolism Associated with Microglia and Astrocyte Activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/804328v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Net effects of field and landscape scale habitat on insect and bird damage to sunflowers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/804328v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Agriculture-dominated landscapes harbor significantly diminished biodiversity, but are also areas in which significant gains in biodiversity can be achieved. Planting or retaining woody vegetation along field margins can provide farmers with valuable ecosystem services while simultaneously benefitting biodiversity. However, when crops are damaged by the biodiversity harbored in such vegetation, farmers are reluctant to incorporate field margin habitat onto their land and may even actively remove such habitats, at cost to both farmers and non-target wildlife. We investigated how damage by both insect pests (sunflower moth, Homoeosoma electellum) and avian pests to sunflower (Helianthus annuus) seed crops varied as a function of bird abundance and diversity, as well as by landscape-scale habitat. Surveys for insect damage, avian abundance, and bird damage were carried out over two years in 30 different fields on farms in Californias Sacramento Valley. The mean percentage of moth-damaged sunflowers sampled was nearly four times higher in fields that had bare or weedy margins (23.5%) compared to fields with woody vegetation (5.9%) and decreased in both field types as landscape-scale habitat complexity declined. Birds damaged significantly fewer sunflower seeds (2.7%) than insects, and bird damage was not affected by field margin habitat type, landscape-scale habitat variables, or avian abundance, but was significantly higher along field edges compared to [&ge;] 50m from the field edge. Avian species richness nearly doubled in fields with woody margin habitat compared to fields with bare/weedy margins in both the breeding season and in fall. These results indicate that the benefits of planting or retaining woody vegetation along sunflower field margins could outweigh the ecosystem disservices related to bird damage, while simultaneously increasing the biodiversity value of intensively farmed agricultural landscapes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kross, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinico, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourbour, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Townsend, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McColl, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelsey, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/804328</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Net effects of field and landscape scale habitat on insect and bird damage to sunflowers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/804336v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hepatic FoxOs induce apolipoprotein M and are required for sphingosine-1-phosphate to bind high density lipoproteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/804336v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The FoxO family of transcription factors play an important role in mediating insulin action on glucose, lipid, and lipoprotein metabolism. Liver-specific triple FoxO knockout mice (L-FoxO1,3,4) have defects in expression of genes related to glucose production, bile acid synthesis, and high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol uptake. We have now identified Apolipoprotein M (Apom) as a novel transcriptional target of liver FoxO. ApoM is a liver-secreted apolipoprotein that is bound to HDL in the circulation, and it serves as a chaperone for the bioactive lipid, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). Several recent studies have demonstrated that S1P bound to ApoM induces unique effects, compared to S1P bound to albumin. We now show that liver FoxOs are required for ApoM mRNA and protein expression, and that ApoM is a transcriptional target of FoxOs. Moreover, while total plasma S1P levels are similar between control and L-FoxO1,3,4 mice, S1P is nearly absent from HDL in L-FoxO1,3,4 mice, and is instead increased in the lipoprotein depleted fraction. We also observed that leptin receptor deficient db/db mice have low hepatic Apom mRNA, and low levels of ApoM and S1P in HDL, without changes in total plasma S1P. These data demonstrate that FoxO transcription factors are novel regulators of the ApoM-S1P pathway, and indicate a potential link between hepatic insulin action and HDL function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Izquierdo, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shanmugarajah, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haeusler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/804336</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hepatic FoxOs induce apolipoprotein M and are required for sphingosine-1-phosphate to bind high density lipoproteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/805457v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Persistent DNA Hyper-methylation Dampens Host Anti-Mycobacterial Immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/805457v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has co-evolved with humans for millennia and developed multiple mechanisms to evade host immunity. Restoring host immunity in order to shorten existing therapy and improve outcomes will require identifying the full complement by which host immunity is inhibited. Perturbing host DNA methylation is a mechanism induced by chronic infections such as HIV, HPV, LCMV and schistosomiasis to evade host immunity. Here, we evaluated the DNA methylation status of TB patients and their asymptomatic household contacts demonstrating that TB patients have DNA hyper-methylation of the IL-2-STAT5, TNF-NF-{varkappa}B and IFN-{gamma} signaling pathways. By MSRE-qPCR, multiple genes of the IL-12-IFN-{gamma} signaling pathway (IL12B, IL12RB2, TYK2, IFNGR1, JAK1 and JAK2) were hyper-methylated in TB patients. The DNA hyper-methylation of these pathways is associated with decreased immune responsiveness with decreased mitogen induced upregulation of IFN-{gamma}, TNF, IL-6 and IL-1{beta} production. The DNA hyper-methylation of the IL-12-IFN-{gamma} pathway was associated with decreased IFN-{gamma} induced gene expression and decreased IL-12 inducible up-regulation of IFN-{gamma}. This work demonstrates that immune cells from TB patients are characterized by DNA hyper-methylation of genes critical to mycobacterial immunity resulting in decreased mycobacteria-specific and non-specific immune responsiveness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DiNardo, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajapakshe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishiguchi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mtetwa, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dlamini, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahari, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahapatra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maphalala, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mace, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimm, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makedonas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cirillo, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Netea, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Crevel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coarfa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandalakas, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/805457</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Persistent DNA Hyper-methylation Dampens Host Anti-Mycobacterial Immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/806711v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ribosome dimerization prevents loss of essential ribosomal proteins during quiescence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/806711v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The formation of ribosome dimers during periods of quiescence is widespread among bacteria and some higher eukaryotes. However, the mechanistic importance of dimerization is not well understood. In bacteria ribosome dimerization is mediated by the Hibernation Promoting Factor (HPF). Here, we report that HPF from the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis preserves active ribosomes by preventing the loss of essential ribosomal proteins. Ribosomes isolated from strains either lacking HPF ({Delta}hpf) or encoding a mutant allele of HPF that binds the ribosome but does not mediate dimerization were substantially depleted of the small subunit proteins S2 and S3. Strikingly, these proteins are located at the ribosome dimer interface. We used single particle cryo-EM to further characterize ribosomes isolated from a {Delta}hpf mutant strain and observed that many were missing S2, S3, or both. These data support a model in which the ribosome dimerization activity of HPF evolved to protect labile proteins that are essential for ribosome function.nnSignificance StatementWhen nutrients become scarce, many bacterial species enter an extended state of quiescence. A major challenge of this state is how to attenuate protein synthesis, the most energy consuming cellular process, while preserving ribosomes for the return to favorable conditions. Here, we show that the ribosome-binding protein HPF which dimerizes ribosomes functions to protect essential ribosomal proteins at the dimer interface. HPF is almost universally conserved in bacteria and HPF deletions in diverse species exhibit decreased viability under nutrient limitation. Our data provide mechanistic insight into this phenotype and establish a role for HPF in maintaining translationally competent ribosomes during quiescence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feaga, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopylov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dworkin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/806711</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ribosome dimerization prevents loss of essential ribosomal proteins during quiescence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/807669v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complex Autoinflammatory Syndrome Unveils Fundamental Principles of JAK1 Transcriptional and Biochemical Function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/807669v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autoinflammatory disease can result from monogenic errors of immunity. We describe herein the first example of a patient with early-onset widespread autoinflammation resulting from a mosaic, heterozygous, gain-of-function mutation (S703I) in JAK1, encoding a kinase essential for signaling downstream of over twenty-five cytokines. By first-of-its-kind custom single-cell RNA sequencing, we examine mosaicism with single cell resolution. We uncover that JAK1 transcription is predominantly restricted to a single allele across different immune cells, introducing the concept of a mutational "transcriptotype" that differs from the genotype. Functionally, the S703I mutation not only increased JAK1 kinase activity, but also resulted in transactivation of partnering JAKs, independently of its catalytic domain. Further, S703I JAK1 was not solely hypermorphic for cytokine signaling, but neomorphic as well, as it enabled downstream signaling cascades not canonically mediated by JAK1. Given these results, the patient was treated with tofacitinib, a JAK inhibitor, which led to rapid resolution of her clinical disease. Together, these findings represent an unprecedented degree of personalized medicine with the concurrent discovery of fundamental biological principles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gruber, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evrony, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uhl, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caron, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarchin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunkin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phelps, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webb, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saland, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orange, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mace, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelb, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogunovic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/807669</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complex Autoinflammatory Syndrome Unveils Fundamental Principles of JAK1 Transcriptional and Biochemical Function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/807917v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
(p)ppGpp directly regulates translation initiation during entry into quiescence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/807917v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many bacteria exist in a state of metabolic quiescence where they must minimize energy consumption so as to maximize available resources over a potentially extended period of time. As protein synthesis is the most energy intensive metabolic process in a bacterial cell, it would be an appropriate target for downregulation during the transition from growth to quiescence. We find that when Bacillus subtilis exits growth, a subpopulation of cells emerges with very low levels of protein synthesis dependent on synthesis of the nucleotides (p)ppGpp. We show that (p)ppGpp inhibits protein synthesis in vivo and in vitro by preventing the allosteric activation of the essential GTPase Initiation Factor 2 (IF2) during translation initiation. Finally, we demonstrate that IF2 is an authentic in vivo target of (p)ppGpp during the entry into quiescence, thus providing a mechanistic basis for the observed attenuation of protein synthesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Diez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caban, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dworkin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/807917</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[(p)ppGpp directly regulates translation initiation during entry into quiescence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/809673v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flexible recruitment of memory-based choice representations by human medial-frontal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/809673v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Decisions in complex environments rely on flexibly utilizing past experience as required by context and instructions1. This process depends on the medial frontal cortex (MFC) and the medial temporal lobe (MTL)2-5, but it remains unknown how these structures jointly implement flexible memory retrieval6,7. We recorded single neurons in MFC and MTL while human subjects switched8 between making memory- and categorization-based decisions9,10. Here we show that MFC rapidly implements changing task demands by utilizing different subspaces of neural activity during different types of decisions. In contrast, no effect of task demands was seen in the MTL. Choices requiring memory retrieval selectively engaged phase-locking of MFC neurons to field potentials in the theta-frequency band in the MTL. Choice-selective neurons in MFC signaled abstract yes-no decisions independent of behavioral response modality (button press or saccade). These findings reveal a novel mechanism for flexibly and selectively engaging memory retrieval11-14 and show that unlike perceptual decision-making15, memory-related information is only represented in frontal cortex when choices require it.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Minxha, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adolphs, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fusi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mamelak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutishauser, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/809673</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flexible recruitment of memory-based choice representations by human medial-frontal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/809947v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decomposing Simon task BOLD activation using a drift-diffusion model framework 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/809947v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Simon effect is observed in spatial conflict tasks where the response time of subjects is increased if stimuli are presented in a lateralized manner so that they are incongruous with the response information that they represent symbolically. Previous studies have used fMRI to investigate this phenomenon, and while some have been driven by considerations of an underlying model, none have attempted to directly tie model and BOLD response together. It is likely that this is due to Simon models having been predominantly descriptive of the phenomenon rather than capturing the full spectrum of behavior at the level of individual subjects. Sequential sampling models (SSM) which capture full response distributions for correct and incorrect responses have recently been extended to capture conflict tasks.nnIn this study we use our freely available framework for fitting and comparing non-standard SSM to fit the Simon effect SSM (SE-SSM) to behavioral data. This model extension includes specific estimates of automatic response bias and conflict monitoring based deployment of attention to individual subject behavioral data. We apply this approach in order to investigate whether our task specific model parameters have a correlate in BOLD response. Under the assumption that the SE-SSM reflects aspects of neural processing in this task, we go on to examine the BOLD correlates with the within trial expected decision-variable.nnWe find that the SE-SSM captures the behavioral data and that our two conflict specific model parameters have clear across subject BOLD correlates, while other model parameters, as well as more standard behavioral measures do not. We also find that examining BOLD in terms of the expected decision-variable leads to a specific pattern of activation that would not be otherwise possible to extract.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McIntosh, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sajda, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/809947</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decomposing Simon task BOLD activation using a drift-diffusion model framework]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/811067v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Joint phylogenetic estimation of geographic movements and biome shifts during the global diversification of Viburnum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/811067v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phylogeny, fossils, biogeography, and biome occupancy provide evidence that reflects the singular evolutionary history of a clade. Despite the connections that bind them together, these lines of evidence are most often studied separately, by first inferring a fossil-dated molecular phylogeny, then mapping on ancestral ranges and biomes inferred from extant species. Here we jointly model the evolution of biogeographic ranges, biome affinities, and molecular sequences, incorporating fossils to estimate a dated phylogeny for all of the 163 extant species of the woody plant clade Viburnum (Adoxaceae) that we currently recognize. Our analyses indicate that while the major Viburnum lineages evolved in the Eocene, the majority of extant species originated since the Miocene. Viburnum radiated first in Asia, in warm, broad-leaved evergreen (lucidophyllous) forests. Within Asia we infer several early shifts into more tropical forests, and multiple shifts into forests that experience prolonged freezing. From Asia we infer two early movements into the New World. These two lineages probably first occupied warm temperate forests and adapted later to spreading cold climates. One of these lineages (Porphyrotinus) occupied cloud forests and moved south through the mountains of the Neotropics. Several other movements into North America took place more recently, facilitated by prior adaptations to freezing in the Old World. We also infer four disjunctions between Asia and Europe: the Tinus lineage is the oldest and probably occupied warm forests when it spread, while the other three were more recent and in cold-adapted lineages. These results variously contradict published accounts, especially the view that Viburnum radiated initially in cold forests and, accordingly, maintained vessel elements with scalariform perforations. We explored how the location and biome assignments of fossils affected our inference of ancestral areas and biome states. Our results are sensitive to, but not entirely dependent upon, the inclusion of fossil biome data. We argue that it will be critical to take advantage of all available lines of evidence to decipher events in the distant past, and the joint estimation approach developed here provides cautious hope even when fossil evidence is limited.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Landis, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eaton, D. A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clement, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spriggs, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweeney, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donoghue, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/811067</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Joint phylogenetic estimation of geographic movements and biome shifts during the global diversification of Viburnum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/812024v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flexible reset and entrainment of delta oscillations in primate primary auditory cortex: modeling and experiment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/812024v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Salient auditory stimuli typically exhibit rhythmic temporal patterns. A growing body of evidence suggests that, in primary auditory cortex (A1), attention is associated with entrainment of delta rhythms (1 - 4 Hz) by these auditory stimuli. It is thought that this entrainment involves phase reset of ongoing spontaneous oscillations in A1 by thalamus matrix afferents, but precise mechanisms are unknown. Furthermore, naturalistic stimuli can vary widely in terms of their rhythmicity: some cycles can be longer than others and frequency can drift over time. It is not clear how the auditory system accommodates this natural variability. We show that in rhesus macaque monkey A1 in vivo, bottom-up gamma (40 Hz) click trains influence ongoing spontaneous delta rhythms by inducing an initial delta-timescale transient response, followed by entrainment to gamma and suppression of delta. We then construct a computational model to reproduce this effect, showing that transient thalamus matrix activation can reset A1 delta oscillations by directly activating deep (layer 5) IB cells, promoting bursting, and beginning a new delta cycle. In contrast, long duration gamma-rhythmic input stimuli induce a steady-state containing entrainment of superficial RS and FS cells at gamma, and suppression of delta oscillations. This suppression is achieved in the model by two complementary pathways. First, long-duration thalamus matrix input causes IB cells to switch from bursting to sparse firing, which disrupts the IB bursts associated with delta. Second, thalamus core input activates deep FS cells (by way of layer 4), which fire at gamma frequency and actively inhibit the delta oscillator. Together, these two fundamental operations of reset and suppression can respectively advance and delay the phase of the delta oscillator, allowing it to follow rhythms exhibiting the type of variability found in the natural environment. We discuss these findings in relation to functional implications for speech processing.nnAuthor summaryNeurons organize their firing into synchronous, rhythmic patterns. These neural oscillations have been shown to entrain to rhythmic stimuli in the external world, such as patterns of speech or patterns of movement. By entraining to a particular input stimulus, these oscillations are thought to help us attend to that stimulus and to exclude others. To understand how this synchronization emerges, we constructed a physiologically detailed mathematical model of the primary auditory cortex. By fitting this model to a variety of experimental data, we suggest fundamental mechanisms by which neurons of the auditory cortex can synchronize their activity to rhythmic external stimuli. This result will be useful for understanding the mechanism and limitations of oscillatory entrainment, which are thought to underlie the processing of naturalistic auditory inputs like speech or music. Furthermore, this model, though simplified, was shown to generalize and reproduce a wide range of experimental results, and can thus be used as a starting point for building more complex models of auditory cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stanley, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falchier, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pittman-Polletta, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakatos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whittington, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopell, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/812024</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flexible reset and entrainment of delta oscillations in primate primary auditory cortex: modeling and experiment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/813899v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detecting prodromal Alzheimer’s disease with MRI through deep learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/813899v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep learning applied to MRI for Alzheimers classification is hypothesized to improve if the deep learning model implicates diseases pathophysiology. The challenge in testing this hypothesis is that large-scale data are required to train this type of model. Here, we overcome this challenge by using a novel data augmentation strategy and show that our MRI-based deep learning model classifies Alzheimers dementia with high accuracy. Moreover, a class activation map was found dominated by signal from the hippocampal formation, a site where Alzheimers pathophysiology begins. Next, we tested the models performance in prodromal Alzheimers when patients present with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). We retroactively dichotomized a large cohort of MCI patients who were followed for up to 10 years into those with and without prodromal Alzheimers at baseline and used the dementia-derived model to generate individual  deep learning MRI scores. We compared the two groups on these scores, and on other biomarkers of amyloid pathology, tau pathology, and neurodegeneration. The deep learning MRI scores outperformed nearly all other biomarkers, including--unexpectedly--biomarkers of amyloid or tau pathology, in classifying prodromal disease and in predicting clinical progression. Providing a mechanistic explanation, the deep learning MRI scores were found to be linked to regional tau pathology, through investigations using cross-sectional, longitudinal, premortem and postmortem data. Our findings validate that a diseases known pathophysiology can improve the design and performance of deep learning models. Moreover, by showing that deep learning can extract useful biomarker information from conventional MRIs, the advantages of this model extend practically, potentially reducing patient burden, risk, and cost.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Provenzano, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Small, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/813899</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detecting prodromal Alzheimer’s disease with MRI through deep learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/815605v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Allele-specific DNA methylation is increased in cancers and its dense mapping in normal plus neoplastic cells increases the yield of disease-associated regulatory SNPs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/815605v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMapping of allele-specific DNA methylation (ASM) can be a post-GWAS strategy for localizing regulatory sequence polymorphisms (rSNPs). However, the advantages of this approach, and the mechanisms underlying ASM in normal and neoplastic cells, remain to be clarified.

ResultsWe performed whole genome methyl-seq on diverse normal cells and tissues and three types of cancers (multiple myeloma, lymphoma, glioblastoma multiforme). After excluding imprinting, the data pinpointed 15,114 high-confidence ASM differentially methylated regions (DMRs), of which 1,842 contained SNPs in strong linkage disequilibrium or coinciding with GWAS peaks. ASM frequencies were increased 5 to 9-fold in cancers vs. matched normal tissues, due to widespread allele-specific hypomethylation and focal allele-specific hypermethylation in poised chromatin. Cancers showed increased allele switching at ASM loci, but disruptive SNPs in specific classes of CTCF and transcription factor (TF) binding motifs were similarly correlated with ASM in cancer and non-cancer. Rare somatic mutations affecting these same motif classes tracked with de novo ASM in the cancers. Allele-specific TF binding from ChIP-seq was enriched among ASM loci, but most ASM DMRs lacked such annotations, and some were found in otherwise uninformative "chromatin deserts".

ConclusionsASM is increased in cancers but occurs by a shared mechanism involving disruptive SNPs in CTCF and TF binding sites in both normal and neoplastic cells. Dense ASM mapping in normal plus cancer samples reveals candidate rSNPs that are difficult to find by other approaches. Together with GWAS data, these rSNPs can nominate specific transcriptional pathways in susceptibility to autoimmune, neuropsychiatric, and neoplastic diseases. Custom genome browser tracks with annotated ASM loci can be viewed at a UCSC browser session hosted by our laboratory (https://bit.ly/tycko-asm)
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Do, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumont, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mujahed, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maldonado, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhagat, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christiano, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madhavan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagy, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, P. H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trimble, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marder, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honig, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monk, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldlust, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaptain, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tycko, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/815605</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Allele-specific DNA methylation is increased in cancers and its dense mapping in normal plus neoplastic cells increases the yield of disease-associated regulatory SNPs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/816652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic control of the human brain proteome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/816652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alteration of protein abundance and conformation are widely believed to be the hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases. Yet relatively little is known about the genetic variation that controls protein abundance in the healthy human brain. The genetic control of protein abundance is generally thought to parallel that of RNA expression, but there is little direct evidence to support this view. Here, we performed a large-scale protein quantitative trait locus (pQTL) analysis using single nucleotide variants (SNVs) from whole-genome sequencing and tandem mass spectrometry-based proteomic quantification of 12,691 unique proteins (7,901 after quality control) from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dPFC) in 144 cognitively normal individuals. We identified 28,211 pQTLs that were significantly associated with the abundance of 864 proteins. These pQTLs were compared to dPFC expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) in cognitive normal individuals (n=169; 81 had protein data) and a meta-analysis of dPFC eQTLs (n=1,433). We found that strong pQTLs are generally only weak eQTLs, and that the majority of strong eQTLs are not detectable pQTLs. These results suggest that the genetic control of mRNA and protein abundance may be substantially distinct and suggests inference concerning protein abundance made from mRNA in human brain should be treated with caution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Robins, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingo, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doung, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meigs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerasimov, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dammer, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutler, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lah, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levey, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seyfried, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingo, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/816652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic control of the human brain proteome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/816801v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Thermal versus Mechanical Unfolding in a Model Protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/816801v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Force spectroscopy techniques are often used to learn about the free energy landscape of single biomolecules, typically by recovering free energy quantities that, extrapolated to zero force, are compared to those measured in bulk experiments. However, it is not always clear how the information obtained from a mechanically perturbed system can be related to that obtained using other denaturants, since tensioned molecules unfold and refold along a reaction coordinate imposed by the force, which is unlikely meaningful in its absence. Here, we explore this dichotomy by investigating the unfolding landscape of a model protein, which is first unfolded mechanically through typical force spectroscopy-like protocols, and next thermally. When unfolded by non-equilibrium force extension and constant force protocols, we recover a simple two-barrier landscape, as the protein reaches the extended conformation through a metastable intermediate. Interestingly, folding-unfolding equilibrium simulations at low forces suggested a totally different scenario, where this metastable state plays little role in the unfolding mechanism, and the protein unfolds through two competing pathways27. Finally, we use Markov state models to describe the configurational space of the unperturbed protein close to the critical temperature. The thermal dynamics is well understood by a one-dimensional landscape along an appropriate reaction coordinate, however very different from the mechanical picture. In this sense, in our protein model the mechanical and thermal descriptions provide incompatible views of the folding/unfolding landscape of the system, and the estimated quantities to zero force result hard to interpret.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tapia-Rojo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazo, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/816801</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Thermal versus Mechanical Unfolding in a Model Protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/819094v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-Throughput Translational Profiling with riboPLATE-seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/819094v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein synthesis is dysregulated in many diseases, but we lack a systems-level picture of how signaling molecules and RNA binding proteins interact with the translational machinery, largely due to technological limitations. Here we present riboPLATE-seq, a scalable method for generating paired libraries of ribosome-associated and total mRNA. As an extension of the PLATE-seq protocol, riboPLATE-seq utilizes barcoded primers for pooled library preparation, but additionally leverages rRNA immunoprecipitation on whole polysomes to measure ribosome association (RA). We compare RA to its analogue in ribosome profiling and RNA sequencing, translation efficiency, and demonstrate both the performance of riboPLATE-seq and its utility in detecting translational alterations induced by specific inhibitors of protein kinases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Metz, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hornstein, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das Sharma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sims, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/819094</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-Throughput Translational Profiling with riboPLATE-seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/819755v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SECAT: Quantifying differential protein-protein interaction states by network-centric analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/819755v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) play critical functional and regulatory roles in virtually all cellular processes. They are essential for the formation of macromolecular complexes, which in turn constitute the basis for extended protein interaction networks that determine the functional state of a cell. We and others have previously shown that chromatographic fractionation of native protein complexes in combination with bottom-up mass spectrometric analysis of consecutive fractions supports the multiplexed characterization and detection of state-specific changes of protein complexes.

In this study, we describe a computational approach that extends the analysis of data from the co-fractionation / mass spectrometric analysis of native complexes to the level of PPI networks, thus enabling a qualitative and quantitative comparison of the proteome organization between samples and states. The Size-Exclusion Chromatography Algorithmic Toolkit (SECAT) implements a novel, network-centric strategy for the scalable and robust differential analysis of PPI networks. SECAT and its underlying statistical framework elucidate differential quantitative abundance and stoichiometry attributes of proteins in the context of their PPIs. We validate algorithm predictions using publicly available datasets and demonstrate that SECAT represents a more scalable and effective methodology to assess protein-network state and that our approach thus obviates the need to explicitly infer individual protein complexes. Further, by differential analysis of PPI networks of HeLa cells in interphase and mitotic state, respectively, we demonstrate the ability of the algorithm to detect PPI network differences and to thus suggest molecular mechanisms that differentiate cellular states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosenberger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heusel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bludau, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martelli, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aebersold, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/819755</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SECAT: Quantifying differential protein-protein interaction states by network-centric analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/819920v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification and biochemical characterization of a novel eukaryotic-like Ser/Thr kinase in E. coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/819920v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In bacteria, signaling phosphorylation is thought to occur primarily on His and Asp residues. However, phosphoproteomic surveys in phylogenetically diverse bacteria over the past decade have identified numerous proteins that are phosphorylated on Ser and/or Thr residues. Consistently, genes encoding Ser/Thr kinases are present in many bacterial genomes such as E. coli, which encodes at least three Ser/Thr kinases. Here we identify a previously uncharacterized ORF, yegI, and demonstrate that it encodes a novel Ser/Thr kinase. YegI lacks several conserved residues including those important for Mg2+ binding seen in other bacterial Ser/Thr kinases, suggesting that the consensus may be too stringent. We further find that YegI is a two-pass membrane protein with both N- and C-termini located intracellularly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rajagopalan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dworkin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/819920</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification and biochemical characterization of a novel eukaryotic-like Ser/Thr kinase in E. coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/822650v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SUSTAINED DOPAMINERGIC PLATEAUS AND NORADRENERGIC DEPRESSIONS BIAS TRANSITIONS INTO EXPLOITATIVE BEHAVIORAL STATES 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/822650v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We are constantly faced with the trade-off between exploiting actions with known outcomes and exploring alternative actions whose outcomes may be better. This balance has been hypothesized to rely on dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc)1 and noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus (LC)2-3. We developed a behavioral paradigm to capture exploitative and exploratory states, and imaged calcium dynamics in genetically-identified dopaminergic SNc neurons and noradrenergic LC neurons during state transitions. During exploitative states, characterized by motivated repetition of the same action choice, we found dichotomous changes in baseline activity in SNc and LC, with SNc showing higher and LC showing lower sustained activity. These sustained neural states emerged from the accumulation of lengthened positive responses and hysteretic dynamics in SNc networks, and lengthened negative responses in LC. Sustained activity could not be explained by classical reinforcement learning parameters, and in SNc but not LC, emerged in subpopulations coding for response vigor. Manipulating the sustained activity of SNc and LC revealed that dopaminergic activity primarily mediates engagement and motivation, whereas noradrenergic activity modulates action selection. These data uncover the emergence of sustained neural states in dopaminergic and noradrenergic networks that mediate dissociable aspects of exploitative bouts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koralek, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/822650</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SUSTAINED DOPAMINERGIC PLATEAUS AND NORADRENERGIC DEPRESSIONS BIAS TRANSITIONS INTO EXPLOITATIVE BEHAVIORAL STATES]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/822874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic features of BRDT binding sites in gene units suggest transcriptional partners and specific epigenetic landscapes to regulate transcriptional activity during spermatogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/822874v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BRDT, a member of the BET family of double bromodomain-containing proteins, is expressed uniquely in the male germ line, is essential for spermatogenesis in the mouse, and binds to acetylated transcription start sites of genes expressed in meiosis and spermiogenesis. It has thus been postulated to be a key regulator of transcription in meiotic and post-meiotic cells. To understand the function of BRDT in regulating gene expression, we characterized its genome-wide distribution, in particular the features of the BRDT binding sites within gene units, by ChIP-Seq analysis of enriched fractions of spermatocytes and spermatids. In both cell types, BRDT binding sites were mainly located in promoters, first exon, and introns of genes that are highly transcribed during meiosis and spermiogenesis. Furthermore, in promoters, BRDT binding sites overlapped with several histone modifications and histone variants associated with active transcription, and were also enriched for consensus sequences for specific transcription factors, including MYB, RFX, ETS and ELF1 in pachytene spermatocytes, and JunD, c-Jun, CRE and RFX in round spermatids. Our analysis further revealed that BRDT-bound genes play key roles in diverse biological processes that are essential for proper spermatogenesis. Taken together, our data suggest that BRDT is involved in the recruitment of different transcription factors to distinctive chromatin regions within gene units to regulate diverse downstream target genes that function in male meiosis and spermiogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chepelev, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Her, Y. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manterola, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berkovits, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolgemuth, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/822874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic features of BRDT binding sites in gene units suggest transcriptional partners and specific epigenetic landscapes to regulate transcriptional activity during spermatogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/823997v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hypoxia inducible factor-2α increases sensitivity of colon cancer cells towards oxidative cell death 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/823997v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the US. Hypoxia is a hallmark of solid tumors which promotes tumor cell growth, survival, metastasis and confers resistance to chemo and radiotherapies. Targeting hypoxic cells has been difficult. Moreover, inhibitors for the major transcription factors, hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1 and HIF-2 have not shown long-term efficacy in most cancers. We have previously shown that HIF-2 is essential for colon tumorigenesis. Using an unbiased screen, we show a significant increase in synthetic lethality of HIF-2 overexpressing tumor enteroids to oxidative cell death activators. The treatment with hypoxia mimetic FG4592 (Roxadustat), led to a robust increase in erastin-, RSL3-, and dimethyl fumarate-induced cell death in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Further, our in-vitro data shows that HIF-2 knock-down cells are completely resistant to these drugs. HIF activation promotes upregulation of lipid synthesis genes in vitro and in vivo leading to oxidative stress. Taken together, our results suggest that this intrinsic sensitivity towards oxidative stress associated with hypoxia could be utilized as a persistent and dynamic form of cell death for colon cancer treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singhal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olive, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyssiotis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/823997</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hypoxia inducible factor-2α increases sensitivity of colon cancer cells towards oxidative cell death]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/825349v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Preparation for upcoming attentional states in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/825349v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Goal-directed attention is usually studied by providing individuals with explicit instructions on what they should attend to. But in daily life, we often use past experiences to guide our attentional states. Given the importance of memory for predicting upcoming events, we hypothesized that memory-guided attention is supported by neural preparation for anticipated attentional states. We examined preparatory coding in the human hippocampus and mPFC, two regions that are important for memory-guided behaviors, in two tasks: one where attention was guided by memory and another in which attention was explicitly instructed. Hippocampus and mPFC exhibited higher activity for memory-guided vs. explicitly instructed attention. Furthermore, representations in both regions contained information about upcoming attentional states. In the hippocampus, this preparation was stronger for memory-guided attention, and occurred alongside stronger coupling with visual cortex during attentional guidance. These results highlight the mechanisms by which memories are used to prepare for upcoming attentional goals.

Competing InterestsNone.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Günseli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/825349</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Preparation for upcoming attentional states in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/825554v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human NK cell deficiency as a result of biallelic mutations in MCM10 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/825554v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human natural killer cell deficiency (NKD) arises from inborn errors of immunity that lead to impaired NK cell development, function or both. Through the understanding of the biological perturbations in individuals with NKD, requirements for the generation of terminally mature functional innate effector cells can be elucidated. Here we report a novel cause of NKD resulting from compound heterozygous mutations in MCM10 that impaired NK cell maturation in a child with fatal susceptibility to CMV. MCM10 has not been previously associated with monogenic disease and plays a critical role in the activation and function of the eukaryotic DNA replisome. By modeling MCM10 deficiency in human NK cell lines and primary NK cell precursors, we demonstrate that MCM10 is required for NK cell terminal maturation and acquisition of immunological system function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mace, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paust, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conte, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baxley, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmit, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pezzi, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chmielowiec, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tatineni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chinn, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akdemir, Z. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jhangiani, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muzny, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stray-Pedersen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradley, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moody, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connor, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heaps, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steward, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borowiak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lupski, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jolles, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bielinsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orange, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/825554</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human NK cell deficiency as a result of biallelic mutations in MCM10]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/825844v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissociable brain mechanisms for long-term memory of disgust- and fear- related associations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/825844v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Remembering events that evoke emotions such as disgust or fear is critical to our survival. However, previous studies investigating the interplay between emotion and memory disregarded the effects of specific emotions, leading to inconsistent results. Also, the role of amygdala throughout memory stages has been poorly understood. Here, we show that after 3 weeks delay, word pairs evoking disgust were remembered better than pairs evoking fear. These two emotions distinctly modulated neural mechanisms of memory. Successful encoding of disgust-evoking information was mediated by univariate activation in amygdala and perirhinal cortex, in contrast to fear-evoking memories that engaged hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus. Critically, univariate activation in the amygdala during encoding was correlated with memory reinstatement of individual word pairs, and more so for disgust than for fear. Together, these findings shed a new light on the role of the amygdala and medial temporal lobe regions in encoding and reinstatement of specific emotional memories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Riegel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wierzba, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wypych, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritchey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jednorog, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grabowska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vuilleumier, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchewka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/825844</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissociable brain mechanisms for long-term memory of disgust- and fear- related associations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/826289v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aversion of the invasive Asian longhorned tick to the white-footed mouse, the dominant reservoir of tick-borne pathogens in the United States 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/826289v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Asian longhorned tick (Haemaphysalis longicornis) was reported for the first time in the United States of America in 2017 and has now spread across 12 states. The potential of this invasive tick vector to transmit pathogens will be determined through its association to native hosts, such as the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) which is the primary reservoir for the causative agent of Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi) and other zoonotic pathogens. We placed larval H. longicornis on P. leucopus, 65% of the larvae (n = 40) moved off the host within a short period of time and none engorged. In contrast, larval black-legged ticks (Ixodes scapularis) did not move from where they were placed in the ear of the mouse. We then conducted a laboratory behavioural assay to assess the interaction of H. longicornis with the hair of potential mammalian host species in the United States of America. H. longicornis larvae were less likely to enter the hair zone of P. leucopus and humans compared to the hair of domestic cats, domestic dogs, and white-tailed deer. Our study identifies a tick-host hair interaction behaviour, which can be quantified in a laboratory assay to predict tick-host associations and provides insights into how ticks select a host.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ronai, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tufts, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diuk-Wasser, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/826289</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aversion of the invasive Asian longhorned tick to the white-footed mouse, the dominant reservoir of tick-borne pathogens in the United States]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/826651v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PKM2 ablation enhanced retinal function and survival in a preclinical model of retinitis pigmentosa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/826651v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a neurodegenerative disorder that causes irreversible vision loss in over 1.5 million individuals world-wide. In this study, we demonstrate that a metabolic reprogramming can treat degeneration in a Pde6{beta} preclinical model of RP. Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) is a glycolytic enzyme that transfers phosphate from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to adenosine diphosphate (ADP), promoting glucose catabolism. Ablation of PKM2 resulted in enhanced photoreceptor survival and function in Pde6{beta}-mutated mice compared with those without ablation. Electroretinogram (ERG) analyses revealed that the maximum b-wave is on average greater in Pkm2 knockout mice than in mice with Pkm2 intact. These rescue phenotypes from Pkm2 ablation in a preclinical model of RP indicate that a metabolome reprogramming may be useful in treating RP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levi, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lima de Carvalho, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsang, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/826651</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PKM2 ablation enhanced retinal function and survival in a preclinical model of retinitis pigmentosa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/827162v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leveraging correlations between polygenic risk score predictors to detect heterogeneity in GWAS cohorts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/827162v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evidence from both GWAS and clinical observation has suggested that certain psychiatric, metabolic, and autoimmune diseases are heterogeneous, comprising multiple subtypes with distinct genomic etiologies and Polygenic Risk Scores (PRS). However, the presence of subtypes within many phenotypes is frequently unknown. We present CLiP (Correlated Liability Predictors), a method to detect heterogeneity in single GWAS cohorts. CLiP calculates a weighted sum of correlations between SNPs contributing to a PRS on the case/control liability scale. We demonstrate mathematically and through simulation that among i.i.d. homogeneous cases, significant anti-correlations are expected between otherwise independent predictors due to ascertainment on the hidden liability score. In the presence of heterogeneity from distinct etiologies, confounding by covariates, or mislabeling, these correlation patterns are altered predictably. We further extend our method to two additional association study designs: CLiP-X for quantitative predictors in applications such as transcriptome-wide association, and CLiP-Y for quantitative phenotypes, where there is no clear distinction between cases and controls. Through simulations, we demonstrate that CLiP and its extensions reliably distinguish between homogeneous and heterogeneous cohorts when the PRS explains as low as 5% of variance on the liability scale and cohorts comprise 50, 000 - 100, 000 samples, an increasingly practical size for modern GWAS. We apply CLiP to heterogeneity detection in schizophrenia cohorts totaling > 50, 000 cases and controls collected by the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. We observe significant heterogeneity in mega-analysis of the combined PGC data (p-value 8.54e-4), as well as in individual cohorts meta-analyzed using Fishers method (p-value 0.03), based on significantly associated variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamy, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lencz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe'er, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/827162</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leveraging correlations between polygenic risk score predictors to detect heterogeneity in GWAS cohorts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/827287v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The antimalarial natural product salinipostin A identifies essential α/β serine hydrolases involved in lipid metabolism in P. falciparum parasites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/827287v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Salinipostin A (Sal A) is a potent antimalarial marine natural product with an undefined mechanism of action. Using a Sal A-derived activity-based probe, we identify its targets in the Plasmodium falciparum parasite. All of the identified proteins contain /{beta} serine hydrolase domains, and several are essential for parasite growth. One of the essential targets displays high homology to human monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) and is able to process lipid esters including a MAGL acylglyceride substrate. This Sal A target is inhibited by the anti-obesity drug Orlistat, which disrupts lipid metabolism and produces disorganized and stalled schizonts similar to Sal A. Resistance selections yielded parasites that showed only minor reductions in sensitivity and that acquired mutations in a protein linked to drug resistance in Toxoplasma gondii. This inability to evolve efficient resistance mechanisms combined with the non-essentiality of human homologs makes the serine hydrolases identified here promising antimalarial targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulze, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stokes, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onguka, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mok, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gnadig, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurita, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foe, I. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terrell, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boucher, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cieplak, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linington, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uhlemann, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weerapana, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fidock, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogyo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/827287</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The antimalarial natural product salinipostin A identifies essential α/β serine hydrolases involved in lipid metabolism in P. falciparum parasites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/827758v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A MAP of tumor-host interactions in glioma at single cell resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/827758v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA sequencing is the reference technique to characterize the heterogeneity of tumor microenvironment and can be efficiently used to discover cross-talk mechanisms between immune cells and cancer cells. We present a novel method, single cell Tumor-Host Interaction tool (scTHI), to identify significantly activated ligand-receptor interactions across clusters of cells from single-cell RNA sequencing data. We apply our approach to uncover the ligand-receptor interactions in glioma using six publicly available human glioma datasets encompassing 71 patients. We provide a comprehensive map of the signalling mechanisms between malignant cells and non-malignant cells in glioma uncovering potential novel therapeutic targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Caruso, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garofano, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Angelo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerulo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedognetti, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sims, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, X.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasorella, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iavarone, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceccarelli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/827758</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A MAP of tumor-host interactions in glioma at single cell resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/827972v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Induction of pancreatic tumor-selective ferroptosis through modulation of cystine import 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/827972v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is the third-leading cause of cancer mortality in the US and is highly resistant to classical, targeted, and immune therapies. We show that human PDA cells are dependent on the provision of exogenous cystine to avert a catastrophic accumulation of lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS) that, left unchecked, leads to ferroptotic cell death, both in vitro and in vivo. Using a dual-recombinase genetically engineered model, we found that acute deletion of Slc7a11 led to tumor-selective ferroptosis, tumor stabilizations/regressions, and extended overall survival. The mechanism of ferroptosis induction in PDA cells required the concerted depletion of both glutathione and coenzyme A, highlighting a novel branch of ferroptosis-relevant metabolism. Finally, we found that cystine depletion in vivo using the pre-IND agent cyst(e)inase phenocopied Slc7a11 deletion, inducing tumor-selective ferroptosis and disease stabilizations/regressions in the well-validated KPC model of PDA.nnOne Sentence SummaryGenetic and pharmacological targeting of cystine import induces pancreatic cancer-selective ferroptosis in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Badgley, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kremer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maurer, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DelGiorno, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purohit, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagalovskiy, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapillian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firl, C. E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Decker, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sastra, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palermo, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrade, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sajjakulnukit, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolstyka, Z. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirschhorn, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamb, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seeley, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgiou, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manor, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iuga, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wahl, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stockwell, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyssiotis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olive, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/827972</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Induction of pancreatic tumor-selective ferroptosis through modulation of cystine import]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/828988v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Failure to engage the TPJ-pSTS during naturalistic scene processing in schizophrenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/828988v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to search for and detect social cues, such as facial expressions of emotion, is critical to the understanding of complex dynamic social situations. This ability involves the coordinated actions of multiple cognitive domains, including face-emotion processing, mentalization, and visual attention. Individuals with schizophrenia are generally impaired in social cognition, and have been shown to have deficits in all of these domains. However, the whether the neural substrates of these impairments are shared or separate remains unclear. One candidate region for a shared substrate is the right temporoparietal junction/posterior superior temporal sulcus (TPJ-pSTS), which contains areas belonging to all of the cortical networks underlying these domains. Here we use functional MRI to examine differences in cortical activity evoked by a naturalistic movie, and link these results to impaired visual scanning and social cognition. 27 schizophrenia participants and 21 healthy controls watched a 15-minute clip of the movie "The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly" while high resolution multiband BOLD-fMRI activity was recorded. Inter-subject correlation was used to measure the evoked activity. BOLD-fMRI activity was also correlated with motion content in the movie, with the average activity in other cortical areas, and with frequency of saccades made during the movie. Visual scanning performance was measured in a separate behavioral experiment, and social cognition measured by The Awareness of Social Inference Test (TASIT). Contrasting the groups revealed that the TPJ-pSTS has the largest engagement deficit in both cortical hemispheres in schizophrenia patients versus healthy controls. Follow-up analyses find that brain activity in this region is less correlated with the motion content of the movie, that this region is abnormally synchronized to the other cortical areas involved in the cognitive domains underlying visual scanning of social scenes, and that activity this region is less correlated with the saccades made during the movie. Lastly, schizophrenia participant visual scanning performance of this clip was impaired compared to healthy controls, and correlated across the two groups with social cognition. These results indicate that the TPJ-pSTS plays less of an integral role in the coordination of face-emotion processing, mentalization, and visual attention in schizophrenia participants versus healthy controls. This functional deficit then impacts the visual scanning of a complex dynamic visual scenes, which in turn affects the comprehension of that scene. These findings indicating that the TPJ-pSTS is potentially the shared substrate for all of these deficits will lead to new treatments targeting this region to improve social cognition in individuals with schizophrenia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patel, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz-Betancourt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plaza, F. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirza, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vieira, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strauss, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klim, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Pena, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartel, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grinband, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ochsner, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leopold, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javitt, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/828988</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Failure to engage the TPJ-pSTS during naturalistic scene processing in schizophrenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/829655v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrins protect nociceptive neurons in models of paclitaxel-mediated peripheral sensory neuropathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/829655v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a major side effect from cancer treatment with no known method for prevention or cure in clinics. CIPN primarily affects unmyelinated nociceptive sensory terminals. Despite the high prevalence of CIPN, molecular and cellular mechanisms that lead to CIPN are still poorly understood. Here, we used a genetically tractable Drosophila model and primary sensory neurons isolated from adult mouse to examine the mechanisms underlying CIPN and identify protective pathways. We found that chronic treatment of Drosophila larvae with paclitaxel caused sensory neuron degeneration, altered the terminal branching pattern of nociceptive neurons, and reduced thermal nociceptive responses. We found that nociceptive neuron-specific overexpression of integrins, which are known to support neuronal maintenance in several systems, conferred protection from paclitaxel-mediated cellular and behavioral phenotypes. Live imaging and superresolution approaches provide evidence that paclitaxel treatment causes cellular changes that are consistent with alterations in endosome-mediated trafficking of integrins. We used primary dorsal root ganglia neuron cultures to test conservation of integrin-mediated protection. We show that overexpression of a human integrin {beta} subunit 1 (ITGB1) also prevented degeneration following paclitaxel treatment. Altogether, our study supports conserved mechanisms of paclitaxel-induced perturbation of integrin trafficking and a therapeutic potential of restoring integrin levels to antagonize paclitaxel-mediated toxicity in sensory neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shin, G. J.-e.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pero, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammond, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galindo, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartolini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grueber, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/829655</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrins protect nociceptive neurons in models of paclitaxel-mediated peripheral sensory neuropathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/831321v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide association study identifies 49 common genetic variants associated with handedness. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/831321v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Handedness, a consistent asymmetry in skill or use of the hands, has been studied extensively because of its relationship with language and the over-representation of left-handers in some neurodevelopmental disorders. Using data from the UK Biobank, 23andMe and 32 studies from the International Handedness Consortium, we conducted the worlds largest genome-wide association study of handedness (1,534,836 right-handed, 194,198 (11.0%) left-handed and 37,637 (2.1%) ambidextrous individuals). We found 41 genetic loci associated with left-handedness and seven associated with ambidexterity at genome-wide levels of significance (P < 5x10-8). Tissue enrichment analysis implicated the central nervous system and brain tissues including the hippocampus and cerebrum in the etiology of left-handedness. Pathways including regulation of microtubules, neurogenesis, axonogenesis and hippocampus morphology were also highlighted. We found suggestive positive genetic correlations between being left-handed and some neuropsychiatric traits including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. SNP heritability analyses indicated that additive genetic effects of genotyped variants explained 5.9% (95% CI = 5.8% - 6.0%) of the underlying liability of being left-handed, while the narrow sense heritability was estimated at 12% (95% CI = 7.2% - 17.7%). Further, we show that genetic correlation between left-handedness and ambidexterity is low (rg = 0.26; 95% CI = 0.08 - 0.43) implying that these traits are largely influenced by different genetic mechanisms. In conclusion, our findings suggest that handedness, like many other complex traits is highly polygenic, and that the genetic variants that predispose to left-handedness may underlie part of the association with some psychiatric disorders that has been observed in multiple observational studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cuellar Partida, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tung, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eriksson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albrecht, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aliev, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barroso, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckmann, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boks, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boomsma, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyd, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breteler, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chasman, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherkas, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Geus, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deary, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deloukas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dick, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duffy, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eriksson, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esko, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feenstra, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geller, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gieger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giegling, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartmann, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heikkila, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayward, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirschhorn, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hottenga, J.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huffman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, L.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikram, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaprio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemp, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khaw, K.-</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/831321</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide association study identifies 49 common genetic variants associated with handedness.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/832212v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimating and interpreting nonlinear receptive fields of sensory responses with deep neural network models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/832212v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensory processing by neural circuits includes numerous nonlinear transformations that are critical to perception. Our understanding of these nonlinear mechanisms, however, is hindered by the lack of a comprehensive and interpretable computational framework that can model and explain nonlinear signal transformations. Here, we propose a data-driven framework based on deep neural network regression models that can directly learn any nonlinear stimulus-response mapping. A key component of this approach is an analysis method that reformulates the exact function of the trained neural network as a collection of stimulus-dependent linear functions. This locally linear receptive field interpretation of the network function enables straightforward comparison with conventional receptive field models and uncovers nonlinear encoding properties. We demonstrate the efficacy of this framework by predicting the neural responses recorded invasively from the auditory cortex of neurosurgical patients as they listened to speech. Our method significantly improves the prediction accuracy of auditory cortical responses particularly in nonprimary areas. Moreover, interpreting the functions learned by neural networks uncovered three distinct types of nonlinear transformations of speech that varied considerably in primary and nonprimary auditory regions. By combining two desired properties of a computational sensory-response model; the ability to capture arbitrary stimulus-response mappings and maintaining model interpretability, this data-driven method can lead to better neurophysiological models of the sensory processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Keshishian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbari, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalighinejad, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesgarani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/832212</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimating and interpreting nonlinear receptive fields of sensory responses with deep neural network models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/833103v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predictive whisker kinematics reveal context-dependent sensorimotor strategies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/833103v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals actively move their sensory organs in order to acquire sensory information. Some rodents, such as mice and rats, employ cyclic scanning motions of their facial whiskers to explore their proximal surrounding, a behavior known as whisking. Here we investigated the contingency of whisking kinematics on the animals behavioral context that arises from both internal processes (attention and expectations) and external constraints (available sensory and motor degrees of freedom). We recorded rat whisking at high temporal resolution in two experimental contexts - freely moving or head-fixed - and two spatial sensory configurations - a single row or three caudal whiskers on each side of the snout. We found that rapid sensorimotor twitches, called pumps, occurring during free-air whisking carry information about the rats upcoming exploratory direction, as demonstrated by the ability of these pumps to predict consequent head and body locomotion. Specifically, pump behavior during both voluntary motionlessness and imposed head-fixation exposed a backward redistribution of sensorimotor exploratory resources. Further, head-fixed rats employed a wide range of whisking profiles to compensate for the loss of head- and body-motor degrees of freedom. Finally, changing the number of intact vibrissae available to a rat resulted in an alteration of whisking strategy consistent with the rat actively reallocating its remaining resources. In sum, this work shows that rats adapt their active exploratory behavior in a "homeostatic" attempt to preserve sensorimotor coverage under changing environmental conditions and changing sensory capacities, including those imposed by various laboratory conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wallach, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutsch, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oram, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahissar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/833103</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predictive whisker kinematics reveal context-dependent sensorimotor strategies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/833723v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coding of social novelty in the hippocampal CA2 region and its disruption and rescue in a mouse model of schizophrenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/833723v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory and has been implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders. However, little is known about how CA2 neural activity encodes social interactions and how this coding is altered in disease. We recorded from CA2 pyramidal neurons as mice engaged in social interactions and found that while CA2 failed to stably represent spatial location, CA2 activity encoded contextual changes and novel social stimuli. In the Df(16)A+/- mouse model of the human 22q11.2 microdeletion, a major schizophrenia risk factor, CA2 activity showed a surprising increase in spatial coding while failing to encode social novelty, consistent with the social memory deficit in these mice. Previous work has shown that CA2 pyramidal neurons are hyperpolarized in Df(16)A+/- mice, likely as a result of upregulation of TREK-1 K+ current. We found that administration of a TREK-1 antagonist rescued the social memory deficits and restored normal CA2 coding properties in Df(16)A+/- mice, supporting a crucial role for CA2 in the encoding of novel social stimuli and social dysfunction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Donegan, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefanini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meira, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fusi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegelbaum, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/833723</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coding of social novelty in the hippocampal CA2 region and its disruption and rescue in a mouse model of schizophrenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/836197v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unravelling the genetic architecture of musical rhythm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/836197v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Moving in synchrony to the beat is a fundamental component of musicality. Here, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify common genetic variants associated with beat synchronization in 606,825 individuals. Beat synchronization exhibited a highly polygenic architecture, with sixty-nine loci reaching genome-wide significance (p<5x10-8) and SNP-based heritability (on the liability scale) of 13%-16%. Heritability was enriched for genes expressed in brain tissues, and for fetal and adult brain-specific gene regulatory elements, underscoring the role of central nervous system-expressed genes linked to the genetic basis of the trait. We performed validations of the self-report phenotype (through internet-based experiments) and of the GWAS (polygenic scores for beat synchronization were associated with patients algorithmically classified as musicians in medical records of a separate biobank). Genetic correlations with breathing function, motor function, processing speed, and chronotype suggest shared genetic architecture with beat synchronization and provide avenues for new phenotypic and genetic explorations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Niarchou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sathirapongsasuti, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacoby, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McArthur, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straub, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The 23andMe Research Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAuley, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capra, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ullen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creanza, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosing, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinds, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/836197</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unravelling the genetic architecture of musical rhythm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/836668v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aurora B-dependent Ndc80 Degradation Regulates Kinetochore Composition in Meiosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/836668v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The kinetochore complex is a conserved machinery that connects chromosomes to spindle microtubules. During meiosis, the kinetochore is restructured to accommodate a specialized chromosome segregation pattern. In budding yeast, meiotic kinetochore remodeling is mediated by the temporal changes in the abundance of a single subunit called Ndc80. We have previously described the regulatory events that control the timely synthesis of Ndc80. Here, we report that Ndc80 turnover is also tightly regulated in meiosis: Ndc80 degradation is active in meiotic prophase, but not in metaphase I. Ndc80 degradation depends on the ubiquitin ligase APCAma1 and is mediated by the proteasome. Importantly, Aurora B-dependent Ndc80 phosphorylation, a mark that has been previously implicated in correcting erroneous microtubule-kinetochore attachments, is essential for Ndc80 degradation in a microtubule-independent manner. The N-terminus of Ndc80, including a 27-residue sequence and Aurora B phosphorylation sites, is both necessary and sufficient for kinetochore protein degradation. Finally, defects in Ndc80 turnover predispose meiotic cells to chromosome mis-segregation. Our study elucidates the mechanism by which meiotic cells modulate their kinetochore composition through regulated Ndc80 degradation, and demonstrates that Aurora B-dependent regulation of kinetochores extends beyond altering microtubule attachments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powers, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohlstaedt, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holly, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/836668</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aurora B-dependent Ndc80 Degradation Regulates Kinetochore Composition in Meiosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/837336v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Origin and microenvironment contribute to the sexually dimorphic phenotype and function of peritoneal macrophages. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/837336v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macrophages reside in the body cavities where they maintain serosal homeostasis and provide immune surveillance. Peritoneal macrophages are implicated in the aetiology of pathologies including peritonitis, endometriosis and metastatic cancer thus understanding the factors that govern their behaviour is vital. Using a combination of fate mapping techniques, we have investigated the impact of sex and age on murine peritoneal macrophage differentiation, turnover and function. We demonstrate that the sexually dimorphic replenishment of peritoneal macrophages from the bone marrow, which is high in males and very low in females, is driven by changes in the local microenvironment that arise upon sexual maturation. Population and single cell RNAseq revealed striking dimorphisms in gene expression between male and female peritoneal macrophages that was in part explained by differences in composition of these populations. By estimating the time of residency of different subsets within the cavity and assessing development of dimorphisms with age and in monocytopenic Ccr2-/- mice, we demonstrate that key sex-dependent features of peritoneal macrophages are a function of the differential rate of replenishment from the bone marrow while others are reliant on local microenvironment signals. Importantly, we demonstrate that the dimorphic turnover of peritoneal macrophages contributes to differences in the ability to protect against pneumococcal peritonitis between the sexes. These data highlight the importance of considering both sex and age in susceptibility to inflammatory and infectious disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bain, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steers, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boufea, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louwe, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doherty, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huici, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentek, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magalhaes-Pinto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bajenoff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benezech, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dockrell, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batadar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/837336</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Origin and microenvironment contribute to the sexually dimorphic phenotype and function of peritoneal macrophages.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/837567v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interrogating theoretical models of neural computation with deep inference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/837567v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1A cornerstone of theoretical neuroscience is the circuit model: a system of equations that captures a hypothesized neural mechanism. Such models are valuable when they give rise to an experimentally observed phenomenon - whether behavioral or a pattern of neural activity - and thus can offer insights into neural computation. The operation of these circuits, like all models, critically depends on the choice of model parameters. A key step is then to identify the model parameters consistent with observed phenomena: to solve the inverse problem. In this work, we present a novel technique, emergent property inference (EPI), that brings the modern probabilistic modeling toolkit to theoretical neuroscience. When theorizing circuit models, theoreticians predominantly focus on reproducing computational properties rather than a particular dataset. Our method uses deep neural networks to learn parameter distributions with these computational properties. This methodology is introduced through a motivational example inferring conductance parameters in a circuit model of the stomatogastric ganglion. Then, with recurrent neural networks of increasing size, we show that EPI allows precise control over the behavior of inferred parameters, and that EPI scales better in parameter dimension than alternative techniques. In the remainder of this work, we present novel theoretical findings gained through the examination of complex parametric structure captured by EPI. In a model of primary visual cortex, we discovered how connectivity with multiple inhibitory subtypes shapes variability in the excitatory population. Finally, in a model of superior colliculus, we identified and characterized two distinct regimes of connectivity that facilitate switching between opposite tasks amidst interleaved trials, characterized each regime via insights afforded by EPI, and found conditions where these circuit models reproduce results from optogenetic silencing experiments. Beyond its scientific contribution, this work illustrates the variety of analyses possible once deep learning is harnessed towards solving theoretical inverse problems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bittner, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmigiano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piet, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/837567</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interrogating theoretical models of neural computation with deep inference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/839761v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Positive valence bias is associated with inverse frontoamygdalar connectivity and less depressive symptoms in developmentally mature children 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/839761v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Negativity bias is a core feature of depression that is associated with dysfunctional frontoamygdalar connectivity; this pathway is associated with emotion regulation and sensitive to neurobiological change during puberty. We used a valence bias task (ratings of emotional ambiguity) as a potential early indicator of depression risk and differences in frontoamygdalar connectivity. Previous work using this task demonstrated that children normatively have a negative bias that attenuates with maturation. Here, we test the hypothesis that persistence of this negativity bias as manturation ensues may reveal differences in emotion regulation development, and may be associated with increased risk for depression. Within a restricted age range (6-13 years), we tested the moderating role of puberty on relationships between valence bias, depressive symptoms, and frontoamygdalar connectivity. A negative bias was associated with increased depressive symptoms for those at more advanced pubertal stages (within this sample) and less regulatory frontoamygdalar connectivity, whereas a more positive bias was associated with more regulatory connectivity patterns. These data suggest that with maturation, individual differences in positivity biases and associated emotion regulation circuitry confer a differential risk for depression. Longitudinal work is necessary to determine the directionality of these effects and explore the influence of early life events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Petro, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tottenham, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/839761</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Positive valence bias is associated with inverse frontoamygdalar connectivity and less depressive symptoms in developmentally mature children]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/840710v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synaptogenic activity of the axon guidance molecule Robo2 is critical for hippocampal circuit function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/840710v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The developmental transition between axon guidance and synapse formation is critical for circuit assembly but still poorly understood at the molecular level. We hypothesized that this key transition could be regulated by axon guidance cues switching their function to regulate synaptogenesis with subcellular specificity. Here, we report evidence for such a functional switch, describing a novel role for the axon guidance molecule Robo2 in excitatory synapse formation onto dendrites of CA1 pyramidal neurons (PNs) in the mouse hippocampus. Cell-autonomous deletion of Robo2 from CA1 PNs leads to a drastic reduction of the number of excitatory synapses specifically in proximal dendritic compartments. At the molecular level, we show that this novel postsynaptic function of Robo2 depends on both its canonical ligand Slit and a novel interaction with presynaptic Neurexins. Biophysical analysis reveals that Robo2 binds directly to Neurexins via its Ig4-5 domains. In vivo 2-photon Ca2+ imaging of CA1 PNs during spatial navigation in mice shows that sparse deletion of Robo2 during development drastically reduces the likelihood of place cell emergence and alters spatial coding properties of the remaining place cells. Our results identify Robo2 as a novel molecular effector linking synaptic specificity to the acquisition of spatial coding properties characterizing hippocampal circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blockus, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolotti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szoboszlay, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ming, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vennekens, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katsamba, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahna, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mannepalli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahlsen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honig, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Wit, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Losonczy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polleux, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/840710</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synaptogenic activity of the axon guidance molecule Robo2 is critical for hippocampal circuit function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/841858v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complex spikes encode reward expectation signals during visuomotor association learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/841858v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Climbing fiber input to Purkinje cells has been thought to instruct learning related changes in simple spikes and cause behavioral changes through an error-based learning mechanism. Although, this framework explains simple motor learning, it cannot be extended to learning higher-order skills. Recently the cerebellum has been implicated in a variety of cognitive tasks and reward-based learning. Here we show that when a monkey learns a new visuomotor association, complex spikes predict the time of the beginning of the trial in a learning independent manner as well as encode a learning contingent reward expectation signal after the stimulus onset and reward delivery. These complex spike signals are unrelated to and were unlikely to instruct the reward based signal found in the simple spikes. Our results provide a more general role of complex spikes in learning and higher-order processing while gathering evidence for their participation in reward based learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sendhilnathan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ipata, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/841858</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complex spikes encode reward expectation signals during visuomotor association learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/841882v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two Ways to Change Your Mind: Effects of Intentional Strength and Motor Costs on Changes of Intention. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/841882v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Changes of Mind are a striking example of the human ability to flexibly reverse decisions after commitment to an initial choice, and to change actions according to circumstances. Previous studies of Changes of Mind largely focused on perceptual choices. Here we investigate reversals of voluntary, endogenous action decisions. In a novel version of the random-dot motion task, participants moved to a target that matched both the perceived dot-motion direction and an internally-generated intention (which colour target to move to). Movement trajectories revealed whether and when participants 1) perceived a change in dot-motion direction, or additionally 2) changed the colour that they chose to move to ( Change of Intention). Changes of Intention were less frequent in participants with strong colour intentions, as indicated by high performance costs in trials where perceptual information conflicted with the endogenous intention (Exp. 1). Additionally, Changes of Intention were more frequent when motor costs of intention pursuit were high (Exp. 2). These findings were simulated using an attractor network model that continuously integrates voluntary intentions, sensory evidence, and motor costs. This argues in favour of a unifying framework for dynamic decision-making processes, in which voluntary actions emerge from a dynamic combination of internal action tendencies and external environmental factors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Loffler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sylaidi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fountas, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haggard, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/841882</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two Ways to Change Your Mind: Effects of Intentional Strength and Motor Costs on Changes of Intention.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/843011v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural correlates of goal-directed and non-goal-directed movements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/843011v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
What are the neural correlates that distinguish goal-directed (G) from non-goal-directed movements (nG)? We investigated this question in the monkey frontal eye field, which is implicated in voluntary control of saccades. We found that only for G-saccades, the variability in spike rate across trials decreased, the regularity of spike timings within trials increased, the neural activity increased earlier from baseline and had a concurrent reduction of LFP beta band power.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sendhilnathan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schall, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murthy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/843011</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural correlates of goal-directed and non-goal-directed movements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/843714v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Apcdd1 is a dual BMP/Wnt inhibitor in the developing nervous system and skin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/843714v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animal development and homeostasis depend on precise temporal and spatial intercellular signaling. Components shared between signaling pathways, generally thought to decrease specificity, paradoxically can also provide a solution to pathway coordination. Here we show that the Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) and Wnt signaling pathways share Apcdd1 as a common inhibitor and that Apcdd1 is a taxon-restricted gene with novel domains and signaling functions. Previously, we showed that Apcdd1 inhibits Wnt signaling, here we find that Apcdd1 potently inhibits BMP signaling in body axis formation and neural differentiation in chicken, frog, zebrafish, and humans. Our results from experiments and modeling suggest that Apcdd1 may coordinate the outputs of two signaling pathways central to animal development and human disease.

Significance StatementApcdd1 is a taxon-restricted gene that inhibits both BMP and Wnt intercellular signaling pathways in multiple organisms including mice, frog, zebrafish, and chicken. It encodes a bi-functional protein with a novel protein domain that can bind to Wnt and BMP receptors and block downstream signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vonica, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhat, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iancu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cain, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, E. C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeStefano, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donnell-Luria, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christiano, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riley, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luria, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/843714</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Apcdd1 is a dual BMP/Wnt inhibitor in the developing nervous system and skin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/844498v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chronic Mcm10 deficiency causes defects in telomere maintenance in human cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/844498v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Minichromosome maintenance protein 10 (Mcm10) is essential for eukaryotic DNA replication. Here, we describe compound heterozygous MCM10 mutations in patients with distinctive but overlapping clinical phenotypes - natural killer (NK) cell deficiency (NKD) and restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) with hypoplasia of the spleen and thymus. To understand the mechanism of Mcm10-associated disease, we modeled these mutations in human cell lines. Mcm10 deficiency causes chronic replication stress that reduces cell viability due to increased genomic instability and telomere erosion. Our data suggest that loss of Mcm10 function constrains telomerase activity by accumulating abnormal replication fork structures enriched with single-stranded DNA. Terminally-arrested replication forks in Mcm10-deficient cells require endonucleolytic processing by Mus81, as MCM10:MUS81 double mutants display decreased viability and accelerated telomere shortening. We propose that these bi-allelic mutations in MCM10 predispose specific cardiac and immune cell lineages to prematurely arrest during differentiation, causing the clinical phenotypes in both NKD and CM patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baxley, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matson, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oram, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmit, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendrickson, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mace, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orange, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bielinsky, A.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/844498</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chronic Mcm10 deficiency causes defects in telomere maintenance in human cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/844910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A comparison of humans and baboons suggests germline mutation rates do not track cell divisions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/844910v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In humans, most germline mutations are inherited from the father. This observation is widely interpreted as resulting from the replication errors that accrue during spermatogenesis. If so, the male bias in mutation should be substantially lower in a closely related species with similar rates of spermatogonial stem cell divisions but a shorter mean age of reproduction. To test this hypothesis, we resequenced two 3-4 generation nuclear families (totaling 29 individuals) of olive baboons (Papio anubis), who reproduce at ~10 years of age on average. We inferred sex-specific mutation rates by analyzing the data in parallel with three three-generation human pedigrees (26 individuals). The mutation rate per generation in baboons is 0.55x10-8 per base pair, approximately half that of humans. Strikingly, however, the degree of male mutation bias is approximately 3:1, similar to that of humans; in fact, a similar male bias is seen across mammals that reproduce months, years or decades after birth. These results echo findings in humans that the male bias is stable with parental ages and cast further doubt on the assumption that germline mutations track cell divisions. Our mutation rate estimates for baboons raise a further puzzle in suggesting a divergence time between apes and Old World Monkeys of 67 My, too old to be consistent with the fossil record; reconciling them now requires not only a slowdown of the mutation rate per generation in humans but also in baboons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strand, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ober, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wall, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moorjani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przeworski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/844910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A comparison of humans and baboons suggests germline mutation rates do not track cell divisions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/846915v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The transcriptomic response of cells to a drug combination is more than the sum of the responses to the monotherapies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/846915v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our ability to predict the effects of drug combinations is limited, in part by limited understanding of how the transcriptional response of two monotherapies results in that of their combination. We performed the first analysis of matched time course RNAseq profiling of cells treated with both single drugs and their combinations. The transcriptional signature of the synergistic combination we studied had unique gene expression not seen in either constituent monotherapy. This can be explained mechanistically by the sequential activation of transcription factors in time in the gene regulatory network. The nature of this transcriptional cascade suggests that drug synergy may ensue when the transcriptional responses elicited by two unrelated individual drugs are correlated. We used these results as the basis of a simple prediction algorithm attaining an AUROC of 0.84 in the prediction of synergistic drug combinations in an independent dataset.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Diaz, J. E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahsen, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffter, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Realubit, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Losic, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stolovitzky, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/846915</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The transcriptomic response of cells to a drug combination is more than the sum of the responses to the monotherapies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/851311v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiplexed biosensors for precision bacteria tropism in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/851311v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The engineering of microbes spurs biotechnological innovations, but requires control mechanisms to confine growth within defined environments for translation. Here we engineer bacterial growth tropism to sense and grow in response to specified oxygen, pH, and lactate signatures. Coupling biosensors to drive essential gene expression reveals engineered bacterial localization within upper or lower gastrointestinal tract. Multiplexing biosensors in an AND logic-gate architecture reduced bacterial off-target colonization in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chien, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harimoto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kepecs, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azad, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danino, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/851311</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiplexed biosensors for precision bacteria tropism in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/852970v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Humanization of SRGAP2C expression increases cortico-cortical connectivity and reliability of sensory-evoked responses in the mouse brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/852970v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The remarkable cognitive abilities characterizing humans are thought to emerge from our unique features of cortical circuit architecture, including increased feedforward and feedback connectivity. However, our understanding of the evolutionary origin and nature of these changes in circuit connectivity, and how they impact cortical circuit function and behavior is currently lacking. Here, we demonstrate that expression of the human-specific gene duplication SRGAP2C leads to a specific increase in feedforward and feedback cortico-cortical connectivity. Moreover, humanized SRGAP2C mice display improved cortical sensory coding, and an enhanced ability to learn a cortex-dependent sensory discrimination task. Our results identify a novel substrate for human brain evolution whereby the emergence of SRGAP2C led to increased feedforward and feedback cortico-cortical connectivity, improved cortical sensory processing and enhanced behavioral performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, E. R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillman, E. M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polleux, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/852970</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Humanization of SRGAP2C expression increases cortico-cortical connectivity and reliability of sensory-evoked responses in the mouse brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/854059v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Face familiarity detection with complex synapses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/854059v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synaptic plasticity is a complex phenomenon involving multiple biochemical processes that operate on different timescales. We recently showed that this complexity can greatly increase the memory capacity of neural networks when the variables that characterize the synaptic dynamics have limited precision, as in biological systems. These types of complex synapses have been tested mostly on simple memory retrieval problems involving random and uncorrelated patterns. Here we turn to a real-world problem, face familiarity detection, and we show that also in this case it is possible to take advantage of synaptic complexity to store in memory a large number of faces that can be recognized at a later time. In particular, we show that the familiarity memory capacity of a system with complex synapses grows almost linearly with the number of the synapses and quadratically with the number of neurons. Complex synapses are superior to simple ones, which are characterized by a single variable, even when the total number of dynamical variables is matched. We further show that complex and simple synapses have distinct signatures that are testable in proposed experiments. Our results indicate that a memory system with complex synapses can be used in real-world tasks such as face familiarity detection.

SignificanceThe complexity of biological synapses is probably important for enabling us to remember the past for a long time and rapidly store new memories. The advantage of complex synapses in terms of memory capacity is significant when the variables that characterize the synaptic dynamics have limited precision. This advantage has been estimated under the simplifying assumption that the memories to be stored are random and uncorrelated. Here we show that synaptic complexity is important also in a more challenging and realistic face familiarity detection task. We built a simple neural circuit that can report whether a face has been previously seen or not. This circuit incorporates complex synapses that operate on multiple timescales. The memory performance of this circuit is significantly higher than in the case in which synapses are simple, indicating that the complexity of biological synapses can be important also in real-world memory tasks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ji-An, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefanini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benna, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fusi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/854059</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Face familiarity detection with complex synapses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/854182v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combined use of metagenomic sequencing and host response profiling for the diagnosis of suspected sepsis. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/854182v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCurrent diagnostic techniques are inadequate for rapid microbial diagnosis and optimal management of patients with suspected sepsis. We assessed the clinical impact of three powerful molecular diagnostic methods.

MethodsWith blood samples from 200 consecutive patients with suspected sepsis, we evaluated 1) metagenomic shotgun sequencing together with a Bayesian inference approach for contaminant sequence removal, for detecting bacterial DNA; 2) viral capture sequencing; and 3) transcript-based host response profiling for classifying patients as infected or not, and if infected, with bacteria or viruses. We then evaluated changes in diagnostic decision-making among three expert physicians by unblinding the results of these methods in a staged fashion.

ResultsMetagenomic shotgun sequencing confirmed positive blood culture results in 14 of 26 patients. In 17 of 200 patients, metagenomic sequencing and viral capture sequencing revealed organisms that were 1) not detected by conventional hospital tests within 5 days after presentation, and 2) classified as of probable clinical relevance by physician consensus. Host response profiling led at least two of three physicians to change their diagnostic decisions in 46 of 100 patients. The data suggested possible bacterial DNA translocation in 8 patients who were originally classified by physicians as noninfected and illustrate how host response profiling can guide interpretation of metagenomic shotgun sequencing results.

ConclusionsThe integration of host response profiling, metagenomic shotgun sequencing, and viral capture sequencing enhances the utility of each, and may improve the diagnosis and management of patients with suspected sepsis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheng, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweeney, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeganathan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briese, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khadka, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strouts, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thair, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hitchcock, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Multani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andermann, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipkin, W. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khatri, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Relman, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/854182</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combined use of metagenomic sequencing and host response profiling for the diagnosis of suspected sepsis.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/855288v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Oscillatory ReConstruction Algorithm (ORCA) adaptively identifies frequency bands to improve spectral decomposition in human and rodent neural recordings 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/855288v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural oscillations are routinely analyzed using methods that measure activity in canonical frequency bands (e.g. alpha, 8-12 Hz), though the frequency of neural signals is not fixed and varies within and across individuals based on numerous factors including neuroanatomy, behavioral demands, and species. Further, band-limited activity is an often assumed, typically unmeasured model of neural activity and band definitions vary considerably across studies. These factors together mask individual differences and can lead to noisy spectral estimates and interpretational problems when linking electrophysiology to behavior. We developed the Oscillatory ReConstruction Algorithm ("ORCA"), an unsupervised method to measure the spectral characteristics of neural signals in adaptively identified bands which incorporates two new methods for frequency band identification. ORCA uses the instantaneous power, phase, and frequency of activity in each band to reconstruct the signal and directly quantify spectral decomposition performance using each of four different models. To reduce researcher bias, ORCA provides spectral estimates derived from the best model and requires minimal hyperparameterization. Analyzing human scalp EEG data during eyes open and eyes-closed "resting" conditions, we first identify variability in the frequency content of neural signals across subjects and electrodes. We demonstrate that ORCA significantly improves spectral decomposition compared to conventional methods and captures the well-known increase in low-frequency activity during eyes closure in electrode- and subject-specific frequency bands. We further illustrate the utility of our method in rodent CA1 recordings. ORCA is a novel analytic tool that will allow researchers to investigate how non-stationary neural oscillations vary across behaviors, brain regions, individuals, and species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Watrous, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchanan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/855288</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Oscillatory ReConstruction Algorithm (ORCA) adaptively identifies frequency bands to improve spectral decomposition in human and rodent neural recordings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/855916v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
White Matter Microstructure and its Relation to Clinical Features of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Findings from the ENIGMA OCD Working Group 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/855916v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ImportanceMicrostructural alterations in cortico-subcortical connections are thought to be present in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). However, prior studies have yielded inconsistent findings, perhaps because small sample sizes provided insufficient power to detect subtle abnormalities.

ObjectiveTo investigate microstructural white matter alterations and their relation to clinical features in the largest dataset of adult and pediatric OCD to date.

Design, Setting, and ParticipantsIn this cross-sectional case-control magnetic resonance study, we investigated diffusion tensor imaging metrics from 700 adult patients and 645 adult controls, as well as 174 pediatric patients and 144 pediatric controls across 19 sites participating in the ENIGMA-OCD Working Group.

Main Outcomes and MeasuresWe extracted measures of fractional anisotropy (FA) as main outcome, and mean diffusivity, radial diffusivity, and axial diffusivity as secondary outcomes for 25 white matter regions. We meta-analyzed patient-control group differences (Cohens d) across sites, after adjusting for age and sex, and investigated associations with clinical characteristics.

ResultsAdult OCD patients showed significant FA reduction in the sagittal stratum (d=-0.21, z=-3.21, p=0.001) and posterior thalamic radiation (d=-0.26, z=-4.57, p<0.0001). In the sagittal stratum only, lower FA was associated with a younger age of onset (z=2.71, p=0.006), longer duration of illness (z=-2.086, p=0.036) and a higher percentage of medicated patients in the cohorts studied (z=-1.98, p=0.047). No significant association with symptom severity was found. Pediatric OCD patients did not show any detectable microstructural abnormalities compared to matched controls.

Conclusions and RelevanceMicrostructural alterations in projection and association fibers to posterior brain regions were found in adult OCD, and related to disease course and medication status. Such results are relevant to models positing deficits in connectivity as a crucial mechanism in OCD.

KEY POINTSO_ST_ABSQuestionC_ST_ABSDo patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) show white matter microstructural alterations, and are these alterations related to clinical features?

FindingsData from 19 sites of the ENIGMA-OCD Consortium were included, involving 700 adult patients and 645 adult controls, 174 pediatric patients and 144 pediatric controls. Diffusion tensor imaging data were meta-analyzed using a harmonized data processing and analysis protocol. Adult, but not pediatric, patients showed alterations in the sagittal stratum and posterior thalamic radiation; sagittal stratum differences were associated with clinical features.

MeaningMicrostructural abnormalities found in adult but not in the pediatric cohort, are related to illness duration and medication status.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Piras, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piras, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abe, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anticevic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ameis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bargallo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batistuzzo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benedetti, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beucke, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boedhoe, P. S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bollettini, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brem, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calvo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, K. I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dallaspezia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickie, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fouche, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruner, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gursel, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hauser, T. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirano, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoexter, M. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iorio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochunov, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazaro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lochner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakagawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakamae, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanaswamy, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimizu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soreni, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stampfli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/855916</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[White Matter Microstructure and its Relation to Clinical Features of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Findings from the ENIGMA OCD Working Group]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/856427v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Suppression of homeostatic gene expression and increased expression of metabolism-related genes are early features of glaucoma in optic nerve head microglia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/856427v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible vision loss. Ocular hypertension is a major risk factor for glaucoma and recent work has demonstrated critical early neuroinflammatory insults occur in the optic nerve head following ocular hypertension. Microglia and infiltrating monocytes are likely candidates to drive these neuroinflammatory insults. However, the exact molecular identity / transcriptomic profile of microglia early following ocular hypertensive insults is unknown. To elucidate the molecular identity of microglia during early glaucoma pathogenesis, we performed RNA-sequencing of microglia mRNA from the optic nerve head of a genetic mouse model of glaucoma (DBA/2J) at a time point following ocular hypertensive insults, but preceding detectable neurodegeneration (with microglia identified as being CD45lo/CD11b+/CD11c-). Furthermore, RNA-sequencing was performed on optic nerve head microglia from mice treated with radiation therapy, a potent therapy preventing neuroinflammatory insults. Transcriptomic profiling of optic nerve head microglia mRNA identifies early metabolic priming with marked changes in mitochondrial gene expression, and changes to phagocytosis, inflammatory, and sensome pathways. The data predict that many functions of microglia that help maintain tissue homeostasis are affected. Comparative analysis of these data with data from previously published whole optic nerve head tissue or monocyte-only samples from DBA/2J mice demonstrate that many of the neuroinflammatory signatures in these data sets arise from infiltrating monocytes and not reactive microglia. Finally, our data demonstrate that radiation therapy of DBA/2J mice potently abolishes these microglia metabolic transcriptomic changes at the same time points. Together, our data provide a unique resource for the community to help drive further hypothesis generation and testing in glaucoma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tribble, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harder, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/856427</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Suppression of homeostatic gene expression and increased expression of metabolism-related genes are early features of glaucoma in optic nerve head microglia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/856518v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative delineation of herpesviruses in bats for use in ecological studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/856518v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Public health concerns about recent viral epidemics have motivated researchers to seek transdisciplinary understanding of infection in wildlife hosts. With its deep history devoted to explaining the abundance and distribution of organisms, ecology can augment current methods for studying viral dynamics. However, datasets allowing ecological explorations of viral communities are lacking, and common methods for delineating viral operational taxonomic units (OTUs), or "species", are subjective. Here, we comprehensively sampled 1,086 bats from two Puerto Rican caves and tested them for infection with herpesviruses. Using percent identity of nucleotides and a machine learning algorithm, we categorized herpesviruses into 41 OTUs, representing approximately 80% of all herpesviruses in the host community. Although 13 OTUs were detected in multiple host species, OTUs generally exhibited host specificity by infecting a core host species at a significantly higher prevalence than in all other species combined. Only two OTUs showed significantly different prevalence between host sexes. This work is the first exploration of viral community ecology in a community of wildlife hosts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sjodin, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willig, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anthony, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/856518</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative delineation of herpesviruses in bats for use in ecological studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/859512v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cascading Epigenomic Model for GWAS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/859512v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The majority of genetic variants detected in genome wide association studies (GWAS) exert their effects on phenotypes through gene regulation. Motivated by this observation, we propose a multi-omic integration method that models the cascading effects of genetic variants from epigenome to transcriptome and eventually to the phenome in identifying target genes influenced by risk alleles. This cascading epigenomic analysis for GWAS, which we refer to as CEWAS, comprises two types of models: one for linking cis genetic effects to epigenomic variation and another for linking cis epigenomic variation to gene expression. Applying these models in cascade to GWAS summary statistics generates gene level statistics that reflect genetically-driven epigenomic effects. We show on sixteen brain-related GWAS that CEWAS provides higher gene detection rate than related methods, and finds disease relevant genes and gene sets that point toward less explored biological processes. CEWAS thus presents a novel means for exploring the regulatory landscape of GWAS variants in uncovering disease mechanisms.

SummaryThe majority of genetic variants detected in genome wide association studies (GWAS) exert their effects on phenotypes through gene regulation. Motivated by this observation, we propose a multi-omic integration method that models the cascading effects of genetic variants from epigenome to transcriptome and eventually to the phenome in identifying target genes influenced by risk alleles. This cascading epigenomic analysis for GWAS, which we refer to as CEWAS, combines the effect of genetic variants on DNA methylation as well as gene expression. We show on sixteen brain-related GWAS that CEWAS provides higher gene detection rate than related methods, and finds disease relevant genes and gene sets that point toward less explored biological processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casazza, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostafavi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/859512</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cascading Epigenomic Model for GWAS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/860411v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Digital polymerase chain reaction in an array of microfluidic printed droplets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/860411v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Digital polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a fast-developed technology, which makes it possible to provide absolute quantitative results. However, this technology has not been widely used in research field or clinical diagnostics. Although digital PCR has been born for two decades, the products on this subject still suffer from either high cost or cumbersome user experience, hence very few labs have the willingness or budget to routinely use such product; On the other hand, the unique sensitivity of dPCR over traditional qPCR shows great potential applications. Here, a cost-effective digital PCR method based on a microfluidic printing system was introduced, trying to overcome those shortcomings. The microfluidic droplet printing technology was utilized in this study to directly generate droplet array containing PCR reaction solution onto the simple glass substrate for the subsequent PCR and imaging, which could be done with any regular flat-panel PCR machine and microscope. The method introduces a new perspective in droplet-based digital PCR in that the droplets generated with this method aligns well in an array without touch with each other, therefore the regular glass and oil could be used without any special surfactant. With simple analysis, the data generated with this method showed reliable quality, which followed the Poisson distribution trend. Compared with other expensive digital PCR methods, this system is more affordable and simpler to integrate, especially for those biological or medical labs which are in need for the digital PCR options but short in budget. Therefore, this method is believed to have the great potential in the future market application.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Men, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/860411</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Digital polymerase chain reaction in an array of microfluidic printed droplets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/861625v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Fusiform Gyrus Processes Faces Relative to an Overall Face Average and a Person Average 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/861625v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We are highly accurate at recognizing familiar faces even with large variation in visual presentation due to pose, lighting, hairstyle, etc. The neural basis of such within-person face variation has been largely unexplored. Building on prior behavioral work, we hypothesized that learning a persons average face helps link the different instances of that persons face into a coherent identity within face-selective regions within ventral occipitotemporal cortex (VOTC). To test this hypothesis, we measured brain activity using fMRI for eight well-known celebrities with 18 naturalistic photos per identity. Each photo was mapped into a face-space using a neural network where the Euclidean distance between photos corresponded with face similarity. We confirmed in a behavioral study that photos closer to a persons average face in a face-space were judged to look more like that person. fMRI results revealed hemispheric differences in identity processing. The right fusiform face area (FFA) encoded face-likeness with brain signal increasing the closer a photo was to the average of all faces. This suggests that the right FFA pattern matches to an average face template. In contrast, the left FFA and left anterior fusiform gyrus (aFus) encoded person-likeness. The brain signal increased the further a photo was from the persons average face weighted by the features most relevant for face identification. This suggests that the left FFA and aFUS processes an identity error signal. Our results encourage a new consideration of the left fusiform in face processing, specifically for within-person processing of face identity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shehzad, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byeon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/861625</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Fusiform Gyrus Processes Faces Relative to an Overall Face Average and a Person Average]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/862334v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prolonged anesthesia alters brain synaptic architecture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/862334v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prolonged medically-induced coma (pMIC), a procedure performed in millions of patients worldwide, leads to cognitive impairment, yet the underlying brain mechanism remains unknown. No experimental studies of medically-induced coma (MIC) exceeding ~6 hours exist. For MIC of less than 6 hours, studies in developing rodents have documented transient changes of cortical synapse formation. However, in adulthood, cortical synapses are thought to become stabilized. Here, we establish pMIC (up to 24 hrs) in adolescent and mature mice, and combine repeated behavioral object recognition assessments with longitudinal two-photon imaging of cortical synapses. We find that pMIC affects cognitive function, and is associated with enhanced synaptic turnover, generated by enhanced synapse formation during pMIC, while the post-anesthetic period is dominated by synaptic loss. These results carry profound implications for intensive medical care, as they point out at significant structural side effects of pMIC on cortical brain synaptic architecture across age levels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wenzel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leunig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterka, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuste, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/862334</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prolonged anesthesia alters brain synaptic architecture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/863761v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A complex IRES at the 5'-UTR of a viral mRNA assembles a functional 48S complex via an uAUG intermediate. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/863761v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA viruses are pervasive entities in the biosphere with significant impact in human health and economically important livestock. As strict cellular parasites, RNA viruses abuse host resources, redirecting them towards viral replication needs. Taking control of the cellular apparatus for protein production is a requirement for virus progression and diverse strategies of cellular mimicry and/or ribosome hijacking evolved to ensure this control. Especially in complex eukaryotes, translation is a sophisticated process, with multiple mechanisms acting on ribosomes and mRNAs. The initiation stage of translation is specially regulated, involving multiple steps and the engagement of numerous initiation factors some of them of high complexity. The use of structured RNA sequences, called Internal Ribosomal Entry Sites (IRES), in viral RNAs is a widespread strategy for the exploitation of eukaryotic initiation. Using a combination of electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) and reconstituted translation initiation assays with native components, we characterized how a novel IRES at the 5-UTR of a viral RNA assembles a functional translation initiation complex via an uAUG intermediate, redirecting the cellular machinery for protein production towards viral messengers. The IRES features a novel extended, multi-domain architecture, circling the 40S head, leveraging ribosomal sites not previously described to be exploited by any IRES. The structures and accompanying functional data, illustrate the importance of 5-UTR regions in translation regulation and underline the relevance of the untapped diversity of viral IRESs. Given the large number of new viruses metagenomic studies have uncovered, the quantity and diversity of mechanisms for translation hijacking encrypted in viral sequences may be seriously underestimated. Exploring this diversity could reveal novel avenues in the fight against these molecular pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Neupane, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pisareva, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pisarev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/863761</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A complex IRES at the 5'-UTR of a viral mRNA assembles a functional 48S complex via an uAUG intermediate.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/864116v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Simulation of cryo-EM ensembles from atomic models of molecules exhibiting continuous conformations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/864116v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Molecular machines visit a continuum of conformational states as they go through work cycles required for their metabolic functions. Single-molecule cryo-EM of suitable in vitro systems affords the ability to collect a large ensemble of projections depicting the continuum of structures and assign occupancies, or free energies, to the observed states. Through the use of machine learning and dimension reduction algorithms it is possible to determine a low-dimensional free energy landscape from such data, allowing the basis for molecular function to be elucidated. In the absence of ground truth data, testing and validation of such methods is quite difficult, however. In this work, we propose a workflow for generating simulated cryo-EM data from an atomic model subjected to conformational changes. As an example, an ensemble of structures and their multiple projections was created from heat shock protein Hsp90 with two defined conformational degrees of freedom. All scripts for reproducing this workflow are available online. 1
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seitz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acosta-Reyes, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwander, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/864116</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Simulation of cryo-EM ensembles from atomic models of molecules exhibiting continuous conformations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/864835v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Increased yields of duplex sequencing data by a series of quality control tools 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/864835v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Duplex sequencing is currently the most reliable method to identify ultra-low frequency DNA variants by grouping sequence reads derived from the same DNA molecule into families with information on the forward and reverse strand. However, only a small proportion of reads are assembled into duplex consensus sequences, and reads with potentially valuable information are discarded at different steps of the bioinformatics pipeline, especially reads without a family. We developed a bioinformatics tool-set that analyses the tag and family composition with the purpose to understand data loss and implement modifications to maximize the data output for the variant calling. Specifically, our tools show that tags contain PCR and sequencing errors that contribute to data loss and lower DCS yields. Our tools also identified chimeras, which result in unpaired families that do not form DCS. Finally, we also developed a tool called Variant Analyzer that re-examines variant calls from raw reads and provides different summary data that categorizes the confidence level of a variant call by a tier-based system. We demonstrate that this tool identified false positive variants tagged by the tier-based classification. Furthermore, with this tool we can include reads without a family and check the reliability of the call, which increases substantially the sequencing depth for variant calling, a particular important advantage for low-input samples or low-coverage regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Povysil, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinzl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salazar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nekrutenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiemann-Boege, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/864835</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Increased yields of duplex sequencing data by a series of quality control tools]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/864876v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitral valve leaflet response to ischemic mitral regurgitation: From gene expression to tissue remodeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/864876v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AimsIschemic mitral regurgitation is frequently observed following myocardial infarction and is associated with higher mortality and poor clinical prognosis if left untreated. Accumulating evidence suggests that mitral valve leaflets actively remodel post-myocardial infarction, yet the cellular mechanisms underlying these responses and how this affects tissue function remain largely unknown. We sought to elucidate mitral valve remodeling post myocardial infarction at the tissue, cellular, and transcriptomic levels.

Methods and ResultsThe mechanical behavior of ovine mitral valve leaflets pre- and 8 weeks post- myocardial infarction reveal a significant decrease in radial direction extensibility, which essentially eliminated the mechanical anisotropy typically observed in healthy mitral valves. Quantitative histology and ultrastructural assessment by transmission electron microscopy revealed altered leaflet composition and architecture at 8 weeks post-myocardial infarction. Assessment of the mitral valve interstitial cell nuclear aspect ratio, a metric of cellular deformation, revealed that they were on average rounder following myocardial infarction. RNA sequencing indicated that YAP-induced genes were elevated at 4 weeks post-myocardial infarction and genes related to extracellular matrix organization were some of the most downregulated in sheep with IMR compared to sheep without ischemic mitral regurgitation at 4 weeks post-myocardial infarction. Additionally, RNA sequencing revealed the possible recruitment of immune cells in this remodeling process due to the drastic elevation of CXCL9 and CLEC10A.

ConclusionsOur multiscale assessment revealed significant mechanical and microstructural changes due to myocardial infarction. RNA sequencing provided a baseline for global gene expression changes in response to myocardial infarction with and without ischemic mitral regurgitation and suggests YAP-induced mechanotransduction, altered expression of extracellular matrix-related genes, and recruitment of immune cells as mechanisms contributing to altered mitral valve biomechanics post-myocardial infarction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Howsmon, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rego, B. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillero, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayoub, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalighi, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorman, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorman, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrari, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sacks, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/864876</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitral valve leaflet response to ischemic mitral regurgitation: From gene expression to tissue remodeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/866244v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prokaryotic Single-Cell RNA Sequencing by In Situ Combinatorial Indexing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/866244v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite longstanding appreciation of gene expression heterogeneity in isogenic bacterial populations, affordable and scalable technologies for studying single bacterial cells have been limited. While single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has revolutionized studies of transcriptional heterogeneity in diverse eukaryotic systems, application of scRNA-seq to prokaryotes has been hindered by their extremely low mRNA abundance, lack of mRNA polyadenylation, and thick cell walls. Here, we present Prokaryotic Expression-profiling by Tagging RNA In Situ and sequencing (PETRI-seq), a low-cost, high-throughput, prokaryotic scRNA-seq pipeline that overcomes these technical obstacles. PETRI-seq uses in situ combinatorial indexing to barcode transcripts from tens of thousands of cells in a single experiment. PETRI-seq captures single cell transcriptomes of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria with high purity and low bias, with median capture rates >200 mRNAs/cell for exponentially growing E. coli. These characteristics enable robust discrimination of cell-states corresponding to different phases of growth. When applied to wild-type S. aureus, PETRI-seq revealed a rare sub-population of cells undergoing prophage induction. We anticipate broad utility of PETRI-seq in defining single-cell states and their dynamics in complex microbial communities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blattman, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oikonomou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavazoie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/866244</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prokaryotic Single-Cell RNA Sequencing by In Situ Combinatorial Indexing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/867754v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Population genetics of the coral Acropora millepora: Towards a genomic predictor of bleaching 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/867754v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although reef-building corals are rapidly declining worldwide, responses to bleaching vary both within and among species. Because these inter-individual differences are partly heritable, they should in principle be predictable from genomic data. Towards that goal, we generated a chromosome-scale genome assembly for the coral Acropora millepora. We then obtained whole genome sequences for 237 phenotyped samples collected at 12 reefs distributed along the Great Barrier Reef, among which we inferred very little population structure. Scanning the genome for evidence of local adaptation, we detected signatures of long-term balancing selection in the heat-shock co-chaperone sacsin. We further used 213 of the samples to conduct a genome-wide association study of visual bleaching score, incorporating the polygenic score derived from it into a predictive model for bleaching in the wild. These results set the stage for the use of genomics-based approaches in conservation strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fuller, Z. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mocellin, V. J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shepherd, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarre, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickrell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andolfatto, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matz, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bay, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przeworski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/867754</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Population genetics of the coral Acropora millepora: Towards a genomic predictor of bleaching]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/868513v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The connectome of the Caenorhabditis elegans pharynx 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/868513v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Detailed anatomical maps of individual organs and entire animals have served as invaluable entry points for ensuing dissection of their evolution, development, and function. The pharynx of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a simple neuromuscular organ with a self-contained, autonomously acting nervous system, composed of 20 neurons that fall into 14 anatomically distinct types. Using serial EM reconstruction, we re-evaluate here the connectome of the pharyngeal nervous system, providing a novel and more detailed view of its structure and predicted function. Contrasting the previous classification of pharyngeal neurons into distinct inter- and motorneuron classes, we provide evidence that most pharyngeal neurons are also likely sensory neurons and most, if not all, pharyngeal neurons also classify as motorneurons. Together with the extensive cross-connectivity among pharyngeal neurons, which is more widespread than previously realized, the sensory-motor characteristics of most neurons define a shallow network architecture of the pharyngeal connectome. Network analysis reveals that the patterns of neuronal connections are organized into putative computational modules that reflect the known functional domains of the pharynx. Compared to the somatic nervous system, pharyngeal neurons both physically associate with a larger fraction of their neighbors and create synapses with a greater proportion of their neighbors. We speculate that the overall architecture of the pharyngeal nervous system may be reminiscent of the architecture of ancestral, primitive nervous systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cook, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crouse, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yemini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmons, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/868513</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The connectome of the Caenorhabditis elegans pharynx]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/869156v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain computation by assemblies of neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/869156v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Assemblies are large populations of neurons believed to imprint memories, concepts, words and other cognitive information. We identify a repertoire of operations on assemblies. These operations correspond to properties of assemblies observed in experiments, and can be shown, analytically and through simulations, to be realizable by generic, randomly connected populations of neurons with Hebbian plasticity and inhibition. Operations on assemblies include: projection (duplicating an assembly by creating a new assembly in a downstream brain area); reciprocal projection (a variant of projection also entailing synaptic connectivity from the newly created assembly to the original one); association (increasing the overlap of two assemblies in the same brain area to reflect cooccurrence or similarity of the corresponding concepts); merge (creating a new assembly with ample synaptic connectivity to and from two existing ones); and pattern-completion (firing of an assembly, with some probability, in response to the firing of some but not all of its neurons). Our analytical results establishing the plausibility of these operations are proved in a simplified mathematical model of cortex: a finite set of brain areas each containing n excitatory neurons, with random connectivity that is both recurrent (within an area) and afferent (between areas). Within one area and at any time, only k of the n neurons fire -- an assumption that models inhibition and serves to define both assemblies and areas -- while synaptic weights are modified by Hebbian plasticity, as well as homeostasis. Importantly, all neural apparatus needed for the functionality of the assembly operations is created on the fly through the randomness of the synaptic network, the selection of the k neurons with the highest synaptic input, and Hebbian plasticity, without any special neural circuits assumed to be in place. Assemblies and their operations constitute a computational model of the brain which we call the Assembly Calculus, occupying a level of detail intermediate between the level of spiking neurons and synapses, and that of the whole brain. As with high-level programming languages, a computation in the Assembly Calculus (that is, a coherent sequence of assembly operations accomplishing a task) can ultimately be reduced -- "compiled down" -- to computation by neurons and synapses; however, it would be far more cumbersome and opaque to represent the same computation that way. The resulting computational system can be shown, under assumptions, to be in principle capable of carrying out arbitrary computations. We hypothesize that something like it may underlie higher human cognitive functions such as reasoning, planning, and language. In particular, we propose a plausible brain architecture based on assemblies for implementing the syntactic processing of language in cortex, which is consistent with recent experimental results.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vempala, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papadimitriou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitropolsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maass, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/869156</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain computation by assemblies of neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/870261v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adverse caregiving in infancy blunts neural processing of the mother: Translating across species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/870261v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The roots of psychopathology frequently take shape during infancy in the context of parent-infant interactions and adversity. Yet, neurobiological mechanisms linking these processes during infancy remain elusive. Here, using responses to attachment figures among infants who experienced adversity as a benchmark, we assessed rat pup cortical Local Field Potentials (LFP) and behaviors exposed to adversity in response to maternal rough and nurturing handling by examining its impact on pup separation-reunion with the mother. We show that during adversity, pup cortical LFP dynamic range decreased during nurturing maternal behaviors, but was minimally impacted by rough handling. During reunion, adversity-experiencing pups showed aberrant interactions with mother and blunted cortical LFP. Blocking pup stress hormone during either adversity or reunion restored typical behavior, LFP power, and cross-frequency coupling. This translational approach suggests adversity-rearing produces a stress-induced aberrant neurobehavioral processing of the mother, which can be used as an early biomarker of later-life pathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Opendak, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theisen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blomkvist, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lind, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarro, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundstrom, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tottenham, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dozier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/870261</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adverse caregiving in infancy blunts neural processing of the mother: Translating across species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/870527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phen2Gene: Rapid Phenotype-Driven Gene Prioritization for Rare Diseases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/870527v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) terms are increasingly used in diagnostic settings to aid in the characterization of patient phenotypes. The HPO annotation database is updated frequently and can provide detailed phenotype knowledge on various human diseases, and many HPO terms are now mapped to candidate causal genes with binary relationships. To further improve the genetic diagnosis of rare diseases, we incorporated these HPO annotations, gene-disease databases, and gene-gene databases in a probabilistic model to build a novel HPO-driven gene prioritization tool, Phen2Gene. Phen2Gene accesses a database built upon this information called the HPO2Gene Knowledgebase (H2GKB), which provides weighted and ranked gene lists for every HPO term. Phen2Gene is then able to access the H2GKB for patient-specific lists of HPO terms or PhenoPackets descriptions supported by GA4GH (http://phenopackets.org/), calculate a prioritized gene list based on a probabilistic model, and output gene-disease relationships with great accuracy. Phen2Gene outperforms existing gene prioritization tools in speed, and acts as a real-time phenotype driven gene prioritization tool to aid the clinical diagnosis of rare undiagnosed diseases. In addition to a command line tool released under the MIT license (https://github.com/WGLab/Phen2Gene), we also developed a web server and web service (https://phen2gene.wglab.org/) for running the tool via web interface or RESTful API queries. Finally, we have curated a large amount of benchmarking data for phenotype-to-gene tools involving 197 patients across 76 scientific articles and 85 patients de-identified HPO term data from CHOP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Havrilla, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarmady, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isla, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/870527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phen2Gene: Rapid Phenotype-Driven Gene Prioritization for Rare Diseases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/871624v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fate mapping quantifies the dynamics of B cell development and activation throughout life 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/871624v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Follicular mature (FM) and germinal centre (GC) B cells underpin humoral immunity but the dynamics of their generation and maintenance are not clearly defined. Here we exploited a fate-mapping system in mice that tracks B cells as they develop into peripheral subsets, together with a cell division fate reporter mouse and mathematical models. We find that FM cells are kinetically homogeneous, recirculate freely, continually replenished from transitional populations, and self-renew rarely. In contrast, GC B cell lineages persist for weeks with rapid turnover and site-specific dynamics. Those in the spleen derive from transitional cells and are kinetically homogeneous, while those in lymph nodes derive from FM B cells and comprise both transient and persistent clones. These differences likely derive from the nature of antigen exposure at the different sites. Our integrative approach also reveals how the host environment drives cell-extrinsic, age-related changes in B cell homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Verheijen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rane, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seddon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/871624</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fate mapping quantifies the dynamics of B cell development and activation throughout life]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/871962v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Escherichia coli NusG links the lead ribosome with the transcription elongation complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/871962v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It has been known for more than 50 years that transcription and translation are physically coupled in bacteria, but whether or not this coupling may be mediated by the two-domain protein N-utilization substance (Nus) G in Escherichia coli is still heavily debated. Here, we combine integrative structural biology and functional analyses to provide conclusive evidence that NusG can physically link transcription with translation by contacting both RNA polymerase and the ribosome. We present a cryo-electron microscopy structure of a NusG:70S ribosome complex and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy data revealing simultaneous binding of NusG to RNAP and the intact 70S ribosome, providing the first direct structural evidence for NusG-mediated coupling. Furthermore, in vivo reporter assays show that recruitment of NusG occurs late in transcription and strongly depends on translation. Thus, our data suggest that coupling occurs initially via direct RNAP:ribosome contacts and is then mediated by NusG.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Washburn, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuber, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hashem, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knauer, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottesman, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/871962</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Escherichia coli NusG links the lead ribosome with the transcription elongation complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/001586v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Embodied cognition, embodied regulation, and the Data Rate Theorem 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/001586v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Data Rate Theorem carries deep implications for theories of embodied cognition, extensions providing a spectrum of necessary conditions dynamic statistical models useful in empirical studies. A large deviations argument, however, implies that the regulation and stabilization of such systems is itself an interpenetrating phenomenon necessarily convoluted with embodied cognition. For humans, the central regulatory role of culture has long been known. Although a ground-state collapse analogous to generalized anxiety appears ubiquitous to such systems, lack of cultural modulation in real-time automatons or distributed cognition man-machine  cockpits makes them subject to a pathology under which  all possible targets are enemies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodrick Wallace</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2013-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/001586</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Embodied cognition, embodied regulation, and the Data Rate Theorem]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2013-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/002436v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biochemical ‘Cambrian’ explosion-implosions: the generation and pruning of genetic codes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/002436v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tlusty's topological analysis of the genetic code suggests ecosystem changes in available metabolic free energy that predated the aerobic transition enabled a punctuated sequence of increasingly complex genetic codes and protein translators. These coevolved via a `Cambrian explosion' until, very early on, the ancestor of the present narrow spectrum of protein machineries became evolutionarily locked in at a modest level of fitness reflecting a modest embedding metabolic free energy ecology. Similar biochemical `Cambrian singularities' must have occurred at different scales and levels of organization on Earth, with competition or chance-selected outcomes frozen at a far earlier period than the physical bauplan Cambrian explosion. Other examples might include explosive variations in mechanisms of photosynthesis and subsequent oxygen metabolisms. Intermediate between Cambrian bauplan and genetic code, variants of both remain today, even after evolutionary pruning, often protected in specialized ecological niches. This suggests that, under less energetic astrobiological ecologies, a spectrum of less complicated reproductive codes may also survive in specialized niches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodrick Wallace</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/002436</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biochemical ‘Cambrian’ explosion-implosions: the generation and pruning of genetic codes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/003186v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Does ‘information control the living state’? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/003186v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We generalize the recently-uncovered Data Rate Theorem in the context of cognitive systems having a  dual information source, including those of the living state that is particularly characterized by cognition at every scale and level of organization. The unification of information theory and control theory via the Data Rate Theorem is not additive, but synergistic, generating new statistical tools that greatly constrain the possible dynamics of that state. Thus, in addition to providing novel conceptual approaches, this emerging body of theory permits construction of models that, like those of regression analysis, can provide benchmarks against which to compare experimental or observational data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodrick Wallace</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/003186</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Does ‘information control the living state’?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/003384v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic free energy and deterministic-but-for-error biological codes: a ‘Data Rate Theorem’ aging model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/003384v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The living state is cognitive at every scale and level of organization. Since it is possible to associate a broad class of cognitive processes with  dual information sources, many pathologies can be addressed using statistical models based on the Shannon Coding, the Shannon-McMillan Source Coding, the Rate Distortion, and the Data Rate Theorems, as these impose powerful necessary condition constraints on information generation and exchange, and on system control. Deterministic-but-for-error biological codes do not directly invoke cognition, although they may be essential subcomponents within larger cognitive processes. A formal argument, however, places such codes within a similar framework, with metabolic free energy serving as a  control signal stabilizing biochemical code-and-translator dynamics in the presence of noise. Demand beyond available energy supply then expresses itself in punctuated destabilization of the coding channel, affecting a spectrum of essential biological functions. Aging, normal or prematurely driven by psychosocial or environmental stressors, must eventually interfere with the routine operation of such mechanisms, triggering chronic diseases associated with senescence. Amyloid fibril formation, intrinsically disordered protein logic gates, and cell surface glycan/lectin  kelp bed logic gates are reviewed from this perspective. The results, however, generalize beyond coding systems having easily recognizable symmetry modes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodrick Wallace</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/003384</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic free energy and deterministic-but-for-error biological codes: a ‘Data Rate Theorem’ aging model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/014316v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Retrieval-extinction within the memory reconsolidation window does not influence appetitive choice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/014316v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Influencing choice behavior is key to achieving behavioral change. Traditional means to influence choice behavior rely on effortful self control, which is known to be fragile under several circumstances, rendering these methods ineffectual in maintaining any change in behavior over time. Behavioral maintenance efforts are likely more effective over the long term if they target more automatic processes such as attention or memory. Memories are not set in stone and are vulnerable to change and updating under certain circumstances when retrieved. It is possible to target specific memories for updating. In two studies, we sought to update the memory for an appetitive choice by way of reversal learning following retrieval of the targeted choice behavior. We found that targeting memories of a choice behavior for updating shortly after a reminder did not significantly attenuate the renewal of the targeted choice under extinction conditions. Possible explanations and suggested future directions are discussed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Akram Bakkour</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tom Schonberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashleigh Hover</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell Poldrack</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/014316</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Retrieval-extinction within the memory reconsolidation window does not influence appetitive choice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/017459v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Abundant contribution of short tandem repeats to gene expression variation in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/017459v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) are a key tool to dissect cellular processes mediating complex diseases. However, little is known about the role of repetitive elements as eQTLs. We report a genome-wide survey of the contribution of Short Tandem Repeats (STRs), one of the most polymorphic and abundant repeat classes, to gene expression in humans. Our survey identified 2,060 significant expression STRs (eSTRs). These eSTRs were replicable in orthogonal populations and expression assays. We used variance partitioning to disentangle the contribution of eSTRs from linked SNPs and indels and found that eSTRs contribute 10%-15% of the cis-heritability mediated by all common variants. Functional genomic analyses showed that eSTRs are enriched in conserved regions, co-localize with regulatory elements, and are predicted to modulate histone modifications. Our results show that eSTRs provide a novel set of regulatory variants and highlight the contribution of repeats to the genetic architecture of quantitative human traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Melissa Gymrek</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas Willems</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haoyang Zeng</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barak Markus</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark J Daly</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alkes L Price</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonathan Pritchard</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaniv Erlich</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/017459</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Abundant contribution of short tandem repeats to gene expression variation in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/035196v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reactivation of reward-related patterns from single past episodes supports memory-based decision making 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/035196v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rewarding experiences exert a strong influence on later decision making. While decades of neuroscience research have shown how reinforcement gradually shapes preferences, decisions are often influenced by single past experiences. Surprisingly, relatively little is known about the influence of single learning episodes. While recent work has proposed a role for episodes in decision making, it is largely unknown whether and how episodic experiences contribute to value-based decision making and how the values of single episodes are represented in the brain. In multiple behavioral experiments and an fMRI experiment, we tested whether and how rewarding episodes could support later decision making. Participants experienced episodes of high reward or low reward in conjunction with incidental, trial-unique neutral pictures. In a surprise test phase, we found that participants could indeed remember the associated level of reward, as evidenced by accurate source memory for value and preferences to re-engage with rewarded objects. Further, in a separate experiment, we found that high reward objects shown as primes before a gambling task increased financial risk-taking. Neurally, re-exposure to objects in the test phase led to significant reactivation of reward-related patterns. Importantly, individual variability in the strength of reactivation predicted value memory performance. Further, local searchlight analyses identified significant reactivation in the ventromedial PFC. Our results provide a novel demonstration that affect-related neural patterns are reactivated during later experience. Reactivation of value information represents a mechanism by which memory can guide decision making.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>G. Elliott Wimmer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christian Buechel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/035196</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reactivation of reward-related patterns from single past episodes supports memory-based decision making]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/035212v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pain to remember: a single incidental association with pain leads to increased memory for neutral items one year later 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/035212v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Negative and positive experiences can exert a strong influence on later memory. Our emotional experiences are composed of many different elements - people, place, things - most of them neutral. Do emotional experiences lead to enhanced long-term for these neutral elements as well? Demonstrating a lasting effect of emotion on memory is particularly important if memory for emotional events is to adaptively guide behavior days, weeks, or years later. We thus tested whether aversive experiences modulate very long-term episodic memory in an fMRI experiment. Participants experienced episodes of high or low pain in conjunction with the presentation of incidental, trial-unique neutral object pictures. In a scanned surprise immediate memory test, we found no effect of pain on recognition strength. Critically, in a follow-up memory test one year later we found that pain significantly enhanced memory. Neurally, we provide a novel demonstration of activity predicting memory one year later, whereby greater insula activity and more unique distributed patterns of insular activity in the initial session correlated with memory for pain-associated objects. Generally, our results suggest that pairing episodes with arousing negative stimuli may lead to very long-lasting memory enhancements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>G. Elliott Wimmer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christian Buechel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/035212</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pain to remember: a single incidental association with pain leads to increased memory for neutral items one year later]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/035352v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biological screens from linear codes: theory and tools 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/035352v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Molecular biology increasingly relies on large screens where enormous numbers of specimens are systematically assayed in the search for a particular, rare outcome. These screens include the systematic testing of small molecules for potential drugs and testing the association between genetic variation and a phenotype of interest. While these screens are "hypothesis-free," they can be wasteful; pooling the specimens and then testing the pools is more efficient. We articulate in precise mathematical ways the type of structures useful in combinatorial pooling designs so as to eliminate waste, to provide light weight, flexible, and modular designs. We show that Reed-Solomon codes, and more generally linear codes, satisfy all of these mathematical properties. We further demonstrate the power of this technique with Reed-Solomonbased biological experiments. We provide general purpose tools for experimentalists to construct and carry out practical pooling designs with rigorous guarantees for large screens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yaniv Erlich</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anna Gilbert</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung Ngo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atri Rudra</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolas Thierry-Mieg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mary Wootters</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dina Zielinski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Or Zuk</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-12-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/035352</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biological screens from linear codes: theory and tools]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-12-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/036590v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Population-Scale Sequencing Data Enables Precise Estimates of Y-STR Mutation Rates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/036590v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) are mutation-prone loci that span nearly 1% of the human genome. Previous studies have estimated the mutation rates of highly polymorphic STRs using capillary electrophoresis and pedigree-based designs. While this work has provided insights into the mutational dynamics of highly mutable STRs, the mutation rates of most others remain unknown. Here, we harnessed whole-genome sequencing data to estimate the mutation rates of Y-chromosome STRs (Y-STRs) with 2-6 base pair repeat units that are accessible to Illumina sequencing. We genotyped 4,500 Y-STRs using data from the 1000 Genomes Project and the Simons Genome Diversity Project. Next, we developed MUTEA, an algorithm that infers STR mutation rates from population-scale data using a high-resolution SNP-based phylogeny. After extensive intrinsic and extrinsic validations, we harnessed MUTEA to derive mutation rate estimates for 702 polymorphic STRs by tracing each locus over 222,000 meioses, resulting in the largest collection of Y-STR mutation rates to date. Using our estimates, we identified determinants of STR mutation rates and built a model to predict rates for STRs across the genome. These predictions indicate that the load of de novo STR mutations is at least 75 mutations per generation, rivaling the load of all other known variant types. Finally, we identified Y-STRs with potential applications in forensics and genetic genealogy, assessed the ability to differentiate between the Y-chromosomes of father-son pairs, and imputed Y-STR genotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thomas Willems</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melissa Gymrek</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>G. David Poznik</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chris Tyler-Smith</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The 1000 Genomes Project Chromosome Y Group</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaniv Erlich</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/036590</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Population-Scale Sequencing Data Enables Precise Estimates of Y-STR Mutation Rates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/045351v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep mutational scanning reveals tail anchor characteristics important for mitochondrial targeting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/045351v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteins localized to mitochondria by a carboxyl-terminal tail anchor (TA) play roles in apoptosis, mitochondrial dynamics, and mitochondrial protein import. To reveal characteristics of TAs that may be important for mitochondrial targeting, we focused our attention upon the TA of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fis1 protein. Specifically, we generated a library of Fis1p TA variants fused to the Gal4 transcription factor, then, using next-generation sequencing, revealed which Fis1p TA mutations inhibited membrane insertion and allowed Gal4p activity in the nucleus. Prompted by our global analysis, we subsequently analyzed the ability of individual Fis1p TA mutants to localize to mitochondria. Our findings suggest that the membrane-associated domain of Fis1p TA may be bipartite in nature, and we encountered evidence that the positively charged patch at the carboxyl-terminus of Fis1p is required for both membrane insertion and organelle specificity. Furthermore, lengthening or shortening the Fis1 TA by up to three amino acids did not inhibit mitochondrial targeting, arguing against a model in which TA length directs insertion of TAs at specific organelles. Most importantly, positively charged residues were more acceptable at several positions within the membrane-associated domain of the Fis1p TA than negatively charged residues. These findings, emerging from the first high-resolution analysis of an organelle targeting sequence by deep mutational scanning, provide strong, in vivo evidence that lysine and arginine can "snorkel," or become stably incorporated within a lipid bilayer by placing terminal charges of their side chains at the membrane interface.nnAbbreviations
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abdurrahman Keskin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emel Akdogan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cory D. Dunn</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/045351</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep mutational scanning reveals tail anchor characteristics important for mitochondrial targeting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/045773v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clusterflock: A Flocking Algorithm for Isolating Congruent Phylogenomic Datasets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/045773v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCollective animal behavior such as the flocking of birds or the shoaling of fish has inspired a class of algorithms designed to optimize distance-based clusters in various applications including document analysis and DNA microarrays. In the flocking model, individual agents respond only to their immediate environment and move according to a few simple rules. After several iterations the agents self-organize and clusters emerge without the need for partitional seeds. In addition to their unsupervised nature, flocking offers several computational advantages including the potential to decrease the number of required comparisons.nnFindingsIn Clusterflock, we implement a flocking algorithm designed to find groups (flocks) of orthologous gene families (OGFs) that share a common evolutionary history. Pairwise distances that measure the phylogenetic incongruence between OGFs guide flock formation. We test this approach on several simulated datasets varying the number of underlying topologies, the proportion of missing data, and evolutionary rates, and show that in datasets containing high levels of missing data and rate heterogeneity, clusterflock outperforms other well-established clustering techniques. We also demonstrate its utility on a known, large-scale recombination event in Staphylococcus aureus. By isolating sets of OGFs with divergent phylogenetic signal, we can pinpoint the recombined region without forcing a pre-determined number of groupings or defining a pre-determined incongruence threshold.nnConclusionsClusterflock is an open source tool that can be used to discover horizontally transferred genes, recombining areas of chromosomes, and the phylogenetic "core" of a genome. Though we use it in an evolutionary context, it is generalizable to any clustering problem. Users can write extensions to calculate any distance metric on the unit interval and use these distances to flock any type of data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Apurva Narechania</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard H Baker</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rob DeSalle</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barun Mathema</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barry Kreiswirth</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sergios-Orestis Kolokotronis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul J Planet</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/045773</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clusterflock: A Flocking Algorithm for Isolating Congruent Phylogenomic Datasets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/061556v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Democratizing DNA Fingerprinting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/061556v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report a rapid, inexpensive, and portable strategy to re-identify human DNA using the MinION, a miniature sequencing sensor by Oxford Nanopore Technologies. Our strategy requires only 10-30 minutes of MinION sequencing, works with low input DNA, and enables familial searches. We also show that it can re-identify individuals from Direct-to-Consumer genomic datasets that are publicly available. We discuss potential forensic applications as well as the legal and ethical implications of a democratized DNA fingerprinting strategy available to the public.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sophie Zaaijer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assaf Gordon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert Piccone</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel Speyer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaniv Erlich</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/061556</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Democratizing DNA Fingerprinting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/075275v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Real-time fMRI Neurofeedback Based Stratification of Default Network Regulation Neuroimaging Data Repository. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/075275v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This data descriptor describes a repository of openly shared data from an experiment to assess inter-individual differences in default mode network (DMN) activity. This repository includes cross-sectional functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from the Multi Source Interference Task, to assess DMN deactivation, the Moral Dilemma Task, to assess DMN activation, a resting state fMRI scan, and a DMN neurofeedback paradigm, to assess DMN modulation, along with accompanying behavioral and cognitive measures. We report technical validation from n=125 participants of the final targeted sample of 180 participants. Each session includes acquisition of one whole-brain anatomical scan and whole-brain echo-planar imaging (EPI) scans, acquired during the aforementioned tasks and resting state. The data includes several self-report measures related to perseverative thinking, emotion regulation, and imaginative processes, along with a behavioral measure of rapid visual information processing.nnTechnical validation of the data confirms that the tasks deactivate and activate the DMN as expected. Group level analysis of the neurofeedback data indicates that the participants are able to modulate their DMN with considerable inter-subject variability. Preliminary analysis of behavioral responses and specifically self-reported sleep indicate that as many as 73 participants may need to be excluded from an analysis depending on the hypothesis being tested.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amalia McDonald</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan Muraskin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholas Thomas Van Dam</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caroline Froehlich</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin Puccio</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John Pellman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clemens CC Bauer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexis Akeyson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melissa Breland</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vince Calhoun</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steven Carter</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiffany Chang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chelsea Gessner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alyssa Giannone</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steven Giavasis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamie Glass</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steven Homann</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margaret King</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melissa Kramer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drew Landis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexis Lieval</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonathan Lisinski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anna MacKay-Brandt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brittny Miller</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laura Panek</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayley Reed</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christine Santiago</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eszter Schoell</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard Sinning</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melissa Sital</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elise Taverna</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell Tobe</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kristin Trautmann</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betty Varghese</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauren Walden</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Runtang Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abigail B Waters</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dylan C Wood</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>F. Xavier Castellano</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/075275</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Real-time fMRI Neurofeedback Based Stratification of Default Network Regulation Neuroimaging Data Repository.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/080374v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human anterolateral entorhinal cortex volumes are associated with preclinical cognitive decline 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/080374v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We investigated whether older adults without subjective memory complaints, but who present with cognitive decline in the laboratory, demonstrate atrophy in medial temporal lobe (MTL) subregions associated with Alzheimer's disease. Forty community-dwelling older adults were categorized based on Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) performance. Total grey/white matter, cerebrospinal fluid, and white matter hyperintensity load were quantified from whole-brain T1-weighted and FLAIR magnetic resonance imaging scans, while hippocampal subfields and MTL cortical subregion volumes (CA1, dentate gyrus/CA2/3, subiculum, anterolateral and posteromedial entorhinal, perirhinal, and parahippocampal cortices) were quantified using high-resolution T2-weighted scans. Cognitive status was evaluated using standard neuropsychological assessments. No significant differences were found in the whole-brain measures. However, MTL volumetry revealed that anterolateral entorhinal cortex (alERC) volume -- the same region in which Alzheimer's pathology originates -- was strongly associated with MoCA performance. This is the first study to demonstrate that alERC volume is related to cognitive decline in preclinical, community-dwelling older adults.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosanna K Olsen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lok-Kin Yeung</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alix Noly-Gandon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maria C D'Angelo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arber Kacollja</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Victoria Smith</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennifer D Ryan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan D Barense</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/080374</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human anterolateral entorhinal cortex volumes are associated with preclinical cognitive decline]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/092734v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A framework to interpret short tandem repeat variation in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/092734v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying regions of the genome that are depleted of mutations can reveal potentially deleterious variants. Short tandem repeats (STRs), also known as microsatellites, are among the largest contributors of de novo mutations in humans and are implicated in a variety of human disorders. However, because of the challenges STRs pose to bioinformatics tools, per-locus studies of STR mutations have been limited to highly ascertained panels of several dozen loci. Here, we harnessed bioinformatics tools and a novel analytical framework to estimate mutation parameters for each STR in the human genome by correlating STR genotypes with local sequence heterozygosity. We applied our method to obtain robust estimates of the impact of local sequence features on mutation parameters and used this to create a framework for measuring constraint at STRs by comparing observed vs. expected mutation rates. Constraint scores identified known pathogenic variants with early onset effects. Our constraint metrics will provide a valuable tool for prioritizing pathogenic STRs in medical genetics studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gymrek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willems, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erlich, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/092734</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A framework to interpret short tandem repeat variation in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/093716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
VIRUS-HOST INFECTION DYNAMICS OF MARINE SINGLE-CELLED EUKARYOTES RESOLVED FROM METATRANSCRIPTOMICS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/093716v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metatranscriptomics has emerged as a tool in microbial ecology that can resolve the functional landscape of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes within a community. In this study, we extend the potential of metatranscriptomics to probe active virus infections and virus-host relationships in marine systems. Polyadenylation-selected RNA-seq data were examined from microbial communities in two productive marine environments: a brown tide bloom event dominated by Aureococcus anophagefferens in Quantuck Bay, NY, and a diatom-dominated plankton community in Narragansett Bay, RI. Active infections by diverse giant viruses (NCLDVs) of algal and non-algal hosts were found at both sites. Ongoing infections of A. anophagefferens by a known Mimiviridae (AaV) were observed during both the peak and decline of the bloom. Bloom decline was also accompanied by increased activity for viruses other than AaV, including (+) ssRNA viruses. In Narragansett Bay, increased temporal resolution revealed active NCLDVs with both  boom-and-bust as well as  steady-state infection-like ecologies. Statistical co-occurrence examinations of the dsDNA, ssRNA and dsRNA markers within the data revealed a broad spectrum of statistically strong and significant virus-host relationships that included both known as well as novel interactions. Our approach offers a method for screening the diversity and dynamics of active viral infections in natural systems and develops links between viruses and their potential hosts in situ.nnSignificanceViruses are important partners in ecosystem scale ecology, yet their study to date is primarily limited to single virus-host infection models in the laboratory or limited to "potential-actions" derived from metagenomics analyses. Using metatranscriptomic sequences from polyadenylated-RNA selected samples, we have simultaneously captured information regarding eukaryotic diversity and active infection by viruses with dsDNA genomes, resulting in a statistical opportunity to predict "who is infecting whom". This approach further provides concurrent insight regarding viruses with ssRNA and dsRNA genomes, capturing dynamics for the communities of viruses infecting single-celled eukaryotes. Given the central role of these plankton in global scale processes, our efforts result in a transformational step-forward regarding the study of in situ virus-host interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moniruzzaman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wurch, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyhrman, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gobler, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilhelm, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/093716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[VIRUS-HOST INFECTION DYNAMICS OF MARINE SINGLE-CELLED EUKARYOTES RESOLVED FROM METATRANSCRIPTOMICS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/111716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial tail anchors can target to the mitochondrial outer membrane 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/111716v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During the generation and evolution of the eukaryotic cell, a proteobacterial endosymbiont was refashioned into the mitochondrion, an organelle that appears to have been present in the ancestor of all present-day eukaryotes. Mitochondria harbor proteomes derived from coding information located both inside and outside the organelle, and the rate-limiting step toward the formation of eukaryotic cells may have been development of an import apparatus allowing protein entry to mitochondria. Currently, a widely conserved translocon allows proteins to pass from the cytosol into mitochondria, but how proteins encoded outside of mitochondria were first directed to these organelles at the dawn of eukaryogenesis is not clear. Because several proteins targeted by a carboxyl-terminal tail anchor (TA) appear to have the ability to insert spontaneously into the mitochondrial outer membrane (OM), it is possible that self-inserting, tail-anchored polypeptides obtained from bacteria might have formed the first gate allowing proteins to access mitochondria from the cytosol. Here, we tested whether bacterial TAs are capable of targeting to mitochondria. In a survey of proteins encoded by the proteobacterium Escherichia coli, predicted TA sequences were directed to specific subcellular locations within the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Importantly, TAs obtained from DUF883 family members ElaB and YqjD were abundantly localized to and inserted at the mitochondrial OM. Our results support the notion that eukaryotic cells are able to utilize membrane-targeting signals present in bacterial proteins obtained by lateral gene transfer, and our findings make plausible a model in which mitochondrial protein translocation was first driven by tail-anchored proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bal, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keskin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seferoglu, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/111716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial tail anchors can target to the mitochondrial outer membrane]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/114082v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
H3K27me3-mediated silencing of Wilms Tumor 1 supports the proliferation of brain tumor cells harboring the H3.3K27M mutation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/114082v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The lysine 27 to methionine mutation of histone H3.3 (H3.3K27M) is detected in over 75% of diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG). The H3.3K27M mutant proteins inhibit H3K27 methyltransferase complex PRC2, resulting in a global reduction of tri-methylation of H3K27 (H3K27me3). Paradoxically, high levels of H3K27me3 were also detected at hundreds of genomic loci. However, it is not known how and why H3K27me3 is redistributed in DIPG cells. Here we show that lower levels of H3.3K27M mutant proteins at some genomic loci contribute to the retention of H3K27me3 peaks. But more importantly, Jarid2, a PRC2-associated protein, strongly correlates the presence of H3K27me3 and relieves the H3.3K27M-mediated inhibition in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, we show that H3K27me3-mediated silencing of tumor suppressor gene Wilms Tumor 1 (WT1) supports the proliferation of DIPG cells and reaction of WT1 inhibits DIPG proliferation. Together, these studies reveal mechanisms whereby H3K27me3 is retained in the environment of global loss of this mark, and how persistence of this mark contributes to DIPG tumorigenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkaria, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/114082</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[H3K27me3-mediated silencing of Wilms Tumor 1 supports the proliferation of brain tumor cells harboring the H3.3K27M mutation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/158964v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reinforcement learning over time: spaced versus massed training establishes stronger value associations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/158964v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the past few decades, neuroscience research has illuminated the neural mechanisms supporting learning from reward feedback, demonstrating a critical role for the striatum and midbrain dopamine system. Learning paradigms are increasingly being extended to understand learning dysfunctions in mood and psychiatric disorders as well as addiction in the area of computational psychiatry. However, one potentially critical characteristic that this research ignores is the effect of time on learning: human feedback learning paradigms are conducted in a single rapidly paced session, while learning experiences in ecologically relevant circumstances and in animal research are almost always separated by longer periods of time. Event spacing is known to have strong positive effects on item memory across species and in reward learning in animals. Remarkably, the effect of spaced training on human reinforcement learning has not been investigated. In our experiments, we examined reward learning distributed across weeks vs. learning completed in a traditionally-paced or "massed" single session. Participants learned to make the best response for landscape stimuli that were either associated with a positive or negative value. In our first study, as expected, we found that after equal amounts of extensive training, accuracy was high and equivalent between the spaced and massed conditions. However, in a final online test 3 weeks later, we found that participants exhibited significantly greater memory for the value of spaced-trained stimuli. In our second study, our methods allowed for a direct comparison of maintenance of conditioning. We found that spaced training again had a beneficial effect: more than 87% of conditioning was maintained for spaced-trained stimuli, while only 30% was maintained for massed-trained stimuli. In addition, supporting a role for working memory in massed learning, across both studies we found a significant positive correlation between initial learning and working memory capacity. Our results indicate that single-session learning tasks may not lead to the kind of robust and lasting value associations that are characteristic of "habitual" value associations. Overall, these studies begin to address a large gap in our knowledge of fundamental processes of human reinforcement learning, with potentially broad implications for our understanding of learning in mood disorders and addiction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wimmer, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poldrack, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/158964</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reinforcement learning over time: spaced versus massed training establishes stronger value associations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/161364v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Skin photoreceptors in the leopard frog 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/161364v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL METHODS OBSERVATIONS DISCUSSION ELECTODERMOGRAM MECHANISM CONCLUDING REMARKS REFERENCES It is an engaging thought that the great sense organs concentrated in the head region of vertebrates were all derived from primitive systems of widely diffused skin receptors. In this sense, one can think of the receptors of hearing as derived from cutaneous touch spots, with which they share many physiological properties; the organ of equilibrium the cristae of the semicircular canals from deep pressure receptors; smell from chemoreceptors that remain widely distributed over the bodies of the mucous - skinned fishes and amphibia and have withdrawn into the mucous area of the mouth in land vertebrates. In all these cases, the transition from skin receptors to sense org ...
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wald, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rayport, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/161364</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Skin photoreceptors in the leopard frog]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/185330v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Major flaws in "Identification of individuals by trait prediction using whole-genome" 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/185330v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic privacy is an area of active research. While it is important to identify new risks, it is equally crucial to supply policymakers with accurate information based on scientific evidence. Recently, Lippert et al. (PNAS, 2017) investigated the status of genetic privacy using trait-predictions from whole genome sequencing. The authors sequenced a cohort of about 1000 individuals and collected a range of demographic, visible, and digital traits such as age, sex, height, face morphology, and a voice signature. They attempted to use the genetic features in order to predict those traits and re-identify the individuals from small pool using the trait predictions. Here, I report major flaws in the Lippert et al. manuscript. In short, the authors technique performs similarly to a simple baseline procedure, does not utilize the power of whole genome markers, uses technically wrong metrics, and finally does not really identify anyone.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Erlich, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/185330</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Major flaws in "Identification of individuals by trait prediction using whole-genome"]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/190819v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of mechanical loading on cortical defect repair using a novel mechanobiological model of bone healing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/190819v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanical loading is an important aspect of post-surgical care. The timing of load application relative to the injury event is thought to differentially regulate repair depending on the stage of healing. Here, we show using a novel mechanobiological model of cortical defect repair that daily loading (5 N peak load, 2 Hz, 60 cycles, 4 consecutive days) during hematoma consolidation and inflammation disrupts the injury site and activates cartilage formation on the periosteal surface adjacent to the defect. We also show that daily loading during the matrix deposition phase enhances both bone and cartilage formation at the defect site, while loading during the remodeling phase results in an enlarged woven bone regenerate. All loading regimens resulted in abundant cellular proliferation within the regenerate and at the periosteal surface and fibrous tissue formation directly above the defect. Stress was concentrated at the edges of the defect during exogenous loading, and finite element (FE)-modeled longitudinal strain ({varepsilon}zz) values along the anterior and posterior borders of the defect (~2200 {varepsilon}) were an order of magnitude larger than strain values on the proximal and distal borders (~50-100 {varepsilon}). These findings demonstrate that all phases of cortical defect healing are sensitive to physical stimulation. In addition, the proposed novel mechanobiological model offers several advantages including its technical simplicity and its well-characterized and spatially confined repair program, making effects of physical and biological interventions more easily assessed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrera, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flamini, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabahug-Zuckerman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leucht, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helms, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillo, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/190819</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of mechanical loading on cortical defect repair using a novel mechanobiological model of bone healing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/195776v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-throughput creation and functional profiling of eukaryotic DNA sequence variant libraries using CRISPR/Cas9 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/195776v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Construction of genetic variant libraries with phenotypic measurement is central to advancing todays functional genomics, and remains a grand challenge. Here, we introduce a Cas9-based approach for generating pools of mutants with defined genetic alterations (deletions, substitutions and insertions), along with methods for tracking their fitness en masse. We demonstrate the utility of our approach in performing focused analysis of hundreds of mutants of a single protein and in investigating the biological function of an entire family of poorly characterized genetic elements. Our platform allows fundamental biology questions to be investigated in a quick, easy and affordable manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cecchi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez Garnier, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelsic, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schubert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiCarlo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Church, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/195776</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-throughput creation and functional profiling of eukaryotic DNA sequence variant libraries using CRISPR/Cas9]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.14.850305v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two distinct mechanisms of small molecule inhibition of LpxA acyltransferase essential for lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.14.850305v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis pathway is considered an attractive drug target against the rising threat of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Here, we report two novel small-molecule inhibitors (compounds 1 and 2) of the acyltransferase LpxA, the first enzyme in the lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis pathway. We show genetically that the antibacterial activities of the compounds against efflux-deficient Escherichia coli are mediated by LpxA inhibition. Consistently, the compounds inhibited the LpxA enzymatic reaction in vitro. Intriguingly, using biochemical, biophysical, and structural characterization, we reveal two distinct mechanisms of LpxA inhibition; compound 1 is a substrate-competitive inhibitor targeting apo LpxA and compound 2 is an uncompetitive inhibitor targeting the LpxA-product complex. Compound 2 exhibited more favorable biological and physicochemical properties than compound 1, and was optimized using structural information to achieve improved antibacterial activity against wild type E. coli. These results show that LpxA is a promising antibacterial target and imply the advantages of targeting enzyme-product complexes in drug discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balibar, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baxter Rath, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benton, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bermingham, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casey, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chi-Leon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, M.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frommlet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, C.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lingel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merritt, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ornelas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Pascale, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prathapam, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prosen, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasper, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruzin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawyer, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaul, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steffek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wartchow, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uehara, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.14.850305</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two distinct mechanisms of small molecule inhibition of LpxA acyltransferase essential for lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.15.877126v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of Tsc1 from striatal direct pathway neurons impairs endocannabinoid-LTD and enhances motor routine learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.15.877126v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is a neurodevelopmental disorder in which patients frequently present with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A core diagnostic criterion for ASD is the presence of restricted, repetitive behaviors, which may result from abnormal activity in striatal circuits that mediate motor learning, action selection and habit formation. Striatal control over motor behavior relies on the coordinated activity of two subtypes of principle neurons, direct pathway and indirect pathway spiny projection neurons (dSPNs or iSPNs, respectively), which provide the main output of the striatum. To test if altered striatal activity is sufficient to cause changes to motor behavior in the context of TSC, we conditionally deleted Tsc1 from dSPNs or iSPNs in mice and determined the consequences on synaptic function and motor learning. We find that mice with loss of Tsc1 from dSPNs, but not iSPNs, have enhanced motor routine learning in the accelerating rotarod task. In addition, dSPN Tsc1 KO mice have impaired endocannabinoid-mediated long-term depression (eCB-LTD) at cortico-dSPN synapses in the dorsal striatum. Consistent with a loss of eCB-LTD, disruption of Tsc1 in dSPNs, but not iSPNs, results in a strong enhancement of corticostriatal synaptic drive. Together these findings demonstrate that within the striatum, dSPNs show selective sensitivity to Tsc1 loss and indicate that enhanced cortical activation of the striatal direct pathway is a potential contributor to altered motor behaviors in TSC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benthall, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cording, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agopyan-Miu, A. H. C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bateup, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.15.877126</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of Tsc1 from striatal direct pathway neurons impairs endocannabinoid-LTD and enhances motor routine learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.19.883132v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phenotypic delay: mechanistic models and their implications for the evolution of resistance to antibiotics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.19.883132v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phenotypic delay - the time delay between genetic mutation and expression of the corresponding phenotype - is generally neglected in evolutionary models, yet recent work suggests that it may be more common than previously assumed. Here, we use computer simulations and theory to investigate the significance of phenotypic delay for the evolution of bacterial resistance to antibiotics. We consider three mechanisms which could potentially cause phenotypic delay: effective polyploidy, dilution of antibiotic-sensitive molecules and accumulation of resistance-enhancing molecules. We find that the accumulation of resistant molecules is relevant only within a narrow parameter range, but both the dilution of sensitive molecules and effective polyploidy can cause phenotypic delay over a wide range of parameters. We further investigate whether these mechanisms could affect population survival under drug treatment and thereby explain observed discrepancies in mutation rates estimated by Luria-Delbruck fluctuation tests. While the effective polyploidy mechanism does not affect population survival, the dilution of sensitive molecules leads both to decreased probability of survival under drug treatment and underestimation of mutation rates in fluctuation tests. The dilution mechanism also changes the shape of the Luria-Delbruck distribution of mutant numbers, and we show that this modified distribution provides an improved fit to previously published experimental data.

Author SummaryUnderstanding precisely how some bacteria survive exposure to antibiotics is a major research focus. Specific mutations in the bacterial genome are known to provide protection. However, it remains unclear how much time passes between a bacterium acquiring the genetic change and being able to tolerate antibiotics - termed the phenotypic delay - and what controls this delay. Here, using computer simulations and mathematical arguments we discuss three biologically plausible mechanisms of phenotypic delay. We investigate how each mechanism would affect the outcome of laboratory experiments often used to study the evolution of antibiotic resistance, and we highlight how the delay might be detected in such experiments. We also show that the existence of the delay could explain an observed discrepancy in the measurement of mutation rates, and demonstrate that one of our models provides a superior fit to experimental data. Our work exposes how molecular details at the intracellular level can have a direct effect on evolution at the population level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carballo-Pacheco, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholson, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lilja, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waclaw, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.19.883132</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phenotypic delay: mechanistic models and their implications for the evolution of resistance to antibiotics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.31.929141v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Online analysis of microendoscopic 1-photon calcium imaging data streams 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.31.929141v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In-vivo calcium imaging through microendoscopic lenses enables imaging of neuronal populations deep within the brains of freely moving animals. Previously, a constrained matrix factorization approach (CNMF-E) has been suggested to extract single-neuronal activity from microendoscopic data. However, this approach relies on offline batch processing of the entire video data and is demanding both in terms of computing and memory requirements. These drawbacks prevent its applicability to the analysis of large datasets and closed-loop experimental settings. Here we address both issues by introducing two different online algorithms for extracting neuronal activity from streaming microendoscopic data. Our first algorithm presents an online adaptation of the CNMF-E algorithm, which dramatically reduces its memory and computation requirements. Our second algorithm proposes a convolution-based background model for microendoscopic data that enables even faster (real time) processing on GPU hardware. Our approach is modular and can be combined with existing online motion artifact correction and activity deconvolution methods to provide a highly scalable pipeline for microendoscopic data analysis. We apply our algorithms on two previously published typical experimental datasets and show that they yield similar high-quality results as the popular offline approach, but outperform it with regard to computing time and memory requirements.

Author summaryCalcium imaging methods enable researchers to measure the activity of genetically-targeted large-scale neuronal subpopulations. Whereas previous methods required the specimen to be stable, e.g. anesthetized or head-fixed, new brain imaging techniques using microendoscopic lenses and miniaturized microscopes have enabled deep brain imaging in freely moving mice.

However, the very large background fluctuations, the inevitable movements and distortions of imaging field, and the extensive spatial overlaps of fluorescent signals complicate the goal of efficiently extracting accurate estimates of neural activity from the observed video data. Further, current activity extraction methods are computationally expensive due to the complex background model and are typically applied to imaging data after the experiment is complete. Moreover, in some scenarios it is necessary to perform experiments in real-time and closed-loop - analyzing data on-the-fly to guide the next experimental steps or to control feedback -, and this calls for new methods for accurate real-time processing. Here we address both issues by adapting a popular extraction method to operate online and extend it to utilize GPU hardware that enables real time processing. Our algorithms yield similar high-quality results as the original offline approach, but outperform it with regard to computing time and memory requirements. Our results enable faster and scalable analysis, and open the door to new closed-loop experiments in deep brain areas and on freely-moving preparations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Friedrich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giovannucci, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pnevmatikakis, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.31.929141</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Online analysis of microendoscopic 1-photon calcium imaging data streams]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.09.938993v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Both DNA binding domains of p53 are required for its ultra rapid recruitment to sites of UV damage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.09.938993v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
p53 concentrates at DNA damage sites within two seconds upon UV laser micro-irradiation. Structural analysis shows that this very rapid response requires both the DNA binding and C-terminal domains of p53. This early recruitment response is also PARP-dependent. As mutations within the DNA binding domain of p53, that are commonly associated with cancer also inhibit this rapid binding, we suggest that this is an important initial step for p53 function as a tumor suppressor.

One Sentence Summaryp53 is an early responder to DNA damage
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hariharan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goh, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheetz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.09.938993</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Both DNA binding domains of p53 are required for its ultra rapid recruitment to sites of UV damage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.11.940668v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hippocampal and cortical mechanisms at retrieval explain variability in episodic remembering in older adults 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.11.940668v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Age-related episodic memory decline is characterized by striking heterogeneity across individuals. Hippocampal pattern completion is a fundamental process supporting episodic memory. Yet, the degree to which this mechanism is impaired with age, and contributes to variability in episodic memory, remains unclear. We combine univariate and multivariate analyses of fMRI data from a large cohort of cognitively normal older adults (N=100; 60-82 yrs) to measure hippocampal activity and cortical reinstatement during retrieval of trial-unique associations. Trial-wise analyses revealed that hippocampal activity predicted cortical reinstatement strength, and these two metrics of pattern completion independently predicted retrieval success. However, increased age weakened cortical reinstatement and its relationship to memory behaviour. Critically, individual differences in the strength of hippocampal activity and cortical reinstatement explained unique variance in performance across multiple assays of episodic memory. These results indicate that fMRI indices of hippocampal pattern completion explain within- and across-individual memory variability in older adults.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trelle, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerin, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thieu, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayakumar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadiadwala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corso, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litovsky, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanner, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutsch, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernstein, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khazenzon, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sha, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fredericks, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutt, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mormino, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerchner, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.11.940668</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hippocampal and cortical mechanisms at retrieval explain variability in episodic remembering in older adults]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.15.950725v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Allosteric action of nucleotides on Hsp90 across several time- and length scales 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.15.950725v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
I. ABSTRACTSeveral indicators for a signal propagation from a binding site to a distant functional site have been found in the Hsp90 dimer. Here we determined a time-resolved pathway from ATP hydrolysis to changes in a distant folding substrate binding site. This was possible by combining single-molecule fluorescence-based methods with extensive atomistic nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations. We find that hydrolysis of one ATP effects a structural asymmetry in the full Hsp90 dimer that leads to the collapse of a central folding substrate binding site. Arg380 is the major mediator in transferring structural information from the nucleotide to the substrate binding site. This allosteric process occurs via hierarchical dynamics that involve timescales from picoto milliseconds and length scales from Ångstroms to several nanometers. We presume that similar hierarchical mechanisms are fundamental for information transfer through many other proteins.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wolf, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sohmen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hellenkamp, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thurn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stock, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hugel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.15.950725</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Allosteric action of nucleotides on Hsp90 across several time- and length scales]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.25.963272v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accelerated single cell seeding in relapsed multiple myeloma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.25.963272v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The malignant progression of multiple myeloma is characterized by the seeding of cancer cells in different anatomic sites followed by their clonal expansion. It has been demonstrated that this spatial evolution at varying anatomic sites is characterized by genomic heterogeneity. However, it is unclear whether each anatomic site at relapse reflects the expansion of pre-existing but previously undetected disease or secondary seeding from other sites. Furthermore, genomic evolution over time at spatially distinct sites of disease has not been investigated in a systematic manner.

To address this, we interrogated 25 samples, by whole genome sequencing, collected at autopsy from 4 patients with relapsed multiple myeloma and demonstrated that each site had a unique evolutionary trajectory characterized by distinct single and complex structural variants and copy number changes. By analyzing the landscape of mutational signatures at these sites and for an additional set of 125 published whole exomes collected from 51 patients, we demonstrate the profound mutagenic effect of melphalan and platinum in relapsed multiple myeloma. Chemotherapy-related mutagenic processes are known to introduce hundreds of unique mutations in each surviving cancer cell. These mutations can be detectable by bulk sequencing only in cases of clonal expansion of a single cancer cell bearing the mutational signature linked to chemotherapy exposure thus representing a unique single-cell genomic barcode linked to a discrete time window in each patients life. We leveraged this concept to show that multiple myeloma systemic seeding is accelerated at clinical relapse and appears to be driven by the survival and subsequent expansion of a single myeloma cell following treatment with high dose melphalan therapy and autologous stem cell transplant.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Landau, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yellapantula, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rustad, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maclachlan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gundem, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina-Martinez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arango Ossa, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajya, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attiyeh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makohon-Moore, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyle, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashby, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaney, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dogan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giralt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahoud, O. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peled, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scordo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassoun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korde, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesokhin, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mailankody, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, U. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hultcrantz, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulaner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Rhee, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landgren, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papaemmanuil, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iacobuzio-Donahue, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maura, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.25.963272</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accelerated single cell seeding in relapsed multiple myeloma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.03.971846v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phosphorylation barcode-dependent signal bias of the dopamine D1 receptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.03.971846v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Agonist-activated G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) must correctly select from hundreds of potential downstream signaling cascades and effectors. To accomplish this, GPCRs first bind to an intermediary signaling protein, such as G protein or arrestin. These intermediaries initiate signaling cascades that promote the activity of different effectors, including several protein kinases. The relative roles of G proteins versus arrestins in initiating and directing signaling is hotly debated, and it remains unclear how the correct final signaling pathway is chosen given the ready availability of protein partners. Here, we begin to deconvolute the process of signal bias from the dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) by exploring factors that promote the activation of ERK1/2 or Src, the kinases that lead to cell growth and proliferation. We found that ERK1/2 activation involves both arrestin and Gs, while Src activation depends solely on arrestin. Interestingly, we found that the phosphorylation pattern influences both arrestin and Gs coupling, suggesting an additional way the cells regulate G protein signaling. The phosphorylation sites in the D1R intracellular loop 3 are particularly important for directing the binding of G protein versus arrestin and for selecting between the activation of ERK1/2 and Src. Collectively, these studies correlate functional outcomes with a physical basis for signaling bias and provide fundamental information on how GPCR signaling is directed.

Significance StatementThe functional importance of receptor phosphorylation in GPCR regulation has been demonstrated. Over the past decade, the phospho-barcode concept was developed to explain the multi-dimensional nature of the arrestin-dependent signaling network downstream of GPCRs. Here, we used the dopamine-1 receptor (D1R) to explore the effect of receptor phosphorylation on G protein-dependent and arrestin-dependent ERK and Src activation. Our studies suggest that D1R intracellular loop-3 phosphorylation affects both G proteins and arrestins. Differential D1R phosphorylation can direct signaling toward ERK or Src activation. This implies that phosphorylation induces different conformations of receptor and/or bound arrestin to initiate or select different cellular signaling pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaya, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry Hauser, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurevich, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iverson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.03.971846</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phosphorylation barcode-dependent signal bias of the dopamine D1 receptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.09.972307v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Force-dependent Piezo1 recruitment to focal adhesions regulates adhesion maturation and turnover specifically in non-transformed cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.09.972307v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanosensing is an integral part of many physiological processes including stem cell differentiation, fibrosis, and cancer progression. Two major mechanosensing systems - focal adhesions and mechanosensitive ion channels, can convert mechanical features of the microenvironment into biochemical signals. We report here surprisingly that the mechanosensitive Ca2+-channel Piezo1, previously perceived to be diffusive on plasma membranes, binds to matrix adhesions in a force-dependent manner, promoting adhesion maturation and cell spreading in normal but not in tumor cells. In the absence of Piezo1, matrix adhesions are smaller in normal cells mimicking transformed cells where adhesions do not change with or without Piezo1. A novel adhesion-targeted calcium sensor shows robust Piezo1-dependent, calcium influx at adhesions in normal cells; but not in transformed cells. A linker domain in Piezo1 is needed for binding to adhesions and overexpression of the domain blocks Piezo1 binding to adhesions decreasing adhesion size and cell spread area. Thus, we suggest that Piezo1 is a novel component of focal adhesions in non-transformed cells that catalyzes adhesion maturation and growth through force-dependent calcium signaling, but this function is absent in most cancer cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tijore, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hariharan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran Van Nhieu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinac, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheetz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.09.972307</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Force-dependent Piezo1 recruitment to focal adhesions regulates adhesion maturation and turnover specifically in non-transformed cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.10.986588v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A surface metric and software toolbox for EEG electrode grids in the macaque 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.10.986588v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe past years have seen increased appreciation of non-invasive extracranial electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings in non-human primates (NHP) as a tool for translational research. In humans, the international 10-20 system or extensions thereof provide standardized electrode positions that enable easy comparison of data between subjects and laboratories. In the NHP, no such generally accepted, standardized placement system is available.

New MethodHere we introduce a surface metric and software package (NHP1020) that automates the planning of large, approximately evenly spaced electrode grids on the NHP skull.

ResultsThe system is based on one CT and one MRI image and requires the user to specify two intracranial markers. Based on this, the software defines electrode positions on the brain surface using a surface-based spherical metric similar to the one used by the international 10-20 system. The electrode positions are then projected to the surface of the skull. Standardized electrode grids can be shared, imported or defined with few high-level commands.

Existing MethodsNHP EEG electrodes are often placed on an individual basis relative to extracranial markers, or relative to underlying neural structures. Both approaches are time-consuming and require manual intervention. Furthermore, the use of extracranial markers in this species may be more problematic than in humans, because cranial muscles and ridges are larger and keep maturing long into adulthood thus potentially affecting electrode positions.

ConclusionThe key advantage of the current approach is the automated and objective identification of corresponding electrode positions in different animals. Automation was made possible by the use of a two-dimensional metric on the brain surface which has a simpler, i.e., more convex and sphere-like anatomy than the skull. This enables fast and efficient planning, optimization and calculation of large electrode grids.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teichert, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.10.986588</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A surface metric and software toolbox for EEG electrode grids in the macaque]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.19.997098v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reward learning and working memory: effects of massed versus spaced training and post-learning delay period 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.19.997098v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuroscience research has illuminated the mechanisms supporting learning from reward feedback, demonstrating a critical role for the striatum and midbrain dopamine system. However, in humans, short-term working memory that is dependent on frontal and parietal cortices can also play an important role, particularly in commonly-used paradigms in which learning is relatively condensed in time. Given the growing use of reward-based learning tasks in translational studies in computational psychiatry, it is important to understand the degree of working memory contributions and whether gradual learning mechanisms can be better isolated. In our experiments, we manipulated the spacing between repetitions along with a post-learning delay preceding a test phase. We found that learning was slower for stimuli repeated after a long delay (spaced-trained) compared to those repeated immediately (massed-trained), likely reflecting the remaining contribution of feedback learning mechanisms when working memory is not available. Brief interruptions of massed learning led to drops in subsequent performance. Further, individual differences in working memory capacity positively correlated with massed learning performance. Critically, after a delay period but not immediately, relative preferences decayed in the massed condition and increased in the spaced condition. Overall, our results provide additional support for a large role of working memory in reward-based learning in temporally condensed designs. We suggest that spacing training within or between sessions is a promising approach to better isolate and understand mechanisms supporting gradual reward-based learning, with particular importance for understanding potential learning dysfunctions in addiction and psychiatric disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wimmer, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poldrack, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.19.997098</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reward learning and working memory: effects of massed versus spaced training and post-learning delay period]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.19.999060v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recollection-related hippocampal fMRI effects predict longitudinal memory change in healthy older adults 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.19.999060v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prior fMRI studies have reported relationships between memory-related activity in the hippocampus and in-scanner memory performance, but whether such activity is predictive of longitudinal memory change remains unclear. Here, we administered a neuropsychological test battery to a sample of cognitively healthy older adults on three occasions, the second and third sessions occurring one month and three years after the first session. Structural and functional MRI data were acquired between the first two sessions. The fMRI data were derived from an associative recognition procedure and allowed estimation of hippocampal effects associated with both successful associative encoding and successful associative recognition (recollection). Baseline memory performance and memory change were evaluated using memory component scores derived from a principal components analysis of the neuropsychological test scores. Across participants, right hippocampal encoding effects correlated significantly with baseline memory performance after controlling for chronological age. Additionally, both left and right hippocampal associative recognition effects correlated significantly with longitudinal memory change after controlling for age, and the relationship with the left hippocampal effect remained after also controlling for left hippocampal volume. Thus, in cognitively healthy older adults, the magnitude of hippocampal recollection effects appears to be a robust predictor of future memory change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Chastelaine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayakumar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donley, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rugg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.19.999060</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recollection-related hippocampal fMRI effects predict longitudinal memory change in healthy older adults]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.03.024547v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic architecture of a mutation's expressivity and penetrance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.03.024547v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic background often influences the phenotypic consequences of mutations, resulting in variable expressivity. How standing genetic variants collectively cause this phenomenon is not fully understood. Here, we comprehensively identify loci in a budding yeast cross that impact the growth of individuals carrying a spontaneous missense mutation in the nuclear-encoded mitochondrial ribosomal gene MRP20. Initial results suggested that a single large effect locus influences the mutations expressivity, with one allele causing inviability in mutants. However, further experiments revealed this simplicity was an illusion. In fact, many additional loci shape the mutations expressivity, collectively leading to a wide spectrum of mutational responses. These results exemplify how complex combinations of alleles can produce a diversity of qualitative and quantitative responses to the same mutation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullis, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsui, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foree, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrenreich, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.03.024547</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic architecture of a mutation's expressivity and penetrance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.06.027862v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Concerted action of kinesin-1 KIF5B and kinesin-3 KIF13B promotes efficient transport of exocytotic vesicles to microtubule plus ends 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.06.027862v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intracellular transport relies on multiple kinesins, but it is poorly understood which kinesins are present on particular cargos, what their contributions are and whether they act simultaneously on the same cargo. Here, we show that Rab6-positive secretory vesicles are transported from the Golgi apparatus to the cell periphery by kinesin-1 KIF5B and kinesin-3 KIF13B, which determine the location of secretion events. KIF5B plays a dominant role, whereas KIF13B helps Rab6 vesicles to reach freshly polymerized microtubule ends, to which KIF5B binds poorly, likely because its cofactors, MAP7-family proteins, are slow in populating these ends. Sub-pixel localization demonstrated that during microtubule plus-end directed transport, both kinesins localize to the vesicle front and can be engaged on the same vesicle. When vesicles reverse direction, KIF13B relocates to the middle of the vesicle, while KIF5B shifts to the back, suggesting that KIF5B but not KIF13B undergoes a tug-of-war with a minus-end directed motor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Serra-Marques, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katrukha, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigoriev, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peeters, C. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hooikaas, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smal, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedersen, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meijering, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapitein, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akhmanova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.06.027862</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Concerted action of kinesin-1 KIF5B and kinesin-3 KIF13B promotes efficient transport of exocytotic vesicles to microtubule plus ends]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.13.040071v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA matchmaking remodels lncRNA structure and promotes PRC2 activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.13.040071v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) catalysis of histone H3 lysine 27 methylation at certain loci depends on long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Yet, in apparent contradiction, RNA is a potent catalytic inhibitor of PRC2. Here we show that intermolecular RNA-RNA interactions between the lncRNA HOTAIR and its target genes can relieve RNA inhibition of PRC2. RNA matchmaking is promoted by heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) B1, which uses multiple protein domains to bind regions of HOTAIR via multi-valent protein-RNA interactions. Chemical probing demonstrates that RNA matchmaking changes HOTAIR RNA structure. Genome-wide HOTAIR/PRC2 activity occurs at genes whose transcripts can make favorable RNA-RNA interactions with HOTAIR. We demonstrate that RNA-RNA matches of HOTAIR with target gene RNAs can relieve the inhibitory effect of a single lncRNA for PRC2 activity. Our work highlights an intrinsic switch that allows PRC2 activity in specific RNA contexts, which could explain how many lncRNAs work with PRC2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Balas, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartwick, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrington, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bettcher, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kieft, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.13.040071</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA matchmaking remodels lncRNA structure and promotes PRC2 activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.14.041467v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Shift from Value- to Saliency- Neural Encoding of Subjective Value in Combat Veterans with PTSD during Decision Making under Uncertainty 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.14.041467v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Military personnel engaged in combat are vulnerable to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), following traumatic experiences in the battlefield. Prior research has mostly employed fear-related paradigms to unravel neural underpinnings of fear dysregulation in individuals with PTSD. The ability to acquire and update fear responses depends critically on the individuals ability to cope with uncertainty, yet the role of individual uncertainty attitudes in the development of trauma-related psychopathology has hardly been examined. Here, we investigated the association between PTSD-related alterations and the subjective valuation of uncertain outcomes during decision-making. We used a monetary gambling paradigm inspired by behavioral economics in conjunction with fMRI and explored neural markers of both vulnerability and resilience to PTSD in a group of combat veterans. Behaviorally, PTSD symptom severity was associated with increased aversion to uncertainty. Neurally, activity in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) during valuation of uncertain options was associated with PTSD symptoms, an effect which was specifically driven by numbing symptoms. Moreover, the neural encoding of the subjective value of those uncertain options was markedly different in the brains of veterans diagnosed with PTSD, compared to veterans who experienced trauma but did not develop PTSD. Most notably, veterans with PTSD exhibited enhanced representations of the saliency of rewards and punishments in the neural valuation system, especially in ventral striatum, compared with trauma-exposed controls. Our results point to a link between the function of the valuation system under uncertainty and the development and maintenance of PTSD symptoms, and stress the significance of studying reward processes in PTSD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruderman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrlich, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirchandani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeFontes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krystal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harpaz-Rotem, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.14.041467</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Shift from Value- to Saliency- Neural Encoding of Subjective Value in Combat Veterans with PTSD during Decision Making under Uncertainty]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.043067v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Breakage of the Oligomeric CaMKII Hub by the Regulatory Segment of the Kinase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.043067v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ca2+/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is a dodecameric or tetradecameric enzyme with crucial roles in neuronal signaling and cardiac function. Activation of CaMKII is reported to trigger the exchange of subunits between holoenzymes, which can increase spread of the active state. Using mass spectrometry, we now show that peptides derived from the sequence of the CaMKII- regulatory segment can bind to the CaMKII- hub assembly and break it into smaller oligomers. Molecular dynamics simulations show that the regulatory segments can dock spontaneously at the interface between hub subunits, trapping large fluctuations in hub structure. Single-molecule fluorescence intensity analysis of human CaMKII- isolated from mammalian cells shows that activation of CaMKII- results in the destabilization of the holoenzyme. Our results show how the release of the regulatory segment by activation and phosphorylation could allow it to destabilize the hub, producing smaller CaMKII assemblies that can reassemble to form new holoenzymes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karandur, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharyya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muratcioglu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAffee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McSpadden, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groves, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuriyan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.15.043067</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Breakage of the Oligomeric CaMKII Hub by the Regulatory Segment of the Kinase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.043661v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting the Viability of Beta-Lactamase: How Folding and Binding Free Energies Correlate with Beta-Lactamase Fitness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.043661v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One of the long-standing holy grails of molecular evolution has been the ability to predict an organisms fitness directly from its genotype. With such predictive abilities in hand, researchers would be able to more accurately forecast how organisms will evolve and how proteins with novel functions could be engineered, leading to revolutionary advances in medicine and biotechnology. In this work, we assemble the largest reported set of experimental TEM-1 {beta}-lactamase folding free energies and use this data in conjunction with previously acquired fitness data and computational free energy predictions to determine how much of the fitness of {beta}-lactamase can be directly predicted by thermodynamic folding and binding free energies. We focus upon {beta}-lactamase because of its long history as a model enzyme and its central role in antibiotic resistance. Based upon a set of 21 {beta}-lactamase single and double mutants expressly designed to influence protein folding, we first demonstrate that modeling software such as FoldX and PyRosetta designed to compute folding free energies can meaningfully, although not perfectly, predict the experimental folding free energies of single mutants. Interestingly, while these techniques also yield sensible double mutant free energies, we show that they do so for the wrong physical reasons. We then go on to assess how well both experimental and computational folding free energies explain single mutant fitness. We find that folding free energies account for, at most, 24% of the variance in {beta}-lactamase fitness values according to linear models and, somewhat surprisingly, complementing folding free energies with computationally-predicted binding free energies of residues near the active site only increases the folding-only figure by a few percent. This strongly suggests that the majority of {beta}-lactamases fitness is controlled by factors other than free energies. Overall, our results shed a bright light on to what extent the community is justified in using thermodynamic measures to infer protein fitness as well as how applicable modern computational techniques for predicting free energies will be to the large data sets of multiply-mutated proteins forthcoming.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naik, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wylie, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ytreberg, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naik, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinreich, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubenstein, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.15.043661</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting the Viability of Beta-Lactamase: How Folding and Binding Free Energies Correlate with Beta-Lactamase Fitness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.21.038737v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Astrocytes and neurons share brain region-specific transcriptional signatures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.21.038737v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal cell diversity is essential to endow distinct brain regions with specific functions. During development, progenitors within these regions are characterised by specific gene expression programs, contributing to the generation of diversity in postmitotic neurons and glia. While the region-specific molecular diversity of neurons and astrocytes is increasingly understood, whether these cells share region-specific programs remains unknown. Here, we show that in the neocortex and thalamus, neurons and astrocytes express shared region-specific transcriptional and epigenetic signatures. These signatures not only distinguish cells across brain regions but are also detected across substructures within regions, such as distinct thalamic nuclei, where clonal analysis revealed the existence of common nucleus-specific progenitors for neurons and glia. Consistent with their shared molecular signature, regional specificity was maintained following astrocyte-to-neuron reprogramming. A detailed understanding of these regional-specific signatures may thus inform strategies for future cell-based brain repair.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herrero-Navarro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puche-Aroca, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno-Juan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sempere-Ferrandez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinosa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Susin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres-Masjoan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leyva-Diaz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karow, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figueres-Onate, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Mascaraque, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Atalaya, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berninger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Bendito, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.21.038737</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Astrocytes and neurons share brain region-specific transcriptional signatures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.28.065979v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Latrophilin 2 controls vascular morphogenesis and function by inhibiting endothelial cell adhesion and YAP/TAZ mechanosignaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.28.065979v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dynamic modulation of endothelial cell-to-cell and cell-to-extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion is essential for blood vessel patterning and functioning. Yet, the molecular mechanisms involved in this process have not been completely deciphered. We identify the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor (ADGR) Latrophilin 2 (LPHN2) as a novel determinant of endothelial cell (EC) adhesion and barrier function. In cultured ECs, endogenous LPHN2 localizes at ECM contacts, signals through cAMP/Rap1, and inhibits focal adhesion (FA) formation and nuclear localization of YAP/TAZ transcriptional regulators, while promoting tight junction (TJ) assembly. ECs also express an endogenous LPHN2 ligand, fibronectin-leucine-rich transmembrane 2 (FLRT2), that prevents ECM-elicited EC behaviors in a LPHN2-dependent manner. Vascular ECs of lphn2a knock-out zebrafish embryos become abnormally stretched, display a hyperactive YAP/TAZ pathway, and lack proper intercellular TJs. Consistently, blood vessels are hyperpermeable and intravascularly injected cancer cells extravasate more easily in lphn2a null animals. Thus, LPHN2 ligands, such as FLRT2, may be therapeutically exploited to interfere with cancer metastatic dissemination.

SUMMARYCamillo et al. show that the LPHN2 receptor, upon activation by FLRT2 ligand, inhibits focal adhesion formation and promotes tight junction assembly in endothelial cells. Blood vessels of lphn2a null animals are hyperpermeable and injected cancer cells extravasate more easily.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Camillo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Facchinello, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villari, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gays, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gioelli, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandri, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arese, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamagnone, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdembri, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santoro, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serini, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.28.065979</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Latrophilin 2 controls vascular morphogenesis and function by inhibiting endothelial cell adhesion and YAP/TAZ mechanosignaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.05.077156v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Therapeutic remodeling of CBP transcription factor complex controls oncogenic gene expression in acute myeloid leukemia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.05.077156v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dysregulated gene expression contributes to most prevalent features in human cancers. Here, we show that most subtypes of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) depend on the aberrant assembly of MYB transcriptional co-activator complex. By rapid and selective peptidomimetic interference with the binding of CBP/P300 to MYB, but not CREB or MLL1, we find that the leukemic functions of MYB are mediated by CBP/P300 co-activation of a distinct set of transcription factor complexes. These MYB complexes assemble aberrantly with LYL1, E2A, C/EBP family members, LMO2 and SATB1. They are organized convergently in genetically diverse subtypes of AML, and are at least in part associated with inappropriate transcription factor co-expression. Peptidomimetic remodeling of oncogenic MYB complexes is accompanied by specific proteolysis and dynamic redistribution of CBP/P300 with alternative transcription factors such as RUNX1 to induce myeloid differentiation and apoptosis. Thus, aberrant assembly and sequestration of MYB:CBP/P300 complexes provide a unifying mechanism of oncogenic gene expression in AML. This work establishes a compelling strategy for their pharmacologic reprogramming and therapeutic targeting for diverse leukemias and possibly other human cancers caused by dysregulated gene control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Forbes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cifani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minuesa, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kharas, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koche, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kentsis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.05.077156</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Therapeutic remodeling of CBP transcription factor complex controls oncogenic gene expression in acute myeloid leukemia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.25.114785v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tolerance induction in memory CD4 T cells is partial and reversible 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.25.114785v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Memory T cells respond rapidly in part because they are less reliant on heightened levels of costimulatory molecules. This presents challenges to silencing memory T cells in tolerance strategies for autoimmunity or allergy. We find that memory CD4 T cells generated by infection or immunisation survive secondary activation with antigen delivered without adjuvant, regardless of their location in secondary lymphoid organs or peripheral tissues. These cells were, however, functionally altered following a tertiary immunisation with antigen and adjuvant, proliferating poorly but maintaining their ability to produce inflammatory cytokines. Transcriptional and cell cycle analysis of these memory CD4 T cells suggest they are unable to commit fully to cell division potentially because of low expression of DNA repair enzymes. In contrast, these memory CD4 T cells could proliferate following tertiary reactivation by viral re-infection. These data suggest that tolerance induction in memory CD4 T cells is partial and can be reversed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al Khabouri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clambey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gapin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsuda, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kappler, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marrack, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garside, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otto, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacLeod, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.25.114785</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tolerance induction in memory CD4 T cells is partial and reversible]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.123893v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reactivation of pain-related patterns in the hippocampus from single past episodes relates to successful memory-based decision making 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.123893v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aversive and rewarding experiences can exert a strong influence on subsequent behavior. While decisions are often supported by the value of single past episodes, most research has focused on the role of well-learned value associations. Recent studies have begun to investigate the influence of reward-associated episodes, but it is unclear if these results generalize to negative experiences such as pain. To investigate whether and how the value of previous aversive experiences modulates behavior and brain activity, in our experiments female and male human participants experienced episodes of high or low pain in conjunction with incidental, trial-unique neutral pictures. In an incentive-compatible surprise test phase, we found that participants avoided pain-paired objects. In a separate fMRI experiment, at test, participants exhibited significant pain value memory. Neurally, when participants were re-exposed to pain-paired objects, we found no evidence for reactivation of pain-related patterns in pain-responsive regions such as the anterior insula. Critically, however, we found significant reactivation of pain-related patterns of activity in the hippocampus, such that activity significantly discriminated high versus low pain episodes. Further, stronger reactivation in the anterior hippocampus was related to improved pain value memory performance. Our results demonstrate that single incidental aversive experiences can build memories that affect decision making and that this influence may be supported by the hippocampus.

Significance StatementAversive and rewarding experiences can exert a strong influence on our subsequent behavior. While decisions are often supported by single past negative or positive episodes, most research has focused on the role of well-learned value associations. In experiments using aversive heat pain in conjunction with incidental objects, we found that participants choices were biased by the level of pain associated with the objects. Further, when participants saw the objects again, pain-related neural patterns in the hippocampus were re-expressed and this was related to pain value memory performance. These results suggest a mechanism by which even single negative experiences can guide our later decisions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wimmer, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buechel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.29.123893</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reactivation of pain-related patterns in the hippocampus from single past episodes relates to successful memory-based decision making]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.08.136507v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ATAV - a comprehensive platform for population-scale genomic analyses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.08.136507v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundA common approach for sequencing studies is to do joint-calling and store variants of all samples in a single file. If new samples keep being added or controls are re-used for several studies, the cost and time required to perform joint-calling for each analysis can become prohibitive.

ResultsWe present ATAV, an analysis platform for large-scale whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing projects. ATAV stores variant and per site coverage data for all samples in a centralized database, which is efficiently queried by ATAV to support diagnostic analyses for trios and singletons, as well as rare-variant collapsing analyses for finding disease associations in complex diseases. Runtime logs ensure full reproducibility and the modularized ATAV framework makes it extensible to continuous development. Besides helping with the identification of disease-causing variants for a range of diseases, ATAV has also enabled the discovery of disease-genes by rare-variant collapsing on datasets containing more than 20,000 samples. Analyses to date have been performed on data of more than 110,000 individuals demonstrating the scalability of the framework.

The ATAV data browser (http://atavdb.org/) is a web-based interface that allows users to easily access variant-level data directly from the database. Summary-level data for more than 40,000 samples can be queried by the general public representing a mix of cases and controls of diverse ancestries. Users have access to phenotype categories of variant carriers, as well as predicted ancestry, gender, and quality metrics. In contrast to many other platforms, the data browser is able to show data of newly-added samples in real-time and is therefore evolving rapidly as more and more samples are sequenced.

ConclusionsSince all code is freely available on GitHub, ATAV can easily be used by other groups to build up their own platform, database, and user interface. In addition to that users can query one of the largest variant databases for patients sequenced at a tertiary care center and look up their own genes or variants of interest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ren, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Povysil, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.08.136507</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ATAV - a comprehensive platform for population-scale genomic analyses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.17.158378v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Membrane Insertion of MoS2 Nanosheets: Fresh vs. Aged 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.17.158378v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fresh two-dimensional (2D) molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) can absorb the hydrocarbon contamination from the ambient air and cause surface aging. Thus, understanding how the surface aging process of MoS2 affects the interaction with biomolecules is crucial for its applications in the biomedical field. Here, we employed atomistic molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the interactions of fresh and aged MoS2 nanosheets with POPE lipid membranes. Our results show that even though both the fresh and aged MoS2 nanosheets are capable of spontaneous insertion into the POPE bilayer membrane, the fresh MoS2 nanosheet displays significantly more robust interaction than the aged one. The potential mean force (PMF) calculations further confirm that the fresh MoS2 nanosheet is more energetically favorable than the aged one in penetrating into the POPE lipid membranes, with the former having ~17 kJ/mol stronger binding affinity than the later. This work provides a deeper understanding of the surface-aging-dependent interaction of MoS2 nanosheet with biomolecules, which might help the design of better MoS2-based nanodevices with appropriate surface properties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ye, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.17.158378</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Membrane Insertion of MoS2 Nanosheets: Fresh vs. Aged]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.17.158402v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural Consequences of the Villin Headpiece Interaction with a Carbon Nitride Polyaniline (C3N) Nanosheet 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.17.158402v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Carbon nitride polyaniline (C3N) nanosheets shared a similar structure with graphene and have been utilized in biomedical applications since its recent successful synthesis. However, limited information was known about the interaction of this next-generation nanomaterial with biomolecules, which might hamper its applications in living tissues. Here, by using all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we investigated the interaction between a C3N nanosheet and the prototypical protein villin headpiece (HP35), in order to identify the mechanistic determinants of such interaction; this knowledge will provide guidelines about C3Ns biocompatibility. Our MD simulations revealed that the C3N-based nanomaterial caused the partial denaturation of HP35 once the protein was bound on its surface. That is, upon adsorption, we observed the loss of the proteins interior hydrogen bonds and the native contacts, which were related with unwinding events in the proteins helices. The protein/C3N nanosheet interacting process was dominated by vdW contributions to the energy and the stepwise changes observed in the values of this energy term suggested a gradual unfolding pattern of HP35 during the absorption event. Furthermore, we also found that the interaction energy showed a linear correlation with the native Q ratio of HP35, suggesting that the degree of HP35 unfolding was linearly time-dependent to the interaction energy. Our findings shed light on the underlying molecular mechanism of the potential consequences of C3N-based nanostructures to proteins, which might delineate the future applications of these nanomaterials in biomedicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Aguilar, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.17.158402</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural Consequences of the Villin Headpiece Interaction with a Carbon Nitride Polyaniline (C3N) Nanosheet]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.27.175646v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic extrinsic pacing of the HOX clock in human axial progenitors controls motor neuron subtype specification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.27.175646v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SUMMARYRostro-caudal patterning of vertebrates depends on the temporally progressive activation of HOX genes within axial stem cells that fuel axial embryo elongation. Whether HOX genes sequential activation, the “HOX clock”, is paced by intrinsic chromatin-based timing mechanisms or by temporal changes in extrinsic cues remains unclear. Here, we studied HOX clock pacing in human pluripotent stem cells differentiating into spinal cord motor neuron subtypes which are progenies of axial progenitors. We show that the progressive activation of caudal HOX genes in axial progenitors is controlled by a dynamic increase in FGF signaling. Blocking FGF pathway stalled induction of HOX genes, while precocious increase in FGF alone, or with GDF11 ligand, accelerated the HOX clock. Cells differentiated under accelerated HOX induction generated appropriate posterior motor neuron subtypes found along the human embryonic spinal cord. The HOX clock is thus dynamically paced by exposure parameters to secreted cues. Its manipulation by extrinsic factors alleviates temporal requirements to provide unprecedented synchronized access to human cells of multiple, defined, rostro-caudal identities for basic and translational applications.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mouilleau, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaslin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gribaudo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolas, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarrige, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terray, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesueur, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathis, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croft, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daynac, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ROUILLER-FABRE, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wichterle, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ribes, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nedelec, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.27.175646</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic extrinsic pacing of the HOX clock in human axial progenitors controls motor neuron subtype specification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.29.177303v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interplay between UNG and AID governs intratumoral heterogeneity in mature B cell lymphoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.29.177303v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACTMost B cell lymphomas originate from B cells that have germinal center (GC) experience and bear chromosome translocations and numerous point mutations. GCs B cells remodel their immunoglobulin (Ig) genes by somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR) in their immunoglobulin (Ig) genes. Activation Induced Deaminase (AID) initiates CSR and SHM by generating U:G mismatches on Ig DNA that can then be processed by Uracyl-N-glycosylase (UNG). AID promotes collateral damage in the form of chromosome translocations and off-target SHM, however, the exact contribution of AID activity to lymphoma generation and progression is not completely understood. Here we show using a conditional knock-in strategy that AID supraactivity alone is not sufficient to generate B cell transformation. In contrast, in the absence of UNG, AID supra-expression increases SHM and promotes lymphoma. Whole exome sequencing revealed that AID heavily contributes to lymphoma SHM, promoting subclonal variability and a wider range of oncogenic variants. Thus, our data provide direct evidence that UNG is a brake to AID-induced intratumoral heterogeneity and evolution of B cell lymphoma.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramiro, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgado, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez-Prado, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marina-Zarate, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sernandez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mur, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de la Barrera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Cabo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canamero, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Molina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belver, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Yebenes, V. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.29.177303</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interplay between UNG and AID governs intratumoral heterogeneity in mature B cell lymphoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.29.179291v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stabilization of β-catenin promotes melanocyte specification at the expense of the Schwann cell lineage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.29.179291v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway governs a multitude of developmental processes in various cell lineages, including the melanocyte lineage. Indeed, β-catenin regulates Mitf-M transcription, the master regulator of this lineage. The first wave of melanocytes to colonize the skin is directly derived from neural crest cells, while a small number of second wave melanocytes is derived from Schwann-cell precursors (SCPs). We investigated the influence of β-catenin in the development of melanocytes of the first and second waves by generating mice expressing a constitutively active form of β-catenin in cells expressing tyrosinase. Constitutive activation of β-catenin did not affect the development of truncal melanoblasts, but led to a marked hyperpigmentation of the paws. By activating β-catenin at various stages of development (E8.5-E11.5), we showed that the activation of β-catenin in bipotent SCPs favored melanoblast specification at the expense of Schwann cells in the limbs within a specific temporal window. In addition, hyperactivation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway repressed FoxD3 expression, which is necessary for Schwann cell development, through Mitf-M activation. In conclusion, β-catenin overexpression promotes SCP cell-fate decisions towards the melanocyte lineage.Summary statement Activation of β-catenin in bipotent Schwann-cell precursors during a specific developmental window, induces MITF and represses FoxD3 to promote melanoblast cell fate at the expense of Schwann cells in limbs.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Colombo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petit, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, R. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Champeval, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yajima, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gesbert, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delmas, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larue, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.29.179291</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stabilization of β-catenin promotes melanocyte specification at the expense of the Schwann cell lineage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.30.180646v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lateral Hypothalamic GABAergic neurons encode and potentiate sucrose palatability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.30.180646v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sucrose is attractive to most species in the animal kingdom, not only because it induces a sweet taste sensation but also for its positive palatability (i.e., oromotor responses elicited by increasing sucrose concentrations). Although palatability is such an important sensory attribute, it is currently unknown which cell types encode and modulate sucroses palatability. Studies in mice have shown that activation of GABAergic LHAVgat+ neurons evokes voracious eating; however, it is not known whether these neurons would be driving consumption by increasing palatability. Using optrode recordings, we measured sucroses palatability while VGAT-ChR2 transgenic mice performed a brief access sucrose test. We found a subpopulation of LHAVgat+ neurons encodes palatability by increasing (or decreasing) their activity as a function of the increment in licking responses evoked by sucrose concentrations. Optogenetic gain of function experiments, where mice were able to choose among available water, 3%, or 18% sucrose solution, uncovered that opto-stimulation of LHAVgat+ neurons consistently promoted higher intake of the most palatable stimulus (18% sucrose). In contrast, if they self-stimulated near the less palatable stimulus, some VGAT-ChR2 mice preferred water over 18% sucrose. Unexpectedly, activation of LHAVgat+ neurons increased quinine intake but only during water deprivation, since in sated animals, they failed to promote quinine intake or tolerate an aversive stimulus. Conversely, these neurons promoted overconsumption of sucrose when it was the nearest stimulus. Also, experiments with solid foods further confirmed that these neurons increased food interaction time with the most palatable food available. We conclude that LHAVgat+ neurons increase the drive to consume, but it is potentiated by the palatability and proximity of the tastant.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garcia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coss, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luis-Islas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puron-Sierra, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luna, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villavicencio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.30.180646</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lateral Hypothalamic GABAergic neurons encode and potentiate sucrose palatability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.13.200808v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbiome Dynamics of Bovine Mastitis Progression and Genomic Determinants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.13.200808v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The milk of lactating cows presents a complex ecosystem of interconnected microbial communities which can impose a significant influence on the pathophysiology of mastitis. Previously, we reported the alteration of microbiome (bacteria, archaea, virus) composition between clinical mastitis (CM) and healthy (H) milk. We hypothesized possible dynamic shifts of microbiome compositions with the progress of different pathological states of mastitis (CM, Recurrent CM; RCM, Subclinical Mastitis; SCM) determined by its favoring genomic potentials. To evaluate this hypothesis, we employed whole metagenome sequencing (WMS) in 20 milk samples (CM = 5, RCM = 6, SCM = 4, H = 5) to unravel the microbiome dynamics, interrelation, and relevant metabolic functions. PathoScope (PS) and MG-RAST (MR) analyses mapped the WMS data to 442 bacterial, 58 archaeal and 48 viral genomes with distinct variation in microbiome composition and abundances across these metagenomes (CM>H>RCM>SCM). PS analysis identified 385, 65, 80 and 144 bacterial strains in CM, RCM, SCM, and H milk, respectively, with an inclusion of 67.19% previously unreported opportunistic strains in mastitis metagenomes. Moreover, MR detected 56, 13, 9 and 46 archaeal, and 40, 24, 11 and 37 viral genera in CM, RCM, SCM and H-milk metagenomes, respectively. The CM-microbiomes had closest association with RCM-microbiomes followed by SCM, and H-microbiomes. Furthermore, we identified 333, 304, 183 and 50 virulence factors-associated genes (VFGs), and 48, 31, 11 and 6 antibiotic resistance genes (AGRs) in CM, RCM, SCM, and H-microbiomes, respectively, showing a significant correlation between the relative abundances of VFGs (p = 0.001), ARGs (p = 0.0001), and associated bacterial taxa. We also detected correlated variations in the presence and abundance of several metabolic functional genes related to bacterial colonization, proliferation, chemotaxis, motility and invasion, oxidative stress, virulence and pathogenicity, phage integration and excision, biofilm-formation, and quorum-sensing to be associated with different episodes of mastitis. Therefore, profiling the dynamics of microbiome in different states of mastitis, concurrent VFGs, ARGs, and genomic functional correlations will contribute to developing microbiome-based diagnostics and therapeutics for bovine mastitis, and carries significant implications on curtailing the economic fallout from this disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoque, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Istiaq, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Islam, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anwar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siddiki, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sultana, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crandall, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hossain, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.13.200808</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbiome Dynamics of Bovine Mastitis Progression and Genomic Determinants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.02.232942v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain Anatomical Covariation Patterns Linked to Binge Drinking and Age at First Full Drink Prior to 21 Years 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.02.232942v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Binge drinking and age at first full drink of alcohol prior to 21 years (AFD<21) have been linked to neuroanatomical differences in cortical and subcortical grey matter (GM) volume, cortical thickness, and surface area. Despite the potential to reveal novel network-level relationships, structural covariation patterns among these morphological measures have yet to be examined relative to binge drinking and AFD<21. Here, we used the Joint and Individual Variance Explained (JIVE) method to characterize structural covariation patterns common across and specific to morphological measures in 293 participants (149 individuals with binge drinking and 144 healthy controls) from the Human Connectome Project (HCP). An independent dataset (Nathan Kline Institute Rockland Sample; NKI-RS) was used to examine reproducibility/ generalizability. We identified a highly reproducible joint component dominated by structural covariation between GM volume in the brainstem and thalamus proper, and GM volume and surface area in prefrontal cortical regions. Using linear mixed regression models, we found that this joint component was related to AFD<21 in both the HCP and NKI-RS datasets, whereas the individual thickness component associated with binge drinking and AFD<21 in the HCP dataset was not statistically significant in the NKI-RS sample. Taken together, our results show that a highly reproducible structural pattern involving covariation in brain regions relevant to thalamic-PFC-brainstem neural circuitry is linked to age at first full drink.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constable, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hien, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potenza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.02.232942</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain Anatomical Covariation Patterns Linked to Binge Drinking and Age at First Full Drink Prior to 21 Years]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.03.233650v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell identity definition using random forests and recursive feature elimination (scRFE) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.03.233650v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) enables the detailed examination of a cells underlying regulatory networks and the molecular factors contributing to its identity. We developed scRFE with the goal of generating interpretable gene lists that can accurately distinguish observations (single-cells) by their features (genes) given a metadata category of the dataset. scRFE is an algorithm that combines the classical random forest classifier with recursive feature elimination and cross validation to find the features necessary and sufficient to classify cells in a single-cell RNA-seq dataset by ranking feature importance. It is implemented as a Python package compatible with Scanpy, enabling its seamless integration into any single-cell data analysis workflow that aims at identifying minimal transcriptional programs relevant to describing metadata features of the dataset. We applied scRFE to the Tabula Muris Senis and reproduced established aging patterns and transcription factor reprogramming protocols, highlighting the biological value of scRFEs learned features.

Author summaryscRFE is a Python package that combines a random forest classifier with recursive feature elimination and cross validation to find the features necessary and sufficient to classify cells in a single-cell RNA-seq dataset by ranking feature importance. scRFE was designed to enable straightforward integration as part of any single-cell data analysis workflow that aims at identifying minimal transcriptional programs relevant to describing metadata features of the dataset.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vorperian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pisco, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.03.233650</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell identity definition using random forests and recursive feature elimination (scRFE)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.24.264531v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Methods for detecting PER2::LUCIFERASE bioluminescence rhythms in freely moving mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.24.264531v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circadian rhythms are driven by daily oscillations of gene expression. An important tool for studying cellular and tissue rhythms is the use of a gene reporter, such as bioluminescence from the reporter gene luciferase controlled by a rhythmically expressed gene of interest. Here we describe methods that allow measurement of bioluminescence from a freely-moving mouse housed in a standard cage. Using a LumiCycle In Vivo (Actimetrics), we determined conditions that allow detection of circadian rhythms of bioluminescence from the PER2 reporter, PER2::LUC, in freely behaving mice. We tested delivery of D-luciferin via a subcutaneous minipump and in the drinking water. Further, we demonstrate that a synthetic luciferase substrate, CycLuc1, can support circadian rhythms of bioluminescence, even when delivered at a lower concentration than D-luciferin. We share our analysis scripts and suggestions for further improvements in this method. This approach will be straightforward to apply to mice with tissue-specific reporters, allowing insights into responses of specific peripheral clocks to perturbations such as environmental or pharmacological manipulations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martin-Burgos, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tir, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammad, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javed, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Vinne, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molyneux, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leise, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrington, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.24.264531</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Methods for detecting PER2::LUCIFERASE bioluminescence rhythms in freely moving mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.14.295923v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional assessment of the "two-hit" model for neurodevelopmental defects in Drosophila and X. laevis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.14.295923v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We previously identified a deletion on chromosome 16p12.1 that is mostly inherited and associated with multiple neurodevelopmental outcomes, where severely affected probands carried an excess of rare pathogenic variants compared to mildly affected carrier parents. We hypothesized that the 16p12.1 deletion sensitizes the genome for disease, while "second-hits" in the genetic background modulate the phenotypic trajectory. To test this model, we examined how neurodevelopmental defects conferred by knockdown of individual 16p12.1 homologs are modulated by simultaneous knockdown of homologs of "second-hit" genes in Drosophila melanogaster and Xenopus laevis. We observed that knockdown of 16p12.1 homologs affect multiple phenotypic domains, leading to delayed developmental timing, seizure susceptibility, brain alterations, abnormal dendrite and axonal morphology, and cellular proliferation defects. Compared to genes within the 16p11.2 deletion, which has higher de novo occurrence, 16p12.1 homologs were less likely to interact with each other in Drosophila models or a human brain-specific interaction network, suggesting that interactions with "second-hit" genes may confer higher impact towards neurodevelopmental phenotypes. Assessment of 212 pairwise interactions in Drosophila between 16p12.1 homologs and 76 homologs of patient-specific "second-hit" genes (such as ARID1B and CACNA1A), genes within neurodevelopmental pathways (such as PTEN and UBE3A), and transcriptomic targets (such as DSCAM and TRRAP) identified genetic interactions in 63% of the tested pairs. In 11 out of 15 families, homologs of patient-specific "second-hits" enhanced or suppressed the phenotypic effects of one or many 16p12.1 homologs. In fact, homologs of SETD5 synergistically interacted with homologs of MOSMO in both Drosophila and X. laevis, leading to modified cellular and brain phenotypes, as well as axon outgrowth defects that were not observed with knockdown of either individual homolog. Our results suggest that several 16p12.1 genes sensitize the genome towards neurodevelopmental defects, and complex interactions with "second-hit" genes determine the ultimate phenotypic manifestation.

Author SummaryCopy-number variants, or deletions and duplications in the genome, are associated with multiple neurodevelopmental disorders. The developmental delay-associated 16p12.1 deletion is mostly inherited, and severely affected children carry an excess of "second-hits" variants compared to mildly affected carrier parents, suggesting that additional variants modulate the clinical manifestation. We studied this "two-hit" model using Drosophila and Xenopus laevis, and systematically tested how homologs of "second-hit" genes modulate neurodevelopmental defects observed for 16p12.1 homologs. We observed that 16p12.1 homologs independently led to multiple neurodevelopmental features and weakly interacted with each other, suggesting that interactions with "second-hit" homologs potentially have a higher impact towards neurodevelopmental defects than interactions between 16p12.1 homologs. We tested 212 pairwise interactions of 16p12.1 homologs with "second-hit" homologs and genes within conserved neurodevelopmental pathways, and observed modulation of neurodevelopmental defects caused by 16p12.1 homologs in 11 out of 15 families, and 16/32 of these changes could be attributed to genetic interactions. Interestingly, we observed that SETD5 homologs interacted with homologs of MOSMO, which conferred additional neuronal phenotypes not observed with knockdown of individual homologs. We propose that the 16p12.1 deletion sensitizes the genome to multiple neurodevelopmental defects, and complex interactions with "second-hit" genes determine the clinical trajectory of the disorder.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lucilla, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yusuff, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingraham, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huber, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monahan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karthikeyan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gould, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yennawar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolls, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowery, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girirajan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.14.295923</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional assessment of the "two-hit" model for neurodevelopmental defects in Drosophila and X. laevis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.22.309278v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SSMD: A semi-supervised approach for a robust cell type identification and deconvolution of mouse transcriptomics data 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.22.309278v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deconvolution of mouse transcriptomic data is challenged by the fact that mouse models carry various genetic and physiological perturbations, making it questionable to assume fixed cell types and cell type marker genes for different dataset scenarios. We developed a Semi-Supervised Mouse data Deconvolution (SSMD) method to study the mouse tissue microenvironment (TME). SSMD is featured by (i) a novel non-parametric method to discover data set specific cell type signature genes; (ii) a community detection approach for fixing cell types and their marker genes; (iii) a constrained matrix decomposition method to solve cell type relative proportions that is robust to diverse experimental platforms. In summary, SSMD addressed several key challenges in the deconvolution of mouse tissue data, including: (1) varied cell types and marker genes caused by highly divergent genotypic and phenotypic conditions of mouse experiment, (2) diverse experimental platforms of mouse transcriptomics data, (3) small sample size and limited training data source, and (4) capable to estimate the proportion of 35 cell types in blood, inflammatory, central nervous or hematopoietic systems. In silico and experimental validation of SSMD demonstrated its high sensitivity and accuracy in identifying (sub) cell types and predicting cell proportions comparing to state-of-the-arts methods. A user-friendly R package and a web server of SSMD are released via https://github.com/xiaoyulu95/SSMD.

Key pointsO_LIWe provide a novel tissue deconvolution method, namely SSMD, which is specifically designed for mouse data to handle the variations caused by different mouse strain, genetic and phenotypic background, and experimental platforms.
C_LIO_LISSMD is capable to detect data set and tissue microenvironment specific cell markers for more than 30 cell types in mouse blood, inflammatory tissue, cancer, and central nervous system.
C_LIO_LISSMD achieve much improved performance in estimating relative proportion of the cell types compared with state-of-the-art methods.
C_LIO_LIThe semi-supervised setting enables the application of SSMD on transcriptomics, DNA methylation and ATAC-seq data.
C_LIO_LIA user friendly R package and a R shiny of SSMD based webserver are also developed.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu, S.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramdas, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapur, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.22.309278</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SSMD: A semi-supervised approach for a robust cell type identification and deconvolution of mouse transcriptomics data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.23.310656v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
scFEA: A graph neural network model to estimate cell-wise metabolic flux using single cell RNA-seq data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.23.310656v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The metabolic heterogeneity, and metabolic interplay between cells and their microenvironment have been known as significant contributors to disease treatment resistance. However, with the lack of a mature high-throughput single cell metabolomics technology, we are yet to establish systematic understanding of intra-tissue metabolic heterogeneity and cooperation phenomena among cell populations. To mitigate this knowledge gap, we developed a novel computational method, namely scFEA (single cell Flux Estimation Analysis), to infer single cell fluxome from single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) data. scFEA is empowered by a comprehensively reconstructed human metabolic map into a factor graph, a novel probabilistic model to leverage the flux balance constraints on scRNA-seq data, and a novel graph neural network based optimization solver. The intricate information cascade from transcriptome to metabolome was captured using multi-layer neural networks to fully capitulate the non-linear dependency between enzymatic gene expressions and reaction rates. We experimentally validated scFEA by generating an scRNA-seq dataset with matched metabolomics data on cells of perturbed oxygen and genetic conditions. Application of scFEA on this dataset demonstrated the consistency between predicted flux and metabolic imbalance with the observed variation of metabolite abundance in the matched metabolomics data. We also applied scFEA on five publicly available scRNA-seq and spatial transcriptomics datasets and identified context and cell group specific metabolic variations. The cell-wise fluxome predicted by scFEA empowers a series of downstream analysis including identification of metabolic modules or cell groups that share common metabolic variations, sensitivity evaluation of enzymes with regards to their impact on the whole metabolic flux, and inference of cell-tissue and cell-cell metabolic communications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alghamdi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fishel, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.23.310656</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[scFEA: A graph neural network model to estimate cell-wise metabolic flux using single cell RNA-seq data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.24.298851v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ADPriboDB v2.0: An Updated Database of ADP-ribosylated Proteins 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.24.298851v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ADP-ribosylation is a protein modification responsible for biological processes such as DNA repair, RNA regulation, cell cycle, and biomolecular condensate formation. Dysregulation of ADP-ribosylation is implicated in cancer, neurodegeneration, and viral infection. We developed ADPriboDB (adpribodb.leunglab.org) to facilitate studies in uncovering insights into the mechanisms and biological significance of ADP-ribosylation. ADPriboDB 2.0 serves as a one-stop repository comprising 48,346 entries and 9,097 ADP-ribosylated proteins, of which 6,708 were newly identified since the original database release. In this updated version, we provide information regarding the sites of ADP-ribosylation in 32,946 entries. The wealth of information allows us to interrogate existing databases or newly available data. For example, we found that ADP-ribosylated substrates are significantly associated with the recently identified human protein interaction networks associated with SARS-CoV-2, which encodes a conserved protein domain called macrodomain that binds and removes ADP-ribosylation. In addition, we create a new interactive tool to visualize the local context of ADP-ribosylation, such as structural and functional features as well as other post-translational modifications (e.g., phosphorylation, methylation and ubiquitination). This information provides opportunities to explore the biology of ADP-ribosylation and generate new hypotheses for experimental testing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ayyappan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wat, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barber, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vivelo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gauch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visanpattanasin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sazeides, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, A. K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.24.298851</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ADPriboDB v2.0: An Updated Database of ADP-ribosylated Proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.09.332726v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultrasound-mediated mechanical forces selectively kill tumor cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.09.332726v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ultrasound has been used to target tumors either through local heating or local nanobubbles but these methods damage surrounding normal cells in the target area. Recent studies show that tumor cells are susceptible to mechanical stresses and undergo calcium-dependent apoptosis under conditions that promote normal cell growth. Here we report that low-frequency ultrasound causes apoptosis of tumor cells by activating a calpain-dependent mitochondrial pathway that depends upon calcium entry through the mechanosensitive Piezo1 channels. This is a general property of all tumor cell lines tested so far irrespective of tissue origin. In animals, ultrasound irradiation causes tumor killing in the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model with relatively little damage to the chick embryos. Further, patient-derived pancreatic tumor organoids are killed by ultrasound treatment. Because low-level ultrasound causes apoptosis of tumor cells from many different tissues in different microenvironments, it may offer a safe non-invasive approach to augment tumor treatments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tijore, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margadant, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hariharan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chew, C. A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonney, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheetz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.09.332726</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultrasound-mediated mechanical forces selectively kill tumor cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.12.331975v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vulnerability of ARID1A deficient cancer cells to pyrimidine synthesis blockade 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.12.331975v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here we report the discovery and preclinical validation of a novel precision medicine strategy for ARID1A-mutated cancer. Unbiased proteomics reveals for the first time that ARID1A protein (BAF250a) binds aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATCase), a key regulatory enzyme of the de novo pyrimidine synthesis pathway. Using isogenic paired ARID1A proficient/deficient cancer cell lines, we show that ARID1A protein deficiency (as occurs in ARID1A mutant cancers) leads to metabolic reprogramming and pyrimidine synthesis dependency. Pyrimidine synthesis blockade using the FDA-approved drug teriflunomide (a DHODH inhibitor) suppresses tumor growth and selectively induces DNA damage in ARID1A-deficient tumor models. Combining pyrimidine synthesis inhibition with DNA damage repair blockade, using teriflunomide and AZD6738 (an ATR inhibitor), achieves potent synergy and induces sustained tumor regression in ARID1A-mutant ovarian cancer patient-derived xenografts (PDX). These compelling preclinical data support the evaluation of this novel combination treatment in patients with ARID1A-mutated cancers.

SIGNIFICANCEWe identified that ARID1A-deficient cells are selectively vulnerable to pyrimidine synthesis blockade. Preclinical studies demonstrate the in vivo efficacy of a synergistic drug combination that concurrently inhibits the de novo pyrimidine synthesis pathway and DNA damage repair to induce regression in patient-derived xenograft models of ARID1A-mutated cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osagie, O. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C.-P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.12.331975</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vulnerability of ARID1A deficient cancer cells to pyrimidine synthesis blockade]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.13.337626v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Isoform-specific roles of the Drosophila filamin-type protein Jitterbug (Jbug) during development 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.13.337626v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Filamins are highly conserved actin-crosslinking proteins that regulate organization of the actin cytoskeleton. As key components of versatile signaling scaffolds, filamins are implicated in developmental anomalies and cancer. Multiple isoforms of filamins exist, raising the possibility of distinct functions for each isoform during development and in disease. Here, we provide an initial characterization of jitterbug (jbug), which encodes one of the two filamin-type proteins in Drosophila. We generate Jbug antiserum that recognizes all of the spliced forms and reveals differential expression of different Jbug isoforms during development, and a significant maternal contribution of Jbug protein. To reveal the function of Jbug isoforms, we create new genetic tools, including a null allele that deletes all isoforms, hypomorphic alleles that affect only a subset, and UAS lines for Gal4-driven expression of the major isoforms. Using these tools, we demonstrate that Jbug is required for viability and that specific isoforms are required in the formation of actin-rich protrusions including thoracic bristles in adults and ventral denticles in the embryo. We also show that specific isoforms of Jbug show differential localization within epithelia and that maternal and zygotic loss of jbug disrupts Crumbs (Crb) localization in several epithelial cell types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chung, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vishwakarma, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.13.337626</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Isoform-specific roles of the Drosophila filamin-type protein Jitterbug (Jbug) during development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.19.343129v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A multimodal cell census and atlas of the mammalian primary motor cortex 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.19.343129v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report the generation of a multimodal cell census and atlas of the mammalian primary motor cortex (MOp or M1) as the initial product of the BRAIN Initiative Cell Census Network (BICCN). This was achieved by coordinated large-scale analyses of single-cell transcriptomes, chromatin accessibility, DNA methylomes, spatially resolved single-cell transcriptomes, morphological and electrophysiological properties, and cellular resolution input-output mapping, integrated through cross-modal computational analysis. Together, our results advance the collective knowledge and understanding of brain cell type organization: First, our study reveals a unified molecular genetic landscape of cortical cell types that congruently integrates their transcriptome, open chromatin and DNA methylation maps. Second, cross-species analysis achieves a unified taxonomy of transcriptomic types and their hierarchical organization that are conserved from mouse to marmoset and human. Third, cross-modal analysis provides compelling evidence for the epigenomic, transcriptomic, and gene regulatory basis of neuronal phenotypes such as their physiological and anatomical properties, demonstrating the biological validity and genomic underpinning of neuron types and subtypes. Fourth, in situ single-cell transcriptomics provides a spatially-resolved cell type atlas of the motor cortex. Fifth, integrated transcriptomic, epigenomic and anatomical analyses reveal the correspondence between neural circuits and transcriptomic cell types. We further present an extensive genetic toolset for targeting and fate mapping glutamatergic projection neuron types toward linking their developmental trajectory to their circuit function. Together, our results establish a unified and mechanistic framework of neuronal cell type organization that integrates multi-layered molecular genetic and spatial information with multi-faceted phenotypic properties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>BRAIN Initiative Cell Census Network (BICCN),</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adkins, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldridge, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ament, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armand, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ascoli, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakken, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandrowski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkas, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bateup, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrens, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berens, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernabucci, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernaerts, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertagnolli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biancalani, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boggeman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booeshaghi, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bravo, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cadwell, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callaway, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casper, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castanon, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chance, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colantuoni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crabtree, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creasy, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cric</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.19.343129</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A multimodal cell census and atlas of the mammalian primary motor cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.22.350447v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Histone Chaperone CAF-1 Sustains Myeloid Lineage Identity 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.22.350447v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During hematopoiesis, stem and progenitor cells become progressively restricted in their differentiation potential. This process is driven by lineage-specific transcription factors and is accompanied by dynamic changes in chromatin structure. The chromatin assembly factor complex CAF-1 is a key regulator of cellular plasticity in various cell lineages in different organisms. However, whether CAF-1 sustains lineage identity during normal homeostasis is unclear. To address this question, we investigated the role of CAF-1 in myeloid progenitor cells. CAF-1 suppression in myeloid progenitors triggered their rapid commitment but incomplete differentiation toward granulocyte, megakaryocyte, and erythrocyte lineages, resulting in a mixed cellular state. Through comparison with a canonical paradigm of directed terminal myeloid differentiation, we define changes in chromatin accessibility that underlie a unique transcriptome of the aberrantly matured CAF-1 deficient cells. We further identify C/EBP and ELF1 as key transcription factors whose control of myeloid lineage commitment is kept in check by CAF-1. These findings shed new light on molecular underpinnings of hematopoiesis and suggest that manipulation of chromatin accessibility through modulating CAF-1 levels may provide a powerful strategy for controlled differentiation of blood cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frankhouser, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiem, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadreyev, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rockne, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sykes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hochedlinger, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheloufi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.22.350447</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Histone Chaperone CAF-1 Sustains Myeloid Lineage Identity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.05.367482v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA-seq uncovers shared and distinct axes of variation in dorsal LGN neurons in mice, non-human primates and humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.05.367482v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Abundant anatomical and physiological evidence supports the presence of at least three distinct types of relay glutamatergic neurons in the primate dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) of the thalamus, the brain region that conveys visual information from the retina to the primary visual cortex. Relay neuron diversity has also been described in the mouse dLGN (also known as LGd). Different types of relay neurons in mice, humans and macaques have distinct morphologies, distinct connectivity patterns, and convey different aspects of visual information to the cortex. To investigate the molecular underpinnings of these cell types, and how these relate to other cellular properties and differences in dLGN between human, macaque, and mice, we profiled gene expression in single nuclei and cells using RNA-sequencing. These efforts identified four distinct types of relay neurons in the primate dLGN, magnocellular neurons, parvocellular neurons, and two cell types expressing canonical marker genes for koniocellular neurons. Surprisingly, despite extensive documented morphological and physiological differences between magno- and parvocellular neurons, we identified few genes with significant differential expression between transcriptomic cell types corresponding to these two neuronal populations. We also detected strong donor-specific gene expression signatures in both macaque and human relay neurons. Likewise, the dominant feature of relay neurons of the adult mouse dLGN is high transcriptomic similarity, with an axis of heterogeneity that aligns with core vs. shell portions of mouse dLGN. Together, these data show that transcriptomic differences between principal cell types in the mature mammalian dLGN are subtle relative to striking differences in morphology and cortical projection targets. Finally, we align cellular expression profiles across species and find homologous types of relay neurons in macaque and human, and distinct relay neurons in mouse.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bakken, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Velthoven, C. T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodge, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graybuck, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horwitz, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertagnolli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garren, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parry, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casper, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shehata, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkan, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szafer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levi, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunkin, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawrylycz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasic, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.05.367482</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell RNA-seq uncovers shared and distinct axes of variation in dorsal LGN neurons in mice, non-human primates and humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.16.384891v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutations in the juxtamembrane segment of the cholesterol-binding site of APP alter its processing and promotes production of shorter, less toxic Aβ peptides. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.16.384891v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe brains of patients with Alzheimers disease (AD) reveal increased cellular membrane levels of cholesterol. Correspondingly, we previously showed that elevating levels of membrane cholesterol in neuronal cultures recapitulates early AD phenotypes including excessive cleavage of amyloid {beta} (A{beta}) peptides from the amyloid precursor protein (APP). Here we aimed to evaluate how the presence of a cholesterol-binding site (CBS) in the transmembrane and juxtamembrane regions of APP regulates its processing.

MethodsWe generated seven single and two double APP mutants at amino acid positions 22, 26, 28, 29, 33, 39 of the A{beta} sequence changing the charge and/or hydrophobicity of the targeted amino acids. HEK293T cells were transfected with APP constructs and secreted A{beta} peptides were measured using ELISA and mass spectrometry (MS). APP processing in normal and high cholesterol condition, and endocytosis were assessed in stably expressing APPwt and APPK28A HEK293T clones. Finally, we measured the binding of synthetic peptides derived from the A{beta} sequence to cholesterol-rich exosomes purified from control HEK293T cells.

ResultsMost mutations triggered a reduction in the production of A{beta}40 and A{beta}42 peptides, whereas only juxtamembrane mutants resulted in the generation of shorter A{beta} peptides. We confirmed by mass spectrometry this specific change in the profile of secreted A{beta} peptides for the most characteristic APPK28A mutant. A transient increase of plasma membrane cholesterol enhanced the production of A{beta}40 by APPWT, an effect absent with APPK28A. The enzymatic activity of -, {beta}- and {gamma}-secretases remained unchanged in cells expressing APPK28A. Similarly, APPK28A subcellular localization in early endosomes did not differ to APPWT. Finally, WT but not CBS mutant A{beta} derived peptides bound to cholesterol-rich exosomes.

ConclusionsTaken together, these data reveal a major role of the juxtamembrane region of APP in binding to cholesterol and accordingly in the regulation of APP processing. Binding of cholesterol to K28 could staple APP to the juxtamembrane region thereby permitting access to {gamma}-secretase cleavage at positions 40-42. The APPK28 mutant would lie deeper in the membrane, facilitating the production of shorter A{beta} peptides and unveiling this specific region as a novel target for reducing the production of toxic A{beta} species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hanbouch, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaack, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontaine, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gkanatsiou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brinkmalm, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portelius, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blennow, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mourier, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilles, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millan, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marquer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zetterberg, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boussicault, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potier, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.16.384891</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutations in the juxtamembrane segment of the cholesterol-binding site of APP alter its processing and promotes production of shorter, less toxic Aβ peptides.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.18.389130v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Precise spatiotemporal control of voltage-gated sodium channels by photocaged saxitoxin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.18.389130v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here we report the pharmacologic blockade of voltage-gated sodium ion channels (NaV) by a synthetic saxitoxin derivative affixed to a photocleavable protecting group. We demonstrate that a functionalized saxitoxin (STX-eac) enables exquisite spatiotemporal control of NaV blockade to interrupt action potentials (APs) in dissociated neurons and nerve fiber bundles. The photo-uncaged inhibitor (STX-ea) is a nanomolar potent, reversible binder of NaVs. We use STX-eac to reveal differential susceptibility of myelinated and unmyelinated axons in the corpus callosum to NaV-dependent alterations in AP propagation, with unmyelinated axons preferentially showing reduced AP fidelity under conditions of partial NaV blockade. These results validate STX-eac as a high precision tool for robust photocontrol of neuronal excitability and AP generation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elleman, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devienne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makinson, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haynes, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huguenard, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du Bois, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.18.389130</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Precise spatiotemporal control of voltage-gated sodium channels by photocaged saxitoxin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.19.390260v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A human stem cell-derived neurosensory-epithelial circuitry on-a-chip to model herpes simplex virus reactivation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.19.390260v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Both emerging viruses and well-known viral pathogens endowed with neurotropism can either impair directly the neuronal functions or induce physio-pathological changes by diffusing from the periphery through neurosensory-epithelial connections. However, the current lack of an in vitro system modeling the connectivity between human neurons and peripheral tissues excludes the analysis of viral latency and reactivation and the assessment of natural/artificial induced anti-viral immunity. In this study, we developed the first stable topographic neurosensory-epithelial connection on-a-chip using human stem cell derived dorsal root ganglia (DRG) sensory neurons. Bulk and single cell transcriptomics showed that different combinations of key receptors for Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) are expressed by each sensory neuronal cell type. This neuronal-epithelial circuitry enabled a detailed analysis of the HSV infectivity faithfully modeling its dynamics and cell type specificity. The reconstitution of an organized connectivity between human sensory neurons and keratinocytes into microfluidic chips provides for the first time a powerful in vitro platform to model viral latency and reactivation of human viral pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mazzara, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Criscuolo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasponi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massimino, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muggeo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palma, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castelli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clementi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burioni, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancini, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broccoli, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clementi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.19.390260</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A human stem cell-derived neurosensory-epithelial circuitry on-a-chip to model herpes simplex virus reactivation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.30.404947v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Towards Inferring Nanopore Sequencing Ionic Currents from Nucleotide Chemical Structures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.30.404947v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The characteristic ionic currents of nucleotide kmers are commonly used in analyzing nanopore sequencing readouts. We present a graph convolutional network-based deep learning framework for predicting kmer characteristic ionic currents from corresponding chemical structures. We show such a framework can generalize the chemical information of the 5-methyl group from thymine to cytosine by correctly predicting 5-methylcytosine-containing DNA 6mers, thus shedding light on the de novo detection of nucleotide modifications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DING, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anastopoulos, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paten, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuart, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.30.404947</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Towards Inferring Nanopore Sequencing Ionic Currents from Nucleotide Chemical Structures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.02.409003v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early cis-regulatory events in the formation of retinal horizontal cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.02.409003v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During retinal development, multipotent and restricted progenitor cells generate all of the neuronal cells of the retina. Among these are horizontal cells, which are interneurons that modulate the light-induced signal from photoreceptors. This study utilizes the identification of novel cis-regulatory elements as a method to examine the gene regulatory networks that direct the development of horizontal cells. Here we describe a screen for cis-regulatory elements, or enhancers, for the horizontal cell-associated genes PTF1A, ONECUT1 (OC1), TFAP2A (AP2A), and LHX1. The OC1ECR22 and Tfap2aACR5 elements were shown to be potential enhancers for OC1 and TFAP2A, respectively, and to be specifically active in developing horizontal cells. The OC1ECR22 element is activated by PTF1A and RBPJ, which translates to regulation of OC1 expression and suggests that PTF1A is a direct activator of OC1 expression in developing horizontal cells. The region within the Tfap2aACR5 element that is responsible for its activation was determined to be a 100 bp sequence named Motif 4. Both OC1ECR22 and Tfap2aACR5 are negatively regulated by the nuclear receptors THRB and RXRG, as is the expression of OC1 and AP2A, suggesting that nuclear receptors may have a role in the negative regulation of horizontal cell development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schick, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hossain, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghinia Tegla, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emerson, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.02.409003</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early cis-regulatory events in the formation of retinal horizontal cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.11.421370v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell type-specific isolation and transcriptomic profiling informs glial pathology in human temporal lobe epilepsy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.11.421370v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The pathophysiology of epilepsy underlies complex network dysfunction, the cell-type-specific contributions of which remain poorly defined in human disease. In this study, we developed a strategy that simultaneously isolates neuronal, astrocyte and oligodendroglial progenitor (OPC)-enriched nuclei from human fresh-frozen neocortex and applied it to characterize the distinct transcriptome of each cell type in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) surgical samples. Differential RNA-seq analysis revealed several dysregulated pathways in neurons, OPCs, and astrocytes, and disclosed an immature phenotype switch in TLE astrocytes. An independent single cell RNA-seq TLE dataset uncovered a hybrid population of cells aberrantly co-expressing canonical astrocyte and OPC-like progenitor markers (GFAP+OLIG2+ glia), which we corroborated in-situ in human TLE samples, and further demonstrated their emergence after chronic seizure injury in a mouse model of status epilepticus. In line with their immature signature, a subset of human TLE glia were also abnormally proliferative, both in-vivo and in-vitro. Generally, this analysis validates the utility of the proposed cell type-specific isolation strategy to study glia-specific changes ex vivo using fresh-frozen human samples, and specifically, it delineates an aberrant glial phenotype in human TLE specimens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tome-Garcia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nudelman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mussa, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caballero, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaumont, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebra, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbarian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaslavsky, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsankova, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.11.421370</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell type-specific isolation and transcriptomic profiling informs glial pathology in human temporal lobe epilepsy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.420174v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Total recall: episodic memory retrieval,choice, and memory confidence in the rat 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.420174v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Episodic memory enables recollection of past experiences to guide future behavior. Humans know which memories to trust (high confidence) and which to doubt (low confidence). How memory retrieval, memory confidence, and memory-guided decisions are related, however, is not understood. Additionally, whether animals can assess confidence in episodic memories to guide behavior is unknown. We developed a spatial episodic memory task in which rats were incentivized to gamble their time: betting more following a correct choice yielded greater reward. Rat behavior reflected memory confidence, with higher temporal bets following correct choices. We applied modern machine learning to identify a memory decision variable, and built a generative model of memories evolving over time that accurately predicted both choices and confidence reports. Our results reveal in rats an ability thought to exist exclusively in primates, and introduce a unified model of memory dynamics, retrieval, choice, and confidence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joo, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geaghan-Breiner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kepecs, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.14.420174</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Total recall: episodic memory retrieval,choice, and memory confidence in the rat]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.13.426578v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
New SHIVs and Improved Design Strategy for Modeling HIV-1 Transmission, Immunopathogenesis, Prevention and Cure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.13.426578v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) chimeras contain the HIV-1 envelope (env) gene embedded within an SIVmac proviral backbone. Previously, we showed that substitution of Env residue 375-Ser by bulky aromatic residues enhances Env binding to rhesus CD4 and enables primary or transmitted/founder (T/F) HIV-1 Envs to support efficient SHIV replication in rhesus macaques (RMs). Here, we test this design strategy more broadly by constructing and analyzing SHIVs containing ten strategically selected primary or T/F HIV-1 Envs corresponding to subtypes A, B, C, AE and AG, each with six allelic variants at position 375. All ten SHIVs bearing wildtype Env375 residues replicated efficiently in human CD4+ T cells, but only one of these replicated efficiently in rhesus CD4+ T cells. This was a SHIV whose subtype AE Env naturally contained a bulky aromatic His residue at position 375. Replacement of wildtype Env375 residues by Trp, Tyr, Phe or His in the other nine SHIVs uniformly led to efficient replication in rhesus CD4+ T in vitro and in RMs in vivo. Env375-Trp - the residue found most frequently among SIV strains infecting Old World monkeys - was favored for SHIV replication in RMs, although some SHIVs preferred Env375-Tyr, -His or -Phe. Nine SHIVs containing optimized Env375 alleles were grown large scale in primary activated rhesus CD4+ T cells to serve as challenge stocks in preclinical prevention trials. These virus stocks were genetically homogeneous, native-like in Env antigenicity and tier-2 neutralization sensitivity, transmissible by rectal, vaginal, penile, oral or intravenous inoculation routes, and exhibited acute and early replication kinetics that were indistinguishable from HIV-1 infection in humans. Finally, to expedite future SHIV constructions and eliminate short redundant elements in tat1 and env gp41 that were spontaneously deleted in chronically infected monkeys, we engineered a simplified second-generation SHIV design scheme and validated it in RMs. Overall, our findings demonstrate that SHIVs bearing primary or T/F Envs with bulky aromatic amino acid substitutions at position Env375 consistently replicate in RMs, recapitulating many features of HIV-1 infection in humans. We further show that SHIV challenge stocks grown in primary rhesus CD4+ T cells are efficiently transmitted by mucosal routes common to HIV-1 infection and can be used effectively to test for vaccine efficacy in preclinical monkey trials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, F.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roark, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rando, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chohan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindemuth, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandrea, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apetrei, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keele, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lifson, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denny, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haynes, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hahn, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.13.426578</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[New SHIVs and Improved Design Strategy for Modeling HIV-1 Transmission, Immunopathogenesis, Prevention and Cure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.22.427329v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Implant- and anesthesia-related factors affecting threshold intensities for vagus nerve stimulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.22.427329v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is used as therapy in epilepsy and depression and is tested as a potential treatment for several chronic disorders. Typically, VNS is delivered at increasing stimulus intensity until a response is observed (threshold intensity). Factors that affect threshold intensities for engagement of different fiber types and concomitant physiological responses have not been studied. We determined neural and physiological responses to increasing stimulus intensities of VNS in anesthetized and awake animals, and examined the effect of implant- and anesthesia-related factors on threshold intensities in a rodent model of VNS. In acute and long-term cervical vagus nerve implants (53 and 14 rats, respectively) VNS was delivered under isoflurane, ketamine-xylazine, or awake at different intensities. Stimulus-evoked compound action potentials (eCAPs) were recorded, elicited physiological responses were registered, including changes heart rate (HR), breathing, and blood pressure (BP), and threshold intensities were determined. The intensity that elicits eCAPs ("neural threshold") is significantly lower than what elicits a physiological response ("physiological threshold", PT) (25 A {+/-}1.8 vs. 70 A {+/-}5.2, respectively; Mean {+/-}SEM). Changes in BP occur at the lowest stimulus intensities (80 A {+/-}7), followed by changes in HR (105 A {+/-}8.4) and finally in breathing (310 A {+/-}32.5). PT is lower with than without electrode insulation (60 A {+/-}12, vs. 700 A {+/-}123). PT and electrode impedance are correlated in long-term (r=0.47; p<0.001) but not in acute implants (r=-0.34; p NS); both PT and impedance increase with implant age (Pearson correlation r=0.44; p<0.001 and r=0.64; p<0.001, respectively). PT is lowest when animals are awake (210 A {+/-}33; Mean {+/-}SEM), followed by ketamine-xylazine (630 A {+/-}154), and isoflurane (1075 A {+/-}131). The sequence of physiological responses with increasing VNS intensity is similar in both anesthetized and awake states. Implant age, electrical impedance and the type of anesthesia affect VNS threshold and should be accounted for when determining stimulation dose.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Datta-Chaudhuri, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rieth, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Abed, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.22.427329</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Implant- and anesthesia-related factors affecting threshold intensities for vagus nerve stimulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.22.427687v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptome variation in human tissues revealed by long-read sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.22.427687v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regulation of transcript structure generates transcript diversity and plays an important role in human disease. The advent of long-read sequencing technologies offers the opportunity to study the role of genetic variation in transcript structure. In this paper, we present a large human long-read RNA-seq dataset using the Oxford Nanopore Technologies platform from 88 samples from GTEx tissues and cell lines, complementing the GTEx resource. We identified just under 100,000 new transcripts for annotated genes, and validated the protein expression of a similar proportion of novel and annotated transcripts. We developed a new computational package, LORALS, to analyze genetic effects of rare and common variants on the transcriptome via allele-specific analysis of long reads. We called allele-specific expression and transcript structure events, providing novel insights into the specific transcript alterations caused by common and rare genetic variants and highlighting the resolution gained from long-read data. We were able to perturb transcript structure upon knockdown of PTBP1, an RNA binding protein that mediates splicing, thereby finding genetic regulatory effects that are modified by the cellular environment. Finally, we use this dataset to enhance variant interpretation and study rare variants leading to aberrant splicing patterns.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Glinos, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garborcauskas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehsan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gokden, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garimella, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowers, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costello, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardlie, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellinor, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrington, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juul, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammadi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacArthur, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lappalainen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cummings, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.22.427687</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptome variation in human tissues revealed by long-read sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.24.428000v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adenosine metabolized from extracellular ATP promotes type 2 immunity through triggering A2BAR signaling on intestinal epithelial cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.24.428000v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multicellular intestinal nematode parasites can cross the epithelial barrier potentially causing tissue damage and release of danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that may promote type 2 responses and host protective immunity. We investigated whether adenosine specifically binding the A2B adenosine receptor (A2BAR) on epithelial cells played an important role in driving intestinal immunity. Specific blockade of epithelial cell A2BAR inhibited the host protective memory response to the enteric helminth, Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri, including disruption of granuloma development at the host:parasite interface during the transient tissue dwelling larval stage. Memory T cell development was blocked during the primary response and transcriptional analyses revealed profound impairment of A2BAR signaling in epithelial cells and reduced type 2 markers by 24 hours after inoculation. Extracellular ATP was visualized by 24 hours after inoculation and shown in CD39 deficient mice to be critical for the adenosine production mediating initiation of type 2 immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>El-Naccache, d. w.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>chen, f.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>palma, m.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>lemenze, a.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, w.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>mishra, p.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>eltzshig, h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>robson, s. c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Virgilio, f.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasko, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>gause, w.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.24.428000</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adenosine metabolized from extracellular ATP promotes type 2 immunity through triggering A2BAR signaling on intestinal epithelial cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.19.432005v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Notch-Jagged signaling complex defined by an interaction mosaic 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.19.432005v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Notch signaling system links cellular fate to that of its neighbors, driving proliferation, apoptosis, and cell differentiation in metazoans, whereas dysfunction leads to debilitating developmental disorders and cancers. Other than a five-by-five domain complex, it is unclear how the 40 extracellular domains of the Notch1 receptor collectively engage the 19 domains of its canonical ligand Jagged1 to activate Notch1 signaling. Here, using cross-linking mass spectrometry (XL-MS), biophysical and structural techniques on the full extracellular complex and targeted sites,we identify five distinct regions, two on Notch1 and three on Jagged1, that form an interaction network.The Notch1 membrane-proximal regulatory region individually binds to the established Notch1 epidermal growth factor (EGF) 8-13 and Jagged1 C2-EGF3 activation sites, as well as to two additional Jagged1 regions, EGF 8-11 and cysteine-rich domain (CRD). XL-MS and quantitative interaction experiments show that the three Notch1 binding sites on Jagged1 also engage intramolecularly.These interactions, together with Notch1 and Jagged1 ectodomain dimensions and flexibility determined by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), support the formation of backfolded architectures. Combined, the data suggest that critical Notch1 and Jagged1 regions are not distal, but engage directly to control Notch1 signaling, thereby redefining the Notch1-Jagged1 activation mechanism and indicating new routes for therapeutic applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zeronian, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klykov, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portell i de Montserrat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konijnenberg, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheltema, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janssen, B. J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.19.432005</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Notch-Jagged signaling complex defined by an interaction mosaic]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.08.434430v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transgenic mice for in vivo epigenome editing with CRISPR-based systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.08.434430v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The discovery, characterization, and adaptation of the RNA-guided clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-Cas9 system has greatly increased the ease with which genome and epigenome editing can be performed. Fusion of chromatin-modifying domains to the nuclease-deactivated form of Cas9 (dCas9) has enabled targeted gene activation or repression in both cultured cells and in vivo in animal models. However, delivery of the large dCas9 fusion proteins to target cell types and tissues is an obstacle to widespread adoption of these tools for in vivo studies. Here we describe the generation and validation of two conditional transgenic mouse lines for targeted gene regulation, Rosa26:LSL-dCas9-p300 for gene activation and Rosa26:LSL-dCas9-KRAB for gene repression. Using the dCas9p300 and dCas9KRAB transgenic mice we demonstrate activation or repression of genes in both the brain and liver in vivo, and T cells and fibroblasts ex vivo. We show gene regulation and targeted epigenetic modification with gRNAs targeting either transcriptional start sites (TSS) or distal enhancer elements, as well as corresponding changes to downstream phenotypes. These mouse lines are convenient and valuable tools for facile, temporally controlled, and tissue-restricted epigenome editing and manipulation of gene expression in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gemberling, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siklenka, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisinger, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kantor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cigliola, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hazlett, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartelt, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouse, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilton, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madigan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asokan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciofani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poss, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gersbach, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.08.434430</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transgenic mice for in vivo epigenome editing with CRISPR-based systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.08.434485v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stromal inflammation is a targetable driver of hematopoietic aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.08.434485v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hematopoietic aging is marked by a loss of regenerative capacity and skewed differentiation from hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) leading to dysfunctional blood production. Signals from the bone marrow (BM) niche dynamically tailor hematopoiesis, but the effect of aging on the niche microenvironment and the contribution of the aging niche to blood aging still remains unclear. Here, we characterize the inflammatory milieu in the aged marrow cavity that drives both stromal and hematopoietic remodeling. We find decreased numbers and functionality of osteogenic mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) at the endosteum and expansion of pro-inflammatory perisinusoidal MSCs with deterioration of sinusoidal endothelium in the central marrow, which together create a degraded and inflamed old niche. Molecular mapping at single cell resolution confirms disruption of cell identities and enrichment of inflammatory response genes in niche populations. Niche inflammation, in turn, drives chronic activation of emergency myelopoiesis pathways in old HSCs and multipotent progenitors (MPP), which promotes myeloid differentiation at the expense of lymphoid and erythroid commitment and hinders hematopoietic regeneration. Remarkably, niche deterioration, HSC dysfunction and defective hematopoietic regeneration, can be improved by blocking inflammatory IL-1 signaling. Our results demonstrate that targeting niche inflammation is a tractable strategy to restore blood production during aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Verovskaya, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calero-Nieto, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herault, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dellorusso, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flohr Svendsen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pietras, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakker, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottgens, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Passegue, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.08.434485</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stromal inflammation is a targetable driver of hematopoietic aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.22.436412v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Divergent epigenetic profiles from two differentially impacted wild populationsof estuarine cordgrass (Sporobolus alterniflorus) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.22.436412v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The effects of urbanization on watershed ecosystems present critical challenges to modern survival. Organisms in urbanized areas experience high rates of evolutionary change, but genetic adaptation alone cannot mitigate the rapid and severe effects of urbanization on biodiversity. Highly resilient, foundation species are key to maintaining an ecosystems integrity in the face of urban stressors. However, the rapid collapse and disappearance of watershed ecosystems calls into question the extent to which we can rely on such species for their services. Our research investigates the molecular mechanisms by which the foundation ecosystems provider, Sporobolus alterniflorus, adapts to life in an urbanized environment. To elucidate these mechanisms, we quantified changes in global DNA methylation (% 5-mC) as a result of acute heat stress. Specimens from two differentially impacted populations across an urban to suburban geographical transect formed the basis of this study. These two populations of Sporobolus alterniflora exhibit inverse global DNA methylation patterns when exposed to the same acute heat stress. Our findings suggest that epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, control rapid and transient adaptation, in the form of differential stress responses, to distinct environment challenges.

Highlights for manuscript submissionO_LI{blacksquare} estuarine grasses native to the Bronx River, NY face stresses associated with low dissolved oxygen and urbanization
C_LIO_LI{blacksquare} differentially impacted populations of estuarine grasses exhibit inverse global DNA methylation profiles in response to acute heat stress
C_LIO_LI{blacksquare} DNA methylation may represent a mechanism by which plants transiently respond to environmental stressors, and this may represent a form of rapid adaptive evolution
C_LIO_LI{blacksquare} stress priming by transgenerational epigenetic modification may enhance fitness in grasses native to the heavily impacted Bronx River estuary
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeCarlo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meckler, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hans, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelemen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noah, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pappajohn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berkel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooke, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chijioke, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dewees, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faulkner, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holzman, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marino, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravaschiere, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentile, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.22.436412</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Divergent epigenetic profiles from two differentially impacted wild populationsof estuarine cordgrass (Sporobolus alterniflorus)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.23.436694v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Condensin DC spreads linearly and bidirectionally from recruitment sites to create loop-anchored TADs in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.23.436694v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Condensins are molecular motors that compact DNA via linear translocation. In C. elegans, the X-chromosome harbors a specialized condensin that participates in dosage compensation (DC). Condensin DC is recruited to and spreads from a small number of recruit elements on the X-chromosome (rex) and is required for the formation of topologically associating domains (TADs). We take advantage of autosomes that are largely devoid of condensin DC and TADs to address how rex sites and condensin DC give rise to the formation of TADs. When an autosome and X-chromosome are physically fused, despite the spreading of condensin DC into the autosome, no TAD was created. Insertion of a strong rex on the X-chromosome results in the TAD boundary formation regardless of sequence orientation. When the same rex is inserted on an autosome, despite condensin DC recruitment, there was no spreading or features of a TAD. On the other hand, when a "super rex" composed of six rex sites or three separate rex sites are inserted on an autosome, recruitment and spreading of condensin DC led to formation of TADs. Therefore, recruitment to and spreading from rex sites are necessary and sufficient for recapitulating loop-anchored TADs observed on the X-chromosome. Together our data suggest a model in which rex sites are both loading sites and bidirectional barriers for condensin DC, a one-sided loop-extruder with movable inactive anchor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ragipani, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Street, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albritton, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winterkorn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ercan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.23.436694</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Condensin DC spreads linearly and bidirectionally from recruitment sites to create loop-anchored TADs in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.06.438585v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The lysine-rich intracellular loop and cell type-specific co-factors are required for IFITM3 antiviral immunity in hematopoietic stem cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.06.438585v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) inhibits lentiviral gene therapy vector entry into hematopoietic stem cells and can be overcome by Cyclosporine H (CsH), but underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we show that mutating the evolutionarily conserved lysines of the IFITM3 intracellular loop abolishes its antiviral activity without affecting either its localization or its degradation by CsH through non-canonical lysosomal pathways. When confined to the plasma membrane, the lysine-competent IFITM3 lost restriction against VSV-G pseudotyped viral vectors but gained antiviral activity against vectors that fuse directly at the plasma membrane. Interestingly, altering the lysines did not alter IFITM3 homodimerization but impacted higher-order protein complex formation, suggesting loss of interaction with cellular co-factors. In agreement, IFITM3 expression was not sufficient to restrict viral vectors in myeloid K562 cells as opposed to promonocytic THP1 or primary HSC. We exclude the involvement of previously identified factors affecting IFITM3 biology and propose a novel model for IFITM3 restriction that depends on the presence of cellular co-factor(s) that may interact with IFITM3 through the intracellular loop lysine residues. Overall, our work provides significant insight into the mechanisms of action of IFITM3 and CsH that can be exploited for improved gene therapies and broadly acting antiviral strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Unali, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giordano, A. M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuccovillo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abou Alezz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apolonia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merelli, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malim, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrillo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kajaste-Rudnitski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.06.438585</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The lysine-rich intracellular loop and cell type-specific co-factors are required for IFITM3 antiviral immunity in hematopoietic stem cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.06.438746v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A general approach for stabilizing nanobodies for intracellular expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.06.438746v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Conventional antibodies and their derived fragments are difficult to deploy against intracellular targets in live cells, due to their bulk and structural complexity. Nanobodies provide an alternative modality, with well documented examples of intracellular expression. Despite their promise as intracellular reagents, there has not been a systematic study of nanobody intracellular expression. Here, we examined intracellular expression of 75 nanobodies from the Protein Data Bank. Surprisingly, a majority of nanobodies were unstable in cells, illustrated by aggregation and clearance. Using comparative analysis and framework mutagenesis, we developed a general approach that stabilized a great majority of originally intracellularly unstable nanobodies, without compromising target-binding function. Additionally, we identified distinct sequence features impacting nanobody intracellular stability, and demonstrated mutationally stabilized nanobody expression in vivo, in the murine retina and in E. coli. This work will allow for standardized nanobody engineering for intracellular applications, potentiating a growing field of intracellular interrogation and intervention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dingus, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, J. C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cepko, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.06.438746</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A general approach for stabilizing nanobodies for intracellular expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.07.438040v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intrinsic Timescales Across the Basal Ganglia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.07.438040v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies have shown that neuronal stability over time can be estimated by the structure of the spike-count autocorrelation of neuronal populations. This estimation, called the intrinsic timescale, has been computed for several cortical areas and can be used to propose a cortical hierarchy reflecting a scale of temporal receptive windows between areas. In this study, we performed an autocorrelation analysis on neuronal populations of three basal ganglia (BG) nuclei, including the striatum and the subthalamic nucleus (STN), the input structures of the BG, and the external globus pallidus (GPe). The analysis was performed during the baseline period of a motivational visuomotor task in which monkeys had to apply different amounts of force to receive a different amount of reward. We found that the striatum and the STN have longer intrinsic timescales than the GPe. Moreover, our results allow for the placement of these subcortical structures within the already-defined scale of cortical temporal receptive windows. Estimates of intrinsic timescales are important in adding further constraints in the development of computational models of the complex dynamics among these nuclei and throughout cortico-BG-thalamo-cortical loops.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nougaret, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fascianelli, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genovesio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.07.438040</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intrinsic Timescales Across the Basal Ganglia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.11.438056v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A noncatalytic activity of the H4K20 demethylase DPY-21 regulates condensin DC binding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.11.438056v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Condensin is a multi-subunit SMC complex that binds to and compacts chromosomes. Here we addressed the regulation of condensin binding dynamics using C. elegans condensin DC, which represses X chromosomes in hermaphrodites for dosage compensation. We established fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) using the SMC4 homolog DPY-27 and showed that a well-characterized ATPase mutation abolishes its binding. Next, we performed FRAP in the background of several chromatin modifier mutants that cause varying degrees of X-chromosome derepression. The greatest effect was in a null mutant of the H4K20me2 demethylase DPY-21, where the mobile fraction of condensin DC reduced from [~]30% to 10%. In contrast, a catalytic mutant of dpy-21 did not regulate condensin DC mobility. Hi-C data in the dpy-21 null mutant showed little change compared to wild type, uncoupling Hi-C measured long-range DNA contacts from transcriptional repression of the X chromosomes. Together, our results indicate that DPY-21 has a non-catalytic role in regulating the dynamics of condensin DC binding, which is important for transcription repression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Breimann, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morao, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maryn, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bikkasani, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrozza, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albritton, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Street, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerimi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumann, V.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahry, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preibisch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woehler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ercan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.11.438056</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A noncatalytic activity of the H4K20 demethylase DPY-21 regulates condensin DC binding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.14.439908v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative Clinical and Molecular Characterization of Translocation Renal Cell Carcinoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.14.439908v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACTTranslocation renal cell carcinoma (tRCC) is an aggressive and poorly-characterized subtype of kidney cancer driven by MiT/TFE gene fusions. Here, we define the landmarks of tRCC through an integrative analysis of 152 tRCC patients identified across multiple genomic, clinical trial, and retrospective cohorts. Most tRCCs harbor few somatic alterations apart from MiT/TFE fusions and homozygous deletions at chromosome 9p21.3 (19.2% of cases). Transcriptionally, tRCCs display a heightened NRF2-driven antioxidant response that is associated with resistance to many targeted therapies. Consistently, we find that outcomes for tRCC patients treated with vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitors (VEGFR-TKI) are worse than those treated with immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI). Multiparametric immunofluorescence confirmed the presence of CD8 + tumor-infiltrating T cells compatible with a clinical benefit from ICI and revealed an exhaustion immunophenotype distinct from clear cell RCC. Our findings comprehensively define the clinical and molecular features of tRCC and may inspire new therapeutic hypotheses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bakouny, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadagopan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metaferia, N. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>AbuHammad, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denize, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garner, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braun, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirsch, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinharter, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouchard, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walton, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labaki, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gan, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sethunath, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvalho, F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imamovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vokes, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirsch, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haq, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, G.-S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGregor, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDermott, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heng, D. Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Signoretti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Allen, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choueiri, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viswanathan, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.14.439908</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative Clinical and Molecular Characterization of Translocation Renal Cell Carcinoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.25.441333v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation of Vg1 biogenesis during mesendoderm induction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.25.441333v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The TGF-beta signals Vg1 (Dvr1/Gdf3) and Nodal form heterodimers to induce vertebrate mesendoderm. The Vg1 proprotein is a monomer retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and is processed and secreted upon heterodimerization with Nodal, but the mechanisms underlying Vg1 biogenesis are largely elusive. Here we clarify the mechanisms underlying Vg1 retention, processing, secretion and signaling, and introduce a Synthetic Processing (SynPro) system that enables the programmed cleavage of ER-resident and extracellular proteins. First, we find that Vg1 can be processed by intra- or extracellular proteases. Second, Vg1 can be processed without Nodal but requires Nodal for secretion and signaling. Third, Vg1-Nodal signaling activity requires Vg1 processing, whereas Nodal can remain unprocessed. Fourth, Vg1 employs exposed cysteines, glycosylated asparagines, and BiP chaperone-binding motifs for monomer retention in the ER. These observations suggest two mechanisms for rapid mesendoderm induction: chaperone-binding motifs help store Vg1 as an inactive but ready-to-heterodimerize monomer in the ER, and the flexibility of Vg1 processing location allows efficient generation of active heterodimers both intra- and extracellularly. These results establish SynPro as a new in vivo processing system and define molecular mechanisms and motifs that facilitate the generation of active TGF-beta heterodimers.

SignificanceThe TGF-beta family members Nodal and Vg1 are the major inducers of mesendoderm formation during vertebrate embryogenesis. We previously established that the Vg1 proprotein is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and that Nodal and Vg1 form heterodimers to pattern the early embryo. However, the mechanisms underlying the retention, processing, secretion, and signaling of Vg1 have been unclear. We found two mechanisms that embryos use to efficiently generate active Nodal-Vg1 heterodimers: (1) Vg1 employs its chaperone-binding motifs to ensure its retention as a ready-to-heterodimerize monomer in the ER; (2) Using a newly devised Synthetic Processing (SynPro) System, we found that Vg1 must be processed for signaling to occur, but its processing location is flexible.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dingal, P. C. D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carte, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montague, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schier, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.25.441333</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation of Vg1 biogenesis during mesendoderm induction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.01.442278v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EOMES is responsible for WNT memory and can substitute for WNT in mesendoderm specification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.01.442278v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Embryogenesis is guided by a limited set of signaling pathways dynamically expressed in different places. How a context dependent signaling response is generated has been a central question of developmental biology, which can now be addressed with in vitro models of human embryos that are derived from embryonic stem cells (hESCs) called gastruloids. Our previous work demonstrated that during early self-organization of gastruloids, cells chronicle signaling hierarchy. Only cells that have been exposed (primed) by WNT signaling can respond to subsequent Activin exposure and differentiate to mesendodermal (ME) fates. Here, we show that WNT priming does not alter SMAD2 binding nor its chromatin opening, but rather, acts by inducing the expression of the SMAD2 co-factor, EOMES. Expression of EOMES is sufficient to replace WNT upstream of Activin-mediated ME differentiation, thus unveiling the mechanistic basis for priming and cellular memory in early development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoney, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brivanlou, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siggia, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.01.442278</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EOMES is responsible for WNT memory and can substitute for WNT in mesendoderm specification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.442867v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-Stability Polyimide-based Flexible Electrodes with IrOx to Interface the Mouse Vagus Nerve 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.442867v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveWe developed robust and cost-effective cuff Flex electrodes to facilitate bioelectronic medicine research in mouse models. They utilize polyimide (PI) as a dielectric insulation and iridium oxide (IrOx) for the electrodes, and are designed to interface small autonomic and somatic nerves (e.g. mouse vagus nerve).

ApproachFlex electrodes were made using micro-fabrication technology, and innovative integration processes were developed to enable reliable acute and chronic vagus nerve interfaces. The electrochemical properties of Flex electrodes were characterized. Moreover, accelerated aging at 57 {degrees}C and stimulation-stability (Stim-Stab) testing (109 pulses at [~] 1.59 mC/cm2/phase) were performed to evaluate the lifetime of the PI encapsulation and IrOx electrodes, respectively. Flex electrodes efficacy was demonstrated by stimulating the mouse vagus nerve ([~]100 {micro}m) and measuring heart and respiratory rate changes as biomarkers.

ResultsCost effective and robust lead and connector integration strategies were demonstrated, including small helical leads that improved the lead elongation by > 7x. PI encapsulation had stable impedance spectra for at least 336 days for interdigitated electrodes. Stim-Stab testing using an aggressive paradigm and rigorous optical and electrical characterization, revealed that half of electrodes showed less than minor damage at the endpoints. A trend of decreasing respiratory rate with stimulation current reached statistical significance at 500 {micro}A, demonstrating efficacy for Flex electrodes.

SignificanceFlex electrodes offer demonstrated efficacy, low impedance (443 {+/-} 32 {Omega} at 103 Hz), excellent bench test stability, and cost-effective fabrication. Acute devices are easy to integrate, and mechanically robust chronic devices will be investigated in vivo in future studies. These characteristics make the electrodes well-positioned to advance bioelectronics medicine research by 1) enabling reliable studies with statistically relevant populations of acute mouse models, and 2) offering the potential for a technology that can be used in chronic studies, which scales to very small nerves.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falcone, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crosfield, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peragine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sohal, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rieth, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.10.442867</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-Stability Polyimide-based Flexible Electrodes with IrOx to Interface the Mouse Vagus Nerve]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.16.444387v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Slow Cortical Waves via Cyclicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.16.444387v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fine-grained understanding of dynamics in cortical networks is crucial in unpacking brain function. Here, we introduce a novel analytical method to characterize the dynamic interaction between distant brain regions, and apply it to data from the Human Connectome Project.

Resting-state fMRI results in time series recordings of the activity of different brain regions, which are aperiodic and lacking a base frequency. Cyclicity Analysis, a novel technique robust with respect to time-reparametrizations, is effective in recovering temporal ordering of such time series along a circular trajectory without assuming any time-scale. Our analysis detected slow cortical waves of activity propagating across the brain with consistent lead-lag relationships between specific brain regions. We also observed short bursts of task-modulated strong temporal ordering that dominate overall lead-lag relationships between pairs of regions in the brain. Our results suggest the possible role played by slow waves of information transmission between brain regions that underlie emergent cognitive function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abraham, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahsavarani, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmerman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Husain, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>baryshnikov, y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.16.444387</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Slow Cortical Waves via Cyclicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.22.445239v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Telomere Length Landscape of Localized Prostate Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.22.445239v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Replicative immortality is a hallmark of cancer, and can be achieved through telomere lengthening and maintenance. We report telomere lengths (TLs) of 392 localized prostate cancer tumours and characterize their relationship to genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic features. Shorter tumour TLs were associated with elevated genomic instability, including single-nucleotide variants, indels and structural variants. Genes involved in cell proliferation and signaling were correlated with tumour TL at all levels of the central dogma. TL was also associated with multiple clinical features of a tumour. Longer TLs in non-tumour samples were associated with a lower rate of biochemical relapse after definitive local therapy. Our analysis integrates multi-omics data to illuminate the relationship of specific genomic alterations in a tumour and TL in prostate cancer. Although the role of telomere length in cancer has been well studied, its association to genomic features is less well known. We describe the multi-level integration of telomere length, genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics in localized prostate cancer. Patient Summary We examined the association between telomere length and multiple omics-level data in prostate cancer. We observed that traditional telomere mutations are rare in prostate cancer and that telomere length is associated with multiple measure of genomic instability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Livingstone, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiah, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamaguchi, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heisler, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesurf, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drysdale, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Kwast, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bristow, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boutros, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.22.445239</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Telomere Length Landscape of Localized Prostate Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447987v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Measuring the metabolic evolution of glioblastoma throughout tumor development, regression, and recurrence with hyperpolarized magnetic resonance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447987v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rapid diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of aggressive diseases such as glioblastoma can improve patient survival by providing physicians the time to optimally deliver treatment. This research tested whether metabolic imaging with hyperpolarized MRI could detect changes in tumor progression faster than conventional anatomic MRI in patient-derived glioblastoma murine models. To capture the dynamic nature of cancer metabolism, hyperpolarized MRI, NMR spectroscopy, and immunohistochemistry were performed at several time-points during tumor development, regression, and recurrence. Hyperpolarized MRI detected significant changes of metabolism throughout tumor progression whereas conventional MRI was less sensitive. This was accompanied by aberrations in amino acid and phospholipid lipid metabolism and MCT1 expression. Hyperpolarized MRI can help address clinical challenges such as identifying malignant disease prior to aggressive growth, differentiating pseudoprogression from true progression, and predicting relapse. The individual evolution of these metabolic assays as well as their correlations with one another provides context for further academic research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Salzillo, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mawoneke, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weygand, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shetty, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gumin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zacharias Millward, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gammon, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piwnica-Worms, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuller, G. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logothetis, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, F. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.10.447987</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Measuring the metabolic evolution of glioblastoma throughout tumor development, regression, and recurrence with hyperpolarized magnetic resonance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.12.448098v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cysteine dependence in Lactobacillus iners constitutes a novel therapeutic target to modify the vaginal microbiota 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.12.448098v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vaginal microbiota composition affects several important reproductive health outcomes. Lactobacillus crispatus-dominant bacterial communities have favorable associations whereas anaerobe-dominant communities deficient of lactobacilli are linked to poor outcomes, including bacterial vaginosis (BV). Lactobacillus iners, the most abundant vaginal species worldwide, has adverse associations compared to L. crispatus, but standard metronidazole treatment for BV promotes L. iners-dominance, likely contributing to post-treatment relapse. L. iners is under-studied because it fails to grow in standard Lactobacillus media in vitro. Here we trace this in vitro phenotype to a species-specific cysteine requirement associated with limitations in cysteine-related transport mechanisms and show that vaginal cysteine concentrations correlate with Lactobacillus abundance in vivo. We demonstrate that cystine uptake inhibitors selectively impede L. iners growth and that combining an inhibitor with metronidazole thus promotes L. crispatus dominance of defined BV-like communities. These findings identify a novel target for therapeutic vaginal microbiota modulation to improve reproductive health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bloom, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mafunda, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woolston, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayward, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frempong, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abai, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westergaard, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussain, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xulu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gumbi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceasar, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choksi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ismail, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ndung'u, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghebremichael, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balskus, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.12.448098</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cysteine dependence in Lactobacillus iners constitutes a novel therapeutic target to modify the vaginal microbiota]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.15.448529v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Raman Needle Arthroscopy for In Vivo Molecular Assessment of Cartilage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.15.448529v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The development of treatments for osteoarthritis (OA) is burdened by the lack of standardized biomarkers of cartilage health that can be applied in clinical trials. We present a novel arthroscopic Raman probe that can "optically biopsy" cartilage and quantify key ECM biomarkers for determining cartilage composition, structure, and material properties in health and disease. Technological and analytical innovations to optimize Raman analysis include: 1) multivariate decomposition of cartilage Raman spectra into ECM-constituent-specific biomarkers (glycosaminoglycan [GAG], collagen [COL], water [H2O] scores), and 2) multiplexed polarized Raman spectroscopy to quantify superficial zone collagen anisotropy via a PLS-DA-derived Raman collagen alignment factor (RCAF). Raman measurements were performed on a series of ex vivo cartilage models: 1) chemically GAG-depleted bovine cartilage explants (n=40), 2) mechanically abraded bovine cartilage explants (n=30), 3) aging human cartilage explants (n=14), and 4) anatomical-site-varied ovine osteochondral explants (n=6). Derived Raman GAG score biomarkers predicted 95%, 66%, and 96% of the variation in GAG content of GAG-depleted bovine explants, human explants, and ovine explants, respectively (p<0.001). RCAF values were significantly different for explants with abrasion-induced superficial zone collagen loss (p<0.001). The multivariate linear regression of Raman-derived ECM biomarkers (GAG and H2O scores) predicted 94% of the variation in elastic modulus of ovine explants (p<0.001). Finally, we demonstrated the first in vivo Raman arthroscopy assessment of an ovine femoral condyle through intraarticular entry into the synovial capsule. This work advances Raman arthroscopy towards a transformative low cost, minimally invasive diagnostic platform for objective monitoring of treatment outcomes from emerging OA therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kroupa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engiles, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grinstaff, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergholt, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albro, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.15.448529</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Raman Needle Arthroscopy for In Vivo Molecular Assessment of Cartilage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.24.449506v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Probing Neuro-Endocrine Interactions Through Wireless Magnetothermal Stimulation of Peripheral Organs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.24.449506v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exposure to stress alters hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis reactivity; however, it is unclear exactly how or where within the HPA pathway these changes occur. Dissecting these mechanisms requires tools to reliably probe HPA function, particularly the adrenal component, with temporal precision. We previously demonstrated magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) technology to remotely trigger adrenal hormone release by activating thermally sensitive ion channels. Here, we applied adrenal magnetothermal stimulation to probe stress-induced HPA axis changes. MNP and control nanoparticles were injected into the adrenal glands of outbred rats subjected to a tone-shock conditioning/extinction/recall paradigm. We measured MNP-triggered adrenal release before and after conditioning through physiologic (heart rate) and serum (epinephrine, corticosterone) markers. Aversive conditioning altered adrenal function, reducing corticosterone and blunting heart rate increases post-conditioning. MNP-based organ stimulation provides a novel approach to probing the function of HPA and other neuro-endocrine axes and could help elucidate changes across stress and disease models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maeng, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenfeld, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simandl, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koehler, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varnavides, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murillo, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reimer, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wald, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anikeeva, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Widge, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.24.449506</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Probing Neuro-Endocrine Interactions Through Wireless Magnetothermal Stimulation of Peripheral Organs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.18.452860v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification and characterization of hPSC-derived FOXA2+ progenitor cells with ventricular cardiac differentiation potential 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.18.452860v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While much progress has been made in understanding early cardiac development, the precise mechanisms that specify the different cardiomyocyte subtypes remain poorly understood. Recent data from our lab have shown that transient Foxa2 expression identifies a progenitor population with exclusive ventricular differentiation potential in the mouse heart. Here we have translated this concept to the human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) system. Using a FOXA2-GFP reporter cell line we characterized expression of FOXA2 during hPSC cardiac differentiation and found that a subset of cardiac mesoderm precursors transiently expresses FOXA2. Gene expression analysis of FOXA2+ and FOXA2- cardiac mesoderm revealed that both populations similarly express early cardiac specification markers such as PDGFRA, TBX5, and ISL1, while other key candidates including TBX20 and GATA4 are significantly upregulated in the FOXA2+ population. Isolation and subsequent differentiation of FOXA2+ and FOXA2- populations demonstrates their comparable differentiation potential to both cardiomyocytes and epicardial cells. However, cardiomyocytes derived from FOXA2+ precursors showed enhanced differentiation efficiency toward ventricular cardiomyocytes compared to cardiomyocytes derived from FOXA2- precursors. To identify new mechanisms that regulate ventricular specification, we performed small molecule screening and found that inhibition of the EGFR pathway strongly increased the cardiac mesoderm population in general, and the FOXA2+ precursors in particular. Finally, we have identified a combination of cell surface markers to specifically isolate FOXA2+ cardiac precursors. In summary, our results suggest that FOXA2+ cardiac mesoderm harbors ventricular-specific differentiation potential and isolation of these cells permits the generation of cultures enriched for ventricular cardiomyocytes. Generating such enriched cardiac populations will be relevant for regenerative medicine approaches, as well as for disease modeling from induced pluripotent stem cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dubois, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calderon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wickramasinghe, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarrafha, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaniel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomishima, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.18.452860</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification and characterization of hPSC-derived FOXA2+ progenitor cells with ventricular cardiac differentiation potential]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.02.454783v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rescue of behavioral and electrophysiological phenotypes in a Pitt-Hopkins syndrome mouse model by genetic restoration of Tcf4 expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.02.454783v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pitt-Hopkins syndrome (PTHS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by monoallelic mutation or deletion in the transcription factor 4 (TCF4) gene. Individuals with PTHS typically present in the first year of life with developmental delay and exhibit intellectual disability, lack of speech, and motor incoordination. There are no effective treatments available for PTHS, but the root cause of the disorder, TCF4 haploinsufficiency, suggests that it could be treated by normalizing TCF4 gene expression. Here we performed proof-of-concept viral gene therapy experiments using a conditional Tcf4 mouse model of PTHS and found that postnatally reinstating Tcf4 expression in neurons improved anxiety-like behavior, activity levels, innate behaviors, and memory. Postnatal reinstatement also partially corrected EEG abnormalities, which we characterized here for the first time, and the expression of key TCF4-regulated genes. Our results support a genetic normalization approach as a treatment strategy for PTHS, and possibly other TCF4-linked disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Draper, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berens, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vihma, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higashi-Howard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritola, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philpot, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.02.454783</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rescue of behavioral and electrophysiological phenotypes in a Pitt-Hopkins syndrome mouse model by genetic restoration of Tcf4 expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.10.455847v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TSC2-extracellular matrix crosstalk controls pulmonary vascular proliferation and pulmonary hypertension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.10.455847v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Increased proliferation and survival of resident cells in small pulmonary arteries (PA) are important drivers of pulmonary hypertension (PH). Tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2) is a negative regulator of mTOR complex 1 and cell growth. Here we show that TSC2 is deficient in small remodeled PA/PA vascular smooth muscle cells (PAVSMC) from human PAH and experimental PH lungs. TSC2 deficiency was reproduced in vitro by maintaining PAVSMC on pathologically stiff substrates and was required for stiffness-induced proliferation, accumulation of transcriptional co-activators YAP/TAZ and up-regulation of mTOR. Depletion of TSC2 reproduced PH features in vitro in human PAVSMC and in vivo in SM22-Tsc2+/- mice. TSC2 loss in PAVSMC was supported by YAP and led to the up-regulation of YAP/TAZ and mTOR via modulating the extracellular matrix (ECM) composition. ECM, produced by TSC2-deficient PAVSMC, promoted growth of non-diseased PA adventitial fibroblasts and PAVSMC, which, in turn, was prevented by 5{beta}1 integrin receptor antagonist ATN161. In vitro, molecular and pharmacological (SRT2104) restoration of TSC2 down-regulated YAP/TAZ, mTOR, and ECM production, inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in human PAH PAVSMC. In vivo, orally administrated SRT2104 restored TSC2, resolved pulmonary vascular remodeling, PH, and improved right heart in two rodent models of PH. Thus, PAVSMC TSC2 is a critical integrator of ECM composition and stiffness with pro-proliferative signaling and PH, and the restoration of functional TSC2 could be an attractive therapeutic option to treat PH.

One Sentence SummaryTSC2 acts as mechanosensor and mechanotransducer, integrating ECM composition and stiffness with pro-proliferative signaling in pulmonary vasculature; its deficiency in PA vascular smooth muscle cells results in ECM remodeling, hyper-proliferation and pulmonary hypertension, which could be reversed by pharmacological restoration of functional TSC2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncharov, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pena, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baust, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barragan, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rode, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachman, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rojas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeLisser, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mora, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kudryashova, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncharova, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.10.455847</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TSC2-extracellular matrix crosstalk controls pulmonary vascular proliferation and pulmonary hypertension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.17.456617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct neural circuits establish the same chemosensory behavior in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.17.456617v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals frequently exhibit the same behavior under different environmental or physiological conditions. To what extent these behaviors are generated by similar vs. distinct mechanisms is unclear. Moreover, the circumstances under which divergent neural mechanisms establish the same behavior, and the molecular signals that regulate the same behavior across conditions, are poorly understood. We show that in C. elegans, distinct neural mechanisms mediate the same chemosensory behavior at two different life stages. Both dauer larvae and starved adults are attracted to carbon dioxide (CO2), but CO2 attraction is mediated by distinct sets of interneurons at the two life stages. Some interneurons mediate CO2 response only in dauers, some show CO2-evoked activity in adults and dauers but contribute to CO2 response only in adults, and some show CO2-evoked activity that opposes CO2 attraction in adults but promotes CO2 attraction in dauers. We also identify a novel role for insulin signaling in establishing life-stage-specific CO2 responses by modulating interneuron activity. Further, we show that a combinatorial code of both shared and life-stage-specific molecular signals regulate CO2 attraction. Our results identify a mechanism by which the same chemosensory behavior can be generated by distinct neural circuits, revealing an unexpected complexity to chemosensory processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rojas Palato, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sternberg, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallem, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.17.456617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct neural circuits establish the same chemosensory behavior in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.21.457239v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electrical activity recorded from the spinal cord in freely moving rats using a subdural bioelectronic implant 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.21.457239v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bioelectronic devices have found use at the interface with neural tissue to investigate and treat nervous system disorders. Here, we present the development and characterization of a thin flexible bioelectronic implant inserted over the thoracic spinal cord in rats directly in contact with the spinal cord. There was no negative impact on hind-limb functionality nor any change in the volume or shape of the spinal cord. The bioelectronic implant was maintained in rats for a period of 3 months. We present the first subdural recordings of spinal cord activity in freely moving animals. Recordings contained multiple distinct voltage waveform shapes that were typically between 1 - 6 mV and lasted between 0.1 and 1 seconds. In the future, this implant will facilitate the identification of biomarkers in spinal cord injury and recovery, while enabling the delivery of localized treatments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harland, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aqrawe, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vomero, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boehler, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raos, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asplund, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Carroll, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svirskis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.21.457239</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electrical activity recorded from the spinal cord in freely moving rats using a subdural bioelectronic implant]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.31.458351v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure and RNA template requirements of Arabidopsis RNA-DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE 2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.31.458351v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA-dependent RNA polymerases play essential roles in RNA-mediated gene silencing in eukaryotes. In Arabidopsis, RNA-DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE 2 (RDR2) physically interacts with DNA-dependent NUCLEAR RNA POLYMERASE IV (Pol IV) and their activities are tightly coupled, with Pol IV transcriptional arrest or termination, involving the nontemplate DNA strand, somehow enabling RDR2 to engage Pol IV transcripts and generate double-stranded RNAs. The dsRNAs are then released from the Pol IV-RDR2 complex and diced into siRNAs that guide RNA-directed DNA methylation and silencing. Here we report the structure of full-length RDR2, at an overall resolution of 3.1 [A], determined by cryo-electron microscopy. The N-terminal region contains an RNA-recognition motif (RRM) adjacent to a positively charged channel that leads to a catalytic center with striking structural homology to the catalytic centers of multisubunit DNA-dependent RNA polymerases. We show that RDR2 initiates 1-2 nucleotides (nt) internal to the 3 ends of its templates and can transcribe the RNA of an RNA-DNA hybrid provided that 9 or more nucleotides at the RNAs 3 end is unpaired. Using a nucleic acid configuration that mimics the arrangement of RNA and DNA strands upon Pol IV transcriptional arrest, we show that displacement of the RNA 3 end occurs as the DNA template and non-template strands reanneal, enabling RDR2 transcription. These results suggest a model in which Pol IV arrest and backtracking displaces the RNA 3 end as the DNA strands reanneal, allowing RDR2 to engage the RNA and transcribe the second strand.

SignificanceRDR2 is critical for siRNA-directed DNA methylation in Arabidopsis, functioning in physical association with DNA-dependent Pol IV to synthesize the second strands of double-stranded siRNA precursors. Basepairing between the DNA template strand transcribed by Pol IV and the nontemplate DNA strand is known to induce Pol IV arrest and Pol IV-RDR2 transcriptional coupling, but how this occurs is unknown. We report the structure of RDR2 and experimental evidence for how RDR2 engages its RNA templates and initiates transcription. RDR2 engages the ends of RNAs displaced from RNA-DNA hybrids, suggesting a model in which Pol IV arrest and backtracking, accompanied by DNA strand reannealing, extrudes the 3 end of the Pol IV transcript, allowing RNA engagement and second-strand synthesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fukudome, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddem, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Marquez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wenzel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiozaki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takagi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pikaard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.31.458351</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure and RNA template requirements of Arabidopsis RNA-DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE 2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.03.458915v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reovirus sensitizes microsatellite stable colorectal cancer to anti-PD-1 treatment via cross-talk in innate and adaptive immune systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.03.458915v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMicrosatellite stable (MSS) colorectal cancer (CRC) represents ~85% of all CRCs. These tumors are poorly immunogenic and largely resistant to immunotherapy, necessitating a need to develop new immune enhancing strategies. Oncolytic reovirus has a high propensity to replicate in KRAS mutant tumors which account for ~50% of MSS CRCs. Current study explores the ability of reovirus to potentiate the effect of immune checkpoint inhibition in MSS CRC.

MethodsEffectiveness of reovirus infection was quantified through MTT assay for cell viability, and expression of immune-response genes by flow cytometry, RT-qPCR, and microarray. Computational analysis of differentially expressed genes was performed by TAC, DAVID and STRING. Combinatorial approach using anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody was assessed in ex vivo and in vivo models. Live-cell imaging, tumor volume and survival were measured for quantification of anti-tumor activity. Expression of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), cell surface and activation markers of immune cells, and PD-1/PD-L1 axis were studied using multi-color flow cytometry, immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence.

ResultsReovirus infection exerted growth arrest and expression of immune-response genes in CRCs cell lines in a KRAS-dependent manner. However, microsatellite instability, rather than KRAS status determined immune-repose pathways, functionalities and biological processes post-reovirus infection. Furthermore, reovirus significantly enhanced the anti-tumor activity of anti-human PD-1 [nivolumab] treatment in MSS CRC cell lines ex vivo. Similarly, reovirus increased the activity of anti-mouse PD-1 treatment in the CT26 [MSS, KRASMut], but not the MC38 [MSI, KRASWt] syngeneic mouse model of CRC. Combinatorial treatment has reduced the proliferative index, increased apoptosis and differentially altered PD-L1/PD-1 signaling among CT26 and MC38 tumors. Activation of innate immune system and expression of PRRs and antigen presentation markers were observed under reovirus and anti-PD-1 treatment that additionally reduced immunosuppressive macrophages. This led to an increase in T cell subsets, increase in effector T cell activation, and decrease in exhaustion markers specifically within CT26 microenvironment.

ConclusionThe current study systematically evaluates immune characteristics and immune microenvironment of CRC under reovirus/anti-PD-1 combination treatment that proves increased effectiveness among MSS compared to MSI CRCs. This is a promising regimen warranting translation into clinical trials.

One Sentence SummaryOncolytic reovirus alters innate and adaptive immune system and potentiates MSS type colorectal cancer to checkpoint inhibition therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Augustine, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiffry, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guzik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mannan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mariadason, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maitra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.03.458915</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reovirus sensitizes microsatellite stable colorectal cancer to anti-PD-1 treatment via cross-talk in innate and adaptive immune systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.08.459427v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural origins of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase open promoter complex stability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.08.459427v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The first step of gene expression in all organisms requires opening the DNA duplex to expose one strand for templated RNA synthesis. In Escherichia coli, promoter DNA sequence fundamentally determines how fast the RNA polymerase (RNAP) forms "open" complexes (RPo), whether RPo persists for seconds or hours, and how quickly RNAP transitions from initiation to elongation. These rates control promoter strength in vivo but their structural origins remain largely unknown. Here we use cryo-electron microscopy to determine structures of RPo formed de novo at three promoters with widely differing lifetimes at 37{degrees}C: {lambda}PR (t1/2 [~] 10 hours), T7A1 (t1/2 [~] 4 minutes), and a point mutant in {lambda}PR ({lambda}PR-5C) (t1/2 [~] 2 hours). Two distinct RPo conformers are populated at {lambda}PR, likely representing productive and unproductive forms of RPo observed in solution studies. We find that changes in the sequence and length of DNA in the transcription bubble just upstream of the start site (+1) globally alter the network of DNA-RNAP interactions, base stacking, and strand order in the single-stranded DNA of the transcription bubble; these differences propagate beyond the bubble to upstream and downstream DNA. After expanding the transcription bubble by one base (T7A1), the nontemplate-strand "scrunches" inside the active site cleft; the template-strand bulges outside the cleft at the upstream edge of the bubble. The structures illustrate how limited sequence changes trigger global alterations in the transcription bubble that modulate RPo lifetime and affect the subsequent steps of the transcription cycle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saecker, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malone, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sortiris, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebrahim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yen, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eng, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darst, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.08.459427</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural origins of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase open promoter complex stability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.11.459765v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Astrocytic cell adhesion genes linked to schizophrenia promote synaptic programs in neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.11.459765v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The maturation of neurons and the development of synapses - while emblematic of neurons - also rely on interactions with astrocytes and other glia. To study the role of glia-neuron interactions, we analyzed the transcriptomes of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived neurons, from a total of 80 human donors, that were cultured with or without contact with glial cells. We found that the presence of astrocytes enhanced synaptic gene-expression programs in neurons. These changes in neuronal synaptic gene expression correlated with increased expression in the co-cultured glia of genes that encode synaptic cell adhesion molecules, and they were greatly enhanced in the glia in coculture. Both the neuronal and astrocyte gene-expression programs were enriched for genes that are linked to schizophrenia risk. Physical contact between the two cell types was required for the induction of synaptic programs in neurons. Our results suggest that astrocyte-expressed genes with synaptic functions are associated with stronger expression of synaptic genetic programs in neurons and suggest a potential role for astrocyte-neuron interactions in schizophrenia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pietilainen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nehme, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trehan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eggan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.11.459765</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Astrocytic cell adhesion genes linked to schizophrenia promote synaptic programs in neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.13.460106v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
c-Kit mediates cutaneous sensory axon innervation and multi-kinase inhibitor-induced neurotoxicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.13.460106v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Peripheral somatosensory neurons innervate the skin and sense the environment. Loss of skin innervation, often caused by the "dying back" of distal somatosensory axons, is a common side effect of drug-induced peripheral neuropathies (DIPNs) and results in pain and sensory dysfunction. Targeted cancer therapies frequently employ multi-kinase inhibitor (MKI) drugs that each block multiple receptor tyrosine kinases. Many MKIs produce DIPNs but the molecular targets and cellular mechanisms underlying these are unknown. We performed live-imaging of cutaneous somatosensory axons in larval zebrafish during treatment with several MKIs known to induce DIPNs, and observed axonal retraction consistent with a dying back pathology. These results were replicated in mouse somatosensory neurons. Genetic knockout of potential MKI targets identified c-Kit receptor as a regulator of sensory axon innervation and a major target of these MKIs mediating loss of axonal density. In both fish and mammals, Kit receptor is expressed in cutaneous somatosensory neurons and its ligand, Kitlg, is expressed in the skin. Mosaic misexpression of Kitlg in the skin induced dramatic increases in local sensory axon density, suggesting an important role for Kit signaling in cutaneous axon growth and maintenance. Immunostaining and structure-function analysis revealed Src, a downstream Kit target, mediates Kits role in cutaneous axon innervation and MKI neurotoxicity. Our data shows that the Kit-Src signaling pathway has a major role in cutaneous sensory axon innervation and is a potential therapeutic target to address DIPNs caused by MKIs and other compounds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tuttle, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pomaville, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgado, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nechiporuk, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.13.460106</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[c-Kit mediates cutaneous sensory axon innervation and multi-kinase inhibitor-induced neurotoxicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.15.460398v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrated gene analyses of de novo mutations from 46,612 trios with autism and developmental disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.15.460398v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most genetic studies consider autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and developmental disorder (DD) separately despite overwhelming comorbidity and shared genetic etiology. Here we analyzed de novo mutations (DNMs) from 15,560 ASD (6,557 are new) and 31,052 DD trios independently and combined as broader neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) using three models. We identify 615 candidate genes (FDR 5%, 189 potentially novel) by one or more models, including 138 reaching exome-wide significance (p < 3.64e-07) in all models. We find no evidence for ASD-specific genes in contrast to 18 genes significantly enriched for DD. There are 53 genes show particular mutational-bias including enrichments for missense (n=41) or truncating DNM (n=12). We find 22 genes with evidence of sex-bias including five X chromosome genes also with significant female burden (DDX3X, MECP2, SMC1A, WDR45, and HDAC8). NDD risk genes group into five functional networks associating with different brain developmental lineages based on single-cell nuclei transcriptomic data, which provides important insights into disease subtypes and future functional studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakken, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillentine, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henning, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilissen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Consortium, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nowakowski, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.15.460398</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrated gene analyses of de novo mutations from 46,612 trios with autism and developmental disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.22.461360v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The 22q11.2 region regulates presynaptic gene-products linked to schizophrenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.22.461360v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To study how the 22q11.2 deletion predisposes to psychiatric disease, we generated induced pluripotent stem cells from deletion carriers and controls, as well as utilized CRISPR/Cas9 to introduce the heterozygous deletion into a control cell line. Upon differentiation into neural progenitor cells, we found the deletion acted in trans to alter the abundance of transcripts associated with risk for neurodevelopmental disorders including Autism Spectrum Disorder. In more differentiated excitatory neurons, altered transcripts encoded presynaptic factors and were associated with genetic risk for schizophrenia, including common (per-SNP heritability p ({tau}c)= 4.2 x 10-6) and rare, loss of function variants (p = 1.29x10-12). These findings suggest a potential relationship between cellular states, developmental windows and susceptibility to psychiatric conditions with different ages of onset. To understand how the deletion contributed to these observed changes in gene expression, we developed and applied PPItools, which identifies the minimal protein-protein interaction network that best explains an observed set of gene expression alterations. We found that many of the genes in the 22q11.2 interval interact in presynaptic, proteasome, and JUN/FOS transcriptional pathways that underlie the broader alterations in psychiatric risk gene expression we identified. Our findings suggest that the 22q11.2 deletion impacts genes and pathways that may converge with risk loci implicated by psychiatric genetic studies to influence disease manifestation in each deletion carrier.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nehme, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pietilainen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Artomov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tegtmeyer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganna, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trehan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valakh, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherwood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peirent, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malik, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guss, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beccard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bara, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hazelbaker, D. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuccaro, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genovese, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loboda, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neumann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lilliehook, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuismin, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamalainen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hultman, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahler, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulo, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madison, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McPhie, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adolfsson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlis, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolmetsch, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farhi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarroll, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neale, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harper, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palotie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eggan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.22.461360</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The 22q11.2 region regulates presynaptic gene-products linked to schizophrenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.05.463197v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large-scale exploration of whole-brain structural connectivity in anorexia nervosa: alterations in the connectivity of frontal and subcortical networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.05.463197v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAnorexia nervosa (AN) is characterized by disturbances in cognition and behavior surrounding eating and weight. The severity of AN combined with the absence of localized brain abnormalities suggests distributed, systemic underpinnings that may be identified using diffusion-weighted MRI (dMRI) and tractography to reconstruct white matter pathways.

MethodsdMRI data acquired from female patients with AN (n = 147) and female healthy controls (HC; n = 119), aged 12-40 years, were combined across five studies. Probabilistic tractography was completed, and full cortex connectomes describing streamline counts between 84 brain regions generated and harmonized. Graph theory methods were used to describe alterations in network organization in AN. The network-based statistic tested between-group differences in brain subnetwork connectivity. The metrics strength and efficiency indexed the connectivity of brain regions (network nodes), and were compared between groups using multiple linear regression.

ResultsIndividuals with AN, relative to HC, had reduced connectivity in a network comprising subcortical regions and greater connectivity between frontal cortical regions (p < 0.05, FWE corrected). Node-based analyses indicated reduced connectivity of the left hippocampus in patients relative to HC (p < 0.05, permutation corrected). Severity of illness, assessed by BMI, was associated with subcortical connectivity (p < 0.05, uncorrected).

ConclusionsAnalyses identified reduced structural connectivity of subcortical networks and regions, and stronger cortical network connectivity, amongst individuals with AN relative to HC. These findings are consistent with alterations in feeding, emotion and executive control circuits in AN, and may direct hypothesis-driven research into mechanisms of persistent restrictive eating behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lloyd, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foerde, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muratore, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aw, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semanek, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinglass, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Posner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.05.463197</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large-scale exploration of whole-brain structural connectivity in anorexia nervosa: alterations in the connectivity of frontal and subcortical networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.11.463944v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Examining opioid withdrawal scoring and adaptation of global scoring systems to male and female C57BL/6J mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.11.463944v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) is a chronic and relapsing psychiatric condition which is currently the leading cause of accidental death in the US. Symptoms of acute opioid withdrawal resemble a flu-like illness which is accompanied by a dysphoric state. Psychological comorbidities such as anxiety, depression, and disordered sleep can persist for months or years, well into the abstinence period. These symptoms are thought to drive further opioid intake in order to alleviate this unpleasant internal state. Many differences in OUD have been documented between male and female patients, with females at higher risk for relapse and overdose. This study sets out to characterize sex differences in symptoms and behavioral adaptations in mice during early withdrawal. Using our moderate dose, three-day precipitated withdrawal paradigm, we discovered significant effects of sex, time, and drug treatment on early withdrawal behaviors, locomotor activity, and gut motility in C57BL/6J mice. Here I will discuss previous methods of condensing behavioral phenotypes into one global withdrawal score, and propose a new methodology. This method increases the ability to detect nuanced effects and allows for more accurate translation across strain, sex, paradigm, and experimental context. Classification of opioid withdrawal-induced behavioral adaptations will allow for improved behavioral analysis of pharmacological manipulations, and investigations of brain circuitry involved in opioid withdrawal, as well as future screening of compounds with potential therapeutic benefit for the treatment of OUD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bravo, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bluitt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McElligott, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.11.463944</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Examining opioid withdrawal scoring and adaptation of global scoring systems to male and female C57BL/6J mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.18.464888v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Language experience shapes music processing across 40 tonal, pitch-accented, and non-tonal languages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.18.464888v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tonal languages differ from other languages in their use of pitch (tones) to distinguish words. Lifelong experience speaking and hearing tonal languages has been argued to shape auditory processing in ways that generalize beyond the perception of linguistic pitch to the perception of pitch in other domains like music. To examine this, we first conducted a meta-analysis, finding moderate evidence for this idea, but in studies strongly limited by mostly small sample sizes in only a few tonal languages and countries. This makes it challenging to disentangle the effects of linguistic experience from variability in music training experience, cultural differences, and other potential confounds. To address these issues, we used web-based citizen science to test this question on a global scale. We assessed music perception skill in n = 34, 034 native speakers of 19 tonal languages (e.g., Mandarin, Yoruba) and compared their performance to n = 459, 066 native speakers of other languages, including 6 pitch-accented (e.g., Japanese) and 29 non-tonal languages (e.g., Hungarian). Whether or not participants had taken music lessons, native speakers of all 19 tonal languages had an improved ability to discriminate musical melodies. But this improvement came with a trade-off: relative to speakers of pitch-accented or non-tonal languages, tonal language speakers were also worse at processing the musical beat. These results, which held across tonal languages from a variety of geographic regions and were robust to geographic and demographic variation, demonstrate that linguistic experience shapes music perception ability, with implications for relations between music, language, and culture in the human mind.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilton, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergelson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehr, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.18.464888</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Language experience shapes music processing across 40 tonal, pitch-accented, and non-tonal languages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.25.465803v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
KTD1 is a yeast defense factor against K28 killer toxin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.25.465803v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Secreted protein toxins are widely used weapons in conflicts between organisms. Killer yeast produce killer toxins that inhibit the growth of nearby sensitive yeast. We investigated variation in resistance to the killer toxin K28 across diverse natural isolates of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae population and discovered a novel defense factor, which we named KTD1, that is an important determinant of K28 toxin resistance. KTD1 is a member of the DUP240 gene family of unknown function. We uncovered a putative role of DUP240 proteins in killer toxin defense and identified a region that is undergoing rapid evolution and is critical to KTD1s protective ability. Our findings implicate KTD1 as a key factor in the defense against killer toxin K28.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Andreev, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giovanetti, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urtecho, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shriner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadhu, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.25.465803</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[KTD1 is a yeast defense factor against K28 killer toxin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.01.466807v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A lineage-specific epigenetic memory of inflammation potentiates Kras-driven pancreatic tumorigenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.01.466807v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inflammation is essential to the disruption of tissue homeostasis, and, in the pancreas, can destabilize the identity of terminally differentiated acinar cells. Herein we employ lineage-traced mouse models to delineate the chromatin dynamics that accompany the cycle of metaplasia and regeneration following pancreatitis, and unveil the presence of an epigenetic memory of inflammation in the pancreatic acinar cell compartment. We observe that despite histologic resolution of pancreatitis, acinar cells fail to return to their molecular baseline after several months, representing an incomplete cell fate decision. In vivo, this epigenetic memory controls lineage plasticity, with diminished metaplasia in response to a second inflammatory insult but increased tumorigenesis with an oncogenic Kras mutation. We demonstrate that both persistent chromatin and transcriptional changes constituting memory are recalled with oncogenic stress. Together, our findings define the dynamics and recall of an epigenetic memory of inflammation that impacts cell fate decisions in a context-dependent manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Falvo, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimont, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zumbo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osterhoudt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breves, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rendeiro, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkinson, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dündar, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elemento, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yantiss, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koche, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandwani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.01.466807</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A lineage-specific epigenetic memory of inflammation potentiates Kras-driven pancreatic tumorigenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.08.467745v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct replay signatures for planning and memory maintenance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.08.467745v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Theories of neural replay propose that it supports a range of functions, most prominently planning and memory consolidation. Here, we test the hypothesis that distinct signatures of replay in the same task are related to model-based decisionmaking ( planning) and memory preservation. We designed a reward learning task wherein participants utilized structure knowledge for model-based evaluation, while at the same time had to maintain knowledge of two independent and randomly alternating task environments. Using magnetoencephalography (MEG) and multivariate analysis, we first identified temporally compressed sequential reactivation, or replay, both prior to choice and following reward feedback. Before choice, prospective replay strength was enhanced for the current task-relevant environment when a model-based planning strategy was beneficial. Following reward receipt, and consistent with a memory preservation role, replay for the alternative distal task environment was enhanced as a function of decreasing recency of experience with that environment. Critically, these planning and memory preservation relationships were selective to pre-choice and post-feedback periods. Our results provide new support for key theoretical proposals regarding the functional role of replay and demonstrate that the relative strength of planning and memory-related signals are modulated by on-going computational and task demands.

Significance statementThe sequential neural reactivation of prior experience, known as replay, is considered to be an important mechanism for both future planning and preserving memories of the past. Whether, and how, replay supports both of these functions remains unknown. Here, in humans, we found that prior to a choice, rapid replay of potential future paths was enhanced when planning was more beneficial. By contrast, after choice feedback, when no future actions are imminent, we found evidence for a memory preservation signal evident in enhanced replay of paths that had been visited less in the recent past. The results demonstrate that distinct replay signatures, expressed at different times, relate to two dissociable cognitive functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wimmer, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNamee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.08.467745</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct replay signatures for planning and memory maintenance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.15.468656v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A nuclear cAMP microdomain suppresses tumor growth by Hippo pathway inactivation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.15.468656v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
cAMP signaling pathways are critical for both oncogenesis and tumor suppression. cAMP signaling is localized to multiple spatially distinct microdomains, but the role of cAMP microdomains in cancer cell biology is poorly understood. We developed a tunable genetic system that allows us to activate cAMP signaling in specific microdomains. We uncovered a previously unappreciated nuclear cAMP microdomain that functionally activates a tumor suppressive pathway in a broad range of cancers by inhibiting YAP, a key effector protein of the Hippo pathway, inside the nucleus. We show that nuclear cAMP induces a LATS-dependent pathway leading to phosphorylation of nuclear YAP solely at serine 397, export of YAP from the nucleus, without YAP protein degradation. Thus, nuclear cAMP inhibition of nuclear YAP is distinct from other known mechanisms of Hippo regulation. Pharmacologic targeting of specific cAMP microdomains remains an untapped therapeutic approach for cancer, and since Hippo pathway deregulation can lead to oncogenesis and chemotherapeutic resistance, drugs directed at the nuclear cAMP microdomain may provide new avenues for the treatment of cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Drozdz, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doane, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alkallas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bareja, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yusupova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguirre, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kane, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elemento, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piskounova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merghoub, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zippin, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.15.468656</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A nuclear cAMP microdomain suppresses tumor growth by Hippo pathway inactivation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.24.469878v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimizing bulk segregant analysis of drug resistance using Plasmodium falciparum genetic crosses conducted in humanized mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.24.469878v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundClassical genetic crosses in malaria parasites involve isolation, genotyping, and phenotyping of multiple progeny parasites, which is time consuming and laborious. Bulk segregant analysis (BSA) offers a powerful and efficient alternative to identify loci underlying complex traits in the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum.

MethodsWe have used BSA, which combines genetic crosses using humanized mice with pooled sequencing of progeny populations to measure changes in allele frequency following selection with antimalarial drugs. We used dihydroartemisinin (DHA) drug selection in two genetic crosses (Mal31xKH004 and NF54xNHP1337). We specifically investigated how synchronization, cryopreservation, and the drug selection regimen of progeny pools impacted the success of BSA experiments.

FindingsWe detected a strong and repeatable quantitative trait locus (QTL) at chr13 kelch13 locus in both crosses, but did not detect QTLs at ferredoxin (fd), the apicoplast ribosomal protein S10 (arps10), multidrug resistance protein 2 (mdr2). QTLs were detected using synchronized, but not unsynchronized pools, consistent with the stage-specific action of DHA. We also successfully applied BSA to cryopreserved progeny pools.

InterpretationOur results provide proof-of-principal of the utility of BSA for rapid, robust genetic mapping of drug resistance loci. Use of cryopreserved progeny pools expands the utility of BSA because we can conduct experiments using archived progeny pools from previous genetic crosses. BSA provides a powerful approach that complements traditional QTL methods for investigating the genetic architecture of resistance to antimalarials, and to reveal new or accessory loci contributing to artemisinin resistance.

FundingNational Institutes of Health (NIH); Wellcome trust.

O_TEXTBOXResearch in contextO_ST_ABSEvidence before this studyC_ST_ABSGenetic crosses have been immensely successful for determining the genetic basis of drug resistance in malaria parasites, but require laborious cloning, characterization of drug resistance and genome-wide genotyping of individual progeny. This is a major limitation given that genetic crosses can now be conducted efficiently using humanized mice, rather than chimpanzees. Bulk segregant analysis (BSA) provides an attractive alternative approach because (i) large numbers of uncloned recombinant progeny can be analyzed, increasing statistical power (ii) phenotyping is not required, because we identify QTLs by treatment of progeny bulks, and identifying genome regions that show skews in allele frequency after treatment (iii) genome sequencing of bulk samples provides a rapid, accurate readout of genome-wide allele frequencies. This approach has been effectively leveraged in yeast, rodent malaria and several model organisms.

Added value of this studyHere we validate and optimize this approach for P. falciparum genetic crosses, focusing on resistance to dihydroartemisin (DHA) a central component of the first-line antimalarial combination. Mutations in kelch13 are known to confer resistance to DHA, but several additional candidate loci have also been suggested to contribute. Our results confirm involvement of kelch13, but did not identify linkage with other putative candidate loci. We optimized methodology, showing that synchronization is critical, and that BSA can be successfully applied to cryopreserved progeny pools.

Implications of all the available evidenceBSA combined with recent advances in rapidly generating genetic crosses provides a powerful approach to investigate the genetic basis of drug resistance in P. falciparum.

C_TEXTBOX
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brenneman, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgado, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Checkley, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoue, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abatiyow, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haile, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripura, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lek, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Button-Simons, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kappe, S. H. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhorda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nosten, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nkhoma, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheeseman, I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaughan, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferdig, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.24.469878</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimizing bulk segregant analysis of drug resistance using Plasmodium falciparum genetic crosses conducted in humanized mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.01.470789v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic architecture controls spatial structuring in Amazonian birds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.01.470789v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large rivers are ubiquitously invoked to explain the distributional limits and speciation of the Amazon Basins mega-diversity. However, inferences on the spatial and temporal origins of Amazonian species have narrowly focused on evolutionary neutral models, ignoring the potential role of natural selection and intrinsic genomic processes known to produce heterogeneity in differentiation across the genome. To test how genomic architecture impacts our ability to reconstruct patterns of spatial diversification across multiple taxa, we sequenced whole genomes for populations of bird species that co-occur in southeastern Amazonian. We found that phylogenetic relationships within species and demographic parameters varied across the genome in predictable ways. Genetic diversity was positively associated with recombination rate and negatively associated with the species tree topology weight. Gene flow was less pervasive in regions of low recombination, making these windows more likely to retain patterns of population structuring that matched the species tree. We further found that approximately a third of the genome showed evidence of selective sweeps and linked selection skewing genome-wide estimates of effective population sizes and gene flow between populations towards lower values. In sum, we showed that the effects of intrinsic genomic characteristics and selection can be disentangled from the neutral processes to elucidate how speciation hypotheses and biogeographic patterns are sensitive to genomic architecture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thom, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreira, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batista, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gehara, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aleixo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.01.470789</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic architecture controls spatial structuring in Amazonian birds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.14.476395v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Allometric tissue-scale forces activate mechanoresponsive immune cells to drive pathological foreign body response to biomedical implants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.14.476395v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For decades, it has been assumed that the foreign body response (FBR) to biomedical implants is primarily a reaction to the chemical and mechanical properties of the implant. Here, we show for the first time that a third independent variable, allometric tissue-scale forces (which increase exponentially with body size), can drive the biology of FBR in humans. We first demonstrate that pathological FBR in humans is mediated by immune cell-specific Rac2 mechanotransduction signaling, independent of implant chemistry or mechanical properties. We then show that mice, which are typically poor models of human FBR, can be made to induce a strikingly human-like pathological FBR by altering these extrinsic tissue forces. Altering these extrinsic tissue forces alone activates Rac2 signaling in a unique subpopulation of immune cells and results in a human-like pathological FBR at the molecular, cellular, and local tissue levels. Finally, we demonstrate that blocking Rac2 signaling negates the effect of increased tissue forces, dramatically reducing FBR. These findings highlight a previously unsuspected mechanism for pathological FBR and may have profound implications for the design and safety of all implantable devices in humans.

One-Sentence SummaryAllometric tissue-scale forces at the implant-tissue interface drive pathological foreign body response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Padmanabhan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivaraj, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuehlmann, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonham, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dohi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henn, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern-Buchbinder, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Than, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hosseini, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrera, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kussie, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magbual, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borrelli, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trotsyuk, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, J. C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maan, Z. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Januszyk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prantl, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurtner, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.14.476395</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Allometric tissue-scale forces activate mechanoresponsive immune cells to drive pathological foreign body response to biomedical implants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.16.476432v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wireless closed-loop smart bandage for chronic wound management and accelerated tissue regeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.16.476432v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic non-healing wounds represent a major source of morbidity for patients and a significant economic burden. Current wound care treatments are generally passive and are unable to adapt to changes in the wound environment in real time. By integrating multimodal sensors and adding stimulators in a bandage, real-time physiological monitoring is possible and provides an opportunity for active intervention into the complex wound environment. Here, we develop a battery-free flexible bioelectronic system consisting of wirelessly powered, closed-loop sensing and stimulation circuits with tissue-interfacing tough conducting hydrogel electrodes for robust signal transduction, on-demand adhesion, and detachment. Using multiple pre-clinical models, we demonstrate the capability of our wound care system to continuously monitor skin impedance and temperature, to trigger directional electrical stimulation. The accelerated wound closure was confirmed to be due to the activation of pro-regenerative genes linked to accelerated wound closure, increased neovascularization, and enhanced dermal recovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trotsyuk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henn, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mermin-Bunnell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saberi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beard, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jing, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steele, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neimeth, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viana, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivaraj, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padmanabhan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrault, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chattopadhyay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leeolou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonham, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kussie, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurusankar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nag, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Januszyk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurtner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.16.476432</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wireless closed-loop smart bandage for chronic wound management and accelerated tissue regeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.17.475858v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Light activation of Orange Carotenoid Protein reveals initial C8'-C7' double bond trans/cis photoisomerization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.17.475858v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Orange Carotenoid protein (OCP) is the only known photoreceptor which uses carotenoid for its activation. It is found exclusively in cyanobacteria, where it functions to control light-harvesting of the photosynthetic machinery. However, the photochemical reactions and structural dynamics of this unique photosensing process are not yet resolved. We present time-resolved crystal structures at second-to-minute delays under bright illumination, capturing the early photoproduct and structures of the subsequent reaction intermediates. The first stable photoproduct shows concerted isomerization of C9-C8 and C7-C6 single bonds in the bicycle-pedal (BP) manner and structural changes in the N-terminal domain with minute timescale kinetics. These are followed by a thermally-driven recovery of the BP isomer to the dark state carotenoid configuration. Structural changes propagate to the C-terminal domain, resulting, at later time, in the H-bond rupture of the carotenoid keto group with protein residues. The isomerization and its transient nature are confirmed in OCP crystals and solution by FTIR and UV/Vis spectroscopy. This study reveals the single bond isomerization of the carotenoid in the BP manner and subsequent thermal structural reactions as the basis of OCP photoreception. Understanding and potentially controlling the OCP dynamics offers the prospect of novel applications in biomass engineering as well as in optogenetics and bioimaging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chukhutsina, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baxter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fadini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pope, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maghlaoui, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orr, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Thor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.17.475858</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Light activation of Orange Carotenoid Protein reveals initial C8'-C7' double bond trans/cis photoisomerization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.02.478772v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human neural progenitors establish a diffusion barrier in the ER membrane during cell division 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.02.478772v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Asymmetric segregation of cellular components regulates the fate and behavior of somatic stem cells. Similar to dividing budding yeast and precursor cells in C. elegans, it has been shown that mouse neural progenitors establish a diffusion barrier in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which has been associated with asymmetric partitioning of damaged proteins and cellular age. However, the existence of an ER-diffusion barrier in human cells remains unknown. Here we used fluorescence loss in photobleaching (FLIP) imaging to show that human embryonic stem cell (hESC)- and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neural progenitor cells establish an ER-diffusion barrier during cell division. The human ER-diffusion barrier is regulated via Lamin-dependent mechanisms and is associated with asymmetric segregation of mono- and polyubiquitinated, damaged proteins. Further, forebrain regionalized organoids derived from hESCs were used to show the establishment of an ER-membrane diffusion barrier in more naturalistic tissues mimicking early steps of human brain development. Thus, the data provided here show that human neural progenitors establish a diffusion barrier during cell division in the membrane of the ER, which may allow for asymmetric segregation of cellular components, contributing to the fate and behavior of human neural progenitor cells.

SummaryHuman neural progenitors (NPCs) establish a diffusion barrier during cell division in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum, allowing for asymmetric segregation of cellular components, which may contribute to the fate and behavior of human NPCs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bin Imtiaz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Royall, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jessberger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.02.478772</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human neural progenitors establish a diffusion barrier in the ER membrane during cell division]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.09.479726v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatially Resolved Transcriptomics for Evaluation of Intracranial Vessels in a Rabbit Model: Proof of Concept 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.09.479726v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundBetter understanding of vessel biology and vascular pathophysiology is needed to improve understanding of cerebrovascular disorders. Tissue from diseased vessels can offer the best data. Rabbit models can be effective for studying intracranial vessels, filling gaps resulting from difficulties acquiring human tissue. Spatially-resolved transcriptomics (SRT) in particular hold promise for studying such models as they build on RNA sequencing methods, augmenting such data with histopathology.

MethodsRabbit brains with intact arteries were flash frozen, cryosectioned, and stained with H&E to confirm adequate inclusion of intracranial vessels before proceeding with tissue optimization and gene expression analysis using the Visium SRT platform. SRT results were analyzed with k-means clustering analysis, and differential gene expression was examined, comparing arteries to veins.

ResultsCryosections were successfully mounted on Visium proprietary slides. Quality control thresholds were met. Optimum permeabilization was determined to be 24 minutes for the tissue optimization step. In analysis of SRT data, k-means clustering distinguished vascular tissue from parenchyma. When comparing gene expression traits, the most differentially expressed genes were those found in smooth muscle cells. These genes were more commonly expressed in arteries compared to veins.

ConclusionsIntracranial vessels from model rabbits can be processed and analyzed with the Visium SRT platform. Face validity is found in the ability of SRT data to distinguish vessels from parenchymal tissue and differential expression analysis accurately distinguishing arteries from veins. SRT should be considered for future animal model investigations into cerebrovascular diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zabriskie, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooke, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.09.479726</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatially Resolved Transcriptomics for Evaluation of Intracranial Vessels in a Rabbit Model: Proof of Concept]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.482279v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Single Multipurpose FSH-Blocking Therapeutic for Osteoporosis and Obesity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.482279v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pharmacological and genetic studies over the past decade have established FSH as an actionable target for diseases affecting millions, notably osteoporosis, obesity and Alzheimers disease (AD). Blocking FSH action prevents bone loss, fat gain and AD-like features in mice. We recently developed a first-in-class, humanized, epitope-specific FSH blocking antibody, MS-Hu6, with a KD of 7.52 nM. Using a GLP-compliant platform, we now report the efficacy of MS-Hu6 in preventing obesity and osteoporosis in mice, and parameters of acute safety in monkeys. Biodistribution studies using 89Zr-labelled, biotinylated or unconjugated MS-Hu6 in mice and monkeys showed localization to bone, bone marrow and fat depots. MS-Hu6 displayed a {beta} phase t[1/2] of 13 days (316 hours) in humanized Tg32 mice, and bound endogenous FSH. We tested 215 variations of excipients using the protein thermal shift assay to generate a final formulation that rendered MS-Hu6 stable in solution upon freeze-thaw and at different temperatures, with minimal aggregation, and without self-, cross-, or hydrophobic interactions or appreciable binding to relevant human antigens. MS-Hu6 showed the same level of "humanness" as human IgG1 in silico, and was non-immunogenic in ELISPOT assays for IL-2 and IFN{gamma} in human peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures. We conclude that MS-Hu6 is efficacious, durable and manufacturable, and is therefore poised for future human testing as a multipurpose therapeutic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gera, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, T.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korkmaz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sant, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeMambro, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gumerova, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudha, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padilla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prevot, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teunissen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Leent, M. M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Post, T. G. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandes, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Netto, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sultana, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shelly, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cullen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyashita, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kannangara, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhongade, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ievleva, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muradova, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batista, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macdonald, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babunovic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saxena, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meseck, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caminis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iqbal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>New, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fayad, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lizneva, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>J. Rosen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.28.482279</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Single Multipurpose FSH-Blocking Therapeutic for Osteoporosis and Obesity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.482437v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Isolation of a potently neutralizing and protective human monoclonal antibody targeting yellow fever virus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.482437v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Yellow fever virus (YFV) causes sporadic outbreaks of infection in South America and sub-Saharan Africa. While live-attenuated yellow fever virus vaccines based on three substrains of 17D are considered some of the most effective vaccines in use, problems with production and distribution have created large populations of unvaccinated, vulnerable individuals in endemic areas. To date, specific antiviral therapeutics have not been licensed for human use against YFV or any other related flavivirus. Recent advances in monoclonal antibody (mAb) technology have allowed for identification of numerous candidate therapeutics targeting highly pathogenic viruses, including many flaviviruses. Here, we sought to identify a highly neutralizing antibody targeting YFV envelope (E) protein as a therapeutic candidate. We used human B cell hybridoma technology to isolate mAbs from the circulating memory B cells from human YFV vaccine recipients. These antibodies bound to recombinant YFV E protein and recognized at least five major antigenic sites on E. Two mAbs (designated YFV-136 and YFV-121) recognized a shared antigenic site and neutralized the YFV 17D vaccine strain in vitro. YFV-136 also potently inhibited infection by multiple wild-type YFV strains, in part, at a post-attachment step in the virus replication cycle. YFV-136 showed therapeutic protection in two animal models of YFV challenge including hamsters and immunocompromised mice engrafted with human hepatocytes. These studies define features of the antigenic landscape on YFV E protein recognized by the human B cell response and identify a therapeutic antibody candidate that inhibits infection and disease caused by highly virulent strains of YFV.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crowe, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genualdi, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gainza, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reeder, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jethva, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutton, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bombardi, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julander, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fremont, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.28.482437</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Isolation of a potently neutralizing and protective human monoclonal antibody targeting yellow fever virus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.20.485056v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Target-agnostic discovery of Rett Syndrome therapeutics by coupling computational network analysis and CRISPR-enabled in vivo disease modeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.20.485056v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many neurodevelopmental genetic disorders, such as Rett syndrome, are caused by a single gene mutation but trigger changes in expression and regulation of numerous other genes. This severely impair functions of multiple organs and organ systems beyond the central nervous system (CNS), adding to the challenge of developing broadly effective treatments based on a single drug target. This challenge is further complicated by the lack of sufficiently broad and biologically relevant drug screens, and the inherent complexity in identifying clinically relevant targets responsible for diverse phenotypes. Here, we combined human gene regulatory network-based computational drug prediction with in vivo screening in a population-level diversity, CRISPR-edited, Xenopus laevis tadpole model of Rett syndrome to carry out target-agnostic drug discovery, which rapidly led to the identification of the FDA-approved drug vorinostat as a potential repurposing candidate. Vorinostat broadly improved both CNS and non-CNS (e.g., gastrointestinal, respiratory, inflammatory) abnormalities in a pre-clinical mouse model of Rett syndrome. This is the first Rett syndrome treatment to demonstrate pre-clinical efficacy across multiple organ systems when dosed after the onset of symptoms, and network analysis revealed a putative therapeutic mechanism for its cross-organ normalizing effects based on its impact on acetylation metabolism and post-translational modifications of microtubules. Although traditionally considered an inhibitor of histone deacetylases (HDAC), vorinostat unexpectedly restored protein acetylation across both hypo- and hyperacetylated tissues, suggesting non-HDAC-mediated therapeutic mechanisms supported by proteomic analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Novak, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaushal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sperry, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vigneault, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loomba, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shcherbina, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keshari, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrasekhar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takeda, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingber, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.20.485056</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Target-agnostic discovery of Rett Syndrome therapeutics by coupling computational network analysis and CRISPR-enabled in vivo disease modeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.22.485406v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
XY sex determination in a cnidarian 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.22.485406v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sex determination occurs across animal species, but most of our knowledge about the mechanisms of sex determination comes from only a handful of bilaterian taxa. This limits our ability to infer the evolutionary history of sex determination within animals. In this study, we generated a linkage map of the genome of the colonial cnidarian Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus and used this map to determine that this species has an XX/XY sex determination system. We delineate the pseudoautosomal and non-recombining regions of the Y chromosome and show that the latter encodes a number of genes with male gonad-specific expression. These findings establish Hydractinia as a tractable non-bilaterian model system for the study of sex determination.

Significance StatementWhat determines whether an animal is male or female? The answer depends on the species. Some rely on signals from their environment, while others take cues from their genome. Most of what we understand about sex determination comes from traditional model organisms (such as mice, flies, and worms) or groups of well-studied vertebrates and insects. Studying sex determination in other animals, especially those from phyla that diverged early in animal evolution, would allow us to better understand how sex has evolved across the animal kingdom and could reveal pathways present in the eumetazoan ancestor >600 million years ago. In this study, we show that the cnidarian Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus has XY sex determination, establishing this species as a model system for sex determination in an understudied group of animals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paschall, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riscoe, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnitzler, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baxevanis, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicotra, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.22.485406</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[XY sex determination in a cnidarian]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.23.485495v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A new monoclonal antibody enables BAR analysis of subcellular importin β1 interactomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.23.485495v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Importin {beta}1 (KPNB1) is a nucleocytoplasmic transport factor with critical roles in both cytoplasmic and nucleocytoplasmic transport, hence there is keen interest in the characterization of its subcellular interactomes. We found limited efficiency of BioID in detection of importin complex cargos, and therefore generated a highly specific and sensitive anti-KPNB1 monoclonal antibody to enable Biotinylation by Antibody Recognition (BAR) analysis of importin {beta}1 interactomes. The monoclonal antibody recognizes an epitope comprising residues 301-320 of human KPBN1, and strikingly is highly specific for cytoplasmic KPNB1 in diverse applications, with little or no reaction with KPNB1 in the nucleus. BAR with this novel antibody revealed numerous new interactors of importin {beta}1, expanding the KPNB1 interactome to cytoplasmic and signaling complexes that highlight potential new functions for the importins complex beyond nucleocytoplasmic transport. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD032728.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, D.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alber, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doron-Mandel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albus, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leitner, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamawi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oses-Prieto, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burlingame, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fainzilber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rishal, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.23.485495</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A new monoclonal antibody enables BAR analysis of subcellular importin β1 interactomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.25.485824v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep Phenotyping and Lifetime Trajectories Reveal Limited Effects of Longevity Regulators on the Aging Process in C57BL/6J Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.25.485824v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current concepts regarding the biology of aging are based on studies aimed at identifying factors regulating natural lifespan. However, lifespan as a sole proxy measure for aging can be of limited value because it may be restricted by specific sets of pathologies, rather than by general physiological decline. Here, we employed large-scale phenotyping to analyze hundreds of phenotypes and thousands of molecular markers across tissues and organ systems in a single study of aging male C57BL/6J mice. For each phenotype, we established lifetime profiles to determine when age-dependent phenotypic change is first detectable relative to the young adult baseline. We examined central genetic and environmental lifespan regulators (putative anti-aging interventions, PAAIs; the following PAAIs were examined: mTOR loss-of-function, loss-of-function in growth hormone signaling, dietary restriction) for a possible countering of the signs and symptoms of aging. Importantly, in our study design, we included young treated groups of animals, subjected to PAAIs prior to the onset of detectable age-dependent phenotypic change. In parallel to our studies in mice, we assessed genetic variants for their effects on age-sensitive phenotypes in humans. We observed that, surprisingly, many PAAI effects influenced phenotypes long before the onset of detectable age-dependent changes, rather than altering the rate at which these phenotypes developed with age. Accordingly, this subset of PAAI effects does not reflect a targeting of age-dependent phenotypic change. Overall, our findings suggest that comprehensive phenotyping, including the controls built in our study, is critical for the investigation of PAAIs as it facilitates the proper interpretation of the mechanistic mode by which PAAIs influence biological aging.

HighlightsO_LIPhenotyping at scale defines lifetime trajectories of age-dependent changes in C57BL/6J mice
C_LIO_LICentral genetic and environmental lifespan regulators (putative anti-aging interventions; PAAIs) influence age-sensitive phenotypes (ASPs) often long before the appearance of age-dependent changes in these ASPs
C_LIO_LICorresponding genetic variants in humans also have age-independent effects
C_LIO_LIMany PAAI effects shift the baseline of ASPs rather than slowing their rate of change
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xie, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuchs, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scifo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aziz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar- Pimentel, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amarie, O. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>da Silva-Buttkus, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calzada-Wack, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, Y.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrett, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgopoulou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerlini, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoelter, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein-Rodewald, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leuchtenberger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lountzi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayer-Kuckuk, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nover, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oestereicher, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Overkott, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathkolb, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russ, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaaf, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spielmann, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanz-Moreno, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoeger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Treise, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bano, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busch, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graw, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klingenspor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klopstock, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mock, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salomoni, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt-Weber</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.25.485824</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep Phenotyping and Lifetime Trajectories Reveal Limited Effects of Longevity Regulators on the Aging Process in C57BL/6J Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.30.486361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Variable Selection via Grace-AKO with Applications in Genomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.30.486361v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationVariable selection is a common statistical approach to identifying genes associated with clinical outcomes of scientific interest. There are thousands of genes in genomic studies, while only a limited number of individual samples are available. Therefore, it is important to develop a method to identify genes associated with outcomes of interest that can control finite-sample false discovery rate (FDR) in high-dimensional data settings.

ResultsThis article proposes a novel method named Grace-AKO for graph-constrained estimation (Grace), which incorporates aggregation of multiple knockoffs (AKO) with the network-constrained penalty. Grace-AKO can control FDR in finite-sample settings and improve model stability simultaneously. Simulation studies show that Grace-AKO has better performance in finite-sample FDR control than the original Grace model. We apply Grace-AKO to the prostate cancer data in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) program by incorporating prostate-specific antigen (PSA) pathways in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) as the prior information. Grace-AKO finally identifies 47 candidate genes associated with PSA level, and more than 75% of the detected genes can be validated.

Availability and implementationWe developed an R package for Grace-AKO available at: https://github.com/mxxptian/GraceAKO

Contactdoraz@hku.hk or zl2509@cumc.columbia.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tian, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.30.486361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Variable Selection via Grace-AKO with Applications in Genomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.02.486748v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SEACells: Inference of transcriptional and epigenomic cellular states from single-cell genomics data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.02.486748v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metacells are cell groupings derived from single-cell sequencing data that represent highly granular, distinct cell states. Here, we present single-cell aggregation of cell-states (SEACells), an algorithm for identifying metacells; overcoming the sparsity of single-cell data, while retaining heterogeneity obscured by traditional cell clustering. SEACells outperforms existing algorithms in identifying accurate, compact, and well-separated metacells in both RNA and ATAC modalities across datasets with discrete cell types and continuous trajectories. We demonstrate the use of SEACells to improve gene-peak associations, compute ATAC gene scores and measure gene accessibility in each metacell. Metacell-level analysis scales to large datasets and are particularly well suited for patient cohorts, including facilitation of data integration. We use our metacells to reveal expression dynamics and gradual reconfiguration of the chromatin landscape during hematopoietic differentiation, and to uniquely identify CD4 T cell differentiation and activation states associated with disease onset and severity in a COVID-19 patient cohort.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Persad, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choo, Z.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dien, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masilionis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaligne, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawy, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe'er, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Setty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe'er, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.02.486748</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SEACells: Inference of transcriptional and epigenomic cellular states from single-cell genomics data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.04.486950v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Talin-drug interaction reveals a key molecular determinant for biphasic mechanical effect: studied under single-molecule resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.04.486950v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Talin as an adhesion protein, exhibits a strong force-dependent structure-function dynamics. Being a mechanosensitive focal adhesion (FA) protein, talin might interact to several FA targeting drugs; however, the molecular mechanism of talin-drug interactions remains elusive. Here we combined magnetic tweezers and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to explore mechanical stability of talin with three drugs based on their talin specificity. Interestingly, our study revealed that talin displays a bimodal force distribution with a low and high unfolding force population. We observed that talin nonspecific drugs (tamoxifen and letrozole) display biphasic effect: increase talin mechanical stability upto optimum concentration, followed by a decrease in stability with further concentration increase. By contrast, talin-specific cyanidin 3-O-glucoside promotes a steady increase to talin mechanical stability with its concentration. We reconciled our observation from the simulation study: tamoxifen enters into talin hydrophobic core, eventually destabilizing the protein; whereas cyanidin 3-O-glucoside stabilizes the protein core by maintaining the inter-helix distance. Finally, we observed a strong correlation among hydrophobicity and cavity analysis, illustrating a detailed mechanistic analysis of drug effect on the mechanosensitive protein. Overall this study presents a novel perspective for drug designing against mechanosensitive proteins and studying off-target effects of already known drugs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chowdhury, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhuri, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haldar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.04.486950</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Talin-drug interaction reveals a key molecular determinant for biphasic mechanical effect: studied under single-molecule resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.06.487380v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Probing different paradigms of morphine withdrawal on sleep behavior in male and female C57BL/6J mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.06.487380v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Opioid misuse has dramatically increased over the last few decades resulting in many people suffering from opioid use disorder (OUD). The prevalence of opioid overdose has been driven by the development of new synthetic opioids, increased availability of prescription opioids, and more recently, the COVID-19 pandemic. Coinciding with increases in exposure to opioids, the United States has also observed increases in multiple Narcan (naloxone) administrations as life-saving measures for respiratory depression, and, thus, consequently, naloxone-precipitated withdrawal. Sleep dysregulation is a main symptom of OUD and opioid withdrawal syndrome, and therefore, should be a key facet of animal models of OUD. Here we examine the effect of precipitated and spontaneous morphine withdrawal on sleep behaviors in C57BL/6J mice. We find that morphine administration and withdrawal dysregulate sleep, but not equally across morphine exposure paradigms. Furthermore, many environmental triggers promote relapse to drug-seeking/taking behavior, and the stress of disrupted sleep may fall into that category. We find that sleep deprivation dysregulates sleep in mice that had previous opioid withdrawal experience. Our data suggest that the 3-day precipitated withdrawal paradigm has the most profound effects on opioid-induced sleep dysregulation and further validates the construct of this model for opioid dependence and OUD.

HighlightsO_LIMorphine withdrawal differentially dysregulates the sleep of male and female mice
C_LIO_LI3-day precipitated withdrawal results in larger changes than spontaneous withdrawal
C_LIO_LIOpioid withdrawal affects responses to future sleep deprivation differently between sexes
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bedard, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lord, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bravo, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teklezghi, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarantino, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diering, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McElligott, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.06.487380</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Probing different paradigms of morphine withdrawal on sleep behavior in male and female C57BL/6J mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.07.487541v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Restricting α-Synuclein Transport into Mitochondria by Inhibition of α-Synuclein-VDAC Complexation as a Potential Therapeutic Target for Parkinson's Disease Treatment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.07.487541v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Involvement of alpha-synuclein (Syn) in Parkinsons disease (PD) is complicated and difficult to trace on cellular and molecular levels. Recently we established that Syn can regulate mitochondrial function by voltage-activated complexation with the Voltage-Dependent Anion Channel (VDAC) of the outer mitochondrial membrane. When complexed with Syn, the VDAC pore is partially blocked, reducing the transport of ATP/ADP and other metabolites. Further, Syn can translocate into the mitochondria through VDAC, where it interferes with mitochondrial respiration. Recruitment of Syn to the VDAC-containing lipid membrane appears to be a crucial prerequisite for both the blockage and translocation processes. Here we report an inhibitory effect of HK2p, a small membrane-binding peptide from the mitochondria-targeting N-terminus of hexokinase 2, on the Syn membrane binding, and hence on Syn complex formation with VDAC and translocation through it. In electrophysiology experiments, addition of HK2p at micromolar concentrations to the same side of the membrane as Syn results in dramatic reduction of the frequency of blockage events in a concentration-dependent manner, reporting on complexation inhibition. Using two complementary methods of measuring protein-membrane binding, bilayer overtone analysis and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, we found that HK2p induces detachment of Syn from lipid membranes. Experiments with live HeLa cells using proximity ligation assay confirmed that HK2p impedes Syn entry into mitochondria. Our results demonstrate that it is possible to regulate Syn-VDAC complexation by a rationally designed peptide, thus suggesting new avenues in the search for peptide therapeutics to alleviate Syn mitochondrial toxicity in PD and other synucleinopathies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rajendran, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Queralt-Martin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurnev, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosencrans, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rovini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrantes, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoogerheide, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bezrukov, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rostovtseva, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.07.487541</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Restricting α-Synuclein Transport into Mitochondria by Inhibition of α-Synuclein-VDAC Complexation as a Potential Therapeutic Target for Parkinson's Disease Treatment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.10.487690v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Interplay of Attention and Conscious Perception: Evidence from Human Intracerebral Recordings and Computational Modeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.10.487690v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How do attention and consciousness interact in the human brain? Rival theories of consciousness disagree on the role of fronto-parietal attentional networks in conscious perception. We recorded neural activity from 727 intracerebral contacts in 13 epileptic patients, while they detected near-threshold targets preceded by attentional cues. Unsupervised clustering revealed three patterns: (1) Attention-enhanced conscious report accompanied sustained right-hemisphere fronto-temporal activity, in networks connected by the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) II-III, and late accumulation in bilateral dorso-prefrontal and right-hemisphere orbitofrontal cortex (SLF I-III). (2) Attentional reorienting affected conscious report through early, sustained activity in a right-hemisphere network (SLF III). (3) Conscious report accompanied left-hemisphere dorsolateral-prefrontal activity. Task modeling with recurrent neural networks identified specific excitatory and inhibitory interactions between attention and consciousness, and their causal contribution to conscious perception of near-threshold targets. Thus, distinct, hemisphere-asymmetric fronto-parietal networks support attentional gain and reorienting in shaping human conscious experience.

One-Sentence SummaryIntracerebral recordings, tractography and modeling reveal the interaction of attention and consciousness in the human brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayle, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spagna, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sitt, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourgeois, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehongre, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Vidal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarro, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambrecq, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malkinson, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartolomeo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.10.487690</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Interplay of Attention and Conscious Perception: Evidence from Human Intracerebral Recordings and Computational Modeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.10.487799v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synaptic vesicle-bound molecular bridges organize sequential vesicle states along parallel pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.10.487799v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synaptic vesicle tethering, priming, and neurotransmitter release require a coordinated action of multiple protein complexes. While physiological experiments, interaction data, and structural studies of purified systems were essential for our understanding of the function of the individual complexes involved, they cannot combine high structural detail with the unperturbed organization of complexes within cells to resolve how the actions of individual complexes integrate. We employed cryo-electron tomography to simultaneously image multiple presynaptic protein complexes and lipids at molecular resolution in their native composition, conformation and environment. Our results argue that tethers comprising proteins Munc13 and SNAP25 differentially and spatially confine vesicles with single nanometer precision, define vesicle tethering states, and provide molecular mechanisms that guide vesicles towards fusion, which includes molecular priming by conversion to SNARE complex-dependent tethers. These findings present an example of a cellular function performed by an extended molecular assembly comprising multiple, molecularly diverse complexes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Papantoniou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laugks, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betzin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capitanio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrero, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Prieto, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumeister, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imig, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucic, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.10.487799</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synaptic vesicle-bound molecular bridges organize sequential vesicle states along parallel pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.14.488377v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The E3/E4 ubiquitin ligase UFD-2 mediates negative feedback on Raf protein stability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.14.488377v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Signaling by the kinase cascade comprised of Raf, MEK, and ERK is critical for animal development; moreover, its inappropriate activation is commonly found in human malignancies. In a genetic screen for factors that control signaling by the Caenorhabditis elegans Raf ortholog LIN-45, we found that it is negatively regulated by the E3/E4 ubiquitin ligase UFD-2. Both UFD-2 and its partner, the ATP-dependent unfoldase CDC-48, were required for degradation of LIN-45 protein. Our structure-function studies showed that disruption of LIN-45 domains that mediate protein interactions and complex formation, including the Ras binding domain, cysteine-rich domain, or C-terminus, allow for UFD-2-independent degradation. We propose a model whereby UFD-2 mediates a novel step of Raf degradation, by acting with the CDC-48 unfoldase machinery to extract Raf from multiprotein complexes.

One-Sentence SummaryRaf kinase complexes are degraded by the UFD-2 ubiquitin ligase and CDC-48 unfoldase during Raf-MEK-ERK signal transduction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Townley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deniaud, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stacy, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez Torres, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheraghi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de la Cova, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.14.488377</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The E3/E4 ubiquitin ligase UFD-2 mediates negative feedback on Raf protein stability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.26.489563v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) enhances substrate mechanical stability probed by single molecule magnetic tweezers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.26.489563v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a well-known osmolyte to stabilize the folded proteins through a variety of mechanisms. Since mechanical strength of proteins is a critical determinant of its stabilization, TMAO might play a relevant role by favoring its folding dynamics or by enhancing its mechanical stability. To address this question, we have performed the single-molecule magnetic tweezers experiment to explore the TMAO effect on two structurally distinct substrates-protein L and talin. We observed that TMAO increases the mechanical stability of these proteins through increasing their unfolding force. Additionally, we are able to demonstrate that TMAO retards the unfolding kinetics, while accelerating the refolding kinetics under force; which eventually tilts the energy landscape towards the folded state. Interestingly, this TMAO-enhanced protein folding generates mechanical work output upto [~]67 zJ, allowing the protein folding under higher force regime. Overall this TMAO-enhanced mechanical stability provides a significant implication to folding-induced structural stability of proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chaudhuri, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chowdhury, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mistry, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haldar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.26.489563</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) enhances substrate mechanical stability probed by single molecule magnetic tweezers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.14.491965v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The proto-oncogene DEK regulates neuronal excitability and tau accumulation in Alzheimer's disease vulnerable neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.14.491965v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons from layer II of the entorhinal cortex (ECII) are the first to accumulate tau protein aggregates and degenerate during prodromal Alzheimers disease. Here, we use a data-driven functional genomics approach to model ECII neurons in silico and identify the proto-oncogene DEK as a potential driver of tau pathology. By modulating DEK levels in EC neurons in vitro and in vivo, we first validate the accuracy and cell-type specificity of our network predictions. We then show that Dek silencing changes the inducibility of immediate early genes and alters neuron excitability, leading to dysregulation of neuronal plasticity genes. We further find that loss of function of DEK leads to tau accumulation in the soma of ECII neurons, reactivity of surrounding microglia, and eventually microglia-mediated neuron loss. This study validates a pathological gene discovery tool that opens new therapeutic avenues and sheds light on a novel pathway driving tau pathology in vulnerable neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Rodriguez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arroyo-Garcia, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsagkogianni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salas-Allende, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plautz, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cedazo-Minguez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troyanskaya, O. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flajolet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roussarie, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.14.491965</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The proto-oncogene DEK regulates neuronal excitability and tau accumulation in Alzheimer's disease vulnerable neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.31.494210v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Incubation of palatable food craving is associated with brain-wide neuronal activation in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.31.494210v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studies using rodent models have shown that relapse to drug or food seeking increases progressively during abstinence, a phenomenon termed  incubation of craving. Mechanistic studies of incubation of craving have focused on specific neurobiological targets within pre- selected brain areas. Recent methodological advances in whole-brain immunohistochemistry, clearing, and imaging now enable unbiased brain-wide cellular resolution mapping of regions and circuits engaged during learned behaviors. However, these whole brain imaging approaches were developed for mouse brains while incubation of drug craving has primarily been studied in rats and incubation of food craving has not been demonstrated in mice. Here, we established a mouse model of incubation of palatable food craving and examined food reward seeking after 1, 15, and 60 abstinence days. We then used the neuronal activity marker Fos with intact brain mapping procedures to identify corresponding patterns of brain-wide activation. Relapse to food seeking was significantly higher after 60 abstinence days than after 1 or 15 days. Using unbiased ClearMap analysis, we identified increased activation of multiple brain regions, particularly corticostriatal structures, following 60, but not 15 abstinence days. We used orthogonal SMART2 analysis to confirm these findings within corticostriatal and thalamocortical subvolumes and applied expert-guided registration to investigate subdivision and layer-specific activation patterns. Overall, we (1) identified novel brain-wide activity patterns during incubation of food seeking using complementary analytical approaches, and (2) provide a single-cell resolution whole-brain atlas that can be used to identify functional networks and global architecture underlying incubation of food craving.

Significance StatementRelapse to reward seeking progressively increases during abstinence, a phenomenon termed incubation of craving. Mechanistic studies of incubation can lead to novel relapse treatments. However, previous studies have primarily used rat models and targeted region-by-region analyses and a brain-wide functional atlas of incubation of reward seeking is lacking. We established a behavioral procedure for incubation of palatable food seeking in mice and applied whole-brain activity mapping with Fos as a neuronal activity marker to identify the functional connectome of this incubation. Like rats, mice showed incubation of food seeking during abstinence. Using two complementary activity mapping approaches, we identified a brain-wide pattern of increased neural activation that mirrored incubation of food seeking after 60, but not 15, days of abstinence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Madangopal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szelenyi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drake, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shekara, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choong, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heins, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hope, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaham, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golden, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.31.494210</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Incubation of palatable food craving is associated with brain-wide neuronal activation in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.14.496112v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Candesartan treatment preserves learning and working memory in female TgF344-AD rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.14.496112v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundTargeting the renin angiotensin system, especially with angiotensin receptor II blockers (ARB), and related vascular dysfunction is a promising therapeutic intervention for cognitive impairment including Alzheimers Disease (AD). The underlying mechanisms of the effects of ARB is unclear. This study sought to examine if treatment with candesartan, an ARB, affects neurobehavioral manifestation and the underlying neuro- and vascular mechanisms in male and female TgF344-AD rats.

MethodsCandesartan or vehicle was administered to TgF344-AD rats (n=127) daily from 12-months to 18-months of age. Behavioral assays (spontaneous alternation test, novel object recognition, water radial arm maze) and neuropathologic assessment were completed along with brain proteome and measures of contractility in 12- and 18-month rat brains.

ResultsUntreated 18-month TgF344-AD showed impairments in learning and increased perseverative working memory errors on the water radial arm maze (WRAM). These behavioral changes were corrected with candesartan treatment in female rats only. Treatment with candesartan was also associated with improved vascular reactivity and reduced blood pressure in both wild type and TgF344-AD male and female rats. Although there was no effect on amyloid-{beta}, treatment with candesartan reduced whole brain clusterin, an AD-risk associated protein, and GFAP in female TgF344-AD.

ConclusionsOur results demonstrate that candesartan administered in the early stages of AD has a sexual dimorphic response in Tgf344-AD rat, where it reduced cognitive disturbances only in female TgF344-AD rat. These effects appear to be independent of changes in blood pressure and amyloid-{beta} reduction and are likely mediated through mechanisms related to clusterin and GFAP pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sinon, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagchi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, P.-J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dammer, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seyfried, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutliff, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hajjar, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.14.496112</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Candesartan treatment preserves learning and working memory in female TgF344-AD rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.20.496913v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ztf-16 is a novel heterochronic modulator that opposes adult cell fate in dauer and continuous life histories in Caenorhabditis elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.20.496913v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animal development is a complex yet robust process that can withstand lengthy and variable interruptions. In Caenorhabditis elegans, adverse conditions can trigger entry into dauer, a stress-resistant, developmentally arrested diapause stage that occurs midway through larval development. Favorable conditions promote recovery from dauer, and post-dauer larvae develop normally. During larval development, epidermal seam cells are multipotent and divide at each stage. At adulthood, seam cells differentiate and express the adult-specific COL-19 collagen. The progression of cell fates is controlled by a network of genes called the heterochronic pathway, including the LIN-29 transcription factor that directly activates col-19 expression, and the let-7 microRNA that indirectly promotes lin-29 expression. Notably, most known heterochronic genes that oppose adult cell fate act only during continuous development; these genes are dispensable after dauer. We performed a genetic screen for heterochronic genes that act after dauer and identified ztf-16, encoding a zinc finger transcription factor in the hunchback/Ikaros-like family. We found that ztf-16 is required to prevent precocious expression of the adult cell fate marker col-19p::gfp equally during both life histories, making ztf-16(-) the first precocious heterochronic mutant to be unaffected by dauer. Our data indicate that ztf-16 regulates col-19p::gfp via a novel, lin-29-independent mechanism. Endogenous ztf-16b::gfp expression is regulated by let-7 and ztf-16 acts genetically downstream of let-7, but lin-29 is not required for col-19p::gfp expression in ztf-16 mutant larvae or adults. Finally, mRNA-seq experiments identified genes whose expression is regulated by ztf-16 in each life history. Taken together, this work illuminates a novel aspect of the heterochronic pathway relevant to both dauer and non-dauer development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hansen, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernstein, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohtz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daul, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montoye, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panzade, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alessi, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flibotte, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourgeois, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rougvie, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zinovyeva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karp, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.20.496913</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ztf-16 is a novel heterochronic modulator that opposes adult cell fate in dauer and continuous life histories in Caenorhabditis elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.30.498261v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RAPID, TIME-RESOLVED PROXIMITY LABELING BY SBP1 IDENTIFIES A PORIN DOMAIN PROTEIN AT THE MALARIA PARASITE PERIPHERY 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.30.498261v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The deadly human malaria-causing parasite, Plasmodium falciparum relies on its capacity to completely remodel its host red blood cell (RBC) through the export of hundreds of parasite proteins across several membranes to the RBC. Among these exported proteins are numerous membrane proteins that are inserted into the parasite plasma membrane (PPM) during their transport via the secretory pathway. It is not known how these exported membrane proteins are extracted from the PPM for export. To answer this question, we fused the exported membrane protein skeleton binding protein 1 (SBP1) with the rapid, efficient, and promiscuous biotin ligase known as TurboID (SBP1TbID). Our data show that the SBP1TbID fusion protein was exported efficiently to the host RBC and was able to rapidly biotinylate proteins at the host-parasite interface during its export as well as at its final destination in the host RBC. Using time-resolved proximity biotinylation and label-free quantitative proteomics, we identified early (pre-export) interactors and late (post-export) interactors of SBP1TbID. This led to the identification of 24 proteins that were 10-fold or more enriched in the pre-export time point compared to the post-export time point. Among these early interactors were two promising membrane-associated proteins, one of which has a predicted porin domain, that could potentially act as a translocon at the PPM for exported membrane proteins (Plasmodium translocon of exported membrane proteins or PTEM). Both proteins localize to the host-parasite interface during early stages of the intraerythrocytic cycle and conditional knockdown of these candidates show that they play essential roles in the asexual lifecycle of the parasite. Taken together, our data suggest that these two proteins may play a role in extracting membrane proteins from the PPM for export to the host RBC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anaguano, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cobb, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muralidharan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.30.498261</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RAPID, TIME-RESOLVED PROXIMITY LABELING BY SBP1 IDENTIFIES A PORIN DOMAIN PROTEIN AT THE MALARIA PARASITE PERIPHERY]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.08.499349v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A manually curated annotation characterises genomic features of P. falciparum lncRNAs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.08.499349v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundImportant regulation occurs at the level of transcription in Plasmodium falciparum and growing evidence suggests that these apicomplexan parasites have complex regulatory networks. Recent studies implicate long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) as transcriptional regulators in P. falciparum. However, due to limited research and the lack of necessary experimental tools, our understanding of their role in the malaria-causing parasite remains largely unelucidated. In this work, we address one of these limitations, the lack of an updated and improved lncRNA annotation in P. falciparum.

ResultsWe generated long-read RNA sequencing data and integrated information extracted and curated from multiple sources to manually annotate lncRNAs. We identified 1522 novel lncRNAs and validated and refined 847 existing annotations. Utilising the collated datasets, we generated evidence-based ranking scores for each annotation and characterised the distinct genomic contexts and features of P. falciparum lncRNAs. Certain features indicated subsets with potential biological significance such as 25 lncRNAs containing multiple introns, 335 lncRNAs lacking mutations in piggyBac mutagenic studies and lncRNAs associated with specific biologic processes including two new types of lncRNAs found proximal to var genes.

ConclusionsThe insights and the annotation presented in this study will serve as valuable tools for researchers seeking to understand the role of lncRNAs in parasite biology through both bioinformatics and experimental approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoshizaki, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adjalley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thathy, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Judge, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berriman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reid, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M. C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.08.499349</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A manually curated annotation characterises genomic features of P. falciparum lncRNAs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.25.501322v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic architecture of creativity and extensive genetic overlap with psychiatric disorders revealed from genome-wide association analyses of 241,736 individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.25.501322v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Creativity is heritable and exhibits familial aggregation with psychiatric disorders, but its genomic basis and genetic relationship with psychiatric disorders remain largely unknown. Here, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using an expanded, machine learning-based definition of creativity in individuals of European ancestry from the UK Biobank (n = 241,736) and identified 25 creativity-associated loci. Extensive genetic overlap with psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, major depression, bipolar I disorder, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and anorexia nervosa, was demonstrated by the genetic correlation, polygenic risk score, and MiXeR analyses. The condFDR and conjFDR analyses identified additional loci for creativity and psychiatric disorders, as well as shared genetic loci between creativity and psychiatric disorders. This GWAS showed significant correlations with GWASs using traditional definitions of creativity and GWASs adjusted for educational attainment. Our findings contribute to the understanding of the genetic architecture of creativity and reveal its polygenic relationships with psychiatric disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shim, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ihm, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, W.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakhshi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flint, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kendler, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myung, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Won, H.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.25.501322</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic architecture of creativity and extensive genetic overlap with psychiatric disorders revealed from genome-wide association analyses of 241,736 individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.26.501417v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic plasticity cooperates with emergent cell-cell interactions to drive neoplastic tissue remodeling in the pancreas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.26.501417v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The response to tumor-initiating inflammatory and genetic insults can vary amongst morphologically indistinguishable cells, suggesting yet uncharacterized roles for epigenetic plasticity during early neoplasia. To investigate the origins and impact of such plasticity, we perform single-cell analyses on normal, inflamed, pre-malignant and malignant tissues in autochthonous models of pancreatic cancer. We reproducibly identify heterogeneous cell-states that are primed for diverse late-emerging neoplastic fates and link these to chromatin remodeling at cell-cell communication loci. Using a new inference approach, we reveal signaling gene modules and tissue-level crosstalk, including a neoplasia-driving feedback loop between discrete epithelial and immune cell populations that we validate by genetic perturbation in mice. Our results uncover a neoplasia-specific tissue remodeling program that may be exploited for pancreas cancer interception.

One-Sentence SummarySingle-cell analysis reveals that enhanced epigenetic plasticity drives pro-neoplastic crosstalk in early pancreatic cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Burdziak, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonso-Curbelo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walle, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barriga, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhary, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masilionis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choo, Z.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wuest, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quail, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koche, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazutis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawy, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaligne, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowe, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe'er, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.26.501417</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic plasticity cooperates with emergent cell-cell interactions to drive neoplastic tissue remodeling in the pancreas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.16.504081v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ENGRAILED-1 transcription factor exerts a paracrine neurotrophic activity on adult spinal cord α-motoneurons. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.16.504081v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several homeoprotein transcription factors transfer between cells and regulate gene expression, protein translation, and chromatin organization in recipient cells. ENGRAILED-1 is one such homeoprotein expressed in spinal V1 interneurons synapsing on -motoneurons. Neutralizing extracellular ENGRAILED-1 by expressing a secreted single-chain antibody blocks its capture by spinal motoneurons resulting in -motoneurons loss and limb weakness. A similar but stronger phenotype is observed in the Engrailed-1 heterozygote mouse, confirming that ENGRAILED-1 exerts a paracrine neurotrophic activity on spinal cord -motoneurons. Intrathecal injection of ENGRAILED-1 leads to its specific internalization by spinal motoneurons and has long-lasting protective effects against neurodegeneration and weakness. Midbrain dopaminergic neurons express Engrailed-1 and, similarly to spinal cord -motoneurons, degenerate in the heterozygote. By identifying genes expressed in spinal cord motoneurons also showing modified expression in mouse Engrailed-1 heterozygote midbrain neurons, we identified p62/SQTSM1 as an age marker in spinal cord motoneurons with increased expression during aging, in the Engrailed-1 heterozygote and upon extracellular ENGRAILED-1 neutralization. We conclude that ENGRAILED-1 is a regulator of motoneuron ageing with non-cell autonomous neurotrophic activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leboeuf, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas-Abonce, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peze-Hedsieck, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupont, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez-Alonso, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MOYA, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prochiantz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.16.504081</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ENGRAILED-1 transcription factor exerts a paracrine neurotrophic activity on adult spinal cord α-motoneurons.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.03.506447v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cardiovascular Hemodynamics in Mice with Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor - Associated Factor 2 Mediated Cytoprotection in the Heart 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.03.506447v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many studies in mice have demonstrated that cardiac-specific innate immune signaling pathways can be reprogrammed to modulate inflammation in response to myocardial injury and improve outcomes. While the echocardiography standard parameters of left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction, fractional shortening, and end-diastolic diameter, and others, are used to assess cardiac function, their dependency on loading conditions somewhat limit their utility in completely reflecting the contractile function and global cardiovascular efficiency of the heart. A true measure of global cardiovascular efficiency should include of the interaction between the ventricle and the aorta (ventriculo-vascular coupling, VVC) as well as measures of aortic impedance and pulse wave velocity. We measured cardiac Doppler velocities, blood pressures, along with VVC, aortic impedance, and pulse wave velocity to evaluate global cardiac function in mouse model of cardiac-restricted low levels TRAF2 overexpression that conferred cytoprotection in the heart. While previous studies reported that response to myocardial infraction and reperfusion was improved in the TRAF2 overexpressed mice, we found that TRAF2 mice had significantly lower cardiac systolic velocities and accelerations, diastolic atrial velocity, lower aortic pressures and rate-pressure product, lower LV contractility and relaxation, and lower stroke work when compared to littermate control mice. Also, we found significantly longer aortic ejection time, isovolumic contraction and relaxation times, and significantly higher mitral early/atrial ratio, myocardial performance index, and ventricular vascular coupling in the TRAF2 overexpression mice compared to their littermate controls. We found no significant differences in the aortic impedance and pulse wave velocity. While the reported tolerance to ischemic insults in TRAF2 overexpression mice may suggest enhanced cardiac reserve, our results indicate a diminished cardiac function in these mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neikirk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beasley, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza-Lopez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barongan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anudokem, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Exil, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, D.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Entman, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taffet, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.03.506447</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cardiovascular Hemodynamics in Mice with Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor - Associated Factor 2 Mediated Cytoprotection in the Heart]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.507823v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A continental scale analysis reveals widespread root bimodality 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.507823v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary paragraphRecent studies of plant fine roots have greatly advanced our understanding of their geometric properties and symbiotic relationships, but knowledge of how these roots are spatially distributed across the soil matrix lags far behind. An improved understanding of broad-scale variability in root vertical distribution is critical for understanding plant-soil-atmosphere interactions and their influence on the land carbon sink. Here we analyze a continental-scale dataset of plant roots reaching 2-meters depth, spanning 19 ecoclimatic domains ranging from Alaskan tundra to Puerto Rican neotropical forest. Contrary to the common expectation that fine root abundance decays exponentially with increasing soil depth, we found surprising root bimodality at ~20% of 44 field sites --a secondary peak of fine root biomass far beneath the soil surface. All of the secondary root peaks were observed deeper than 60cm (with 33% below 1m), far deeper than the sampling depth commonly used in ecosystem studies and forestry surveys. We demonstrate that root bimodality is more likely in places with relatively low total fine root biomass, and is more frequently associated with shrubland vegetation but less with grassland. Further statistical analyses revealed that the secondary peak of root biomass coincided with unexpected high soil nitrogen contents at depth. By linking roots and nutrient distributions, we further demonstrate that deep soil nutrients tend to be underexploited by plant rooting systems, yet root bimodality offers a unique mechanism by which fine roots can tap into soil resources in the deep. Our findings suggest that empirical practices have often systematically overlooked root dynamics in deep soils, and as a result the current-generation global climate and vegetation models have relied on overly simplistic assumptions for plant rooting distribution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malhotra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tumber-Davila, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weintraub-Leff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCormack, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.14.507823</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A continental scale analysis reveals widespread root bimodality]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.19.507319v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cancer-associated SMARCAL1 loss-of-function mutations promote alternative lengthening of telomeres and tumorigenesis in telomerase-negative glioblastoma cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.19.507319v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Telomere maintenance mechanisms are a hallmark of cancer and are required to enable the replicative immortality of malignant cells. While most cancers activate the enzyme telomerase for telomere maintenance, a subset of cancers (~10-15%) use telomerase-independent mechanisms termed alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT). ALT is characterized by elevated replication stress at telomeres, telomere synthesis via homology directed-repair mechanisms, and is frequently associated with mutations in the ATRX gene. Because ALT is absent in non-malignant proliferating cells, therapeutic strategies targeting ALT-mediated telomere synthesis is an area of significant translational and clinical interest. We previously showed that a subset of adult GBM patients with ATRX-expressing ALT-positive tumors harbored loss-of-function mutations in the SMARCAL1 gene. SMARCAL1 is an annealing helicase involved in replication fork remodeling and the resolution of replication stress. In this study, we used a patient-derived ALT-positive GBM cell line with native SMARCAL1 deficiency to investigate the role of SMARCAL1 in ALT-mediated telomere synthesis and gliomagenesis in vivo. Our results show that inducible rescue of SMARCAL1 expression suppresses ALT indicators and inhibits de novo telomere synthesis in GBM and osteosarcoma cells, suggesting that SMARCAL1 deficiency plays a functional role in ALT induction in cancers that natively lack SMARCAL1 function. Further, SMARCAL1-deficient ALT-positive cells can be serially propagated in vivo in the absence of detectable telomerase activity, suggesting that the SMARCAL1-deficient ALT phenotype maintains telomeres in a manner that promotes tumorigenesis. In summary, we show that SMARCAL1 loss-of-function mutations are permissive to ALT and promote gliomagenesis. We also established isogenic model systems that permit the dynamic modulation of ALT activity, which will be valuable for future studies aimed at understanding the molecular mechanisms of ALT and for identifying novel anti-cancer therapeutics that target the ALT phenotype.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diplas, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strickland, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLendon, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keir, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashley, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waitkus, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.19.507319</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cancer-associated SMARCAL1 loss-of-function mutations promote alternative lengthening of telomeres and tumorigenesis in telomerase-negative glioblastoma cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509467v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultrastructure of synaptic connectivity within sub-regions of the SCN revealed by genetically encoded EM tag and SBEM 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509467v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus of the vertebrate brain is the central pacemaker regulating circadian rhythmicity throughout the body. The SCN receives photic information through melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells (mRGC) to synchronize the body with environmental light cycles. Determining how these inputs fit into the network of synaptic connections on and between SCN neurons is key to impelling our understanding of the regulation of the circadian clock by light and unraveling the relevant local circuits within the SCN. To map these connections, we used a newly-developed Cre-dependant electron microscopy reporter, APEX2, to label mitochondria of mRGC axons, and serial blockface scanning electron microscopy to resolve the fine structure of mRGC in 3D volumes of the SCN. The maps thus created provide a first draft of the patterns of connectomic organization of SCN in the core and the shell, composed of different neuronal subtypes, and here shown to differ with regard to the patterning of their mRGC input as the shell receives denser mRGCs synaptic inputs compared to the core. This challenges the presently held view that photic information coming directly from the retina is mainly integrated by the core region of the SCN.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Calligaro, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoghi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khov, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finander, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellisman, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.26.509467</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultrastructure of synaptic connectivity within sub-regions of the SCN revealed by genetically encoded EM tag and SBEM]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.509636v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lineage-specific oncogenes drive growth of major forms of human cancer using common downstream mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.509636v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in hundreds of genes have been associated with formation of human cancer, with different oncogenic lesions prevalent in different cancer types. Yet, the malignant phenotype is simple, characterized by unrestricted growth of cells that invade neighboring healthy tissue and in many cases metastasize to distant organs. One possible hypothesis explaining this dichotomy is that the cancer genes regulate a common set of target genes, which then function as master regulators of essential cancer phenotypes, such as growth, invasion and metastasis. To identify mechanisms that drive the most fundamental feature shared by all tumors - unrestricted cell proliferation - we used a multiomic approach to identify common transcriptional and posttranslational targets of major oncogenic pathways active in different cancer types, and combined this analysis with known regulators of the cell cycle. We identified translation and ribosome biogenesis as common targets of both transcriptional and posttranslational oncogenic pathways. By combining proteomic analysis of clinical samples with functional studies of cell cultures, we also establish NOLC1 as a key node whose convergent regulation both at transcriptional and posttranslational level is critical for tumor cell proliferation. Our results indicate that lineage-specific oncogenic pathways commonly regulate the same set of targets important for growth control, revealing novel key downstream nodes that could be targeted for cancer therapy or chemoprevention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kauko, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turunen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pihlajamaa, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hakkinen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Queiroz, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paakkonen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ventela, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaetani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundstrom, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murgia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Routila, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irjala, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lilley, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kivioja, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hautaniemi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taipale, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.27.509636</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lineage-specific oncogenes drive growth of major forms of human cancer using common downstream mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510634v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Raman microspectroscopy reveals unsaturation heterogeneity at the lipid droplet level and validates an in vitro model of bone marrow adipocyte subtypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510634v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bone marrow adipocytes (BMAds) constitute the most abundant stromal component of adult human bone marrow. Two subtypes of BMAds have been described, the more labile regulated adipocytes (rBMAds) and the more stable constitutive adipocytes (cBMAds), which develop earlier and are more resilient to environmental and metabolic disruptions. In vivo, rBMAds are enriched in saturated fatty acids, contain smaller lipid droplets (LDs) and more readily provide hematopoietic support than their cBMAd counterparts. Mouse models have been used for BMAds research, but isolation of primary BMAds presents many challenges, and thus in vitro models remain the current standard to study nuances of adipocyte differentiation. No in vitro model has yet been described for the study of rBMAds/cBMAds.

Here, we present an in vitro model of BM adipogenesis with differential rBMAd and cBMAd-like characteristics. We used OP9 BM stromal cells derived from a (C57BL/6xC3H)F2-op/op mouse, which have been extensively characterized as feeder layer for hematopoiesis research. We observed similar canonical adipogenesis transcriptional signatures for spontaneously-differentiated (sOP9) and induced (iOP9) cultures, while fatty acid composition and desaturase expression of Scd1 and Fads2 differed at the population level. To resolve differences at the single adipocyte level we tested Raman microspectroscopy and show it constitutes a high-resolution method for studying adipogenesis in vitro in a label-free manner, with resolution to individual LDs. We found sOP9 adipocytes have lower unsaturation ratios, smaller LDs and higher hematopoietic support than iOP9 adipocytes, thus functionally resembling rBMAds, while iOP9 more closely resembled cBMAds. Validation in human primary samples confirmed a higher unsaturation ratio for lipids extracted from stable cBMAd-rich sites (femoral head upon hip-replacement surgery) versus labile rBMAds (iliac crest after chemotherapy). As a result, the 16:1/16:0 fatty acid unsaturation ratio, which was already shown to discriminate BMAd subtypes in rabbit and rat marrow, was validated to discriminate cBMAds from rBMAd in both the OP9 model in vitro system and in human samples. We expect our model will be useful for cBMAd and rBMAd studies, particularly where isolation of primary BMAds is a limiting step.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tratwal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falgayrac, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berthaume, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bataclan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavakol, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campos, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duponchel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daley, G. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chauveau, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naveiras, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.03.510634</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Raman microspectroscopy reveals unsaturation heterogeneity at the lipid droplet level and validates an in vitro model of bone marrow adipocyte subtypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.12.511950v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flexible IrOx Neural Electrode for Mouse Vagus Nerve Stimulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.12.511950v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is being actively explored as a treatment for multiple conditions as part of bioelectronic medicine research. Reliable and safe VNS in mouse models is a critical need for understanding mechanisms of these. We report on the development and evaluation of a microfabricated cuff electrode (MouseFlex) constructed of polyimide (PI) and with iridium oxide (IrOx) electrodes that is thermoformed to 86 {micro}m {+/-} 12 {micro}m radius to interface the mouse cervical vagus nerve (r {approx} 50 {micro}m). Innovative bench-top methods were used to evaluated the stimulation stability and electrochemical properties of electrodes. Our aggressive stimulation stability (Stim-Stab) test utilized 1 billion pulses at a 1000 Hz with a current density of 6.28 A/cm2 (1.51 mC/cm2/phase) to evaluate electrode lifetimes, and all electrodes remained functional. We also investigated the effects of thermoforming on their impedance, charge storage capacity (CSC), and charge injection capacity (CIC). The modest changes in electrochemical properties indicate that the thermoforming process was well tolerated. Thermoformed electrode safety and efficacy were evaluated in-vivo by performing acute VNS in mice and monitoring their heart and respiration rate as biomarkers. Their electrochemical properties were also measured before, during and after VNS. Bradycardia and bradypnea were reliably induced at stimulation currents of 100 to 200 {micro}A, well below the in-vivo CIC of ~1250 {micro}A (~0.5 mC/cm2), supporting their safety and efficacy. The electrode impedance increased and CIC decreased during in-vivo use, but largely reversed these changes in in-vitro testing after enzymatic cleaning, supporting their tolerance for surgical use.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsaava, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peragine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crosfield, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sohal, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rieth, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.12.511950</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flexible IrOx Neural Electrode for Mouse Vagus Nerve Stimulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.14.512250v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-omic profiling of the developing human cerebral cortex at the single cell level 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.14.512250v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cellular complexity of the human brain is established via dynamic changes in gene expression throughout development that is mediated, in part, by the spatiotemporal activity of cis-regulatory elements. We simultaneously profiled gene expression and chromatin accessibility in 45,549 cortical nuclei across 6 broad developmental time-points from fetus to adult. We identified cell-type specific domains in which chromatin accessibility is highly correlated with gene expression. Differentiation pseudotime trajectory analysis indicates that chromatin accessibility at cis-regulatory elements precedes transcription and that dynamic changes in chromatin structure play a critical role in neuronal lineage commitment. In addition, we mapped cell-type and temporally specific genetic loci implicated in neuropsychiatric traits, including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Together, our results describe the complex regulation of cell composition at critical stages in lineage determination, serve as a developmental blueprint of the human brain and shed light on the impact of spatiotemporal alterations in gene expression on neuropsychiatric disease.

One-Sentence SummarySimultaneous profiling of gene expression and chromatin accessibility in single nuclei from 6 developmental time-points sheds light on cell fate determination in the human cerebral cortex and on the molecular basis of neuropsychiatric disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bendl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vicari, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarence, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latouche, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsankova, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennand, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fullard, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roussos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.14.512250</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-omic profiling of the developing human cerebral cortex at the single cell level]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.17.512631v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
7SK methylation Promotes Transcriptional Activity upon Growth Factor Stimulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.17.512631v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A fundamental facet of cell signaling is the conversion of extracellular signals into adaptive transcriptional responses. The role of RNA modifications in this process is poorly understood. The small nuclear RNA 7SK prevents transcription elongation by sequestering the complex CDK9/CCNT1 (P-TEFb). We discovered that METTL3 methylates 7SK. The m6A methylation of 7SK in turn promotes its binding to heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (HNRNPs), with consequent release of the HEXIM1/P-TEFb complex - leading to the induction of growth factor-stimulated transcriptional responses. The methylation of 7SK relies on the activation of METTL3 via phosphorylation downstream of growth factors-signaling pathways such as the epidermal growth factor (EGF). Our findings establish a novel function for the m6A modification in converting growth-factor signaling events to a transcriptional elongation regulatory response via an RNA-methylation-dependent switch.

One-Sentence Summarym6A methylation of the non-coding RNA 7SK promotes transcriptional activity upon growth factor stimulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alarcon, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Pepe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desotell, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodarzi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.17.512631</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[7SK methylation Promotes Transcriptional Activity upon Growth Factor Stimulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.27.514063v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elevated estradiol during a hormone simulated pseudopregnancy decreases sleep and increases hypothalamic activation in female Syrian hamsters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.27.514063v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sleep disruptions are a common occurrence during the peripartum period. While physical and environmental factors associated with pregnancy and newborn care account for some sleep disruptions, there is evidence that peripartum fluctuations in estrogens may independently impact sleep. We therefore used a hormone-simulated pseudopregnancy in female Syrian hamsters to test the hypothesis that pregnancy-like increases in estradiol decrease sleep in the absence of other factors. Adult female Syrian hamsters were ovariectomized and given daily hormone injections that simulate estradiol levels during early pregnancy, late pregnancy, and the postpartum period. Home cage video recordings were captured at seven timepoints and videos were analyzed for actigraphy. During "late pregnancy," total sleep time and sleep efficiency were decreased in hormone-treated animals during the white light period compared to vehicle controls. During both "early pregnancy" and "late pregnancy," locomotion was increased in the white light period for hormone-treated animals; this change continued into the "postpartum period" for animals who continued to receive estradiol treatment, but not for animals who were withdrawn from estradiol. At the conclusion of the experiment, animals were euthanized and cFos expression was quantified in the ventral lateral preoptic area (VLPO) and lateral hypothalamus (LH). Animals who continued to receive high levels of estradiol during the "postpartum" period had significantly more cFos in the VLPO and LH than animals who were withdrawn from hormones or vehicle controls. Together, these data suggest that increased levels of estradiol during pregnancy are associated with sleep suppression which may be mediated by increased activation of hypothalamic nuclei.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Irvine, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaffney, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haughee, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horton, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbin, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merrill, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlis, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Been, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.27.514063</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elevated estradiol during a hormone simulated pseudopregnancy decreases sleep and increases hypothalamic activation in female Syrian hamsters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.18.517075v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phencyclidine disrupts neural coordination and cognitive control by dysregulating translation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.18.517075v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPhencyclidine (PCP) causes psychosis, is abused with increasing frequency, and was extensively used in antipsychotic drug discovery. PCP discoordinates hippocampal ensemble action potential discharge and impairs cognitive control in rats, but how this uncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist impairs cognition remains unknown.

MethodsThe effects of PCP were investigated i) on hippocampal CA1 ensemble action potential discharge in vivo in urethane-anesthetized rats and during awake behavior in mice; ii) on synaptic responses in ex vivo mouse hippocampus slices; iii) in mice on a hippocampus-dependent active place avoidance task that requires cognitive control; and iv) on activating the molecular machinery of translation in acute hippocampus slices. Mechanistic causality was assessed by comparing the PCP effects to the effects of inhibitors of protein synthesis, group-1-type metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1/5), and subunit-selective NMDARs.

ResultsConsistent with ionotropic actions, PCP discoordinated CA1 ensemble action potential discharge. PCP caused hyperactivity, and impaired active place avoidance, despite learning the task before PCP. Consistent with metabotropic actions, PCP exaggerated protein-synthesis dependent DHPG-induced mGluR1/5-stimulated long-term synaptic depression (LTD). Pretreatment with anisomycin or the mGluR1/5-antagonist MPEP, both of which repress translation, prevented the PCP-induced discoordination, and the cognitive and sensorimotor impairments. PCP as well as the NR2A-containing NMDAR-antagonist NVP-AAM077 unbalanced translation that engages the AKT, mTOR and 4EBP1 translation machinery and increased protein synthesis, whereas the NR2B-containing antagonist Ro25-6981 did not.

ConclusionsPCP dysregulates translation, acting through NR2A-containing NMDAR subtypes, recruiting mGluR1/5 signaling pathways, leading to the neural discoordination that is central to the cognitive and sensorimotor impairments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kao, H.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jourdi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Dijk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrillo-Segura, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tunnell, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troy-Regier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radwan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesburgueres, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alarcon, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenton, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.18.517075</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phencyclidine disrupts neural coordination and cognitive control by dysregulating translation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.21.517399v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anti-integrin αvβ6 autoantibodies are a novel predictive biomarker in ulcerative colitis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.21.517399v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background and AimsBetter biomarkers for prediction of ulcerative colitis (UC) development and prognostication are needed. Anti-integrin v{beta}6 autoantibodies (anti-v{beta}6) have been described in UC patients. Here, we tested for the presence of anti-v{beta}6 antibodies in the pre-clinical phase of UC and studied their association with disease-related outcomes after diagnosis.

MethodsAnti-v{beta}6 were measured in 4 longitudinal serum samples collected from 82 subjects who later developed UC and 82 matched controls from a Department of Defense pre-clinical cohort (PREDICTS). In a distinct, external validation cohort (GEM), we tested 12 pre-UC subjects and 49 matched controls. Further, anti-v{beta}6 were measured in 2 incident UC cohorts (COMPASS n=55 and OSCCAR n=104) and associations between anti-v{beta}6 and UC-related outcomes were defined using Cox proportional-hazards model.

ResultsAnti-v{beta}6 were significantly higher among individuals who developed UC compared to controls up to 10 years before diagnosis in PREDICTS. The anti-v{beta}6 seropositivity was 12.2% 10 years before diagnosis and increased to 52.4% at the time of diagnosis in subjects who developed UC compared with 2.7% in controls across the 4 timepoints. Anti-v{beta}6 predicted UC development with an AUC of at least 0.8 up to 10 years before diagnosis. The presence of anti-v{beta}6 in pre-clinical UC samples was validated in the GEM cohort. Finally, high anti-v{beta}6 was associated with a composite of adverse UC-outcomes including hospitalization, disease extension, colectomy, systemic steroid use and/or escalation to biologic therapy in recently diagnosed UC.

ConclusionAnti-integrin v{beta}6 auto-antibodies precede the clinical diagnosis of UC by up to 10 years and are associated with adverse UC-related outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Livanos, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ungaro, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turpin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rui, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Valle, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julia, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Delgado, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riddle, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laird, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magee, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dervieux, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gnjatic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheppard, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sands, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porter, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croitoru, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petralia, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colombel, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehandru, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.21.517399</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anti-integrin αvβ6 autoantibodies are a novel predictive biomarker in ulcerative colitis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.01.518799v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) Envelope Glycoprotein Conformational States on Infectious Virus Particles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.01.518799v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) entry into cells involves triggering of the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer ((gp120/gp41)3) by the primary receptor, CD4, and coreceptors, CCR5 or CXCR4. The pretriggered (State-1) conformation of the mature (cleaved) Env is targeted by broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs), which are inefficiently elicited compared with poorly neutralizing antibodies (pNAbs). Here we characterize variants of the moderately triggerable HIV-1AD8 Env on virions produced by an infectious molecular proviral clone; such virions contain more cleaved Env than pseudotyped viruses. We identified three types of cleaved wild-type AD8 Env trimers on virions: 1) State-1-like trimers preferentially recognized by bNAbs and exhibiting strong subunit association; 2) trimers recognized by pNAbs directed against the gp120 coreceptor-binding region and exhibiting weak, detergent-sensitive subunit association; and 3) a minor gp41-only population. The first Env population was enriched and the other Env populations reduced by introducing State-1-stabilizing changes in the AD8 Env or by treatment of the virions with crosslinker or the State-1-preferring entry inhibitor, BMS-806. These stabilized AD8 Envs were also more resistant to gp120 shedding induced by a CD4-mimetic compound or by incubation on ice. Conversely, a State-1-destabilized, CD4-independent AD8 Env variant exhibited weaker bNAb recognition and stronger pNAb recognition. Similar relationships between Env triggerability and antigenicity/shedding propensity on virions were observed for other HIV-1 strains. Our results show that State-1 Envs on virions can be significantly enriched by optimizing Env cleavage; stabilizing the pretriggered conformation by Env modification, crosslinking or BMS-806 treatment; strengthening Env subunit interactions; and using CD4-negative producer cells.

IMPORTANCEEfforts to develop an effective HIV-1 vaccine have been frustrated by the inability to elicit broad neutralizing antibodies that recognize multiple virus strains. Such antibodies are able to bind a particular shape of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein trimer, as it exists on a viral membrane but before engaging receptors on the host cell. Here, we establish simple yet powerful assays to characterize the envelope glycoproteins in a natural context on virus particles. We find that, depending on the HIV-1 strain, some envelope glycoproteins change shape and fall apart, creating decoys that can potentially divert the host immune response. We identify requirements to keep the relevant envelope glycoprotein target for broad neutralizing antibodies intact on virus-like particles. These studies suggest strategies that should facilitate efforts to produce and use virus-like particles as vaccine immunogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sodroski, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.01.518799</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) Envelope Glycoprotein Conformational States on Infectious Virus Particles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519375v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pleiotropy of autism-associated chromatin regulators 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519375v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene ontology analyses of high confidence autism spectrum disorder (hcASD) risk genes have historically highlighted chromatin regulation and synaptic function as major contributors to pathobiology. Our recent functional work in vivo has additionally implicated microtubule biology and identified disrupted cellular proliferation as a convergent ASD phenotype. As many chromatin regulators, including ASD risk genes ADNP and CHD3, are known to directly regulate both tubulins and histones, we studied the five chromatin regulators most strongly associated with ASD (ADNP, CHD8, CHD2, POGZ, and SUV420H1/KMT5B) specifically with respect to microtubule biology. We observe that all five localize to microtubules of the mitotic spindle in vitro and in vivo. Further in-depth investigation of CHD2 provides evidence that patient-derived mutations lead to a range of microtubule-related phenotypes, including disrupted localization of the protein at the mitotic spindle, spindle defects, cell cycle stalling, DNA damage, and cell death. Lastly, we observe that ASD genetic risk is significantly enriched among microtubule-associated proteins, suggesting broader relevance. Together, these results provide further evidence that the role of tubulin biology and cellular proliferation in ASD warrant further investigation and highlight the pitfalls of relying solely on annotated gene functions in the search for pathological mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lasser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Law, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drury, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drake, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaltsman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dea, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bader, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCluskey, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>State, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willsey, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willsey, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.07.519375</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pleiotropy of autism-associated chromatin regulators]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.13.520329v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lung tumor-infiltrating Treg have divergent transcriptional profiles and function linked to checkpoint blockade response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.13.520329v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regulatory T cells (Treg) are conventionally viewed to suppress endogenous and therapyinduced anti-tumor immunity; however, their role in modulating responses to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) is unclear. In this study, we integrated single-cell RNAseq/TCRseq of >73,000 tumor-infiltrating Treg (TIL-Treg) from anti-PD-1-treated and treatment naive non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) with single cell analysis of tumor-associated antigen (TAA)-specific Treg derived from a murine tumor model. We identified 10 subsets of human TIL-Treg, most of which have high concordance with murine TIL-Treg subsets. Notably, one subset selectively expresses high levels of OX40 and GITR, whose engangement by cognate ligand mediated proliferative programs and NF-kB activation, as well as multiple genes involved in Treg suppression, in particular LAG3. Functionally, the OX40hiGITRhi subset in the most highly suppressive ex vivo and Treg expression of OX40, GITR and LAG3, correlated with resistance to PD-1 blockade. Surprisingly, in the murine tumor model, we found that virtually all TIL-Treg expressing T cell receptors that are specific for TAA fully develop a distinct Th1-like signature over a two-week period after entry into the tumor, down-regulating FoxP3 and up-regulating expression of TBX21 (Tbet), IFN{gamma} and certain pro-inflammatory granzymes. Application of a gene score from the murine TAA-specific Th1-like Treg subset to the human single-cell dataset revealed a highly analogous subcluster that was enriched in anti-PD-1 responding tumors. These findings demonstrate that TIL-Treg partition into multiple distinct transcriptionally-defined subsets with potentially opposing effects on ICB-induced anti-tumor immunity and suggest that TAA-specific TIL-Treg may positively contribute to anti-tumor responses.

One-Sentence SummaryWe define 10 subsets of lung cancer-infiltrating regulatory T cells, one of which is highly suppressive and enriched in anti-PD-1 non-responders and the other is Th1-like and is enriched in PD-1 responders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dykema, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherry, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caushi, J. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishimoto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashid, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell-Flack, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bom, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawosik, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tirado, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomasovic, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VanDyke, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spangler, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anagnostou, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spicer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rayes, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taube, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brahmer, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forde, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yegnasubramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardoll, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.13.520329</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lung tumor-infiltrating Treg have divergent transcriptional profiles and function linked to checkpoint blockade response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.20.521311v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Supervised discovery of interpretable gene programs from single-cell data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.20.521311v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Factor analysis can drive biological discovery by decomposing single-cell gene expression data into a minimal set of gene programs that correspond to processes executed by cells in a sample. However, matrix factorization methods are prone to technical artifacts and poor factor interpretability. We have developed Spectra, an algorithm that identifies user-provided gene programs, modifies them to dataset context as needed, and detects novel programs that together best explain expression covariation. Spectra overcomes the dominance of cell-type signals by modeling cell-type-specific programs, and can characterize interpretable cell states along a continuum. We show that it outperforms existing approaches in challenging tumor immune contexts; Spectra finds factors that change under immune checkpoint therapy, disentangles the highly correlated features of CD8+ T-cell tumor reactivity and exhaustion, finds a novel program that explains continuous macrophage state changes under therapy, and identifies cell-type-specific immune metabolic programs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kunes, R. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walle, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawy, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe'er, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.20.521311</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Supervised discovery of interpretable gene programs from single-cell data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.26.521914v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Context-dependence of T-loop mediated long-range RNA tertiary interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.26.521914v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The architecture and folding of complex RNAs is governed by a limited set of highly recurrent structural motifs that form long-range tertiary interactions. One of these motifs is the T-loop, which was first identified in tRNA but is broadly distributed across biological RNAs. While the T-loop has been examined in detail in different biological contexts, the various receptors that it interacts with are not as well defined. In this study, we use a cell-based genetic screen in concert with bioinformatic analysis to examine three different, but related, T-loop receptor motifs found in the flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and cobalamin (Cbl) riboswitches. As a host for different T-loop receptors, we employed the env8 class-II Cbl riboswitch, an RNA that uses two T-loop motifs for both folding and supporting the ligand binding pocket. A set of libraries was created in which select nucleotides that participate in the T-loop/T-loop receptor (TL/TLR) interaction were fully randomized. Library members were screened for their ability to support Cbl-dependent expression of a reporter gene. While T-loops appear to be variable in sequence, we find that the functional sequence space is more restricted in the Cbl riboswitch, suggesting that TL/TLR interactions are context dependent. Our data reveal clear sequence signatures for the different types of receptor motifs that align with phylogenic analysis of these motifs in the FMN and Cbl riboswitches. Finally, our data suggest the functional contribution of various nucleobase-mediated long-range interactions within the riboswitch subclass of TL/TLR interactions that are distinct from those found in other RNAs.

HighlightsO_LIThe T-loop motif frequently mediates tertiary interactions in RNA
C_LIO_LIActivity-based screen used to explore T-loop mediate interactions in riboswitches
C_LIO_LIResults from the screen were consistent with phylogenetic analysis
C_LIO_LIT-loop/T-loop recepto{-}{-}{-}{-}r interactions are context dependent
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hansen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kletzien, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urquijo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwanz, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batey, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.26.521914</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Context-dependence of T-loop mediated long-range RNA tertiary interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.27.521482v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of oncogenic ROS1 missense mutations with sensitivity to tyrosine kinase inhibitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.27.521482v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromosomal rearrangements of ROS1 generate ROS1 tyrosine kinase fusion proteins that are established oncogenes predicting effectiveness of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) treatment. The cancer genome reveals nonsynonymous missense mutations in ROS1, however, their oncogenic potential remains unknown. We nominated thirty-four tumor-associated missense mutations in ROS1 kinase domain for functional interrogation. Immunoblotting revealed diverse impact of the mutations on the kinase, ranging from loss of function to significant increase in catalytic activity. Notably, Asn and Gly substitutions at the Asp-2113 position in ROS1 kinase domain were TKI- sensitive hyper-activating mutations, and transformative oncogenes in independent cell models. Molecular modeling revealed drastic alterations in the activation loop of ROS1D2113N compared to wildtype kinase. Proteomics studies showed that ROS1D2113N increases phosphorylation of known effectors akin to ROS1 fusions, and upregulates pathways not previously linked to ROS1, including mTORC2, JNK1/2, AP-1, TGFB1 and CCN1/2. In vivo, ROS1D2113N drove tumor formation that was sensitive to inhibition by crizotinib and lorlatinib. Taken together, these data show that select point mutations within ROS1 RTK are oncogenic, and maybe therapeutically targetable with FDA-approved TKI.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iyer, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nusser, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinde, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beach, C. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keddy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguero, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Force, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinde, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davare, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.27.521482</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of oncogenic ROS1 missense mutations with sensitivity to tyrosine kinase inhibitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.03.522600v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Paternal morphine exposure enhances morphine self-administration and induces region-specific neural adaptations in reward-related brain regions of male offspring 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.03.522600v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundA growing body of preclinical studies report that preconceptional experiences can have a profound and long-lasting impact on adult offspring behavior and physiology. However, less is known about paternal drug exposure and its effects on reward sensitivity in the next generation.

MethodsAdult male rats self-administered morphine for 65 days; controls received saline. Sires were bred to drug-naive dams to produce first-generation (F1) offspring. Morphine, cocaine, and nicotine self-administration were measured in adult F1 progeny. Molecular correlates of addiction-like behaviors were measured in reward-related brain regions of drug naive F1 offspring.

ResultsMale, but not female offspring produced by morphine-exposed sires exhibited dose-dependent increased morphine self-administration and increased motivation to earn morphine infusions under a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement. This phenotype was drug-specific as self-administration of cocaine, nicotine, and sucrose were not altered by paternal morphine history. The male offspring of morphine-exposed sires also had increased expression of mu-opioid receptors in the ventral tegmental area but not in the nucleus accumbens.

ConclusionsPaternal morphine exposure increased morphine addiction-like behavioral vulnerability in male but not female progeny. This phenotype is likely driven by long-lasting neural adaptations within the reward neural brain pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Toussaint, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bongiovanni, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bavley, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karbalaei, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayberry, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhakta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dressler, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imperio, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maurer, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bland, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu-Chen, L.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wimmer, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.03.522600</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Paternal morphine exposure enhances morphine self-administration and induces region-specific neural adaptations in reward-related brain regions of male offspring]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.05.522958v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
When Geometric Deep Learning Meets Pretrained Protein Language Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.05.522958v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Geometric deep learning has recently achieved great success in non-Euclidean domains, and learning on 3D structures of large biomolecules is emerging as a distinct research area. However, its efficacy is largely constrained due to the limited quantity of structural data. Meanwhile, protein language models trained on substantial 1D sequences have shown burgeoning capabilities with scale in a broad range of applications. Nevertheless, no preceding studies consider combining these different protein modalities to promote the representation power of geometric neural networks. To address this gap, we make the foremost step to integrate the knowledge learned by well-trained protein language models into several state-of-the-art geometric networks. Experiments are evaluated on a variety of protein representation learning benchmarks, including protein-protein interface prediction, model quality assessment, protein-protein rigid-body docking, and binding affinity prediction, leading to an overall improvement of 20% over baselines and the new state-of-the-art performance. Strong evidence indicates that the incorporation of protein language models knowledge enhances geometric networks capacity by a significant margin and can be generalized to complex tasks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.05.522958</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[When Geometric Deep Learning Meets Pretrained Protein Language Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.06.523017v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
C. elegans SMOC-1 interacts with both BMP and glypican to regulate BMP signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.06.523017v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACTSSecreted modular calcium binding (SMOC) proteins are conserved matricellular proteins found in organisms from C. elegans to humans. SMOC homologs characteristically contain one or two extracellular calcium (EC) binding domain(s) and one or two thyroglobulin type-1 (TY) domain(s). SMOC proteins in Drosophila and Xenopus have been found to interact with cell surface heparan sulfate protein glycans (HSPGs) to exert both positive and negative influences on the conserved bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway. In this study, we used a combination of biochemical, structural modeling, and molecular genetic approaches to dissect the functions of the sole SMOC protein in C. elegans. We showed that SMOC-1 binds LON-2/glypican, as well as the mature domain of DBL-1/BMP. Moreover, SMOC-1 can simultaneously bind LON-2/glypican and DBL-1/BMP. The interaction between SMOC-1 and LON-2/glypican is mediated by the EC domain of SMOC-1, while the interaction between SMOC-1 and DBL-1/BMP involves full-length SMOC-1. We further showed that while SMOC-1(EC) is sufficient to promote BMP signaling when overexpressed, both the EC and TY domains are required for SMOC-1 function at the endogenous locus. Finally, when overexpressed, SMOC-1 can promote BMP signaling in the absence of LON-2/glypican. Taken together, our findings led to a model where SMOC-1 functions both negatively in a LON-2-dependent manner and positively in a LON-2-independent manner to regulate BMP signaling. Our work provides a mechanistic basis for how the evolutionarily conserved SMOC proteins regulate BMP signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeGroot, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, T. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maas Gamboa, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larus, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fromme, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.06.523017</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[C. elegans SMOC-1 interacts with both BMP and glypican to regulate BMP signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.524731v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gut-associated lymphoid tissue attrition associates with response to anti-α4β7 therapy in ulcerative colitis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.524731v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Targeting the 4{beta}7-MAdCAM-1 axis with vedolizumab (VDZ) is a front-line therapeutic paradigm in ulcerative colitis (UC). However, mechanism(s) of action (MOA) of VDZ remain relatively undefined. Here, we examined three distinct cohorts of patients with UC (n=83, n=60, and n=21), to determine the effect of VDZ on the mucosal and peripheral immune system. Transcriptomic studies with protein level validation were used to study drug MOA using conventional and transgenic murine models. We found a significant decrease in colonic and ileal naive B and T cells and circulating gut-homing plasmablasts ({beta}7+) in VDZ-treated patients, pointing to gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) targeting by VDZ. Murine Peyers patches (PP) demonstrated a significant loss cellularity associated with reduction in follicular B cells, including a unique population of epithelium-associated B cells, following anti-4{beta}7 antibody (mAb) administration. Photoconvertible (KikGR) mice unequivocally demonstrated impaired cellular entry into PPs in anti-4{beta}7 mAb treated mice. In VDZ-treated, but not anti-tumor necrosis factor-treated UC patients, lymphoid aggregate size was significantly reduced in treatment responders compared to non-responders, with an independent validation cohort further confirming these data. GALT targeting represents a novel MOA of 4{beta}7-targeted therapies, with major implications for this therapeutic paradigm in UC, and for the development of new therapeutic strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Canales-Herrerias, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uzzan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czepielewski, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verstockt, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livanos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raso, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-taie, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tokuyama, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tankelevich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meringer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cossarini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jha, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krek, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulsen, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuber Nakadar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erlich, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onufer, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helmink, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juarez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yajnik, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerutti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faith, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez-Farinas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Argmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petralia, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randolph, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polydorides, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reboldi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colombel, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehandru, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.19.524731</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gut-associated lymphoid tissue attrition associates with response to anti-α4β7 therapy in ulcerative colitis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.524841v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antimicrobial mitochondrial reactive oxygen species induction by lung epithelial metabolic reprogramming 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.524841v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pneumonia is a worldwide threat, making discovery of novel means to combat lower respiratory tract infections an urgent need. We have previously shown that manipulating the lungs intrinsic host defenses by therapeutic delivery of a unique dyad of pathogen-associated molecular patterns protects mice against pneumonia in a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent manner. Here we show that antimicrobial ROS are induced from lung epithelial cells by interactions of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) with mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) without dependence on Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). The ODN-VDAC1 interaction alters cellular ATP/ADP/AMP localization, increases delivery of electrons to the electron transport chain (ETC), enhances mitochondrial membrane potential ({Delta}{Psi}m), and differentially modulates ETC complex activities. These combined effects promote leak of electrons from ETC complex III, resulting in superoxide formation. The ODN-induced mitochondrial ROS yield protective antibacterial effects. Together, these studies identify a therapeutic metabolic manipulation strategy that has the potential to broadly protect patients against pneumonia during periods of peak vulnerability without reliance on currently available antibiotics.

Author SummaryPneumonia is a major cause of death worldwide. Increasing antibiotic resistance and expanding immunocompromised populations continue to enhance the clinical urgency to find new strategies to prevent and treat pneumonia. We have identified a novel inhaled therapeutic that stimulates lung epithelial defenses to protect mice against pneumonia in a manner that depends on production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here, we report that the induction of protective ROS from lung epithelial mitochondria occurs following the interaction of one component of the treatment, an oligodeoxynucleotide, with the mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel 1. This interaction alters energy transfer between the mitochondria and the cytosol, resulting in metabolic reprogramming that drives more electrons into the electron transport chain, then causes electrons to leak from the electron transport chain to form protective ROS. While antioxidant therapies are endorsed in many other disease states, we present here an example of therapeutic induction of ROS that is associated with broad protection against pneumonia without reliance on administration of antibiotics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pantaleon Garcia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leiva-Juarez, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldblatt, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulraiz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donepudi, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorenzi, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, L.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuvim, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.19.524841</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antimicrobial mitochondrial reactive oxygen species induction by lung epithelial metabolic reprogramming]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.23.525251v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conformationally Adaptive Dyes Enable Protein-Adaptive Differential Scanning Fluorometry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.23.525251v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Flexible in vitro methods alter the course of biological discoveries. Differential Scanning Fluorimetry (DSF) is a particularly versatile technique which reports protein thermal unfolding via fluorogenic dye. However, applications of DSF are limited by widespread protein incompatibilities with the available DSF dyes. Here, we enable DSF applications for 66 of 70 tested proteins (94%) including 10 from the SARS-CoV2 virus using a chemically diverse dye library, Aurora, to identify compatible dye-protein pairs in high throughput. We find that this protein-adaptive DSF platform (paDSF) not only triples the previous protein compatibility, but also fundamentally extends the processes observable by DSF, including interdomain allostery in O-GlcNAc Transferase (OGT). paDSF enables routine measurement of protein stability, dynamics, and ligand binding.

One-Sentence SummaryNext generation protein-adaptive DSF (paDSF) enables rapid and general measurements of protein stability and dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suresh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gale-Day, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alteen, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millbern, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, O. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Partch, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fourches, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vilnueza, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vocadlo, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gestwicki, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.23.525251</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conformationally Adaptive Dyes Enable Protein-Adaptive Differential Scanning Fluorometry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.25.525622v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antagonistic regulation of salt and sugar chemotaxis plasticity by a single chemosensory neuron in Caenorhabditis elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.25.525622v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans memorizes various external chemicals, such as ions and odorants, during feeding. Here we find that C. elegans is attracted to the monosaccharides glucose and fructose after exposure to these monosaccharides in the presence of food; however, it avoids them without conditioning. The attraction to glucose requires a left-sided ASE gustatory neuron called ASEL. ASEL activity increases when glucose concentration decreases. Optogenetic ASEL stimulation promotes forward movements; however, after glucose conditioning, it promotes turning, suggesting that after glucose conditioning, the behavioral output of ASEL activation switches toward glucose. We previously reported that chemotaxis toward sodium ion (Na+), which is sensed by ASEL, increases after Na+ conditioning in the presence of food. Interestingly, glucose conditioning decreases Na+ chemotaxis, and conversely, Na+ conditioning decreases glucose chemotaxis, suggesting the reciprocal inhibition of learned chemotaxis to distinct chemicals. The activation of PKC-1, an nPKC {varepsilon}/{eta} ortholog, in ASEL promotes glucose chemotaxis and decreases Na+ chemotaxis after glucose conditioning. Furthermore, genetic screening identified ENSA-1, an ortholog of the protein phosphatase inhibitor ARPP-16/19, which functions in parallel with PKC-1 in glucose-induced chemotactic learning toward distinct chemicals. These findings suggest that kinase-phosphatase signaling regulates the balance between learned behaviors based on glucose conditioning in ASEL, which might contribute to migration toward chemical compositions where the animals were previously fed.

Author summaryCaenorhabditis elegans responds to compounds that taste salty, bitter, sour, etc. However, its response to sweet compounds is unclear. Here, we show that C. elegans responds to glucose through a chemosensory neuron called ASEL. C. elegans avoids high concentrations of glucose and learns to approach glucose after feeding in the presence of high glucose, dependent on the action of ASEL. The ASEL neuron has been reported to respond to salt and promotes salt attraction after feeding in the presence of high salt. We find that the feeding-associated attractive responses to glucose and salt are antagonistic. When encountered with a mixture of salt and glucose during feeding, C. elegans changes its chemotactic response toward those chemicals according to the balance of each chemical in the mixture. C. elegans may memorize the concentrations of the chemical mixture during feeding and migrates to the chemical composition previously fed, which may promote opportunities obtaining food. Furthermore, we find that kinase-phosphatase signaling, which modulates neurotransmission, in ASEL is required for chemotaxis based on information processing of salt and glucose.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tomioka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Umemura, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ueoka, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katae, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uchiyama, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ike, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iino, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.25.525622</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antagonistic regulation of salt and sugar chemotaxis plasticity by a single chemosensory neuron in Caenorhabditis elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.26.525578v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The lung employs an intrinsic surfactant-mediated inflammatory response for viral defense 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.26.525578v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes an acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) that resembles surfactant deficient RDS. Using a novel multi-cell type, human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived lung organoid (LO) system, validated against primary lung cells, we found that inflammatory cytokine/chemokine production and interferon (IFN) responses are dynamically regulated autonomously within the lung following SARS-CoV-2 infection, an intrinsic defense mechanism mediated by surfactant proteins (SP). Single cell RNA sequencing revealed broad infectability of most lung cell types through canonical (ACE2) and non-canonical (endocytotic) viral entry routes. SARS-CoV-2 triggers rapid apoptosis, impairing viral dissemination. In the absence of surfactant protein B (SP-B), resistance to infection was impaired and cytokine/chemokine production and IFN responses were modulated. Exogenous surfactant, recombinant SP-B, or genomic correction of the SP-B deletion restored resistance to SARS-CoV-2 and improved viability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leibel, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McVicar, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murad, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarado, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimmig, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuryyev, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nowell, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alarcon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malhotra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gearing, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hertzog, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galapate, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galenkamp, K. M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Commisso, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlin, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croker, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.26.525578</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The lung employs an intrinsic surfactant-mediated inflammatory response for viral defense]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.525950v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cup is essential for oskar mRNA translational repression during early Drosophila oogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.525950v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The proper timing of mRNA translation is crucial across many biological systems for processes such as intercellular communication, body pattern formation, and morphogenesis. The main D. melanogaster posterior determinant, oskar, is maternally transcribed, but only translated when properly localized at the oocytes posterior cortex. Bruno 1 and Cup are two effector proteins known to participate in multiple aspects of oskar mRNA regulation. Current model describes a mechanism in which Bruno 1 is necessary for Cups recruitment to oskar mRNA, and Bruno 1 is indispensable for its translational repression. Here, we reveal that the Bruno 1-Cup interaction, as well as their interdependent influence on each others mRNA and protein expression, lead to precise oskar mRNA regulation during early oogenesis. We show that these factors stably associate with the oskar mRNA in vivo, but surprisingly, Bruno 1s stable association with oskar mRNA depends on Cup, while Bruno 1 is not necessary for Cup association to oskar mRNA. During early oogenesis, Cup, not Bruno 1, is the essential factor for oskar mRNA repression. Cup is a crucial P-body member that maintains proper P-body morphology during oogenesis, as well as it is necessary for oskar mRNAs association with P-bodies, thus driving the translational repression and stability of oskar mRNA. Our experimental results collectively suggest a regulatory mechanism where a feedback loop between Bruno 1 and Cup coordinates oskar mRNA regulation in the egg chamber allowing for proper development to occur.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bayer, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milano, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Formel, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravichandran, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cambeiro, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slinko, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catrina, I. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bratu, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.27.525950</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cup is essential for oskar mRNA translational repression during early Drosophila oogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.11.528131v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aberrant accumulation of age- and disease-associated factors following neural probe implantation in a mouse model of Alzheimers disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.11.528131v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1.0.Electrical stimulation has had a profound impact on our current understanding of nervous system physiology and provided viable clinical options for addressing neurological dysfunction within the brain. Unfortunately, the brains immune suppression of indwelling microelectrodes currently presents a major roadblock in the long-term application of neural recording and stimulating devices. In some ways, brain trauma induced by penetrating microelectrodes produces similar neuropathology as debilitating brain diseases, such as Alzheimers disease (AD), while also suffering from end-stage neuron loss and tissue degeneration. To understand whether there may be any parallel mechanisms at play between brain injury from chronic microelectrode implantation and those of neurodegenerative disorder, we used two-photon microscopy to visualize the accumulation, if any, of age- and disease-associated factors around chronically implanted electrodes in both young and aged mouse models of AD. With this approach, we determined that electrode injury leads to aberrant accumulation of lipofuscin, an age-related pigment, in wild-type and AD mice alike. Furthermore, we reveal that chronic microelectrode implantation reduces the growth of pre-existing amyloid plaques while simultaneously elevating amyloid burden at the electrode-tissue interface. Lastly, we uncover novel spatial and temporal patterns of glial reactivity, axonal and myelin pathology, and neurodegeneration related to neurodegenerative disease around chronically implanted microelectrodes. This study offers multiple novel perspectives on the possible neurodegenerative mechanisms afflicting chronic brain implants, spurring new potential avenues of neuroscience investigation and design of more targeted therapies for improving neural device biocompatibility and treatment of degenerative brain disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wellman, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coyne, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozai, T. D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.11.528131</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aberrant accumulation of age- and disease-associated factors following neural probe implantation in a mouse model of Alzheimers disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.14.528556v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Physiological reprogramming in vivo mediated by Sox4 pioneer factor activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.14.528556v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tissue damage elicits cell fate switching through a process called metaplasia, but how the starting cell fate is silenced and the new cell fate is activated has not been investigated in animals. In cell culture, pioneer transcription factors mediate "reprogramming" by opening new chromatin sites for expression that can attract transcription factors from the starting cells enhancers. Here we report that Sox4 is sufficient to initiate hepatobiliary metaplasia in the adult liver. In lineage-traced cells, we assessed the timing of Sox4-mediated opening of enhancer chromatin versus enhancer decommissioning. Initially, Sox4 directly binds to and closes hepatocyte regulatory sequences via a motif it overlaps with Hnf4a, a hepatocyte master regulator. Subsequently, Sox4 exerts pioneer factor activity to open biliary regulatory sequences. The results delineate a hierarchy by which gene networks become reprogrammed under physiological conditions, providing deeper insight into the basis for cell fate transitions in animals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Katsuda, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sussman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ito, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katznelson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merrell, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takenaka, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cure, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasool, R. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asangani, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaret, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.14.528556</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Physiological reprogramming in vivo mediated by Sox4 pioneer factor activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.21.529462v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Augmentation of Histone Deacetylase 6 Activity Impairs Mitochondrial Respiratory Complex I in Ischemic/Reperfused Diabetic Hearts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.21.529462v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDDiabetes augments activity of histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) and generation of tumor necrosis factor  (TNF) and impairs the physiological function of mitochondrial complex I (mCI) which oxidizes reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide to sustain the tricarboxylic acid cycle and {beta}-oxidation. Here we examined how HDAC6 regulates TNF production, mCI activity, mitochondrial morphology and NADH levels, and cardiac function in ischemic/reperfused diabetic hearts.

METHODSHDAC6 knockout, streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic, and obese type 2 diabetic db/db mice underwent myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in vivo or ex vivo in a Langendorff-perfused system. H9c2 cardiomyocytes with and without HDAC6 knockdown were subjected to hypoxia/reoxygenation injury in the presence of high glucose. We compared the activities of HDAC6 and mCI, TNF and mitochondrial NADH levels, mitochondrial morphology, myocardial infarct size, and cardiac function between groups.

RESULTSMyocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury and diabetes synergistically augmented myocardial HDCA6 activity, myocardial TNF levels, and mitochondrial fission and inhibited mCI activity. Interestingly, neutralization of TNF with an anti-TNF monoclonal antibody augmented myocardial mCI activity. Importantly, genetic disruption or inhibition of HDAC6 with tubastatin A decreased TNF levels, mitochondrial fission, and myocardial mitochondrial NADH levels in ischemic/reperfused diabetic mice, concomitant with augmented mCI activity, decreased infarct size, and ameliorated cardiac dysfunction. In H9c2 cardiomyocytes cultured in high glucose, hypoxia/reoxygenation augmented HDAC6 activity and TNF levels and decreased mCI activity. These negative effects were blocked by HDAC6 knockdown.

CONCLUSIONSAugmenting HDAC6 activity inhibits mCI activity by increasing TNF levels in ischemic/reperfused diabetic hearts. The HDAC6 inhibitor, tubastatin A, has high therapeutic potential for acute myocardial infarction in diabetes.

Novelty and SignificanceO_ST_ABSWhat Is Known?C_ST_ABSO_LIIschemic heart disease (IHS) is a leading cause of death globally, and its presence in diabetic patients is a grievous combination, leading to high mortality and heart failure.
C_LIO_LIDiabetes impairs assembly of mitochondrial complex I (mCI), complex III dimer, and complex IV monomer into the respiratory chain supercomplexes, resulting in electron leak and the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
C_LIO_LIBy oxidizing reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and reducing ubiquinone, mCI physiologically regenerates NAD+ to sustain the tricarboxylic acid cycle and {beta}-oxidation.
C_LI

What New Information Does This Article Contribute?O_LIMyocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MIRI) and diabetes as comorbidities augment myocardial HDCA6 activity and generation of tumor necrosis factor  (TNF), which inhibit myocardial mCI activity.
C_LIO_LIGenetic disruption of histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) decreases mitochondrial NADH levels and augments mCI activity in type 1 diabetic mice undergoing MIRI via decreasing TNF production, leading to decreases in MIRI.
C_LIO_LIPretreatment of type 2 diabetic db/db mice with a HDAC6 inhibitor, tubastatin A (TSA), decreases mitochondrial NADH levels and augments mCI activity by decreasing TNF levels, leading to improvements in cardiac function.
C_LI

Patients with diabetes are more susceptible to MIRI than non-diabetics with greater mortality and resultant heart failure. There is an unmet medical need in diabetic patients for the treatment of IHS. Our biochemical studies find that MIRI and diabetes synergistically augment myocardial HDAC6 activity and generation of TNF, along with cardiac mitochondrial fission and low bioactivity of mCI. Intriguingly, genetic disruption of HDAC6 decreases the MIRI-induced increases in TNF levels, concomitant with augmented mCI activity, decreased myocardial infarct size, and ameliorated cardiac dysfunction in T1D mice. Importantly, treatment of obese T2D db/db mice with TSA reduces the generation of TNF and mitochondrial fission and enhances mCI activity during reperfusion after ischemia. Our isolated heart studies revealed that genetic disruption or pharmacological inhibition of HDAC6 reduces mitochondrial NADH release during ischemia and ameliorates dysfunction of diabetic hearts undergoing MIRI. Furthermore, HDAC6 knockdown in cardiomyocytes blocks high glucose- and exogenous TNF-induced suppression of mCI activity in vitro, implying that HDAC6 knockdown can preserve mCI activity in high glucose and hypoxia/reoxygenation. These results demonstrate that HDAC6 is an important mediator in MIRI and cardiac function in diabetes. Selective inhibition of HDAC6 has high therapeutic potential for acute IHS in diabetes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ge, Z.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumgardt, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunasekaran, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forbess, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosnjak, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camara, A. K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kersten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorp, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaushal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.21.529462</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Augmentation of Histone Deacetylase 6 Activity Impairs Mitochondrial Respiratory Complex I in Ischemic/Reperfused Diabetic Hearts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.27.530077v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissociable contributions of the amygdala and ventral hippocampus to stress-induced changes in defensive behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.27.530077v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSevere stress can produce multiple persistent changes in defensive behavior relevant to psychiatric illness. While much is known about the circuits supporting stress-induced associative fear, how stress-induced circuit plasticity supports non-associative changes in defensive behavior remains unclear.

MethodsMice were exposed to an acute severe stressor, and subsequently, both associative and non-associative defensive behavioral responses were assessed. A mixture of local protein synthesis inhibition, pan-neuronal chemogenetic inhibition, and projection-specific chemogenetic inhibition were utilized to isolate the roles of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and ventral hippocampus (vHC) to the induction and expression of associative and non-associative defensive behavioral changes.

ResultsStress-induced protein synthesis in the BLA was necessary for enhancements in stress sensitivity but not enhancements in anxiety-related behaviors, whereas protein synthesis in the vHC was necessary for enhancements in anxiety-related behavior but not enhancements in stress sensitivity. Like protein synthesis, neuronal activity of the BLA and vHC were found to differentially support the expression of these same defensive behaviors. Additionally, projection-specific inhibition of BLA-vHC connections failed to alter these behaviors, indicating that these defensive behaviors are regulated by distinct BLA and vHC circuits. Lastly, contributions of the BLA and vHC to stress sensitivity and anxiety-related behavior were independent of their contributions to associative fear.

ConclusionsStress-induced plasticity in the BLA and vHC were found to support dissociable non-associative behavioral changes, with BLA supporting enhancements in stress sensitivity and vHC supporting increased anxiety-related behavior. These findings demonstrate that independent BLA and vHC circuits are critical for stress-induced defensive behaviors, and that differential targeting of BLA and vHC circuits may be needed in disease treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pennington, Z. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaBanca, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sompolpong, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christenson Wick, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.27.530077</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissociable contributions of the amygdala and ventral hippocampus to stress-induced changes in defensive behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.13.532469v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aversive experience drives offline ensemble reactivation to link memories across days 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.13.532469v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Memories are encoded in neural ensembles during learning and stabilized by post-learning reactivation. Integrating recent experiences into existing memories ensures that memories contain the most recently available information, but how the brain accomplishes this critical process remains unknown. Here we show that in mice, a strong aversive experience drives the offline ensemble reactivation of not only the recent aversive memory but also a neutral memory formed two days prior, linking the fear from the recent aversive memory to the previous neutral memory. We find that fear specifically links retrospectively, but not prospectively, to neutral memories across days. Consistent with prior studies, we find reactivation of the recent aversive memory ensemble during the offline period following learning. However, a strong aversive experience also increases co-reactivation of the aversive and neutral memory ensembles during the offline period. Finally, the expression of fear in the neutral context is associated with reactivation of the shared ensemble between the aversive and neutral memories. Taken together, these results demonstrate that strong aversive experience can drive retrospective memory-linking through the offline co-reactivation of recent memory ensembles with memory ensembles formed days prior, providing a neural mechanism by which memories can be integrated across days.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zaki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pennington, Z. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morales-Rodriguez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francisco, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaBanca, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segura, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.13.532469</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aversive experience drives offline ensemble reactivation to link memories across days]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.14.530545v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structures of trehalose-6-phosphate synthase, Tps1, from the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans: a target for novel antifungals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.14.530545v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Invasive fungal diseases are a major threat to human health, resulting in more than 1.5 million annual deaths worldwide. The arsenal of antifungal therapeutics remains limited and is in dire need of novel drugs that target additional biosynthetic pathways that are absent from humans. One such pathway involves the biosynthesis of trehalose. Trehalose is a disaccharide that is required for pathogenic fungi to survive in their human hosts. In the first step of trehalose biosynthesis, trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (Tps1) converts UDP-glucose and glucose-6-phosphate to trehalose-6-phosphate. Here, we report the structures of full-length Cryptococcus neoformans Tps1 (CnTps1) in unliganded form and in complex with uridine diphosphate and glucose-6-phosphate. Comparison of these two structures reveals significant movement towards the catalytic pocket by the N-terminus upon ligand binding and identifies residues required for substrate-binding, as well as residues that stabilize the tetramer. Intriguingly, an intrinsically disordered domain (IDD), which is conserved amongst Cryptococcal species and closely related Basidiomycetes, extends from each subunit of the tetramer into the "solvent" but is not visible in density maps. We determined that the IDD is not required for C. neoformans Tps1-dependent thermotolerance and osmotic stress survival. Studies with UDP-galactose highlight the exquisite substrate specificity of CnTps1. In toto, these studies expand our knowledge of trehalose biosynthesis in Cryptococcus and highlight the potential of developing antifungal therapeutics that disrupt the synthesis of this disaccharide or the formation of a functional tetramer and the use of cryo-EM in the structural characterization of CnTps1-ligand/drug complexes.

Significance StatementFungal infections are responsible for over a million deaths worldwide each year. Biosynthesis of a disaccharide, trehalose, is required for multiple pathogenic fungi to transition from the environment to the human host. Enzymes in the trehalose biosynthesis pathway are absent in humans and, therefore, are potentially significant targets for novel antifungal therapeutics. One enzyme in the trehalose biosynthesis is trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (Tps1). Here, we describe the cryo-electron microscopy structures of the CnTps1 homo-tetramer in the unliganded form and in complex with a substrate and a product. These structures and subsequent biochemical analysis reveal key details of substrate-binding residues and substrate specificity. These structures should facilitate structure-guided design of inhibitors against CnTps1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Washington, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrovich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borgnia, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartesaghi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennan, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.14.530545</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structures of trehalose-6-phosphate synthase, Tps1, from the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans: a target for novel antifungals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.15.532517v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Taxonomic distribution of metabolic functions underpin nutrient cycling in Trichodesmium consortia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.15.532517v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The photosynthetic and diazotrophic cyanobacterium Trichodesmium is a key contributor to marine biogeochemical cycles in the subtropical-oligotrophic oceans. Trichodesmium forms colonies that harbor a distinct microbial community, which expands their functional potential and is predicted to influence the cycling of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and iron (C, N, P, and Fe). To link key traits to taxa and elucidate how community structure influences nutrient cycling, we assessed Red Sea Trichodesmium colonies using metagenomics and metaproteomics. This diverse consortium comprises bacteria that typically associate with algae and particles, such as the ubiquitous Alteromonas macleodii, but also lineages specific to Trichodesmium, such as members from the order Balneolales. These bacteria carry functional traits that would influence resource cycling in the consortium, including siderophore biosynthesis, reduced phosphorus metabolism, vitamins, denitrification, and dissimilatory-nitrate-reduction-to-ammonium (DNRA) pathways. Denitrification and DNRA appeared to be modular as bacteria collectively completed the steps for these pathways. The vast majority of associated bacteria were auxotrophic for vitamins, indicating the interdependency of consortium members. Trichodesmium in turn may rely on associated bacteria to meet its high Fe demand as several lineages can synthesize the photolabile siderophores vibrioferrin, rhizoferrin, and petrobactin, enhancing the bioavailability of particulate-Fe to the entire consortium. Our results highlight that Trichodesmium is a hotspot for C, N, P, Fe, and vitamin exchange. The functional redundancy of nutrient cycling in the consortium likely underpins its resilience within an ever-changing global environment.

ImportanceColonies of the cyanobacteria Trichodesmium act as a biological hotspot for the usage and recycling of key resources such as C, N, P and Fe within an otherwise oligotrophic environment. While Trichodesmium colonies are known to interact with a unique community of algae and particle-associated microbes, our understanding of the taxa that populate these colonies and the gene functions they encode is still limited. Characterizing the taxa and adaptive strategies that influence consortium physiology and its concomitant biogeochemistry is critical in a future ocean predicted to have increasing particulate fluxes and resource-depleted regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koedooder, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haley, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolic, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicora, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gledhill, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boiteau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyhrman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin-Blum, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaked, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.15.532517</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Taxonomic distribution of metabolic functions underpin nutrient cycling in Trichodesmium consortia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.21.537780v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visuomotor experience induces functional and structural plasticity of chandelier cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.21.537780v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Detailed characterization of interneuron types in primary visual cortex (V1) has greatly contributed to understanding visual perception, yet the role of chandelier cells (ChCs) in visual processing remains poorly characterized. Using viral tracing we found that V1 ChCs predominantly receive monosynaptic input from local layer 5 pyramidal cells and higher-order cortical regions. Two-photon calcium imaging and convolutional neural network modelling revealed that ChCs are visually responsive but weakly selective for stimulus content. In mice running in a virtual tunnel, ChCs respond strongly to events known to elicit arousal, including locomotion and visuomotor mismatch. Repeated exposure of the mice to the virtual tunnel was accompanied by reduced visual responses of ChCs and structural plasticity of ChC boutons and axon initial segment length. Finally, ChCs only weakly inhibited pyramidal cells. These findings suggest that ChCs provide an arousal-related signal to layer 2/3 pyramidal cells that may modulate their activity and/or gate plasticity of their axon initial segments during behaviorally relevant events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seignette, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamann, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papale, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terra, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porneso, R. P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Kraker, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Togt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Aa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neering, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruimschotel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roelfsema, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montijn, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Self, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kole, M. H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levelt, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.21.537780</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visuomotor experience induces functional and structural plasticity of chandelier cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.24.537941v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On the dynamic contact angle of capillary-driven microflows in open channels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.24.537941v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The true value of the contact angle between a liquid and a solid is a thorny problem in capillary microfluidics. The Lucas-Washburn-Rideal (LWR) law assumes a constant contact angle during fluid penetration. However, recent experimental studies have shown lower liquid velocities than predicted by the LWR equation, which are attributed to a velocity-dependent dynamic contact angle that is larger than its static value. Inspection of fluid penetration in closed channels has confirmed that a dynamic angle is needed in the LWR equation.

In this work, the dynamic contact angle in an open channel configuration is investigated using experimental data obtained with a range of liquids, aqueous and organic, and a PMMA substrate. We demonstrate that a dynamic contact angle must be used to explain the early stages of fluid penetration, i.e., at the start of the viscous regime, when flow velocities are sufficiently high. Moreover, the open channel configuration, with its free surface, enhances the effect of the dynamic contact angle, making its inclusion even more important. We found that for the liquids in our study, the molecular-kinetic theory (MKT) is the most accurate in predicting the effect of the dynamic contact angle on liquid penetration in open channels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tokihiro, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berthier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McManamen, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thongpang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theberge, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.24.537941</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On the dynamic contact angle of capillary-driven microflows in open channels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.25.538296v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Organization of orbitofrontal-auditory pathways in the Mongolian gerbil 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.25.538296v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sound perception is highly malleable, rapidly adjusting to the acoustic environment and behavioral demands. This flexibility is the result of ongoing changes in auditory cortical activity driven by fluctuations in attention, arousal, or prior expectations. Recent work suggests that the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) may mediate some of these rapid changes, but the anatomical connections between the OFC and the auditory system are not well-characterized. Here, we used virally-mediated fluorescent tracers to map the projection from OFC to the auditory midbrain, thalamus, and cortex in a classic animal model for auditory research, the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). We observed no connectivity between the OFC and the auditory midbrain, and an extremely sparse connection between the dorsolateral OFC and higher-order auditory thalamic regions. In contrast, we observed a robust connection between the ventral and medial subdivisions of the OFC and the auditory cortex, with a clear bias for secondary auditory cortical regions. OFC axon terminals were found in all auditory cortical lamina but were significantly more concentrated in the infragranular layers. Tissue-clearing and lightsheet microscopy further revealed that auditory cortical-projecting OFC neurons send extensive axon collaterals throughout the brain, targeting both sensory and non-sensory regions involved in learning, decision-making, and memory. These findings provide a more detailed map of orbitofrontal-auditory connections and shed light on the possible role of the OFC in supporting auditory cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ying, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamlette, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikoobakht, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balaji, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miko, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caras, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.25.538296</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Organization of orbitofrontal-auditory pathways in the Mongolian gerbil]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.27.538595v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ventral hippocampal CCK interneurons gate context-reward memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.27.538595v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Associating contexts with rewards depends on hippocampal circuits, with local inhibitory interneurons positioned to play an important role in shaping activity. Here, we hypothesize that the encoding of context-reward memory requires a ventral hippocampus (vHPC) to nucleus accumbens (NAc) circuit that is gated by CCK interneurons. In a sucrose conditioned place preference (CPP) task, optogenetically inhibiting vHPC-NAc terminals impaired the acquisition of place preference. Transsynaptic rabies tracing revealed vHPC-NAc neurons were monosynaptically innervated by CCK interneurons. Using intersectional genetic targeting of CCK interneurons, ex vivo optogenetic activation of CCK interneurons increased GABAergic transmission onto vHPC-NAc neurons, while in vivo optogenetic inhibition of CCK interneurons increased cFos in these neurons. Notably, CCK interneuron inhibition during sucrose CPP learning increased time spent in the sucrose-associated location, suggesting enhanced place-reward memory. Our findings reveal a previously unknown hippocampal microcircuit crucial for modulating the strength of contextual reward learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivakumaran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambe, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.27.538595</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ventral hippocampal CCK interneurons gate context-reward memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.27.538600v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fission yeast CK1 promotes DNA double-strand break repair through both homologous recombination and non-homologous end joining 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.27.538600v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The CK1 family are conserved serine/threonine kinases with numerous substrates and cellular functions. The fission yeast CK1 orthologues Hhp1 and Hhp2 were first characterized as regulators of DNA repair, but the mechanism(s) by which CK1 activity promotes DNA repair had not been investigated. Here, we found that deleting Hhp1 and Hhp2 or inhibiting CK1 catalytic activities in yeast or in human cells activated the DNA damage checkpoint due to persistent double-strand breaks (DSBs). The primary pathways to repair DSBs, homologous recombination and non-homologous end joining, were both less efficient in cells lacking Hhp1 and Hhp2 activity. In order to understand how Hhp1 and Hhp2 promote DSB repair, we identified new substrates using quantitative phosphoproteomics. We confirmed that Arp8, a component of the INO80 chromatin remodeling complex, is a bona fide substrate of Hhp1 and Hhp2 that is important for DSB repair. Our data suggest that Hhp1 and Hhp2 facilitate DSB repair by phosphorylating multiple substrates, including Arp8.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cullati, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillen, R. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarrete-Perea, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elmore, Z. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gygi, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gould, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.27.538600</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fission yeast CK1 promotes DNA double-strand break repair through both homologous recombination and non-homologous end joining]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.12.540475v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hippocampal contextualization of social rewards 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.12.540475v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acquiring and exploiting memories of rewarding experiences is critical for survival. The spatial environment in which a rewarding stimulus is encountered regulates memory retrieval. The ventral hippocampus (vH) has been implicated in contextual memories involving rewarding stimuli such as food, social cues or drugs. Yet, the spatial representations and circuits underlying contextual memories of socially rewarding stimuli are poorly understood. Here, using in vivo electrophysiological recordings during a social reward contextual conditioning paradigm in mice, we showed that vH neurons discriminate between contexts with neutral or acquired social reward value and exhibit a preferential remapping of their place fields to the context previously paired with social reward cues. The formation of context-discriminating vH neurons following learning was contingent upon the presence of salient reinforcers. Moreover, vH neurons showed different contextual representations during retrieval of social reward and fear contextual memories, suggesting different vH circuits underlie positively and negatively valenced contextual memories. Finally, optogenetic inhibition of locus coeruleus (LC) projections in the vH selectively disrupted social reward contextual memory by impairing vH contextual representations. Collectively, our findings reveal that the vH integrates contextual and social reward information, with memory encoding of these representations supported by input from the LC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mendes Duarte, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciocchi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.12.540475</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hippocampal contextualization of social rewards]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/207159v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estradiol and luteinizing hormone reverse memory loss in phencyclidine model of schizophrenia: Evidence for hippocampal GABA action 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/207159v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia are poorly understood and difficult to treat. Estrogens may mitigate these symptoms via unknown mechanisms. To examine these mechanisms, we tested whether increasing estradiol (E) or decreasing luteinizing hormone (LH) could rescue declarative memory in a phencyclidine (PCP) model of schizophrenia. We then assessed whether changes in cortical or hippocampal GABA may underlie these effects. Female rats were ovariectomized and injected subchronically with PCP. To modulate E and LH, animals received hormone capsules or Antide injections. Short-term episodic memory was assessed using the novel object recognition task. Brain expression of GAD67 was analyzed via western blot, and parvalbumin-containing cells were counted using immunohistochemistry. Some rats received hippocampal infusions of a GABAA agonist, GABAA antagonist, or GAD inhibitor before behavioral testing. We found that PCP reduced hippocampal GAD67 and abolished object recognition. Antide restored hippocampal GAD67 and rescued recognition memory in PCP-treated animals. Estradiol reversed PCPs amnesic effect but failed to restore hippocampal GAD67. PCP did not cause significant differences in number of parvalbumin-expressing cells or cortical expression of GAD67. Hippocampal infusions of a GABAA agonist restored memory in PCP-treated rats. Blocking hippocampal GAD or GABAA receptors in ovx animals reproduced memory loss similar to PCP and inhibited estradiols memory rescue in PCP-treated animals. In summary, decreasing LH or increasing E can reverse memory loss in a PCP model of schizophrenia. Alterations in hippocampal GABA may contribute to both PCPs effects on declarative memory and the hormones ability to reverse them.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Riordan, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaler, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fried, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paine, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornton, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/207159</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estradiol and luteinizing hormone reverse memory loss in phencyclidine model of schizophrenia: Evidence for hippocampal GABA action]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/232223v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acto-myosin driven functional nanoclusters of GPI-anchored proteins are generated by integrin receptor signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/232223v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
GPI-anchored protein (GPI-AP) nanoclusters are generated by cortical acto-myosin activity. While our understanding of the physical principles behind this process is emerging, the molecular machinery required for the generation of these nanoclusters is unknown. Here, we show that ligand-mediated membrane receptor signaling triggers nanocluster formation. Both soluble and surface-tethered RGD ligands bind the {beta}1-integrin receptor and activate focal adhesion and src-kinases, resulting in RhoA signaling. This cascade ultimately triggers actin-nucleation via specific formins, driving nanoclustering of both GPI-APs and a model transmembrane protein with an actin-binding domain. Integrin signaling concurrently results in talin mediated activation of vinculin. This is necessary for the coupling of the dynamic actin machinery to the inner leaflet driving GPI-AP nanoclustering. Disruption of GPI-AP nanoclustering in either GPI-anchor remodeling mutants or in cells that express vinculin mutants, provide evidence that these nanoclusters are necessary for activating cell spreading, a hallmark of integrin function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kalappurakkal, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anilkumar, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patra, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Zanten, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheetz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/232223</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acto-myosin driven functional nanoclusters of GPI-anchored proteins are generated by integrin receptor signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/251967v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A multi-omic atlas of the human frontal cortex for aging and Alzheimer's disease research 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/251967v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We initiated the systematic profiling of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex obtained from a subset of autopsied individuals enrolled in the Religious Orders Study (ROS) or the Rush Memory and Aging Project (MAP), which are jointly designed and belong to a very few prospective studies of aging and dementia with detailed, longitudinal cognitive phenotyping during life and a quantitative, structured neuropathologic examination after death for >3,322 subjects. Here, we outline the first generation of data including genome-wide genotypes (n=2,090), whole genome sequencing (n=1,179), DNA methylation (n=740), chromatin immunoprecipitation with sequencing using an anti-Histone 3 Lysine 9 acetylation (H3K9Ac) antibody (n=712), RNA sequencing (n=638), and miRNA profile (n=702). Generation of other omic data including ATACseq, proteomic and metabolomics profiles is ongoing. Thanks to its prospective design and recruitment of older, non-demented individuals, these data can be repurposed to investigate a large number of syndromic and quantitative neuroscience phenotypes. The many subjects that are cognitively non-impaired at death also offer insights into the biology of the human brain in older non-impaired individuals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCabe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardarajan, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, H.-U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lodgson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nejad, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangravite, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaiteri, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostafavi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/251967</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A multi-omic atlas of the human frontal cortex for aging and Alzheimer's disease research]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/256396v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SciLMM: Computing heritability with millions of individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/256396v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rapid digitization of genealogical and medical records enables the assembly of extremely large pedigree records spanning millions of individuals and trillions of pairs of relatives. Such pedigrees provide the opportunity to investigate the sociological and epidemiological history of human populations in scales much larger than previously possible. Linear mixed models (LMMs) are routinely used to analyze extremely large animal and plant pedigrees for the purposes of selective breeding. However, LMMs have not been previously applied to analyze population-scale human family trees. Here, we present Sparse Cholesky factorIzation LMM (Sci-LMM), a modeling framework for studying population-scale family trees that combines techniques from the animal and plant breeding literature and from human genetics literature. The proposed framework can construct a matrix of relationships between trillions of pairs of individuals and fit the corresponding LMM in several hours. We demonstrate the capabilities of Sci-LMM via simulation studies and by estimating the heritability of longevity and of reproductive fitness (quantified via number of children) in a large pedigree spanning millions of individuals and over five centuries of human history. Sci-LMM provides a unified framework for investigating the epidemiological history of human populations via genealogical records.nnAuthor SummaryThe advent of online genealogy services allows the assembly of population-scale family trees, spanning millions of individuals and centuries of human history. Such datasets enable answering genetic epidemiology questions on unprecedented scales. Here we present Sci-LMM, a pedigree analysis framework that combines techniques from animal and plant breeding research and from human genetics research for large-scale pedigree analysis. We apply Sci-LMM to analyze population-scale human genealogical records, spanning trillions of relationships. We have made both Sci-LMM and an anonymized dataset of millions of individuals freely available to download, making the analysis of population-scale human family trees widely accessible to the research community. Together, these resources allow researchers to investigate genetic and epidemiological questions on an unprecedented scale.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shor, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erlich, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissbrod, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/256396</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SciLMM: Computing heritability with millions of individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/288779v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional deconvolution reveals consistent functional subtypes of pancreatic cancer epithelium and stroma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/288779v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bulk tumor tissues comprise intermixed populations of neoplastic cells and multiple lineages of stromal cells. We used laser capture microdissection and RNA sequencing to disentangle the transcriptional programs active in the malignant epithelium and stroma of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA). This led to the development of a new algorithm (ADVOCATE) that accurately predicts the compartment fractions of bulk tumor samples and can computationally purify bulk gene expression data from PDA. We also present novel stromal subtypes, derived from 110 microdissected PDA stroma samples, that were enriched in extracellular matrix- and immune-associated processes. Finally, we applied ADVOCATE to systematically evaluate cross-compartment subtypes spanning four patient cohorts, revealing consistent functional classes and survival associations despite substantial compositional differences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maurer, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmstrom, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hibshoosh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chabot, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oberstein, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sepulveda, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genkinger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iuga, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bansal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olive, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/288779</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional deconvolution reveals consistent functional subtypes of pancreatic cancer epithelium and stroma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/292748v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predictive control of electrophysiological network architecture using direct, single-node neurostimulation in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/292748v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronically implantable neurostimulation devices are becoming a clinically viable option for treating patients with neurological disease and psychiatric disorders. Neurostimulation offers the ability to probe and manipulate distributed networks of interacting brain areas in dysfunctional circuits. Here, we use tools from network control theory to examine the dynamic reconfiguration of functionally interacting neuronal ensembles during targeted neurostimulation of cortical and subcortical brain structures. By integrating multi-modal intracranial recordings and diffusion tensor imaging from patients with drug-resistant epilepsy, we test hypothesized structural and functional rules that predict altered patterns of synchronized local field potentials. We demonstrate the ability to predictably reconfigure functional interactions depending on stimulation strength and location. Stimulation of areas with structurally weak connections largely modulates the functional hubness of downstream areas and concurrently propels the brain towards more difficult-to-reach dynamical states. By using focal perturbations to bridge large-scale structure, function, and markers of behavior, our findings suggest that stimulation may be tuned to influence different scales of network interactions driving cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khambhati, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahn, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costantini, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ezzyat, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solomon, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jobst, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheth, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaghloul, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worrell, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lega, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sperling, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorniak, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizzuto, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahana, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tracy, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassett, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/292748</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predictive control of electrophysiological network architecture using direct, single-node neurostimulation in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/309559v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic regulatory mechanisms of smooth muscle cells map to coronary artery disease risk loci 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/309559v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death globally. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified more than 95 independent loci that influence CAD risk, most of which reside in non-coding regions of the genome. To interpret these loci, we generated transcriptome and whole-genome datasets using human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (HCASMC) from 52 unrelated donors, as well as epigenomic datasets using ATAC-seq on a subset of 8 donors. Through systematic comparison with publicly available datasets from GTEx and ENCODE projects, we identified transcriptomic, epigenetic, and genetic regulatory mechanisms specific to HCASMC. We assessed the relevance of HCASMC to CAD risk using transcriptomic and epigenomic level analyses. By jointly modeling eQTL and GWAS datasets, we identified five genes (SIPA1, TCF21, SMAD3, FES, and PDGFRA) that modulate CAD risk through HCASMC, all of which have relevant functional roles in vascular remodeling. Comparison with GTEx data suggests that SIPA1 and PDGFRA influence CAD risk predominantly through HCASMC, while other annotated genes may have multiple cell and tissue targets. Together, these results provide new tissue-specific and mechanistic insights into the regulation of a critical vascular cell type associated with CAD in human populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pjanic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gloudemans, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castano, V. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nurnberg, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rader, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elwyn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingelsson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quertermous, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/309559</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic regulatory mechanisms of smooth muscle cells map to coronary artery disease risk loci]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/332528v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A genetically-encoded fluorescent sensor enables rapid and specific detection of dopamine in flies, fish, and mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/332528v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dopamine (DA) is a central monoamine neurotransmitter involved in many physiological and pathological processes. A longstanding yet largely unmet goal is to measure DA changes reliably and specifically with high spatiotemporal precision, particularly in animals executing complex behaviors. Here we report the development of novel genetically-encoded GPCR-Activation-Based-DA (GRABDA) sensors that enable these measurements. In response to extracellular DA rises, GRABDA sensors exhibit large fluorescence increases ({Delta}F/F0[~]90%) with sub-second kinetics, nanomolar to sub-micromolar affinities, and excellent molecular specificity. Importantly, GRABDA sensors can resolve a single-electrical-stimulus evoked DA release in mouse brain slices, and detect endogenous DA release in the intact brains of flies, fish, and mice. In freely-behaving mice, GRABDA sensors readily report optogenetically-elicited nigrostriatal DA release and depict dynamic mesoaccumbens DA changes during Pavlovian conditioning or during sexual behaviors. Thus, GRABDA sensors enable spatiotemporal precise measurements of DA dynamics in a variety of model organisms while exhibiting complex behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jing, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owen, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamaguchi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yong, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreitzer, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/332528</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A genetically-encoded fluorescent sensor enables rapid and specific detection of dopamine in flies, fish, and mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/359232v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two Sides of the Same Coin: The Hippocampus as a Common Neural Substrate for Model-Based Planning and Spatial Memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/359232v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Little is known about the neural mechanisms that allow humans and animals to plan actions using knowledge of task contingencies. Emerging theories hypothesize that it involves the same hippocampal mechanisms that support self-localization and memory for locations. Yet, there is limited direct evidence for the link between model-based planning and the hippocampal place map. We addressed this by investigating model-based planning and place memory in healthy controls and epilepsy patients treated using unilateral anterior temporal lobectomy with hippocampal resection. We found that both functions were impaired in the patient group. Specifically, the planning impairment was related to right hippocampal lesion size, controlling for overall lesion size. Furthermore, planning and place memory covaried with one another, but only in neurologically intact controls, consistent with both functions relying on the same structure in the healthy brain. These findings clarify the scope of hippocampal contributions to behavior and the neural mechanism of model-based planning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vikbladh, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meager, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackmon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devinsky, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shohamy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgess, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daw, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/359232</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two Sides of the Same Coin: The Hippocampus as a Common Neural Substrate for Model-Based Planning and Spatial Memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/398891v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenomic landscape of the human pathogen Clostridium difficile 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/398891v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clostridioides difficile is a leading cause of health care-associated infections. Although significant progress has been made in the understanding of its genome, the epigenome of C. difficile and its functional impact has not been systematically explored. Here, we performed the first comprehensive DNA methylome analysis of C. difficile using 36 human isolates and observed great epigenomic diversity. We discovered an orphan DNA methyltransferase with a well-defined specificity whose corresponding gene is highly conserved across our dataset and in all ~300 global C. difficile genomes examined. Inactivation of the methyltransferase gene negatively impacted sporulation, a key step in C. difficile disease transmission, consistently supported by multi-omics data, genetic experiments, and a mouse colonization model. Further experimental and transcriptomic analysis also suggested that epigenetic regulation is associated with cell length, biofilm formation, and host colonization. These findings open up a new epigenetic dimension to characterize medically relevant biological processes in this critical pathogen. This work also provides a set of methods for comparative epigenomics and integrative analysis, which we expect to be broadly applicable to bacterial epigenomics studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sekulovic, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrett, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trzilova, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mead, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pak, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deikus, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Touchon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeitouni, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webster, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oussenko, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aggarwal, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bashir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamula, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huprikar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schadt, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakel, H. v.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasarskis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamayo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/398891</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenomic landscape of the human pathogen Clostridium difficile]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/400127v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineered transfer RNAs for suppression of premature termination codons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/400127v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Premature termination codons (PTCs) are responsible for 10-15% of all inherited disease. PTC suppression during translation offers a promising approach to treat a variety of genetic disorders, yet small molecules that promote PTC read-through have yielded mixed performance in clinical trials. We present a high-throughput, cell-based assay to identify anticodon engineered transfer RNAs (ACE-tRNA) which can effectively suppress in-frame PTCs and faithfully encode their cognate amino acid. In total, we identified ACE-tRNA with a high degree of suppression activity targeting the most common human disease-causing nonsense codons. Genome-wide transcriptome ribosome profiling of cells expressing ACE-tRNA at levels which repair PTC indicate that there are limited interactions with translation termination codons. These ACE-tRNAs display high suppression potency in mammalian cells, Xenopus oocytes and mice in vivo, producing PTC repair in multiple genes, including disease causing mutations within the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lueck, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perales-Puchalt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackey, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Infield, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behlke, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pope, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skach, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCray, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahern, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/400127</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineered transfer RNAs for suppression of premature termination codons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/418830v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploring the Binding Mechanism between Human Profilin (PFN1) and Polyproline-10 through Binding Mode Screening 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/418830v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The large magnitude of protein-protein interaction (PPI) pairs within the human interactome necessitates the development of predictive models and screening tools to better understand this fundamental molecular communication. However, despite enormous efforts from various groups to develop predictive techniques in the last decade, PPI complex structures are in general still very challenging to predict due to the large number of degrees of freedom. In this study, we use the binding complex of human profilin (PFN1) and polyproline-10 (P10) as a model system to examine various approaches, with the aim of going beyond normal protein docking for PPI prediction and evaluation. The potential of mean force (PMF) was first obtained from the timeconsuming umbrella sampling, which confirmed that the most stable binding structure identified by the maximal PMF difference is indeed the crystallographic binding structure. Moreover, crucial residues previously identified in experimental studies, W3, H133 and S137 of PFN1, were found to form favorable hydrogen bonds with P10, suggesting a zipping process during the binding between PFN1 and P10. We then explored both regular molecular dynamics (MD) and steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulations, seeking for better criteria of ranking the PPI prediction. Despite valuable information obtained from conventional MD simulations, neither the commonly used interaction energy between the two binding parties nor the long-term root mean square displacement (RMSD) correlates well with the PMF results. On the other hand, with a sizable collection of trajectories, we demonstrated that the average rupture work calculated from SMD simulations correlates fairly well with the PMFs (R2 = 0.67), making it a promising PPI screening method.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/418830</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploring the Binding Mechanism between Human Profilin (PFN1) and Polyproline-10 through Binding Mode Screening]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/418939v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Probing variability in a cognitive map using manifold inference from neural dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/418939v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hippocampal neurons fire selectively in local behavioral contexts such as the position in an environment or phase of a task,1-3 and are thought to form a cognitive map of task-relevant variables.1,4,5 However, their activity varies over repeated behavioral conditions,6 such as different runs through the same position or repeated trials. Although widely observed across the brain,7-10 such variability is not well understood, and could reflect noise or structure, such as the encoding of additional cognitive information.6,11-13 Here, we introduce a conceptual model to explain variability in terms of underlying, population-level structure in single-trial neural activity. To test this model, we developed a novel unsupervised learning algorithm incorporating temporal dynamics, in order to characterize population activity as a trajectory on a nonlinear manifold--a space of possible network states. The manifolds structure captures correlations between neurons and temporal relationships between states, constraints arising from underlying network architecture and inputs. Using measurements of activity over time but no information about exogenous behavioral variables, we recovered hippocampal activity manifolds during spatial and non-spatial cognitive tasks in rats. Manifolds were low-dimensional and smoothly encoded task-related variables, but contained an extra dimension reflecting information beyond the measured behavioral variables. Consistent with our model, neurons fired as a function of overall network state, and fluctuations in their activity across trials corresponded to variation in the underlying trajectory on the manifold. In particular, the extra dimension allowed the system to take different trajectories despite repeated behavioral conditions. Furthermore, the trajectory could temporarily decouple from current behavioral conditions and traverse neighboring manifold points corresponding to past, future, or nearby behavioral states. Our results suggest that trial-to-trial variability in the hippocampus is structured, and may reflect the operation of internal cognitive processes. The manifold structure of population activity is well-suited for organizing information to support memory,1,5,14 planning,12,15,16 and reinforcement learning.17,18 In general, our approach could find broader use in probing the organization and computational role of circuit dynamics in other brain regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Low, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewallen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nevers, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tank, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/418939</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Probing variability in a cognitive map using manifold inference from neural dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/437855v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A bacteria-derived tail anchor localizes to peroxisomes in yeast and mammalian cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/437855v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prokaryotes can provide new genetic information to eukaryotes by horizontal gene transfer (HGT), and such transfers are likely to have been particularly consequential at the dawn of eukaryogenesis. Since eukaryotes are highly compartmentalized, it is worthwhile to consider the mechanisms by which newly transferred proteins might reach diverse organellar destinations. Toward this goal, we have focused our attention upon the behavior of bacteria-derived tail anchors (TAs) expressed in the eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this study, we report that a predicted membrane-associated domain of the Escherichia coli YgiM protein is specifically trafficked to peroxisomes in budding yeast, can be found at a pre-peroxisomal compartment (PPC) upon disruption of peroxisomal biogenesis, and can functionally replace an endogenous peroxisome-directed TA. Furthermore, the YgiM(TA) can also localize to peroxisomes in mammalian cells. Since the YgiM(TA) plays no endogenous role in peroxisomal function or assembly, this domain is likely to serve as an excellent tool toward illumination of the mechanisms by which TAs can travel to peroxisomes. Moreover, our findings emphasize the ease with which bacteria-derived sequences might target to organelles in eukaryotic cells following HGT, and we discuss the importance of flexible recognition of organelle targeting information during and after eukaryogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lutfullahoglu-Bal, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seferoglu, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keskin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akdogan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/437855</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A bacteria-derived tail anchor localizes to peroxisomes in yeast and mammalian cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/450999v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning of distant state predictions by the orbitofrontal cortex in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/450999v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Representations of our future environment are essential for planning and decision making. Previous research in humans has demonstrated that the hippocampus is a critical region for forming and retrieving associations, while the medial orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is an important region for representing information about recent states. However, it is not clear how the brain acquires predictive representations during goal-directed learning. Here, we show using fMRI that while participants learned to find rewards in multiple different Y-maze environments, hippocampal activity was highest during initial exposure and then decayed across the remaining repetitions of each maze, consistent with a role in rapid encoding. Importantly, multivariate patterns in the OFC-VPFC came to represent predictive information about upcoming states approximately 30 seconds in the future. Our findings provide a mechanism by which the brain can build models of the world that span long-timescales to make predictions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wimmer, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buechel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/450999</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning of distant state predictions by the orbitofrontal cortex in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/481010v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Repression of an activity-dependent autocrine insulin signal is required for sensory neuron development in C. elegans. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/481010v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nervous system development is instructed both by genetic programs and activity-dependent refinement of gene expression and connectivity. How these mechanisms are integrated remains poorly understood. Here, we report that the regulated release of insulin-like peptides (ILPs) during development of the C. elegans nervous system accomplishes such an integration. We find that the p38 MAP kinase PMK-3, which is required for the differentiation of chemosensory BAG neurons, functions by limiting expression of an autocrine ILP signal that represses a chemosensory-neuron fate. ILPs are released from BAGs in an activity-dependent manner during embryonic development, and regulate neurodifferentiation through a non-canonical insulin receptor signaling pathway. The differentiation of a specialized neuron-type is, therefore, coordinately regulated by a genetic program that controls ILP expression and by neural activity, which regulates ILP release. Autocrine signals of this kind may have general and conserved functions as integrators of deterministic genetic programs with activity-dependent mechanisms during neurodevelopment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bayer Horowitz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandt, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ringstad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/481010</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Repression of an activity-dependent autocrine insulin signal is required for sensory neuron development in C. elegans.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/494260v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robust Antibacterial Activity of Tungsten Oxide (WO3-X) Nanodots 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/494260v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibacterial agents are an important tool in the prevention of bacterial infections. Inorganic materials are attractive due to their high stability under a variety of conditions compared to organic antibacterial agents. Herein tungsten oxide nanodots (WO3-X), synthesized by a simple one-pot synthetic approach, was found to exhibit efficient antibacterial capabilities. The analyses with colony-forming units (CFU) showed excellent antibacterial activity of WO3-X against both gram-negative E. coli (Escherichia coli) and gram-positive S. aureus (Staphylococcus aureus) strains. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images revealed clear damage to the bacterial cell membranes, which was further confirmed by molecular dynamics simulations. Additionally, exposure to simulated sunlight was found to further increase germicidal activity of WO3-X nanodots - a 30-minute exposure to sunlight (combining 50 g/mL WO3-X nanodots) showed a 70% decrease in E. coli viability compared to without exposure. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR) was used to elucidate the underlying mechanism of this photocatalytic activity through the generation of hydroxyl radical species. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and the live/dead assay were further employed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of WO3-X nanodots on eukaryotic cells, which demonstrated their general biocompatibility. In all, our results suggest WO3-X nanodots have considerable potential in antibacterial applications, while also being biocompatible at large.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jing, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Luna, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/494260</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robust Antibacterial Activity of Tungsten Oxide (WO3-X) Nanodots]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/500876v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanoporous Boron Nitride for High Efficient Water Desalination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/500876v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Membrane filtration processes for water desalination have been greatly improved thanks to rapid development of nanoporous 2-dimentional (2D) materials. Nanoporous graphene and molybdenum disulfide have proved to show promising properties for desalination. In this study, we detailly investigated the desalination performance of a different nanoporous 2D material, nanoporous boron nitride (BN), by Molecular Dynamics simulation. Our calculations demonstrated that nanoporous BN allows for rapid water permeability with effective salt rejection. The permeability is not only two orders of magnitude higher than existing commercial techniques but also much higher than nanoporous graphene and molybdenum disulfide membranes. We further showed that the pores with B-h edges or with N-h edges present different desalination efficiency. Compared to N-h pores, B-h pores have better desalination performance in term of higher water flux. To the best of our knowledge, nanoporous BN is the 2D material having the highest water permeability thus far while maintaining high salt rejection. Overall, our results shed light on the potential
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/500876</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanoporous Boron Nitride for High Efficient Water Desalination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/502963v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phototrophic lactate utilization by Rhodopseudomonas palustris is stimulated by co-utilization with additional substrates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/502963v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The phototrophic purple nonsulfur bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris is known for its metabolic versatility and is of interest for various industrial and environmental applications. Despite decades of research on R. palustris growth under diverse conditions, patterns of R. palustris growth and carbon utilization with mixtures of carbon substrates remain largely unknown. R. palustris readily utilizes most short chain organic acids but cannot readily use lactate as a sole carbon source. Here we investigated the influence of mixed-substrate utilization on phototrophic lactate consumption by R. palustris. We found that lactate was simultaneously utilized with a variety of other organic acids and glycerol in time frames that were insufficient for R. palustris growth on lactate alone. Thus, lactate utilization by R. palustris was expedited by its co-utilization with additional substrates. Separately, experiments using carbon pairs that did not contain lactate revealed acetate-mediated inhibition of glycerol utilization in R. palustris. This inhibition was specific to the acetate-glycerol pair, as R. palustris simultaneously utilized acetate or glycerol when either was paired with succinate or lactate. Overall, our results demonstrate that (i) R. palustris commonly employs simultaneous mixed-substrate utilization, (ii) mixed-substrate utilization expands the spectrum of readily utilized organic acids in this species, and (iii) R. palustris has the capacity to exert carbon catabolite control in a substrate-specific manner.nnIMPORTANCEBacterial carbon source utilization is frequently assessed using cultures provided single carbon sources. However, the utilization of carbon mixtures by bacteria (i.e., mixed-substrate utilization) is of both fundamental and practical importance; it is central to bacterial physiology and ecology, and it influences the utility of bacteria as biotechnology. Here we investigated mixed-substrate utilization by the model organism Rhodopseudomonas palustris. Using mixtures of organic acids and glycerol, we show that R. palustris exhibits an expanded range of usable carbon substrates when provided in mixtures. Specifically, co-utilization enabled the prompt consumption of lactate, a substrate that is otherwise not readily used by R. palustris. Additionally, we found that R. palustris utilizes acetate and glycerol sequentially, revealing that this species has the capacity to use some substrates in a preferential order. These results provide insights into R. palustris physiology that will aid the use of R. palustris for industrial and commercial applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Govindaraju, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKinlay, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaSarre, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/502963</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phototrophic lactate utilization by Rhodopseudomonas palustris is stimulated by co-utilization with additional substrates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/511782v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid memory reactivation at movie event boundaries promotes episodic encoding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/511782v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Segmentation of continuous experience into discrete events is driven by rapid fluctuations in encoding stability at context shifts (i.e., event boundaries), yet the mechanisms underlying the online formation of event memories are poorly understood. We investigated the neural spatiotemporal similarity patterns of the scalp electrophysiological (EEG) activity of 30 participants watching a 50 min movie and found that event boundaries triggered rapid reinstatement of the just-encoded movie event EEG patterns. We also found that the onset of memory reinstatement at boundary onset (around 1500ms) was preceded by an N400-like ERP component, which likely reflects the detection of a context switch between the current and just-encoded event. A data-driven approach based on Hidden Markov Modeling allowed us to detect event boundaries as shifts between stable patterns of brain EEG activity during encoding and identify their reactivation during a free recall task. These results provide the first neurophysiological underpinnings for how the memory system segments a continuous stream of experience into episodic events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Silva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldassano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuentemilla, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/511782</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid memory reactivation at movie event boundaries promotes episodic encoding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/529941v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus in Neonates on Admission to a Chinese Neonatal Intensive Care Unit 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/529941v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeLittle is known about the molecular epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus in Chinese neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). We describe the molecular epidemiology of S. aureus isolated from neonates on admission to Beijing Childrens Hospital.

MethodsFrom May 2015-March 2016, nasal swabs were obtained on admission from 536 neonates. Cultures were also obtained from body sites with suspected infections. S. aureus isolates were characterized by staphylococcal chromosomal cassette (SCCmec) type, staphylococcal protein A (spa) type, multilocus sequence type (MLST), sasX gene, antimicrobial susceptibility and cytotoxicity. Logistic regression assessed risk factors for colonization.

ResultsOverall, 92 (18%) infants were colonized with S. aureus and 23 (4%) were diagnosed with culture-positive S. aureus infection. Of the colonized infants, 72% harbored MSSA, while 74% of infected infants were culture-positive for MRSA. Risk factors for colonization included female sex, age 7-28 days, birthweight and vaginal delivery. The most common MRSA and MSSA clones were community-associated ST59-SCCmecIVa-t437 (60%) and ST188-t189 (15%), respectively. The sasX gene was not detected. Some MSSA isolates (16%) were penicillin-susceptible and some MRSA isolates (18%) were oxacillin-susceptible. MRSA and MSSA had similar cytotoxicity, but colonizing strains were less cytotoxic than strains associated with infections.

ConclusionsS. aureus colonization was common in infants admitted to our NICU and two community-associated clones predominated. Several non-modifiable risk factors for S. aureus colonization were identified. These results suggest that screening infants for S. aureus upon admission and targeting decolonization of high-risk infants and/or those colonized with high-risk clones could be useful to prevent transmission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Geng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McConvillle, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricciuti, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grohs, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saiman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uhlemann, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/529941</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus in Neonates on Admission to a Chinese Neonatal Intensive Care Unit]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/538710v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single cell profiling of CRISPR/Cas9-induced OTX2 deficient retinas reveals fate switch from restricted progenitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/538710v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Development of the vertebrate eye, like many developmental systems, depends on genes that are used iteratively in multiple distinct processes. The OTX2 transcription factor is one such gene, with a requirement for eye formation, photoreceptor formation, and retinal pigment epithelium specification, among others. Recent evidence has suggested that OTX2 is also expressed in subsets of retinal progenitor cells with restricted fate choices. However, given the multiple roles for OTX2 and limitations of conventional conditional knockout strategies, the functional significance of this expression is unknown. Here we use CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to produce mutations of OTX2, identifying similar phenotypes to those observed in human patients. In addition, we use single cell RNA sequencing to determine the functional consequences of OTX2 gene editing by CRISPR/Cas9 on the population of cells derived from OTX2-expressing retinal progenitor cells. We not only confirm that OTX2 is required for the generation of photoreceptors, but also for maintaining the proliferative potential of cells and suppressing the formation of specific retinal fates. These include subtypes of retinal ganglion and horizontal cells normally associated with these progenitor types, suggesting that in this context OTX2 functions to repress sister cell fate choices. Upregulation of key transcription factors involved in the formation of these cells was observed suggesting that OTX2 is upstream of critical nodes of gene regulatory networks of these alternative fates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghinia Tegla, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buenaventura, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thakurdin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emerson, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/538710</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single cell profiling of CRISPR/Cas9-induced OTX2 deficient retinas reveals fate switch from restricted progenitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/558882v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discordant gene responses to radiation in humans and mice: hematopoietically humanized mice may save the day for radiation biomarker identification. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/558882v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mouse (Mus musculus) is an extensively used model of human disease and responses to stresses such as ionizing radiation. As part of our work developing gene expression biomarkers of radiation exposure, dose, and injury, we have found many genes are either up-regulated (e.g. CDKN1A, MDM2, BBC3, and CCNG1) or down-regulated (e.g. TCF4 and MYC) in both species after irradiation. However, we have also found genes that are consistently up-regulated in humans and down-regulated in mice (e.g. DDB2, PCNA, GADD45A, SESN1, RRM2B, KCNN4, IFI30, and PTPRO). Here we test a hematopoietically humanized mouse as a potential in vivo model for biodosimetry studies, measuring the response of these 14 genes one day after radiation exposure, and comparing it with that of human blood irradiated ex vivo, and blood from whole body irradiated mice. We found that human blood cells in the hematopoietically humanized mouse in vivo environment recapitulated the gene expression pattern expected from human cells, not the pattern seen from in vivo irradiated normal mice. The results of this study support the use of hematopoietically humanized mice as an in vivo model for radiation gene expression studies relevant to humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghandhi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smilenov, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pujol-Canadell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amundson, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/558882</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discordant gene responses to radiation in humans and mice: hematopoietically humanized mice may save the day for radiation biomarker identification.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/563742v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of a Comprehensive Antibody Staining Database using a Standardized Analytics Pipeline 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/563742v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large-scale immune monitoring experiments (such as clinical trials) are a promising direction for biomarker discovery and responder stratification in immunotherapy. Mass cytometry is one of the tools in the immune monitoring arsenal. We propose a standardized workflow for the acquisition and analysis of large-scale mass cytometry experiments. The workflow includes two-tiered barcoding, a broad lyophilized panel, and the incorporation of a fully automated, cloud-based analysis platform. We applied the workflow to a large antibody staining screen using the LEGENDScreen kit, resulting in single-cell data for 350 antibodies over 71 profiling subsets. The screen recapitulates many known trends in the immune system and reveals potential markers for delineating MAIT cells. Additionally, we examine the effect of fixation on staining intensity and identify several markers where fixation leads to either gain or loss of signal. The standardized workflow can be seamlessly integrated into existing trials. Finally, the antibody staining data set is available as an online resource for researchers who are designing mass cytometry experiments in suspension and tissue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amir, E.-a. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badoual, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/563742</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of a Comprehensive Antibody Staining Database using a Standardized Analytics Pipeline]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/570333v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain Age Prediction: Cortical and Subcortical Shape Covariation in the Developing Human Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/570333v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cortical development is characterized by distinct spatial and temporal patterns of maturational changes across various cortical shape measures. There is a growing interest in summarizing complex developmental patterns into a single index, which can be used to characterize an individuals brain age. We conducted this study with two primary aims. First, we sought to quantify covariation patterns for a variety of cortical shape measures, including cortical thickness, gray matter volume, surface area, mean curvature, and travel depth, as well as white matter volume, and subcortical gray matter volume. We examined these measures in a sample of 869 participants aged 5-18 from the Healthy Brain Network (HBN) neurodevelopmental cohort using the Joint and Individual Variation Explained (Lock et al., 2013) method. We validated our results in an independent dataset from the Nathan Kline Institute - Rockland Sample (NKI-RS; N=210) and found remarkable consistency for some covariation patterns. Second, we assessed whether covariation patterns in the brain can be used to accurately predict a persons chronological age. Using ridge regression, we showed that covariation patterns can predict chronological age with high accuracy, reflected by our ability to cross-validate our model in an independent sample with a correlation coefficient of 0.84 between chronologic and predicted age. These covariation patterns also predicted sex with high accuracy (AUC=0.85), and explained a substantial portion of variation in full scale intelligence quotient (R2=0.10). In summary, we found significant covariation across different cortical shape measures and subcortical gray matter volumes. In addition, each shape measure exhibited distinct covariations that could not be accounted for by other shape measures. These covariation patterns accurately predicted chronological age, sex and general cognitive ability. In a subset of NKI-RS, test-retest (<1 month apart, N=120) and longitudinal scans (1.22 {+/-} 0.29 years apart, N=77) were available, allowing us to demonstrate high reliability for the prediction models obtained and the ability to detect subtle differences in the longitudinal scan interval among participants (median and median absolute deviation of absolute differences between predicted age difference and real age difference = 0.53 {+/-} 0.47 years, r=0.24, p-value=0.04).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castellanos, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milham, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/570333</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain Age Prediction: Cortical and Subcortical Shape Covariation in the Developing Human Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/581868v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stag1 and Stag2 regulate cell fate decisions in hematopoiesis through non-redundant topological control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/581868v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcriptional regulators, including the cohesin complex member STAG2, are recurrently mutated in cancer. The role of STAG2 in gene regulation, hematopoiesis, and tumor suppression remains unresolved. We show Stag2 deletion in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPC) results in altered hematopoietic function, increased self-renewal, and impaired differentiation. ChIP-sequencing revealed that while Stag2 and Stag1 can bind the same loci, a component of Stag2 binding sites are unoccupied by Stag1 even in Stag2-deficient HSPCs. While concurrent loss of Stag2 and Stag1 abrogated hematopoiesis, Stag2 loss alone decreased chromatin accessibility and transcription of lineage-specification genes, including Ebf1 and Pax5, leading to blunted HSPC commitment to the B-cell lineage. Our data illustrate a role for Stag2 in transformation and transcriptional dysregulation distinct from its shared role with Stag1 in chromosomal segregation.nnOne Sentence SummaryStag1 rescues topologically associated domains in the absence of Stag2, but cannot restore chromatin architecture required for hematopoietic lineage commitment
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Viny, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavallee, V.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redlich, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durham, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navitski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braunstein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azizi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witkin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baslan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ott, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe'er, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koche, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/581868</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stag1 and Stag2 regulate cell fate decisions in hematopoiesis through non-redundant topological control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/601450v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SICaRiO: Short Indel Call filteRing with bOosting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/601450v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite impressive improvement in the next-generation sequencing technology, reliable detection of indels is still a difficult endeavour. Recognition of true indels is of prime importance in many applications, such as, personalized health care, disease genomics, population genetics etc. Recently, advanced machine learning techniques have been successfully applied to classification problems with large-scale data. In this paper, we present SICaRiO, a gradient boosting classifier for reliable detection of true indels, trained with gold-standard dataset from genome-in-a-bottle (GIAB) consortium. Our filtering scheme significantly improves the performance of each variant calling pipeline used in GIAB and beyond. SICaRiO uses genomic features which can be computed from publicly available resources, hence, we can apply it on any indel callsets not having sequencing pipeline-specific information (e.g., read depth). This study also sheds lights on prior genomic contexts responsible for indel calling error made by sequencing platforms. We have compared prediction difficulty for three indel categories over different sequencing pipelines. We have also ranked genomic features according to their predictivity in determining false indel calls.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhuyan, M. S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe'er, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/601450</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SICaRiO: Short Indel Call filteRing with bOosting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/606673v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine Source Localization of Tursiops Truncatus Whistle-like Sounds in a Reverberant Aquatic Environment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/606673v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most research into bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) capacity for communication has centered on tonal calls termed whistles, in particular individually distinctive contact calls referred to as signature whistles. While "non-signature" whistles exist, and may be important components of bottlenose dolphins communicative repertoire, they have not been studied extensively. This is in part due to the difficulty of attributing whistles to specific individuals, a challenge that has limited the study of not only non-signature whistles but the study of general acoustic exchanges among socializing dolphins. In this paper, we propose the first machine-learning-based approach to identifying the source locations of semi-stationary, tonal, whistle-like sounds in a highly reverberant space, specifically a half-cylindrical dolphin pool. We deliver estimated time-difference-of-arrivals (TDOAs) and normalized cross-correlation values computed from pairs of hydrophone signals to a random forest model for high-feature-volume classification and feature selection, and subsequently deliver the selected features into linear discriminant analysis, linear and quadratic Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Gaussian process models. In our 14-source-location setup, we achieve perfect accuracy in localization by classification and high accuracy in localization by regression (median absolute deviation of 0.66 m, interquartile range of 0.34 m - 1.57 m), with fewer than 10,000 features. By building a parsimonious (minimum-feature) classification tree model for the same task, we show that a minimally sufficient feature set is consistent with the information valued by a strictly geometric, time-difference-of-arrival-based approach to sound source localization. Ultimately, our regression models yielded better accuracy than the established Steered-Response Power (SRP) method when all training data were used, and comparable accuracy along the pool surface when deprived of training data at testing sites; our methods additionally boast improved computation time and the potential for superior localization accuracy in all dimensions with more training data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Woodward, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiss, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnasco, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/606673</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine Source Localization of Tursiops Truncatus Whistle-like Sounds in a Reverberant Aquatic Environment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/614685v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A microfabricated, 3D-sharpened silicon shuttle for insertion of flexible electrode arrays through dura mater into brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/614685v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electrode arrays for chronic implantation in the brain are a critical technology in both neuroscience and medicine. Recently, flexible, thin-film polymer electrode arrays have shown promise in facilitating stable, single-unit recordings spanning months in rats. While array flexibility enhances integration with neural tissue, it also requires removal of the dura mater, the tough membrane surrounding the brain, and temporary bracing to penetrate the brain parenchyma. Durotomy increases brain swelling, vascular damage, and surgical time. Insertion using a bracing shuttle results in additional vascular damage and brain compression, which increase with device diameter; while a higher-diameter shuttle will have a higher critical load and more likely penetrate dura, it will damage more brain parenchyma and vasculature. One way to penetrate the intact dura and limit tissue compression without increasing shuttle diameter is to reduce the force required for insertion by sharpening the shuttle tip. We describe a novel design and fabrication process to create silicon insertion shuttles that are sharp in three dimensions and can penetrate rat dura, for faster, easier, and less damaging implantation of polymer arrays. Sharpened profiles are obtained by reflowing patterned photoresist, then transferring its sloped profile to silicon with dry etches. We demonstrate that sharpened shuttles can reliably implant polymer probes through dura to yield high quality single unit and local field potential recordings for at least 95 days. On insertion directly through dura, tissue compression is minimal. This is the first demonstration of a rat dural-penetrating array for chronic recording. This device obviates the need for a durotomy, reducing surgical time and risk of damage to the blood-brain barrier. This is an improvement to state-of-the-art flexible polymer electrode arrays that facilitates their implantation, particularly in multi-site recording experiments. This sharpening process can also be integrated into silicon electrode array fabrication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joo, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pebbles, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yorita, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tooker, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolosa, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geaghan-Breiner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roumis, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haque, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/614685</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A microfabricated, 3D-sharpened silicon shuttle for insertion of flexible electrode arrays through dura mater into brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/658310v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptive and Innate Immune Cell Responses in Tendons and Lymph Nodes After Tendon Injury and Repair 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/658310v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tendon injuries are a common clinical condition with limited treatment options. The cellular components of the innate system, such as neutrophils and macrophages, have been well studied in tendon injuries. However the adaptive immune system, comprised of specialized lymphocytes, plays an important role in orchestrating the healing of numerous tissues but less is known about these cells in tendon healing. To gain a greater understanding of the biological processes that regulate tendon healing, we sought to determine how the cellular components of the adaptive and innate immune system respond to a tendon injury using two-month old male mice. We determined that the lymphatic vasculature is present in the epitenon and superficial regions of Achilles tendons. We then created an acute Achilles tenotomy followed by repair, and collected tendons and draining lymph nodes one, two, and four weeks after injury. Using flow cytometry and histology, after tendon injury we observed a robust adaptive immune cell response that followed an initial innate immune cell response. There was an accumulation of monocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages one week after injury that declined thereafter. Dendritic cells and CD4+ T cells peaked two weeks after injury, while B cells and CD8+ T cells progressively increased over time. In parallel, immune cells of the draining popliteal lymph node demonstrated a similarly coordinated response to the injury. These results suggest that there is an adaptive immune response to tendon injury and adaptive immune cells may play a role in regulating tendon healing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Noah, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wada, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swanson, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Disser, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugg, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodeo, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendias, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/658310</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptive and Innate Immune Cell Responses in Tendons and Lymph Nodes After Tendon Injury and Repair]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/670893v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NMDA receptor in vasopressin 1b neurons is not required for short-term social memory, object memory or aggression. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/670893v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The vasopressin 1b receptor (Avpr1b) plays an important role in social behaviors including aggression, social learning and memory. Genetic removal of Avpr1b from mouse models results in deficits in aggression and short-term social recognition in adults. Avpr1b gene expression is highly enriched in the pyramidal neurons of the hippocampal cornu ammonis 2 (CA2) region. Activity of the hippocampal CA2 has been shown to be required for normal short-term social recognition and aggressive behaviors. Vasopressin acts to enhance synaptic responses of CA2 neurons through a NMDA-receptor dependent mechanism. Genetic removal of the obligatory subunit of the NMDA receptor (Grin1) within distinct hippocampal regions impairs non-social learning and memory. However, the question of a direct role for NMDA receptor activity in Avpr1b neurons to modulate social behavior remains unclear. To answer this question, we first created a novel transgenic mouse line with Cre recombinase knocked into the Avpr1b coding region to genetically target Avpr1b neurons. We confirmed this line has dense Cre expression throughout the dorsal and ventral CA2 regions of the hippocampus, along with scattered expression within the caudate-putamen and olfactory bulb. Conditional removal of the NMDA receptor was achieved by crossing our line to an available floxed Grin1 line. The resulting mice were measured on a battery of social and memory behavioral tests. Surprisingly, we did not observe any differences between Avpr1b-Grin1 knockout mice and their wildtype siblings. We conclude that mice without typical NMDA receptor function in Avpr1b neurons can develop normal aggression as well as short-term social and object memory performance.nnSignificance StatementActivity of neurons that express vasopressin 1b receptor are essential for aggressive and social recognition behaviors. We created a novel transgenic mouse to allow selective targeting of vasopressin 1b neurons. Our studies indicate that NMDA receptor expression in vasopressin 1b neurons (including most CA2 neurons) are not required for development of the typical expression of aggression or recognition memory. Thus, CA2 neurons may have a unique way of incorporating novel stimuli into memory that deserves further investigation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williams Avram, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fastman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cymerblit-Sabba, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincent, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granovetter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cilz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stackmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaturvedi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/670893</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NMDA receptor in vasopressin 1b neurons is not required for short-term social memory, object memory or aggression.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/677260v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An atlas of transcription factors expressed in the Drosophila melanogaster pupal terminalia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/677260v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During development, transcription factors and signaling molecules govern gene regulatory networks to direct the formation of unique morphologies. As changes in gene regulatory networks are often implicated in morphological evolution, mapping transcription factor landscapes is important, especially in tissues that undergo rapid evolutionary change. The terminalia (genital and anal structures) of Drosophila melanogaster and its close relatives exhibit dramatic changes in morphology between species. While previous studies have found network components important for patterning the larval genital disc, the networks governing adult structures during pupal development have remained uncharted. Here, we performed RNA-seq in whole Drosophila melanogaster terminalia followed by in situ hybridization for 100 highly expressed transcription factors during pupal development. We find that the terminalia is highly patterned during pupal stages and that specific transcription factors mark separate structures and substructures. Our results are housed online in a searchable database (flyterminalia.pitt.edu) where they can serve as a resource for the community. This work lays a foundation for future investigations into the gene regulatory networks governing the development and evolution of Drosophila terminalia.nnSummaryWe performed RNA-seq in whole Drosophila melanogaster terminalia (genitalia and analia) followed by in situ hybridization for 100 highly expressed transcription factors during pupal development. We find that the pupal terminalia is highly patterned with specific transcription factors marking separate structures and substructures. Our results are housed online in a searchable database (flyterminalia.pitt.edu) where they can serve as a resource for the community. This work lays a foundation for future investigations into the gene regulatory networks governing the development and evolution of Drosophila terminalia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vincent, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glassford, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Downs, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shastay, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charles-Obi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natarajan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogol, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeitlinger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rebeiz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/677260</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An atlas of transcription factors expressed in the Drosophila melanogaster pupal terminalia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/683516v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Influenza Viruses in Mice: Deep Sequencing Analysis of Serial Passage and Effects of Sialic Acid Structural Variation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/683516v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Influenza A viruses have regularly jumped to new hosts to cause epidemics or pandemics, an evolutionary process that involves variation in the viral traits necessary to overcome host barriers and facilitate transmission. Mice are not a natural host for influenza virus, but are frequently used as models in studies of pathogenesis, often after multiple passages to achieve higher viral titers that result in clinical disease such as weight loss or death. Here we examine the processes of influenza A virus infection and evolution in mice by comparing deep sequence variation of a human H1N1 pandemic virus, a seasonal H3N2 virus, and a H3N2 canine influenza virus during experimental passage. We also compared replication and sequence variation in wild-type mice expressing N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) with that seen in mice expressing only N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac). Viruses derived from plasmids were propagated in MDCK cells and then passaged in mice up to four times. Full genome deep sequencing of the plasmids, cultured viruses, and viruses from mice at various passages revealed only small numbers of mutational changes. The H3N2 canine influenza virus showed increases in frequency of sporadic mutations in the PB2, PA, and NA segments. The H1N1 pandemic virus grew well in mice, and while it exhibited the maintenance of some minority mutations, there was no clear adaptive evolution. The H3N2 seasonal virus did not establish in the mice. Finally, there were no clear sequence differences associated with the presence or absence of Neu5Gc.nnSIGNIFICANCEMice are commonly used as a model to study the growth and virulence of influenza A viruses in mammals, but are not a natural host and have distinct sialic acid receptor profiles compared to humans. Using experimental infections with different subtypes of influenza A virus derived from different hosts we found that evolution of influenza A virus in mice did not necessarily proceed through the linear accumulation of host-adaptive mutations, that there was variation in the patterns of mutations detected in each repetition, and the mutation dynamics depended on the virus examined. In addition, variation in the viral receptor, sialic acid, did not effect influenza evolution in this model. Overall this shows that mice provide a useful animal model for influenza, but that host passage evolution will vary depending on the virus being tested.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wasik, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voorhees, I. E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnard, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawrence, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weichert, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hood, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Sobrido, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parrish, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/683516</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Influenza Viruses in Mice: Deep Sequencing Analysis of Serial Passage and Effects of Sialic Acid Structural Variation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/727529v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SMART: An open source extension of WholeBrain for iDISCO+ LSFM intact mouse brain registration and segmentation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/727529v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mapping immediate early gene (IEG) expression across intact brains is becoming a popular approach for identifying the brain-wide activity patterns underlying behavior. Registering whole brains to an anatomical atlas presents a technical challenge that has predominantly been tackled using automated voxel-based registration methods; however, these methods may fail when brains are damaged or only partially imaged, can be challenging to correct, and require substantial computational power. Here we present an open source package in R called SMART (semi-manual alignment to reference templates) as an extension to the WholeBrain framework for automated segmentation and semi-automated registration of experimental images to vectorized atlas plates from the Allen Brain Institute Mouse Common Coordinate Framework (CCF).nnThe SMART package was created with the novice programmer in mind and introduces a streamlined pipeline for aligning, registering, and segmenting large LSFM volumetric datasets with the CCF across the anterior-posterior axis, using a simple  choice game and interactive user-friendly menus. SMART further provides the flexibility to register partial brains or discrete user-chosen experimental images across the CCF, making it compatible with analysis of traditionally sectioned coronal brain slices. In addition to SMART, we introduce a modified tissue clearing protocol based on the iDISCO+ procedure that is optimized for uniform Fos antibody labeling and tissue clearing across whole intact mouse brains. Here we demonstrate the utility of the SMART-WholeBrain pipeline, in conjunction with the modified iDISCO+ Fos procedure, by providing example datasets alongside a full user tutorial. Finally, we present a subset of these data online in an interactive web applet. The complete SMART package is available for download on GitHub.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mejias-Aponte, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madangopal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golden, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/727529</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SMART: An open source extension of WholeBrain for iDISCO+ LSFM intact mouse brain registration and segmentation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/752337v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Receptor-Like Kinase Phosphorylation of Arabidopsis Heterotrimeric G-Protein Gα - Subunit AtGPA1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/752337v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As molecular on-off switches, heterotrimeric G protein complexes, comprised of a G subunit and an obligate G{beta}{gamma} dimer, transmit extracellular signals received by G protein- coupled receptors (GPCRs) to cytoplasmic targets that respond to biotic and abiotic stimuli. Signal transduction is modulated by phosphorylation of GPCRs and G protein complexes. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the G subunit AtGPA1 is phosphorylated by the receptor-like kinase (RLK) BRI1-ASSOCIATED Kinase 1 (BAK1), but the extent that other RLKs phosphorylates AtGPA1 is unknown. We mapped 22 trans-phosphorylation sites on AtGPA1 by 12 RLKs hypothesized to act in the Arabidopsis G protein signaling pathway. Cis-phosphorylation sites on these RLKs were also identified. BRI1, BAK1, and SERK1 have been reported as Ser/Thr and Tyr dual specificity kinases. We identified 4 more dual specificity kinases: IOS1, PSY1R, PEPR1, and AT2G37050. Multiple sites are present in the core AtGPA1 functional units, including pSer52 and pThr53 of the conserved P-loop that directly binds nucleotide/phosphate, pThr164 and pSer175 from E helix in the intramolecular domain interface for nucleotide exchange and GTP hydrolysis, and pThr193 or pThr194 in Switch I (SwI) that coordinates nucleotide exchange and protein partner binding. Several AtGPA1 S/T phosphorylation sites are nucleotide-dependent phosphorylation patterns, such as S52/T53 in the P-loop and T193 and/or T194 in SwI.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jia, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werth, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walley, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/752337</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Receptor-Like Kinase Phosphorylation of Arabidopsis Heterotrimeric G-Protein Gα - Subunit AtGPA1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/758185v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Episodic memory retrieval is supported by rapid replay of episode content 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/758185v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Memory for everyday experience shapes our representation of the structure of the world, while retrieval of these experiences is fundamental for informing our future decisions. The fine-grained neurophysiological mechanisms that support such retrieval are largely unknown. We studied participants who first experienced, without repetition, unique multi-component episodes. One day later, they engaged in cued retrieval of these episodes whilst undergoing magnetoencephalography (MEG). By decoding individual episode elements, we found that trial-by-trial successful retrieval was supported by sequential replay of episode elements, with a temporal compression factor greater than 60. The direction of replay supporting this retrieval, either backward or forward, depended on whether a participants goal was to retrieve elements of an episode that followed or preceded a retrieval cue, respectively. This sequential replay was weaker in very high performing participants, where instead we found evidence for simultaneous clustered reactivation. Our results demonstrate that memory-mediated decisions are supported by a rapid replay mechanism that can flexibly shift in direction in response to task requirements.

One Sentence SummaryRecall of extended episodes of experience is supported by compressed replay of memory elements that flexibly changes direction depending on task temporal orientation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wimmer, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vehar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrens, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolan, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/758185</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Episodic memory retrieval is supported by rapid replay of episode content]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/759753v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A two-stage approach to identifying and validating modifiable factors for the prevention of depression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/759753v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAlthough depression is recognized as the leading cause of disability worldwide, decades of research have identified few actionable preventive factors. Using phenotypic and genomic data from the UK Biobank, we took advantage of a unique opportunity to screen a wide range of potentially modifiable factors that could offset known risk factors for depression.nnMethodsWe curated baseline data on more than 100 lifestyle and environmental factors in participants lives, including behavioral (e.g., exercise, sleep, media use, diet), social (e.g., support, activities), and environmental (e.g., greenspace, pollution) variables. In a follow-up survey, participants reported on their traumatic life experiences and mental health, including depression. Polygenic risk scores for depression were generated based on large-scale genome-wide association results. Excluding those meeting criteria for depression at baseline, we identified at-risk individuals at high predicted probability (> 90th percentile) for clinically significant depression at follow-up based on their (i) polygenic risk, or (ii) reported traumatic life events. Using a factors-wide design corrected for multiple testing and adjusted for potential confounders, we identified modifiable factors associated with follow-up depression in the full sample and among at-risk individuals. Using a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) design, we then examined which significant factors showed potential causal influences on depression risk, or vice versa.nnResultsA range of baseline modifiable factors were prospectively associated with follow-up depression, including factors related to social engagement, physical activity, media use, and diet. MR follow-up analyses provided further support for the effects of social support-seeking, TV use, and other factors on depression risk.nnConclusionAs the field increasingly quantifies the role of genetic factors in complex conditions such as depression, knowledge of modifiable factors that could offset ones genetic risk has become highly relevant. Here, we present an approach to screening for potentially modifiable factors that may offset the risk of depression in general and among at-risk individuals. In light of the burden of disease associated with depression and the urgent need for actionable preventive strategies, this approach could help prioritize candidates for follow-up studies including clinical trials for depression prevention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choi, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishimi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratanatharathorn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheutlin, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>23andMe Research Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koenen, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smoller, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/759753</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A two-stage approach to identifying and validating modifiable factors for the prevention of depression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/766832v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Methylome-Wide Association Study Of Central Adiposity Implicates Genes Involved In Immune And Endocrine Systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/766832v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We conducted a methylome-wide association study to examine associations between DNA methylation in whole blood and central adiposity and body fat distribution, measured as waist circumference, waist- to-hip ratio, and waist-to-height ratio adjusted for body mass index, in 2684 African American adults in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. We validated significantly associated Cytosine-phosphate-Guanine methylation sites (CpGs) among adults using the Womens Health Initiative and Framingham Heart Study participants (combined N=5743) and generalized associations in adolescents from The Raine Study (N=820). We identified 11 CpGs that were robustly associated with one or more central adiposity trait in adults and 2 in adolescents, including CpG site associations near TXNIP, ADCY7, SREBF1, and RAP1GAP2 that had not previously been associated with obesity-related traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Justice, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chittoor, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gondalia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melton, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grove, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitsel, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cupples, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Rhodes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bressler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fornage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerwinkle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demerath, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heard-Costa, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baccarelli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conneely, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mori, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beilin, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, R.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon-Larsen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>North, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/766832</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Methylome-Wide Association Study Of Central Adiposity Implicates Genes Involved In Immune And Endocrine Systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/788968v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DeltaNeTS+: Elucidating the mechanism of drugs and diseases using gene expression and transcriptional regulatory networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/788968v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundKnowledge on the molecular targets of diseases and drugs is crucial for elucidating disease pathogenesis and mechanism of action of drugs, and for driving drug discovery and treatment formulation. In this regard, high-throughput gene transcriptional profiling has become a leading technology, generating whole-genome data on the transcriptional alterations caused by diseases or drug compounds. However, identifying direct gene targets, especially in the background of indirect (downstream) effects, based on differential gene expressions is difficult due to the complexity of gene regulatory network governing the gene transcriptional processes.nnResultsIn this work, we developed a network analysis method, called DeltaNeTS+, for inferring direct gene targets of drugs and diseases from gene transcriptional profiles. DeltaNeTS+ relies on a gene regulatory network model to identify direct perturbations to the transcription of genes. Importantly, DeltaNeTS+ is able to combine both steady-state and time-course gene expression profiles, as well as to leverage information on the gene network structure that is increasingly becoming available for a multitude of organisms, including human. We demonstrated the power of DeltaNeTS+ in predicting gene targets using gene expression data in complex organisms, including Caenorhabditis elegans and human cell lines (T-cell and Calu-3). More specifically, in an application to time-course gene expression profiles of influenza A H1N1 (swine flu) and H5N1 (avian flu) infection, DeltaNeTS+ shed light on the key differences of dynamic cellular perturbations caused by the two influenza strains.nnConclusionDeltaNeTS+ is an enabling tool to infer gene transcriptional perturbations caused by diseases and drugs from gene transcriptional profiles. By incorporating available information on gene network structure, DeltaNeTS+ produces accurate predictions of direct gene targets from a small sample size (~10s). DeltaNeTS+ can freely downloaded from http://www.github.com/cabsel/deltanetsplus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Noh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hua, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chrysinas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoemaker, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunawan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/788968</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DeltaNeTS+: Elucidating the mechanism of drugs and diseases using gene expression and transcriptional regulatory networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/811133v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary Origins of Recurrent Pancreatic Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/811133v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Surgery is the only curative option for Stage I/II pancreatic cancer, nonetheless most patients will recur after surgery and die of their disease. To identify novel opportunities for management of recurrent pancreatic cancer we performed whole exome or targeted sequencing of 10 resected primary cancers and matched intrapancreatic recurrences or distant metastases. We identified that adjuvant or first-line platinum therapy corresponds to an increased mutational burden of recurrent disease. Recurrent disease is enriched for mutations that activate Mapk/Erk and PI3K/AKT signaling and develops from a monophyletic or polyphyletic origin. Treatment induced genetic bottlenecks lead to a modified genetic landscape and subclonal heterogeneity for driver gene alterations in part due to intermetastatic seeding. In one patient what was believed to be recurrent disease was an independent (second) primary tumor. These findings advocate for combination therapies with immunotherapy and routine post-treatment sampling as a component of management of recurrent pancreatic cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sakamoto, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attiyeh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerold, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makohon-Moore, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayashi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kappagantula, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melchor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heyde, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bielski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakravarty, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Reilly, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hruban, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nowak, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Socci, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iacobuzio-Donahue, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/811133</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary Origins of Recurrent Pancreatic Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/816520v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An enhancer:involucrin regulatory module impacts human skin barrier adaptation out-of-Africa and modifies atopic dermatitis risk 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/816520v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genetic modules that contribute to human evolution are poorly understood. We identified positive selection for two independent involucrin (IVL) haplotypes in European (CEU) and Asian (JPT/CHB) populations for skin epidermis. CEU IVL associated with increased IVL and a known epidermal-specific enhancer underwent a recent selective sweep out-of-Africa correlating with increased northern latitude. CRISPR/Cas9 deletion of the mouse enhancer revealed enhancer-mediated cis regulation for Ivl expression with human population-specific enhancer reporter assays confirming the additive effect. Furthermore, IVL enhancer eQTLs associated with decreased IVL together with filaggrin loss-of-function variants are enriched in atopic dermatitis cases vs. controls. Together, our enhancer-IVL cis regulatory module findings reveal an emerging paradigm for recently evolved traits to impact skin disease risk in contemporary populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mathyer, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brettmann, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodwin, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quiggle, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, I. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tycksen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estrada, Y. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, X. F. C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denil, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matkovich, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shemer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Common, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guttman-Yassky, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Guzman Strong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/816520</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An enhancer:involucrin regulatory module impacts human skin barrier adaptation out-of-Africa and modifies atopic dermatitis risk]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/825406v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Synthetic Biology Approach to Sequential Stripe Patterning and Somitogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/825406v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reaction-diffusion (RD) based clock and wavefront model has long been proposed as the mechanism underlying biological pattern formation of repeated and segmented structures including somitogenesis. However, systematic molecular level understanding of the mechanism remains elusive, largely due to the lack of suitable experimental systems to probe RD quantitatively in vivo. Here we design a synthetic gene circuit that couples gene expression regulation (reaction) with quorum sensing (diffusion) to guide bacterial cells self-organizing into stripe patterns at both microscopic and colony scales. An experimentally verified mathematical model confirms that these periodic spatial structures are emerged from the integration of oscillatory gene expression as the molecular clock and the outward expanding diffusions as the propagating wavefront. Furthermore, our paired model-experiment data illustrate that the RD-based patterning is sensitive to initial conditions and can be modulated by external inducers to generate diverse patterns, including multiple-stripe pattern, target-like pattern and ring patterns with reversed fluorescence. Powered by our synthetic biology setup, we also test different topologies of gene networks and show that network motifs enabling robust oscillations are foundations of sequential stripe pattern formation. These results verified close connections between gene network topology and resulting RD driven pattern formation, offering an engineering approach to help understand biological development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohnmacht, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allison, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/825406</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Synthetic Biology Approach to Sequential Stripe Patterning and Somitogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/843284v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predictive Coding Models for Pain Perception 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/843284v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pain is a complex, multidimensional experience that involves dynamic interactions between sensory-discriminative and affective-emotional processes. Pain experiences have a high degree of variability depending on their context and prior anticipation. Viewing pain perception as a perceptual inference problem, we propose a predictive coding paradigm to characterize evoked and non-evoked pain. We record the local field potentials (LFPs) from the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) of freely behaving rats--two regions known to encode the sensory-discriminative and affective-emotional aspects of pain, respectively. We further use predictive coding to investigate the temporal coordination of oscillatory activity between the S1 and ACC. Specifically, we develop a phenomenological predictive coding model to describe the macroscopic dynamics of bottom-up and top-down activity. Supported by recent experimental data, we also develop a biophysical neural mass model to describe the mesoscopic neural dynamics in the S1 and ACC populations, in both naive and chronic pain-treated animals. Our proposed predictive coding models not only replicate important experimental findings, but also provide new prediction about the impact of the model parameters on the physiological or behavioral read-out--thereby yielding mechanistic insight into the uncertainty of expectation, placebo or nocebo effect, and chronic pain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemprecos, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>byrne, a.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/843284</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predictive Coding Models for Pain Perception]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/848044v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flexible linkers in CaMKII control the balance between activating and inhibitory autophosphorylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/848044v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The activity of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) depends on the balance between activating and inhibitory autophosphorylation (Thr 286 and Thr 305/306, respectively, in the human  isoform). Variation in the lengths of the flexible linkers that connect the kinase domains of CaMKII to a central oligomeric hub could alter transphosphorylation rates within a holoenzyme, thereby affecting the balance of autophosphorylation outcomes. Using a single-molecule assay for visualization of CaMKII phosphorylation on glass, we show that the balance of autophosphorylation is flipped between CaMKII- and CaMKII-{beta}, the two principal isoforms in the brain. CaMKII-, with a [~]30 residue kinase-hub linker, readily acquires activating autophosphorylation, which we show is resistant to removal by phosphatases. CaMKII-{beta}, with a [~]200 residue kinase-hub linker, is biased towards inhibitory autophosphorylation. Thus, the responsiveness of CaMKII to calcium signals can be tuned by varying the relative levels of the  and {beta} isoforms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharyya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muratcioglu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyayapati, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groves, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuriyan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/848044</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flexible linkers in CaMKII control the balance between activating and inhibitory autophosphorylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/850305v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two distinct mechanisms of small molecule inhibition of LpxA acyltransferase essential for lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/850305v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The paper with the doi 10.1101/850305 has been removed as a result of a technical error. The paper is available on bioRxiv under this doi: 10.1101/2019.12.14.850305.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balibar, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baxter Rath, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benton, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bermingham, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casey, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chie-Leon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, M.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frommlet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, C.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lingel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merritt, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ornelas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Pascale, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prathapam, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prosen, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasper, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruzin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawyer, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaul, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steffek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wartchow, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uehara, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/850305</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two distinct mechanisms of small molecule inhibition of LpxA acyltransferase essential for lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/857953v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain DNA Methylation Patterns in CLDN5 Associated With Cognitive Decline 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/857953v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveCognitive decline is a hallmark of dementia; however, the brain epigenetic signature of cognitive decline is unclear. We investigated the associations between brain tissue-based DNA methylation and cognitive trajectory.

MethodsWe performed a brain epigenome-wide association study of cognitive trajectory in 636 participants from the Religious Order Study and the Rush Memory and Aging Project (ROS/MAP) using DNA methylation profiles of the dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (dPFC). To maximize our power to detect epigenetic associations, we used the recently developed Gene Association with Multiple Traits (GAMuT) test to analyze the five measured cognitive domains simultaneously.

ResultsWe found an epigenome-wide association for differential methylation of sites in the Claudin-5 (CLDN5) locus and cognitive trajectory (p-value x 9.96 x 10-7), which was robust to adjustment for cell type proportions (p-value = 8.52 x 10-7). This association was primarily driven by association with declines in episodic (p-value = 4.65 x 10-6) and working memory (p-value = 2.54 x 10-7). This association between methylation in CLDN5 and cognitive decline was independent of beta-amyloid and neurofibrillary tangle pathology and present in participants with low levels of neuropathology. In addition, only 13-31% of the association between methylation and cognitive decline was mediated through levels of neuropathology, whereas the major part of the association was independent of it.

InterpretationWe identified methylation in CLDN5 as new epigenetic factor associated with cognitive trajectory. Higher levels of methylation in CLDN5 were associated with faster cognitive decline implicating the blood brain barrier in maintenance of cognitive trajectory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huels, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robins, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conneely, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edgar, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingo, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/857953</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain DNA Methylation Patterns in CLDN5 Associated With Cognitive Decline]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.17.540842v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA- and ATAC-sequencing Reveals a Unique CD83+ Microglial Population Focally Depleted in Parkinson's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.17.540842v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
All brain areas affected in Parkinsons disease (PD) show an abundance of microglia with an activated morphology together with increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, suggesting that neuroinflammation may contribute to the neurodegenerative process in this common and incurable disorder. We applied a single nucleus RNA- and ATAC-sequencing approach using the 10x Genomics Chromium platform to postmortem PD samples to investigate microglial heterogeneity in PD. We created a multiomic dataset using substantia nigra (SN) tissues from 19 PD donors and 14 non-PD controls (NPCs), as well as three other brain regions from the PD donors which are differentially affected in this disease: the ventral tegmental area (VTA), substantia inominata (SI), and hypothalamus (HypoTs). We identified thirteen microglial subpopulations within these tissues as well as a perivascular macrophage and a monocyte population, of which we characterized the transcriptional and chromatin repertoires. Using this data, we investigated whether these microglial subpopulations have any association with PD and whether they have regional specificity. We uncovered several changes in microglial subpopulations in PD, which appear to parallel the magnitude of neurodegeneration across these four selected brain regions. Specifically, we identified that inflammatory microglia in PD are more prevalent in the SN and differentially express PD-associated markers. Our analysis revealed the depletion of a CD83 and HIF1A-expressing microglial subpopulation, specifically in the SN in PD, that has a unique chromatin signature compared to other microglial subpopulations. Interestingly, this microglial subpopulation has regional specificity to the brainstem in non-disease tissues. Furthermore, it is highly enriched for transcripts of proteins involved in antigen presentation and heat-shock proteins, and its depletion in the PD SN may have implications for neuronal vulnerability in disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chatila, Z. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mares, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flowers, X. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashid, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talcoff, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelly, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teich, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martins, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcalay, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vonsattel, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradshaw, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przedborski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.17.540842</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA- and ATAC-sequencing Reveals a Unique CD83+ Microglial Population Focally Depleted in Parkinson's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.17.540984v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Longevity-associated SMAD3 non-coding centenarian variant impairs a cell-type specific enhancer to reduce inflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.17.540984v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Given the pro and anti-geronic roles of the TGF-{beta} superfamily in aging, we hypothesized that human longevity involves genetic variation in TGF-{beta} signaling genes. Here we utilized a candidate functional genomic approach to identify and characterize functional variants in TGF- {beta} signaling associated with human longevity. Targeted sequencing of 113 genes involved in aging- associated TGF- {beta} signaling in an Ashkenazi Jewish centenarian cohort identified genetic variants robustly associated with human longevity. In particular, a centenarian-enriched intronic variant residing in a cell-type specific enhancer in SMAD3, a critical receptor-regulated TGF- {beta} signal transducer, was identified. This non-coding SMAD3 variant (rs8040709) altered binding of ELK1, a member of the ETS family of transcription factor important for enhancer activity in certain cell types, resulting in reduced SMAD3 expression. Analysis of the variant in cell types derived from gene edited iPSCs demonstrated the variant reduced SMAD3 expression, senescence and inflammation in endothelial cells. In addition, heterozygosity in SMAD3 improved healthspan and reduced senescence in the Ercc1-/{Delta} progeroid mouse model of accelerated aging. Taken together, these experiments demonstrate that variants in a cell type specific enhancer of SMAD3 resulted in reduced expression, senescence and inflammation and contributes to human longevity. Thus, SMAD3 represents a validated targeted for drug development for extending human healthspan.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tare, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudgins, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atzmon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barzilai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vijg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niedernhofer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robbins, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suh, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.17.540984</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Longevity-associated SMAD3 non-coding centenarian variant impairs a cell-type specific enhancer to reduce inflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.18.541363v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A chemo-mechanical model of endoderm movements driving elongation of the amniote hindgut 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.18.541363v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While mechanical and biochemical descriptions of development are each essential, integration of upstream morphogenic cues with downstream tissue mechanics remains understudied in many contexts during vertebrate morphogenesis. A posterior gradient of Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) ligands generates a contractile force gradient in the definitive endoderm, driving collective cell movements to form the hindgut. Here, we developed a two-dimensional chemo-mechanical model to investigate how mechanical properties of the endoderm and transport properties of FGF coordinately regulate this process. We began by formulating a 2-D reaction-diffusion-advection model that describes the formation of an FGF protein gradient due to posterior displacement of cells transcribing unstable Fgf8 mRNA during axis elongation, coupled with translation, diffusion, and degradation of FGF protein. This was used together with experimental measurements of FGF activity in the chick endoderm to inform a continuum model of definitive endoderm as an active viscous fluid that generates contractile stresses in proportion to FGF concentration. The model replicated key aspects of hindgut morphogenesis, confirms that heterogeneous - but isotropic - contraction is sufficient to generate large anisotropic cell movements, and provides new insight into how chemomechanical coupling across the mesoderm and endoderm coordinates hindgut elongation with outgrowth of the tailbud.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=190 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/541363v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (49K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@abb6fborg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@17a297eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@13a454borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@9b699d_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG Summary statementThis study employs a mathematical model to investigate the interplay between morphogen gradients and tissue mechanics in regulating the collective cell movements that drive hindgut morphogenesis in the chick embryo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nerurkar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oikonomou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cirne, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.18.541363</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A chemo-mechanical model of endoderm movements driving elongation of the amniote hindgut]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.18.540731v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ordinary differential equations to construct invertible generative models of cell type and tissue-specific regulatory networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.18.540731v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1Single-cell RNA-Seq (scRNA-seq) transcriptomics can elucidate gene regulatory networks (GRNs) of complex phenotypes, but raw sequencing observations only provide "snap-shots" of data and are inherently noisy. scRNA-seq trajectory inference has been utilized to solve for the missing observations, but disentangling complex dynamics of gene-gene interactions at different time points from aggregated data is a non-trivial task and computationally expensive. Here we describe our Non-Stiff Dynamic Invertible Model of CO-Regulatory Networks (NS-DIMCORN) to define the genetic nexus underpinning specific cellular functions using invertible warping of flexible multivariate Gaussian distributions by neural Ordinary differential equations. Our results yield a generative model with unbiased density estimation from RNA-seq read-count data only. This resulted in scalable time-flexible sampling of each genes expression level thence allowing ab initio assembly of gene regulatory networks in specific cells. We demonstrate our proposed methodology is superior to the state-of-the-art algorithms in accurately recovering genome-wide functional interactions, whether from synthetic or empirical data. We optimized our algorithm for GPU-based implementation thereby further enhancing the utility of our proposed methodology in comparison to the ten benchmarked methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Niktab, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkinson, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walterfang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winship, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturley, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munkacsi, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.18.540731</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ordinary differential equations to construct invertible generative models of cell type and tissue-specific regulatory networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.19.540391v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Hypothalamic Circuit Underlying the Dynamic Control of Social Homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.19.540391v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Social grouping increases survival in many species, including humans1,2. By contrast, social isolation generates an aversive state (loneliness) that motivates social seeking and heightens social interaction upon reunion3-5. The observed rebound in social interaction triggered by isolation suggests a homeostatic process underlying the control of social drive, similar to that observed for physiological needs such as hunger, thirst or sleep3,6. In this study, we assessed social responses in multiple mouse strains and identified the FVB/NJ line as exquisitely sensitive to social isolation. Using FVB/NJ mice, we uncovered two previously uncharacterized neuronal populations in the hypothalamic preoptic nucleus that are activated during social isolation and social rebound and that orchestrate the behavior display of social need and social satiety, respectively. We identified direct connectivity between these two populations of opposite function and with brain areas associated with social behavior, emotional state, reward, and physiological needs, and showed that animals require touch to assess the presence of others and fulfill their social need, thus revealing a brain-wide neural system underlying social homeostasis. These findings offer mechanistic insight into the nature and function of circuits controlling instinctive social need and for the understanding of healthy and diseased brain states associated with social context.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsutsui-Kimura, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pena, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talay, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logeman, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finkbeiner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capo-Battaglia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdus-Saboor, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginty, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uchida, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watabe-Uchida, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dulac, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.19.540391</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Hypothalamic Circuit Underlying the Dynamic Control of Social Homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.19.541542v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The regulation of Insulin/IGF-1 signaling by miR-142-3p associated with human longevity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.19.541542v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been demonstrated to modulate life span in the invertebrates C. elegans and Drosophila by targeting conserved pathways of aging, such as insulin/IGF-1 signaling (IIS). However, a role for miRNAs in modulating human longevity has not been fully explored. Here we investigated novel roles of miRNAs as a major epigenetic component of exceptional longevity in humans. By profiling the miRNAs in B-cells from Ashkenazi Jewish centenarians and 70-year-old controls without a longevity history, we found that the majority of differentially expressed miRNAs were upregulated in centenarians and predicted to modulate the IIS pathway. Notably, decreased IIS activity was found in B cells from centenarians who harbored these upregulated miRNAs. miR-142-3p, the top upregulated miRNA, was verified to dampen the IIS pathway by targeting multiple genes including GNB2, AKT1S1, RHEB and FURIN. Overexpression of miR-142-3p improved the stress resistance under genotoxicity and induced the impairment of cell cycle progression in IMR90 cells. Furthermore, mice injected with a miR-142-3p mimic showed reduced IIS signaling and improved longevity-associated phenotypes including enhanced stress resistance, improved diet/aging-induced glucose intolerance, and longevity-associated change of metabolic profile. These data suggest that miR-142-3p is involved in human longevity through regulating IIS-mediated pro-longevity effects. This study provides strong support for the use of miR-142-3p as a novel therapeutic to promote longevity or prevent aging/aging-related diseases in human.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milholland, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tazearslan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atzmon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barzilai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robbins, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suh, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.19.541542</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The regulation of Insulin/IGF-1 signaling by miR-142-3p associated with human longevity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.18.541339v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification and functional validation of an enhancer variant in the 9p21.3 locus associated with glaucoma risk and elevated expression of p16INK4a 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.18.541339v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness, with advanced age being the single most significant risk factor. However, the mechanisms underlying the relationship between aging and glaucoma remain unclear. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have successfully identified genetic variants strongly associated with increased glaucoma risk. Understanding how these variants function in pathogenesis is crucial for translating genetic associations into molecular mechanisms and, ultimately, clinical applications. The chromosome 9p21.3 locus is among the most replicated glaucoma risk loci discovered by GWAS. Nonetheless, the absence of protein-coding genes in the locus makes interpreting the disease association challenging, leaving the causal variant and molecular mechanism elusive. In this study, we report the identification of a functional glaucoma risk variant, rs6475604. By employing computational and experimental methods, we demonstrated that rs6475604 resides in a repressive regulatory element. Risk allele of rs6475604 disrupts the binding of YY1, a transcription factor known to repress the expression of a neighboring gene in 9p21.3, p16INK4A, which plays a crucial role in cellular senescence and aging. These findings suggest that the glaucoma disease variant contributes to accelerated senescence, providing a molecular link between glaucoma risk and an essential cellular mechanism for human aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tazearslan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenfeld, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiser, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suh, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.18.541339</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification and functional validation of an enhancer variant in the 9p21.3 locus associated with glaucoma risk and elevated expression of p16INK4a]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.23.541846v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Meta-omics analysis revealed structural and metabolic shifts of acidification communities after feeding with thermal hydrolysis pretreated food waste 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.23.541846v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this study, a reduced total volatile fatty acid (VFA) yield (VFA/tCOD, P = .003) and accumulated fractions of butyric acid (BA) (BA/total VFA, P < 0.001) was observed after feeding the arrested anaerobic digestor with thermal hydrolysis pretreated food waste. Further analysis through meta-omics revealed a reduction in the diversity of acidification communities (Shannon index, P = .03), indicating a sterilization effect of THP on the indigenous microbes in the feedstock. Additionally, although both the community-level acidification genetic potential and transcriptional activities were reduced (DNA and mRNA RPKM log2 fold change = 1.77 and 0.11, respectively) after the inclusion of THP, the remaining microbial communities exhibited an elevated mRNA/DNA RPKM ratio in acidification-related genes, especially within the AA and BA metabolic networks. This suggested that the elevated BA fraction might stem from improved chain-elongation activities using AA as a precursor. Furthermore, the inclusion of THP in the feedstock changed the main functional microbial groups of BA production (via the gene crt-buk2) from Selenomonas and Bacteroides to Prevotella and Megasphaera. Overall, these results reveal a complex shift in the acidification community and provide new insights to evaluate THP technologies behind the formed black box of VFA production performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandran, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khunjar, W. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilmore, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.23.541846</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Meta-omics analysis revealed structural and metabolic shifts of acidification communities after feeding with thermal hydrolysis pretreated food waste]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.23.542017v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ouvrai: Opening access to remote VR studies of human behavioral neuroscience 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.23.542017v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modern virtual reality (VR) devices offer 6 degree-of-freedom kinematic data with high spatial and tem-poral resolution, making them powerful tools for research on sensorimotor and cognitive functions. We introduce Ouvrai, an open-source solution that facilitates the design and execution of remote VR studies, capitalizing on the surge in VR headset ownership. This tool allows researchers to develop sophisticated experiments using cutting-edge web technologies like the WebXR Device API for browser-based VR, with-out compromising on experimental design. Ouvrais features include easy installation, intuitive JavaScript templates, a component library managing front- and back-end processes, and a streamlined workflow. It also integrates APIs for Firebase, Prolific, and Amazon Mechanical Turk and provides data processing utilities for analysis. Unlike other tools, Ouvrai remains free, with researchers managing their web hosting and cloud database via personal Firebase accounts. Through three distinct motor learning experiments, we confirm Ouvrais efficiency and viability for conducting remote VR studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cesanek, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shivkumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingram, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolpert, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.23.542017</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ouvrai: Opening access to remote VR studies of human behavioral neuroscience]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.23.542022v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inactive PARP1 causes embryonic lethality and genome instability in a dominant-negative manner. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.23.542022v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PARP1 is recruited and activated by DNA strand breaks, catalyzing the generation of poly-ADP-ribose (PAR) chains from NAD+. PAR relaxes chromatin and recruits other DNA repair factors, including XRCC1 and DNA Ligase 3, to maintain genomic stability. Here we show that, in contrast to the normal development of Parp1-null mice, heterozygous expression of catalytically inactive Parp1 (E988A, Parp1+/A) acts in a dominant-negative manner to disrupt murine embryogenesis. As such, all the surviving F1 Parp1+/A mice are chimeras with mixed Parp1+/AN (neoR retention) cells that act similarly to Parp1+/-. Pure F2 Parp1+/A embryos were found at Mendelian ratios at the E3.5 blastocyst stage but died before E9.5. Compared to Parp1-/- cells, genotype and expression-validated pure Parp1+/A cells retain significant ADP-ribosylation and PARylation activities but accumulate markedly higher levels of sister chromatin exchange and mitotic bridges. Despite proficiency for homologous recombination and non-homologous end-joining measured by reporter assays and supported by normal lymphocyte and germ cell development, Parp1+/A cells are hypersensitive to base damages, radiation, and Topoisomerase I and II inhibition. The sensitivity of Parp1+/A cells to base damages and Topo inhibitors in particular exceed Parp1-/- controls. The findings show that the enzymatically inactive PARP1 protein has a dominant negative role and establishes a clear physiological difference between PARP1 inactivation vs. deletion. As a result, the enzymatically inactive PARP1 has a much more deteriorating impact on normal tissues than previously estimated, providing a mechanism for the on-target side effect of PARP inhibitors used for cancer therapy.

Significance StatementPARP1 is the primary target of PARP enzymatic inhibitors. The use of PARP inhibitors for cancer therapy is based not only on the extreme sensitivity of BRCA1/2-deficient cancer cells to PARP1 inhibition but also on the nonessential role of PARP1 in normal tissues. Here we show that in contrast to the normal development of Parp1-null mice, the mouse model expressing the catalytically inactive Parp1 on only one allele (E988A, Parp1+/A) dies embryonically with high levels of genomic instability. The results reveal the severe dominant-negative impact of catalytically inactive PARP1, indicating the presence of enzymatically inactive PARP1 is much more damaging to normal tissues than previously anticipated. These findings provide a mechanism for clinical PARP inhibitors unexpected normal tissue toxicity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chirathivat, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.23.542022</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inactive PARP1 causes embryonic lethality and genome instability in a dominant-negative manner.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.24.542127v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A pancreatic cancer mouse model with human immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.24.542127v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by a tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) that promotes resistance to immunotherapy. A preclinical model system that facilitates studies of the TIME and its impact on the responsiveness of human PDAC to immunotherapies remains an unmet need. We report a novel mouse model, which develops metastatic human PDAC that becomes infiltrated by human immune cells recapitulating the TIME of human PDAC. The model may serve as a versatile platform to study the nature of human PDAC TIME and its response to various treatments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miyamura, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Floratos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunisada, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masuda, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsuji, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugahara, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.24.542127</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A pancreatic cancer mouse model with human immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.24.542137v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tumor-resident regulatory T cells in pancreatic cancer express the αvβ5 integrin as a targetable activation marker 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.24.542137v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has abundant immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs), which contribute to a microenvironment resistant to immunotherapy. Here, we report that Tregs in the PDAC tissue, but not those in the spleen, express the v{beta}5 integrin in addition to neuropilin-1 (NRP-1), which makes them susceptible to the iRGD tumor-penetrating peptide, which targets cells positive for v integrin- and NRP-1. As a result, long-term treatment of PDAC mice with iRGD leads to tumor-specific depletion of Tregs and improved efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade. v{beta}5 integrin+ Tregs are induced from both naive CD4+ T cells and natural Tregs upon T cell receptor stimulation, and represent a highly immunosuppressive subpopulation of CCR8+ Tregs. This study identifies the v{beta}5 integrin as a marker for activated tumor-resident Tregs, which can be targeted to achieve tumor-specific Treg depletion and thereby augment anti-tumor immunity for PDAC therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunisada, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyamura, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eikawa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurtado de Mendoza, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mose, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuroda, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruoslahti, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugahara, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.24.542137</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tumor-resident regulatory T cells in pancreatic cancer express the αvβ5 integrin as a targetable activation marker]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.24.541735v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sessile alveolar macrophage connexin-43 determines mechano-immunity in the lung 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.24.541735v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The lungs mechanosensitive immune response, which occurs when pulmonary alveoli are overstretched, is a major impediment to ventilation therapy for hypoxemic respiratory failure. The cause is not known. We tested the hypothesis that alveolar stretch causes stretch of alveolar macrophages (AMs), leading to the immune response. In lungs viewed by optical imaging, sessile AMs expressed gap junctional protein connexin-43 (Cx43), and they communicated with the alveolar epithelium through gap junctions. Alveolar hyperinflation increased Ca2+ in the AMs but did not stretch the AMs. The Ca2+ response, and concomitant TNF secretion by AMs were blocked in mice with AM-specific deletion of Cx43. The AM responses, as also lung injury due to mechanical ventilation at high tidal volume, were inhibited by AM-specific delivery of lipid nanoparticles containing Xestospongin C, which blocked the induced Ca2+ increases. We conclude, Cx43- and Ca2+-dependent AM-epithelial interactions determine the lungs mechanosensitive immunity, providing a basis for therapy for ventilator- induced lung injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mthunzi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gusarova, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Islam, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.24.541735</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sessile alveolar macrophage connexin-43 determines mechano-immunity in the lung]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.24.542209v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The hippocampus of the common marmoset is a GPS, but G is for gaze 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.24.542209v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mammalian hippocampus has been compared to a Global Positioning System (GPS) that enables spatial navigation. This notion has been primarily drawn from studies conducted in nocturnal mammals, such as rats; that lack many adaptations to daylight vision compared to diurnal primates. Here we demonstrate that during foraging in a 3D maze, the common marmoset, a new world diurnal primate with foveal, stereo-color vision, predominantly uses rapid head-gaze shifts to visually explore their surroundings while remaining stationary, and then minimizes head movements to navigate towards goals. On the other hand, rats, mainly move their head at low velocities while locomoting to explore the environment using their whiskers. These differences in exploration-navigation strategies reflect the species sensory adaptations to different ecological niches. In the marmoset hippocampus CA3/CA1 regions putative pyramidal neurons show selectivity for 3D view, head direction, and less for place, but mainly mixed selectivity for combinations of these variables. Despite weak place selectivity, the spatial position of the animal in the maze can be decoded from the activity of small ensembles of mixed selective neurons. Inhibitory interneurons are tuned to 3D angular head velocity and translation speed, with most cells showing mixed selectivity for both variables. Finally, marmosets lack the rhythmic theta oscillations of local field potentials seen during locomotion in rats. Instead, they show resetting of theta oscillations triggered by head-gaze shifts that co-occurred with the activation of inhibitory interneurons, followed by various modulations in the activity of pyramidal cells. Our results show that the marmoset visual exploration/navigation strategies and the hippocampal neuronal specializations supporting them diverge from those observed in rats, reflecting the far-sensing capabilities of the marmoset visual system adapted to diurnal lifestyle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Piza, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corrigan, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulli, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do Carmo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuello, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Trujillo, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.24.542209</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The hippocampus of the common marmoset is a GPS, but G is for gaze]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.25.542180v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterizing physical interactions between male and female mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti) in relation to female receptivity and insemination outcomes using a hydrophobic fluorescent dye 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.25.542180v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aedes aegypti, the yellow fever mosquito, presents a major threat to human health across the globe as a vector of disease-causing pathogens. Females of this species generally mate only once. From this single mating event, the female stores sufficient sperm to fertilize the multiple clutches of eggs produced during her lifetime. Mating causes dramatic changes in the females behavior and physiology, including a lifetime suppression of her mating receptivity. Female rejection behaviors include male avoidance, abdominal twisting, wing-flicking, kicking, and not opening vaginal plates or extruding the ovipositor. Many of these events occur on a scale that is too miniscule or fast to see by eye, so high-resolution videography has been used to observe these behaviors instead. However, videography can be labor intensive, require specialized equipment, and often requires restrained animals. We used an efficient, low-cost method to record physical contact between males and females during attempted and successful mating, determined by recording spermathecal filling after dissection. A hydrophobic oil-based fluorescent dye can be applied to the abdominal tip of one animal and can be subsequently transferred to the genitalia of animals of the opposite sex when genital contact occurs. Our data indicate that male mosquitoes make high levels of contact with both receptive and unreceptive females and that males attempt to mate with more females than they successfully inseminate. Female mosquitoes with disrupted remating suppression mate with and produce offspring from multiple males, transferring dye to each. These data suggest that physical copulatory interactions occur independently of the females receptivity to mate and that many of these interactions represent unsuccessful mating attempts that do not result in insemination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cramer, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabel, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duvall, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.25.542180</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterizing physical interactions between male and female mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti) in relation to female receptivity and insemination outcomes using a hydrophobic fluorescent dye]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.25.542307v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bayesian target optimisation for high-precision holographic optogenetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.25.542307v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Two-photon optogenetics has transformed our ability to probe the structure and function of neural circuits. However, achieving precise optogenetic control of neural ensemble activity has remained fundamentally constrained by the problem of off-target stimulation (OTS): the inadvertent activation of nearby non-target neurons due to imperfect confinement of light onto target neurons. Here we propose a novel computational approach to this problem called Bayesian target optimisation. Our approach uses nonparametric Bayesian inference to model neural responses to optogenetic stimulation, and then optimises the laser powers and optical target locations needed to achieve a desired activity pattern with minimal OTS. We validate our approach in simulations and using data from in vitro experiments, showing that Bayesian target optimisation considerably reduces OTS across all conditions we test. Together, these results establish our ability to overcome OTS, enabling optogenetic stimulation with substantially improved precision.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Triplett, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gajowa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adesnik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.25.542307</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bayesian target optimisation for high-precision holographic optogenetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.25.542344v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ZIPPI: proteome-scale sequence-based evaluation of protein-protein interaction models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.25.542344v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predicting protein-protein interactions (PPI) is a challenging problem of central importance in fundamental biology. With the increasing number of available PPI prediction methods and databases, an effective evaluation model would be extremely valuable. Here we introduce ZIPPI (Z-score for Information about Protein-Protein Interfaces), which evaluates structural models of a complex based on sequence co-evolution and conservation involving residues that are in contact in the interface. The interface Z-score (ZIPPI score) is calculated by comparing metrics for interface contacts to metrics obtained from randomly chosen surface residues. Since contacting residues are defined by the structural model, this obviates the need of accounting for indirect interactions with methods such as Direct Coupling Analysis. Although ZIPPI relies on species-paired multiple sequence alignments, its focus on contacting interfacial residues and the avoidance of direct coupling methods makes it computationally efficient. The performance of ZIPPI is evaluated through applications to experimentally determined complexes from the Protein Data Bank (PDB) and to decoys from the Critical Assessment of PRedicted Interactions (CAPRI) experiment. We demonstrate how ZIPPI can be implemented on a genome-wide scale by calculating scores for millions of structural models of protein-protein interactions in the E. coli interactome as predicted by PrePPI. Many PrePPI predictions filtered by ZIPPI score are novel. In all, this proteome-scale method shows promising feasibility for applications to the full human protein interactome, which is not yet accessible to deep learning methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrey, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honig, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.25.542344</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ZIPPI: proteome-scale sequence-based evaluation of protein-protein interaction models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.542448v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genuine beta bursts in human working memory: controlling for the influence of lower-frequency rhythms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.542448v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human working memory is associated with significant modulations in oscillatory brain activity. However, the functional role of brain rhythms at different frequencies is still debated. Modulations in the beta frequency range (15-40 Hz) are especially difficult to interpret because they could be artifactually produced by (more prominent) oscillations in lower frequencies that show non-sinusoidal properties. In this study, we investigate beta oscillations during working memory while controlling for the possible influence of lower frequency rhythms. We collected electroencephalography (EEG) data in 31 participants who performed a spatial working-memory task with two levels of cognitive load. In order to rule out the possibility that observed beta activity was affected by non-sinusoidalities of lower frequency rhythms, we developed an algorithm that detects transient beta oscillations that do not coincide with more prominent lower frequency rhythms in time and space. Using this algorithm, we show that the amplitude and duration of beta bursts decrease with memory load and during memory manipulation, while their peak frequency and rate increase. In addition, interindividual differences in performance were significantly associated with beta burst rates. Together, our results show that beta rhythms are functionally modulated during working memory and that these changes cannot be attributed to lower frequency rhythms with non-sinusoidal properties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Larios, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haegens, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.26.542448</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genuine beta bursts in human working memory: controlling for the influence of lower-frequency rhythms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.542515v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ATR kinase supports normal proliferation in the early S phase by preventing replication resource exhaustion. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.542515v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ATR kinase, which coordinates cellular responses to DNA replication stress, is also essential for the proliferation of normal unstressed cells. Although its role in the replication stress response is well defined, the mechanisms by which ATR supports normal cell proliferation remain elusive. Here, we show that ATR is dispensable for the viability of G0-arrested naive B cells. However, upon cytokine-induced proliferation, Atr-deficient B cells initiate DNA replication efficiently in early S phase, but by mid-S phase they display dNTP depletion, fork stalling, and replication failure. Nonetheless, productive DNA replication can be restored in Atr-deficient cells by pathways that suppress origin firing, such as downregulation of CDC7 and CDK1 kinase activities. Together, these findings indicate that ATR supports the proliferation of normal unstressed cells by tempering the pace of origin firing during the early S phase to avoid exhaustion of dNTPs and other replication factors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Menolfi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabadan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.26.542515</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ATR kinase supports normal proliferation in the early S phase by preventing replication resource exhaustion.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.542450v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convergent evolution of noxious heat sensing by TRPA5, a novel class of heat sensor in Rhodnius prolixus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.542450v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As ectotherms, insects need a multifaceted repertoire of heat-sensitive receptors to monitor environmental temperatures and finely control behavioral thermoregulation. Here, we show that TRPA5 genes, a class of ankyrin transient receptor potential channels lost in genomes of model fruit flies or mosquitoes, are widespread across insect orders, and encode a previously uncharacterized type of heat receptors. We demonstrate that RpTRPA5B, a TRPA5 channel of the triatomine bug Rhodnius prolixus (Insect: Hemiptera), primary vector of Chagas disease, forms a homo-tetrameric channel displaying a uniquely high thermosensitivity. The channel biophysical determinants include a large channel activation enthalpy change (72 kcal/mol), a high temperature coefficient (Q10 = 25), and temperature-induced currents from 53 {degrees}C to 68 {degrees}C (T0.5= 58.6 {degrees}C) in vitro, similar to mammalian noxious TRPV heat receptors. Monomeric and tetrameric predictions of the ion channel architecture show reliable and conserved structural parallels with fruit fly dTRPA1, albeit depicting structural uniqueness from dTRPA, Painless and Pyrexia in the ankyrin repeat domain and the channel selectivity filter, potential modulator regions of functional characteristics of TRPs. The channel activation response, structural features and ubiquitous sensory tissue expression delineate a potential thermosensitive physiological niche close to that of Pyrexia genes, lost during the evolution of true bugs. Overall, the finding of TRPA5 genes as a class of temperature-activated receptor illustrates the dynamic evolution of a large family of insect molecular heat detectors, with TRPs as promising multimodal sensory targets for triatomine vector control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lienard, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baez-Nieto, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valencia-Montoya, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johanson, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lassance, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, J. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierce, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.26.542450</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convergent evolution of noxious heat sensing by TRPA5, a novel class of heat sensor in Rhodnius prolixus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.27.542597v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Barcoding of episodic memories in the hippocampus of a food-caching bird 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.27.542597v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Episodic memory, or memory of experienced events, is a critical function of the hippocampus1-3. It is therefore important to understand how hippocampal activity represents specific events in an animals life. We addressed this question in chickadees - specialist food-caching birds that hide food at scattered locations and use memory to find their caches later in time4, 5. We performed high-density neural recordings in the hippocampus of chickadees as they cached and retrieved seeds in a laboratory arena. We found that each caching event was represented by a burst of firing in a unique set of hippocampal neurons. These  barcode-like patterns of activity were sparse (<10% of neurons active), uncorrelated even for immediately adjacent caches, and different even for separate caches at the same location. The barcode representing a specific caching event was transiently reactivated whenever a bird later interacted with the same cache - for example, to retrieve food. Barcodes co-occurred with conventional place cell activity6, 7, as well as location-independent responses to cached seeds. We propose that barcodes are signatures of episodic memories evoked during memory recall. These patterns assign a unique identifier to each event and may be a mechanism for rapid formation and storage of many non-interfering memories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chettih, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackevicius, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hale, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.27.542597</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Barcoding of episodic memories in the hippocampus of a food-caching bird]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.29.542745v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A marker chromosome in psychosis identifies glycine decarboxylase (GLDC) as a novel regulator of neuronal and synaptic function in the hippocampus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.29.542745v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The biological significance of a small supernumerary marker chromosome that results in dosage alterations to chromosome 9p24.1, including triplication of the GLDC gene encoding glycine decarboxylase, in two patients with psychosis is unclear. In an allelic series of copy number variant mouse models, we identify that triplication of Gldc reduces extracellular glycine levels as determined by optical fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) in dentate gyrus (DG) but not in CA1, suppresses long-term potentiation (LTP) in mPP-DG synapses but not in CA3-CA1 synapses, reduces the activity of biochemical pathways implicated in schizophrenia and mitochondrial bioenergetics, and displays deficits in prepulse inhibition, startle habituation, latent inhibition, working memory, sociability and social preference. Our results thus provide a link between a genomic copy number variation, biochemical, cellular and behavioral phenotypes, and further demonstrate that GLDC negatively regulates long-term synaptic plasticity at specific hippocampal synapses, possibly contributing to the development of neuropsychiatric disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kambali, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unichenko, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pliego, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGuinness, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cobb, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagarajan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vongsouthi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coyle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talkowski, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Homanics, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolshakov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henneberger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudolph, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.29.542745</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A marker chromosome in psychosis identifies glycine decarboxylase (GLDC) as a novel regulator of neuronal and synaptic function in the hippocampus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.541188v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detection and characterization of novel luchacoviruses, genus Alphacoronavirus, in meso-carnivores in the northeastern United States 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.541188v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Small to mid-sized carnivores, or meso-carnivores, comprise a group of diverse mammals, many of which can adapt to anthropogenically disturbed environments. Wild meso-carnivores living in urban areas may get exposed to or spread pathogens to other species, including stray/feral domestic animals. Several coronaviruses (CoVs) have been detected in domesticated and farmed meso-carnivores, but knowledge of CoVs circulating in free-ranging wild meso-carnivores remains limited. In this study, we analyzed 321 samples collected between 2016 and 2022 from 9 species of free-ranging wild meso-carnivores and stray/feral domestic cats in the northeastern United States. Using a pan-CoV PCR, we screened tissues, feces, and saliva, nasal, and rectal swabs. We detected CoV RNA in fecal and saliva samples of animals in four species: fisher (Pekania pennanti), bobcat (Lynx rufus), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), and domestic cat (Felis catus). Next-generation sequencing revealed that all these viruses belonged to the Luchacovirus subgenus (Alphacoronavirus genus), previously reported only in rodents and lagomorphs (i.e., rabbits). Genetic comparison of the 3-end of the genome ([~]12,000bp) revealed that although the viruses detected group with, and have a genetic organization similar to other luchacoviruses, they are genetically distinct from those from rodents and lagomorphs. Genetic characterization of the spike protein revealed that the meso-carnivore luchacoviruses do not have an S1/S2 cleavage motif but do have highly variable structural loops containing cleavage motifs similar to those identified in certain pathogenic CoVs. This study highlights the importance of characterizing the spike protein of CoVs in wild species for further targeted epidemiologic monitoring.

ImportanceSeveral coronaviruses (CoVs) have been detected in domesticated, farmed, and wild meso-carnivores, causing a wide range of diseases, and infecting diverse species, highlighting their important but understudied role in the epidemiology of these viruses. Assessing the viral diversity hosted in wildlife species is essential to understand their significance in the cross-species transmission of CoVs. Our focus here was on CoV discovery in meso-carnivores in the Northeast USA as a potential "hotspot" area with high density of humans and urban wildlife. This study identifies novel alphacoronaviruses circulating in multiple free-ranging wild and domestic species in this area and explores their potential epidemiological importance based on regions of the Spike gene that are relevant for virus-host interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olarte-Castillo, X. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plimpton, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McQueary, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cover, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grenier, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cummings, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunting, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diuk-Wasser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Needle, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanhope, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whittaker, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.31.541188</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detection and characterization of novel luchacoviruses, genus Alphacoronavirus, in meso-carnivores in the northeastern United States]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.542897v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell type analysis of wing premotor circuits in the ventral nerve cord of Drosophila melanogaster 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.542897v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To perform most behaviors, animals must send commands from higher-order processing centers in the brain to premotor circuits that reside in ganglia distinct from the brain, such as the mammalian spinal cord or insect ventral nerve cord. How these circuits are functionally organized to generate the great diversity of animal behavior remains unclear. An important first step in unraveling the organization of premotor circuits is to identify their constituent cell types and create tools to monitor and manipulate these with high specificity to assess their functions. This is possible in the tractable ventral nerve cord of the fly. To generate such a toolkit, we used a combinatorial genetic technique (split-GAL4) to create 195 sparse transgenic driver lines targeting 196 individual cell types in the ventral nerve cord. These included wing and haltere motoneurons, modulatory neurons, and interneurons. Using a combination of behavioral, developmental, and anatomical analyses, we systematically characterized the cell types targeted in our collection. In addition, we identified correspondences between the cells in this collection and a recent connectomic data set of the ventral nerve cord. Taken together, the resources and results presented here form a powerful toolkit for future investigations of neuronal circuits and connectivity of premotor circuits while linking them to behavioral outputs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ehrhardt, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitehead, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Namiki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minegishi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siwanowicz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otsuna, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>FlyLight Project Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meissner, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Truman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shepherd, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickinson, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickson, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Card, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korff, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.31.542897</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell type analysis of wing premotor circuits in the ventral nerve cord of Drosophila melanogaster]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.543164v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cyanide-dependent control of terminal oxidase hybridization by Pseudomonas aeruginosa MpaR 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.543164v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common, biofilm-forming pathogen that exhibits complex pathways of redox metabolism. It produces four different types of terminal oxidases for aerobic respiration, and for one of these-the cbb3-type terminal oxidases-it has the capacity to produce at least 16 isoforms encoded by partially redundant operons. It also produces small-molecule virulence factors that interact with the respiratory chain, including the poison cyanide. Previous studies had indicated a role for cyanide in activating expression of an "orphan" terminal oxidase subunit gene called ccoN4 and that the product contributes to P. aeruginosa cyanide resistance, fitness in biofilms, and virulence-but the mechanisms underlying this process had not been elucidated. Here, we show that the regulatory protein MpaR, which is predicted to be a pyridoxal phosphate-binding transcription factor and is encoded just upstream of ccoN4, controls ccoN4 expression in response to endogenous cyanide. Paradoxically, we find that cyanide production is required to support CcoN4s contribution to respiration in biofilms. We identify a palindromic motif required for cyanide- and MpaR-dependent expression of ccoN4 and co-expressed, adjacent loci. We also characterize the regulatory logic of this region of the chromosome. Finally, we identify residues in the putative cofactor-binding pocket of MpaR that are required for ccoN4 expression. Together, our findings illustrate a novel scenario in which the respiratory toxin cyanide acts as a signal to control gene expression in a bacterium that produces the compound endogenously.

IMPORTANCECyanide is an inhibitor of heme-copper oxidases, which are required for aerobic respiration in all eukaryotes and many prokaryotes. This fast-acting poison can arise from diverse sources, but mechanisms by which bacteria sense it are poorly understood. We investigated the regulatory response to cyanide in the pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which produces cyanide as a virulence factor. Although P. aeruginosa has the capacity to produce a cyanide-resistant oxidase, it relies primarily on heme-copper oxidases and even makes additional heme-copper oxidase proteins specifically under cyanide-producing conditions. We found that the protein MpaR controls expression of cyanide-inducible genes in P. aeruginosa and elucidated the molecular details of this regulation. MpaR contains a DNA-binding domain and a domain predicted to bind pyridoxal phosphate (vitamin B6), a compound that is known to react spontaneously with cyanide. These observations provide insight into the understudied phenomenon of cyanide-dependent regulation of gene expression in bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smiley, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sekaran, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price-Whelan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dietrich, L. E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.31.543164</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cyanide-dependent control of terminal oxidase hybridization by Pseudomonas aeruginosa MpaR]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.02.543338v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping the genomic landscape of multidrug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum and its impact on parasite fitness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.02.543338v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum parasites have swept across Southeast Asia and now threaten Africa. By implementing a P. falciparum genetic cross using humanized mice, we report the identification of key determinants of resistance to artemisinin (ART) and piperaquine (PPQ) in the dominant Asian KEL1/PLA1 lineage. We mapped k13 as the central mediator of ART resistance and identified secondary markers. Applying bulk segregant analysis, quantitative trait loci mapping and gene editing, our data reveal an epistatic interaction between mutant PfCRT and multicopy plasmepsins 2/3 in mediating high-grade PPQ resistance. Susceptibility and parasite fitness assays implicate PPQ as a driver of selection for KEL1/PLA1 parasites. Mutant PfCRT enhanced susceptibility to lumefantrine, the first-line partner drug in Africa, highlighting a potential benefit of opposing selective pressures with this drug and PPQ. We also identified that the ABCI3 transporter can operate in concert with PfCRT and plasmepsins 2/3 in mediating multigenic resistance to antimalarial agents.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mok, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shears, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhingra, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bridgford, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mlambo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkhard, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fairhurst, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gil-Iturbe, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozenberg, F. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancia, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quick, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uhlemann, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinnis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fidock, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.02.543338</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping the genomic landscape of multidrug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum and its impact on parasite fitness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.543098v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep-learning Based Pathological Assessment of Frozen Procurement Kidney Biopsies Predicts Graft Loss and Guides Organ Utilization: A Large-scale Retrospective Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.543098v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundLesion scores on procurement donor biopsies are commonly used to guide organ utilization. However, frozen sections present challenges for histological scoring, leading to inter- and intra-observer variability and inappropriate discard.

MethodsWe constructed deep-learning based models to recognize kidney tissue compartments in H&E stained sections from procurement biopsies performed at 583 hospitals nationwide in year 2011-2020. The models were trained and tested respectively on 11473 and 3986 images sliced from 100 slides. We then extracted whole-slide abnormality features from 2431 kidneys, and correlated with pathologists scores and transplant outcomes. Finally, a Kidney Donor Quality Score (KDQS) incorporating digital features and the Kidney Donor Profile Index (KDPI) was derived and used in combination with recipient demographic and peri-transplant characteristics to predict graft loss or assist organ utilization.

ResultsOur model accurately identified 96% and 91% of normal/sclerotic glomeruli respectively; 94% of arteries/arterial intimal fibrosis regions; 90% of tubules. Three whole-slide features (Sclerotic Glomeruli%, Arterial Intimal Fibrosis%, and Interstitial Fibrosis%) demonstrated strong correlations with corresponding pathologists scores (n=2431), but had superior associations with post-transplant eGFR (n=2033) and graft loss (n=1560). The combination of KDQS and other factors predicted 1- and 4-year graft loss (discovery: n=520, validation: n=1040). Finally, by matching 398 discarded kidneys due to "biopsy findings" to transplanted population, the matched transplants from discarded KDQS<4 group (110/398, 27.6%) showed similar graft survival rate to unmatched transplanted kidneys (2-, 5-year survival rate: 97%, 86%). KDQS [&ge;] 7 (37/398, 9.3%) and 1-year survival model score [&ge;] 0.55 were determined to identify possible discards (PPV=0.92).

ConclusionThis deep-learning based approach provides automatic and reliable pathological assessment of procurement kidney biopsies, which could facilitate graft loss risk stratification and organ utilization.

Translational StatementThis deep-learning based approach provides rapid but more objective, sensitive and reliable assessment of deceased-donor kidneys before transplantation, and improves the prognostic value of procurement biopsies, thus could potentially reduce inappropriate discard and stratify patients needing monitoring or preventative measures after transplantation. The pipeline can be integrated into various types of scanners and conveniently generates report after slide scanning. Such report can be used in conjunction with pathologists report or independently for centers lacking renal pathologists.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cravedi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tedla, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veremis, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-barros, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haakinson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naesens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colvin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salem, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.31.543098</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep-learning Based Pathological Assessment of Frozen Procurement Kidney Biopsies Predicts Graft Loss and Guides Organ Utilization: A Large-scale Retrospective Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.543113v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Behavioral control through the direct, focal silencing of neuronal activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.543113v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Voltage-gated sodium channel (NaV) activity underlies electrical signaling, synaptic release, circuit function, and, ultimately, behavior. Molecular tools that enable precise control of NaV subpopulations make possible temporal regulation of neuronal activity and cellular communication. To rapidly modulate NaV currents, we have rendered a potent NaV inhibitor, saxitoxin, transiently inert through chemical protection with a novel nitrobenzyl-derived photocleavable group. Light-induced uncaging of the photocaged toxin, STX-bpc, effects rapid inhibitor release and focal NaV block. We demonstrate the efficacy of this reagent for manipulating action potentials in mammalian neurons and brain slice and for altering locomotor behavior in larval zebrafish. Photo-uncaging of STX-bpc is a non-invasive, effective method for reversible, spatiotemporally precise tuning of NaV currents, application of which requires no genetic manipulation of the biological sample.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elleman, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milicic, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haynes, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simko, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrlich, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makinson, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du Bois, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.31.543113</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Behavioral control through the direct, focal silencing of neuronal activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.543173v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scalable projected Light Sheet Microscopy for high-resolution imaging of large samples 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.543173v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) is a widely used imaging technique for living and large cleared samples. However, high-performance LSFM systems are often prohibitively expensive and not easily scalable for high-throughput applications. Here, we introduce a cost-effective, scalable, and versatile high-resolution imaging framework, called projected Light Sheet Microscopy (pLSM), which repurposes readily available off-the-shelf consumer-grade components and an over-the-network control architecture to achieve high-resolution imaging of living and cleared samples. We extensively characterize the pLSM framework and showcase its capabilities through high-resolution, multi-color imaging and quantitative analysis of mouse and post-mortem human brain samples cleared using various techniques. Moreover, we show the applicability of pLSM for high-throughput molecular phenotyping of human induced pluripotent cells (iPSC)-derived brain and vessel organoids. Additionally, we utilized pLSM for comprehensive live imaging of bacterial pellicle biofilms at the air-liquid interface, uncovering their intricate layered architecture and diverse cellular dynamics across different depths. Overall, the pLSM framework has the potential to further democratize LSFM by making high-resolution light sheet microscopy more accessible and scalable.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chauhan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De La Cruz, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Datta, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.31.543173</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scalable projected Light Sheet Microscopy for high-resolution imaging of large samples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.02.542863v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Myeloid cell influx into the colonic epithelium is associated with disease severity and non-response to anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Therapy in patients with Ulcerative Colitis. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.02.542863v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an idiopathic chronic inflammatory disease of the colon with sharply rising global prevalence. Dysfunctional epithelial compartment (EC) dynamics are implicated in UC pathogenesis although EC-specific studies are sparse. Applying orthogonal high-dimensional EC profiling to a Primary Cohort (PC; n=222), we detail major epithelial and immune cell perturbations in active UC. Prominently, reduced frequencies of mature BEST4+OTOP2+ absorptive and BEST2+WFDC2+ secretory epithelial enterocytes were associated with the replacement of homeostatic, resident TRDC+KLRD1+HOPX+ {gamma}{delta}+ T cells with RORA+CCL20+S100A4+ TH17 cells and the influx of inflammatory myeloid cells. The EC transcriptome (exemplified by S100A8, HIF1A, TREM1, CXCR1) correlated with clinical, endoscopic, and histological severity of UC in an independent validation cohort (n=649). Furthermore, therapeutic relevance of the observed cellular and transcriptomic changes was investigated in 3 additional published UC cohorts (n=23, 48 and 204 respectively) to reveal that non-response to anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor (anti-TNF) therapy was associated with EC related myeloid cell perturbations. Altogether, these data provide high resolution mapping of the EC to facilitate therapeutic decision-making and personalization of therapy in patients with UC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jha, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Taie, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krek, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eshghi, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fantou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurent, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tankelevich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meringer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livanos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tokuyama, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cossarini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourreille, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Josien, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canales-Herrerias, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ungaro, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kayal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marion, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polydorides, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'souza, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merand, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim-Schulze, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hackney, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McBride, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, G.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colombel, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Argmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez-Farinas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petralia, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehandru, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.02.542863</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Myeloid cell influx into the colonic epithelium is associated with disease severity and non-response to anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Therapy in patients with Ulcerative Colitis.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.03.543563v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic enhancement of protein crystallization efficiency by bulk lysine-to-arginine (KR) substitution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.03.543563v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structural genomics consortia established that protein crystallization is the primary obstacle to structure determination using x-ray crystallography. We previously demonstrated that crystallization propensity is systematically related to primary sequence, and we subsequently performed computational analyses showing that arginine is the most overrepresented amino acid in crystal-packing interfaces in the Protein Data Bank. Given the similar physicochemical characteristics of arginine and lysine, we hypothesized that multiple lysine-to-arginine (KR) substitutions should improve crystallization. To test this hypothesis, we developed software that ranks lysine sites in a target protein based on the redundancy-corrected KR substitution frequency in homologs. We demonstrate that three unrelated single-domain proteins can tolerate 5-11 KR substitutions with at most minor destabilization and that these substitutions consistently enhance crystallization propensity. This approach rapidly produced a 1.9 [A] crystal structure of a human protein domain refractory to crystallization with its native sequence. Structures from bulk-KR-substituted domains show the engineered arginine residues frequently make high-quality hydrogen-bonds across crystal-packing interfaces. We thus demonstrate that bulk KR substitution represents a rational and efficient method for probabilistic engineering of protein surface properties to improve protein crystallization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banayan, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loughlin, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forouhar, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bateman, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handelman, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, W. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.03.543563</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic enhancement of protein crystallization efficiency by bulk lysine-to-arginine (KR) substitution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.05.543407v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic annotation of a complete adult male Drosophila nerve cord connectome reveals principles of functional organisation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.05.543407v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nervous systems function as ensembles of neurons communicating via synaptic connections, and a functional understanding of nervous systems requires extensive knowledge of their connectomes. In a companion paper (Takemura et al., 2023), we describe the acquisition of a complete fruit fly nerve cord connectome, the first for an animal that can walk or fly. Here, to efficiently navigate and to appreciate the biological significance of this connectome, we categorise and name nearly all neurons systematically and link them to the experimental literature. We employ a system of hierarchical coarse annotations and group similar neurons across the midline and across segments, then define systematic cell types for sensory neurons, intrinsic neurons, ascending neurons, and non-motor efferent neurons. Stereotyped arrays of neuroblasts generate related neuron populations called hemilineages that repeat across the segments of the nerve cord. We confirm that larval-born neurons from a given hemilineage generally express the same neurotransmitter but find that earlier born neurons often express a different one. We match over 35% of intrinsic, ascending, and non-motor efferent neurons across segments, defining serial sets which were crucial for systematic typing of motor neurons and sensory neurons. We assign a sensory modality to over 5000 sensory neurons, cluster them by connectivity, and identify serially homologous cell types and a layered organisation likely corresponding to peripheral topography. Finally, we present selected examples of sensory circuits predicated on programmatic analysis of a complete VNC connectome. Our annotations are critical for analysing the structure of descending input to the nerve cord and of motor output, both described in a third companion paper (Cheong et al., 2023). These annotations are being released as part of the neuprint.janelia.org and clio.janelia.org web applications and also serve as the basis for programmatic analysis of the connectome through dedicated tools that we describe in this paper.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marin, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuerner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Champion, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krzeminski, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badalamente, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gkantia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunne, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takemura, S.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamimi, I. F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheong, H. S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlegel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>FlyEM Project Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Card, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shepherd, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jefferis, G. S. X. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.05.543407</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic annotation of a complete adult male Drosophila nerve cord connectome reveals principles of functional organisation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.05.543757v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Connectome of the Male Drosophila Ventral Nerve Cord 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.05.543757v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animal behavior is principally expressed through neural control of muscles. Therefore understanding how the brain controls behavior requires mapping neuronal circuits all the way to motor neurons. We have previously established technology to collect large-volume electron microscopy data sets of neural tissue and fully reconstruct the morphology of the neurons and their chemical synaptic connections throughout the volume. Using these tools we generated a dense wiring diagram, or connectome, for a large portion of the Drosophila central brain. However, in most animals, including the fly, the majority of motor neurons are located outside the brain in a neural center closer to the body, i.e. the mammalian spinal cord or insect ventral nerve cord (VNC). In this paper, we extend our effort to map full neural circuits for behavior by generating a connectome of the VNC of a male fly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Takemura, S.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayworth, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Januszewski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marin, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preibisch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogovic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Champion, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheong, H. S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knecht, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ordish, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivlin, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlegel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinomiya, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badalamente, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canino, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clements, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duclos, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunne, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fairbanks, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finley-May, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gkantia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrington, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopkins, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbard, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kainmueller, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korff, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovalyak,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.05.543757</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Connectome of the Male Drosophila Ventral Nerve Cord]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.05.543769v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SPIDR: a highly multiplexed method for mapping RNA-protein interactions uncovers a potential mechanism for selective translational suppression upon cellular stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.05.543769v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA binding proteins (RBPs) play crucial roles in regulating every stage of the mRNA life cycle and mediating non-coding RNA functions. Despite their importance, the specific roles of most RBPs remain unexplored because we do not know what specific RNAs most RBPs bind. Current methods, such as crosslinking and immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (CLIP-seq), have expanded our knowledge of RBP-RNA interactions but are generally limited by their ability to map only one RBP at a time. To address this limitation, we developed SPIDR (Split and Pool Identification of RBP targets), a massively multiplexed method to simultaneously profile global RNA binding sites of dozens to hundreds of RBPs in a single experiment. SPIDR employs split-pool barcoding coupled with antibody-bead barcoding to increase the throughput of current CLIP methods by two orders of magnitude. SPIDR reliably identifies precise, single-nucleotide RNA binding sites for diverse classes of RBPs simultaneously. Using SPIDR, we explored changes in RBP binding upon mTOR inhibition and identified that 4EBP1 acts as a dynamic RBP that selectively binds to 5-untranslated regions of specific translationally repressed mRNAs only upon mTOR inhibition. This observation provides a potential mechanism to explain the specificity of translational regulation controlled by mTOR signaling. SPIDR has the potential to revolutionize our understanding of RNA biology and both transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene regulation by enabling rapid, de novo discovery of RNA-protein interactions at an unprecedented scale.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wolin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanco, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goronzy, I. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdou, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorhe, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guttman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.05.543769</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SPIDR: a highly multiplexed method for mapping RNA-protein interactions uncovers a potential mechanism for selective translational suppression upon cellular stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.07.544141v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An evolutionarily conserved strategy for ribosome binding and inhibition by β-coronavirus non-structural protein 1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.07.544141v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An important pathogenicity factor of SARS-CoV-2 and related coronaviruses is Nsp1, which suppresses host gene expression and stunts antiviral signaling. SARS-CoV-2 Nsp1 binds the ribosome to inhibit translation through mRNA displacement and induces degradation of host mRNAs through an unknown mechanism. Here we show that Nsp1-dependent host shutoff is conserved in diverse coronaviruses, but only Nsp1 from {beta}-CoV inhibits translation through ribosome binding. The C-terminal domain of all {beta}-CoV Nsp1s confers high-affinity ribosome-binding despite low sequence conservation. Modeling of interactions of four Nsp1s to the ribosome identified few absolutely conserved amino acids that, together with an overall conservation in surface charge, form the {beta}-CoV Nsp1 ribosome-binding domain. Contrary to previous models, the Nsp1 ribosome-binding domain is an inefficient translation inhibitor. Instead, the Nsp1-CTD likely functions by recruiting Nsp1s N-terminal "effector" domain. Finally, we show that a viral cis-acting RNA element has co-evolved to fine-tune SARS-CoV-2 Nsp1 function, but does not provide similar protection against Nsp1 from related viruses. Together, our work provides new insight into the diversity and conservation of ribosome-dependent host-shutoff functions of Nsp1, knowledge that could aide future efforts in pharmacological targeting of Nsp1 from SARS-CoV-2, but also related human-pathogenic {beta}-coronaviruses. Our study also exemplifies how comparing highly divergent Nsp1 variants can help to dissect the different modalities of this multi-functional viral protein.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maurina, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Sullivan, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pineda Rodriguez, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacFadden, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cendali, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henen, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kieft, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glasgow, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steckelberg, A.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.07.544141</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An evolutionarily conserved strategy for ribosome binding and inhibition by β-coronavirus non-structural protein 1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.08.542671v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole body cell map tracks tissue-specific immune cell accumulation and plasticity loss through ageing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.08.542671v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding tissue biologys heterogeneity is crucial for advancing precision medicine. Despite the centrality of the immune system in tissue homeostasis, a detailed and comprehensive map of immune cell distribution and interactions across human tissues and demographics remains elusive. To fill this gap, we harmonised data from 12,981 single-cell RNA sequencing samples and curated 29 million cells from 45 anatomical sites to create a comprehensive compositional and transcriptional healthy map of the healthy immune system. We used this resource and a novel multilevel modelling approach to track immune ageing and test differences across sex and ethnicity. We uncovered conserved and tissue-specific immune-ageing programs, resolved sex-dependent differential ageing and identified ethnic diversity in clinically critical immune checkpoints. This study provides a quantitative baseline of the immune system, facilitating advances in precision medicine. By sharing our immune map, we hope to catalyse further breakthroughs in cancer, infectious disease, immunology and precision medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mangiola, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranathunga, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LiWaiSuen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutchison, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garnham, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iskander, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carey, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kallies, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedoui, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papenfuss, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.08.542671</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole body cell map tracks tissue-specific immune cell accumulation and plasticity loss through ageing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.08.544225v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large-scale map of RNA binding protein interactomes across the mRNA life-cycle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.08.544225v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Messenger RNAs (mRNAs) interact with RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) in diverse ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs) during distinct life-cycle stages for their processing and maturation. While substantial attention has focused on understanding RNA regulation by assigning proteins, particularly RBPs, to specific RNA substrates, there has been considerably less exploration leveraging protein-protein interaction (PPI) methodologies to identify and study the role of proteins in mRNA life-cycle stages. To address this gap, we generated an RNA-aware RBP-centric PPI map across the mRNA life-cycle by immunopurification (IP-MS) of [~]100 endogenous RBPs across the life-cycle in the presence or absence of RNase, augmented by size exclusion chromatography (SEC-MS). Aside from confirming 8,700 known and discovering 20,359 novel interactions between 1125 proteins, we determined that 73% of our IP interactions are regulated by the presence of RNA. Our PPI data enables us to link proteins to life-cycle stage functions, highlighting that nearly half of the proteins participate in at least two distinct stages. We show that one of the most highly interconnected proteins, ERH, engages in multiple RNA processes, including via interactions with nuclear speckles and the mRNA export machinery. We also demonstrate that the spliceosomal protein SNRNP200 participates in distinct stress granule-associated RNPs and occupies different RNA target regions in the cytoplasm during stress. Our comprehensive RBP-focused PPI network is a novel resource for identifying multi-stage RBPs and exploring RBP complexes in RNA maturation.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIAn RBP-centric RNA-aware PPI network focuses on the mRNA life-cycle in human cells
C_LIO_LIPrey-prey correlation analysis assigns prey proteins to life-cycle stages, of which 536 proteins (half of the network) interact with multiple steps
C_LIO_LIERH is highly connected to multiple RNPs to affect nuclear speckle organization and mRNA export
C_LIO_LISplicing factor SNRNP200 interacts with stress granule proteins and has distinct RNA occupancy in the cytoplasm
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rothamel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Street, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brannan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhine, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Azzam, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bokor, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doron-Mandel, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahdout, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madrigel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mujumba, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.08.544225</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large-scale map of RNA binding protein interactomes across the mRNA life-cycle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.08.544226v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acvr1b loss promotes formation of precancerous lesions from acinar and ductal cells of origin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.08.544226v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background & AimsPancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) can develop from precursor lesions, including pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN). Previous studies indicated that loss of Acvr1b accelerates the Kras-mediated development of papillary IPMN in the mouse pancreas, however, the cell type predominantly affected by these genetic changes remains unclear.

MethodsWe investigated the contribution of cellular origin by inducing IPMN associated mutations-KRASG12D expression and Acvr1b loss - specifically in acinar (Ptf1aCreER;KrasLSL-G12D;Acvr1bfl/flmice) or ductal (Sox9CreER;KrasLSL- G12D;Acvr1bfl/flmice) cells in mice. We then performed MRI imaging and a thorough histopathological analysis of their pancreatic tissues.

ResultsThe loss of Acvr1b increased the development of PanIN and IPMN-like lesions when either acinar and ductal cells expressed a Kras mutation. MRI, immunohistochemistry and histology revealed large IPMN-like lesions in these mice that exhibited features of flat, gastric epithelium. In addition, cyst formation in both mouse models was accompanied by chronic pancreatitis. Experimental acute pancreatitis accelerated the development of large mucinous cysts and PanIN when acinar, but not ductal, cells expressed mutant Kras and lost Acvr1b.

ConclusionThese findings indicate that loss of Acvr1b in the presence of the Kras oncogene promotes the development of large and small precancerous lesions from both ductal and acinar cells. However, the IPMN-like phenotype was not equivalent to that observed when these mutations were made in all pancreatic cells during development. Our study underscores the significance of the cellular context in the initiation and progression of precursor lesions from exocrine cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saeki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patil, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopp, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.08.544226</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acvr1b loss promotes formation of precancerous lesions from acinar and ductal cells of origin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.07.544106v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Deep Neural Network Two-part Model and Feature Importance Test for Semi-continuous Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.07.544106v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Semi-continuous data frequently arise in clinical practice. For example, while many surgical patients suffer from varying degrees of acute postoperative pain (POP) post surgery (i.e., POP score > 0), others experience none (i.e., POP score = 0), indicating the existence of two distinct data processes at play. Existing parametric or semi-parametric two-part modeling methods for this type of semicontinuous data can fail to appropriately model these two underlying data processes as such methods rely heavily on (generalized) linear additive assumptions. However, many factors may interact to jointly influence the experience of POP non-additively and non-linearly. Motivated by this challenge and inspired by the flexibility of deep neural networks (DNN) to accurately approximate complex functions universally, we derive a DNN-based two-part model by adapting the conventional DNN methods by adding two additional components: a bootstrapping procedure along with a filtering algorithm to boost the stability of the conventional DNN, an approach we denote as sDNN. To improve the interpretability and transparency of sDNN, we further derive a feature importance testing procedure to identify important features contributing to the outcome measurements of the two data processes, denoting this approach fsDNN. We show that fsDNN not only offers a valid feature importance test but also that using the identified features can further improve the predictive performance of sDNN. The proposed sDNN- and fsDNN-based twopart models are applied to the analysis of real data from a POP study, in which application they clearly demonstrate advantages over the existing parametric and semi-parametric two-part models. Further, we conduct extensive numerical studies to demonstrate that sDNN and fsDNN consistently outperform the existing two-part models regardless of the data complexity. An R package implementing the proposed methods has been developed and deposited on GitHub (https://github.com/SkadiEye/fsDNN).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zou, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xenakis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.07.544106</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Deep Neural Network Two-part Model and Feature Importance Test for Semi-continuous Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.07.543965v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The chromatin landscape of healthy and injured cell types in the human kidney 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.07.543965v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is a need to define regions of gene activation or repression that control human kidney cells in states of health, injury, and repair to understand the molecular pathogenesis of kidney disease and design therapeutic strategies. However, comprehensive integration of gene expression with epigenetic features that define regulatory elements remains a significant challenge. We measured dual single nucleus RNA expression and chromatin accessibility, DNA methylation, and H3K27ac, H3K4me1, H3K4me3, and H3K27me3 histone modifications to decipher the chromatin landscape and gene regulation of the kidney in reference and adaptive injury states. We established a comprehensive and spatially-anchored epigenomic atlas to define the kidneys active, silent, and regulatory accessible chromatin regions across the genome. Using this atlas, we noted distinct control of adaptive injury in different epithelial cell types. A proximal tubule cell transcription factor network of ELF3, KLF6, and KLF10 regulated the transition between health and injury, while in thick ascending limb cells this transition was regulated by NR2F1. Further, combined perturbation of ELF3, KLF6, and KLF10 distinguished two adaptive proximal tubular cell subtypes, one of which manifested a repair trajectory after knockout. This atlas will serve as a foundation to facilitate targeted cell-specific therapeutics by reprogramming gene regulatory networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gisch, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lake, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basta, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melo Ferreira, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akilesh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghag, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parikh, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rovin, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robbins, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conklin, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diep, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knoten, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barwinska, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asghari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabo, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferkowicz, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutton, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Boer, I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosas, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiryluk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodgin, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alakwaa, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jefferson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaut, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gehlenborg, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Achkar, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dagher, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hato, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Himmelfarb, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kretzler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mollah, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kidney Precision Medicine Project,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ra</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.07.543965</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The chromatin landscape of healthy and injured cell types in the human kidney]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.07.544054v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glucocorticoid stress hormones stimulate vesicle-free Tau secretion and spreading in the brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.07.544054v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic stress and elevated levels of glucocorticoids (GCs), the main stress hormones, accelerate Alzheimers disease (AD) onset and progression. A major driver of AD progression is the spreading of pathogenic Tau protein between brain regions, precipitated by neuronal Tau secretion. While stress and high GC levels are known to induce intraneuronal Tau pathology (i.e. hyperphosphorylation, oligomerization) in animal models, their role in trans-neuronal Tau spreading is unexplored. Here, we find that GCs promote secretion of full-length, vesicle-free, phosphorylated Tau from murine hippocampal neurons and ex vivo brain slices. This process occurs via type 1 unconventional protein secretion (UPS) and requires neuronal activity and the kinase GSK3{beta}. GCs also dramatically enhance trans-neuronal Tau spreading in vivo, and this effect is blocked by an inhibitor of Tau oligomerization and type 1 UPS. These findings uncover a potential mechanism by which stress/GCs stimulate Tau propagation in AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belli, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomes, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotiropoulos, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waites, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.07.544054</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glucocorticoid stress hormones stimulate vesicle-free Tau secretion and spreading in the brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.07.543976v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transforming descending input into behavior: The organization of premotor circuits in the Drosophila Male Adult Nerve Cord connectome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.07.543976v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In most animals, a relatively small number of descending neurons (DNs) connect higher brain centers in the animals head to circuits and motor neurons (MNs) in the nerve cord of the animals body that effect movement of the limbs. To understand how brain signals generate behavior, it is critical to understand how these descending pathways are organized onto the body MNs. In the fly, Drosophila melanogaster, MNs controlling muscles in the leg, wing, and other motor systems reside in a ventral nerve cord (VNC), analogous to the mammalian spinal cord. In companion papers, we introduced a densely-reconstructed connectome of the Drosophila Male Adult Nerve Cord (MANC, (Takemura et al., 2024)), including cell type and developmental lineage annotation (Marin et al., 2024), which provides complete VNC connectivity at synaptic resolution. Here, we present a first look at the organization of the VNC networks connecting DNs to MNs based on this new connectome information. We proofread and curated all DNs and MNs to ensure accuracy and reliability, then systematically matched DN axon terminals and MN dendrites with light microscopy data to link their VNC morphology with their brain inputs or muscle targets. We report both broad organizational patterns of the entire network and fine-scale analysis of selected circuits of interest. We discover that direct DN-MN connections are infrequent and identify communities of intrinsic neurons linked to control of different motor systems, including putative ventral circuits for walking, dorsal circuits for flight steering and power generation, and intermediate circuits in the lower tectulum for coordinated action of wings and legs. Our analysis generates hypotheses for future functional experiments and, together with the MANC connectome, empowers others to investigate these and other circuits of the Drosophila ventral nerve cord in richer mechanistic detail.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheong, H. S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuerner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asinof, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Champion, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marin, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oram, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumathipala, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatasubramanian, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Namiki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siwanowicz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janelia FlyEM Project Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jefferis, G. S. X. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Card, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.07.543976</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transforming descending input into behavior: The organization of premotor circuits in the Drosophila Male Adult Nerve Cord connectome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.11.543863v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative genetic, biochemical, and biophysical analyses of the four E. coli ABCF paralogs support distinct functions related to mRNA translation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.11.543863v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple paralogous ABCF ATPases are encoded in most genomes, but the physiological functions remain unknown for most of them. We herein compare the four Escherichia coli K12 ABCFs - EttA, Uup, YbiT, and YheS - using assays previously employed to demonstrate EttA gates the first step of polypeptide elongation on the ribosome dependent on ATP/ADP ratio. A {Delta}uup knockout, like {Delta}ettA, exhibits strongly reduced fitness when growth is restarted from long-term stationary phase, but neither {Delta}ybiT nor {Delta}yheS exhibits this phenotype. All four proteins nonetheless functionally interact with ribosomes based on in vitro translation and single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer experiments employing variants harboring glutamate-to-glutamine active-site mutations (EQ2) that trap them in the ATP-bound conformation. These variants all strongly stabilize the same global conformational state of a ribosomal elongation complex harboring deacylated tRNAVal in the P site. However, EQ2-Uup uniquely exchanges on/off the ribosome on a second timescale, while EQ2-YheS-bound ribosomes uniquely sample alternative global conformations. At sub-micromolar concentrations, EQ2-EttA and EQ2-YbiT fully inhibit in vitro translation of an mRNA encoding luciferase, while EQ2-Uup and EQ2-YheS only partially inhibit it at ~10-fold higher concentrations. Moreover, tripeptide synthesis reactions are not inhibited by EQ2-Uup or EQ2-YheS, while EQ2-YbiT inhibits synthesis of both peptide bonds and EQ2-EttA specifically traps ribosomes after synthesis of the first peptide bond. These results support the four E. coli ABCF paralogs all having different activities on translating ribosomes, and they suggest that there remains a substantial amount of functionally uncharacterized "dark matter" involved in mRNA translation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ousalem, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neky, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sibindi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boël, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.11.543863</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative genetic, biochemical, and biophysical analyses of the four E. coli ABCF paralogs support distinct functions related to mRNA translation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.11.544491v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resting-state EEG signatures of Alzheimer's disease are driven by periodic but not aperiodic changes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.11.544491v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electroencephalography (EEG) has shown potential for identifying early-stage biomarkers of neurocognitive dysfunction associated with dementia due to Alzheimers disease (AD). A large body of evidence shows that, compared to healthy controls (HC), AD is associated with power increases in lower EEG frequencies (delta and theta) and decreases in higher frequencies (alpha and beta), together with slowing of the peak alpha frequency. However, the pathophysiological processes underlying these changes remain unclear. For instance, recent studies have shown that apparent shifts in EEG power from high to low frequencies can be driven either by frequency specific periodic power changes or rather by non-oscillatory (aperiodic) changes in the underlying 1/f slope of the power spectrum. Hence, to clarify the mechanism(s) underlying the EEG alterations associated with AD, it is necessary to account for both periodic and aperiodic characteristics of the EEG signal. Across two independent datasets, we examined whether resting-state EEG changes linked to AD reflect true oscillatory (periodic) changes, changes in the aperiodic (non-oscillatory) signal, or a combination of both. We found strong evidence that the alterations are purely periodic in nature, with decreases in oscillatory power at alpha and beta frequencies (AD < HC) leading to lower (alpha + beta) / (delta + theta) power ratios in AD. Aperiodic EEG features did not differ between AD and HC. By replicating the findings in two cohorts, we provide robust evidence for purely oscillatory pathophysiology in AD and against aperiodic EEG changes. We therefore clarify the alterations underlying the neural dynamics in AD and emphasise the robustness of oscillatory AD signatures, which may further be used as potential prognostic or interventional targets in future clinical investigations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kopcanova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tait, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donoghue, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stothart, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores Sandoval, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davila-Perez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buss, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shafi, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascual-Leone, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fried, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benwell, C. S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.11.544491</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resting-state EEG signatures of Alzheimer's disease are driven by periodic but not aperiodic changes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.12.544631v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanism of DNA unwinding by hexameric MCM8-9 in complex with HROB 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.12.544631v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human MCM8-9 helicase functions in concert with HROB in the context of homologous recombination, but its precise function is unknown. To gain insights into how HROB regulates MCM8-9, we first used molecular modeling and biochemistry to define their interaction interface. We show that HROB makes important contacts with both MCM8 and MCM9 subunits, which directly promotes its DNA-dependent ATPase and helicase activities. MCM8-9-HROB preferentially binds and unwinds branched DNA structures, and single-molecule experiments reveal a low DNA unwinding processivity. MCM8-9 unwinds DNA as a hexameric complex that assembles from dimers on DNA in the presence of ATP, which is prerequisite for its helicase function. The hexamer formation thus involves two repeating protein-protein interfaces forming between the alternating MCM8 and MCM9 subunits. One of these interfaces is rather stable and forms an obligate heterodimer, while the other interface is labile and mediates the assembly of the hexamer on DNA, independently of HROB. The ATPase site composed of the subunits forming the labile interface disproportionally contributes to DNA unwinding. HROB does not affect the MCM8-9 ring formation, but promotes DNA unwinding downstream by possibly coordinating ATP hydrolysis with structural transitions accompanying translocation of MCM8-9 on DNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Acharya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bret, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muetze, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goese, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kissling, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciccia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerois, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cejka, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.12.544631</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanism of DNA unwinding by hexameric MCM8-9 in complex with HROB]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.12.544654v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Incomplete Reprogramming of DNA Replication Timing in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.12.544654v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) are a widely used cell system and a foundation for cell therapy. Differences in gene expression, DNA methylation, and chromatin conformation, which have the potential to affect differentiation capacity, have been identified between iPSCs and embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Less is known about whether DNA replication timing - a process linked to both genome regulation and genome stability - is efficiently reprogrammed to the embryonic state. To answer this, we profiled and compared genome-wide replication timing between ESCs, iPSCs, and cells reprogrammed by somatic cell nuclear transfer (NT-ESCs). While NT-ESCs replicated their DNA in a manner indistinguishable from ESCs, a subset of iPSCs exhibit delayed replication at heterochromatic regions containing genes downregulated in iPSC with incompletely reprogrammed DNA methylation. DNA replication delays were not the result of gene expression and DNA methylation aberrations and persisted after differentiating cells to neuronal precursors. Thus, DNA replication timing can be resistant to reprogramming and lead to undesirable phenotypes in iPSCs, establishing it as an important genomic feature to consider when evaluating iPSC lines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Edwards, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massey, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.12.544654</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Incomplete Reprogramming of DNA Replication Timing in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.07.544074v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Organization of an Ascending Circuit that Conveys Flight Motor State 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.07.544074v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural behaviors are a coordinated symphony of motor acts which drive self-induced or reafferent sensory activation. Single sensors only signal presence and magnitude of a sensory cue; they cannot disambiguate exafferent (externally-induced) from reafferent sources. Nevertheless, animals readily differentiate between these sources of sensory signals to make appropriate decisions and initiate adaptive behavioral outcomes. This is mediated by predictive motor signaling mechanisms, which emanate from motor control pathways to sensory processing pathways, but how predictive motor signaling circuits function at the cellular and synaptic level is poorly understood. We use a variety of techniques, including connectomics from both male and female electron microscopy volumes, transcriptomics, neuroanatomical, physiological and behavioral approaches to resolve the network architecture of two pairs of ascending histaminergic neurons (AHNs), which putatively provide predictive motor signals to several sensory and motor neuropil. Both AHN pairs receive input primarily from an overlapping population of descending neurons, many of which drive wing motor output. The two AHN pairs target almost exclusively non-overlapping downstream neural networks including those that process visual, auditory and mechanosensory information as well as networks coordinating wing, haltere, and leg motor output. These results support the conclusion that the AHN pairs multi-task, integrating a large amount of common input, then tile their output in the brain, providing predictive motor signals to non-overlapping sensory networks affecting motor control both directly and indirectly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheong, H. S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boone, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salman, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ralston, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phelps, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phelps, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erginkaya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, W.-C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Card, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daly, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dacks, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.07.544074</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Organization of an Ascending Circuit that Conveys Flight Motor State]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.14.544909v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultra-high field fMRI of visual mental imagery in typical imagers and aphantasic individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.14.544909v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most of us effortlessly describe visual objects, whether seen or remembered. Yet, around 4% of people report congenital aphantasia: they struggle to visualize objects despite being able to describe their visual appearance. What neural mechanisms create this disparity between subjective experience and objective performance? Aphantasia can provide novel insights into conscious processing and awareness. We used ultra-high field 7T fMRI to establish the neural circuits involved in visual mental imagery and perception, and to elucidate the neural mechanisms associated with the processing of internally generated visual information in the absence of imagery experience in congenital aphantasia. Ten typical imagers and 10 aphantasic individuals performed imagery and perceptual tasks in five domains: object shape, object color, written words, faces, and spatial relationships. In typical imagers, imagery tasks activated left-hemisphere frontoparietal areas, the relevant domain-preferring areas in the ventral temporal cortex partly overlapping with the perceptual domain-preferring areas, and a domain-general area in the left fusiform gyrus (the Fusiform Imagery Node). The results were valid for each individual participant. In aphantasic individuals, imagery activated similar visual areas, but there was reduced functional connectivity between the Fusiform Imagery Node and frontoparietal areas. Our results unveil the domain-general and domain-specific circuits of visual mental imagery, their functional disorganization in aphantasia, and support the general hypothesis that conscious visual experience - whether perceived or imagined - depends on the integrated activity of high-level visual cortex and frontoparietal networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hajhajate, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spagna, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dehaene, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartolomeo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.14.544909</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultra-high field fMRI of visual mental imagery in typical imagers and aphantasic individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.14.544970v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Common molecular signatures between coronavirus infection and Alzheimer's disease reveal targets for drug development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.14.544970v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cognitive decline has been reported as a common consequence of COVID-19, and studies have suggested a link between COVID-19 infection and Alzheimers disease (AD). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this association remain unclear. To shed light on this link, we conducted an integrated genomic analysis using a novel Robust Rank Aggregation method to identify common transcriptional signatures of the frontal cortex, a critical area for cognitive function, between individuals with AD and COVID-19. We then performed various analyses, including the KEGG pathway, GO ontology, protein-protein interaction, hub gene, gene-miRNA, and gene-transcription factor interaction analyses to identify molecular components of biological pathways that are associated with AD in the brain also show similar changes in severe COVID-19. Our findings revealed the molecular mechanisms underpinning the association between COVID-19 infection and AD development and identified several genes, miRNAs, and TFs that may be targeted for therapeutic purposes. However, further research is needed to investigate the diagnostic and therapeutic applications of these findings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abyadeh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.14.544970</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Common molecular signatures between coronavirus infection and Alzheimer's disease reveal targets for drug development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.15.543498v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-EM studies of the four E. coli paralogs establish ABCF proteins as master plumbers of the peptidyl-transferase center of the ribosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.15.543498v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genomes of most mesophilic organisms encode multiple ATP-Binding Cassette F (ABCF) proteins. EttA, one of four E. coli paralogs, regulates synthesis of the first peptide bond on the ribosome dependent on ATP/ADP ratio, while Antibiotic Resistance factors (AREs), paralogs in other organisms, both regulate and directly mediate resistance to ribosome-targeted antibiotics. However, the physiological functions remain unclear for most paralogs, and the mechanism-of-action has yet to be rigorously established for any paralog. We herein present single particle cryogenic electron microscopy structures of ribosome complexes of all four E. coli ABCF paralogs (EttA, Uup, YbiT, and YheS), which, together with previously determined ARE structures, show that ABCFs control the binding geometry of the tRNA in the peptidyl-tRNA-binding (P) site on the ribosome. They modulate the position of its acceptor stem relative to the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) in a manner that can either promote (EttA and Uup) or disrupt (YbiT, YheS, and the AREs) proper catalytic geometry. The YbiT/70S reconstructions include a conformation with no density for ribosomal protein bL33, and structural analyses support the exchange of this sub-stoichiometric ribosomal protein being functionally related to conformational changes in YbiT controlled by sequence variations in the strongly non-canonical Signature Sequence in its first ABC domain. Our studies establish general structural/enzymological principles by which the ATPase activity of ABCF proteins controls translation elongation coupled to modulation of conformation and stereochemistry in the catalytic core of the ribosome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentry, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altomare, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neky, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chi, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grassucci, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boël, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.15.543498</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-EM studies of the four E. coli paralogs establish ABCF proteins as master plumbers of the peptidyl-transferase center of the ribosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.16.545359v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unbiased single-cell morphology with self-supervised vision transformers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.16.545359v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurately quantifying cellular morphology at scale could substantially empower existing single-cell approaches. However, measuring cell morphology remains an active field of research, which has inspired multiple computer vision algorithms over the years. Here, we show that DINO, a vision-transformer based, self-supervised algorithm, has a remarkable ability for learning rich representations of cellular morphology without manual annotations or any other type of supervision. We evaluate DINO on a wide variety of tasks across three publicly available imaging datasets of diverse specifications and biological focus. We find that DINO encodes meaningful features of cellular morphology at multiple scales, from subcellular and single-cell resolution, to multi-cellular and aggregated experimental groups. Importantly, DINO successfully uncovers a hierarchy of biological and technical factors of variation in imaging datasets. The results show that DINO can support the study of unknown biological variation, including single-cell heterogeneity and relationships between samples, making it an excellent tool for image-based biological discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Doron, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moutakanni, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moshkov, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caron, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Touvron, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bojanowski, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pernice, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caicedo, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.16.545359</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unbiased single-cell morphology with self-supervised vision transformers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.19.545593v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regional pulmonary perfusion, blood volume, and their relationship change during early ARDS in an experimental study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.19.545593v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regional pulmonary perfusion (Q) has been investigated using blood volume (Fb) imaging as an easier-to-measure surrogate. However, it is unclear if changing pulmonary conditions could affect their relationship. We hypothesized that vascular changes in early acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) affect Q and Fb differently. Five sheep were anesthetized and received protective mechanical ventilation for 20 hours while endotoxin was continuously infused. Using dynamic 18F-FDG and 13NN Positron Emission Tomography (PET), regional Fb and Q were analysed in 30 regions of interest (ROIs) and normalized by tissue content (Fbn and Qn, respectively). After 20 hours, the animals lung injury showed characteristics of early ARDS, including gas exchange and lung mechanics. PET images of Fbn and Qn showed substantial differences between baseline and lung injury. Lung injury caused a significant change in the Fbn-Qn relationship compared to baseline (p<0.001). The best models at baseline and lung injury were Fbn=0.32+0.690Qn and Fbn=1.684Qn-0.538Qn2, respectively. Early ARDS changed the relationship between Fb and Q from linear to curvilinear. Effects of endotoxin exposure on the vasoactive blood flow regulation were most likely the key factor for this change limiting the quantitative accuracy of Fb imaging as a surrogate for regional Q.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Santos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Motta-Ribeiro, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Prost, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucci, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wellman, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidal Melo, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.19.545593</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regional pulmonary perfusion, blood volume, and their relationship change during early ARDS in an experimental study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.20.545666v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell arrangement impacts metabolic activity and antibiotic tolerance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.20.545666v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells must access resources to survive, and the anatomy of multicellular structures influences this access. In diverse multicellular eukaryotes, resources are provided by internal conduits that allow substances to travel more readily through tissue than they would via diffusion. Microbes growing in multicellular structures, called biofilms, are also affected by differential access to resources and we hypothesized that this is influenced by the physical arrangement of the cells. In this study, we examined the microanatomy of biofilms formed by the pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa and discovered that clonal cells form striations that are packed lengthwise across most of a mature biofilms depth. We identified mutants, including those defective in pilus function and in O-antigen attachment, that show alterations to this lengthwise packing phenotype. Consistent with the notion that cellular arrangement affects access to resources within the biofilm, we found that while the wild type shows even distribution of tested substrates across depth, the mutants show accumulation of substrates at the biofilm boundaries. Furthermore, we found that altered cellular arrangement within biofilms affects the localization of metabolic activity, the survival of resident cells, and the susceptibility of subpopulations to antibiotic treatment. Our observations provide insight into cellular features that determine biofilm microanatomy, with consequences for physiological differentiation and drug sensitivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dayton, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiss, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chauhan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaMarre, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornell, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janakiraman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price-Whelan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nirody, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dietrich, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.20.545666</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell arrangement impacts metabolic activity and antibiotic tolerance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.21.545848v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Jointly efficient encoding and decoding in neural populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.21.545848v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The efficient coding approach proposes that neural systems represent as much sensory information as biological constraints allow. It aims at formalizing encoding as a constrained optimal process. A different approach, that aims at formalizing decoding, proposes that neural systems instantiate a generative model of the sensory world. Here, we put forth a normative framework that characterizes neural systems as jointly optimizing encoding and decoding. It takes the form of a variational autoencoder: sensory stimuli are encoded in the noisy activity of neurons to be interpreted by a flexible decoder; encoding must allow for an accurate stimulus reconstruction from neural activity. Jointly, neural activity is required to represent the statistics of latent features which are mapped by the decoder into distributions over sensory stimuli; decoding correspondingly optimizes the accuracy of the generative model. This framework yields in a family of encoding-decoding models, which result in equally accurate generative models, indexed by a measure of the stimulus-induced deviation of neural activity from the marginal distribution over neural activity. Each member of this family predicts a specific relation between properties of the sensory neurons--such as the arrangement of the tuning curve means (preferred stimuli) and widths (degrees of selectivity) in the population--as a function of the statistics of the sensory world. Our approach thus generalizes the efficient coding approach. Notably, here, the form of the constraint on the optimization derives from the requirement of an accurate generative model, while it is arbitrary in efficient coding models. Moreover, solutions do not require the knowledge of the stimulus distribution, but are learned on the basis of data samples; the constraint further acts as regularizer, allowing the model to generalize beyond the training data. Finally, we characterize the family of models we obtain through alternate measures of performance, such as the error in stimulus reconstruction. We find that a range of models admits comparable performance; in particular, a population of sensory neurons with broad tuning curves as observed experimentally yields both low reconstruction stimulus error and an accurate generative model that generalizes robustly to unseen data.

Author summaryOur brain represents the sensory world in the activity of populations of neurons. Two theories have addressed the nature of these representations. The first theory--efficient coding--posits that neurons encode as much information as possible about sensory stimuli, subject to resource constraints such as limits on energy consumption. The second one--generative modeling--focuses on decoding, and is organized around the idea that neural activity plays the role of a latent variable from which sensory stimuli can be simulated. Our work subsumes the two approaches in a unifying framework based on the mathematics of variational autoencoders. Unlike in efficient coding, which assumes full knowledge of stimulus statistics, here representations are learned from examples, in a joint optimization of encoding and decoding. This new framework yields a range of optimal representations, corresponding to different models of neural selectivity and reconstruction performances, depending on the resource constraint. The form of the constraint is not arbitrary but derives from the optimization framework, and its strength tunes the ability of the model to generalize beyond the training example. Central to the approach, and to the nature of the representations it implies, is the interplay of encoding and decoding, itself central to brain processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blanco Malerba, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Micheli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodford, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azeredo da Silveira, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.21.545848</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Jointly efficient encoding and decoding in neural populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.19.545594v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CellStitch: 3D Cellular Anisotropic Image Segmentation via Optimal Transport 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.19.545594v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSpatial mapping of transcriptional states provides valuable biological insights into cellular functions and interactions in the context of the tissue. Accurate 3D cell segmentation is a critical step in the analysis of this data towards understanding diseases and normal development in situ. Current approaches designed to automate 3D segmentation include stitching masks along one dimension, training a 3D neural network architecture from scratch, and reconstructing a 3D volume from 2D segmentations on all dimensions. However, the applicability of existing methods is hampered by inaccurate segmentations along the non-stitching dimensions, the lack of high-quality diverse 3D training data, and inhomogeneity among different dimensions; as a result, they have not been widely used in practice.

MethodsTo address these challenges, we formulate the problem of finding cell correspondence across layers with a novel optimal transport (OT) approach. We propose CellStitch, a flexible pipeline that segments cells from 3D images without requiring large amounts of 3D training data. We further extend our method to interpolate internal slices from highly anisotropic cell images to recover isotropic cell morphology.

ResultsWe evaluated the performance of CellStitch through eight 3D plant microscopic datasets with diverse anisotropic levels and cell shapes. CellStitch substantially outperforms the state-of-the art methods on anisotropic images, and achieves comparable segmentation quality against competing methods in isotropic setting. We benchmarked and reported 3D segmentation results of all the methods with instance-level precision, recall and average precision (AP) metrics.

ConclusionThe proposed OT-based 3D segmentation pipeline outperformed the existing state-of-the-art methods on different datasets with nonzero anisotropy, providing high fidelity recovery of 3D cell morphology from microscopic images.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azizi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blumberg, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.19.545594</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CellStitch: 3D Cellular Anisotropic Image Segmentation via Optimal Transport]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.21.545957v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional interaction of torsinA and its activators in liver lipid metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.21.545957v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TorsinA is an atypical ATPase that lacks intrinsic activity unless it is bound to its activators lamina-associated polypeptide 1 (LAP1) in the perinuclear space or luminal domain-like LAP1 (LULL1) throughout the endoplasmic reticulum. However, the interaction of torsinA with LAP1 and LULL1 has not yet been shown to modulate a defined physiological process in mammals in vivo. We previously demonstrated that depletion of torsinA from mouse hepatocytes leads to reduced liver triglyceride secretion and marked steatosis, whereas depletion of LAP1 had more modest similar effects. We now show that depletion of LULL1 alone does not significantly decrease liver triglyceride secretion or cause steatosis. However, simultaneous depletion of both LAP1 and LULL1 from hepatocytes leads to defective triglyceride secretion and marked steatosis similar to that observed with depletion of torsinA. Our results demonstrate that torsinA and its activators dynamically regulate a physiological process in mammals in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-Ono, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostlund, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginsberg, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worman, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.21.545957</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional interaction of torsinA and its activators in liver lipid metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.21.546024v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Small-field visual projection neurons detect translational optic flow and support walking control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.21.546024v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals rely on visual motion for navigating the world, and research in flies has clarified how neural circuits extract information from moving visual scenes. However, the major pathways connecting these patterns of optic flow to behavior remain poorly understood. Using a high-throughput quantitative assay of visually guided behaviors and genetic neuronal silencing, we discovered a region in Drosophilas protocerebrum critical for visual motion following. We used neuronal silencing, calcium imaging, and optogenetics to identify a single cell type, LPC1, that innervates this region, detects translational optic flow, and plays a key role in regulating forward walking. Moreover, the population of LPC1s can estimate the travelling direction, such as when gaze direction diverges from body heading. By linking specific cell types and their visual computations to specific behaviors, our findings establish a foundation for understanding how the nervous system uses vision to guide navigation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Isaacson, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eliason, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nern, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lott, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabachnik, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowell, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korff, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Branson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiser, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.21.546024</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Small-field visual projection neurons detect translational optic flow and support walking control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.20.545729v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Blood flow directionality establishes the SCN as source and OVLT as target within a new vascular portal pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.20.545729v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the locus of a brain clock that sets the phase of oscillation in cells throughout the brain and body. Anatomical evidence reveals a portal system linking the SCN and the OVLT (here termed SCN-OVLTp). This discovery begs the question of the direction of blood flow and the nature of diffusible signals that flow in this specialized vasculature. Here we show unequivocally that the direction of blood flow is from the SCN to the OVLT, that the rate of flow is under circadian regulation, and that vasopressin (AVP) is present in portal vessels following systemic injection. These findings highlight a previously unknown CNS communication pathway. It is well established that the SCN is required for circadian regulation of AVP in the CSF and that the OVLT bears AVP receptors. Specifically, SCN neurons are necessary for time-stamped signals such as the peptide AVP, that can travel via portal veins to a target in the OVLT. The OVLT, a circumventricular organ offering a "window to the brain," can relay neural and diffusible signals to broad brain areas via its efferent connections and via the CSF. We conclude that the SCN-OVLTp, like that of the pituitary portal system, discovered almost a century ago, allows neurosecretions to reach nearby specialized target sites, thereby avoiding dilution in the systemic blood. In both of these brain portal pathways, the target site, namely the pituitary and OVLT respectively, relay signals broadly, to both the brain and the rest of the body.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roy, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silver, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.20.545729</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Blood flow directionality establishes the SCN as source and OVLT as target within a new vascular portal pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.546129v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling of mitochondrial genetic polymorphisms reveals induction of heteroplasmy by pleiotropic disease locus MT:10398A>G 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.546129v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial (MT) dysfunction has been associated with several neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimers disease (AD). While MT-copy number differences have been implicated in AD, the effect of MT heteroplasmy on AD has not been well characterized. Here, we analyzed over 1,800 whole genome sequencing data from four AD cohorts in seven different tissue types to determine the extent of MT heteroplasmy present. While MT-heteroplasmy was present throughout the entire MT genome for blood samples, we detected MT-heteroplasmy only within the MT control region for brain samples. We observed that an MT variant 10398A>G (rs2853826) was significantly associated with overall MT-heteroplasmy in brain tissue while also being linked with the largest number of distinct disease phenotypes of all annotated MT variants in MitoMap. Using gene-expression data from our brain samples, our modeling discovered several gene networks involved in mitochondrial respiratory chain and Complex I function associated with 10398A>G. The variant was also found to be an expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) for the gene MT-ND3. We further characterized the effect of 10398A>G by phenotyping a population of lymphoblastoid cell-lines (LCLs) with and without the variant allele. Examination of RNA sequence data from these LCLs reveal that 10398A>G was an eQTL for MT-ND4. We also observed in LCLs that 10398A>G was significantly associated with overall MT-heteroplasmy within the MT control region, confirming the initial findings observed in post-mortem brain tissue. These results provide novel evidence linking MT SNPs with MT heteroplasmy and open novel avenues for the investigation of pathomechanisms that are driven by this pleiotropic disease associated loci.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smullen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suresh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barton, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Fontaine, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Church, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mastroeni, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Readhead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.22.546129</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling of mitochondrial genetic polymorphisms reveals induction of heteroplasmy by pleiotropic disease locus MT:10398A>G]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.23.546336v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single neuron analysis of aging associated changes in learning reveals progressive impairmentsin transcriptional plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.23.546336v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Molecular mechanisms underlying aging associated impairments in learning and long-term memory storage are poorly understood. Here we leveraged the single identified motor neuron L7 in Aplysia, which mediates a form of non-associative learning, sensitization of the siphon-withdraw reflex, to assess the transcriptomic correlates of aging associated changes in learning. RNAseq analysis of the single L7 motor neuron isolated following short-term or long-term sensitization training of 8,10 and 12 months old Aplysia, corresponding to mature, late mature and senescent stages, has revealed progressive impairments in transcriptional plasticity during aging. Specifically, we observed modulation of the expression of multiple lncRNAs and mRNAs encoding transcription factors, regulators of translation, RNA methylation, and cytoskeletal rearrangements during learning and their deficits during aging. Our comparative gene expression analysis also revealed the recruitment of specific transcriptional changes in two other neurons, the motor neuron L11 and the giant cholinergic neuron R2 whose roles in long-term sensitization were previously not known. Taken together, our analyses establish cell type specific progressive impairments in the expression of learning- and memory-related components of the transcriptome during aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Badal, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadhu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCracken, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raveendra, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lozano-Villada, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shetty, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillette, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stommes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fieber, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmale, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahurkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkins, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puthanveettil, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.23.546336</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single neuron analysis of aging associated changes in learning reveals progressive impairmentsin transcriptional plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.546173v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High performers demonstrate greater neural synchrony than low performers across behavioral domains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.546173v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heterogeneity in brain activity gives rise to heterogeneity in behavior, which in turn comprises our distinctive characteristics as individuals. Studying the path from brain to behavior, however, often requires making assumptions about how similarity in behavior scales with similarity in brain activity. Here, we expand upon recent work which proposes a theoretical framework for testing the validity of such assumptions. Using intersubject representational similarity analysis in two independent movie-watching fMRI datasets, we probe how brain-behavior relationships vary as a function of behavioral domain and participant sample. We find evidence that, in some cases, the neural similarity of two individuals is not correlated with behavioral similarity. Rather, individuals with higher behavioral scores are more similar to other high scorers whereas individuals with lower behavioral scores are dissimilar from everyone else. Ultimately, our findings motivate a more extensive investigation of both the structure of brain-behavior relationships and the tacit assumption that people who behave similarly will demonstrate shared patterns of brain activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chamberlain, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corriveau, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chun, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.22.546173</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High performers demonstrate greater neural synchrony than low performers across behavioral domains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.23.544732v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Present: flexible neuroscience- and technology-driven frameworks for the study of classroom engagement 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.23.544732v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Classroom engagements impact on academic success is crucial. However, the contributions of affective, cognitive, and behavioral components of engagement remain uncertain. We conducted two studies using non-invasive, research-based approaches to clarify these contributions. Study 1 employed portable EEG headsets to measure cognitive engagement, in-class quizzes assessed content retention, and post-class subjective questionnaires indexed affective engagement by measuring feelings of learning and engagement. Content retention predicted subjective measures, while the EEG theta/beta ratio was negatively related to content retention but positively related to subjective measures. Study 2 featured embedded measures of content retention, confidence, engagement, background knowledge, and indexed behavioral engagement looking at nonverbal behavior quantified via video camera recordings. Confidence and engagement were significantly correlated with each other and with particular facial muscle, gaze direction, and head pose movements. We discuss how these approaches enable real-time studies of classroom engagement and can be integrated to develop neurofeedback interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shatto, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorpe, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosario, I. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spagna, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.23.544732</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Present: flexible neuroscience- and technology-driven frameworks for the study of classroom engagement]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.26.546143v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2C enhances vesicular storage of dopamine and counters dopaminergic toxicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.26.546143v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra exist in a persistent state of vulnerability resulting from high baseline oxidative stress, high energy demand, and broad unmyelinated axonal arborizations. Impairments in the storage of dopamine compound this stress due to cytosolic reactions that transform the vital neurotransmitter into an endogenous neurotoxicant, and this toxicity is thought to contribute to the dopamine neuron degeneration that occurs Parkinsons disease. We have previously identified synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2C (SV2C) as a modifier of vesicular dopamine function, demonstrating that genetic ablation of SV2C in mice results in decreased dopamine content and evoked dopamine release in the striatum. Here, we adapted a previously published in vitro assay utilizing false fluorescent neurotransmitter 206 (FFN206) to visualize how SV2C regulates vesicular dopamine dynamics and determined that SV2C promotes the uptake and retention of FFN206 within vesicles. In addition, we present data indicating that SV2C enhances the retention of dopamine in the vesicular compartment with radiolabeled dopamine in vesicles isolated from immortalized cells and from mouse brain. Further, we demonstrate that SV2C enhances the ability of vesicles to store the neurotoxicant 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) and that genetic ablation of SV2C results in enhanced 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced vulnerability in mice. Together, these findings suggest that SV2C functions to enhance vesicular storage of dopamine and neurotoxicants, and helps maintain the integrity of dopaminergic neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bucher, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradner, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egerton, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkett, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.26.546143</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2C enhances vesicular storage of dopamine and counters dopaminergic toxicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.26.546528v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interaction molecular QTL mapping discovers cellular and environmental modifiers of genetic regulatory effects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.26.546528v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bulk tissue molecular quantitative trait loci (QTLs) have been the starting point for interpreting disease-associated variants, while context-specific QTLs show particular relevance for disease. Here, we present the results of mapping interaction QTLs (iQTLs) for cell type, age, and other phenotypic variables in multi-omic, longitudinal data from blood of individuals of diverse ancestries. By modeling the interaction between genotype and estimated cell type proportions, we demonstrate that cell type iQTLs could be considered as proxies for cell type-specific QTL effects. The interpretation of age iQTLs, however, warrants caution as the moderation effect of age on the genotype and molecular phenotype association may be mediated by changes in cell type composition. Finally, we show that cell type iQTLs contribute to cell type-specific enrichment of diseases that, in combination with additional functional data, may guide future functional studies. Overall, this study highlights iQTLs to gain insights into the context-specificity of regulatory effects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kasela, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim-Hellmuth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachun, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tracy, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durda, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Den Berg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabriel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackwell, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotter, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardlie, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manichaikul, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lappalainen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.26.546528</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interaction molecular QTL mapping discovers cellular and environmental modifiers of genetic regulatory effects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.27.546733v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Salivary Microbiome and Predicted Metabolite Production are Associated with Progression from Barrett's Esophagus to Esophageal Adenocarcinoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.27.546733v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is rising in incidence and associated with poor survival, and established risk factors do not explain this trend. Microbiome alterations have been associated with progression from the precursor Barretts esophagus (BE) to EAC, yet the oral microbiome, tightly linked to the esophageal microbiome and easier to sample, has not been extensively studied in this context. We aimed to assess the relationship between the salivary microbiome and neoplastic progression in BE to identify microbiome-related factors that may drive EAC development. We collected clinical data and oral health and hygiene history and characterized the salivary microbiome from 250 patients with and without BE, including 78 with advanced neoplasia (high grade dysplasia or early adenocarcinoma). We assessed differential relative abundance of taxa by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and associations between microbiome composition and clinical features and used microbiome metabolic modeling to predict metabolite production. We found significant shifts and increased dysbiosis associated with progression to advanced neoplasia, with these associations occurring independent of tooth loss, and the largest shifts were with the genus Streptococcus. Microbiome metabolic models predicted significant shifts in the metabolic capacities of the salivary microbiome in patients with advanced neoplasia, including increases in L- lactic acid and decreases in butyric acid and L-tryptophan production. Our results suggest both a mechanistic and predictive role for the oral microbiome in esophageal adenocarcinoma. Further work is warranted to identify the biological significance of these alterations, to validate metabolic shifts, and to determine whether they represent viable therapeutic targets for prevention of progression in BE.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Solfisburg, Q. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldwin-Hunter, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedberg, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lightdale, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korem, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrams, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.27.546733</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Salivary Microbiome and Predicted Metabolite Production are Associated with Progression from Barrett's Esophagus to Esophageal Adenocarcinoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.27.546708v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A shared linguistic space for transmitting our thoughts from brain to brain in natural conversations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.27.546708v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Effective communication hinges on a mutual understanding of word meaning in different contexts. The embedding space learned by large language models can serve as an explicit model of the shared, context-rich meaning space humans use to communicate their thoughts. We recorded brain activity using electrocorticography during spontaneous, face-to-face conversations in five pairs of epilepsy patients. We demonstrate that the linguistic embedding space can capture the linguistic content of word-by-word neural alignment between speaker and listener. Linguistic content emerged in the speakers brain before word articulation, and the same linguistic content rapidly reemerged in the listeners brain after word articulation. These findings establish a computational framework to study how human brains transmit their thoughts to one another in real-world contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zada, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michelmann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simony, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasenfratz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barham, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zadbood, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melloni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devore, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flinker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devinsky, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nastase, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasson, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.27.546708</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A shared linguistic space for transmitting our thoughts from brain to brain in natural conversations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.29.546882v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A modular approach to handle in-vivo drift correction for high-density extracellular recordings 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.29.546882v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-density neural devices are now offering the possibility to record from neuronal populations in-vivo at unprecedented scale. However, the mechanical drifts often observed in these recordings are currently a major issue for "spike sorting", an essential analysis step to identify the activity of single neurons from extracellular signals. Although several strategies have been proposed to compensate for such drifts, the lack of proper benchmarks makes it hard to assess the quality and effectiveness of motion correction. In this paper, we present an exhaustive benchmark study to precisely and quantitatively evaluate the performance of several state-of-the-art motion correction algorithms introduced in literature. Using simulated recordings with induced drifts, we dissect the origins of the errors performed while applying motion-correction algorithm as a preprocessing step in the spike sorting pipeline. We show how important it is to properly estimate the positions of the neurons from extracellular traces in order to correctly estimate the probe motion, compare several interpolation procedures, and highlight what are the current limits for motion correction approaches.

Significance statement
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garcia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Windolf, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boussard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dichter, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buccino, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yger, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.29.546882</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A modular approach to handle in-vivo drift correction for high-density extracellular recordings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.28.546954v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex peptide receptor is not required for refractoriness to remating or induction of egg laying in Aedes aegypti 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.28.546954v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Across diverse insect taxa, the behavior and physiology of females dramatically changes after mating - processes largely triggered by the transfer of seminal proteins from their mates. In the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster, the seminal protein sex peptide (SP) decreases the likelihood of female flies remating and causes additional behavioral and physiological changes that promote fertility including increasing egg production. Although SP is only found in the Drosophila genus, its receptor, sex peptide receptor (SPR), is the widely-conserved myoinhibitory peptide (MIP) receptor. To test the functional role of SPR in mediating post-mating responses in a non-Drosophila dipteran, we generated two independent Spr-knockout alleles in the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti. Although SPR is needed for post-mating responses in Drosophila and the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera, Spr mutant Ae. aegypti show completely normal post-mating decreases in remating propensity and increases in egg laying. In addition, injection of synthetic SP or accessory gland homogenate from D. melanogaster into virgin female mosquitoes did not elicit these post-mating responses. Our results indicate that Spr is not required for these canonical post-mating responses in Ae. aegypti, indicating that unknown signaling pathways are likely responsible for these behavioral switches in this disease vector.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amaro, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wohl, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitcher, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alfonso-Parra, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avila, F. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paige, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helinski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duvall, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrington, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfner, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMeniman, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.28.546954</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex peptide receptor is not required for refractoriness to remating or induction of egg laying in Aedes aegypti]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.29.547111v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A frame and a hotspot in cochlear mechanics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.29.547111v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Auditory sensation is based in nanoscale vibration of the sensory tissue of the cochlea, the organ of Corti complex (OCC). Motion within the OCC is now observable due to optical coherence tomography. In the cochlear base, in response to sound stimulation, the region that includes the electro-motile outer hair cells (OHC) was observed to move with larger amplitude than the basilar membrane (BM) and surrounding regions. The intense motion is based in active cell mechanics, and the region was termed the "hotspot" (Cooper et al., 2018, Nature comm). In addition to this quantitative distinction, the hotspot moved qualitatively differently than the BM, in that its motion scaled nonlinearly with stimulus level at all frequencies, evincing sub-BF activity. Sub-BF activity enhances non-BF motion; thus the frequency tuning of the hotspot was reduced relative to the BM. Regions that did not exhibit sub-BF activity are here defined as the OCC "frame". By this definition the frame includes the BM, the medial and lateral OCC, and most significantly, the reticular lamina (RL). The frame concept groups the majority OCC as a structure that is largely shielded from sub-BF activity. This shielding, and how it is achieved, are key to the active frequency tuning of the cochlea. The observation that the RL does not move actively sub-BF indicates that hair cell stereocilia are not exposed to sub-BF activity. A complex difference analysis reveals the motion of the hotspot relative to the frame.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Strimbu, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiriboga, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frost, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fallah, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.29.547111</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A frame and a hotspot in cochlear mechanics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.01.547347v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The subacromial bursa is a key regulator of the rotator cuff and a new therapeutic target for improving repair 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.01.547347v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rotator cuff injuries result in over 500,000 surgeries performed annually, an alarmingly high number of which fail. These procedures typically involve repair of the injured tendon and removal of the subacromial bursa. However, recent identification of a resident population of mesenchymal stem cells and inflammatory responsiveness of the bursa to tendinopathy indicate an unexplored biological role of the bursa in the context of rotator cuff disease. Therefore, we aimed to understand the clinical relevance of bursa-tendon crosstalk, characterize the biologic role of the bursa within the shoulder, and test the therapeutic potential for targeting the bursa. Proteomic profiling of patient bursa and tendon samples demonstrated that the bursa is activated by tendon injury. Using a rat to model rotator cuff injury and repair, tenotomy-activated bursa protected the intact tendon adjacent to the injured tendon and maintained the morphology of the underlying bone. The bursa also promoted an early inflammatory response in the injured tendon, initiating key players in wound healing. In vivo results were supported by targeted organ culture studies of the bursa. To examine the potential to therapeutically target the bursa, dexamethasone was delivered to the bursa, prompting a shift in cellular signaling towards resolution of inflammation in the healing tendon. In conclusion, contrary to current clinical practice, the bursa should be retained to the greatest extent possible and provides a new therapeutically target for improving tendon healing outcomes.

One Sentence SummaryThe subacromial bursa is activated by rotator cuff injury and regulates the paracrine environment of the shoulder to maintain the properties of the underlying tendon and bone.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marshall, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrer, X. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunes, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Innis, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luzzi, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forrester, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burt, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, W. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovacevic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomopoulos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.01.547347</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The subacromial bursa is a key regulator of the rotator cuff and a new therapeutic target for improving repair]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.02.547436v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BRD4 directs mitotic cell division by inhibiting DNA damage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.02.547436v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BRD4 binds to acetylated histones to regulate transcription and drive cancer cell proliferation. However, the role of BRD4 in normal cell growth remains to be elucidated. Here we investigated the question by using mouse embryonic fibroblasts with conditional Brd4 knockout (KO). We found that Brd4KO cells grow more slowly than wild type cells: they do not complete replication, fail to achieve mitosis, and exhibit extensive DNA damage throughout all cell cycle stages. BRD4 was required for expression of more than 450 cell cycle genes including genes encoding core histones and centromere/kinetochore proteins that are critical for genome replication and chromosomal segregation. Moreover, we show that many genes controlling R-loop formation and DNA damage response (DDR) require BRD4 for expression. Finally, BRD4 constitutively occupied genes controlling R-loop, DDR and cell cycle progression. We suggest that BRD4 epigenetically marks those genes and serves as a master regulator of normal cell growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ozato, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisniewski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kudoh, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chauhan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.02.547436</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BRD4 directs mitotic cell division by inhibiting DNA damage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.03.547493v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficient numerosity estimation under limited time 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.03.547493v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to rapidly estimate non-symbolic numerical quantities is a well-conserved sense across species with clear evolutionary advantages. Despite its importance, the rapid representation and estimation of numerosity is surprisingly imprecise and biased. However, a formal explanation for this seemingly irrational behavior remains unclear. We develop a unified normative theory of numerosity estimation that parsimoniously incorporates in a single framework information processing constraints alongside Brownian diffusion noise to capture the effects of time exposure of sensory estimations, logarithmic encoding of numerosity representations, and optimal inference via Bayesian decoding. We show that for a given allowable biological capacity constraint our model naturally endogenizes time perception during noisy efficient encoding to predict the complete posterior distribution of numerosity estimates. This model accurately predicts many features of human numerosity estimation as a function of temporal exposure, indicating that humans can rapidly and efficiently sample numerosity information over time. Additionally, we demonstrate how our model fundamentally differs from a thermodynamically-inspired formalization of bounded rationality, where information processing is modeled as acting to shift away from default states. The mechanism we propose is the likely origin of a variety of numerical cognition patterns observed in humans and other animals.

Author summaryHumans have the ability to estimate the number of elements in a set without counting. We share this ability with other species, suggesting that it is evolutionarily relevant. However, despite its relevance, this sense is variable and biased. What is the origin of these imprecisions? We take the view that they are the result of an optimal use of limited neural resources. Because of these limitations, stimuli are encoded with noise. The observer then optimally decodes these noisy representations, taking into account its knowledge of the distribution of stimuli. We build on this view and incorporate stimulus presentation time (or contrast) directly into the encoding process using Brownian motion. This model can parsimoniously predict key characteristics of our perception and outperforms quantitatively and qualitatively a popular modeling approach that considers resource limitations at the stage of the response rather than the encoding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heng, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodford, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polania, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.03.547493</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficient numerosity estimation under limited time]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.03.547577v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Serotonergic modulation of the BNST-CeA circuit promotes sex differences in fear learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.03.547577v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by intense fear memory formation and is diagnosed more often in women than men. Here, we show that serotonin differentially affects fear learning and communication in the extended amygdala of male and female mice. Females showed higher sensitivity to the effects of pharmacologically increasing serotonin during auditory fear conditioning, which enhanced fear memory recall in both sexes. Optogenetic stimulation of dorsal raphe terminals in the anterior dorsal bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (adBNST) during fear conditioning increased c-Fos expression in the BNST and central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), and enhanced fear memory recall via activation of adBNST 5-HT2C receptors in females only. Likewise, in females only, serotonin stimulation during learning enhanced adBNST-CeA high gamma (90-140Hz) synchrony and adBNST-to-CeA communication in high gamma during fear memory recall. We conclude that sex differences in the raphe-BNST-CeA circuit may increase risk of PTSD in women.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ravenelle, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandes-Henriques, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Likhtik, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burghardt, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.03.547577</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Serotonergic modulation of the BNST-CeA circuit promotes sex differences in fear learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.03.547579v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Covalent macrocyclic proteasome inhibitors mitigate resistance in Plasmodium falciparum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.03.547579v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Plasmodium proteasome is a promising antimalarial drug target due to its essential role in all parasite lifecycle stages. Furthermore, proteasome inhibitors have synergistic effects when combined with current first-line artemisinins. Linear peptides that covalently inhibit the proteasome are effective at killing parasites and have a low propensity for inducing resistance. However, these scaffolds generally suffer from poor pharmacokinetics and bioavailability. Here we describe the development of covalent, irreversible macrocyclic inhibitors of the P. falciparum proteasome. We identified compounds with excellent potency and low cytotoxicity, however, the first generation suffered from poor microsomal stability. Further optimization of an existing macrocyclic scaffold resulted in an irreversible covalent inhibitor carrying a vinyl sulfone electrophile that retained high potency, low cytotoxicity, and had acceptable metabolic stability. Importantly, unlike the parent reversible inhibitor that selected for multiple mutations in the proteasome, with one resulting in a 5,000-fold loss of potency, the irreversible analog only showed a 5-fold loss in potency for any single point mutation. Furthermore, an epoxyketone analog of the same scaffold retained potency against a panel of known proteasome mutants. These results confirm that macrocycles are optimal scaffolds to target the malarial proteasome and that the use of a covalent electrophile can greatly reduce the ability of the parasite to generate drug resistance mutations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bennett, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabeche, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faucher, F. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerwick, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fidock, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogyo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.03.547579</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Covalent macrocyclic proteasome inhibitors mitigate resistance in Plasmodium falciparum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.03.547507v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep immunophenotyping reveals circulating activated lymphocytes in individuals at risk for rheumatoid arthritis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.03.547507v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease with currently no universally highly effective prevention strategies. Identifying pathogenic immune phenotypes in  At-Risk populations prior to clinical disease onset is crucial to establishing effective prevention strategies. Here, we applied mass cytometry to deeply characterize the immunophenotypes in blood from At-Risk individuals identified through the presence of serum antibodies to citrullinated protein antigens (ACPA) and/or first-degree relative (FDR) status (n=52), as compared to established RA (n=67), and healthy controls (n=48). We identified significant cell expansions in At-Risk individuals compared with controls, including CCR2+CD4+ T cells, T peripheral helper (Tph) cells, type 1 T helper cells, and CXCR5+CD8+ T cells. We also found that CD15+ classical monocytes were specifically expanded in ACPA-negative FDRs, and an activated PAX5low naive B cell population was expanded in ACPA-positive FDRs. Further, we developed an "RA immunophenotype score" classification method based on the degree of enrichment of cell states relevant to established RA patients. This score significantly distinguished At-Risk individuals from controls. In all, we systematically identified activated lymphocyte phenotypes in At-Risk individuals, along with immunophenotypic differences among both ACPA+ and ACPA-FDR At-Risk subpopulations. Our classification model provides a promising approach for understanding RA pathogenesis with the goal to further improve prevention strategies and identify novel therapeutic targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Inamo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keegan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffith, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horisberger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pulford, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murzin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hancock, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonsson, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seifert, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feser, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norris, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apruzzese, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bridges, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bykerk, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donlin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestein, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bathon, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabechian, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitzalis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>H. Anolik, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreland, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guthridge, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raychaudhuri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sparks, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Accelerating Medicines Partnership RA/SLE Network,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holers, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deane, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lederer, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.03.547507</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep immunophenotyping reveals circulating activated lymphocytes in individuals at risk for rheumatoid arthritis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.04.547596v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuron-dependent tuft cell expansion initiates sinonasal allergic Type 2 inflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.04.547596v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Withdrawal StatementThe authors have withdrawn this manuscript owing to inaccuracies in the calculation of tuft cell numbers and errors in the selection of immunofluorescence images used to support our claims. Therefore, the authors do not wish this work to be cited as reference for the project. If you have any questions, please contact the corresponding author.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ortiz-Carpena, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inclan-Rico, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pastore, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, L.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkerson, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentile, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdus-Saboor, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaughan, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossi, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbert, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.04.547596</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuron-dependent tuft cell expansion initiates sinonasal allergic Type 2 inflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.04.547681v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Brain-Wide Map of Neural Activity during Complex Behaviour 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.04.547681v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A key challenge in neuroscience is understanding how neurons in hundreds of interconnected brain regions integrate sensory inputs with prior expectations to initiate movements and thereby make decisions. It is difficult to meet this challenge if different laboratories apply different analyses to different recordings in different regions during different behaviours. Here, we report a comprehensive set of recordings from 621733 neurons across 139 mice in 12 labs performing a decision-making task with sensory, motor, and cognitive components, obtained with 699 Neuropixels probe insertions covering 279 brain areas in the left forebrain and midbrain and the right hindbrain and cerebellum. We provide an initial appraisal of this brain-wide map, assessing how neural activity encoded key task variables. Representations of visual stimuli appeared transiently in classical visual areas after stimulus onset and then spread to ramp-like activity in a collection of mid- and hindbrain regions that also encoded choices. Neural responses correlated with motor action almost everywhere in the brain. Responses to reward delivery and consumption versus negative feedback were also widespread. This publicly available dataset represents an unprecedented resource for understanding how computations distributed across and within brain areas drive behaviour.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>International Brain Lab,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonacchi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carandini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catarino, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapuis, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchland, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dayan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeWitt, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engel, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabbri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faulkner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiete, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Findling, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freitas-Silva, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gercek, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hausser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofer, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubert, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huntenburg, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khanal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasniak, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langdon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, P. Y. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mainen, Z. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meijer, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miska, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mrsic-Flogel, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noel, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nylund, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan-Vazquez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pouget, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossant, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaeffer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schartner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Socha</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.04.547681</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Brain-Wide Map of Neural Activity during Complex Behaviour]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.04.547684v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain-wide representations of prior information in mouse decision-making 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.04.547684v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neural representations of prior information about the state of the world are poorly understood. To investigate them, we examined brain-wide Neuropixels recordings and widefield calcium imaging collected by the International Brain Laboratory. Mice were trained to indicate the location of a visual grating stimulus, which appeared on the left or right with prior probability alternating between 0.2 and 0.8 in blocks of variable length. We found that mice estimate this prior probability and thereby improve their decision accuracy. Furthermore, we report that this subjective prior is encoded in at least 20% to 30% of brain regions which, remarkably, span all levels of processing, from early sensory areas (LGd, VISp) to motor regions (MOs, MOp, GRN) and high level cortical regions (ACAd, ORBvl). This widespread representation of the prior is consistent with a neural model of Bayesian inference involving loops between areas, as opposed to a model in which the prior is incorporated only in decision-making areas. This study offers the first brain-wide perspective on prior encoding at cellular resolution, underscoring the importance of using large scale recordings on a single standardized task.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Findling, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubert, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>International Brain Laboratory,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acerbi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonacchi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carandini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catarino, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapuis, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchland, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeWitt, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engel, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabbri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faulkner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiete, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freitas-Silva, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gercek, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hausser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofer, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huntenburg, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khanal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasniak, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langdon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latham, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, P. Y. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meijer, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miska, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mrsic-Flogel, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noel, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nylund, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan-Vazquez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillow, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossant, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaeffer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schartn</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.04.547684</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain-wide representations of prior information in mouse decision-making]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.04.547723v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A neural mechanism for discriminating threatening from safe social experiences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.04.547723v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to distinguish a threatening from non-threatening conspecific based on past experience is critical for adaptive social behaviors. Although recent progress has been made in identifying the neural circuits that contribute to different types of positive and negative social interactions, the neural mechanisms that enable the discrimination of individuals based on past aversive experiences remain unknown. Here, we developed a modified social fear conditioning paradigm that induced in both sexes robust behavioral discrimination of a conspecific associated with a footshock (CS+) from a non-reinforced interaction partner (CS-). Strikingly, chemogenetic or optogenetic silencing of hippocampal CA2 pyramidal neurons, which have been previously implicated in social novelty recognition memory, resulted in generalized avoidance fear behavior towards the equally familiar CS-and CS+. One-photon calcium imaging revealed that the accuracy with which CA2 representations discriminate the CS+ from the CS-animal was enhanced following social fear conditioning and strongly correlated with behavioral discrimination. Moreover the CA2 representations incorporated a generalized or abstract representation of social valence irrespective of conspecific identity and location. Thus, our results demonstrate, for the first time, that the same hippocampal CA2 subregion mediates social memories based on conspecific familiarity and social threat, through the incorporation of a representation of social valence into an initial representation of social identity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kassraian, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bigler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilly, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrotri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegelbaum, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.04.547723</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A neural mechanism for discriminating threatening from safe social experiences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.01.547352v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immune-Epithelial Dynamics and Tissue Remodeling in Chronically Inflamed Nasal Epithelium via Multi-scaled Transcriptomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.01.547352v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common inflammatory disease of the sinonasal cavity that affects millions of individuals worldwide. The complex pathophysiology of CRS remains poorly understood, with emerging evidence implicating the orchestration between diverse immune and epithelial cell types in disease progression. We applied single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and spatial transcriptomics to both dissociated and intact, freshly isolated sinonasal human tissues to investigate the cellular and molecular heterogeneity of CRS with and without nasal polyp formation compared to non-CRS control samples. Our findings reveal a mechanism for macrophage-eosinophil recruitment into the nasal mucosa, systematic dysregulation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and enrichment of mast cell populations to the upper airway tissues with intricate interactions between mast cells and CD4 T cells. Additionally, we identify immune-epithelial interactions and dysregulation, particularly involving understudied basal progenitor cells and Tuft chemosensory cells. We further describe a distinct basal cell differential trajectory in CRS patients with nasal polyps (NP), and link it to NP formation through immune-epithelial remodeling. By harnessing stringent patient tissue selection and advanced technologies, our study unveils novel aspects of CRS pathophysiology, and sheds light onto both intricate immune and epithelial cell interactions within the disrupted CRS tissue microenvironment and promising targets for therapeutic intervention. These findings expand upon existing knowledge of nasal inflammation and provide a comprehensive resource towards understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying this uniquely complex disease entity, and beyond.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakayama, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, I. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Overdevest, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarabanda, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gall, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dholakia, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borchard, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bravo, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philips, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lechner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barouch, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nayak, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.01.547352</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immune-Epithelial Dynamics and Tissue Remodeling in Chronically Inflamed Nasal Epithelium via Multi-scaled Transcriptomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.06.547944v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multimodal hierarchical classification of CITE-seq data delineates immune cell states across lineages and tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.06.547944v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is invaluable for profiling cellular heterogeneity and dissecting transcriptional states, but transcriptomic profiles do not always delineate subsets defined by surface proteins, as in cells of the immune system. Cellular Indexing of Transcriptomes and Epitopes (CITE-seq) enables simultaneous profiling of single-cell transcriptomes and surface proteomes; however, accurate cell type annotation requires a classifier that integrates multimodal data. Here, we describe MultiModal Classifier Hierarchy (MMoCHi), a marker-based approach for classification, reconciling gene and protein expression without reliance on reference atlases. We benchmark MMoCHi using sorted T lymphocyte subsets and annotate a cross-tissue human immune cell dataset. MMoCHi outperforms leading transcriptome-based classifiers and multimodal unsupervised clustering in its ability to identify immune cell subsets that are not readily resolved and to reveal novel subset markers. MMoCHi is designed for adaptability and can integrate annotation of cell types and developmental states across diverse lineages, samples, or modalities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Caron, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Specht, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szabo, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farber, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sims, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.06.547944</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multimodal hierarchical classification of CITE-seq data delineates immune cell states across lineages and tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.07.547762v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular recognition of an aversive odorant by the murine trace amine-associated receptor TAAR7f 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.07.547762v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There are two main families of G protein-coupled receptors that detect odours in humans, the odorant receptors (ORs) and the trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs). Their amino acid sequences are distinct, with the TAARs being most similar to the aminergic receptors such as those activated by adrenaline, serotonin and histamine. To elucidate the structural determinants of ligand recognition by TAARs, we have determined the cryo-EM structure of a murine receptor, mTAAR7f, coupled to the heterotrimeric G protein Gs and bound to the odorant N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine (DMCH) to an overall resolution of 2.9 [A]. DMCH is bound in a hydrophobic orthosteric binding site primarily through van der Waals interactions and a strong charge-charge interaction between the tertiary amine of the ligand and an aspartic acid residue. This site is distinct and non-overlapping with the binding site for the odorant propionate in the odorant receptor OR51E2. The structure, in combination with mutagenesis data and molecular dynamics simulations suggests that the activation of the receptor follows a similar pathway to that of the {beta}-adrenoceptors, with the significant difference that DMCH interacts directly with one of the main activation microswitch residues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gusach, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khoshgrudi, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukhaleva, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koers, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancia, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veprintsev, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaidehi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weyand, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tate, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.07.547762</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular recognition of an aversive odorant by the murine trace amine-associated receptor TAAR7f]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.07.548069v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep FASTQ and BAM co-compression in Genozip 15 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.07.548069v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We introduce Genozip Deep, a method for losslessly co-compressing FASTQ and BAM files. Benchmarking demonstrates improvements of 75% to 96% versus the already-compressed source files, translating to 2.3X to 6.8X better compression than current state-of-the-art algorithms that compress FASTQ and BAM separately. The Deep method is independent of the underlying FASTQ and BAM compressors, and here we present its implementation in Genozip, an established genomic data compression software.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lan, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, D. S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llamas, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.07.548069</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep FASTQ and BAM co-compression in Genozip 15]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.07.548180v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex-Specific Effects of Anxiety on Cognition and Activity-Dependent Neural Networks: Insights from (Female) Mice and (Wo)Men 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.07.548180v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
INTRODUCTIONNeuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS), such as depression and anxiety, are observed in 90% of Alzheimers disease (AD) patients, two-thirds of whom are women. NPS usually manifest long before AD onset creating a therapeutic opportunity. Here, we examined the impact of anxiety on AD progression and the underlying brain-wide neuronal mechanisms.

METHODSTo gain mechanistic insight into how anxiety impacts AD progression, we performed a cross-sectional analysis on mood, cognition, and neural activity utilizing the ArcCreERT2 x enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (eYFP) x APP/PS1 (AD) mice. The ADNI dataset was used to determine the impact of anxiety on AD progression in human subjects.

RESULTSFemale AD mice exhibited anxiety-like behavior and cognitive decline at an earlier age than control (Ctrl) mice and male mice. Brain-wide analysis of c-Fos+ revealed changes in regional correlations and overall network connectivity in AD mice. Sex-specific memory trace changes were observed; female AD mice exhibited impaired memory traces in dorsal CA3 (dCA3), while male AD mice exhibited impaired memory traces in the dorsal dentate gyrus (dDG). In the ADNI dataset, anxiety predicted transition to dementia. Female subjects positive for anxiety and amyloid transitioned more quickly to dementia than male subjects.

CONCLUSIONSWhile future studies are needed to understand whether anxiety is a predictor, a neuropsychiatric biomarker, or a comorbid symptom that occurs during disease onset, these results suggest that AD network dysfunction is sexually dimorphic, and that personalized medicine may benefit male and female AD patients rather than a one size fits all approach.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hunsberger, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whye, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cha, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scarlata, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayaseelan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denny, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.07.548180</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex-Specific Effects of Anxiety on Cognition and Activity-Dependent Neural Networks: Insights from (Female) Mice and (Wo)Men]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.08.548218v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cholesterol-associated Locus EHBP1 Protects against NASH Fibrosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.08.548218v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SUMMARYHepatic free cholesterol contributes to fibrosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), but how hepatic cholesterol metabolism becomes dysregulated in NASH is not completely understood. We show here that human fibrotic NASH livers have decreased EHBP1, a novel GWAS locus associated with LDL-cholesterol, and that the EHBP1 rs10496099 T>C variant in NASH patients is associated with decreased hepatic EHBP1 expression and augmented NASH fibrosis. Congruent with the human data, EHBP1 loss- and gain-of-function increases and decreases NASH fibrosis in mice, respectively. Mechanistic studies reveal that EHBP1 promotes sortilin (SORT1)-mediated PCSK9 secretion, leading to LDLR degradation, decreased LDL uptake, and reduced TAZ, a fibrogenic effector. Moreover, we show that the TNF/PPAR pathway suppresses EHBP1 in NASH. These data not only provide new mechanistic insight into the role of EHBP1 in cholesterol metabolism and NASH fibrosis by uncovering the interaction between EHBP1 and other cholesterol-related loci, including SORT1, PCSK9, and LDLR, but also elucidate a novel interplay between inflammation and EHBP1-mediated cholesterol metabolism.

HighlightsHepatic EHBP1 is reduced in human and mouse fibrotic NASH

EHBP1 rs10496099 T>C is associated with decreased hepatic EHBP1 and augmented NASH

EHBP1 reduces LDLR, cholesterol uptake, and TAZ in hepatocytes

EHBP1 promotes sortilin-mediated PCSK9 secretion in hepatocytes

TNF suppresses EHBP1 expression in hepatocytes
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meroni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prakash, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paolini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mughal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anand, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yurdagul, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rom, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dongiovanni, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.08.548218</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cholesterol-associated Locus EHBP1 Protects against NASH Fibrosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.10.548257v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The pathogenic T42A mutation in SHP2 rewires interaction specificity and enhances signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.10.548257v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in the tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 are associated with a variety of human diseases. Most mutations in SHP2 increase its basal catalytic activity by disrupting auto-inhibitory interactions between its phosphatase domain and N-terminal SH2 (phosphotyrosine recognition) domain. By contrast, some disease-associated mutations located in the ligand-binding pockets of the N- or C- terminal SH2 domains do not increase basal activity and likely exert their pathogenicity through alternative mechanisms. We lack a molecular understanding of how these SH2 mutations impact SHP2 structure, activity, and signaling. Here, we characterize five SHP2 SH2 domain ligand-binding pocket mutants through a combination of high-throughput biochemical screens, biophysical and biochemical measurements, and molecular dynamics simulations. We show that, while some of these mutations alter binding affinity to phosphorylation sites, the T42A mutation in the N-SH2 domain is unique in that it also substantially alters ligand-binding specificity, despite being 8-10 [A] from the specificity-determining region of the SH2 domain. This mutation exerts its effect on sequence specificity by remodeling the phosphotyrosine binding pocket, altering the mode of engagement of both the phosphotyrosine and surrounding residues on the ligand. The functional consequence of this altered specificity is that the T42A mutant has biased sensitivity toward a subset of activating ligands and enhances downstream signaling. Our study highlights an example of a nuanced mechanism of action for a disease-associated mutation, characterized by a change in protein-protein interaction specificity that alters enzyme activation.

Significance StatementThe protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 is mutated in a variety of human diseases, including several cancers and developmental disorders. Most mutations in SHP2 hyperactivate the enzyme by destabilizing its auto-inhibited state, but several disease-associated mutations do not conform to this mechanism. We show that one such mutation, T42A, alters the ligand binding specificity of the N-terminal regulatory domain of SHP2, causing the mutant phosphatase to be more readily activated by certain upstream signals than the wild-type phosphatase. Our findings reveal a novel mode of SHP2 dysregulation that will improve our understanding of pathogenic signaling. Our study also illustrates how mutations distal to the specificity-determining region of a protein can alter ligand binding specificity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van Vlimmeren, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voleti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chartier, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karandur, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.10.548257</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The pathogenic T42A mutation in SHP2 rewires interaction specificity and enhances signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.10.548321v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Signatures of Jamming in the Cellular Potts Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.10.548321v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We explore the jamming transition in the Cellular Potts Model (CPM) as a function of confinement, cell adhesion, and cell shape. To accurately characterize jamming, we compare Potts simulations of unconfined single cells, cellular aggregates, and confluent monolayers as a function of cell adhesion energies and target cell shape. We consider metrics that may identify signatures of the jamming transition, including diffusion coefficients, anomalous diffusion exponents, cell shape, cell-cell rearrangements, and velocity correlations. We find that the onset of jamming coincides with an abrupt drop in cell mobility, rapid transition to sub-diffusive behavior, and cessation of rearrangements between neighboring cells that is unique to confluent monolayers. Velocity correlations reveal collective migration as a natural consequence of high energy barriers to neighbor rearrangements for certain cell types. Cell shapes across the jamming transition in the Potts model are found to be generally consistent with predictions of vertex-type simulations and trends from experiment. Finally, we demonstrate that changes in cell shape can fluidize cellular monolayers at cellular interaction energies where jamming otherwise occurs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Devanny, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kampman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.10.548321</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Signatures of Jamming in the Cellular Potts Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.10.548410v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glutamatergic neuronal activity regulates angiogenesis and blood-retinal barrier maturation via Norrin/β-catenin signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.10.548410v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interactions among neuronal, glial and vascular components are crucial for retinal angiogenesis and blood-retinal barrier (BRB) maturation. Although synaptic dysfunction precedes vascular abnormalities in many retinal pathologies, how neuronal activity, specifically glutamatergic activity, regulates retinal angiogenesis and BRB maturation remains unclear. Using in vivo genetic studies in mice, single-cell RNA-sequencing and functional validation, we show that deep plexus angiogenesis and paracellular BRB maturation are delayed in Vglut1-/- retinas where neurons fail to release glutamate. In contrast, deep plexus angiogenesis and paracellular BRB maturation are accelerated in Gnat1-/- retinas where constitutively depolarized rods release excessive glutamate. Norrin expression and endothelial Norrin/{beta}-catenin signaling are downregulated in Vglut1-/- retinas, and upregulated in Gnat1-/- retinas. Pharmacological activation of endothelial Norrin/{beta}-catenin signaling in Vglut1-/- retinas rescued defects in deep plexus angiogenesis and paracellular BRB maturation. Our findings demonstrate that glutamatergic neuronal activity regulates retinal angiogenesis and BRB maturation by modulating endothelial Norrin/{beta}-catenin signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Biswas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahriar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachay, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arvanitis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunken, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agalliu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.10.548410</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glutamatergic neuronal activity regulates angiogenesis and blood-retinal barrier maturation via Norrin/β-catenin signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.11.548536v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Patterns of recombination in snakes reveal a tug of war between PRDM9 and promoter-like features 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.11.548536v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In vertebrates, there are two known mechanisms by which meiotic recombination is directed to the genome: in humans, mice, and other mammals, recombination occurs almost exclusively where the protein PRDM9 binds, while in species lacking an intact PRDM9, such as birds and canids, recombination rates are elevated near promoter-like features. To test if PRDM9 also directs recombination in non-mammalian vertebrates, we focused on an exemplar species, the corn snake (Pantherophis guttatus). Unlike birds, this species possesses a single, intact PRDM9 ortholog. By inferring historical recombination rates along the genome from patterns of linkage disequilibrium and identifying crossovers in pedigrees, we found that PRDM9 specifies the location of recombination events outside of mammals. However, we also detected an independent effect of promoter-like features on recombination, which is more pronounced on macrothan microchromosomes. Thus, our findings reveal that the uses of PRDM9 and promoter-like features are not mutually-exclusive, and instead reflect a tug of war, which varies in strength along the genome and is more lopsided in some species than others.

One sentence summaryWhile the localization of meiotic recombination in vertebrates was previously thought to occur using one of two distinct mechanisms, our analysis of recombination in corn snakes reveals that they and likely other vertebrates use both of these mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoge, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Manuel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahgoub, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okami, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuller, Z. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mcnulty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andolfatto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macfarlan, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzika, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przeworski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.11.548536</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Patterns of recombination in snakes reveal a tug of war between PRDM9 and promoter-like features]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.11.548592v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Beyond Correlation: Optimal Transport Metrics For Characterizing Representational Stability and Remapping in Neurons Encoding Spatial Memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.11.548592v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial representations in the entorhinal cortex (EC) and hippocampus (HPC) are fundamental to cognitive functions like navigation and memory. These representations, embodied in spatial field maps, dynamically remap in response to environmental changes. However, current methods, such as Pearsons correlation coefficient, struggle to capture the complexity of these remapping events, especially when fields do not overlap, or transformations are non-linear. This limitation hinders our understanding and quantification of remapping, a key aspect of spatial memory function. To address this, we propose a family of metrics based on the Earth Movers Distance (EMD) as a versatile framework for characterizing remapping. Applied to both normalized and unnormalized distributions, the EMD provides a granular, noise-resistant, and rate-robust description of remapping. This approach enables the identification of specific cell types and the characterization of remapping in various scenarios, including disease models. Furthermore, the EMDs properties can be manipulated to identify spatially tuned cell types and to explore remapping as it relates to alternate information forms such as spatiotemporal coding. By employing approximations of the EMD, we present a feasible, lightweight approach that complements traditional methods. Our findings underscore the potential of the EMD as a powerful tool for enhancing our understanding of remapping in the brain and its implications for spatial navigation, memory studies and beyond.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aoun, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shetler, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussaini, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.11.548592</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Beyond Correlation: Optimal Transport Metrics For Characterizing Representational Stability and Remapping in Neurons Encoding Spatial Memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.12.548573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hue selectivity from recurrent circuitry in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.12.548573v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A universal principle of sensory perception is the progressive transformation of sensory information from broad non-specific signals to stimulus-selective signals that form the basis of perception. To perceive color, our brains must transform the wavelengths of light reflected off objects into the derived quantities of brightness, saturation and hue. Neurons responding selectively to hue have been reported in primate cortex, but it is unknown how their narrow tuning in color space is produced by upstream circuit mechanisms. To enable circuit level analysis of color perception, we here report the discovery of neurons in the Drosophila optic lobe with hue selective properties. Using the connectivity graph of the fly brain, we construct a connectomics-constrained circuit model that accounts for this hue selectivity. Unexpectedly, our model predicts that recurrent connections in the circuit are critical for hue selectivity. Experiments using genetic manipulations to perturb recurrence in adult flies confirms this prediction. Our findings reveal the circuit basis for hue selectivity in color vision.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Christenson, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanz Diez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heath, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saavedra-Weisenhaus, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adashi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behnia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.12.548573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hue selectivity from recurrent circuitry in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.13.548931v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clonal CD8 T cells in the leptomeninges are locally controlled and influence microglia in human neurodegeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.13.548931v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent murine studies have highlighted a crucial role for the meninges in surveilling the central nervous system (CNS) and influencing CNS inflammation. However, how meningeal immunity is altered in human neurodegeneration and its potential effects on neuroinflammation is understudied. In the present study, we performed single-cell analysis of the transcriptomes and T cell receptor repertoire of 72,576 immune cells from 36 postmortem human brain and leptomeninges tissues from donors with neurodegenerative diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimers disease, and Parkinsons disease. We identified the meninges as an important site of antigen presentation and CD8 T cell activation and clonal expansion and found that T cell activation in the meninges is a requirement for infiltration into the CNS. We further found that natural killer cells have the potential to negatively regulate T cell activation locally in the meninges through direct killing and are one of many regulatory mechanisms that work to control excessive neuroinflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hobson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, S. H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flaherty, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciener, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singal, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teich, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shneider, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradshaw, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elyaman, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.13.548931</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clonal CD8 T cells in the leptomeninges are locally controlled and influence microglia in human neurodegeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.14.548620v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanism of target site selection by type V-K CRISPR-associated transposases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.14.548620v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Unlike canonical CRISPR-Cas systems that rely on RNA-guided nucleases for target cleavage, CRISPR-associated transposases (CASTs) repurpose nuclease-deficient CRISPR effectors to facilitate RNA-guided transposition of large genetic payloads. Type V-K CASTs offer several potential upsides for genome engineering, due to their compact size, easy programmability, and unidirectional integration. However, these systems are substantially less accurate than type I-F CASTs, and the molecular basis for this difference has remained elusive. Here we reveal that type V-K CASTs undergo two distinct mobilization pathways with remarkably different specificities: RNA-dependent and RNA-independent transposition. Whereas RNA-dependent transposition relies on Cas12k for accurate target selection, RNA-independent integration events are untargeted and primarily driven by the local availability of TnsC filaments. The cryo-EM structure of the untargeted complex reveals a TnsB-TnsC-TniQ transpososome that encompasses two turns of a TnsC filament and otherwise resembles major architectural aspects of the Cas12k-containing transpososome. Using single-molecule experiments and genome-wide meta-analyses, we found that AT-rich sites are preferred substrates for untargeted transposition and that the TnsB transposase also imparts local specificity, which collectively determine the precise insertion site. Knowledge of these motifs allowed us to direct untargeted transposition events to specific hotspot regions of a plasmid. Finally, by exploiting TnsBs preference for on-target integration and modulating the availability of TnsC, we suppressed RNA-independent transposition events and increased type V-K CAST specificity up to 98.1%, without compromising the efficiency of on-target integration. Collectively, our results reveal the importance of dissecting target site selection mechanisms and highlight new opportunities to leverage CAST systems for accurate, kilobase-scale genome engineering applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>George, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acree, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.-U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiegand, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pignot, Y. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellogg, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sternberg, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.14.548620</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanism of target site selection by type V-K CRISPR-associated transposases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.13.548836v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regression and Alignment for Functional Data and Network Topology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.13.548836v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the brain, functional connections form a network whose topological organization can be described by graph-theoretic network diagnostics. These include characterizations of the community structure, such as modularity and participation coefficient, which have been shown to change over the course of childhood and adolescence. To investigate if such changes in the functional network are associated with changes in cognitive performance during development, network studies often rely on an arbitrary choice of pre-processing parameters, in particular the proportional threshold of network edges. Because the choice of parameter can impact the value of the network diagnostic, and therefore downstream conclusions, we propose to circumvent that choice by conceptualizing the network diagnostic as a function of the parameter. As opposed to a single value, a network diagnostic curve describes the connectome topology at multiple scales--from the sparsest group of the strongest edges to the entire edge set. To relate these curves to executive function and other covariates, we use scalar-on-function regression, which is more flexible than previous functional data-based models used in network neuroscience. We then consider how systematic differences between networks can manifest in misalignment of diagnostic curves, and consequently propose a supervised curve alignment method that incorporates auxiliary information from other variables. Our algorithm performs both functional regression and alignment via an iterative, penalized, and nonlinear likelihood optimization. The illustrated method has the potential to improve the interpretability and generalizability of neuroscience studies where the goal is to study heterogeneity among a mixture of function- and scalar-valued measures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wrobel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satterthwaite, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldsmith, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gertheiss, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassett, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinohara, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.13.548836</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regression and Alignment for Functional Data and Network Topology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.13.548849v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Removing direct photocurrent artifacts in optogenetic connectivity mapping data via constrained matrix factorization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.13.548849v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Monosynaptic connectivity mapping is crucial for building circuit-level models of neural computation. Two-photon optogenetic stimulation, when combined with whole-cell recordings, has the potential to map monosynaptic connectivity at an unprecedented scale. However, optogenetic mapping of nearby connections poses a challenge, due to stimulation artifacts. When the postsynaptic cell expresses opsin, optical excitation can directly induce current in the patched cell, confounding connectivity measurements. This problem is most severe in nearby cell pairs, where synaptic connectivity is often strongest. To overcome this problem, we developed a computational tool, Photocurrent Removal with Constraints (PhoRC). Our method is based on a constrained matrix factorization model which leverages the fact that photocurrent kinetics are consistent across repeated stimulations at similar laser power. We demonstrate on real and simulated data that PhoRC consistently removes photocurrents while preserving synaptic currents, despite variations in photocurrent kinetics across datasets. Our method allows the discovery of synaptic connections which would have been otherwise obscured by photocurrent artifacts, and may thus reveal a more complete picture of synaptic connectivity. PhoRC runs faster than real time and is available at https://github.com/bantin/PhoRC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Antin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadahiro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gajowa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Triplett, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adesnik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.13.548849</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Removing direct photocurrent artifacts in optogenetic connectivity mapping data via constrained matrix factorization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.17.547998v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct ossification trade-offs illuminate the shoulder girdle reconfiguration at the water-to-land transition. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.17.547998v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanisms of the pectoral girdle transformation at the origin of terrestrial locomotion in vertebrates remains an outstanding problem in evolutionary biology1. The loss of dermal bones and the enlargement of endochondral bones resulted in the disarticulation of the pectoral girdle from the skull and the formation of the neck during the fish-to-tetrapod transition2-5. Despite the functional implications of this skeletal shift in the emergence of terrestrial vertebrates, the underlying genetic-developmental alterations have remained enigmatic. Here, we discovered that in zebrafish pectoral girdle mesodermal cells expressing gli3, a transcription factor in the Hedgehog signaling pathway, contribute to both dermal and endochondral bones. We show that Gli3 regulates expression of activin A receptor type 1-like, a BMP type 1 receptor lost in tetrapod lineages, and thereby determines endochondral and dermal ossification. Intriguingly, Gli and Hedgehog compound knockout fish exhibited an unexpected combination of actinopterygian fish and stem-tetrapod pectoral girdle characteristics. These ontogenetic and anatomical data suggest that a trade-off between the two distinct ossification pathways is a deeply embedded developmental program in bony fishes, with potential for tuning of this trade-off to generate novel pectoral girdle forms akin to stem-tetrapods at the dawn of vertebrate terrestrialization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, T. W. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flaherty, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enny, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrescavage, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brazer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shanabag, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuroda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braasch, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakamura, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.17.547998</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct ossification trade-offs illuminate the shoulder girdle reconfiguration at the water-to-land transition.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.17.549222v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optical Control of G-Actin with a Photoswitchable Latrunculin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.17.549222v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Actin is one of the most abundant proteins in eukaryotic cells and a key component of the cytoskeleton. A range of small molecules have emerged that interfere with actin dynamics by either binding to polymeric F-actin or monomeric G-actin to stabilize or destabilize filaments or prevent their formation and growth, respectively. Amongst these, the latrunculins, which bind to G-actin and affect polymerization, are widely used as tools to investigate actin-dependent cellular processes. Here, we report a photoswitchable version of latrunculin, termed opto-latrunculin (OptoLat), which binds to G-actin in a light-dependent fashion and affords optical control over actin polymerization. OptoLat can be activated with 390 - 490 nm pulsed light and rapidly relaxes to the inactive form in the dark. Light activated OptoLat induced depolymerization of F-actin networks in oligodendrocytes and budding yeast, as shown by fluorescence microscopy. Subcellular control of actin dynamics in human cancer cell lines was demonstrated by live cell imaging. Light-activated OptoLat also reduced microglia surveillance in organotypic mouse brain slices while ramification was not affected. Incubation in the dark did not alter the structural and functional integrity of microglia. Together, our data demonstrate that OptoLat is a useful tool for the elucidation of G-actin dependent dynamic processes in cells and tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Veprek, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laprell, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, E. J.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Folkerts, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oertner, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pon, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuchero, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trauner, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.17.549222</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optical Control of G-Actin with a Photoswitchable Latrunculin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.17.549340v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generating object-based attention through reconstruction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.17.549340v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans are extremely robust in our ability to perceive and recognize objects--we see faces in tea stains and can recognize friends on dark streets. Yet, neurocomputational models of primate object recognition have focused on the initial feed-forward pass of processing through the ventral stream and less on the top-down feedback that likely underlies robust object perception and recognition. Aligned with the generative approach, we propose that the visual system actively facilitates recognition by reconstructing the object hypothesized to be in the image. Top-down attention then uses this reconstruction as a template to bias feedforward processing to align with the most plausible object hypothesis. Building on auto-encoder neural networks, our model makes detailed hypotheses about the appearance and location of the candidate objects in the image by reconstructing a complete object representation from potentially incomplete visual input due to noise and occlusion. The model then leverages the best object reconstruction, measured by reconstruction error, to direct the bottom-up processing of selectively routing low-level features, a top-down biasing that captures a core function of attention. We evaluated our model using the MNIST-C (handwritten digits under corruptions) and ImageNet-C (real-world objects under corruptions) datasets. Not only did our model achieve superior performance on these challenging tasks designed to approximate real-world noise and occlusion viewing conditions, but also better accounted for human behavioral reaction times and error patterns than a standard feedforward Convolutional Neural Network. Our model suggests that a complete understanding of object perception and recognition requires integrating top-down and attention feedback, which we propose is an object reconstruction.

Author SummaryHumans can dream and imagine things, and this means that the human brain can generate perceptions of things that are not there. We propose that humans evolved this generation capability, not solely to have more vivid dreams, but to help us better understand the world, especially when what we see is unclear or missing some details (due to occlusion, changing perspective, etc.). Through a combination of computational modeling and behavioral experiments, we demonstrate how the process of generating objects--actively reconstructing the most plausible object representation from noisy visual input--guides attention towards specific features or locations within an image (known as functions of top-down attention), thereby enhancing the systems robustness to various types of noise and corruption. We found that this generative attention mechanism could explain, not only the time that it took people to recognize challenging objects, but also the types of recognition errors made by people (seeing an object as one thing when it was really another). These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the computational mechanisms of attention in the brain and their potential connection to the generative processes that facilitate robust object recognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adeli, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zelinsky, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.17.549340</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generating object-based attention through reconstruction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.18.549562v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elastic fibers define embryonic tissue stiffness to enable buckling morphogenesis of the small intestine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.18.549562v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During embryonic development, tissues must possess precise material properties to ensure that cell-generated forces give rise to the stereotyped morphologies of developing organs. However, the question of how material properties are established and regulated during development remains understudied. Here, we aim to address these broader questions through the study of intestinal looping, a process by which the initially straight intestinal tube buckles into loops, permitting ordered packing within the body cavity. Looping results from elongation of the tube against the constraint of an attached tissue, the dorsal mesentery, which is elastically stretched by the elongating tube to nearly triple its length. This elastic energy storage allows the mesentery to provide stable compressive forces that ultimately buckle the tube into loops. Beginning with a transcriptomic analysis of the mesentery, we identified widespread upregulation of extracellular matrix related genes during looping, including genes related to elastic fiber deposition. Combining molecular and mechanical analyses, we conclude that elastin confers tensile stiffness to the mesentery, enabling its mechanical role in organizing the developing small intestine. These results shed light on the role of elastin as a driver of morphogenesis that extends beyond its more established role in resisting cyclic deformation in adult tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Loffet, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durel, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kam, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nerurkar, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.18.549562</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elastic fibers define embryonic tissue stiffness to enable buckling morphogenesis of the small intestine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.18.549563v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A spatial threshold for astrocyte calcium surge 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.18.549563v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Astrocytes are active cells involved in brain function through the bidirectional communication with neurons, in which the astrocyte calcium signal plays a crucial role. Synaptically-evoked calcium increases can be localized to independent subcellular domains or expand to the entire cell, i.e., calcium surge. In turn, astrocytes may regulate individual synapses by calcium-dependent release of gliotransmitters. Because a single astrocyte may contact [~]100,000 synapses, the control of the intracellular calcium signal propagation may have relevant consequences on brain function by regulating the spatial range of astrocyte neuromodulation of synapses. Yet, the properties governing the spatial dynamics of the astrocyte calcium signal remains poorly defined. Imaging subcellular responses of cortical astrocytes to sensory stimulation in mice, we show that sensory-evoked astrocyte calcium responses originated and remained localized in domains of the astrocytic arborization, but eventually propagated to the entire cell if a spatial threshold of >23% of the arborization being activated was surpassed. Using transgenic IP3R2-/- mice, we found that type-2 IP3 receptors were necessary for the generation of the astrocyte calcium surge. We finally show using in situ electrophysiological recordings that the spatial threshold of the astrocyte calcium signal consequently determined the gliotransmitter release. Present results reveal a fundamental property of astrocyte calcium physiology, i.e., a spatial threshold for the astrocyte intracellular calcium signal propagation, which depends on astrocyte intrinsic properties and governs the astrocyte integration of local synaptic activity and the subsequent neuromodulation.

One-Sentence SummaryThere is a spatial threshold for the astrocyte intracellular calcium signal propagation that is determined by astrocyte intrinsic properties and controls gliotransmission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lines, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baraibar, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nanclares, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar, J. d. l. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kofuji, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarrete, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Araque, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.18.549563</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A spatial threshold for astrocyte calcium surge]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.18.549585v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NSD2 maintains lineage plasticity and castration-resistance in neuroendocrine prostate cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.18.549585v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The clinical use of potent androgen receptor (AR) inhibitors has promoted the emergence of novel subtypes of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), including neuroendocrine prostate cancer (CRPC-NE), which is highly aggressive and lethal1. These mCRPC subtypes display increased lineage plasticity and often lack AR expression2-5. Here we show that neuroendocrine differentiation and castration-resistance in CRPC-NE are maintained by the activity of Nuclear Receptor Binding SET Domain Protein 2 (NSD2)6, which catalyzes histone H3 lysine 36 dimethylation (H3K36me2). We find that organoid lines established from genetically-engineered mice7 recapitulate key features of human CRPC-NE, and can display transdifferentiation to neuroendocrine states in culture. CRPC-NE organoids express elevated levels of NSD2 and H3K36me2 marks, but relatively low levels of H3K27me3, consistent with antagonism of EZH2 activity by H3K36me2. Human CRPC-NE but not primary NEPC tumors expresses high levels of NSD2, consistent with a key role for NSD2 in lineage plasticity, and high NSD2 expression in mCRPC correlates with poor survival outcomes. Notably, CRISPR/Cas9 targeting of NSD2 or expression of a dominant-negative oncohistone H3.3K36M mutant results in loss of neuroendocrine phenotypes and restores responsiveness to the AR inhibitor enzalutamide in mouse and human CRPC-NE organoids and grafts. Our findings indicate that NSD2 inhibition can reverse lineage plasticity and castration-resistance, and provide a potential new therapeutic target for CRPC-NE.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasciaveo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karagiannis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Socciarelli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frankenstein, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pannellini, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Bono, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abate-Shen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawyers, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.18.549585</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NSD2 maintains lineage plasticity and castration-resistance in neuroendocrine prostate cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.18.549587v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oxygen isotopes in orangutan teeth reveal recent and ancient climate variation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.18.549587v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studies of climate variation commonly rely on chemical and isotopic changes recorded in sequentially-produced growth layers, such as in corals, shells and tree rings, as well as in accretionary deposits--ice and sediment cores, and speleothems. Oxygen isotopic compositions ({delta}18O) of tooth enamel are a direct method of reconstructing environmental variation experienced by an individual animal. Here we utilize long-forming orangutan dentitions (Pongo spp.) to probe recent and ancient rainfall trends on a weekly basis over [~] 3-11 years per individual. We first demonstrate the lack of any consistent isotopic enrichment effect during exclusive nursing, supporting the use of primate first molar teeth as environmental proxies. Comparisons of {delta}18O values (n = 2016) in twelve molars from six modern Bornean and Sumatran orangutans reveal a high degree of overlap, with more consistent annual and bimodal rainfall patterns in the Sumatran individuals. Comparisons with fossil orangutan {delta}18O values (n = 955 measurements from six molars) reveal similarities between modern and late Pleistocene fossil Sumatran individuals, but differences between modern and late Pleistocene/early Holocene Bornean orangutans. These suggest drier and more open environments with reduced monsoon intensity during this earlier period in northern Borneo, consistent with other Niah Caves studies and long-term speleothem {delta}18O records in the broader region. This approach can be extended to test hypotheses about the paleoenvironments that early humans encountered in southeast Asia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arora, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Austin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avila, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duval, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piper, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaiglova, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vos, J. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.-x.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.18.549587</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oxygen isotopes in orangutan teeth reveal recent and ancient climate variation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.20.549876v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early life adversity reduces affiliative behavior towards a distressed cagemate and leads to sex-specific alterations in corticosterone responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.20.549876v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Experiencing early life adversity (ELA) alters stress physiology and increases the risk for developing psychiatric disorders. The social environment can influence dynamics of stress responding and buffer and/or transfer stress across individuals. Yet, the impact of ELA on sensitivity to the stress of others and social behavior following stress is unknown. Here, to test the impact of ELA on social and physiological responses to stress, circulating blood corticosterone (CORT) and social behaviors were assessed in adult male and female mice reared under limited bedding and nesting (LBN) or control conditions. To induce stress, one cagemate of a pair-housed cage underwent a footshock paradigm and was then returned to their unshocked partner. CORT was measured in both mice 20 or 90 minutes after stress exposure, and social behaviors were recorded and analyzed. ELA rearing influenced the CORT response to stress in a sex-specific manner. In males, both control and ELA-reared mice exhibited similar stress transfer to unshocked cagemates and similar CORT dynamics. In contrast, ELA females showed a heightened stress transfer to unshocked cagemates, and sustained elevation of CORT relative to controls, indicating enhanced stress contagion and a failure to terminate the stress response. Behaviorally, ELA females displayed decreased allogrooming and increased investigative behaviors, while ELA males showed reduced huddling. Together, these findings demonstrate that ELA influenced HPA axis dynamics, social stress contagion and social behavior. Further research is needed to unravel the underlying mechanisms and long-term consequences of ELA on stress systems and their impact on behavioral outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Breton, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cort, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demaestri, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Critz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nevins, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Downend, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ofray, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romeo, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bath, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.20.549876</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early life adversity reduces affiliative behavior towards a distressed cagemate and leads to sex-specific alterations in corticosterone responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.20.549925v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detection and localization of conspecifics in ghost knifefish are influenced by the relationship between the spatial organization of receptors and signals. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.20.549925v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The detection and localization of signals rely on arrays of receptors, and their spatial organization plays a key role in determining the accuracy of the system. Weakly electric ghost knifefish rely on a distributed array of electroreceptors to detect spatially diffuse electric signals from conspecifics. While we know that spatial resolution for small objects, such as prey, is enhanced near the head due to a high receptor density, it is not clear how receptor organization influences the processing of global and diffuse signals from conspecifics. Using spatially realistic modeling, we quantified how receptor density influences detection and localization accuracy for conspecific signals across varying distances.

Our main result demonstrates that receptor density markedly enhances detection accuracy in frontal regions at intermediate distances (35-50 cm) yet surprisingly contributes minimally to improving localization accuracy. This highlights a fundamental principle: receptor convergence primarily benefits signal detection when dealing with spatially diffuse stimuli, even though higher receptor density can enhance localization accuracy for spatially delineated signals. Our findings extend beyond the electrosensory modality, drawing parallels with other sensory systems, and offer broader insights into spatial processing principles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramachandra, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milam, O. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedraja, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornett, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsat, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.20.549925</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detection and localization of conspecifics in ghost knifefish are influenced by the relationship between the spatial organization of receptors and signals.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.23.548166v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure and symmetries of the genetic codes for vertebrate, ascidian and yeast mitochondria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.23.548166v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic codes assign sixty-four codons to twenty amino acids. These assignments are known to follow certain rules. One question long considered but still unresolved is if these rules are derived from an underlying structure in genetic codes. Knowledge of such structure could facilitate better understanding of the biochemical, physico-chemical and evolutionary causes of the observed codon assignments. Our first finding reveals a coherent and symmetric structure in the genetic codes of vertebrate, ascidian, and yeast mitochondria. This structure is derived from a "simple" code that assigns all four codons with the same second nucleotide to a single amino acid if the first nucleotide is C or G, and assigns pairs of codons with the same second nucleotide to a single amino acid if the first nucleotide is A or U, and their third nucleotides are both purines (A and G) or both pyrimidines (U and C). The translation mechanism for the three mitochondria reflects this structure, one tRNA decoding each group of two or four codons into an amino acid. Our second finding is that the mycoplasma/spiroplasma and standard genetic codes are obtained by small sequential modifications of the vertebrate mitochondrial code and retain almost all its symmetries. We use group theory to characterize the symmetries of the simple and mitochondrial codes, and speculate on the implications of the structure for detecting translation errors and the evolution of the genetic code.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kohli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.23.548166</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure and symmetries of the genetic codes for vertebrate, ascidian and yeast mitochondria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.24.550399v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The brain hierarchically represents the past and future during multistep anticipation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.24.550399v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Memory for temporal structure enables both planning of future events and retrospection of past events. We investigated how the brain flexibly represents extended temporal sequences into the past and future during anticipation. Participants learned sequences of environments in immersive virtual reality. Pairs of sequences had the same environments in a different order, enabling context-specific learning. During fMRI, participants anticipated upcoming environments multiple steps into the future in a given sequence. Temporal structure was represented in the hippocampus and across higher-order visual regions (1) bidirectionally, with graded representations into the past and future and (2) hierarchically, with further events into the past and future represented in successively more anterior brain regions. In hippocampus, these bidirectional representations were context-specific, and suppression of far-away environments predicted response time costs in anticipation. Together, this work sheds light on how we flexibly represent sequential structure to enable planning over multiple timescales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tarder-Stoll, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldassano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.24.550399</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The brain hierarchically represents the past and future during multistep anticipation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.24.549988v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimisation of TP53 reporters by systematic dissection of synthetic TP53 response elements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.24.549988v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TP53 is a transcription factor that controls multiple cellular processes, including cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, and apoptosis. The relation between TP53 binding site architecture and transcriptional output is still not fully understood. Here, we systematically examined in three different cell lines the effects of binding site affinity and copy number on TP53-dependent transcriptional output, and also probed the impact of spacer length and sequence between adjacent binding sites, and of core promoter identity. Paradoxically, we found that high-affinity TP53 binding sites are less potent than medium-affinity sites. TP53 achieves supra-additive transcriptional activation through optimally spaced adjacent binding sites, suggesting a cooperative mechanism. Optimally spaced adjacent binding sites have a [~]10-bp periodicity, suggesting a role for spatial orientation along the DNA double helix. We leveraged these insights to construct a log-linear model that explains activity from sequence features, and to identify new highly active and sensitive TP53 reporters.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trauernicht, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rastogi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manzo, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bussemaker, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Steensel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.24.549988</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimisation of TP53 reporters by systematic dissection of synthetic TP53 response elements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.25.550108v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Nucleoporin Nup153 Is the Anchor for Kif1a during Basal Nuclear migration in Brain Progenitor Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.25.550108v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Radial glial progenitors (RGPs) are highly elongated epithelial cells that give rise to most stem cells, neurons, and glia, in the vertebrate cerebral cortex. During development the RGP nuclei exhibit a striking pattern of cell cycle-dependent oscillatory movements known as interkinetic nuclear migration (INM), which we previously found to be mediated during G1 by the kinesin Kif1a, and during G2 by cytoplasmic dynein, recruited to the nuclear envelope by the nucleoporins RanBP2 and Nup133. We now identify Nup153 as a nucleoporin anchor for Kif1a, responsible for G1-specific basal nuclear migration, providing a complete model for the mechanisms underlying this basic, but mysterious behavior, with broad implications for understanding brain development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Falnikar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quintremil, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helmer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vallee, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.25.550108</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Nucleoporin Nup153 Is the Anchor for Kif1a during Basal Nuclear migration in Brain Progenitor Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.26.546400v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The reach of reactivation: Effects of consciously-triggered versus unconsciously-triggered reactivation of associative memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.26.546400v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Newly formed memories are not passively stored for future retrieval; rather, they are reactivated offline and thereby strengthened and transformed. However, reactivation is not a uniform process: it occurs throughout different states of consciousness, including conscious rehearsal during wakefulness and unconscious processing during both wakefulness and sleep. In this study, we explore the consequences of reactivation during conscious and unconscious awake states. Forty-one participants learned associations consisting of adjective-object-position triads. Objects were clustered into distinct semantic groups (e.g., multiple fruits, vehicles, musical instruments) which allowed us to examine the consequences of reactivation on semantically-related memories. After an extensive learning phase, some triads were reactivated consciously, through cued retrieval, or unconsciously, through subliminal priming. In both conditions, the adjective was used as the cue. Reactivation impacted memory for the most distal association (i.e., the spatial position of associated objects) in a consciousness-dependent and memory-strength-dependent manner. First, conscious reactivation of a triad resulted in a weakening of other semantically related memories, but only those that were initially more accurate (i.e., memories with lower pre-reactivation spatial errors). This is similar to what has been previously demonstrated in studies employing retrieval-induced forgetting designs. Unconscious reactivation, on the other hand, benefited memory selectively for weak cued items. Semantically linked associations were not impaired, but rather integrated with the reactivated memory. Taken together, our results demonstrate that conscious and unconscious reactivation of memories during wakefulness have qualitatively different consequences on memory for distal associations. Effects are memory-strength-dependent, as has been shown for reactivation during sleep. Results support a consciousness-dependent inhibition account, according to which unconscious reactivation involves less inhibitory dynamics than conscious reactivation, thus allowing more liberal spread of activation. Our findings set the stage for additional exploration into the role of consciousness in memory structuring.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schechtman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caughran, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paller, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davachi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.26.546400</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The reach of reactivation: Effects of consciously-triggered versus unconsciously-triggered reactivation of associative memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.27.550739v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural mechanisms of transitive inference and fast knowledge reassembly in learning neural networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.27.550739v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How do we gain general insights from limited novel experiences? Humans and animals have a striking ability to learn relationships between experienced items, enabling efficient generalization and rapid assimilation of new information. One fundamental instance of such relational learning is transitive inference (learn A>B and B>C, infer A>C), which can be quickly and globally reorganized upon learning a new item (learn A>B>C and D>E>F, then C>D, and infer B>E). Despite considerable study, neural mechanisms of transitive inference and fast reassembly of existing knowledge remain elusive. Here we adopt a meta-learning ("learning-to-learn") approach. We train artificial neural networks, endowed with synaptic plasticity and neuromodulation, to be able to learn novel orderings of arbitrary stimuli from repeated presentation of stimulus pairs. We then obtain a complete mechanistic understanding of this discovered neural learning algorithm. Remarkably, this learning involves active cognition: items from previous trials are selectively reinstated in working memory, enabling delayed, self-generated learning and knowledge reassembly. These findings identify a new mechanism for relational learning and insight, suggest new interpretations of neural activity in cognitive tasks, and highlight a novel approach to discovering neural mechanisms capable of supporting cognitive behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miconi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kay, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.27.550739</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural mechanisms of transitive inference and fast knowledge reassembly in learning neural networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.27.550794v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prefrontal Cortex Neural Correlates of the Contraction Bias in Frequency Discrimination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.27.550794v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Perception is influenced by sensory stimulation, prior knowledge, and contextual cues, which collectively contribute to the emergence of perceptual biases. However, the precise neural mechanisms underlying these biases remain poorly understood. This study aims to address this gap by analyzing neural recordings from the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of monkeys performing a vibrotactile frequency discrimination task. Our findings provide empirical evidence supporting the hypothesis that perceptual biases can be reflected in the neural activity of the PFC. We found that the state-space trajectories of PFC neuronal activity encoded a warped representation of the first frequency presented during the task. Remarkably, this distorted representation of the frequency aligned with the predictions of its Bayesian estimator. The identification of these neural correlates expands our understanding of the neural basis of perceptual biases and highlights the involvement of the PFC in shaping perceptual experiences. Similar analyses could be employed in other delayed comparison tasks and in various brain regions to explore where and how neural activity reflects perceptual biases during different stages of the trial.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Serrano-Fernandez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beiran, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parga, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.27.550794</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prefrontal Cortex Neural Correlates of the Contraction Bias in Frequency Discrimination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.27.550836v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ChromaFold predicts the 3D contact map from single-cell chromatin accessibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.27.550836v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The identification of cell-type-specific 3D chromatin interactions between regulatory elements can help to decipher gene regulation and to interpret the function of disease-associated non-coding variants. However, current chromosome conformation capture (3C) technologies are unable to resolve interactions at this resolution when only small numbers of cells are available as input. We therefore present ChromaFold, a deep learning model that predicts 3D contact maps and regulatory interactions from single-cell ATAC sequencing (scATAC-seq) data alone. ChromaFold uses pseudobulk chromatin accessibility, co-accessibility profiles across metacells, and predicted CTCF motif tracks as input features and employs a lightweight architecture to enable training on standard GPUs. Once trained on paired scATAC-seq and Hi-C data in human cell lines and tissues, ChromaFold can accurately predict both the 3D contact map and peak-level interactions across diverse human and mouse test cell types. In benchmarking against a recent deep learning method that uses bulk ATAC-seq, DNA sequence, and CTCF ChIP-seq to make cell-type-specific predictions, ChromaFold yields superior prediction performance when including CTCF ChIP-seq data as an input and comparable performance without. Finally, fine-tuning ChromaFold on paired scATAC-seq and Hi-C in a complex tissue enables deconvolution of chromatin interactions across cell subpopulations. ChromaFold thus achieves state-of-the-art prediction of 3D contact maps and regulatory interactions using scATAC-seq alone as input data, enabling accurate inference of cell-type-specific interactions in settings where 3C-based assays are infeasible.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNally, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karagiannidis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivas, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.-m.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barisic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karbalayghareh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noble, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilmes, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apostolou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kharas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beguelin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viny, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huangfu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudensky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melnick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leslie, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.27.550836</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ChromaFold predicts the 3D contact map from single-cell chromatin accessibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.27.550898v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Universal length fluctuations of actin structures found in cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.27.550898v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Actin is a key cytoskeletal protein that forms filaments that bundle into linear structures in vivo, which are involved in motility, signaling, and cell division. Despite the rapid turnover of individual actin monomers, these structures are often maintained at a specific length, which is important for their function. Length control is commonly attributed to length-dependent assembly or disassembly of the structure, whereby a stable length is achieved when the two opposing processes are balanced. Here we show that regardless of the nature of the length-dependent feedback, such "balance point" models predict a Gaussian distribution of lengths with a variance that is proportional to the steady state length. Contrary to this prediction, a reexamination of experimental measurements on the lengths of stereocilia, microvilli, actin cables, and filopodia reveals that the variance scales with the square of the steady state length. We propose a model in which the individual filaments in bundles undergo independent assembly dynamics, and the length of the bundle is set by the length of the longest filament. This model predicts a non-Gaussian distribution of bundle lengths with a variance that scales with the square of the steady state length. Our theory underscores the importance of crosslinking filaments into networks for size control of cytoskeleton structures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosario, A. A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McInally, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jelenkovic, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goode, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kondev, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.27.550898</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Universal length fluctuations of actin structures found in cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.27.550851v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional and anatomical connectivity predict brain stimulation's mnemonic effects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.27.550851v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Closed-loop direct brain stimulation is a promising tool for modulating neural activity and behavior. However, it remains unclear how to optimally target stimulation to modulate brain activity in particular brain networks that underlie particular cognitive functions. Here, we test the hypothesis that stimulations behavioral and physiological effects depend on the stimulation targets anatomical and functional network properties. We delivered closed-loop stimulation as 47 neurosurgical patients studied and recalled word lists. Multivariate classifiers, trained to predict momentary lapses in memory function, triggered stimulation of the lateral temporal cortex (LTC) during the study phase of the task. We found that LTC stimulation specifically improved memory when delivered to targets near white matter pathways. Memory improvement was largest for targets near white matter that also showed high functional connectivity to the brains memory network. These targets also reduced low-frequency activity in this network, an established marker of successful memory encoding. These data reveal how anatomical and functional networks mediate stimulations behavioral and physiological effects, provide further evidence that closed-loop LTC stimulation can improve episodic memory, and suggest a method for optimizing neuromodulation through improved stimulation targeting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ezzyat, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kragel, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solomon, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lega, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronson, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jobst, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sperling, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worrell, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheth, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wanda, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizzuto, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahana, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.27.550851</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional and anatomical connectivity predict brain stimulation's mnemonic effects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.29.551032v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conserved long noncoding RNA TILAM promotes liver fibrosis through interaction with PML in hepatic stellate cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.29.551032v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background & AimsFibrosis is the common endpoint for all forms of chronic liver injury, and progression of fibrosis leads to the development of end-stage liver disease. Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and their transdifferentiation to myofibroblasts results in the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins that form the fibrotic scar. Long noncoding (lnc) RNAs regulate the activity of HSCs and may provide targets for fibrotic therapies.

MethodsWe identified lncRNA TILAM as expressed near COL1A1 in human HSCs and performed loss-of-function studies in human HSCs and liver organoids. Transcriptomic analyses of HSCs isolated from mice defined the murine ortholog of TILAM. We then generated Tilam-deficient GFP reporter mice and quantified fibrotic responses to carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and choline-deficient L-amino acid defined high fat diet (CDA-HFD). Co-precipitation studies, mass spectrometry, and gene expression analyses identified protein partners of TILAM.

ResultsTILAM is conserved between human and mouse HSCs and regulates expression of ECM proteins, including collagen. Tilam is selectively induced in HSCs during the development of fibrosis in vivo. In both male and female mice, loss of Tilam results in reduced fibrosis in the setting of CCl4 and CDA-HFD injury models. TILAM interacts with promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) to stabilize PML protein levels and promote the fibrotic activity of HSCs.

ConclusionTILAM is activated in HSCs and interacts with PML to drive the development of liver fibrosis. Depletion of TILAM may serve as a therapeutic approach to combat the development of end stage liver disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daneshvar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kratkiewicz, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Saad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hess, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pondick, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>York, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentile, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ur Rahman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sparks, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habboub, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, B.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Affo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwabe, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popov, Y. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullen, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.29.551032</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conserved long noncoding RNA TILAM promotes liver fibrosis through interaction with PML in hepatic stellate cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.31.551186v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extrachromosomal Telomeres Derived from Excessive Strand Displacements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.31.551186v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT) is a telomere maintenance mechanism mediated by break-induced replication (BIR), evident in approximately 15% of human cancers. A characteristic feature of ALT cancers is the presence of C-circles, circular single-stranded telomeric DNAs composed of C-rich sequences. Despite the fact that extrachromosomal C-rich single-stranded DNAs (ssDNAs), unique to ALT cells, are considered potential precursors of C-circles, their generation process remains undefined. Here, we introduce a highly sensitive method to detect single stranded telomeric DNA, called 4SET (Strand-Specific Southern-blot for Single-stranded Extrachromosomal Telomeres) assay. Utilizing 4SET, we are able to capture C-rich single stranded DNAs that are near 200 to 1500 nucleotides in size. Both linear C-rich ssDNAs and C-circles are abundant in the fractions of cytoplasm and nucleoplasm, which supports the idea that linear C-rich ssDNA accumulation may indeed precede C-circle formation. We also found that C-rich ssDNAs originate during Okazaki fragment processing during lagging strand DNA synthesis. The generation of C-rich ssDNA requires CST-PP (CTC1/STN1/TEN1-PRIMASE-Polymerase alpha) complex-mediated priming of the C-strand DNA synthesis and subsequent excessive strand displacement of the C-rich strand mediated by the DNA Polymerase delta and the BLM helicase. Our work proposes a new model for the generation of C-rich ssDNAs and C-circles during ALT-mediated telomere elongation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sohn, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taglialatela, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Sullivan, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciccia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.31.551186</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extrachromosomal Telomeres Derived from Excessive Strand Displacements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.01.551457v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Charge-Patterned Disordered Peptides Tune Intracellular Phase Separation in Bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.01.551457v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Subcellular phase separated compartments, known as biomolecular condensates, play an important role in the spatiotemporal organization of cells. To understand the sequence-determinants of phase separation in bacteria, we engineered protein-based condensates in Escherichia coli by utilizing electrostatic interactions as the main driving force. Minimal cationic disordered peptides were used to supercharge negative, neutral, and positive globular model proteins, enabling their phase separation with anionic biomacromolecules in the cell. The phase behavior was governed by the interaction strength between the cationic proteins and anionic biopolymers in addition to the protein concentration. The interaction strength primarily depended on the overall net charge of the protein, but the distribution of charge between the globular and disordered domains also had an impact. Notably, the protein charge distribution between domains could tune mesoscale attributes such as the size, number, and subcellular localization of condensates within E. coli cells. The length and charge density of the disordered peptides had significant effects on protein expression levels, ultimately influencing the formation of condensates. Taken together, charge-patterned disordered peptides provide a platform for understanding the molecular grammar underlying phase separation in bacteria.

HighlightsO_LIMinimal disordered cationic peptides of varying charge densities can promote protein phase separation in bacterial cells.
C_LIO_LIProtein net charge and charge-patterning are distinct determinants of phase behavior.
C_LIO_LIProtein charge distribution can be used to tune the size, number, position, and reversibility of condensates.
C_LIO_LIMultiple proteins can be selectively recruited to synthetic condensates with disordered cationic peptides.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeong, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obermeyer, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.01.551457</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Charge-Patterned Disordered Peptides Tune Intracellular Phase Separation in Bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.31.551045v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EZH2 inhibition sensitizes IDH1R132H mutant gliomas to histone deacetylase inhibitor. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.31.551045v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Isocitrate Dehydrogenase-1 (IDH1) is commonly mutated in lower grade diffuse gliomas. The IDH1R132H mutation is an important diagnostic tool for tumor diagnosis and prognosis, however its role in glioma development, and its impact on response to therapy, is not fully understood. We developed a murine model of proneural IDH1R132H mutated glioma that shows elevated production of 2-Hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) and increased tri-methylation of lysine residue K27 on histone H3 (H3K27me3) compared to IDH1 wild-type tumors. We found that using Tazemetostat to inhibit the methyltransferase for H3K27, Enhancer of Zeste 2 (EZH2), reduced H3K27me3 levels and increased acetylation on H3K27. We also found that, although the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) Panobinostat was less cytotoxic in IDH1R132H mutated cells (either isolated from murine glioma or oligodendrocyte progenitor cells infected in vitro with a retrovirus expressing IDH1R132H) compared to IDH1-wildtype cells, combination treatment with Tazemetostat is synergistic in both mutant and wildtype models. These findings indicate a novel therapeutic strategy for IDH1-mutated gliomas that targets the specific epigenetic alteration in these tumors.

Main PointsMurine gliomas initiated by the IDH1R132H mutation (in the presence of additional genetic alterations, such as p53 loss and PDGF overexpression) recapitulate the metabolic and transcriptional features of the proneural subtype, as they are characterized by increased 2HG levels, and are enriched for OPC lineage-restricted genes compared to IDH-wildtype murine gliomas. In murine IDH1-R132H glioma cells, EZH2 inhibition is not cytotoxic as a monotherapy but reduces levels of H3K27me3 and increases levels of H3K27ac. IDH1R132H cells are relatively resistant to Panobinostat cytotoxicity compared to IDH-wildtype cells, but combining treatment with EZH2 inhibition synergistically kills glioma cells and increases H3K27ac.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sprinzen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, F. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mela, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhyayula, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humala, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caprioli, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinones-Hinojosa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casaccia, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canoll, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.31.551045</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EZH2 inhibition sensitizes IDH1R132H mutant gliomas to histone deacetylase inhibitor.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.01.551554v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antibody gene features associated with binding and functional activity in vaccine-derived human mAbs targeting malaria parasites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.01.551554v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adjuvants have been essential to malaria vaccine development, but their impact on the vaccine-induced antibody repertoire is poorly understood. Here, we used cDNA sequences from antigen-specific single memory B cells to express 132 recombinant human anti-Pfs230 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Alhydrogel(R)-induced mAbs demonstrated higher binding to Pfs230D1, although functional activity was similar between adjuvants. All Alhydrogel(R) mAbs using IGHV1-69 gene bound to recombinant Pfs230D1, but none blocked parasite transmission to mosquitoes; similarly, no AS01 mAb using IGHV1-69 blocked transmission. Functional mAbs from both Alhydrogel(R) and AS01 vaccines used IGHV3-21 and IGHV3-30 genes. Antibodies with the longest CDR3 sequences were associated with binding but not functional activity. This study assesses adjuvant effects on antibody clonotype diversity during malaria vaccination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coelho, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marquez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tentokam, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berhe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miura, k.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Healy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagara, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinstein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duffy, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.01.551554</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antibody gene features associated with binding and functional activity in vaccine-derived human mAbs targeting malaria parasites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.03.551808v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stimulation of mRNA translation rescues hippocampal synaptic plasticity and memory in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.03.551808v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Impaired synaptic plasticity and progressive memory deficits are major hallmarks of Alzheimers disease (AD). Hippocampal mRNA translation, required for memory consolidation, is defective in AD. Here, we show that systemic treatment with (2R,6R)- hydroxynorketamine (HNK), an active metabolite of the antidepressant ketamine, prevented deficits in hippocampal mRNA translation, long-term potentiation (LTP) and memory induced by AD-linked amyloid-{beta} oligomers (A{beta}Os) in mice. HNK activated hippocampal extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), and p70S6 kinase 1 (S6K1)/ribosomal protein S6 (S6), which promote protein synthesis and synaptic plasticity. Stimulation of S6 phosphorylation by HNK was mTORC1-dependent, while rescue of hippocampal LTP and memory in HNK-treated A{beta}O-infused mice was ERK1/2-dependent and, partially, mTORC1- dependent. Remarkably, treatment with HNK corrected LTP and memory deficits in aged APP/PS1 mice. Transcriptomic analysis further showed that HNK rescued signaling pathways that are aberrant in APP/PS1 mice, including inflammatory and hormonal responses, and programmed cell death. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that HNK induces signaling and transcriptional responses that correct deficits in hippocampal synaptic plasticity and memory in AD mouse models. These results raise the prospect that HNK could serve as a therapeutic to prevent or reverse memory decline in AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ribeiro, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cozachenco, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Argyrousi, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staniszewski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiebe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calixtro, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soares-Neto, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Chami, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El Sayegh, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bermudez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arsenault, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cossenza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacaille, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nader, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Felice, F. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lourenco, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arancio, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar-Valles, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonenberg, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.03.551808</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stimulation of mRNA translation rescues hippocampal synaptic plasticity and memory in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.02.551743v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting brain activity using Transformers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.02.551743v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Algonauts challenge [Gifford et al., 2023] called on the community to provide novel solutions for predicting brain activity of humans viewing natural scenes. This report provides an overview and technical details of our submitted solution. We use a general transformer encoder-decoder model to map images to fMRI responses. The encoder model is a vision transformer trained using self-supervised methods (DINOv2). The decoder uses queries corresponding to different brain regions of interests (ROI) in different hemispheres to gather relevant information from the encoder output for predicting neural activity in each ROI. The output tokens from the decoder are then linearly mapped to the fMRI activity. The predictive success (challenge score: 63.5229, rank 2) suggests that features from self-supervised transformers may deserve consideration as models of human visual brain representations and shows the effectiveness of transformer mechanisms (self and cross-attention) to learn the mapping from features to brain responses. Code is available in this github repository.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adeli, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriegeskorte, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.02.551743</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting brain activity using Transformers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.03.551894v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A computational pipeline for spatial mechano-transcriptomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.03.551894v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in spatial profiling technologies are providing insights into how molecular programs are influenced by local signaling and environmental cues. However, cell fate specification and tissue patterning involve the interplay of biochemical and mechanical feedback. Here, we develop a computational framework that enables the joint statistical analysis of transcriptional and mechanical signals in the context of spatial transcriptomics. To illustrate the application and utility of the approach, we use spatial transcriptomics data from the developing mouse embryo to infer the forces acting on individual cells, and use these results to identify mechanical, morphometric, and gene expression signatures that are predictive of tissue compartment boundaries. In addition, we use geoadditive structural equation modeling to identify gene modules that predict the mechanical behavior of cells in an unbiased manner. This computational framework is easily generalized to other spatial profiling contexts, providing a generic scheme for exploring the interplay of biomolecular and mechanical cues in tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hallou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simons, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumitrascu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.03.551894</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A computational pipeline for spatial mechano-transcriptomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.07.551726v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Material Properties of Nonpregnant and Pregnant Human Uterine Layers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.07.551726v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The uterus has critical biomechanical functions in pregnancy and undergoes dramatic material growth and remodeling from implantation to parturition. The intrinsic material properties of the human uterus and how they evolve in pregnancy are poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap and assess the heterogeneity of these tissues, the time-dependent material properties of all human uterine layers were measured with nanoindentation. The endometrium-decidua layer was found to be the least stiff, most viscous, and least permeable layer of the human uterus in nonpregnant and third-trimester pregnant tissues. In pregnancy, endometrium-decidua becomes stiffer and less viscous with no material property changes observed in the myometrium or perimetrium. Additionally, uterine material properties did not significantly differ between third-trimester pregnant tissues with and without placenta accreta. The foundational data generated by this study will facilitate the development of physiologically accurate models of the human uterus to investigate gynecologic and obstetric disorders.

HighlightsO_LIHuman uterine layers are distinct, heterogeneous and time-dependent
C_LIO_LIPregnancy alters the material properties of the maternal-fetal interface
C_LIO_LILargest dataset of uterine mechanical properties measured by nanoindentation
C_LI

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=61 SRC="FIGDIR/small/551726v3_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (24K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@2d347eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d14584org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@2b0920org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1642359_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fodera, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lund-Jackson, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vink, J.-S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oyen, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.07.551726</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Material Properties of Nonpregnant and Pregnant Human Uterine Layers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.07.552274v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nuclear Factor Kappa B Over-Activation in the Intervertebral Disc Leads to Macrophage Recruitment and Severe Disc Degeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.07.552274v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveLow back pain (LBP) is the leading cause of global disability and is thought to be driven primarily by intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (DD). Persistent upregulation of catabolic enzymes and inflammatory mediators have been associated with severe cases of DD. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-{kappa}B) is a master transcription regulator of immune responses and is over expressed during inflammatory-driven musculoskeletal diseases, including DD. However, its role in triggering DD is unknown. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of NF-{kappa}B pathway over-activation on IVD integrity and DD pathology.

MethodsUsing skeletally mature mouse model, we genetically targeted IVD cells for canonical NF-{kappa}B pathway activation via expression of a constitutively active form of inhibitor of {kappa}B kinase B (IKK{beta}), and assessed changes in IVD cellularity, structural integrity including histology, disc height, and extracellular matrix (ECM) biochemistry, biomechanics, expression of inflammatory, catabolic, and neurotropic mediators, and changes in macrophage subsets, longitudinally up to 6-months post activation.

ResultsProlonged NF-{kappa}B activation led to severe structural degeneration, with a loss of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content and complete loss of nucleus pulposus (NP) cellularity. Structural and compositional changes decreased IVD height and compressive mechanical properties with prolonged NF-{kappa}B activation. These alterations were accompanied by increases in gene expression of inflammatory molecules (Il1b, Il6, Nos2), chemokines (Mcp1, Mif), catabolic enzymes (Mmp3, Mmp9, Adamts4), and neurotrophic factors (Bdnf, Ngf) within IVD tissue. Increased recruitment of activated F4/80+ macrophages exhibited a greater abundance of pro-inflammatory (CD38+) over inflammatory-resolving (CD206+) macrophage subsets in the IVD, with temporal changes in the relative abundance of macrophage subsets over time, providing evidence for temporal regulation of macrophage polarization in DD in vivo, where macrophages participate in resolving the inflammatory cascade but promote fibrotic transformation of the IVD matrix. We further show that NF-{kappa}B driven secretory factors from IVD cells increase macrophage migration and inflammatory activation, and that the secretome of inflammatory-resolving macrophages mitigates effects of NF-{kappa}B overactivation.

ConclusionOverall the observed results suggest prolonged NF-{kappa}B activation can induce severe DD, acting through increases in inflammatory cytokines, chemotactic proteins, catabolic enzymes, and the recruitment and inflammatory activation of a macrophage cell populations, that can be mitigated with inflammatory-resolving macrophage secretome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Burt, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M. K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viola, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chahine, N. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.07.552274</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nuclear Factor Kappa B Over-Activation in the Intervertebral Disc Leads to Macrophage Recruitment and Severe Disc Degeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.08.552465v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Top-down attention shifts behavioral and neural event boundaries in narratives with overlapping event scripts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.08.552465v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding and remembering the complex experiences of everyday life relies critically on prior schematic knowledge about how events in our world unfold over time. How does the brain construct event representations from a library of schematic scripts, and how does activating a specific script impact the way that events are segmented in time? We developed a novel set of 16 audio narratives, each of which combines one of four location-relevant event scripts (restaurant, airport, grocery store, lecture hall) with one of four socially-relevant event scripts (breakup, proposal, business deal, meet cute), and presented them to participants in an fMRI study and a separate online study. Responses in angular gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, and subregions of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) were driven by both location and social script information, showing that these regions can track schematic sequences from multiple domains. For some stories participants were primed to attend to one of the two scripts, by training them to listen for and remember specific script-relevant episodic details. Activating a location-related event script shifted the timing of subjective event boundaries to align with script-relevant changes in the narratives, and this behavioral shift was mirrored in the timing of neural responses, with mPFC event boundaries (identified using a Hidden Markov Model) aligning to location-relevant rather than socially-relevant boundaries when participants were location primed. Our findings demonstrate that neural event dynamics are actively modulated by top-down goals, and provide new insight into how narrative event representations are constructed through the activation of temporally-structured prior knowledge.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>De Soares, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mugisho, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldassano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.08.552465</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Top-down attention shifts behavioral and neural event boundaries in narratives with overlapping event scripts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.08.552508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation improves sensory performance in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.08.552508v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate senses depend on high-fidelity encoding by sensory receptors and error-free processing in the brain. Progress has been made towards restoring damaged sensory receptors. However, methods for on-demand treatment of impaired central sensory processing are scarce. Prior invasive studies demonstrated that continuous vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) in rodents can activate the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system to rapidly improve central sensory processing. Here, we investigated whether transcutaneous VNS improves sensory performance in humans. We conducted three sham-controlled experiments, each with 12 neurotypical adults, that measured the effects of transcutaneous VNS on metrics of auditory and visual performance, and heart rate variability (HRV). Continuous stimulation was delivered to cervical (tcVNS) or auricular (taVNS) branches of the vagus nerve while participants performed psychophysics tasks or passively viewed a display. Relative to sham stimulation, tcVNS improved auditory performance by 37% (p=0.00052) and visual performance by 23% (p=0.038). Participants with lower performance during sham conditions experienced larger tcVNS-evoked improvements (p=0.0040). Lastly, tcVNS increased HRV during passive viewing, corroborating vagal engagement. No evidence for an effect of taVNS was observed. These findings validate the effectiveness of tcVNS in humans and position it as a method for on-demand interventions of impairments associated with central sensory processing dysfunction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jigo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmel, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodenkirch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.08.552508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation improves sensory performance in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.09.552538v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Influence of Multivalent Charge and PEGylation on Shape Transitions in Fluid Lipid Assemblies: From Vesicles to Discs, Rods, and Spheres 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.09.552538v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipids, and cationic lipids in particular, are of interest as delivery vectors for hydrophobic drugs such as the cancer therapeutic paclitaxel, and the structures of lipid assemblies affect their efficacy. We investigated the effect of incorporating the multivalent cationic lipid MVL5 (+5e) and poly(ethylene glycol)-lipids (PEG-lipids), alone and in combination, on the structure of fluid-phase lipid assemblies of the charge-neutral lipid 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-phosphocholine (DOPC). This allowed us to elucidate lipid-liposome structure correlations in sonicated formulations with high charge density, which are not accessible with univalent lipids such as the well-studied DOTAP (+1e). Cryogenic TEM allowed us to determine the structure of the lipid assemblies, revealing diverse combinations of vesicles and disc-shaped, worm-like, and spherical micelles. Remarkably, MVL5 forms an essentially pure phase of disc micelles at 50 mol% MVL5. At higher (75 mol%) content of MVL5, short and intermediate-length worm-like micellar rods were observed and, in ternary mixtures with PEG-lipid, longer and highly flexible worm-like micelles formed. Independent of their length, the worm-like micelles coexisted with spherical micelles. In stark contrast, DOTAP forms mixtures of vesicles, disc micelles and spherical micelles at all studied compositions, even when combined with PEG-lipids. The observed similarities and differences in the effects of charge (multivalent versus univalent) and high curvature (multivalent charge versus PEG-lipid) on assembly structure provide insights into parameters that control the size of fluid lipid nanodiscs, relevant for future applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steffes, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ewert, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safinya, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.09.552538</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Influence of Multivalent Charge and PEGylation on Shape Transitions in Fluid Lipid Assemblies: From Vesicles to Discs, Rods, and Spheres]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.11.552969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Osteocalcin of maternal and embryonic origins synergize to establish homeostasis in offspring 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.11.552969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many physiological functions regulated by osteocalcin are affected in adult offspring of mothers experiencing an unhealthy pregnancy. Furthermore, osteocalcin signaling during gestation influences cognition and adrenal steroidogenesis in adult mice. Together these observations suggest that osteocalcin functions during pregnancy may be a broader determinant of organismal homeostasis in adult mammals than previously thought. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed in unchallenged wildtype and Osteocalcin-deficient, newborn, and adult mice of various genotypes and origin, and that were maintained on different genetic backgrounds, the functions of osteocalcin in the pancreas, liver and testes and their molecular underpinnings. This analysis revealed that providing mothers are themselves Osteocalcin-deficient, Osteocalcin haploinsufficiency in embryos hampers insulin secretion, liver gluconeogenesis, glucose homeostasis, testes steroidogenesis in adult offspring; inhibits cell proliferation in developing pancreatic islets and testes; and disrupts distinct programs of gene expression in these organs and in the brain. This study indicates that through their synergistic regulation of multiple physiological functions, osteocalcin ofmaternal and embryonic origins contributes to the establishment and maintenance of organismal homeostasis in newborn and adult offspring.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Correa Pinto, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canal Delgado, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clemenceau, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corvelo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narzisi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musunuri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendricks, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tokumura, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oury, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ducy, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karsenty, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.11.552969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Osteocalcin of maternal and embryonic origins synergize to establish homeostasis in offspring]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.11.553023v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DARTsort: A modular drift tracking spike sorter for high-density multi-electrode probes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.11.553023v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With the advent of high-density, multi-electrode probes, there has been a renewed interest in developing robust and scalable algorithms for spike sorting. Current spike sorting approaches, however, struggle to deal with noisy recordings and probe motion (drift). Here we introduce a modular and interpretable spike sorting pipeline, DARTsort (Drift Aware Registration and Tracking), that builds upon recent advances in denoising, spike localization, and drift estimation. DARTsort integrates a precise estimate of probe drift over time into a model of the spiking signal. This allows our method to be robust to drift across a variety of probe geometries. We show that our spike sorting algorithm outperforms a current state-of-the-art spike sorting algorithm, Kilosort 2.5, on simulated datasets with different drift types and noise levels. Open-source code can be found at https://github.com/cwindolf/dartsort.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boussard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Windolf, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurwitz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winter, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.11.553023</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DARTsort: A modular drift tracking spike sorter for high-density multi-electrode probes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.13.553130v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mammalian olfactory cortex neurons retain molecular signatures of ancestral cell types 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.13.553130v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cerebral cortex diversified extensively during vertebrate evolution. Intriguingly, the three-layered mammalian olfactory cortex resembles the cortical cytoarchitecture of non-mammals yet evolved alongside the six-layered neocortex, enabling unique comparisons for investigating cortical neuron diversification. We performed single-nucleus multiome sequencing across mouse three- to six-layered cortices and compared neuron types across mice, reptiles and salamander. We identified neurons that are olfactory cortex-specific or conserved across mouse cortical areas. However, transcriptomically similar neurons exhibited area-specific epigenetic states. Additionally, the olfactory cortex showed transcriptomic divergence between lab and wild-derived mice, suggesting enhanced circuit plasticity through adult immature neurons. Finally, olfactory cortex neurons displayed marked transcriptomic similarities to reptile and salamander neurons. Together, these data indicate that the mammalian olfactory cortex retains molecular signatures representative of ancestral cortical traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zeppilli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurrola, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demetci, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attey, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zilkha, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimchi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Datta, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tosches, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crombach, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleischmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.13.553130</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mammalian olfactory cortex neurons retain molecular signatures of ancestral cell types]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.13.553148v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies Following a Second BA.5 Bivalent Booster 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.13.553148v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bivalent COVID-19 mRNA vaccines expressing both the ancestral D614G and Omicron BA.5 spike proteins were introduced in August 2022 with the goal of broadening immunity to emerging SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants. Subsequent studies on bivalent boosters found neutralizing antibody responses similar to boosters with the original monovalent vaccine, likely the result of immunological imprinting. Guidelines allow for administration of a second bivalent booster in high-risk groups, but it remains unknown whether this would broaden antibody responses. To address this question, we assessed longitudinal serum SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing titers in 18 elderly immunocompetent individuals (mean age 69) following a fourth monovalent booster and two BA.5 bivalent booster vaccines using pseudovirus neutralization assays against D614G, Omicron BA.5, and Omicron XBB.1.5. There was a small but significant increase in peak neutralizing antibody responses against Omicron BA.5 and XBB.1.5 following the first bivalent booster, but no significant increase in peak titers following the second bivalent booster. Omicron-specific neutralizing titers remained low after both doses of the BA.5 bivalent booster. Our results suggest that a second dose of the BA.5 bivalent booster is not sufficient to broaden antibody responses and to overcome immunological imprinting. A monovalent vaccine targeting only the spike of the recently dominant SARS-CoV-2 may mitigate the "back boosting" associated with the "original antigenic sin."
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoneman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lihong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.13.553148</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies Following a Second BA.5 Bivalent Booster]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.14.553318v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prevalence of and gene regulatory constraints on transcriptional adaptation in single cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.14.553318v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells and tissues have a remarkable ability to adapt to genetic perturbations via a variety of molecular mechanisms. Nonsense-induced transcriptional compensation, a form of transcriptional adaptation, has recently emerged as one such mechanism, in which nonsense mutations in a gene can trigger upregulation of related genes, possibly conferring robustness at cellular and organismal levels. However, beyond a handful of developmental contexts and curated sets of genes, to date, no comprehensive genome-wide investigation of this behavior has been undertaken for mammalian cell types and contexts. Moreover, how the regulatory-level effects of inherently stochastic compensatory gene networks contribute to phenotypic penetrance in single cells remains unclear. Here we combine computational analysis of existing datasets with stochastic mathematical modeling and machine learning to uncover the widespread prevalence of transcriptional adaptation in mammalian systems and the diverse single-cell manifestations of minimal compensatory gene networks. Regulon gene expression analysis of a pooled single-cell genetic perturbation dataset recapitulates important model predictions. Our integrative approach uncovers several putative hits--genes demonstrating possible transcriptional adaptation--to follow up on experimentally, and provides a formal quantitative framework to test and refine models of transcriptional adaptation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mellis, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodkin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goyal, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.14.553318</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prevalence of and gene regulatory constraints on transcriptional adaptation in single cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.15.553409v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Increasing the accuracy of single-molecule data analysis using tMAVEN 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.15.553409v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Time-dependent single-molecule experiments contain rich kinetic information about the functional dynamics of biomolecules. A key step in extracting this information is the application of kinetic models, such as hidden Markov models (HMMs), which characterize the molecular mechanism governing the experimental system. Unfortunately, researchers rarely know the physico-chemical details of this molecular mechanism a priori, which raises questions about how to select the most appropriate kinetic model for a given single-molecule dataset and what consequences arise if the wrong model is chosen. To address these questions, we have developed and used time-series Modeling, Analysis, and Visualization ENvironment (tMAVEN), a comprehensive, open-source, and extensible software platform. tMAVEN can perform each step of the single-molecule analysis pipeline, from pre-processing to kinetic modeling to plotting, and has been designed to enable the analysis of a single-molecule dataset with multiple types of kinetic models. Using tMAVEN, we have systematically investigated mismatches between kinetic models and molecular mechanisms by analyzing simulated examples of prototypical single-molecule datasets exhibiting common experimental complications, such as molecular heterogeneity, with a series of different types of HMMs. Our results show that no single kinetic modeling strategy is mathematically appropriate for all experimental contexts. Indeed, HMMs only correctly capture the underlying molecular mechanism in the simplest of cases. As such, researchers must modify HMMs using physico-chemical principles to avoid the risk of missing the significant biological and biophysical insights into molecular heterogeneity that their experiments provide. By enabling the facile, side-by-side application of multiple types of kinetic models to individual single-molecule datasets, tMAVEN allows researchers to carefully tailor their modeling approach to match the complexity of the underlying biomolecular dynamics and increase the accuracy of their single-molecule data analyses.

Statement of SignificanceThe power of time-dependent single-molecule biophysical experiments lies in their ability to uncover the molecular mechanisms governing experimental systems by computationally applying kinetic models to the data. While many software solutions have been developed to estimate the optimal parameters of such models, the results reported here show that the models themselves are often inherently mismatched with the molecular mechanisms they are being used to analyze. To investigate these mismatches and demonstrate how to best model the kinetics of a molecular mechanism, we have used time-series Modeling, Analysis, and Visualization ENvironment (tMAVEN), an open-source software platform we have developed that, among other features, enables the analysis of single-molecule datasets using different kinetic models within a single, extensible, and customizable pipeline.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Verma, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodick, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinz-Thompson, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.15.553409</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Increasing the accuracy of single-molecule data analysis using tMAVEN]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.15.553416v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Computational Approach for the Identification of Novel L1 Transcriptional Regulators 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.15.553416v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long interspersed element 1 (L1) are a family of autonomous, actively mobile transposons that occupy [~]17% of the human genome. A number of pleiotropic effects induced by L1 (promoting genome instability, inflammation, or cellular senescence) have been observed, and L1s contributions to aging and aging diseases is an area of active research. However, because of the cell type-specific nature of transposon control, the catalogue of L1 regulators remains incomplete. Here, we employ an eQTL approach leveraging transcriptomic and genomic data from the GEUVADIS and 1000Genomes projects to computationally identify new candidate regulators of L1 RNA levels in lymphoblastoid cell lines. To cement the role of candidate genes in L1 regulation, we experimentally modulate the levels of top candidates in vitro, including IL16, STARD5, HSDB17B12, and RNF5, and assess changes in TE family expression by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). Remarkably, we observe subtle but widespread upregulation of TE family expression following IL16 and STARD5 overexpression. Moreover, a short-term 24-hour exposure to recombinant human IL16 was sufficient to transiently induce subtle, but widespread, upregulation of L1 subfamilies. Finally, we find that many L1 expression-associated genetic variants are co-associated with aging traits across genome-wide association study databases. Our results expand the catalogue of genes implicated in L1 RNA control and further suggest that L1-derived RNA contributes to aging processes. Given the ever-increasing availability of paired genomic and transcriptomic data, we anticipate this new approach to be a starting point for more comprehensive computational scans for transposon transcriptional regulators.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bravo, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizrahi, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suh, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benayoun, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.15.553416</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Computational Approach for the Identification of Novel L1 Transcriptional Regulators]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.18.553799v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep reconstructing generative networks for visualizing dynamic biomolecules inside cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.18.553799v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) have produced new opportunities to visualize the structures of dynamic macromolecular machinery in native cellular environments. Here, we describe a machine learning approach that can reconstruct the structural landscape and dynamics of biomolecular complexes present in cryo-ET subtomograms. This method, cryoDRGN-ET, learns a deep generative model of 3D density maps directly from subtomogram tilt series images and can capture states diverse in both composition and conformation. We use this approach to reconstruct the in situ translation dynamics of prokaryotic ribosomes, and we reveal the distribution of functional states during translation elongation populated by S. cerevisiae ribosomes inside cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rangan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khavnekar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lerer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obr, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotecha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.18.553799</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep reconstructing generative networks for visualizing dynamic biomolecules inside cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.17.553736v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Autophagy counters inflammation-driven glycolytic impairment in aging hematopoietic stem cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.17.553736v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging of the hematopoietic system promotes various blood, immune and systemic disorders and is largely driven by hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) dysfunction (1). Autophagy is central for the benefits associated with activation of longevity signaling programs (2), and for HSC function and response to nutrient stress (3,4). With age, a subset of HSCs increases autophagy flux and preserves some regenerative capacity, while the rest fail to engage autophagy and become metabolically overactivated and dysfunctional (4). However, the signals that promote autophagy in old HSCs and the mechanisms responsible for the increased regenerative potential of autophagy-activated old HSCs remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that autophagy activation is an adaptive survival response to chronic inflammation in the aging bone marrow (BM) niche (5). We find that inflammation impairs glucose metabolism and suppresses glycolysis in aged HSCs through Socs3-mediated impairment of AKT/FoxO-dependent signaling. In this context, we show that inflammation-mediated autophagy engagement preserves functional quiescence by enabling metabolic adaptation to glycolytic impairment. Moreover, we demonstrate that transient autophagy induction via a short-term fasting/refeeding paradigm normalizes glucose uptake and glycolytic flux and significantly improves old HSC regenerative potential. Our results identify inflammation-driven glucose hypometabolism as a key driver of HSC dysfunction with age and establish autophagy as a targetable node to reset old HSC glycolytic and regenerative capacity.

One-Sentence SummaryAutophagy compensates for chronic inflammation-induced metabolic deregulation in old HSCs, and its transient modulation can reset old HSC glycolytic and regenerative capacity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dellorusso, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proven, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calero-Nieto, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartmann, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amouzgar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favaro, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeVilbiss, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swann, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bendall, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottgens, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Passegue, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.17.553736</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Autophagy counters inflammation-driven glycolytic impairment in aging hematopoietic stem cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.16.553562v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Noncoding genetic variation in ISPD distinguishes gamecocks from nongame chickens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.16.553562v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chickens were domesticated >4,000 years ago, probably first for fighting them and only later as a source of food. Fighting chickens, commonly known as gamecocks, continue to be bred throughout the world, but the genetic relationships among geographically diverse gamecocks and with nongame chickens are not known. Here, we sequenced the genomes of 44 geographically diverse gamecocks and of 62 nongame chickens representing a variety of breeds. We combined these sequences with published genomes to generate the most diverse chicken genomes dataset yet assembled, at 307 samples. We found that gamecocks do not form a homogeneous group, yet they share genetic similarities that distinguish them from nongame chickens. Such similarities are likely the result of a common origin before their local diversification into, or mixing with, nongame chickens. Particularly noteworthy is a variant in an intron of ISPD, an extreme outlier present at a frequency of 90% in gamecocks but only 4% in nongame chickens. The ISPD locus has the strongest signal of selection in gamecocks, suggesting it is important for fighting performance. Because ISPD variants that are highly prevalent in gamecocks are still segregating in nongame chickens, selective breeding may help reduce its frequency in farm conditions in which aggression is not a desired trait. Altogether, our work provides genomic resources for agricultural genetics, uncovers a common origin for gamecocks from around the world and what distinguishes them genetically from chickens bred for purposes other than fighting, and points to ISPD as the most important locus related to fighting performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bendesky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brew, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francis, K. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tello Corbetto, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez Ariza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales Baena, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimmura, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.16.553562</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Noncoding genetic variation in ISPD distinguishes gamecocks from nongame chickens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.19.553961v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combined Mek inhibition and Pparg activation Eradicates Muscle Invasive Bladder cancer in a Mouse Model of BBN-induced Carcinogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.19.553961v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bladder cancers (BCs) can be divided into 2 major subgroups displaying distinct clinical behaviors and mutational profiles: basal/squamous (BASQ) tumors that tend to be muscle invasive, and luminal/papillary (LP) tumors that are exophytic and tend to be non-invasive. Pparg is a likely driver of LP BC and has been suggested to act as a tumor suppressor in BASQ tumors, where it is likely suppressed by MEK-dependent phosphorylation. Here we tested the effects of rosiglitazone, a Pparg agonist, in a mouse model of BBN-induced muscle invasive BC. Rosiglitazone activated Pparg signaling in suprabasal epithelial layers of tumors but not in basal-most layers containing highly proliferative invasive cells, reducing proliferation but not affecting tumor survival. Addition of trametinib, a MEK inhibitor, induced Pparg signaling throughout all tumor layers, and eradicated 91% of tumors within 7-days of treatment. The 2-drug combination also activated a luminal differentiation program, reversing squamous metaplasia in the urothelium of tumor-bearing mice. Paired ATAC-RNA-seq analysis revealed that tumor apoptosis was most likely linked to down-regulation of Bcl-2 and other pro-survival genes, while the shift from BASQ to luminal differentiation was associated with activation of the retinoic acid pathway and upregulation of Kdm6a, a lysine demethylase that facilitates retinoid-signaling. Our data suggest that rosiglitazone, trametinib, and retinoids, which are all FDA approved, may be clinically active in BASQ tumors in patients. That muscle invasive tumors are populated by basal and suprabasal cell types with different responsiveness to PPARG agonists will be an important consideration when designing new treatments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tate, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plumber, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Ahmadie, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viny, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batourina, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gretarsson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alija, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molotkov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiessner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mckiernan, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McConkey, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinney, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czerniak, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendelsohn, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.19.553961</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combined Mek inhibition and Pparg activation Eradicates Muscle Invasive Bladder cancer in a Mouse Model of BBN-induced Carcinogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.21.554109v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep screening of proximal and distal splicing-regulatory elements in a native sequence context 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.21.554109v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pre-mRNA splicing, a key process in gene expression, can be therapeutically modulated using various drug modalities, including antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs). However, determining promising targets is impeded by the challenge of systematically mapping splicing-regulatory elements (SREs) in their native sequence context. Here, we use the catalytically dead CRISPR-RfxCas13d RNA-targeting system (dCas13d/gRNA) as a programmable platform to bind SREs and modulate splicing by competing against endogenous splicing factors. SpliceRUSH, a high-throughput screening method, was developed to map SREs in any gene of interest using a lentivirus gRNA library that tiles the genetic region, including distal intronic sequences. When applied to SMN2, a therapeutic target for spinal muscular atrophy, SpliceRUSH robustly identified not only known SREs, but also a novel distal intronic splicing enhancer, which can be targeted to alter exon 7 splicing using either dCas13d/gRNA or ASOs. This technology enables a deeper understanding of splicing regulation with applications for RNA-based drug discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Recinos, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ustianenko, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, Y.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacko, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yesantharao, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.21.554109</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep screening of proximal and distal splicing-regulatory elements in a native sequence context]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.21.554107v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Belief embodiment through eye movements facilitates memory-guided navigation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.21.554107v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural network models optimized for task performance often excel at predicting neural activity but do not explain other properties such as the distributed representation across functionally distinct areas. Distributed representations may arise from animals strategies for resource utilization, however, fixation-based paradigms deprive animals of a vital resource: eye movements. During a naturalistic task in which humans use a joystick to steer and catch flashing fireflies in a virtual environment lacking position cues, subjects physically track the latent task variable with their gaze. We show this strategy to be true also during an inertial version of the task in the absence of optic flow and demonstrate that these task-relevant eye movements reflect an embodiment of the subjects dynamically evolving internal beliefs about the goal. A neural network model with tuned recurrent connectivity between oculomotor and evidence-integrating frontoparietal circuits accounted for this behavioral strategy. Critically, this model better explained neural data from monkeys posterior parietal cortex compared to task-optimized models unconstrained by such an oculomotor-based cognitive strategy. These results highlight the importance of unconstrained movement in working memory computations and establish a functional significance of oculomotor signals for evidence-integration and navigation computations via embodied cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stavropoulos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakshminarasimhan, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angelaki, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.21.554107</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Belief embodiment through eye movements facilitates memory-guided navigation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.22.554218v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial protein FKBP8 captures PDZD8 to form mitochondria-ER contacts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.22.554218v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondria-ER membrane contact sites (MERCS) represent a fundamental ultrastructural feature underlying unique biochemistry and physiology in eukaryotic cells. The ER protein PDZD8 is required for the formation of MERCS in many cell types, however, its tethering partner on the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) is currently unknown. Here we identified the OMM protein FKBP8 as the tethering partner of PDZD8 using a combination of unbiased proximity proteomics, CRISPR-Cas9 endogenous protein tagging, Cryo-Electron Microscopy (Cryo-EM) tomography, and correlative light-EM (CLEM). Single molecule tracking revealed highly dynamic diffusion properties of PDZD8 along the ER membrane with significant pauses and capture at MERCS. Overexpression of FKBP8 was sufficient to narrow the ER-OMM distance, whereas independent versus combined deletions of these two proteins demonstrated their interdependence for MERCS formation. Furthermore, PDZD8 enhances mitochondrial complexity in a FKBP8-dependent manner. Our results identify a novel ER-mitochondria tethering complex that regulates mitochondrial morphology in mammalian cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nakamura, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aoyama-Ishiwatari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paaran, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obara, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakurai-Saito, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suga, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsuboi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakakido, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsumoto, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kishi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gotoh, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwak, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhee, H.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosako, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potter, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carragher, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippincott-Schwartz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polleux, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirabayashi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.22.554218</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial protein FKBP8 captures PDZD8 to form mitochondria-ER contacts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.22.554287v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A mathematical theory of relational generalization in transitive inference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.22.554287v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans and animals routinely infer relations between different items or events and generalize these relations to novel combinations of items. This allows them to respond appropriately to radically novel circumstances and is fundamental to advanced cognition. However, how learning systems (including the brain) can implement the necessary inductive biases has been unclear. Here we investigated transitive inference (TI), a classic relational task paradigm in which subjects must learn a relation (A > B and B > C) and generalize it to new combinations of items (A > C). Through mathematical analysis, we found that a broad range of biologically relevant learning models (e.g. gradient flow or ridge regression) perform TI successfully and recapitulate signature behavioral patterns long observed in living subjects. First, we found that models with item-wise additive representations automatically encode transitive relations. Second, for more general representations, a single scalar "conjunctivity factor" determines model behavior on TI and, further, the principle of norm minimization (a standard statistical inductive bias) enables models with fixed, partly conjunctive representations to generalize transitively. Finally, neural networks in the "rich regime," which enables representation learning and has been found to improve generalization, unexpectedly show poor generalization and anomalous behavior. We find that such networks implement a form of norm minimization (over hidden weights) that yields a local encoding mechanism lacking transitivity. Our findings show how minimal statistical learning principles give rise to a classical relational inductive bias (transitivity), explain empirically observed behaviors, and establish a formal approach to understanding the neural basis of relational abstraction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lippl, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kay, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrera, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.22.554287</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A mathematical theory of relational generalization in transitive inference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.23.554527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultra-high density electrodes improve detection, yield, and cell type specificity of brain recordings 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.23.554527v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To understand the neural basis of behavior, it is essential to sensitively and accurately measure neural activity at single neuron and single spike resolution. Extracellular electrophysiology delivers this, but it has biases in the neurons it detects and it imperfectly resolves their action potentials. To minimize these limitations, we developed a silicon probe with much smaller and denser recording sites than previous designs, called Neuropixels Ultra (NP Ultra). This device samples neuronal activity at ultra-high spatial density ([~]10 times higher than previous probes) with low noise levels, while trading off recording span. NP Ultra is effectively an implantable voltage-sensing camera that captures a planar image of a neurons electrical field. We use a spike sorting algorithm optimized for these probes to demonstrate that the yield of visually-responsive neurons in recordings from mouse visual cortex improves up to [~]3-fold. We show that NP Ultra can record from small neuronal structures including axons and dendrites. Recordings across multiple brain regions and four species revealed a subset of extracellular action potentials with unexpectedly small spatial spread and axon-like features. We share a large-scale dataset of these brain-wide recordings in mice as a resource for studies of neuronal biophysics. Finally, using ground-truth identification of three major inhibitory cortical cell types, we found that these cell types were discriminable with approximately 75% success, a significant improvement over lower-resolution recordings. NP Ultra improves spike sorting performance, detection of subcellular compartments, and cell type classification to enable more powerful dissection of neural circuit activity during behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ye, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shelton, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaker, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boussard, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colonell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minavi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Windolf, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurwitz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Namima, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedraja, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raducanu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ness, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Einevoll, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurent, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawtell, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bair, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasupathy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mora-Lopez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegle, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsen, S. r.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinmetz, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.23.554527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultra-high density electrodes improve detection, yield, and cell type specificity of brain recordings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.21.553968v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antibody Neutralization of Emerging SARS-CoV-2: EG.5.1 and XBC.1.6 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.21.553968v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 variants EG.5.1 and XBC.1.6 have recently emerged, attracting increased attention due to their rapid expansion globally and in Australia, respectively. EG.5.1 evolved from Omicron subvariant XBB.1.9, harboring additional Q52H and F456L spike substitutions. The F456L mutation is located within the epitopes of many class-1 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed to the receptor-binding domain (RBD), raising concerns about further antibody evasion. XBC.1.6, a descendant of a Delta-BA.2 recombinant, carries 15 additional spike mutations. The extent to which antibody evasion contributes to the growth advantage of XBC.1.6 in Australia remains to be determined. To assess the antibody evasion properties of the emergent variants, we conducted pseudovirus neutralization assays using sera from individuals who received three doses of COVID-19 mRNA monovalent vaccines plus one dose of a BA.5 bivalent vaccine, as well as from patients with BQ or XBB breakthrough infection. The assays were also performed using a panel of 14 mAbs that retained neutralizing activity against prior XBB subvariants. Our data suggested that EG.5.1 was slightly but significantly more resistant (< 2-fold) to neutralization by BQ and XBB breakthrough sera than XBB.1.16, which is known to be antigenically similar to XBB.1.5. Moreover, the F456L mutation in EG.5.1 conferred heightened resistance to certain RBD class-1 mAbs. In contrast, XBC.1.6 was more sensitive to neutralization by sera and mAbs than the XBB subvariants. Notably, XBB breakthrough sera retained only weak neutralization activity against XBB subvariants. In summary, EG.5.1 and XBC.1.6 exhibited distinct antibody evasion properties. The recent global expansion of EG.5.1 might be attributable, in part, to its enhanced neutralization resistance. That XBB breakthrough infections did not elicit a robust antibody neutralization response against XBB subvariants is indicative of immunological imprinting. The high prevalence of XBC.1.6 in Australia is not due to enhanced antibody evasion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohri, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manthei, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.21.553968</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antibody Neutralization of Emerging SARS-CoV-2: EG.5.1 and XBC.1.6]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.25.554869v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptome analysis of left-right intrinsic laryngeal muscles shows divergent expression of genes associated with innervation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.25.554869v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Objectives/HypothesisRecurrent laryngeal nerve injury diagnosed as idiopathic or due to short-term surgery-related intubation exhibits a higher incidence of left-sided paralysis. While this is often attributed to nerve length, it is hypothesized there are asymmetric differences in the expression of genes related to neuromuscular function that may impact reinnervation and contribute to this laterality phenomenon. To test this hypothesis, this study analyzes the transcriptome profiles of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles (ILMs), comparing gene expression in the left versus right, with particular attention to genetic pathways associated with neuromuscular function.

Study DesignLaboratory experiment.

MethodsRNA was extracted from the left and right sides of the rat posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA), lateral thyroarytenoid (LTA), and medial thyroarytenoid (MTA), respectively. After high-throughput RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq), 88 samples were organized into 12 datasets according to their age (P15/adult), sex (male/female), and muscle type (PCA/LTA/MTA). A comprehensive bioinformatics analysis was conducted to compare the left-right ILMs across different conditions.

Results774 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified across the 12 experimental groups, revealing age, sex, and muscle-specific differences between the left versus right ILMs. Enrichment analysis of Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways implicated several genes with a left-right laryngeal muscle asymmetry. These genes are associated with neuronal and muscular physiology, immune/inflammatory response, and hormone control.

ConclusionBioinformatics analysis confirmed divergent transcriptome profiles between the left-right ILMs. This preliminary study identifies putative gene targets that will characterize ILM laterality.

Level of EvidenceN/A

LAY SUMMARYVocal fold paralysis is more common on the left. This study shows left versus right differences in gene expression related to innervation, suggesting the increased rate of left recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis may be associated with genetic differences, not just nerve length.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kemfack, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-Morato, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moayedi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitman, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.25.554869</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptome analysis of left-right intrinsic laryngeal muscles shows divergent expression of genes associated with innervation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.28.554807v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dopaminergic D2 receptor modulation of striatal cholinergic interneurons governs sequence learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.28.554807v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Learning action sequences is necessary for normal daily activities. Medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in the dorsal striatum (dStr) encode action sequences through changes in firing at the start and/or stop of action sequences or sustained changes in firing throughout the sequence. Acetylcholine (ACh), released from cholinergic interneurons (ChIs), regulates striatal function by modulating MSN and interneuron excitability, dopamine and glutamate release, and synaptic plasticity. Cholinergic neurons in dStr pause their tonic firing during the performance of learned action sequences. Activation of dopamine type-2 receptors (D2Rs) on ChIs is one mechanism of ChI pausing. In this study we show that deleting D2Rs from ChIs by crossing D2-floxed with ChAT-Cre mice (D2Flox-ChATCre), which inhibits dopamine-mediated ChI pausing and leads to deficits in an operant action sequence task and lower breakpoints in a progressive ratio task. These data suggest that D2Flox-ChATCre mice have reduced motivation to work for sucrose reward, but show no generalized motor skill deficits. D2Flox-ChATCre mice perform similarly to controls in a simple reversal learning task, indicating normal behavioral flexibility, a cognitive function associated with ChIs. In vivo electrophysiological recordings show that D2Flox-ChatCre mice have deficits in sequence encoding, with fewer dStr MSNs encoding entire action sequences compared to controls. Thus, ChI D2R deletion appears to impair a neural substrate of action chunking. Virally replacing D2Rs in dStr ChIs in adult mice improves action sequence learning, but not the lower breakpoints, further suggesting that D2Rs on ChIs in the dStr are critical for sequence learning, but not for driving the motivational aspects of the task.

Significance statementThe role of striatal projection neurons in encoding action sequences has been extensively studied, and cholinergic interneurons play a central role in striatal physiology, but we do not yet understand how cholinergic interneurons contribute to action sequencing. Using a combination of mouse genetics, behavior, and in vivo electrophysiology this work shows that genetic deletion of D2 receptors from striatal cholinergic interneurons disrupts the learning, performance, and encoding of action sequences, without changing general locomotion or motor skill learning. Virally replacing D2 receptors specifically in dorsal striatal cholinergic interneurons is sufficient to rescue the sequence behavior. Our observations may be useful in understanding and treating movement disorders in which dopamine and acetylcholine are imbalanced.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chancey, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellendonk, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javitch, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lovinger, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.28.554807</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dopaminergic D2 receptor modulation of striatal cholinergic interneurons governs sequence learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.28.555113v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmental pyrethroid exposure disrupts molecular pathways for circadian rhythms and synaptic plasticity in mouse brain. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.28.555113v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are a category of pervasive disorders of the developing nervous system with few or no recognized biomarkers. A significant portion of the risk for NDDs, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), is contributed by the environment, and exposure to pyrethroid pesticides during pregnancy has been identified as a potential risk factor for NDD in the unborn child. We recently showed that low-dose developmental exposure to the pyrethroid pesticide deltamethrin in mice causes male-biased changes to ADHD- and NDD-relevant behaviors as well as the striatal dopamine system. Here, we used an integrated multiomics approach to determine the broadest possible set of biological changes in the mouse brain caused by developmental pyrethroid exposure (DPE). Using a litter-based, split-sample design, we exposed mouse dams during pregnancy and lactation to deltamethrin (3 mg/kg or vehicle every 3 days) at a concentration well below the EPA-determined benchmark dose used for regulatory guidance. We raised male offspring to adulthood, euthanized them, and pulverized and divided whole brain samples for split-sample transcriptomics, kinomics and multiomics integration. Transcriptome analysis revealed alterations to multiple canonical clock genes, and kinome analysis revealed changes in the activity of multiple kinases involved in synaptic plasticity, including the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase ERK. Multiomics integration revealed a dysregulated protein-protein interaction network containing primary clusters for MAP kinase cascades, regulation of apoptosis, and synaptic function. These results demonstrate that DPE causes a multi-modal biophenotype in the brain relevant to ADHD and identifies new potential mechanisms of action.

NEW & NOTEWORTHYHere, we provide the first evidence that low-dose developmental exposure to the pyrethroid pesticide, deltamethrin, results in molecular disruptions in the adult mouse brain in pathways regulating circadian rhythms and neuronal growth (MAP kinase). This same exposure causes a neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD) relevant behavioral changes in adult mice, making these findings relevant to the prevention of NDDs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curtis, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imami, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alganem, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neifer, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawor, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kistler, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shukla, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCullumsmith, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkett, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.28.555113</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmental pyrethroid exposure disrupts molecular pathways for circadian rhythms and synaptic plasticity in mouse brain.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.29.555373v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rab7a activation promotes degradation of select tight junction proteins at the blood-brain barrier after ischemic stroke 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.29.555373v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adherens (AJ) and tight junction (TJ) integrity is critical for blood-brain barrier (BBB) function in the healthy brain. Junction disassembly due to degradation of AJ and TJ proteins leads to acute BBB dysfunction after ischemic stroke, but the mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we show that endothelial cell deletion of Rab7a, a small GTPase crucial for protein degradation through the endolysosomal system, reduces acute BBB dysfunction and improves neuronal health in mice after ischemic stroke by preventing degradation of select junctional proteins and preserving TJ structural morphology. Two pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF and IL1{beta}, that trigger barrier disruption in brain endothelial cells (BECs) in vitro and are upregulated in stroke, contribute to Rab7a activation. Silencing Rab7a in vitro partially rescues cytokine-driven barrier disruption in BECs by reducing internalization of some junctional proteins and the formation of F-actin bundles at cell junctions. Rab7a is, therefore, critical for degradation of select junctional proteins during the acute BBB damage after ischemic stroke.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cottarelli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahriar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arac, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glendinning, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuohy, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prochilo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neal, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edinger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agalliu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.29.555373</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rab7a activation promotes degradation of select tight junction proteins at the blood-brain barrier after ischemic stroke]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.30.553693v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Middle-schoolers' reading and processing depth in response to digital and print media: An N400 study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.30.553693v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report the first use of ERP measures to identify text engagement differences when reading digitally or in print. Depth of semantic encoding is key for reading comprehension, and we predicted that deeper reading of expository texts would facilitate stronger associations with subsequently-presented related words, resulting in enhanced N400 responses to unrelated probe words and a graded attenuation of the N400 to related and moderately related words. In contrast, shallow reading would produce weaker associations between probe words and text passages, resulting in enhanced N400 responses to both moderately related and unrelated words, and an attenuated response to related words. Behavioral research has shown deeper semantic encoding of text from paper than from a screen. Hence, we predicted that the N400 would index deeper reading of text passages that were presented in print, and shallower reading of texts presented digitally.

Middle-school students (n = 59) read passages in digital and print formats and high-density EEG was recorded while participants completed single-word semantic judgment tasks after each passage. Following digital text reading, the N400 response pattern anticipated for shallow reading was observed. Following print reading, the N400 response pattern expected for deeper reading was observed for related and unrelated words, although mean amplitude differences between related and moderately related probe words did not reach significance. These findings provide evidence of differences in brain responses to texts presented in print and digital media, including deeper semantic encoding for print than digital texts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Froud, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levinson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maddox, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.30.553693</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Middle-schoolers' reading and processing depth in response to digital and print media: An N400 study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.30.555595v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Myostatin is a major endocrine driver of follicle-stimulating hormone synthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.30.555595v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Myostatin is a paracrine myokine that regulates muscle mass in a variety of species, including humans. Here, we report a functional role for myostatin as an endocrine hormone directly promoting pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) synthesis and thereby ovarian function. Previously, this FSH-stimulating role was attributed to other members of the transforming growth factor {beta} family, the activins. The results both challenge activins eponymous role in FSH synthesis and establish an endocrine axis between skeletal muscle and the pituitary gland. The data also suggest that efforts to antagonize myostatin to treat muscle wasting disorders may have unintended consequences on fertility.

One-Sentence SummaryHormone synthesis and reproduction depend on crosstalk between skeletal muscle and the pituitary gland.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ongaro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultz, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buddle, E. R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brule, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castonguay, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidah, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karp, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boehm, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernard, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.30.555595</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Myostatin is a major endocrine driver of follicle-stimulating hormone synthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.31.555795v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitosis exit followed by death in interphase prevents the development of polyploid giant cancer cells. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.31.555795v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microtubule targeting agents (MTAs) are commonly prescribed to treat cancers and predominantly kill cancer cells in mitosis. Significantly, some MTA-treated cancer cells can escape death in mitosis and exit mitosis, and become malignant polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCC). Considering the low number of malignant cells undergoing mitosis in tumor tissue, killing these cells in interphase may represent a favored antitumor approach. We discovered that ST-401, a mild inhibitor of microtubule assembly, preferentially kills cancer cells in interphase as opposed to mitosis, and avoids the development of PGCC. Single cell RNA sequencing identified mRNA transcripts regulated by ST-401, including mRNAs involved in ribosome and mitochondrial functions. Accordingly, ST-401 induces an integrated stress response and promotes mitochondria fission accompanied by a reduction in energy metabolism. This cell response may underly death in interphase and avoid the development of PGCC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vicente, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tillinghast, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McFaline-Figueroa, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sancak, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stella, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.31.555795</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitosis exit followed by death in interphase prevents the development of polyploid giant cancer cells.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.02.556006v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-EM studies of the interplay between uS2 ribosomal protein and leaderless mRNA during bacterial translation initiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.02.556006v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In bacteriophage{lambda} lysogens, the{lambda} cI repressor is encoded by the leaderless transcript (lmRNA) initiated at the{lambda} pRM promoter. Translation is enhanced in rpsB mutants deficient in ribosomal protein uS2. Although translation initiation of lmRNA is conserved in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes, structural insight of a lmRNA translation initiation complex is missing. Here, we use cryo-EM to solve the structures of the uS2-deficient 70S ribosome of host E. coli mutant rpsB11 and the wild-type 70S complex with{lambda} cI lmRNA and fmet-tRNAfMet. Importantly, the uS2-deficient 70S ribosome also lacks protein bS21. The anti-Shine-Dalgarno (aSD) region is structurally supported by bS21, so that the absence of the latter causes the aSD to divert from the normal mRNA exit pathway, easing the exit of lmRNA. A {pi}-stacking interaction between the monitor base A1493 and A(+4) of lmRNA potentially acts as a recognition signal. Coulomb charge flow, along with peristalsis-like dynamics within the mRNA entry channel due to the increased 30S head rotation caused by the absence of uS2, are likely to facilitate the propagation of lmRNA through the ribosome. These findings lay the groundwork for future research on the mechanism of translation and the co-evolution of lmRNA and mRNA that includes the emergence of a defined ribosome-binding site of the transcript.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Acosta-Reyes, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BHATTACHARJEE, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottesman, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.02.556006</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-EM studies of the interplay between uS2 ribosomal protein and leaderless mRNA during bacterial translation initiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.31.555823v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic profiling of Schlemm's canal cells reveals a lymphatic-biased identity and three major cell states 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.31.555823v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Schlemms canal (SC) is central in intraocular pressure regulation but requires much characterization. It has distinct inner and outer walls, each composed of Schlemms canal endothelial cells (SECs) with different morphologies and functions. Recent transcriptomic studies of the anterior segment added important knowledge, but were limited in power by SEC numbers or did not focus on SC. To gain a more comprehensive understanding of SC biology, we performed bulk RNA sequencing on C57BL/6J SC, blood vessel, and lymphatic endothelial cells from limbal tissue ([~]4500 SECs). We also analyzed mouse limbal tissues by single-cell and single-nucleus RNA sequencing (C57BL/6J and 129/Sj strains), successfully sequencing 903 individual SECs. Together, these datasets confirm that SC has molecular characteristics of both blood and lymphatic endothelia with a lymphatic phenotype predominating. SECs are enriched in pathways that regulate cell-cell junction formation pointing to the importance of junctions in determining SC fluid permeability. Importantly, and for the first time, our analyses characterize 3 molecular classes of SECs, molecularly distinguishing inner wall from outer wall SECs and discovering two inner wall cell states that likely result from local environmental differences. Further, and based on ligand and receptor expression patterns, we document key interactions between SECs and cells of the adjacent trabecular meshwork (TM) drainage tissue. Also, we present cell type expression for a collection of human glaucoma genes. These data provide a new molecular foundation that will enable the functional dissection of key homeostatic processes mediated by SECs as well as the development of new glaucoma therapeutics.

Significance statementSchlemms canal is a critical ocular drainage structure that maintains intraocular pressure with important consequences for glaucoma. Despite this, Schlemms canal has been relatively understudied with the molecular process that mediate its function, maintain its health, or that are compromised in glaucoma needing much deeper characterization. This study is important as it provides the most comprehensive molecular characterization of Schlemms canal cells to date providing a wealth of molecular details. In addition to highlighting important biological pathways, this information will guide studies to develop new treatments against glaucoma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Balasubramanian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kizhatil, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhandari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bupp-Chickering, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peregrin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.31.555823</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic profiling of Schlemm's canal cells reveals a lymphatic-biased identity and three major cell states]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.01.555839v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Permanent Neonatal Diabetes-causing Insulin Mutations have Dominant Effects on Proinsulin Processing and Beta Cell Identity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.01.555839v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heterozygous coding sequence mutations of the INS gene are a cause of permanent neonatal diabetes (PNDM) that results from beta cell failure. We explored the causes of beta cell failure in two PNDM patients with two distinct INS mutations. Using b and mutated hESCs, we detected accumulation of misfolded proinsulin and impaired proinsulin processing in vitro, and a dominant-negative effect of these mutations on the in vivo performance of patient-derived SC-beta cells after transplantation into NSG mice. These insulin mutations derange endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis, and result in the loss of beta-cell mass and function. In addition to anticipated apoptosis, we found evidence of beta-cell dedifferentiation, characterized by an increase of cells expressing both Nkx6.1 and ALDH1A3, but negative for insulin and glucagon. These results highlight both known and novel mechanisms contributing to the loss and functional failure of human beta cells with specific insulin gene mutations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sui, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haataja, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viola, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsson, C. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leibel, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbetti, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arvan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.01.555839</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Permanent Neonatal Diabetes-causing Insulin Mutations have Dominant Effects on Proinsulin Processing and Beta Cell Identity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.01.555903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Galvanic vs. Pulsatile Effects on Decision-Making Networks: Reshaping the Neural Activation Landscape 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.01.555903v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
I.Primarily due to safety concerns, biphasic pulsatile stimulation is the present standard for electrical excitation of neural tissue with a diverse set of applications. While pulses have been shown to be effective to achieve functional outcomes, they have well-known deficits. Due to recent technical advances, galvanic stimulation, delivery of current for extended periods of time (>1s), has re-emerged as an alternative to pulsatile stimulation. In this paper, we use a winner-take-all decision-making cortical network model to investigate differences between pulsatile and galvanic stimulation in the context of a perceptual decision-making task. Based on previous work, we hypothesized that galvanic stimulation would produce more spatiotemporally distributed, network-sensitive neural responses, while pulsatile stimulation would produce highly synchronized activation of a limited group of neurons. Our results in-silico support these hypotheses for low-amplitude galvanic stimulation but deviate when galvanic amplitudes are large enough to directly activate or block nearby neurons. We conclude that with careful parametrization, galvanic stimulation could overcome some limitations of pulsatile stimulation to deliver more naturalistic firing patterns in the group of targeted neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adkisson, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinhardt, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fridman, G. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.01.555903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Galvanic vs. Pulsatile Effects on Decision-Making Networks: Reshaping the Neural Activation Landscape]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.05.556348v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Motor cortex is required for flexible but not automatic motor sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.05.556348v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How motor cortex contributes to motor sequence execution is much debated, with studies supporting disparate views. Here we probe the degree to which motor cortexs engagement depends on task demands, specifically whether its role differs for highly practiced, or  automatic, sequences versus flexible sequences informed by external events. To test this, we trained rats to generate three-element motor sequences either by overtraining them on a single sequence or by having them follow instructive visual cues. Lesioning motor cortex revealed that it is necessary for flexible cue-driven motor sequences but dispensable for single automatic behaviors trained in isolation. However, when an automatic motor sequence was practiced alongside the flexible task, it became motor cortex-dependent, suggesting that subcortical consolidation of an automatic motor sequence is delayed or prevented when the same sequence is produced also in a flexible context. A simple neural network model recapitulated these results and explained the underlying circuit mechanisms. Our results critically delineate the role of motor cortex in motor sequence execution, describing the condition under which it is engaged and the functions it fulfills, thus reconciling seemingly conflicting views about motor cortexs role in motor sequence generation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mizes, K. G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escola, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olveczky, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.05.556348</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Motor cortex is required for flexible but not automatic motor sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.03.556115v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In situ cryoET reveals inhibitor-induced perturbations in Pf80S GTPase interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.03.556115v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Malaria parasites rely heavily on rapid, high fidelity protein synthesis to infect and replicate in human erythrocytes, making translation an attractive target for new antimalarials. Here, we have determined in situ structures of Pf80S ribosomes in thirteen conformational and compositional states from cryoFIB-milled Plasmodium falciparum-infected human erythrocytes across the stages of asexual intraerythrocytic parasite replication. We observe eight active translation intermediates, enabling us to define the native malarial translation elongation cycle, which surprisingly features a bifurcation at the decoding stage of the cycle that has not previously been described. Examination of perturbations in the distribution of ribosomes among these states in the presence of a malaria-specific translation inhibitor suggests that the inhibitor impedes PfeEF2 and PfeEF1 interactions with the ribosome. We integrated our in situ cryoET data with proteomic and ultrastructural data to arrive at a deeper understanding of malarial translation, which will inform development of new therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anton, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haile, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cobb, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ke, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doud, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, C.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.03.556115</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In situ cryoET reveals inhibitor-induced perturbations in Pf80S GTPase interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.04.556201v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Abca4 inhibition in a cone-rich rodent leads to Stargardt Disease type 1-like retinal degeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.04.556201v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in the gene ABCA4 coding for photoreceptor-specific ATP-binding cassette subfamily A member 4, are responsible for the most common form of inherited macular degeneration known as Stargardt Disease type 1 (STGD1). STGD1 typically declares early in life and leads to severe visual handicap. Abca4 gene deletion mouse models of STGD1 show increased accumulation of lipofuscin, a hallmark of the disease, but unlike the human disease show mostly no photoreceptor degeneration or functional decline (an albino Abca4-/- mouse exhibits photoreceptor degeneration although functional parameters were not studied). Reasoning that the small cone population of mice (<3%) might compromise more faithful modelling of human maculopathies, we performed subretinal injections of CRISPR/Cas9-Abca4 recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus constructs into young Fat Sand Rats (Psammomys obesus), a diurnal rodent containing >30% cones. Sanger sequencing of the CRISPR-targeted sequence showed clear edition of the Abca4 gene. At 2 months post- injection, non-invasive fundus imaging showed widespread photoreceptor loss, confirmed by optical coherence tomography. Functional recording by scotopic and photopic single flash, and photopic flicker electroretinography, showed significant decline in photopic (cone) but not scotopic (rod) light responses. Post-mortem real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry and western blotting showed significant decrease of cone-specific (MW cone opsin) but not rod- specific (rhodopsin) markers. Transmission electron microscopy showed large numbers of lipid inclusions in treated but not control retinal pigmented epithelium. Finally, ultrahigh performance liquid chromatographic analysis of whole P. obesus eyes showed the presence of all-trans retinal-dimer, also seen in Abca4-/- mice but not normal rod-rich mouse or rat eyes. In conclusion, this animal model of STGD1 more accurately reflects human STGD1 and should be valuable for characterizing pathogenic pathways and exploring treatment options.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sassone, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciocca, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roux, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossolillo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birling, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sparrow, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.04.556201</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Abca4 inhibition in a cone-rich rodent leads to Stargardt Disease type 1-like retinal degeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.04.556253v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FYN regulates aqueous humor outflow and IOP through the phosphorylation of VE-cadherin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.04.556253v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The exact sites and molecules that determine resistance to aqueous humor drainage and control intraocular pressure (IOP) need further elaboration. Proposed sites include the inner wall of Schlemmss canal and the juxtacanalicular trabecular meshwork ocular drainage tissues. The adherens junctions (AJs) of Schlemms canal endothelial cells (SECs) must both preserve the blood-aqueous humor (AQH) barrier and be conducive to AQH drainage. How homeostatic control of AJ permeability in SC occurs and how such control impacts IOP is unclear. We hypothesized that mechano-responsive phosphorylation of the junctional molecule VE-CADHERIN (VEC) by SRC family kinases (SFKs) regulates the permeability of SEC AJs. We tested this by clamping IOP at either 16 mmHg, 25 mmHg, or 45 mmHg in mice and then measuring AJ permeability and VEC phosphorylation. We found that with increasing IOP: 1) SEC AJ permeability increased, 2) VEC phosphorylation was increased at tyrosine-658, and 3) SFKs were activated at the AJ. Among the two SFKs known to phosphorylate VEC, FYN, but not SRC, localizes to the SC. Furthermore, FYN mutant mice had decreased phosphorylation of VEC at SEC AJs, dysregulated IOP, and reduced AQH outflow. Together, our data demonstrate that increased IOP activates FYN in the inner wall of SC, leading to increased phosphorylation of AJ VEC and, thus, decreased resistance to AQH outflow. These findings support a crucial role of mechanotransduction signaling in IOP homeostasis within SC in response to IOP. These data strongly suggest that the inner wall of SC partially contributes to outflow resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kizhatil, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunderland, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhandari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horbal, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balasubramanian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.04.556253</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FYN regulates aqueous humor outflow and IOP through the phosphorylation of VE-cadherin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.04.556273v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MAGPIE: an interactive tool for visualizing and analyzing many simultaneous protein interactions with a binding partner 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.04.556273v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantitative tools to compile and analyze biomolecular interactions among chemically diverse binding partners would improve therapeutics design and aid in the study of molecular evolution. Here we present MAGPIE (Mapping Areas of Genetic Parsimony In Epitopes), a publicly available software package for simultaneously visualizing and analyzing thousands of interactions between a single protein or small molecule ligand (the "target") and all of its protein binding partners ("binders"). MAGPIE generates an interactive 3D visualization from a set of protein complex structures that share the target ligand, as well as sequence logo-style amino acid frequency graphs that show all the amino acids from the set of protein binders that interact with user-defined target ligand positions or chemical groups. MAGPIE highlights all the salt bridge and hydrogen bond interactions made by the target in the visualization and as separate amino acid frequency graphs. Finally, MAGPIE collates the most common target-binder interactions as a list of "hotspots," which can be used to analyze trends or guide the de novo design of protein binders. As an example of the utility of the program, we used MAGPIE to probe how two ligands bind orthologs of a well-conserved glycolytic enzyme for a detailed understanding of evolutionarily conserved interactions involved in its activation and inhibition. MAGPIE is implemented in Python 3 and freely available at https://github.com/glasgowlab/MAGPIE, along with sample datasets, usage examples, and helper scripts to prepare input structures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, D. C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glasgow, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.04.556273</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MAGPIE: an interactive tool for visualizing and analyzing many simultaneous protein interactions with a binding partner]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.05.556371v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping human natural killer cell development in pediatric tonsil by imaging mass cytometry & high-resolution microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.05.556371v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural killer (NK) cells develop from CD34+ progenitors in a stage-specific manner defined by changes in cell surface receptor expression and function. Secondary lymphoid tissues, including tonsil, are sites of human NK cell development. Here we present new insights into human NK cell development in pediatric tonsil using cyclic immunofluorescence and imaging mass cytometry. We show that NK cell subset localization and interactions are dependent on NK cell developmental stage and tissue residency. NK cell progenitors are found in the interfollicular domain in proximity to cytokine-expressing stromal cells that promote proliferation and maturation. Mature NK cells are primarily found in the T-cell rich parafollicular domain engaging in cell-cell interactions that differ depending on their stage and tissue residency. The presence of local inflammation results in changes in NK cell interactions, abundance, and localization. This study provides the first comprehensive atlas of human NK cell development in secondary lymphoid tissue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hegewisch-Solloa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melsen, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravichandran, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rendeiro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mundy-Bosse, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freud, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melms, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisman, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grunstein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connors, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elemento, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horowitz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mace, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.05.556371</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping human natural killer cell development in pediatric tonsil by imaging mass cytometry & high-resolution microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.07.556586v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Replication stress in activated human NK cells induces sensitivity to apoptosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.07.556586v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural killer cells are innate immune effectors that kill virally infected or malignant cells. Natural killer cell deficiency (NKD) occurs when NK cell development or function are impaired, and individuals with NKD are susceptible to severe and recurrent viral infections. Several gene deficiencies result in NKD, including variants in MCM4, GINS1, MCM10 and GINS4, which are components of the CDC45-MCM-GINS (CMG) helicase. The CMG helicase unwinds DNA during replication and is expressed in any actively proliferating cell. NK cells are more strongly impacted by mutational deficiencies in helicase proteins than other lymphocytes, though the mechanisms underlying this susceptibility are not completely understood. NK cells from individuals with NKD as a result of helicase deficiency have increased DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, and replication stress. Here, we induced replication stress in activated mature NK cells or T cells by chemical methods, using aphidicolin, and through shRNA knockdown of MCM10 in an NK cell line. We found that the CD56bright subset of NK cells accumulates more DNA damage and replication stress during activation than CD56dim NK cells or activated T cells. Aphidicolin treatment increases apoptosis of CD56bright NK cells through increased pan-caspase expression and decreases perforin expression in surviving cells. This effect is modeled by shRNA mediated knockdown of MCM10, thus linking decreased helicase protein expression to replication stress and impaired NK cell function. These findings show that sensitivity to replication stress affects human NK cell survival and function and can contribute to NK cell deficiency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guilz, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, Y.-O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fatima, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedroza, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>SONI, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mace, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.07.556586</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Replication stress in activated human NK cells induces sensitivity to apoptosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.08.556828v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cohesin still drives homologous recombination repair of DNA double-strand breaks in late mitosis. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.08.556828v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cohesin complex maintains sister chromatid cohesion from S phase to anaphase onset. Cohesin also plays roles in chromosome structure and DNA repair. At anaphase onset, the cohesin subunit Scc1 is cleaved to allow segregation in an orderly manner, although some residual cohesin subunits remain to maintain chromosome structure. Efficient DNA double strand break (DSB) repair by homologous recombination (HR) with the sister chromatid also depends on cohesin. Here, we have examined the role of residual cohesin in DSB repair in telophase (late mitosis). We have found that Scc1 returns in telophase after DSBs, and that it partially reconstitutes a chromatin-bound cohesin complex with Smc1 and an acetylated pool of Smc3 after a single HO-induced DSB at the MAT locus. However, this new cohesin is neither required for the HR-driven MAT switching nor binds to the MAT locus after the DSB.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ayra Plasencia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Symington, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.08.556828</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cohesin still drives homologous recombination repair of DNA double-strand breaks in late mitosis.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.08.556927v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infectivity by expression of poorly or broadly neutralizing antibodies against Env in virus-producing cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.08.556927v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env) precursor (gp160) trimerizes, is modified by high-mannose glycans in the endoplasmic reticulum, and is transported via Golgi and non-Golgi secretory pathways to the infected cell surface. In the Golgi, gp160 is partially modified by complex carbohydrates and proteolytically cleaved to produce the mature functional Env trimer, which is preferentially incorporated into virions. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) generally recognize the cleaved Env trimer, whereas poorly neutralizing antibodies (pNAbs) bind the conformationally flexible gp160. We found that expression of bNAbs, pNAbs or soluble/membrane forms of the receptor, CD4, in cells producing HIV-1 all decreased viral infectivity. Four patterns of co-expressed ligand:Env were observed: 1) Ligands (CD4, soluble CD4-Ig and some pNAbs) that specifically recognize the CD4-bound Env conformation resulted in uncleaved Envs lacking complex glycans that were not incorporated into virions; 2) Other pNAbs produced Envs with some complex carbohydrates and severe defects in cleavage, which were relieved by brefeldin A treatment; 3) bNAbs that recognize gp160 as well as mature Envs resulted in Envs with some complex carbohydrates and moderate decreases in virion Env cleavage; and 4) bNAbs that preferentially recognize mature Envs produced cleaved Envs with complex glycans in cells and on virions. The low infectivity observed upon co-expression of pNAbs or CD4 could be explained by disruption of Env trafficking, reducing the level of Env and/or increasing the fraction of uncleaved Env on virions. In addition to bNAb effects on virion Env cleavage, the secreted bNAbs neutralized the co-expressed viruses.

IMPORTANCEThe envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimers on the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) mediate virus entry into host cells. Env is synthesized in infected cells, modified by complex sugars and cleaved to form a mature, functional Env, which is incorporated into virus particles. Env elicits antibodies in infected individuals, some of which can neutralize the virus. We found that antibodies co-expressed in the virus-producing cell can disrupt Env transit to the proper compartment for cleavage and sugar modification and, in some cases, block incorporation into viruses. These studies provide insights into the processes by which Env becomes functional in the virus-producing cell and may assist attempts to interfere with these events to inhibit HIV-1 infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sodroski, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.08.556927</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infectivity by expression of poorly or broadly neutralizing antibodies against Env in virus-producing cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.09.556754v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accelerated physiology and increased energy expenditure in animals and humans with mitochondrial defects: A meta-analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.09.556754v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondria are key energy transforming organelles in mammalian cells. However, how defects in oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) and other mitochondrial functions influence whole-body energy expenditure (EE) has not been rigorously studied. Cellular and organismal responses to OxPhos defects likely involve a combination of functional downregulation to conserve energy and compensatory upregulation of stress responses. If the energy cost of compensatory responses exceeds the potential energy savings of functional downregulation, as recent work suggests, the result would be an increase in total EE. To address the hypothesis that OxPhos defects increase the energetic cost of living, we performed a meta-analysis of available studies reporting EE in animal models with mitochondrial gene defects. Of all reported experimental conditions (n = 91, from 29 studies), 51% reported a >10% elevation in EE relative to control animals, compared to 11% reporting <10% reduction in EE (p<0.0001, Chi-square). Of the experimental conditions where locomotor activity was also quantified, 39% showed that OxPhos-deficient animals had elevated EE despite reduced locomotor activity, which would be expected to decrease EE. To extend this finding in humans, we re-analyzed a high-quality clinical and multi-omics dataset (Sharma et al. 2021) of mitochondrial disease patients with the m.3243A>G mutation. This analysis similarly indicates an upregulation of energetically costly physiological, immune, and metabolic parameters in people with OxPhos deficiency. These results suggest that animals and humans with mitochondrial defects must expend more energy to sustain life, a state clinically called hypermetabolism. High-quality human energetics studies are needed to understand the magnitude, mechanisms, and modifiability of hypermetabolism in mitochondrial disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sercel, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturm, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaulson, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St-Onge, M.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kempes, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pontzer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.09.556754</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accelerated physiology and increased energy expenditure in animals and humans with mitochondrial defects: A meta-analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.09.556982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic regulation of p63 blocks squamous-to-neuroendocrine transdifferentiation in esophageal development and malignancy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.09.556982v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While cell fate determination and maintenance are important in establishing and preserving tissue identity and function during development, aberrant cell fate transition leads to cancer cell heterogeneity and resistance to treatment. Here, we report an unexpected role for the transcription factor p63 (Trp63/TP63) in the fate choice of squamous versus neuroendocrine lineage in esophageal development and malignancy. Deletion of p63 results in extensive neuroendocrine differentiation in the developing mouse esophagus and esophageal progenitors derived from human embryonic stem cells. In human esophageal neuroendocrine carcinoma (eNEC) cells, p63 is transcriptionally silenced by EZH2-mediated H3K27 trimethylation (H3K27me3). Upregulation of the major p63 isoform {Delta}Np63, through either ectopic expression or EZH2 inhibition, promotes squamous transdifferentiation of eNEC cells. Together these findings uncover p63 as a rheostat in coordinating the transition between squamous and neuroendocrine cell fates during esophageal development and tumor progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karagiannis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suresh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>She, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Rifai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaika, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oro, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rustgi, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Que, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.09.556982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic regulation of p63 blocks squamous-to-neuroendocrine transdifferentiation in esophageal development and malignancy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.11.557250v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biological and Genetic Determinants of Red Blood Cell Glycolysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.11.557250v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mature red blood cells (RBCs) lack mitochondria, and thus exclusively rely on glycolysis to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during aging in vivo or storage in the blood bank. Here we leveraged 13,029 volunteers from the Recipient Epidemiology and Donor Evaluation Study to identify an association between end-of-storage levels of glycolytic metabolites and donor age, sex, and ancestry-specific genetic polymorphisms in regions encoding phosphofructokinase 1, platelet (detected in mature RBCs), hexokinase 1, ADP-ribosyl cyclase 1 and 2 (CD38/BST1). Gene-metabolite associations were validated in fresh and stored RBCs from 525 Diversity Outbred mice, and via multi-omics characterization of 1,929 samples from 643 human RBC units during storage. ATP and hypoxanthine levels - and the genetic traits linked to them - were associated with hemolysis in vitro and in vivo, both in healthy autologous transfusion recipients and in 5,816 critically ill patients receiving heterologous transfusions, suggesting their potential as markers to improve transfusion outcomes.

eTOC and Highlights

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=199 SRC="FIGDIR/small/557250v4_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (87K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1a556b7org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e02b13org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@2bfab1org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@15787e3_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LIBlood donor age and sex affect glycolysis in stored RBCs from 13,029 volunteers;
C_LIO_LIAncestry, genetic polymorphisms in PFKP, HK1, CD38/BST1 influence RBC glycolysis;
C_LIO_LIModeled PFKP effects relate to preventing loss of the total AXP pool in stored RBCs;
C_LIO_LIATP and hypoxanthine are biomarkers of hemolysis in vitro and in vivo.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nemkov, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephenson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Earley, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keele, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erickson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzieciatkowska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Key, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitalnik, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hod, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchill, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roubinian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norris, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busch, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimring, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Alessandro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.11.557250</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biological and Genetic Determinants of Red Blood Cell Glycolysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.07.556720v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disentangling sources of clock-like mutations in germline and soma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.07.556720v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rates of mutations vary across cell types. To identify causes of this variation, mutations are often decomposed into a combination of the single base substitution (SBS) "signatures" observed in germline, soma and tumors, with the idea that each signature corresponds to one or a small number of underlying mutagenic processes. Two such signatures turn out to be ubiquitous across cell types: SBS signature 1, which consists primarily of transitions at methylated CpG sites caused by spontaneous deamination, and the more diffuse SBS signature 5, which is of unknown etiology. In cancers, the number of mutations attributed to these two signatures accumulates linearly with age of diagnosis, and thus the signatures have been termed "clock-like." To better understand this clocklike behavior, we develop a mathematical model that includes DNA replication errors, unrepaired damage, and damage repaired incorrectly. We show that mutational signatures can exhibit clocklike behavior because cell divisions occur at a constant rate and/or because damage rates remain constant over time, and that these distinct sources can be teased apart by comparing cell lineages that divide at different rates. With this goal in mind, we analyze the rate of accumulation of mutations in multiple cell types, including soma as well as male and female germline. We find no detectable increase in SBS signature 1 mutations in neurons and only a very weak increase in mutations assigned to the female germline, but a significant increase with time in rapidly-dividing cells, suggesting that SBS signature 1 is driven by rounds of DNA replication occurring at a relatively fixed rate. In contrast, SBS signature 5 increases with time in all cell types, including post-mitotic ones, indicating that it accumulates independently of cell divisions; this observation points to errors in DNA repair as the key underlying mechanism. Thus, the two "clock-like" signatures observed across cell types likely have distinct origins, one set by rates of cell division, the other by damage rates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spisak, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Manuel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milligan, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sella, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przeworski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.07.556720</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disentangling sources of clock-like mutations in germline and soma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.08.556867v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-OMIC analysis of Huntington disease reveals a neuroprotective astrocyte state 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.08.556867v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Huntington disease (HD) is an incurable neurodegenerative disease characterized by neuronal loss and astrogliosis. One hallmark of HD is the selective neuronal vulnerability of striatal medium spiny neurons. To date, the underlying mechanisms of this selective vulnerability have not been fully defined. Here, we employed a multi-omic approach including single nucleus RNAseq (snRNAseq), bulk RNAseq, lipidomics, HTT gene CAG repeat length measurements, and multiplexed immunofluorescence on post-mortem brain tissue from multiple brain regions of HD and control donors. We defined a signature of genes that is driven by CAG repeat length and found it enriched in astrocytic and microglial genes. Moreover, weighted gene correlation network analysis showed loss of connectivity of astrocytic and microglial modules in HD and identified modules that correlated with CAG-repeat length which further implicated inflammatory pathways and metabolism. We performed lipidomic analysis of HD and control brains and identified several lipid species that correlate with HD grade, including ceramides and very long chain fatty acids. Integration of lipidomics and bulk transcriptomics identified a consensus gene signature that correlates with HD grade and HD lipidomic abnormalities and implicated the unfolded protein response pathway. Because astrocytes are critical for brain lipid metabolism and play important roles in regulating inflammation, we analyzed our snRNAseq dataset with an emphasis on astrocyte pathology. We found two main astrocyte types that spanned multiple brain regions; these types correspond to protoplasmic astrocytes, and fibrous-like - CD44-positive, astrocytes. HD pathology was differentially associated with these cell types in a region-specific manner. One protoplasmic astrocyte cluster showed high expression of metallothionein genes, the depletion of this cluster positively correlated with the depletion of vulnerable medium spiny neurons in the caudate nucleus. We confirmed that metallothioneins were increased in cingulate HD astrocytes but were unchanged or even decreased in caudate astrocytes. We combined existing genome-wide association studies (GWAS) with a GWA study conducted on HD patients from the original Venezuelan cohort and identified a single-nucleotide polymorphism in the metallothionein gene locus associated with delayed age of onset. Functional studies found that metallothionein overexpressing astrocytes are better able to buffer glutamate and were neuroprotective of patient-derived directly reprogrammed HD MSNs as well as against rotenone-induced neuronal death in vitro. Finally, we found that metallothionein-overexpressing astrocytes increased the phagocytic activity of microglia in vitro and increased the expression of genes involved in fatty acid binding. Together, we identified an astrocytic phenotype that is regionally-enriched in less vulnerable brain regions that can be leveraged to protect neurons in HD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paryani, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, J.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madden, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ofori, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basile, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McHugh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vonsattel, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hickman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zody, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houseman, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Dalahmah, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.08.556867</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-OMIC analysis of Huntington disease reveals a neuroprotective astrocyte state]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.09.557001v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiplexed single-cell lineage tracing of mitotic kinesin inhibitor resistance in glioblastoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.09.557001v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a deadly brain tumor, and the kinesin motor KIF11 is an attractive therapeutic target because of its dual roles in proliferation and invasion. The clinical utility of KIF11 inhibitors has been limited by drug resistance, which has mainly been studied in animal models. We used multiplexed lineage tracing barcodes and scRNA-seq to analyze drug resistance time courses for patient-derived GBM neurospheres treated with ispinesib, a potent KIF11 inhibitor. Similar to GBM progression in patients, untreated cells lost their neural lineage identity and transitioned to a mesenchymal phenotype, which is associated with poor prognosis. In contrast, cells subjected to long-term ispinesib treatment exhibited a proneural phenotype. We generated patient-derived xenografts to show that ispinesib-resistant cells form less aggressive tumors in vivo, even in the absence of drug. Finally, we used lineage barcodes to nominate drug combination targets by retrospective analysis of ispinesib-resistant clones in the drug-naive setting and identified drugs that are synergistic with ispinesib.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banu, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenfeld, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canoll, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sims, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.09.557001</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiplexed single-cell lineage tracing of mitotic kinesin inhibitor resistance in glioblastoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.11.557257v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Categorization dynamically alters representations in human visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.11.557257v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Everyday perceptual tasks require sensory stimuli to be dynamically encoded and analyzed according to changing behavioral goals. For example, when searching for an apple at the supermarket, one might first find the Granny Smith apples by separating all visible apples into the categories "green" and "non-green". However, suddenly remembering that your family actually likes Fuji apples would necessitate reconfiguring the boundary to separate "red" from "red-yellow" objects. This flexible processing enables identical sensory stimuli to elicit varied behaviors based on the current task context. While this phenomenon is ubiquitous in nature, little is known about the neural mechanisms that underlie such flexible computation. Traditionally, sensory regions have been viewed as mainly devoted to processing inputs, with limited involvement in adapting to varying task contexts. However, from the standpoint of efficient computation, it is plausible that sensory regions integrate inputs with current task goals, facilitating more effective information relay to higher-level cortical areas. Here we test this possibility by asking human participants to visually categorize novel shape stimuli based on different linear and non-linear boundaries. Using fMRI and multivariate analyses of retinotopically-defined visual areas, we found that shape representations in visual cortex became more distinct across relevant decision boundaries in a context-dependent manner, with the largest changes in discriminability observed for stimuli near the decision boundary. Importantly, these context-driven modulations were associated with improved categorization performance. Together, these findings demonstrate that codes in visual cortex are adaptively modulated to optimize object separability based on currently relevant decision boundaries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Henderson, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serences, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rungratsameetaweemana, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.11.557257</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Categorization dynamically alters representations in human visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.12.556572v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Plasma membrane abundance dictates phagocytic capacity and functional crosstalk in myeloid cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.12.556572v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Professional phagocytes like neutrophils and macrophages tightly control what they eat, how much they eat, and when they move after eating. We show that plasma membrane abundance is a key arbiter of these cellular behaviors. Neutrophils and macrophages lacking the G-protein subunit G{beta}4 exhibit profound plasma membrane expansion due to enhanced production of sphingolipids. This increased membrane allocation dramatically enhances phagocytosis of bacteria, fungus, apoptotic corpses, and cancer cells. G{beta}4 deficient neutrophils are also defective in the normal inhibition of migration following cargo uptake. In G{beta}4 knockout mice, myeloid cells exhibit enhanced phagocytosis of inhaled fungal conidia in the lung but also increased trafficking of engulfed pathogens to other organs. These results reveal an unexpected, biophysical control mechanism lying at the heart of myeloid functional decision-making.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Winer, B. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Settle, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yakimov, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeronimo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazarovt, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tipping, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saoi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sepp, A.-L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galiano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, J. S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, Y. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geissmann, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cross, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kam, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasoli, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohl, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cyster, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huse, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.12.556572</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Plasma membrane abundance dictates phagocytic capacity and functional crosstalk in myeloid cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.12.557402v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Toolkits for detailed and high-throughput interrogation of synapses in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.12.557402v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visualizing synaptic connectivity has traditionally relied on time-consuming electron microscopy-based imaging approaches. To scale the analysis of synaptic connectivity, fluorescent protein-based techniques have been established, ranging from the labeling of specific pre- or postsynaptic components of chemical or electrical synapses to transsynaptic proximity labeling technology such as GRASP and iBLINC. In this paper, we describe WormPsyQi, a generalizable image analysis pipeline that automatically quantifies synaptically localized fluorescent signals in a high-throughput and robust manner, with reduced human bias. We also present a resource of 30 transgenic strains that label chemical or electrical synapses throughout the nervous system of the nematode C. elegans, using CLA-1, RAB-3, GRASP (chemical synapses), or innexin (electrical synapse) reporters. We show that WormPsyQi captures synaptic structures in spite of substantial heterogeneity in neurite morphology, fluorescence signal, and imaging parameters. We use these toolkits to quantify multiple obvious and subtle features of synapses - such as number, size, intensity, and spatial distribution of synapses - in datasets spanning various regions of the nervous system, developmental stages, and sexes. Although the pipeline is described in the context of synapses, it may be utilized for other  punctate signals, such as fluorescently-tagged neurotransmitter receptors and cell adhesion molecules, as well as proteins in other subcellular contexts. By overcoming constraints on time, sample size, cell morphology, and phenotypic space, this work represents a powerful resource for further analysis of synapse biology in C. elegans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Majeed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, C.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.12.557402</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Toolkits for detailed and high-throughput interrogation of synapses in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.12.557474v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cas13d-mediated isoform-specific RNA knockdown with a unified computational and experimental toolbox 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.12.557474v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alternative splicing is an essential mechanism for diversifying proteins, in which mature RNA isoforms produce proteins with potentially distinct functions. Two major challenges in characterizing the cellular function of isoforms are the lack of experimental methods to specifically and efficiently modulate isoform expression and computational tools for complex experimental design. To address these gaps, we developed and methodically tested a strategy which pairs the RNA-targeting CRISPR/Cas13d system with guide RNAs that span exon-exon junctions in the mature RNA. We performed a high-throughput essentiality screen, quantitative RT-PCR assays, and PacBio long read sequencing to affirm our ability to specifically target and robustly knockdown individual RNA isoforms. In parallel, we provide computational tools for experimental design and screen analysis. Considering all possible splice junctions annotated in GENCODE for multi-isoform genes and our gRNA efficacy predictions, we estimate that our junction-centric strategy can uniquely target up to 89% of human RNA isoforms, including 50,066 protein-coding and 11,415 lncRNA isoforms. Importantly, this specificity spans all splicing and transcriptional events, including exon skipping and inclusion, alternative 5 and 3 splice sites, and alternative starts and ends.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schertzer, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stirn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isaev, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harbison, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wessels, H.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanjana, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.12.557474</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cas13d-mediated isoform-specific RNA knockdown with a unified computational and experimental toolbox]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.13.557548v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Maternal IL-10 restricts fetal emergency myelopoiesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.13.557548v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neonates, in contrast to adults, are highly susceptible to inflammation and infection. Here we investigate how late fetal liver (FL) mouse hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) respond to inflammation, testing the hypothesis that deficits in engagement of emergency myelopoiesis (EM) pathways limit neutrophil output and contribute to perinatal neutropenia. We show that despite similar molecular wiring as adults, fetal HSPCs have limited production of myeloid cells at steady state and fail to activate a classical EM transcriptional program. Moreover, we find that fetal HSPCs are capable of responding to EM-inducing inflammatory stimuli in vitro, but are restricted by maternal anti-inflammatory factors, primarily interleukin-10 (IL-10), from activating EM pathways in utero. Accordingly, we demonstrate that loss of maternal IL-10 restores EM activation in fetal HSPCs but at the cost of premature parturition. These results reveal the evolutionary trade-off inherent in maternal anti-inflammatory responses that maintain pregnancy but render the fetus unresponsive to EM activation signals and susceptible to infection.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIThe structure of the HSPC compartment is conserved from late fetal to adult life.
C_LIO_LIFetal HSPCs have diminished steady-state myeloid cell production compared to adult.
C_LIO_LIFetal HSPCs are restricted from engaging in emergency myelopoiesis by maternal IL-10.
C_LIO_LIRestriction of emergency myelopoiesis may explain neutropenia in septic neonates.
C_LI

eTOC BLURBFetal hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells are restricted from activating emergency myelopoiesis pathways by maternal IL-10, resulting in inadequate myeloid cell production in response to inflammatory challenges and contributing to neonatal neutropenia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Collins, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swann, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proven, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasbekar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dellorusso, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Passegue, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.13.557548</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Maternal IL-10 restricts fetal emergency myelopoiesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.13.557585v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Probing learning through the lens of changes in circuit dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.13.557585v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the success of dynamical systems as accounts of circuit computation and observed behavior, our understanding of how dynamical systems evolve over learning is very limited. Here we develop a computational framework for extracting core dynamical systems features of recurrent circuits across learning and analyze the properties of these meta-dynamics in model analogues of several brain-relevant tasks. Across learning algorithms and tasks we find a stereotyped path to task mastery, which involves the creation of dynamical systems features and their refinement to a stable solution. This learning universality reveals common principles in the organization of recurrent neural networks in service to function and highlights some of the challenges in reverse engineering learning principles from chronic population recordings of neural activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marschall, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.13.557585</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Probing learning through the lens of changes in circuit dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.13.557591v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Explaining Deep Learning-Based Representations of Resting State Functional Connectivity Data: Focusing on Interpreting Nonlinear Patterns in Autism Spectrum Disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.13.557591v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundResting state Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging fMRI (rs-fMRI) has been used to study brain function in psychiatric disorders, yielding insight into brain organization. However, the high dimensionality of the rs-fMRI data presents challenges, and requires dimensionality reduction before applying machine learning techniques. Neural networks, specifically variational autoencoders (VAEs), have been instrumental in extracting low-dimensional latent representations of resting state functional connectivity patterns, addressing the complex nonlinear structure of rs-fMRI. However, interpreting those latent representations remains a challenge. This paper aims to address this gap by creating explainable VAE models and testing their utility using rs-fMRI data in autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

MethodsOne-thousand one hundred and fifty participants (601 HC and 549 patients with ASD) were included in the analysis. We extracted functional connectivity correlation matrices from the preprocessed rs-fMRI data using Power atlas with 264 ROIs. Then VAEs were trained in an unsupervised fashion. Lastly, we introduce our latent contribution scores to explain the relationship between estimated representations and the original rs-fMRI brain measures.

ResultsWe quantified the latent contribution scores for the ASD and control groups at the network level. We found that both ASD and control groups share the top network connectivity that contribute to all estimated latent components. For example, latent 0 was driven by resting state functional connectivity patterns (rsFC) within ventral attention network in both the ASD and control. However, significant differences in the latent contribution scores between the ASD and control groups were discovered within the ventral attention network in latent 0 and the sensory/somatomotor network in latent 2.

ConclusionThis study introduced latent contribution scores to interpret nonlinear patterns identified by VAEs. These scores effectively capture changes in each observed rsFC features as estimated latent representation changes, enabling an explainable deep learning model to better understand the underlying neural mechanism of ASD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.-g.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravid, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neria, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.13.557591</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Explaining Deep Learning-Based Representations of Resting State Functional Connectivity Data: Focusing on Interpreting Nonlinear Patterns in Autism Spectrum Disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.13.557613v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Collective Sensing in Electric Fish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.13.557613v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A number of organisms, including dolphins, bats, and electric fish, possess sophisticated active sensory systems that use self-generated signals (e.g. acoustic or electrical emissions) to probe the environment1,2. Studies of active sensing in social groups have typically focused on strategies for minimizing interference from conspecific emissions2-4. However, it is well-known from engineering that multiple spatially distributed emitters and receivers can greatly enhance environmental sensing (e.g. multistatic radar and sonar)5-8. Here we provide evidence from modeling, neural recordings, and behavioral experiments that the African weakly electric fish Gnathonemus petersii utilizes the electrical pulses of conspecifics to extend electrolocation range, discriminate objects, and increase information transmission. These results suggest a novel, collective mode of active sensing in which individual perception is enhanced by the energy emissions of nearby group members.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pedraja, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawtell, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.13.557613</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Collective Sensing in Electric Fish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.13.557652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal Generative Models for Learning Heterogeneous Group Dynamics of Ecological Momentary Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.13.557652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SO_SCPLOWUMMARYC_SCPLOWOne of the goals of precision psychiatry is to characterize mental disorders in an individualized manner, taking into account the underlying dynamic processes. Recent advances in mobile technologies have enabled the collection of Ecological Momentary Assessments (EMAs) that capture multiple responses in real-time at high frequency. However, EMA data is often multi-dimensional, correlated, and hierarchical. Mixed-effects models are commonly used but may require restrictive assumptions about the fixed and random effects and the correlation structure. The Recurrent Temporal Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RTRBM) is a generative neural network that can be used to model temporal data, but most existing RTRBM approaches do not account for the potential heterogeneity of group dynamics within a population based on available covariates. In this paper, we propose a new temporal generative model, the Heterogeneous-Dynamics Restricted Boltzmann Machine (HDRBM), to learn the heterogeneous group dynamics and demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach on simulated and real-world EMA data sets. We show that by incorporating covariates, HDRBM can improve accuracy and interpretability, explore the underlying drivers of the group dynamics of participants, and serve as a generative model for EMA studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.-g.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.13.557652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal Generative Models for Learning Heterogeneous Group Dynamics of Ecological Momentary Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.14.557777v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
maskNMF: A denoise-sparsen-detect approach for extracting neural signals from dense imaging data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.14.557777v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A number of calcium imaging methods have been developed to monitor the activity of large populations of neurons. One particularly promising approach, Bessel imaging, captures neural activity from a volume by projecting within the imaged volume onto a single imaging plane, therefore effectively mixing signals and increasing the number of neurons imaged per pixel. These signals must then be computationally demixed to recover the desired neural activity. Unfortunately, currently-available demixing methods can perform poorly in the regime of high imaging density (i.e., many neurons per pixel). In this work we introduce a new pipeline (maskNMF) for demixing dense calcium imaging data.

The main idea is to first denoise and temporally sparsen the observed video; this enhances signal strength and reduces spatial overlap significantly. Next we detect neurons in the sparsened video using a neural network trained on a library of neural shapes. These shapes are derived from segmented electron microscopy images input into a Bessel imaging model; therefore no manual selection of "good" neural shapes from the functional data is required here. After cells are detected, we use a constrained non-negative matrix factorization approach to demix the activity, using the detected cells shapes to initialize the factorization. We test the resulting pipeline on both simulated and real datasets and find that it is able to achieve accurate demixing on denser data than was previously feasible, therefore enabling faithful imaging of larger neural populations. The method also provides good results on more "standard" two-photon imaging data. Finally, because much of the pipeline operates on a significantly compressed version of the raw data and is highly parallelizable, the algorithm is fast, processing large datasets faster than real time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pasarkar, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinsella, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdeladim, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterka, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adesnik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.14.557777</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[maskNMF: A denoise-sparsen-detect approach for extracting neural signals from dense imaging data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.15.557839v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HILAMA: High-dimensional multi-omic mediation analysis with latent confounding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.15.557839v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationThe increasingly available multi-omic datasets have posed both new opportunities and challenges to the development of quantitative methods for discovering novel mechanisms in biomedical research. One natural approach to analyzing such datasets is mediation analysis originated from the causal inference literature. Mediation analysis can help unravel the mechanisms through which exposure(s) exert the effect on outcome(s). However, existing methods fail to consider the case where (1) both exposures and mediators are potentially high-dimensional and (2) it is very likely that some important confounding variables are unmeasured or latent; both issues are quite common in practice. To the best of our knowledge, however, no methods have been developed to address these challenges with statistical guarantees.

ResultsIn this article, we propose a new method for HIgh-dimensional LAtent-confounding Mediation Analysis, abbreviated as "HILAMA", that considers both high-dimensional exposures and mediators, and more importantly, the possible existence of latent confounding variables. HILAMA achieves false discovery rate (FDR) control under finite sample size for multiple mediation effect testing. The proposed method is evaluated through extensive simulation experiments, demonstrating its improved stability in FDR control and superior power in finite sample size compared to existing competitive methods. Furthermore, our method is applied to the proteomics-radiomics data from ADNI, identifying some key proteins and brain regions relating to Alzheimers disease. The results show that HILAMA can effectively control FDR and provide valid statistical inference for high dimensional mediation analysis with latent confounding variables.

AvailabilityThe R package HILAMA is publicly available at https://github.com/Cinbo-Wang/HILAMA.

Contactcinbo_w@sjtu.edu.cn
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.15.557839</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HILAMA: High-dimensional multi-omic mediation analysis with latent confounding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.14.557413v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Novel Aberrantly Spliced Gain-of-Function NT5C2 Isoform Contributes to Thiopurine Resistance in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.14.557413v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Relapsed or refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) is a major cause of pediatric cancer-related deaths. Relapse-specific mutations do not account for all chemotherapy failures in B- ALL patients, suggesting additional mechanisms of resistance. By mining RNA-seq datasets of paired diagnostic/relapse pediatric B-ALL samples, we discovered pervasive alternative splicing (AS) patterns linked to relapse and affecting drivers of resistance to glucocorticoids, anti-folates, and thiopurines. Most splicing variations represented cassette exon skipping, "poison" exon inclusion, and intron retention, phenocopying well-documented loss-of-function mutations. In contrast, relapse-associated AS of NT5C2 mRNA yielded an isoform with the functionally uncharacterized in-frame exon 6a. Incorporation of the 8-amino acid sequence SQVAVQKR into this enzyme created a putative phosphorylation site and resulted in elevated nucleosidase activity, which is a known consequence of gain-of-function mutations in NT5C2 and a common determinant of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) resistance. Consistent with this finding, NT5C2ex6a and the R238W hotspot variant conferred comparable levels of resistance to 6-MP in B-ALL cells both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, both the NT5C2ex6a and R238W variants induced collateral sensitivity to the inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) inhibitor mizoribine. These results ascribe an important role for splicing perturbations in chemotherapy resistance in relapsed B-ALL and suggest that IMPDH inhibitors, including the commonly used immunosuppressive agent mycophenolate mofetil, could be a valuable therapeutic option for treating thiopurine-resistant leukemias.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Diz, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reglero, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falkenstein, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayer, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radens, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quesnel-Vallieres, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sehgal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barash, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasian, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrando, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas-Tikhonenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.14.557413</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Novel Aberrantly Spliced Gain-of-Function NT5C2 Isoform Contributes to Thiopurine Resistance in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.16.558069v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Poly-basic peptides and polymers as new drug candidate against Plasmodium falciparum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.16.558069v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plasmodium falciparum, the malaria-causing parasite, is a leading cause of infection-induced deaths worldwide. The preferred treatment approach is artemisinin-combination therapy, which couples fast-acting artemisinin derivatives with longer-acting drugs like lumefantrine, mefloquine, and amodiaquine. However, the urgency for new treatments has risen due to the parasites growing resistance to existing therapies. Our study shows that a common characteristic of the P. falciparum proteome - stretches of poly-lysine residues such as those found in proteins related to adhesion and pathogenicity - can serve as an effective peptide treatment for infected erythrocytes. A single dose of these poly-basic peptides can successfully diminish parasitemia in human erythrocytes in vitro with minimal toxicity. The effectiveness of the treatment correlates with the length of the poly-lysine peptide, with 30 lysine peptides supporting the eradication of erythrocytic parasites within 72 hours. PEG-ylation of the poly-lysine peptides or utilizing poly-lysine dendrimers and polymers further increases parasite clearance efficiency and bolsters the stability of these potential new therapeutics. Lastly, our affinity pull-downs and mass-spectrometry identify P. falciparums outer membrane proteins as likely targets for polybasic peptide medications. Since poly-lysine dendrimers are already FDA-approved for drug delivery, their adaptation as antimalarial drugs presents a promising new therapeutic strategy.

One-Sentence SummaryOur study demonstrates that poly-lysine peptides, particularly those modified through PEG-ylation or in the form of poly-lysine dendrimers, can effectively reduce Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of malaria, in human erythrocytes in vitro, with potential for use as a promising new antimalarial therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sivakumar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Floyd, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jessey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayguinov, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzpatrick, J. A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldfarb, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Djuranovic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavlovic Djuranovic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.16.558069</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Poly-basic peptides and polymers as new drug candidate against Plasmodium falciparum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.18.557780v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CCAR1 promotes DNA repair via an unanticipated role in alternative splicing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.18.557780v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA repair is directly performed by hundreds of core factors and indirectly regulated by thousands of others. We massively expanded a CRISPR inhibition and Cas9-editing screening system to discover factors indirectly modulating homology directed repair (HDR) in the context of [~]18000 individual gene knockdowns. We focused on CCAR1, a poorly understood gene that we found reduced both HDR and interstrand crosslink repair, phenocopying the loss of the Fanconi Anemia pathway. CCAR1 loss abrogated FANCA protein without substantial reduction in the level of its mRNA or that of other FA genes. We instead found that CCAR1 prevents inclusion of a poison exon in FANCA. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the CCAR1 splicing modulatory activity is not limited to FANCA, and it instead regulates widespread changes in alternative splicing that would damage coding sequences in mouse and human cells. CCAR1 therefore has an unanticipated function as a splicing fidelity factor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karasu, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mironov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gvozdenovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zavolan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corn, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.18.557780</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CCAR1 promotes DNA repair via an unanticipated role in alternative splicing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.17.558181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uncovering Invariant Representations in Functional Neuroimaging with Deep Metric Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.17.558181v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With the increasing ability to record neuroimaging with higher spatial and temporal resolution, there is a growing need for methods that reduce these high-dimensional representations into latent low-dimensional structures that are discriminative and/or predictive of behavior, disease, or in general experimental context. We propose a metric learning framework to extract meaningful latent structures from high-dimensional fMRI data. This method learns the latent embeddings that reduce the intra-group variability while maximizing the inter-group variability. In addition, our method leverages advances in few-shot learning approaches to adapt to small sample-size fMRI datasets, allowing one to learn the latent structure from just a few samples per context. We evaluate our work on two publicly available fMRI datasets and report superior results compared to popular alternative approaches such as Principal Component Analysis (84.7% vs. 60%; 21.8% vs. 8.3%). We provide the Python code as open-source at Github.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mittal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paisley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sajda, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.17.558181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uncovering Invariant Representations in Functional Neuroimaging with Deep Metric Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.19.558387v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lung influenza virus specific memory CD4 T cell location and optimal cytokine production are dependent on interactions with lung antigen-presenting cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.19.558387v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Influenza A virus (IAV) infection leads to the formation of mucosal memory CD4 T cells that can protect the host. An in-depth understanding of the signals that shape memory cell development is required for more effective vaccine design. We have examined the formation of memory CD4 T cells in the lung following IAV infection of mice, characterising changes to the lung landscape and immune cell composition. IAV-specific CD4 T cells were found throughout the lung at both primary and memory time points. These cells were found near lung airways and in close contact with a range of immune cells including macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells. Interactions between lung IAV-specific CD4 T cells and MHCII+ cells during the primary immune response were important in shaping the subsequent memory pool. Treatment with an anti-MHCII blocking antibody increased the proportion of memory CD4 T cells found at lung airways but reduced interferon-g expression by IAV-specific immunodominant memory CD4 T cells. The immunodominant CD4 T cells expressed higher levels of PD1 than other IAV-specific CD4 T cells and PD1+ memory CD4 T cells were located further away from MHCII+ cells than their PD1-negative counterparts. This distinction in location was lost in mice treated with anti-MHCII antibody. These data suggest that sustained antigen presentation in the lung impacts on the formation of memory CD4 T cells by regulating their cytokine production and location.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hargrave, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worrell, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pirillo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masdefiol Garriga, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purnell, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacLeod, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.19.558387</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lung influenza virus specific memory CD4 T cell location and optimal cytokine production are dependent on interactions with lung antigen-presenting cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.20.558560v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissociable roles of thalamic nuclei in the refinement of reaches to spatial targets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.20.558560v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reaches are complex movements that are critical for survival, and encompass the control of different aspects such as direction, speed, and endpoint precision. Complex movements have been postulated to be learned and controlled through distributed motor networks, of which the thalamus is a highly connected node. Still, the role of different thalamic circuits in learning and controlling specific aspects of reaches has not been investigated. We report dissociable roles of two distinct thalamic nuclei - the parafascicular (Pf) and ventroanterior/ventrolateral (VAL) nuclei - in the refinement of spatial target reaches in mice. Using 2-photon calcium imaging in a head-fixed joystick task where mice learned to reach to a target in space, we found that glutamatergic neurons in both areas were most active during reaches early in learning. Reach-related activity in both areas decreased late in learning, as movement direction was refined and reaches increased in accuracy. Furthermore, the population dynamics of Pf, but not VAL, covaried in different subspaces in early and late learning, but eventually stabilized in late learning. The neural activity in Pf, but not VAL, encoded the direction of reaches in early but not late learning. Accordingly, bilateral lesions of Pf before, but not after learning, strongly and specifically impaired the refinement of reach direction. VAL lesions did not impact direction refinement, but instead resulted in increased speed and target overshoot. Our findings provide new evidence that the thalamus is a critical motor node in the learning and control of reaching movements, with specific subnuclei controlling distinct aspects of the reach early in learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sibener, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosberger, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, T. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Athalye, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.20.558560</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissociable roles of thalamic nuclei in the refinement of reaches to spatial targets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.20.558606v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Age-related STAT3 signaling regulates severity of respiratory syncytial viral infection in human bronchial epithelial cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.20.558606v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can cause severe disease especially in infants; however, mechanisms of age-associated disease severity remain elusive. Here, employing human bronchial epithelium models generated from tracheal aspirate-derived basal stem cells of neonates and adults, we investigated whether age regulates RSV-epithelium interaction to determine disease severity. We show that following RSV infection, only neonatal epithelium model exhibited cytopathy and mucus hyperplasia, and neonatal epithelium had more robust viral spread and inflammatory responses than adult epithelium. Mechanistically, RSV-infected neonatal ciliated cells displayed age-related impairment of STAT3 activation, rendering susceptibility to apoptosis, which facilitated viral spread. In contrast, SARS-CoV-2 infection of ciliated cells had no effect on STAT3 activation and was not affected by age. Taken together, our findings identify an age-related and RSV-specific interaction with neonatal bronchial epithelium that critically contributes to severity of infection, and STAT3 activation offers a potential strategy to battle severe RSV disease in infants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amonkar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olejnik, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hume, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muhlberger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Que, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fearns, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ai, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lerou, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.20.558606</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Age-related STAT3 signaling regulates severity of respiratory syncytial viral infection in human bronchial epithelial cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.19.558481v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Postnatal maternal care moderates the effects of prenatal bisphenol exposure on offspring neurodevelopmental, behavioral, and transcriptomic outcomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.19.558481v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bisphenols (BPs), including BPA and "BPA-free" structural analogs, are commonly used plasticizers that are present in many plastics and are known endocrine disrupting chemicals. Prenatal exposure to BPA has been associated with negative neurodevelopmental and behavioral outcomes in children and rodent models. Prenatal BPA exposure has also been shown to impair postnatal maternal care provisioning, which can also affect offspring neurodevelopment and behavior. However, there is limited knowledge regarding the biological effects of prenatal exposure to bisphenols other than BPA and the interplay between prenatal BP exposure and postnatal maternal care on adult behavior. The purpose of the current study was to determine the interactive impact of prenatal BP exposure and postnatal maternal care on neurodevelopment and behavior. Our findings suggest that the effects of prenatal BP exposure on eye-opening, adult attentional set shifting and anxiety-like behavior in the open field are dependent on maternal care in the first five days of life. Interestingly, maternal care might also attenuate the effects of prenatal BP exposure on eye opening and adult attentional set shifting. Finally, transcriptomic profiles in male and female medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala suggest that the interactive effects of prenatal BP exposure and postnatal maternal care converge on estrogen receptor signaling and are involved in biological processes related to gene expression and protein translation and synthesis. Overall, these findings indicate that postnatal maternal care plays a critical role in the expression of the effects of prenatal BP exposure on neurodevelopment and adult behavior. Understanding the underlying biological mechanisms involved might allow us to identify potential avenues to mitigate the adverse effects of prenatal BP exposure and improve health and well-being in human populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lauby, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lapp, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salazar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semyrenko, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chauhan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margolis, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Champagne, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.19.558481</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Postnatal maternal care moderates the effects of prenatal bisphenol exposure on offspring neurodevelopmental, behavioral, and transcriptomic outcomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.21.558754v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Silene latifolia genome and its giant Y chromosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.21.558754v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In some species, the Y is a tiny chromosome but the dioecious plant Silene latifolia has a giant [~]550 Mb Y chromosome, which has remained unsequenced so far. Here we used a hybrid approach to obtain a high-quality male S. latifolia genome. Using mutants for sexual phenotype, we identified candidate sex-determining genes on the Y. Comparative analysis of the sex chromosomes with outgroups showed the Y is surprisingly rearranged and degenerated for a [~]11 MY-old system. Recombination suppression between X and Y extended in a stepwise process, and triggered a massive accumulation of repeats on the Y, as well as in the non-recombining pericentromeric region of the X, leading to giant sex chromosomes.

One-Sentence SummaryThis work uncovers the structure, function, and evolution of one of the largest giant Y chromosomes, that of the model plant Silene latifolia, which is almost 10 times larger than the human Y, despite similar genome sizes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moraga, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Branco, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rougemont, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veltsos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jedlicka, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muyle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanique, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tannier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendoza-Galindo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemaitre, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fields, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruaud, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labadie, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belser, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briolay, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santoni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cegan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linheiro, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez de la Vega, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El Filali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mossion, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boualem, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavares, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chebbi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordaux, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fruchard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prentout, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spataro, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delmotte, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weingartner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toegelova, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tulpova, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simkova, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storchova, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abeyawardana, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sloan, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karrenberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.21.558754</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Silene latifolia genome and its giant Y chromosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.21.558869v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bypassing spike sorting: Density-based decoding using spike localization from dense multielectrode probes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.21.558869v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural decoding and its applications to brain computer interfaces (BCI) are essential for understanding the association between neural activity and behavior. A prerequisite for many decoding approaches is spike sorting, the assignment of action potentials (spikes) to individual neurons. Current spike sorting algorithms, however, can be inaccurate and do not properly model uncertainty of spike assignments, therefore discarding information that could potentially improve decoding performance. Recent advances in high-density probes (e.g., Neuropixels) and computational methods now allow for extracting a rich set of spike features from unsorted data; these features can in turn be used to directly decode behavioral correlates. To this end, we propose a spike sorting-free decoding method that directly models the distribution of extracted spike features using a mixture of Gaussians (MoG) encoding the uncertainty of spike assignments, without aiming to solve the spike clustering problem explicitly. We allow the mixing proportion of the MoG to change over time in response to the behavior and develop variational inference methods to fit the resulting model and to perform decoding. We benchmark our method with an extensive suite of recordings from different animals and probe geometries, demonstrating that our proposed decoder can consistently outperform current methods based on thresholding (i.e. multi-unit activity) and spike sorting. Open source code is available at https://github.com/yzhang511/density_decoding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boussard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Windolf, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winter, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trautmann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrell, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchland, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinmetz, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The International Brain Laboratory,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varol, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurwitz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.21.558869</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bypassing spike sorting: Density-based decoding using spike localization from dense multielectrode probes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.22.558966v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sensory experience steers representational drift in mouse visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.22.558966v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Representational drift - the gradual continuous change of neuronal representations - has been observed across many brain areas. It is unclear whether drift is caused by synaptic plasticity elicited by sensory experience, or by the intrinsic volatility of synapses. Here, using chronic two-photon calcium imaging in mouse primary visual cortex, we find that the preferred stimulus orientation of individual neurons slowly drifts over the course of weeks. By using cylinder lens goggles to limit visual experience to a narrow range of orientations, we show that the direction of drift, but not its magnitude, is biased by the statistics of visual input. A network model suggests that drift of preferred orientation largely results from synaptic volatility, which under normal visual conditions is counteracted by experience-driven Hebbian mechanisms, stabilizing preferred orientation. Under deprivation conditions these Hebbian mechanisms enable adaptation. Thus, Hebbian synaptic plasticity steers drift to match the statistics of the environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bauer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewin, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbert, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gjorgjieva, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoonover, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fink, A. J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonhoeffer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hübener, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.22.558966</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sensory experience steers representational drift in mouse visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.21.558743v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Germline-targeting chimpanzee SIV Envelopes induce V2-apex broadly neutralizing-like B cell precursors in a rhesus macaque infection model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.21.558743v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eliciting broadly neutralizing antibodies-(bnAbs) remains a major goal of HIV-1 vaccine research. Previously, we showed that a soluble chimpanzee SIV Envelope-(Env) trimer, MT145K, bound several human V2-apex bnAb-precursors and stimulated an appropriate response in V2-apex bnAb precursor-expressing knock-in mice. Here, we tested the immunogenicity of three MT145 variants (MT145, MT145K, MT145K.dV5) expressed as chimeric simian-chimpanzee-immunodeficiency-viruses-(SCIVs) in rhesus macaques-(RMs). All three viruses established productive infections with high setpoint vRNA titers. RMs infected with the germline-targeting SCIV_MT145K and SCIV_MT145K.dV5 exhibited larger and more clonally expanded B cell lineages featuring long anionic heavy chain complementary-determining-regions-(HCDR3s) compared with wildtype SCIV_MT145. Moreover, antigen-specific B cell analysis revealed enrichment for long-CDHR3-bearing antibodies in SCIV_MT145K.dV5 infected animals with paratope features resembling prototypic V2-apex bnAbs and their precursors. Although none of the animals developed bnAbs, these results show that germline-targeting SCIVs can activate and preferentially expand B cells expressing V2-apex bnAb-like precursors, the first step in bnAb elicitation.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=180 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/558743v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Musharrafieh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safonova, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roark, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, F.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurtado, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yong, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rando, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindemuth, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connell, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, W.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avillion, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callaghan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dueker, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vo, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capozzola, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joyce, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anzanello, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bibollet-Ruche, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozorowski, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landais, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foley, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sok, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briney, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hahn, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burton, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrabi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.21.558743</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Germline-targeting chimpanzee SIV Envelopes induce V2-apex broadly neutralizing-like B cell precursors in a rhesus macaque infection model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.21.558864v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Asymmetric Contribution of a Selectivity Filter Gate in Triggering Inactivation of CaV1.3 Channels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.21.558864v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Voltage-dependent and Ca2+-dependent inactivation (VDI and CDI, respectively) of CaV channels are two biologically consequential feedback mechanisms that fine-tune Ca2+ entry into neurons and cardiomyocytes. Although known to be initiated by distinct molecular events, how these processes obstruct conduction through the channel pore remains poorly defined. Here, focusing on ultra-highly conserved tryptophan residues in the inter-domain interfaces near the selectivity filter of CaV1.3, we demonstrate a critical role for asymmetric conformational changes in mediating VDI and CDI. Specifically, mutagenesis of the domain III-IV interface, but not others, enhanced VDI. Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate that mutations in distinct selectivity filter interfaces differentially impact conformational flexibility. Furthermore, mutations in distinct domains preferentially disrupt CDI mediated by the N- versus C-lobes of CaM, thus uncovering a scheme of structural bifurcation of CaM signaling. These findings highlight the fundamental importance of the asymmetric arrangement of the pseudo-tetrameric CaV pore domain for feedback inhibition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>del Rivero Morfin, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochiss, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liedl, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flucher, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Quintero, M. L. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Johny, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.21.558864</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Asymmetric Contribution of a Selectivity Filter Gate in Triggering Inactivation of CaV1.3 Channels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.22.558856v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Genetically Encoded Actuator Selectively Boosts L-type Calcium Channels in Diverse Physiological Settings 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.22.558856v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
L-type Ca2+ channels (CaV1.2/1.3) convey influx of calcium ions (Ca2+) that orchestrate a bevy of biological responses including muscle contraction and gene transcription. Deficits in CaV1 function play a vital role in cardiac and neurodevelopmental disorders. Yet conventional pharmacological approaches to upregulate CaV1 are limited, as excessive Ca2+ influx leads to cytotoxicity. Here, we develop a genetically encoded enhancer of CaV1.2/1.3 channels (GeeC) to manipulate Ca2+ entry in distinct physiological settings. Specifically, we functionalized a nanobody that targets the CaV macromolecular complex by attaching a minimal effector domain from a CaV enhancer--leucine rich repeat containing protein 10 (Lrrc10). In cardiomyocytes, GeeC evoked a 3-fold increase in L-type current amplitude. In neurons, GeeC augmented excitation-transcription (E-T) coupling. In all, GeeC represents a powerful strategy to boost CaV1.2/1.3 function in distinct physiological settings and, in so doing, lays the groundwork to illuminate new insights on neuronal and cardiac physiology and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>del Rivero Morfin, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scala Chavez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayaraman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochiss, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colecraft, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marx, S. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajadhyaksha, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Johny, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.22.558856</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Genetically Encoded Actuator Selectively Boosts L-type Calcium Channels in Diverse Physiological Settings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.22.559017v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neutron Scattering Analysis of the Cryptococcus neoformans Polysaccharide Reveals Solution Rigidity and Repeating Fractal-like Structural Patterns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.22.559017v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACTCryptococcus neoformans is a fungal pathogen that can cause life-threatening brain infections in immunocompromised individuals. Unlike other fungal pathogens, it possesses a protective polysaccharide capsule that is crucial for its virulence. During infections, Cryptococcus cells release copious amounts of extracellular polysaccharides (exo-PS) that interfere with host immune responses. Both exo-PS and capsular-PS play pivotal roles in Cryptococcus infections and serve as essential targets for disease diagnosis and vaccine development strategies. However, understanding their structure is complicated by their polydispersity, complexity, sensitivity to sample isolation and processing, and scarcity of methods capable of isolating and analyzing them while preserving their native structure. In this study, we employ small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and ultra-small angle neutron scattering (USANS) for the first time to investigate both fungal cell suspensions and extracellular polysaccharides in solution. Our data suggests that exo- PS in solution exhibits collapsed chain-like behavior and demonstrates mass fractal properties that indicate a relatively condensed pore structure in aqueous environments. This observation is also supported by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The local structure of the polysaccharide is characterized as a rigid rod, with a length-scale corresponding to 3 to 4 repeating units. This research not only unveils insights into exo-PS and capsular-PS structures but also demonstrates the potential of USANS for studying changes in cell dimensions and the promise of contrast variation in future neutron scattering studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teixeira, S. C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strother, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordero, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.22.559017</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neutron Scattering Analysis of the Cryptococcus neoformans Polysaccharide Reveals Solution Rigidity and Repeating Fractal-like Structural Patterns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.22.559063v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automatic monitoring of whole-body neural activity in behaving Hydra 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.22.559063v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to record every spike from every neuron in a behaving animal is one of the holy grails of neuroscience. Here, we report coming one step closer towards this goal with the development of an end-to-end pipeline that automatically tracks and extracts calcium signals from individual neurons in the cnidarian Hydra vulgaris. We imaged dually labeled (nuclear tdTomato and cytoplasmic GCaMP7s) transgenic Hydra and developed an open-source Python platform (TraSE-IN) for the Tracking and Spike Estimation of Individual Neurons in the animal during behavior. The TraSE-IN platform comprises a series of modules that segments and tracks each nucleus over time and extracts the corresponding calcium activity in the GCaMP channel. Another series of signal processing modules allows robust prediction of individual spikes from each neurons calcium signal. This complete pipeline will facilitate the automatic generation and analysis of large-scale datasets of single-cell resolution neural activity in Hydra, and potentially other model organisms, paving the way towards deciphering the neural code of an entire animal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hanson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reme, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Telerman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamamoto, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olivo-Marin, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lagache, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuste, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.22.559063</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automatic monitoring of whole-body neural activity in behaving Hydra]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.23.558668v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The representational geometry of emotional states in basolateral amygdala 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.23.558668v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensory stimuli associated with aversive outcomes cause multiple behavioral responses related to an animals evolving emotional state, but neural mechanisms underlying these processes remain unclear. Here aversive stimuli were presented to mice, eliciting two responses reflecting fear and flight to safety: tremble and ingress into a virtual burrow. Inactivation of basolateral amygdala (BLA) eliminated differential responses to aversive and neutral stimuli without eliminating responses themselves, suggesting BLA signals valence, not motor commands. However, two-photon imaging revealed that neurons typically exhibited mixed selectivity for stimulus identity, valence, tremble and/or ingress. Despite heterogeneous selectivity, BLA representational geometry was lower-dimensional when encoding valence, tremble and safety, enabling generalization of emotions across conditions. Further, tremble and valence coding directions were orthogonal, allowing linear readouts to specialize. Thus BLA representational geometry confers two computational properties that identify specialized neural circuits encoding variables describing emotional states: generalization across conditions, and readouts lacking interference from other readouts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Neill, P.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Posani, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meszaros, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoonover, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fink, A. J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fusi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzman, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.23.558668</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The representational geometry of emotional states in basolateral amygdala]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.23.558993v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perisaccadic and Attentional Remapping of Receptive Fields in Lateral Intraparietal Area and Frontal Eye Fields 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.23.558993v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nature and function of perisaccadic receptive-field (RF) remapping have been controversial. We used a delayed saccade task to reduce previous confounds and examined the remapping time course in areas LIP and FEF. In the delay period, the RF shift direction turned from the initial fixation to the saccade target. In the perisaccadic period, RFs first shifted toward the target (convergent remapping) but around the time of saccade onset/offset, the shifts became predominantly toward the post-saccadic RF locations (forward remapping). Thus, unlike forward remapping that depends on the corollary discharge (CD) of the saccade command, convergent remapping appeared to follow attention from the initial fixation to the target. We modelled the data with attention-modulated and CD-gated connections, and showed that both sets of connections emerged automatically in neural networks trained to update stimulus retinal locations across saccades. Our work thus unifies previous findings into a mechanism for transsaccadic visual stability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.23.558993</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perisaccadic and Attentional Remapping of Receptive Fields in Lateral Intraparietal Area and Frontal Eye Fields]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.23.559109v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activity-dependent development of the body's touch receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.23.559109v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report a role for activity in the development of the primary sensory neurons that detect touch. Genetic deletion of Piezo2, the principal mechanosensitive ion channel in somatosensory neurons, caused profound changes in the formation of mechanosensory end organ structures and altered somatosensory neuron central targeting. Single cell RNA sequencing of Piezo2 conditional mutants revealed changes in gene expression in the sensory neurons activated by light mechanical forces, whereas other neuronal classes were less affected. To further test the role of activity in mechanosensory end organ development, we genetically deleted the voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.6 (Scn8a) in somatosensory neurons throughout development and found that Scn8a mutants also have disrupted somatosensory neuron morphologies and altered electrophysiological responses to mechanical stimuli. Together, these findings indicate that mechanically evoked neuronal activity acts early in life to shape the maturation of the mechanosensory end organs that underlie our sense of gentle touch.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Santiago, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Africawala, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegrist, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasnim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anjum, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turecek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehnert, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renauld, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolan-Tamariz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iskols, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magee, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paradis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginty, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.23.559109</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activity-dependent development of the body's touch receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.24.559168v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GET: a foundation model of transcription across human cell types 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.24.559168v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcriptional regulation, involving the complex interplay between regulatory sequences and proteins, directs all biological processes. Computational models of transcription lack generalizability to accurately extrapolate in unseen cell types and conditions. Here, we introduce GET, an interpretable foundation model designed to uncover regulatory grammars across 213 human fetal and adult cell types. Relying exclusively on chromatin accessibility data and sequence information, GET achieves experimental-level accuracy in predicting gene expression even in previously unseen cell types. GET showcases remarkable adaptability across new sequencing platforms and assays, enabling regulatory inference across a broad range of cell types and conditions, and uncovering universal and cell type specific transcription factor interaction networks. We evaluated its performance on prediction of regulatory activity, inference of regulatory elements and regulators, and identification of physical interactions between transcription factors. Specifically, we show GET outperforms current models in predicting lentivirus-based massive parallel reporter assay readout with reduced input data. In fetal erythroblasts, we identify distal (>1Mbp) regulatory regions that were missed by previous models. In B cells, we identified a lymphocyte-specific transcription factor-transcription factor interaction that explains the functional significance of a leukemia-risk predisposing germline mutation. In sum, we provide a generalizable and accurate model for transcription together with catalogs of gene regulation and transcription factor interactions, all with cell type specificity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurent, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buendia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrando, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciccia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palomero, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owens, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabadan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.24.559168</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GET: a foundation model of transcription across human cell types]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.24.559214v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antigenicity and receptor affinity of SARS-CoV-2 BA.2.86 spike 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.24.559214v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although the COVID-19 pandemic has officially ended1, SARS-CoV-2 continues to spread and evolve. Recent infections have been dominated by XBB.1.5 and EG.5.1 subvariants2. A new subvariant designated BA.2.86 has just emerged, spreading to 21 countries in 5 continents3. This virus contains 34 spike mutations compared to its BA.2 predecessor, thereby raising concerns about its propensity to evade existing antibodies. We examined its antigenicity using human sera and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Reassuringly, BA.2.86 was not more resistant to human sera than XBB.1.5 and EG.5.1, indicating that the new subvariant would not have a growth advantage in this regard. Importantly, sera from patients who had XBB breakthrough infection exhibited robust neutralizing activity against all viruses tested, suggesting that upcoming XBB.1.5 monovalent vaccines could confer added protection. The finding that the longer genetic distance of BA.2.86 did not yield a larger antigenic distance was partially explained by the mAb data. While BA.2.86 showed greater resistance to mAbs to subdomain 1 (SD1) and receptor-binding domain (RBD) class 2 and 3 epitopes, it was more sensitive to mAbs to class 1 and 4/1 epitopes in the "inner face" of RBD that is exposed only when this domain is in the "up" position. We also identified six new spike mutations that mediate antibody resistance, including E554K that threatens SD1 mAbs in clinical development. The BA.2.86 spike also had a remarkably high receptor affinity. The ultimate trajectory of this new SARS-CoV-2 variant will soon be revealed by continuing surveillance, but its worldwide spread is worrisome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwanz, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iketani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauring, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.24.559214</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antigenicity and receptor affinity of SARS-CoV-2 BA.2.86 spike]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.25.559149v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
iPSC-based modeling of helicase deficiency reveals impaired cell proliferation and increased apoptosis after NK cell lineage commitment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.25.559149v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While monogenic variants in CDC45-MCM-GINS (CMG) replisome proteins cause human natural killer cell deficiencies (NKD), family members with the same inherited variants often have variable clinical and cellular phenotypes. We investigated two siblings with inherited compound heterozygous GINS4 variants but variable disease expressivity. Cell cycle impairment and increased apoptosis were detected following NK cell lineage commitment but not in pluripotent cells. While this effect was detected in both siblings, the efficiency of NK cell differentiation was variable and correlated with differential clinical severity of NKD. Further investigation of allelic expression of inherited GINS4 variants demonstrated expected biallelic expression of GINS4 in pluripotent cells and progenitors. However, allelic bias in lineage-committed NK cells led to over- or under-representation of more damaging GINS4 heterozygous variants associated with differential cellular and clinical severity. This study identifies allelic bias that causes phenotypic variation of monogenic diseases and defines mechanisms underlying immunodeficiency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patil, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, Y.-O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armetta, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hegewisch-Solloa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guilz, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corneo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borowiak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunaratne, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mace, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.25.559149</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[iPSC-based modeling of helicase deficiency reveals impaired cell proliferation and increased apoptosis after NK cell lineage commitment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.25.559251v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Minimal epistatic networks from integrated sequence and mutational protein data. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.25.559251v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predicting the functional effects of mutations to a wild-type protein sequence is a major computational challenge. We introduce here a computationally efficient procedure to identify the few, most informative epistatic links between residues in a protein, integrating sequence data and functional measurements with mutational scans. Our approach shows performances comparable to state-of-the-art deep networks, while requiring much less parameters and being hence much more interpretable. The selected network links mostly focus on the protein functional sites, adapt to the in vitro or in vivo function experimentally tested, and are not necessary related to structural contacts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cocco, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monasson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Posani, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.25.559251</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Minimal epistatic networks from integrated sequence and mutational protein data.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.25.559358v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ventral CA1 Population Codes for Anxiety 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.25.559358v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ventral hippocampus is a critical node in the distributed brain network that controls anxiety. Using miniature microscopy and calcium imaging, we recorded ventral CA1 (vCA1) neurons in freely moving mice as they explored variants of classic behavioral assays for anxiety. Unsupervised behavioral segmentation revealed clusters of behavioral motifs that corresponded to exploratory and vigilance-like states. We discovered multiple vCA1 population codes that represented the anxiogenic features of the environment, such as bright light and openness, as well as the moment-to-moment anxiety state of the animals. These population codes possessed distinct generalization properties: neural representations of anxiogenic features were different for open field and elevated plus/zero maze tasks, while neural representations of moment-to-moment anxiety state were similar across both experimental contexts. Our results suggest that anxiety is not tied to the aversive compartments of these mazes but is rather defined by a behavioral state and its corresponding population code that generalizes across environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lim, S. C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fusi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.25.559358</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ventral CA1 Population Codes for Anxiety]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.26.559549v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Altered hierarchical gradients of intrinsic neural timescales in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.26.559549v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease that affects millions of older adults in the US and worldwide. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) has become a widely used neuroimaging tool to study neurophysiology in AD and its prodromal condition, mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The intrinsic neural timescale (INT), which can be estimated through the magnitude of the autocorrelation of intrinsic neural signals using rs-fMRI, is thought to quantify the duration that neural information is stored in a local cortical circuit. The heterogeneity of the timescales is considered to be a basis of the functional hierarchy in the brain. In addition, INT captures an aspect of circuit dynamics relevant to excitation/inhibition (E/I) balance, which is thought to be broadly relevant for cognitive functions. Here we examined its relevance to AD. We used rs-fMRI data of 904 individuals from the Alzheimers Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database. The subjects were divided into 4 groups based on their baseline and end-visit clinical status, which were cognitively normal (CN), stable MCI, Converter, and AD groups. Linear mixed effect model and pairwise comparison were implemented to investigate the large-scale hierarchical organization and local differences. We observed high similarities between AD and Converter groups. Specifically, among the eight identified ROIs with distinct INT alterations in AD, three ROIs (inferior temporal, caudate, pallidum areas) exhibit stable and significant alteration in AD converter. In addition, distinct INT related pathological changes in stable MCI and AD/Converter were found. For AD and Converter groups, neural information is stored for a longer time in lower hierarchical order areas, while higher levels of hierarchy seem to be preferentially impaired in stable MCI leading to a less pronounced hierarchical gradient effect. These results inform that the INT holds great potential as an additional measure for AD prediction, a stable biomarker for clinical diagnosis and an important therapeutic target in AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>ZHANG, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wengler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horga, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>lee, s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>For Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.26.559549</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Altered hierarchical gradients of intrinsic neural timescales in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.27.559065v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A tale of two receptors: simultaneous targeting of NMDARs and 5-HT4Rs exerts additive effects against stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.27.559065v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDSerotonin (5-HT) receptors and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) have both been implicated in the pathophysiology of depression and anxiety disorders. Here, we evaluated whether targeting both receptors through combined dosing of (R,S)-ketamine, an NMDAR antagonist, and prucalopride, a serotonin type IV receptor (5-HT4R) agonist, would have additive effects, resulting in reductions in stress-induced fear, behavioral despair, and hyponeophagia.

METHODSA single injection of saline (Sal), (R,S)-ketamine (K), prucalopride (P), or a combined dose of (R,S)-ketamine and prucalopride (K+P) was administered before or after contextual fear conditioning (CFC) stress in both sexes. Drug efficacy was assayed using the forced swim test (FST), elevated plus maze (EPM), open field (OF), marble burying (MB), and novelty-suppressed feeding (NSF). Patch clamp electrophysiology was used to measure the effects of combined drug on neural activity in hippocampal CA3. c-fos and parvalbumin (PV) expression in the hippocampus (HPC) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) was examined using immunohistochemistry and network analysis.

RESULTSWe found that a combination of K+P, given before or after stress, exerted additive effects, compared to either drug alone, in reducing a variety of stress-induced behaviors in both sexes. Combined K+P administration significantly altered c-fos and PV expression and network activity in the HPC and mPFC.

CONCLUSIONSOur results indicate that combined K+P has additive benefits for combating stress-induced pathophysiology, both at the behavioral and neural level. Our findings provide preliminary evidence that future clinical studies using this combined treatment strategy may prove advantageous in protecting against a broader range of stress-induced psychiatric disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luna, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shannon, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pauers, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunsberger, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardier, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendez-David, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denny, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.27.559065</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A tale of two receptors: simultaneous targeting of NMDARs and 5-HT4Rs exerts additive effects against stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.27.559313v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic perturbations of SETD2, NSD1, NSD2, NSD3 and ASH1L reveals their distinct contributions to H3K36 methylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.27.559313v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMethylation of histone 3 lysine 36 (H3K36me) has emerged as an essential epigenetic component for the faithful regulation of gene expression. Despite its importance in development, disease, and cancer, how the molecular agents collectively shape the H3K36me landscape is unclear.

ResultsWe use a mouse mesenchymal stem cell model to perturb the H3K36me deposition machinery and infer the activities of the five most prominent players: SETD2, NSD1, NSD2, NSD3, and ASH1L. We find that H3K36me2 is the most abundant of the three methylation states and is predominantly deposited at intergenic regions by NSD1, and partly by NSD2. In contrast, H3K36me1/3 are most abundant within exons and are positively correlated with gene expression. We demonstrate that while SETD2 deposits most H3K36me3, it also deposits H3K36me2 within transcribed genes. Additionally, loss of SETD2 results in an increase of exonic H3K36me1, suggesting other H3K36 methyltransferases (K36MTs) prime gene bodies with lower methylation states ahead of transcription. Through a reductive approach, we uncover the distribution patterns of NSD3- and ASH1L-catalyzed H3K36me2. While NSD1/2 establish broad intergenic H3K36me2 domains, NSD3 deposits H3K36me2 peaks on active promoters and enhancers. Meanwhile, the activity of ASH1L is restricted to the regulatory elements of developmentally relevant genes, and our analyses implicate PBX2 as a potential recruitment factor.

ConclusionsWithin genes, SETD2 deposits both H3K36me2/3, while the other K36MTs are capable of depositing H3K36me1/2 independently of SETD2 activity. For the deposition of H3K36me1/2, we find a hierarchy of K36MT activities where NSD1>NSD2>NSD3>ASH1L. While NSD1 and NSD2 are responsible for most genome-wide propagation of H3K36me2, the activities of NSD3 and ASH1L are confined to active regulatory elements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shipman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padilla, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horth, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bareke, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitorino, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gongora, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majewski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.27.559313</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic perturbations of SETD2, NSD1, NSD2, NSD3 and ASH1L reveals their distinct contributions to H3K36 methylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.27.559739v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neocortico-hippocampal ripple-based coordination during naturalistic encoding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.27.559739v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ripples are fast oscillatory events widely recognized as crucial markers for memory consolidation and neural plasticity. These transient bursts of activity are thought to coordinate information transfer between the hippocampus and neocortical areas, providing a temporal framework that supports the stabilization and integration of new memories. However, their role in human memory encoding during naturalistic scenarios remains unexplored. Here, we recorded intracranial electrophysiological data from ten epilepsy patients watching a movie. Ripples were analyzed in the hippocampus and in neocortical regions (i.e., temporal and frontal cortex). Our results revealed a differential dynamical pattern of ripple occurrence during encoding. Enhanced hippocampal ripple recruitment was observed at event boundaries, reflecting hippocampal involvement in event segmentation, whereas higher ripple rates were seen within an event for cortical electrodes with higher ripple occurrence at the temporal cortex reflecting weather an event was later recalled. These findings shed light on the neural mechanisms underlying memory encoding and provide insights into the potential role of ripples in the encoding of an event, suggesting an impact in the formation of long-term memories of distinct episodes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Silva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conde-Blanco, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roldan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donaire, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carreno, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Axmacher, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldassano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuentemilla, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.27.559739</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neocortico-hippocampal ripple-based coordination during naturalistic encoding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.28.559844v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of gene expression across brain regions in behaviorally divergent deer mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.28.559844v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolution of innate behaviors is ultimately due to genetic variation likely acting in the nervous system. Gene regulation may be particularly important because it can evolve in a modular brain-region specific fashion through the concerted action of cis- and trans-regulatory changes. Here, to investigate transcriptional variation and its regulatory basis across the brain, we perform RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) on ten brain subregions in two sister species of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus and P. polionotus) - which differ in a range of innate behaviors, including their social system - and their F1 hybrids. We find that most of the variation in gene expression distinguishes subregions, followed by species. Interspecific differential expression (DE) is pervasive (52-59% of expressed genes), whereas the number of DE genes between sexes is modest overall ([~]3%). Interestingly, the identity of DE genes varies considerably across brain regions. Much of this modularity is due to cis-regulatory divergence, and while 43% of genes were consistently assigned to the same gene regulatory class across subregions (e.g., conserved, cis-, or trans-regulatory divergence), a similar number were assigned to two or more different gene regulatory classes. Together, these results highlight the modularity of gene expression differences and divergence in the brain, which may be key to explain how the evolution of brain gene expression can contribute to the astonishing diversity of animal behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kautt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewarch, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lassance, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baier, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedford, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bendesky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoekstra, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.28.559844</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of gene expression across brain regions in behaviorally divergent deer mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.28.559873v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineered bacteria launch and control an oncolytic virus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.28.559873v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractThe ability of bacteria and viruses to selectively replicate in tumors has led to synthetic engineering of new microbial therapies. Here we design a cooperative strategy whereby S. typhimurium bacteria transcribe and deliver the Senecavirus A RNA genome inside host cells, launching a potent oncolytic viral infection. "Encapsidated" by bacteria, the viral genome can further bypass circulating antiviral antibodies to reach the tumor and initiate replication and spread within immune mice. Finally, we engineer the virus to require a bacterially delivered protease to achieve virion maturation, demonstrating bacterial control over the virus. This work extends bacterially delivered therapeutics to viral genomes, and shows how a consortium of microbes can achieve a cooperative aim.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singer, Z. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pabon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danino, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.28.559873</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineered bacteria launch and control an oncolytic virus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.28.559940v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GENERATION OF FUNCTIONAL NEURONS FROM ADULT HUMAN MUCOSAL OLFACTORY ENSHEATHING GLIA BY DIRECT LINEAGE CONVERSION 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.28.559940v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A recent approach to promote central nervous system (CNS) regeneration after injury or disease is direct conversion of somatic cells to neurons. This is achieved by transduction of viral vectors that express neurogenic transcription factors. In this work we propose adult human mucosal olfactory ensheathing glia (hmOEG) as a candidate for direct reprogramming to neurons due to its accessibility and to its well-characterized neuro-regenerative capacity. After induction of hmOEG with the single neurogenic transcription factor NEUROD1, the cells under study exhibited morphological and immunolabeling neuronal features, fired action potentials and expressed glutamatergic and GABAergic markers. In addition, after engraftment of transduced hmOEG cells in mouse hippocampus, these cells showed specific neuronal labeling. Thereby, if we add to the neuro-regenerative capacity of hmOEG cultures the conversion to neurons of a fraction of their population through reprogramming techniques, the engraftment of hmOEG and hmOEG induced neurons could be a procedure to enhance neural repair after central nervous system injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Portela-Lomba, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callejo-Mostoles, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de la Fuente, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez de Sevilla, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Escudero, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno-Flores, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sierra, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.28.559940</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GENERATION OF FUNCTIONAL NEURONS FROM ADULT HUMAN MUCOSAL OLFACTORY ENSHEATHING GLIA BY DIRECT LINEAGE CONVERSION]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.29.557779v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell multimodal profiling of atherosclerosis identifies CD200 as a lineage marker of vascular smooth muscle cells and their derived cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.29.557779v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) play a central role in the development of atherosclerosis due in part to their capability to phenotypically transition into either a protective or harmful state. However, the ability to identify and trace VSMCs and their progeny in vivo is limited due to the lack of well-defined VSMC cell surface markers. Therefore, investigations into VSMC fate must utilize lineage-tracing mouse models, which are time-consuming and challenging to generate and not feasible in humans. Here, we employed CITE-seq to characterize the phenotypic expression of 119 cell surface proteins in mouse atherosclerosis. We found that CD200 is a highly expressed and specific marker of VSMCs, which persists even with phenotypic modulation. We validated our findings using a combination of flow cytometry, qPCR, and immunohistochemistry, all confirming that CD200 can identify and mark VSMCs and their derived cells in early to advanced mouse atherosclerotic lesions. Additionally, we describe a similar expression pattern of CD200 in human coronary and carotid atherosclerosis. Thus, our data support the use of CD200 as a lineage marker for VSMCs and VSMC-derived cells in mouse and human atherosclerosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bashore, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibikunle, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.29.557779</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell multimodal profiling of atherosclerosis identifies CD200 as a lineage marker of vascular smooth muscle cells and their derived cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.29.560040v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A conserved class of viral RNA structures regulate translation reinitiation through dynamic ribosome interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.29.560040v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Certain viral RNAs encode proteins downstream of the main protein coding region, expressed through "termination-reinitiation" events, dependent on RNA structure. RNA elements located upstream of the first stop codon within these viral mRNAs bind the ribosome, preventing ribosome recycling and inducing reinitiation. We used bioinformatic methods to identify new examples of viral reinitiation-stimulating RNAs and experimentally verified their secondary structure and function. We determined the structure of a representative viral RNA-ribosome complex using cryoEM. 3D classification and variability analyses reveal that the viral RNA structure can sample a range of conformations while remaining tethered to the ribosome, which enabling the ribosome to find a reinitiation start site within a limited range of mRNA sequence. Evaluating the conserved features and constraints of this entire RNA class in the context of the cryoEM reconstruction provides insight into mechanisms enabling reinitiation, a translation regulation strategy employed by many other viral and eukaryotic systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sherlock, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langeberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kieft, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.29.560040</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A conserved class of viral RNA structures regulate translation reinitiation through dynamic ribosome interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.29.560228v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Probiotic neoantigen delivery vectors for precision cancer immunotherapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.29.560228v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial systems have been synthetically engineered to deploy therapeutic payloads in vivo1-4. With emerging evidence that bacteria naturally home to tumors5-7 and modulate anti-tumor immunity8,9, one promising application is the development of bacterial vectors as precision cancer vaccines10-12. In this study, we engineered probiotic E. coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) as an anti-tumor vaccination platform optimized for enhanced production and cytosolic delivery of neoepitope-containing peptide arrays, with increased susceptibility to blood clearance and phagocytosis. These features enhance both safety and immunogenicity, achieving a system which drives potent and specific T cell-mediated anti-cancer immunity that effectively controls or eliminates tumor growth and extends survival in advanced murine primary and metastatic solid tumors. We demonstrate that the elicited anti-tumor immune response involves extensive priming and activation of neoantigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, broader activation of both T and NK cells, and a reduction of tumor-infiltrating immunosuppressive myeloid and regulatory T and B cell populations. Taken together, this work leverages the advantages of living medicines to deliver arrays of tumor-specific neoantigen-derived epitopes within the optimal context to induce specific, effective, and durable systemic anti-tumor immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Redenti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redenti, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouanne, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurbatri, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komaranchath, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hahn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballister, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincent, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardoshivilli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danino, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arpaia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.29.560228</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Probiotic neoantigen delivery vectors for precision cancer immunotherapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.29.560217v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expanding the access of wearable silicone wristbands in community-engaged research through best practices in data analysis and integration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.29.560217v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wearable silicone wristbands are a rapidly growing exposure assessment technology that offer researchers the ability to study previously inaccessible cohorts and have the potential to provide a more comprehensive picture of chemical exposure within diverse communities. However, there are no established best practices for analyzing the data within a study or across multiple studies, thereby limiting impact and access of these data for larger meta-analyses. We utilize data from three studies, from over 600 wristbands worn by participants in New York City and Eugene, Oregon, to present a first-of-its-kind manuscript detailing wristband data properties. We further discuss and provide concrete examples of key areas and considerations in common statistical modeling methods where best practices must be established to enable meta-analyses and integration of data from multiple studies. Finally, we detail important and challenging aspects of machine learning, meta-analysis, and data integration that researchers will face in order to extend beyond the limited scope of individual studies focused on specific populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bramer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixon, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Degnan, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohlman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbstman, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waters, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.29.560217</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expanding the access of wearable silicone wristbands in community-engaged research through best practices in data analysis and integration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.01.560401v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Overlap and divergence of neural circuits mediating distinct behavioral responses to sugar 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.01.560401v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A single sensory cue can elicit diverse behavioral responses. For example, the taste of sugar robustly promotes feeding1, 2 but also influences other behaviors, such as altering locomotor patterns to maximize food-finding3, 4 or conferring a rewarding value onto associated contexts or cues.5-7 Here, we investigate how sweet taste elicits multiple appetitive behaviors in Drosophila. Are different sugar-evoked behaviors coordinately regulated? At what point does the sugar circuit diverge into different pathways that drive distinct behaviors? We first established an optogenetic paradigm to study the effects of sugar taste on locomotion, spatial preference, and associative learning. We then tested how different sugar-evoked behaviors were modulated by internal and external factors, including hunger, diet, or the presence of an aversive taste. Different behaviors were generally modulated in similar ways, but we also observed some differences that reveal selective modulation of specific behavioral pathways. Finally, we investigated where the sugar taste circuit diverges into different behavioral pathways. A recent study identified a sensory-motor circuit comprising five layers of neurons that drives the initiation of feeding in response to sugar.8 By individually manipulating each of these neurons, we show that circuits mediating different innate responses to sugar are partially overlapping and begin to diverge at the level of second- and third-order neurons, whereas circuits for innate versus learned behaviors may diverge at the first synapse. Connectomic analyses reveal distinct subcircuits that mediate different behaviors. Together, these studies provide insight into how neural circuits are organized to elicit diverse behavioral responses to a single stimulus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lozada-Perdomo, F. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deere, J. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uttley, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devineni, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.01.560401</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Overlap and divergence of neural circuits mediating distinct behavioral responses to sugar]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.02.560472v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predation-resistant Pseudomonas bacteria engage in symbiont-like behavior with the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.02.560472v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The soil amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum acts as both a predator and potential host for diverse bacteria. We tested fifteen Pseudomonas strains that were isolated from transiently infected wild D. discoideum for ability to escape predation and infect D. discoideum fruiting bodies. Three predation-resistant strains frequently caused extracellular infections of fruiting bodies but were not found within spores. Furthermore, infection by one of these species induces secondary infections and suppresses predation of otherwise edible bacteria. Another strain can persist inside of amoebae after being phagocytosed but is rarely ingested. We sequenced isolate genomes and discovered that predation-resistant isolates are not monophyletic. Many Pseudomonas isolates encode secretion systems and toxins known to improve resistance to phagocytosis in other species, as well as diverse secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters that may contribute to predation resistance. However, the distribution of these genes alone cannot explain why some strains are edible and others are not. Each lineage may employ a unique mechanism for resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steele, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peiser, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shreenidhi, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strassmann, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Queller, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.02.560472</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predation-resistant Pseudomonas bacteria engage in symbiont-like behavior with the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.02.560505v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct features of ribonucleotides within genomic DNA in Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome (AGS)-ortholog mutants of  Saccharomyces cerevisiae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.02.560505v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribonucleoside monophosphates (rNMPs) are abundantly found within genomic DNA of cells. The embedded rNMPs alter DNA properties and impact genome stability. Mutations in ribonuclease (RNase) H2, a key enzyme for rNMP removal, are associated with the Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome (AGS), a severe neurological disorder. Here, we engineered two AGS-ortholog mutations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: rnh201-G42S and rnh203-K46W. Using the ribose-seq technique and the Ribose-Map bioinformatics toolkit, we unveiled rNMP abundance, composition, hotspots, and sequence context in these yeast AGS-ortholog mutants. We found higher rNMP incorporation in the nuclear genome of rnh201-G42S than in wild-type and rnh203-K46W-mutant cells, and an elevated rCMP content in both mutants. Moreover, we uncovered unique rNMP patterns in each mutant, highlighting a differential activity of the AGS mutants towards rNMPs embedded on the leading or on the lagging strand of DNA replication. This study guides future research on rNMP characteristics in human genomic samples carrying AGS mutations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kundnani, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gombolay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newnam, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meers, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, Z. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mouawad, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storici, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.02.560505</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct features of ribonucleotides within genomic DNA in Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome (AGS)-ortholog mutants of  Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.02.560480v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of sex-biased gene expression during transitions to separate sexes in the Silene genus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.02.560480v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sexual dimorphism is widespread among species with separate sexes and its extent is thought to be governed by the differential expression of thousands of genes between males and females (known as Sex-Biased Genes, hereafter SBGs). SBGs have been studied in numerous species, but rarely in a comparative way, which curtails our understanding of their evolution, especially during multiple independent transitions to separate sexes. We sequenced the transcriptomes of nine dioecious species, two gynodioecious species (separate females and hermaphrodites) and two hermaphrodite species from the Silene genus. Our dataset provides access to three independent transitions to dioecy (dating from less than 1 Myo to about 11 Myo). We demonstrated that male-biased expression emerges first during a transition to separate sexes, later followed by female-biased genes. Furthermore, we showed that, despite a mixture of selective regimes, positive selection significantly affects the evolution of some SBGs. Overall, this study provides new insights on the causes of SBG evolution during transitions to separate sexes.

TeaserThis study describes the evolution of sex-biased gene expression during a transition to separate sexes in plants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prentout, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muyle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zemp, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El Filali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boussau, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Touzet, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Widmer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kafer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marais, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.02.560480</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of sex-biased gene expression during transitions to separate sexes in the Silene genus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.02.560555v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SABRE: Self-Attention Based model for predicting T-cell Receptor Epitope Specificity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.02.560555v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
T cell receptors (TCR) recognize antigens on the surface of T cells, which is the critical event in the adaptive immune response to infection and vaccination. The ability to determine TCR-antigen recognition would benefit research in basic immunology and therapeutics. High-throughput experimental approaches for determining TCR-antigen specificity have produced valuable data, but the TCR-antigen pairing space is astronomically more significant than what can reached by experiments. Here, we describe a computational method for predicting TCR-antigen recognition, SABRE (Self-Attention-based Transformer Model for predicting T-cell Receptor-Epitope specificity). SABRE captures sequence properties of matching TCR and antigen pairs by selfsupervised pre-training using known pairs from curated databases and large-scale experiments. It then fine-tunes by supervised learning to predict TCRs that can recognize each antigen. We showed that SABREs AUROC reaches 0.726 {+/-} 0.008 for predicting TCR-epitope recognition. We meticulously designed a training and testing scheme to evaluate the models performance on unseen TCR species: 60% of the data was allocated for training, 20% for validation, and the remaining 20% exclusively for testing. Notably, this testing set comprised entirely of TCRs not present in the training phase, ensuring a genuine assessment of the models ability to generalize to novel data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.02.560555</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SABRE: Self-Attention Based model for predicting T-cell Receptor Epitope Specificity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.02.560584v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sexually dimorphic mechanisms of VGLUT-mediated protection from dopaminergic neurodegeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.02.560584v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons disease (PD) targets some dopamine (DA) neurons more than others. Sex differences offer insights, with females more protected from DA neurodegeneration. The mammalian vesicular glutamate transporter VGLUT2 and Drosophila ortholog dVGLUT have been implicated as modulators of DA neuron resilience. However, the mechanisms by which VGLUT2/dVGLUT protects DA neurons remain unknown. We discovered DA neuron dVGLUT knockdown increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in a sexually dimorphic manner in response to depolarization or paraquat-induced stress, males being especially affected. DA neuron dVGLUT also reduced ATP biosynthetic burden during depolarization. RNA sequencing of VGLUT+ DA neurons in mice and flies identified candidate genes that we functionally screened to further dissect VGLUT-mediated DA neuron resilience across PD models. We discovered transcription factors modulating dVGLUT-dependent DA neuroprotection and identified dj-1{beta} as a regulator of sex-specific DA neuron dVGLUT expression. Overall, VGLUT protects DA neurons from PD-associated degeneration by maintaining mitochondrial health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Buck, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunkhyen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Treiber, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenno, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mabry, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundar, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ketchesin, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker-Krail, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasylieva, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weisel, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erickson-Oberg, M. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Leary, E. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aravind, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramakrishnan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quick, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacDonald, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elbakri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Miranda, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palladino, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCabe, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fish, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seney, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rayport, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mingote, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deisseroth, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hnasko, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awatramani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waddell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheetham, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logan, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freyberg, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.02.560584</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sexually dimorphic mechanisms of VGLUT-mediated protection from dopaminergic neurodegeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.03.560558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mice require proprioception to establish long-term visuospatial memory. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.03.560558v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Because the retina moves constantly, the retinotopic representation of the visual world is spatially inaccurate and the brain must transform this spatially inaccurate retinal signal to a spatially accurate signal usable for perception and action. One of the salient discoveries of modern neuroscience is the role of the hippocampus in establishing gaze-independent, long-term visuospatial memories. The rat hippocampus has neurons which report the animals position in space regardless of its angle of gaze. Rats with hippocampal lesions are unable to find the location of an escape platform hidden in a pool of opaque fluid, the Morris Water Maze (MWM) based on the visual aspects of their surrounding environment. Here we show that the representation of proprioception in the dysgranular zone of primary somatosensory cortex is equivalently necessary for mice to learn the location of the hidden platform, presumably because without it they cannot create a long-term gaze-independent visuospatial representation of their environment from the retinal signal. They have no trouble finding the platform when it is marked by a flag, and they have no motor or vestibular deficits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutler, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruno, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Persaud, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosmidis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirano, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.03.560558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mice require proprioception to establish long-term visuospatial memory.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.04.557612v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aberrant pace of cortical neuron development in brain organoids from patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and schizophrenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.04.557612v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adults and children afflicted with the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) exhibit cognitive, social, and emotional impairments, and are at significantly heightened risk for schizophrenia (SCZ). The impact of this deletion on early human brain development, however, has remained unclear. Here we harness organoid models of the developing human cerebral cortex, cultivated from subjects with 22q11.2DS and SCZ, as well as unaffected control samples, to identify cell-type-specific developmental abnormalities arising from this genomic lesion. Leveraging single-cell RNA-sequencing in conjunction with experimental validation, we find that the loss of genes within the 22q11.2 locus leads to a delayed development of cortical neurons. This impaired development was reflected in an increased proportion of actively proliferating neural progenitor cells and a reduced fraction of more mature neurons. Furthermore, we identify perturbed molecular imprints linked to neuronal maturation, observe the presence of sparser neurites, and note a blunted amplitude in glutamate-induced Ca2+ transients. The aberrant transcription program underlying impaired development contains molecular signatures significantly enriched in neuropsychiatric genetic liability. MicroRNA profiling and target gene investigation suggest that microRNA dysregulation due to DGCR8 deficiency may drive perturbations of genes governing the pace at which maturation unfolds. Using protein-protein interaction network analysis we define complementary effects stemming from other genes residing within the deleted locus. Our study uncovers reproducible neurodevelopmental and molecular alterations resulting from 22q11.2 deletions, with findings that could advance disease modeling and drive the development of therapeutic interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sneha, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brundu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shprintzen, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabadan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leong, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markx, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogos, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.04.557612</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aberrant pace of cortical neuron development in brain organoids from patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and schizophrenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.04.560848v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synaptic Basis of Behavioral Timescale Plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.04.560848v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Learning and memory are fundamental to adaptive behavior and cognition. Various forms of synaptic plasticity have been proposed as cellular substrates for the emergence of feature selectivity in neurons underlying episodic memory. However, despite decades of work, our understanding of how synaptic plasticity underlies memory encoding remains limited, largely due to a shortage of tools and technical challenges associated with the visualization of synaptic plasticity at single-neuron resolution in awake-behaving animals. Behavioral Timescale Synaptic Plasticity (BTSP) postulates that synaptic inputs active during a seconds-long time window preceding and immediately following a large depolarizing plateau spike are potentiated, while synaptic inputs active outside this time window are depressed. We experimentally tested this model in vivo in awake-behaving mice using an all-optical approach by inducing place fields (PFs) in single CA1 pyramidal neurons (CA1PNs) while monitoring the spatiotemporal tuning of individual dendritic spines and changes in their corresponding synaptic weights. We identified an asymmetric synaptic plasticity kernel resulting from bidirectional modifications of synaptic weights around plateau burst induction. Surprisingly, our work also uncovered compartment-specific differences in the magnitude and temporal expression of synaptic plasticity between basal and oblique dendrites of CA1PNs. Our results provide the first experimental evidence linking synaptic plasticity to the rapid emergence of spatial selectivity in hippocampal neurons, a critical prerequisite for episodic memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Negrean, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polleux, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Losonczy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.04.560848</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synaptic Basis of Behavioral Timescale Plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.561059v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural and molecular basis of choline uptake into the brain by FLVCR2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.561059v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Choline is an essential nutrient that the human body needs in vast quantities for cell membrane synthesis, epigenetic modification, and neurotransmission. The brain has a particularly high demand for choline, but how it enters the brain has eluded the field for over fifty years. The MFS transporter FLVCR1 was recently determined to be a choline transporter, and while this protein is not highly expressed at the blood-brain barrier (BBB), its relative FLVCR2 is. Previous studies have shown that mutations in human Flvcr2 cause cerebral vascular abnormalities, hydrocephalus, and embryonic lethality, but the physiological role of FLVCR2 is unknown. Here, we demonstrate both in vivo and in vitro that FLVCR2 is a BBB choline transporter and is responsible for the majority of choline uptake into the brain. We also determine the structures of choline-bound FLVCR2 in the inward- and outward-facing states using cryo-electron microscopy to 2.49 and 2.77 [A] resolution, respectively. These results reveal how the brain obtains choline and provide molecular-level insights into how FLVCR2 binds choline in an aromatic cage and mediates its uptake. Our work could provide a novel framework for the targeted delivery of neurotherapeutics into the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cater, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gil Iturbe, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erramilli, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santander, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reckers, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kloss, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gawda, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choy, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, O. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yee, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kossiakoff, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quick, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancia, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.05.561059</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural and molecular basis of choline uptake into the brain by FLVCR2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.06.559575v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Psychosocial experiences are associated with human brain mitochondrial biology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.06.559575v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Psychosocial experiences affect brain health and aging trajectories, but the molecular pathways underlying these associations remain unclear. Normal brain function relies heavily on energy transformation by mitochondria oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos), and two main lines of evidence bi-directionally link mitochondria as both targets and drivers of psychosocial experiences. On the one hand, chronic stress exposure and possibly mood states alter multiple aspects of mitochondrial biology; and on the other hand, functional variations in mitochondrial OxPhos capacity alter social behavior, stress reactivity, and mood. However, knowledge on whether positive or negative psychosocial exposures and experiences are linked to mitochondrial biology in the human brain is currently unknown. By combining longitudinal antemortem assessments of psychosocial factors with postmortem brain (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) proteomics in older adults, we found that positive experiences (e.g. higher well-being) are linked to greater abundance of the mitochondrial OxPhos machinery, whereas negative experiences (e.g. higher negative mood) are linked to lower OxPhos protein content. Combined, psychosocial factors explained 18% of the variance in the abundance of OxPhos complex I, the primary biochemical entry point that energizes brain mitochondria. To increase the sensitivity of our approach, we next interrogated mitochondrial psychobiological associations in specific neuronal and non-neuronal brain cells with single-nucleus RNA sequencing. These results revealed strong cell type specific associations, particularly between positive psychosocial experiences and molecular mitochondrial phenotypes in glial cells, whereas neurons tended to show opposite associations. Accordingly, in bulk transcriptomic analyses where all cells are pooled, these RNA-based associations were masked. Thus, our results highlight the likely underestimation of effect sizes in bulk brain tissues, and document novel cell type specific mitochondrial psychobiological associations in the human brain. Cell type specific mitochondrial recalibrations represent a potential psychobiological pathway linking positive and negative psychosocial experiences to human brain biology.

Significance statementPsychosocial experiences predict health trajectories, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. We found that positive psychosocial experiences are linked to greater abundance of the mitochondrial energy transformation machinery, whereas negative experiences are linked to lower abundance. Overall, we found that psychosocial experiences explain 18% of the variance in abundance of complex I proteins, the main entry point of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) system. At single-cell resolution using single nucleus transcriptomics, positive psychosocial experiences were particularly related to glial cell mitochondrial phenotypes. Opposite associations between glial cells and neurons were naturally masked in bulk transcriptomic analyses. Our results suggest that mitochondrial recalibrations in specific brain cell types may represent a potential psychobiological pathway linking psychosocial experiences to human brain health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trumpff, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monzel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, H.-U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujita, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petyuk, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurst, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seyfried, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingo, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thambisetty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrucci, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.06.559575</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Psychosocial experiences are associated with human brain mitochondrial biology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.08.561395v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LETHAL COVID-19 ASSOCIATES WITH RAAS-INDUCED INFLAMMATION FOR MULTIPLE ORGAN DAMAGE INCLUDING MEDIASTINAL LYMPH NODES 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.08.561395v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lethal COVID-19 outcomes are most often attributed to classic cytokine storm and attendant excessive immune signaling. We re-visit this question using RNA sequencing in nasopharyngeal and 40 autopsy samples from COVID-19-positive and negative individuals. In nasal swabs, the top 100 genes which significantly correlated with COVID-19 viral load, include many canonical innate immune genes. However, 22 much less studied "non-canonical" genes are found and despite the absence of viral transcripts, subsets of these are upregulated in heart, lung, kidney, and liver, but not mediastinal lymph nodes. An important regulatory potential emerges for the non-canonical genes for over-activating the renin-angiotensin-activation-system (RAAS) pathway, resembling this phenomenon in hereditary angioedema (HAE) and its overlapping multiple features with lethal COVID-19 infections. Specifically, RAAS overactivation links increased fibrin deposition, leaky vessels, thrombotic tendency, and initiating the PANoptosis death pathway, as suggested in heart, lung, and especially mediastinal lymph nodes, with a tightly associated mitochondrial dysfunction linked to immune responses. For mediastinal lymph nodes, immunohistochemistry studies validate the transcriptomic findings showing abnormal architecture, excess fibrin and collagen deposition, and pathogenic fibroblasts. Further, our findings overlap findings in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, C57BL/6 and BALB/c mouse models, and importantly peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) and whole blood samples from COVID-19 patients infected with early variants and later SARS-CoV-2 strains. We thus present cytokine storm in lethal COVID-19 disease as an interplay between upstream immune gene signaling producing downstream RAAS overactivation with resultant severe organ damage, especially compromising mediastinal lymph node function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guarnieri, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Topper, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beigel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haltoom, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chadburn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frere, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cope, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borczuk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meydan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foox, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mozsary, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bram, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epsi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chenoweth, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simons, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tribble, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgess, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalgard, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heise, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moorman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baxter, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madden, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taft-Benz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickmander, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Widjaja, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janssen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lie, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murdock, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angelin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albrecht, Y. E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dybas, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priebe, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmett, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Best, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trovao, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cl</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.08.561395</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LETHAL COVID-19 ASSOCIATES WITH RAAS-INDUCED INFLAMMATION FOR MULTIPLE ORGAN DAMAGE INCLUDING MEDIASTINAL LYMPH NODES]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.07.561350v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effect of altered production and storage of dopamine on development and behavior in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.07.561350v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, is an advantageous model for studying developmental toxicology due to its homology to humans and well-defined developmental stages. Similarly to humans, C. elegans utilize dopamine as a neurotransmitter to regulate motor behavior. We have previously reported behavioral deficits in a genetic model of C. elegans (OK411) that lack the neurotransmitter transporter necessary for packaging dopamine into synaptic vesicles. Anecdotally, we observed these C. elegans appeared to have a smaller body size, which is supported by prior studies that observed a larger body size in C. elegans that lack the enzyme that catalyzes dopamine synthesis, suggesting a complex regulatory system in which dopamine mediates body size in C. elegans. However, the question of whether body size abnormalities apparent in C. elegans with disruptions to their dopamine system are developmental or purely based on body size remains unanswered. Here, we present data characterizing the effect of gene mutations in dopamine-related proteins on body size, development, and behavior. We analyzed C. elegans that lack the ability to sequester dopamine (OK411), that overproduce dopamine (UA57), and a novel strain (MBIA) generated through crossing OK411 and UA57, which lacks the ability to sequester dopamine into vesicles and additionally endogenously overproduces dopamine. This novel strain was generated to address the hypothesis that an endogenous increase in production of dopamine can rescue deficits caused by a lack of vesicular dopamine sequestration. Compared to wild type, OK411 have shorter body lengths and behavioral deficits in early life stages. In contrast, the MBIA strain have similar body lengths to wild-type by early adulthood and display similar behavior to wild-type by early adulthood. Our data suggests that endogenously increasing the production of dopamine is able to mitigate deficits in C. elegans lacking the ability to package dopamine into synaptic vesicles. These results provide evidence that the dopamine system impacts development, growth, and reproduction in C. elegans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knickerbocker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Depew, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dicent, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bucher, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.07.561350</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effect of altered production and storage of dopamine on development and behavior in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.08.561457v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elucidating Compound Mechanism of Action and Polypharmacology with a Large-scale Perturbational Profile Compendium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.08.561457v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drug Mechanism of Action (MoA) is generally represented as a small repertoire of tissue-independent, high-affinity binding targets. Yet, drug activity and polypharmacology are associated with a broad range of off-target and tissue-specific effector proteins. To address this challenge, we have generated a compendium of drug perturbation profiles for >700 oncology drugs in cell lines representing high-fidelity models of 23 aggressive tumor subtypes and developed an integrative computational framework for the proteome-wide assessment of drug-mediated, tissue-specific differential protein activity. This allows systematic, mechanism-based elucidation of tissue context-specific compound MoA and polypharmacology, including discovery and experimental validation of post-translationally-mediated inhibition of undruggable oncoproteins--such as MYC, CTNNB1, CENPF and UHRF1--as well as previously unknown inhibitors of MAPK, PI3K, and folate pathways, among others, as further suggested by protein structure analysis. This framework can help characterize the MoA of discovery compound libraries, thus supporting more systematic and quantitative approaches to precision oncology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, L. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglass, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turunen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pampou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grunn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Realubit, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antolin, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A. L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramaniam, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.08.561457</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elucidating Compound Mechanism of Action and Polypharmacology with a Large-scale Perturbational Profile Compendium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.09.561548v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hippocampal differentiation of competing memories predicts the precision of preparatory coding in visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.09.561548v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Behaving adaptively requires selection of relevant memories and sensations and suppression of competing ones. We hypothesized that these mechanisms are linked, such that hippocampal computations that resolve competition in memory also shape the precision of sensory representations to guide selective attention. We leveraged fMRI-based pattern similarity, receptive field modeling, and eye tracking to test this hypothesis in humans performing a memory-dependent visual search task. In the hippocampus, differentiation of competing memories predicted the accuracy of memory-guided eye movements. In visual cortex, preparatory coding of remembered target locations predicted search successes, whereas preparatory coding of competing locations predicted search failures due to interference. These effects were linked: stronger hippocampal memory differentiation was associated with lower competitor activation in visual cortex, yielding more precise preparatory representations. These results demonstrate a role for memory differentiation in shaping the precision of sensory representations, highlighting links between mechanisms that overcome competition in memory and perception.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Favila, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.09.561548</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hippocampal differentiation of competing memories predicts the precision of preparatory coding in visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.09.561584v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The neural basis of swap errors in working memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.09.561584v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When making decisions in a cluttered world, humans and other animals often have to hold multiple items in memory at once - such as the different items on a shopping list. Psychophysical experiments in humans and other animals have shown remembered stimuli can sometimes become confused, with participants reporting chimeric stimuli composed of features from different stimuli. In particular, subjects will often make "swap errors" where they misattribute a feature from one object as belonging to another object. While swap errors have been described behaviorally, their neural mechanisms are unknown. Here, we elucidate these neural mechanisms through trial-by-trial analysis of neural population recordings from posterior and frontal brain regions while monkeys perform two multi-stimulus working memory tasks. In these tasks, monkeys were cued to report the color of an item that either was previously shown at a corresponding location (requiring selection from working memory) or will be shown at the corresponding location (requiring attention to a position). Animals made swap errors in both tasks. In the neural data, we find evidence that the neural correlates of swap errors emerged when correctly remembered information is selected incorrectly from working memory. This led to a representation of the distractor color as if it were the target color, underlying the eventual swap error. We did not find consistent evidence that swap errors arose from misinterpretation of the cue or errors during encoding or storage in working memory. These results suggest an alternative to established views on the neural origins of swap errors, and highlight selection from and manipulation in working memory as crucial - yet surprisingly brittle - neural processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alleman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panichello, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buschman, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.09.561584</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The neural basis of swap errors in working memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.10.561687v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interplay of RAP2 GTPase and the cytoskeleton in Hippo pathway regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.10.561687v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Hippo signaling is instrumental in regulating organ size, regeneration, and carcinogenesis. The cytoskeleton emerges as a primary Hippo signaling modulator. Its structural alterations in response to environmental and intrinsic stimuli control Hippo kinase cascade activity. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the cytoskeleton regulation of Hippo signaling are not fully understood. RAP2 GTPase is known to mediate the mechanoresponses of Hippo signaling via activating the core Hippo kinases LATS1/2 through MAP4Ks and MST1/2. Here we show the pivotal role of the reciprocal regulation between RAP2 GTPase and the cytoskeleton in Hippo signaling. RAP2 deletion undermines the responses of the Hippo pathway to external cues tied to RhoA GTPase inhibition and actin cytoskeleton remodeling, such as energy stress and serum deprivtion. Notably, RhoA inhibitors and actin disruptors fail to activate LATS1/2 effectively in RAP2-deficient cells. RNA sequencing highlighted differential regulation of both actin and microtubule networks by RAP2 gene deletion. Consistently, Taxol, a microtubule-stabilizing agent, was less effective in activating LATS1/2 and inhibiting cell growth in RAP2 and MAP4K4/6/7 knockout cells. In summary, our findings position RAP2 as a central integrator of cytoskeletal signals for Hippo signaling, which offers new avenues for understanding Hippo regulation and therapeutic interventions in Hippo-impaired cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrmann, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoaldi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanghvi, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.10.561687</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interplay of RAP2 GTPase and the cytoskeleton in Hippo pathway regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.11.561909v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disrupted endosomal trafficking of the Vangl-Celsr polarity complex causes congenital anomalies in trachea-esophageal separation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.11.561909v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Disruptions in foregut morphogenesis can result in life-threatening conditions where the trachea and esophagus fail to separate properly, such as esophageal atresia (EA) and tracheoesophageal fistulas (TEF). The developmental basis of these congenital anomalies is poorly understood, but recent genome sequencing reveals that de novo variants in intracellular trafficking genes are enriched in EA/TEF patients. Here, we confirm that mutation of orthologous genes in Xenopus disrupts trachea-esophageal separation similar to EA/TEF patients. We show that the Rab11a recycling endosome pathway is required to localize Vangl-Celsr polarity complexes at the luminal cell surface where opposite sides of the foregut tube fuse. Partial loss of endosome trafficking or Vangl-Celsr complexes disrupts epithelial polarity and mutant cells accumulate at the fusion point, fail to downregulate Cadherin, and do not separate into distinct trachea and esophagus. These data provide insights into the mechanisms of congenital anomalies and general paradigms of tissue fusion during organogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Edwards, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashyap, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agricola, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zorn, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.11.561909</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disrupted endosomal trafficking of the Vangl-Celsr polarity complex causes congenital anomalies in trachea-esophageal separation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.11.561953v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heterozygous expression of a Kcnt1 gain-of-function variant has differential effects on SST- and PV-expressing cortical GABAergic neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.11.561953v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
More than twenty recurrent missense gain-of-function (GOF) mutations have been identified in the sodium-activated potassium (KNa) channel gene KCNT1 in patients with severe developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEEs), most of which are resistant to current therapies. Defining the neuron types most vulnerable to KCNT1 GOF will advance our understanding of disease mechanisms and provide refined targets for precision therapy efforts. Here, we assessed the effects of heterozygous expression of a Kcnt1 GOF variant (Y777H) on KNa currents and neuronal physiology among cortical glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons in mice, including those expressing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), somatostatin (SST), and parvalbumin (PV), to identify and model the pathogenic mechanisms of autosomal dominant KCNT1 GOF variants in DEEs. Although the Kcnt1-Y777H variant had no effects on glutamatergic or VIP neuron function, it increased subthreshold KNa currents in both SST and PV neurons but with opposite effects on neuronal output; SST neurons became hypoexcitable with a higher rheobase current and lower action potential (AP) firing frequency, whereas PV neurons became hyperexcitable with a lower rheobase current and higher AP firing frequency. Further neurophysiological and computational modeling experiments showed that the differential effects of the Y777H variant on SST and PV neurons are not likely due to inherent differences in these neuron types, but to an increased persistent sodium current in PV, but not SST, neurons. The Y777H variant also increased excitatory input onto, and chemical and electrical synaptic connectivity between, SST neurons. Together, these data suggest differential pathogenic mechanisms, both direct and compensatory, contribute to disease phenotypes, and provide a salient example of how a pathogenic ion channel variant can cause opposite functional effects in closely related neuron subtypes due to interactions with other ionic conductances.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shore, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qunies, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitznagel, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmitte, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frankel, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weston, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.11.561953</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heterozygous expression of a Kcnt1 gain-of-function variant has differential effects on SST- and PV-expressing cortical GABAergic neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.09.561601v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants upregulate VMAT2 activity and rescue disease-causing VMAT2 variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.09.561601v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) is an essential transporter that regulates brain monoamine transmission and is important for mood, cognition, motor activity, and stress regulation. However, VMAT2 remains underexplored as a pharmacological target. In this study, we report that tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants acutely inhibit, but persistently upregulate VMAT2 activity by promoting VMAT2 protein maturation. Importantly, the VMAT2 upregulation effect was greater in BE(2)-M17 cells that endogenously express VMAT2 as compared to a heterologous expression system (HEK293). The net sustained effect of tricyclics and tetracyclics is an upregulation of VMAT2 activity, despite their acute inhibitory effect. Furthermore, imipramine and mianserin, two representative compounds, also demonstrated rescue of nine VMAT2 variants that cause Brain Vesicular Monoamine Transport Disease (BVMTD). VMAT2 upregulation could be beneficial for disorders associated with reduced monoamine transmission, including mood disorders and BVMTD, a rare but often fatal condition caused by a lack of functional VMAT2. Our findings provide the first evidence that small molecules can upregulate VMAT2 and have potential therapeutic benefit for various neuropsychiatric conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marmouzi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finnie, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stove, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butcher, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipina, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramsey, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salahpour, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.09.561601</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants upregulate VMAT2 activity and rescue disease-causing VMAT2 variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.11.561886v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultrahigh throughput evolution of tryptophan synthase in droplets via an aptamer-biosensor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.11.561886v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tryptophan synthase catalyzes the synthesis of a wide array of non-canonical amino acids and is an attractive target for directed evolution. Droplet microfluidics offers an ultrahigh throughput approach to directed evolution (>107 experiments per day), enabling the search for biocatalysts in wider regions of sequence space with reagent consumption minimized to the picoliter volume (per library member). While the majority of screening campaigns in this format on record relied on an optically active reaction product, a new assay is needed for tryptophan synthase. Tryptophan is not fluorogenic in the visible light spectrum and thus falls outside the scope of conventional droplet microfluidic read-outs which are incompatible with UV light detection at high throughput. Here, we engineer a tryptophan DNA aptamer into a biosensor to quantitatively report on tryptophan production in droplets. The utility of the biosensor was validated by identifying 5-fold improved tryptophan synthases from [~]100,000 protein variants. More generally this work establishes the use of DNA-aptamer sensors with a fluorogenic read-out in widening the scope of droplet microfluidic evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scheele, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nintzel, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollfelder, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.11.561886</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultrahigh throughput evolution of tryptophan synthase in droplets via an aptamer-biosensor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.10.561675v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cognitive Reserve Against Alzheimer's Pathology Is Linked to Brain Activity During Memory Formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.10.561675v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cognitive reserve (CR) hypothesis posits that individuals can differ in how their brain function is disrupted by pathology associated with aging and neurodegeneration. Here, we tested this hypothesis in the Alzheimers disease continuum using longitudinal data from 490 participants of the DELCODE multicentric observational study. Brain function was measured using task fMRI of visual memory encoding. Using a multivariate moderation analysis we identified a CR-related activity pattern underlying successful memory encoding that moderated the detrimental effect of AD pathological load on cognitive performance. CR was mainly represented by a more pronounced expression of the task-active network encompassing the default mode network (DMN), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and inferior temporal regions including the fusiform gyrus. We devised personalized fMRI-based CR scores that moderated the impact of AD pathology on cognitive performance and were positively associated with years of education. Furthermore, higher CR scores were associated with slower cognitive decline over time. Our findings suggest maintenance of core cognitive circuits including the DMN and ACC as the primary mechanism of CR. Individual brain activity levels of these areas during memory encoding have prognostic value for future cognitive decline.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vockert, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machts, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleineidam, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schutze, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yakupov, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gref, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spruth, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altenstein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fliessbach, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiltfang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rostamzadeh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glanz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Incesoy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teipel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilimann, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goerss, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laske, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munk, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spottke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heneka, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brosseron, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfsgruber, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobisch, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dechent, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hetzer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheffler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeidman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schott, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jessen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duzel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maass, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziegler, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>the DELCODE study group,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.10.561675</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cognitive Reserve Against Alzheimer's Pathology Is Linked to Brain Activity During Memory Formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.12.561793v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diversity of visual inputs to Kenyon cells of the Drosophila mushroom body 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.12.561793v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The arthropod mushroom body is well-studied as an expansion layer that represents olfactory stimuli and links them to contingent events. However, 8% of mushroom body Kenyon cells in Drosophila melanogaster receive predominantly visual input, and their tuning and function are poorly understood. Here, we use the FlyWire adult whole-brain connectome to identify inputs to visual Kenyon cells. The types of visual neurons we identify are similar across hemispheres and connectomes with certain inputs highly overrepresented. Many visual projection neurons presynaptic to Kenyon cells receive input from large swathes of visual space, while local visual interneurons, providing smaller fractions of input, receive more spatially restricted signals that may be tuned to specific features of the visual scene. Like olfactory Kenyon cells, visual Kenyon cells receive sparse inputs from different combinations of visual channels, including inputs from multiple optic lobe neuropils. The sets of inputs to individual visual Kenyon cells are consistent with random sampling of available inputs. These connectivity patterns suggest that visual coding in the mushroom body, like olfactory coding, is sparse, distributed, and combinatorial. However, the expansion coding properties appear different, with a specific repertoire of visual inputs projecting onto a relatively small number of visual Kenyon cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ganguly, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heckman, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litwin-Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clowney, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behnia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.12.561793</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diversity of visual inputs to Kenyon cells of the Drosophila mushroom body]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.12.561997v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rho GTPase signaling and mDia facilitate endocytosis via presynaptic actin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.12.561997v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurotransmission at synapses is mediated by the fusion and subsequent endocytosis of synaptic vesicle membranes. Actin has been suggested to be required for presynaptic endocytosis but the mechanisms that control actin polymerization and its mode of action within presynaptic nerve terminals remain poorly understood. We combine optical recordings of presynaptic membrane dynamics and ultrastructural analysis with genetic and pharmacological manipulations to demonstrate that presynaptic endocytosis is controlled by actin regulatory diaphanous-related formins mDia1/3 and Rho family GTPase signaling. We show that impaired presynaptic actin assembly in the near absence of mDia1/3 and reduced RhoA activity is partly compensated by hyperactivation of Rac1. Inhibition of Rac1 signaling further aggravates impaired presynaptic endocytosis elicited by loss of mDia1/3. Our data suggest that interdependent mDia1/3-Rho and Rac1 signaling pathways cooperatively act to facilitate synaptic vesicle endocytosis by controlling presynaptic F-actin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oevel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohensee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosas-Brugada, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartolini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soykan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haucke, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.12.561997</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rho GTPase signaling and mDia facilitate endocytosis via presynaptic actin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.13.562196v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Iterative convergent computation may not be a useful inductive bias for residual neural networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.13.562196v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent work has suggested that feedforward residual neural networks (ResNets) approximate iterative recurrent computations. Iterative computations are useful in many domains, so they might provide good solutions for neural networks to learn. Here we quantify the degree to which ResNets learn iterative solutions and introduce a regularization approach that encourages learning of iterative solutions. Iterative methods are characterized by two properties: iteration and convergence. To quantify these properties, we define three indices of iterative convergence. Consistent with previous work, we show that, even though ResNets can express iterative solutions, they do not learn them when trained conventionally on computer vision tasks. We then introduce regularizations to encourage iterative convergent computation and test whether this provides a useful inductive bias. To make the networks more iterative, we manipulate the degree of weight sharing across layers using soft gradient coupling. This new method provides a form of recurrence regularization and can interpolate smoothly between an ordinary ResNet and a "recurrent" ResNet (i.e., one that uses identical weights across layers and thus could be physically implemented with a recurrent network computing the successive stages iteratively across time). To make the networks more convergent we impose a Lipschitz constraint on the residual functions using spectral normalization. The three indices of iterative convergence reveal that the gradient coupling and the Lipschitz constraint succeed at making the networks iterative and convergent, respectively. However, neither recurrence regularization nor spectral normalization improve classification accuracy on standard visual recognition tasks (MNIST, CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100) or on challenging recognition tasks with partial occlusions (Digitclutter). Iterative convergent computation, in these tasks, does not provide a useful inductive bias for ResNets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lippl, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriegeskorte, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.13.562196</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Iterative convergent computation may not be a useful inductive bias for residual neural networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.13.562226v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmental pyrethroid exposure disrupts folate metabolism in mouse brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.13.562226v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Environmental and genetic risk factors, and their interactions, contribute significantly to the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Recent epidemiology studies have implicated pyrethroid pesticides as an environmental risk factor for autism and developmental delay. Our previous research showed that low-dose developmental exposure to the pyrethroid pesticide deltamethrin in mice caused male-biased changes in the brain and in NDD-relevant behaviors in adulthood. Here, we used a metabolomics approach to determine the broadest possible set of metabolic changes in the adult male mouse brain caused by low-dose pyrethroid exposure during development. Using a litter-based design, we exposed mouse dams during pregnancy and lactation to deltamethrin (3 mg/kg or vehicle every 3 days) at a concentration well below the EPA-determined benchmark dose used for regulatory guidance. We raised male offspring to adulthood and collected whole brain samples for untargeted high-resolution metabolomics analysis. Developmentally exposed mice had disruptions in 116 metabolites which clustered into pathways for folate biosynthesis, retinol metabolism, and tryptophan metabolism. As a cross-validation, we integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics data from the same samples, which confirmed previous findings of altered dopamine signaling. These results suggest that pyrethroid exposure during development leads to disruptions in metabolism in the adult brain, which may inform both prevention and therapeutic strategies.

HighlightsO_LIDevelopmental pyrethroid exposure disrupts brain metabolism in adulthood
C_LIO_LIExposure disrupts metabolic pathways for folate, retinol, and tryptophan
C_LIO_LIExposure disrupts genetic and metabolic pathways for dopamine signaling
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Curtis, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saferin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imami, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neifer, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkett, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.13.562226</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmental pyrethroid exposure disrupts folate metabolism in mouse brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.15.562405v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Methylphenidate modulates motor cortical dynamics and behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.15.562405v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Methylphenidate (MPH, brand: Ritalin) is a common stimulant used both medically and non-medically. Though typically prescribed for its cognitive effects, MPH also affects movement. While it is known that MPH noncompetitively blocks the reuptake of catecholamines through inhibition of dopamine and norepinephrine transporters, a critical step in exploring how it affects behavior is to understand how MPH directly affects neural activity. This would establish an electrophysiological mechanism of action for MPH. Since we now have biologically-grounded network-level hypotheses regarding how populations of motor cortical neurons plan and execute movements, there is a unique opportunity to make testable predictions regarding how systemic MPH administration - a pharmacological perturbation - might affect neural activity in motor cortex. To that end, we administered clinically-relevant doses of MPH to Rhesus monkeys as they performed an instructed-delay reaching task. Concomitantly, we measured neural activity from dorsal premotor and primary motor cortex. Consistent with our predictions, we found dose-dependent and significant effects on reaction time, trial-by-trial variability, and movement speed. We confirmed our hypotheses that changes in reaction time and variability were accompanied by previously established population-level changes in motor cortical preparatory activity and the condition-independent signal that precedes movements. We expected changes in speed to be a result of changes in the amplitude of motor cortical dynamics and/or a translation of those dynamics in activity space. Instead, our data are consistent with a mechanism whereby the neuromodulatory effect of MPH is to increase the gain and/or the signal-to-noise of motor cortical dynamics during reaching. Continued work in this domain to better understand the brain-wide electrophysiological mechanism of action of MPH and other psychoactive drugs could facilitate more targeted treatments for a host of cognitive-motor disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Verhein, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vyas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenoy, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.15.562405</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Methylphenidate modulates motor cortical dynamics and behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.14.562366v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insulin sensitization by hepatic FoxO deletion is insufficient to lower atherosclerosis in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.14.562366v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundType 2 diabetes is associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. It has been suggested that insulin resistance underlies this link, possibly by altering the functions of cells in the artery wall. We aimed to test whether improving systemic insulin sensitivity reduces atherosclerosis.

MethodsWe used mice that are established to have improved systemic insulin sensitivity: those lacking FoxO transcription factors in hepatocytes. Three hepatic FoxO isoforms (FoxO1, FoxO3, and FoxO4) function together to promote hepatic glucose output, and ablating them lowers glucose production, lowers circulating glucose and insulin, and improves systemic insulin sensitivity. We made these mice susceptible to atherosclerosis in two different ways, by injecting them with gain-of-function AAV8.mPcsk9D377Y and by crossing with Ldlr-/- mice.

ResultsWe verified that hepatic FoxO ablation improves systemic insulin sensitivity in these atherosclerotic settings. We observed that FoxO deficiency caused no reductions in atherosclerosis, and in some cases increased atherosclerosis. These phenotypes coincided with large increases in circulating triglycerides in FoxO-ablated mice.

ConclusionsThese findings suggest that systemic insulin sensitization is insufficient to reduce atherosclerosis.

Non-standard Abbreviations and AcronymsLdlr, low-density lipoprotein receptor; TRL, triglyceride-rich lipoprotein; VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Izquierdo, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shanmugarajah, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozcan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fredman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haeusler, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.14.562366</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insulin sensitization by hepatic FoxO deletion is insufficient to lower atherosclerosis in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.16.562549v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting functional consequences of recent natural selection in Britain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.16.562549v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ancient DNA can directly reveal the contribution of natural selection to human genomic variation. However, while the analysis of ancient DNA has been successful at identifying genomic signals of selection, inferring the phenotypic consequences of that selection has been more difficult. Most trait-associated variants are non-coding, so we expect that a large proportion of the phenotypic effects of selection will also act through non-coding variation. Since we cannot measure gene expression directly in ancient individuals, we used an approach (Joint-Tissue Imputation; JTI) developed to predict gene expression from genotype data. We tested for changes in the predicted expression of 17,384 protein coding genes over a time transect of 4500 years using 91 present-day and 616 ancient individuals from Britain. We identified 28 genes at seven genomic loci with significant (FDR < 0.05) changes in predicted expression levels in this time period. We compared the results from our transcriptome-wide scan to a genome-wide scan based on estimating per-SNP selection coefficients from time series data. At five previously identified loci, our approach allowed us to highlight small numbers of genes with evidence for significant shifts in expression from peaks that in some cases span tens of genes. At two novel loci (SLC44A5 and NUP85), we identify selection on gene expression not captured by scans based on genomic signatures of selection. Finally we show how classical selection statistics (iHS and SDS) can be combined with JTI models to incorporate functional information into scans that use present-day data alone. These results demonstrate the potential of this type of information to explore both the causes and consequences of natural selection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Poyraz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colbran, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathieson, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.16.562549</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting functional consequences of recent natural selection in Britain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.16.562650v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell age, not chronological age, governs the dynamics and longevity of circulating CD4+ memory T cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.16.562650v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantifying the kinetics with which memory T cell populations are generated and maintained is essential for identifying the determinants of the duration of immunity. The quality and persistence of circulating CD4+ effector memory (TEM) and central memory (TCM) T cells in mice appear to shift with age, but it is unclear whether these changes are driven by the aging host environment, by cell age effects, or both. Here we address these issues by combining DNA labelling methods, established fate-mapping systems, a novel reporter mouse strain, and mathematical models. Together, these allow us to quantify the dynamics of both young and established circulating memory CD4+ T cell subsets, within both young and old mice. We show that that these cells and their descendents become more persistent the longer they reside within the TCM and TEM pools. This behaviour may limit memory CD4 T cell diversity by skewing TCR repertoires towards clones generated early in life, but may also compensate for functional defects in new memory cells generated in old age.

Author summaryOur long-term protection against infections depends in part on the maintenance of diverse populations of memory CD4 T cells, which are made in response to the initial exposure to the pathogen or a vaccine. These cells are not long-lived, but instead are maintained dynamically at a clonal level through loss and division. Understanding how immune memory persists therefore requires measuring these rates of these processes, and how they might change with age. Here we combine experiments in mice with mathematical models to show that memory CD4 T cells exhibit complex dynamics but increase their capacity to survive as they age. This dynamic implies that as individuals age, their memory CD4 T cell populations become enriched for older clones. This established memory may compensate for functional defects in new T cell responses generated later in life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bullock, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nowicka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Dorp, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seddon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.16.562650</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell age, not chronological age, governs the dynamics and longevity of circulating CD4+ memory T cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.17.562578v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extracellular matrix sulfation in the tumor microenvironment stimulates cancer stemness and invasiveness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.17.562578v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tumor extracellular matrices (ECM) exhibit aberrant changes in composition and mechanics compared to normal tissues. Proteoglycans (PG) are vital regulators of cellular signaling in the ECM with ability to modulate receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) activation via their sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) side chains. However, their role on tumor cell behavior is controversial. Here, we demonstrate that PGs are heavily expressed in lung adenocarcinoma patients in correlation with invasive phenotype and poor prognosis. We developed a bioengineered human lung tumor model which recapitulates the increase of sGAGs in tumors in an organotypic matrix with independent control of stiffness, viscoelasticity, ligand density and porosity. Our model reveals that increased sulfation stimulates extensive proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and stemness in cancer cells. We identified the FAK-PI3K-mTOR signaling axis as a mediator of sulfation-induced molecular changes in cells upon activation of a distinct set of RTKs within tumor-mimetic hydrogels. We demonstrate that the transcriptomic landscape of tumor cells in response to increased sulfation resembles native PG-rich patient tumors through employing integrative omics and network modeling approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kusoglu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ornek, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dansik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uzun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozkan, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarica, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yangin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozdinc, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turan Sorhun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solcan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doganalp, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arlov, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karaoglu, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kizilel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solaroglu, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bulutay, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firat, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erus, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanju, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dilege, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vunjak-Novakovic, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuncbag, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozturk, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.17.562578</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extracellular matrix sulfation in the tumor microenvironment stimulates cancer stemness and invasiveness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.17.562774v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Investigating RNA splicing as a source of cellular diversity using a binomial mixture model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.17.562774v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alternative splicing (AS) contributes significantly to RNA and protein variability yet its role in defining cellular diversity is not fully understood. While Smart-seq2 offers enhanced coverage across transcripts compared to 10X single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq), current computational methods often miss the full complexity of AS. Most approaches for single cell based differential splicing analysis focus on simple AS events such as exon skipping, and rely on predefined cell type labels or low-dimensional gene expression representations. This limits their ability to detect more complex AS events and makes them dependent on prior knowledge of cell classifications. Here, we present Leaflet, a splice junction centric approach inspired by Leafcutter, our tool for quantifying RNA splicing variation with bulk RNA-seq. Leaflet is a probabilistic mixture model designed to infer AS-driven cell states without the need for cell type labels. We detail Leaflets generative model, inference methodology, and its efficiency in detecting differentially spliced junctions. By applying Leaflet to the Tabula Muris brain cell dataset, we highlight cell-state specific splicing patterns, offering a deeper insight into cellular diversity beyond that captured by gene expression alone.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Isaev, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.17.562774</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Investigating RNA splicing as a source of cellular diversity using a binomial mixture model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.17.562783v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative analysis of the methylome and transcriptome of tomato fruit (Solanum lycopersicum L.) induced by postharvest handling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.17.562783v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tomato fruit ripening is triggered by the demethylation of key genes, which alters their transcriptional levels thereby initiating and propagating a cascade of physiological events. What is unknown, is how these processes are altered when fruit are ripened using postharvest practices to extend shelf-life, as these practices often reduce fruit quality. To address this, postharvest handling-induced changes in the fruit DNA methylome and transcriptome, and how they correlated with ripening speed, and ripening indicators such as ethylene, ABA, and carotenoids, were assessed. This study comprehensively connected changes in physiological events with dynamic molecular changes. Ripening fruit that reached  Turning (T) after storage under dark at 20{degrees}C, 12.5{degrees}C, or 5{degrees}C chilling (followed by 20{degrees}C rewarming), were compared to fresh-harvest fruit  FHT. Fruit stored at 12.5{degrees}C, had the biggest epigenetic marks and alterations in gene expression, exceeding changes induced by postharvest chilling. Fruit physiological and chronological age were uncoupled at 12.5{degrees}C, as the time-to-ripening was longest. Fruit ripening at 12.5{degrees}C was not climacteric; there was no respiratory or ethylene burst, rather, fruit were high in ABA. Clear differentiation between postharvest-ripened and  FHT was evident in the methylome and transcriptome. Higher expression of photosynthetic genes and chlorophyll levels in  FHT fruit, pointing to light as influencing the molecular changes in fruit ripening. Finally, correlative analyses of the -omics data putatively identified genes regulated by DNA methylation. Collectively these data improve our interpretation of how tomato fruit ripening patterns are altered by postharvest practices, and long-term are expected to help improve fruit quality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sangsoy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luengwilai, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albornoz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckles, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.17.562783</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative analysis of the methylome and transcriptome of tomato fruit (Solanum lycopersicum L.) induced by postharvest handling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.17.562828v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Top-down signaling dynamically mediates information processing in biologically inspired RNNs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.17.562828v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies have proposed employing biologically plausible recurrent neural networks (RNNs) to investigate flexible decision-making in the brain. However, the mechanisms underlying the integration of bottom-up sensory inputs and temporally varying top-down factors (such as task instructions and selective attention) remain poorly understood, both within the context of these models and the brain. To address this knowledge gap, we trained biologically inspired RNNs on complex cognitive tasks that require adaptive integration of these factors. Through comprehensive analyses of RNNs and neural activity from mouse primary visual cortex, we show that sensory neurons in low-level areas possess the remarkable ability to multiplex and dynamically combine both bottom-up and top-down information via local inhibitory-to-inhibitory connections. Our results shed light on the role of disinhibitory circuits in the intricate interplay between bottom-up and top-down factors to enable flexible decision processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aquino, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rungratsameetaweemana, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.17.562828</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Top-down signaling dynamically mediates information processing in biologically inspired RNNs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.19.563176v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detection of Blood Volume Reduction and Vasoconstriction Following Focused Ultrasound Blood-Brain Barrier Opening Using Ultrasound Flow Imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.19.563176v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbubble-mediated focused ultrasound (FUS) offers a non-invasive treatment for transient and localized blood-brain barrier (BBB) opening for drug delivery or immunostimulation. It is known that FUS-induced BBB opening is accompanied by blood flow changes, vasoconstriction, and vasodilation, as validated by optical microscopy through a cranial window. In this study, we introduce a novel method for quantifying vascular changes after FUS-induced BBB opening by employing ultrasound flow imaging in mice. We acquired pre-FUS and post-FUS ultrasound flow images with the same microbubble concentration in the brain. Contrast-enhanced power Doppler (CEPD) images and ultrasound localization microscopy images were obtained to evaluate changes in cerebral blood volume and vessel diameter at the sonicated region of the brain. Our findings demonstrate that FUS leads to a reduction in blood volume at the treated region, with vasoconstriction being more dominant than vasodilation. Furthermore, we show that transcranial CEPD can detect local blood reduction following FUS, which spatially coincides with the edema region identified in T2-weighted MRI. Our findings suggest that ultrasound flow imaging has the potential to serve as a cost-effective and immediate monitoring tool for evaluating the safety and efficacy of FUS-induced BBB opening.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bae, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konofagou, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.19.563176</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detection of Blood Volume Reduction and Vasoconstriction Following Focused Ultrasound Blood-Brain Barrier Opening Using Ultrasound Flow Imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.20.563302v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparison of Tug-of-War Models Assuming Moran versus Branching Process Population Dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.20.563302v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations arising during cancer evolution are typically categorized as either  drivers or  passengers, depending on whether they increase the cell fitness. Recently, McFarland et al. introduced the Tug-of-War model for the joint effect of rare advantageous drivers and frequent but deleterious passengers. We examine this model under two common but distinct frameworks, the Moran model and the branching process. We show that frequently used statistics are similar between a version of the Moran model and the branching process conditioned on the final cell count, under different selection scenarios. We infer the selection coefficients for three breast cancer samples, resulting in good fits of the shape of their Site Frequency Spectra. All fitted values for the selective disadvantage of passenger mutations are nonzero, supporting the view that they exert deleterious selection during tumorigenesis that driver mutations must compensate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dinh, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurpas, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimmel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.20.563302</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparison of Tug-of-War Models Assuming Moran versus Branching Process Population Dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.20.563319v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A public resource of single cell transcriptomes and multiscale networks from persons with and without Alzheimer's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.20.563319v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The emergence of technologies that can support high-throughput profiling of single cell transcriptomes offers to revolutionize the study of brain tissue from persons with and without Alzheimers disease (AD). Integration of these data with additional complementary multiomics data such as genetics, proteomics and clinical data provides powerful opportunities to link observed cell subpopulations and molecular network features within a broader disease-relevant context. We report here single nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) profiles generated from superior frontal gyrus cortical tissue samples from 101 exceptionally well characterized, aged subjects from the Banner Brain and Body Donation Program in combination with whole genome sequences. We report findings that link common AD risk variants with CR1 expression in oligodendrocytes as well as alterations in peripheral hematological lab parameters, with these observations replicated in an independent, prospective cohort study of ageing and dementia. We also observed an AD-associated CD83(+) microglial subtype with unique molecular networks that encompass many known regulators of AD-relevant microglial biology, and which are associated with immunoglobulin IgG4 production in the transverse colon. These findings illustrate the power of multi-tissue molecular profiling to contextualize snRNA-seq brain transcriptomics and reveal novel disease biology. The transcriptomic, genetic, phenotypic, and network data resources described within this study are available for access and utilization by the scientific community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antone, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alsop, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Funk, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bendl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudley, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karr, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roussos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serrano, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beach, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Keuren-Jensen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mastroeni, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiman, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Readhead, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.20.563319</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A public resource of single cell transcriptomes and multiscale networks from persons with and without Alzheimer's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.23.563509v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Geranylgeranyl Isoprenoids and Hepatic Rap1a Regulate Basal and Statin-Induced Expression of PCSK9 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.23.563509v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering is the main goal of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease prevention, and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibition is now a validated therapeutic strategy that lowers serum LDL-C and reduces coronary events. Ironically, the most widely used medicine to lower cholesterol, statins, has been shown to increase circulating PCSK9 levels, which limits their efficacy. Here, we show that geranylgeranyl isoprenoids and hepatic Rap1a regulate both basal and statin induced expression of PCSK9 and contribute to LDL-C homeostasis. Rap1a prenylation and activity is inhibited upon statin treatment, and statin mediated PCSK9 induction is dependent on geranylgeranyl synthesis and hepatic Rap1a. Accordingly, treatment of mice with a small molecule activator of Rap1a lowered PCSK9 protein and plasma cholesterol and inhibited statin mediated PCSK9 induction in hepatocytes. The mechanism involves inhibition of the downstream RhoA-ROCK pathway and regulation of PCSK9 at the post transcriptional level. These data further identify Rap1a as a novel regulator of PCSK9 protein and show that blocking Rap1a prenylation through lowering geranylgeranyl levels contributes to statin-mediated induction of PCSK9.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tinsley, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spolitu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zadroga, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarecha, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozcan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.23.563509</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Geranylgeranyl Isoprenoids and Hepatic Rap1a Regulate Basal and Statin-Induced Expression of PCSK9]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.23.563652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural signatures of stress susceptibility and resilience in the amygdala-hippocampal network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.23.563652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neural dynamics that underlie divergent anhedonic responses to stress remain unclear. Here, we identified neuronal dynamics in an amygdala-hippocampal circuit that distinguish stress resilience and susceptibility. In a reward-choice task, basolateral amygdala (BLA) activity in resilient mice showed enhanced discrimination of upcoming reward choices. In contrast, a rumination-like signature emerged in the BLA of susceptible mice; a linear decoder could classify the intention to switch or stay on a previously chosen reward. Spontaneous activity in the BLA of susceptible mice was higher dimensional than controls, reflecting the exploration of a larger number of distinct neural states. Manipulation of vCA1-BLA inputs rescued dysfunctional neural dynamics and anhedonia in susceptible mice, suggesting that targeting this pathway can enhance BLA circuit function and ameliorate of depression-related behaviors.

One-Sentence SummaryIdentification and rescue of dysfunctional vCA1-BLA population dynamics and behavior in stress-susceptible mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xia, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fascianelli, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vishwakarma, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghinger, F. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fusi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kheirbek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.23.563652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural signatures of stress susceptibility and resilience in the amygdala-hippocampal network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.24.563728v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rap1 Activation Protects Against Fatty Liver and Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis Development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.24.563728v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We previously demonstrated that hepatic activation of a small G protein of the Ras family, Rap1a, is suppressed in obesity, which results in increased hepatic glucose production and glucose intolerance in obese mice. Here, we show that Rap1a inhibition in obese mice liver also results in fatty liver formation, which is characteristic of the diabetic liver. Specifically, we report that Rap1a activity is decreased in the livers of patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and mouse models of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and NASH. Restoring hepatic Rap1a activity by overexpressing a constitutively active mutant form of Rap1a lowered the mature, processed form of lipogenic transcription factor, Srebp1, without an effect on the unprocessed Srebp1 and suppressed hepatic TG accumulation, whereas liver Rap1a deficiency increased Srebp1 processing and exacerbated steatosis. Mechanistically, we show that mTORC1, which promotes Srebp1 cleavage, is hyperactivated upon Rap1a deficiency despite disturbed insulin signaling. In proof-of-principle studies, we found that treatment of obese mice with a small molecule activator of Rap1a (8-pCPT) or inhibiting Rap1as endogenous inhibitor, Rap1Gap, recapitulated our hepatic gain-of-function model and resulted in improved hepatic steatosis and lowered lipogenic genes. Thus, hepatic Rap1a serves as a signaling molecule that suppresses both hepatic gluconeogenesis and steatosis, and inhibition of its activity in the liver contributes to the pathogenesis of glucose intolerance and NAFLD/NASH development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozcan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.24.563728</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rap1 Activation Protects Against Fatty Liver and Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis Development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.23.563678v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Increased spontaneous Ca2+ activity in Cardiac Purkinje cells after myocardial infarction; A consequence of a dramatic shift of SERCA isoforms as potential adaptation to acute ischemia? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.23.563678v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundStudies of Purkinje cells (Pcells) from canine hearts have suggested an increase of Ca2+-release by the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) but also reported a potential augmentation of SR-Ca2+-uptake after MI. Abnormal increase of SR-Ca2+-uptake in heart cells is novel and contrasts with the reduction of this function in cells of failing heart. Our study examined the origin of this increased SR-Ca2+-uptake by considering a change in SR-Ca2+ pump (SERCA2) expression in Purkinje fibers (PFs) post MI.

MethodsPcells were isolated from canine hearts 48Hrs post MI. Intracellular Ca2+-activity was captured by confocal microscopy. Purkinje-typical Ca2+ events were analyzed to probe the regional Ca2+-dynamics within Pcells. A Purkinje-specific numerical model assisted in the interpretation of Ca2+-anomalies detected in Pcells Ca2+-transients. SR-Ca2+-uptake system was studied by immunofluorescence in Pcells from canine, ovine and human hearts post MI. SERCA protein and gene expressions in PFs and myocardium were measured by Western Blots and RT-qPCR in a classical porcine model of MI.

Results48Hrs after MI, Pcells showed 60% increase in spark-rate and 37% acceleration of Ca2+ wave decay. In the model of normal wave, 35% increase of Ca2+-uptake rate reproduced the actual post-MI wave alterations. In apparent contrast with increased Ca2+-uptake rate, SERCA2 protein expression was reduced in canine, sheep, and human Pcells after MI. In pig MI model, the protein level of cardiac-specific SERCA2-splicing variant SERCA2a was reduced by 52% in the whole infarcted ventricle whereas the "non-cardiac" SERCA2b level was increased by 120%. In the infarcted regions, PFs showed 30% downregulation of SERCA2a gene expression and 630% upregulation of SERCA2b.

ConclusionOur results confirm that elevated spontaneous Ca2+-activity in post-MI PFs is due to increased SR-Ca2+-uptake within Pcells. Data suggest that a replacement of "cardiac" SERCA2a by the "non-cardiac" SERCA2b sub-isoform in cardiac cells in response to ischemia is implicated in this alteration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stuyvers, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyden, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiede, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dore, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ter Keurs, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dun, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haissaguerre, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hocini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brette, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernus, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaigne, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loyer, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naulin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quesson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alafiatayo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benoukraf, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.23.563678</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Increased spontaneous Ca2+ activity in Cardiac Purkinje cells after myocardial infarction; A consequence of a dramatic shift of SERCA isoforms as potential adaptation to acute ischemia?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.24.563664v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Spatiotemporal and Machine-Learning Platform Accelerates the Manufacturing of hPSC-derived Esophageal Mucosa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.24.563664v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human pluripotent stem cell-derived tissue engineering offers great promise in designer cell-based personalized therapeutics. To harness such potential, a broader approach requires a deeper understanding of tissue-level interactions. We previously developed a manufacturing system for the ectoderm-derived skin epithelium for cell replacement therapy. However, it remains challenging to manufacture the endoderm-derived esophageal epithelium, despite both possessing similar stratified structure. Here we employ single cell and spatial technologies to generate a spatiotemporal multi-omics cell atlas for human esophageal development. We illuminate the cellular diversity, dynamics and signal communications for the developing esophageal epithelium and stroma. Using the machine-learning based Manatee, we prioritize the combinations of candidate human developmental signals for in vitro derivation of esophageal basal cells. Functional validation of the Manatee predictions leads to a clinically-compatible system for manufacturing human esophageal mucosa. Our approach creates a versatile platform to accelerate human tissue manufacturing for future cell replacement therapies to treat human genetic defects and wounds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCullough, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seninge, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, W.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, N. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaddam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torkelson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charville, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Que, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuart, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oro, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.24.563664</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Spatiotemporal and Machine-Learning Platform Accelerates the Manufacturing of hPSC-derived Esophageal Mucosa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.24.563701v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA aptamer reveals nuclear TDP-43 pathology is an early aggregation event that coincides with STMN-2 cryptic splicing and precedes clinical manifestation in ALS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.24.563701v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TDP-43 is an aggregation-prone protein which accumulates in the hallmark pathological inclusions of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, analysis of deeply-phenotyped human post-mortem samples has shown that TDP-43 aggregation, revealed by standard antibody methods, correlates poorly with symptom manifestation. Recent identification of cryptic-splicing events, such as the detection of Stathmin-2 (STMN-2) cryptic exons, are providing evidence implicating TDP-43 loss-of-function as a potential driving pathomechanism, but the temporal nature of TDP-43 loss and its relation to the disease process and clinical phenotype is not known. To address these outstanding questions, we used a novel RNA aptamer, TDP-43APT, to detect TDP-43 aggregation and used single molecule in situ hybridization to sensitively reveal TDP-43 loss-of-function and applied these in a deeply-phenotyped human post-mortem tissue cohort. We demonstrate that TDP-43APT identifies pathological TDP-43, detecting aggregation events that cannot be detected by classical antibody stains. We show that nuclear TDP-43 pathology is an early event, occurring prior to cytoplasmic aggregation and is associated with loss-of-function measured by coincident STMN-2 cryptic splicing pathology. Crucially, we show that these pathological features of TDP-43 loss-of-function precede the clinical inflection point and are not required for region specific clinical manifestation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that gain-of-function in the form of extensive cytoplasmic aggregation, but not loss-of-function, is the primary molecular correlate of clinical manifestation. Taken together, our findings demonstrate implications for early diagnostics as the presence of STMN-2 cryptic exons and early TDP-43 aggregation events could be detected prior to symptom onset, holding promise for early intervention in ALS.

Short AbstractRecent identification of cryptic-splicing events such as the detection of Stathmin-2 (STMN-2) cryptic exons, are providing evidence implicating TDP-43 loss-of-function as a potential driving pathomechanism in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, the temporal nature of TDP-43 loss and its relation to clinical phenotype is not known. Here, we used a novel RNA aptamer to detect TDP-43 aggregation and used single molecule ISH to sensitively reveal TDP-43 loss-of-function, applying these methods in a deeply-phenotyped human post-mortem tissue cohort. We show that nuclear TDP-43 pathology is an early event, that coincides with STMN-2 cryptic splicing. Crucially, we show that these pathological features of TDP-43 loss-of-function precede the clinical inflection point and are not required for region specific clinical manifestation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that gain-of-function, but not loss-of-function, is the primary molecular correlate of clinical manifestation. Taken together, our findings demonstrate implications for early diagnostics and intervention prior to symptom onset in ALS.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=83 SRC="FIGDIR/small/563701v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e49c3forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ce05b0org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d77205org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@7ed2cd_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spence, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldron, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleeb, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rifai, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilodi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Read, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkinson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Shaughnessy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pastore, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fratta, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shneider, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tartaglia, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zacco, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horrocks, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregory, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.24.563701</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA aptamer reveals nuclear TDP-43 pathology is an early aggregation event that coincides with STMN-2 cryptic splicing and precedes clinical manifestation in ALS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.24.563817v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aberrant Local Synchrony in Distinct Mouse Models of Epileptic Encephalopathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.24.563817v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying and quantifying synchronous activity of primary neuronal networks using multielectrode arrays (MEAs) can potentially provide a medium-throughput platform to screen potential therapeutics for genetic epileptic encephalopathies (EEs). However, successfully identifying screenable synchrony phenotypes in vitro poses significant experimental and analytical challenges. Primary neuronal cultures quickly become highly synchronous and certain measures of synchrony tend to peak and plateau, while other network activity features remain dynamic. High levels of synchrony may confound the ability to identify reproducible phenotypes in vitro for a subset of EEs. Reducing, or delaying the onset of, high levels of synchrony in vitro may increase the dynamic range of global synchrony measures to identify disease-relevant phenotypes in vitro, but such measures have not been established. We hypothesized that an emphasis on local (nearby) connectivity could elucidate reproducible disease-relevant synchrony phenotypes in cortical cultures not identified by current approaches. We show clear evidence of enriched local synchrony in 48-well MEAs that varies in amplitude during development of neuronal networks. Then, we show new topological-based measures are capable of identifying novel phenotypes of aberrant synchrony in distinct mouse models of EEs. Such topological synchrony measures may provide screenable phenotypes for certain brain diseases and may be further enhanced by experimental innovation reducing global levels of synchrony in primary neuronal networks.

SignificanceIn vitro synchrony phenotypes may provide disease-relevant features that can be used for screening potential therapeutic candidates for epileptic encephalopathies. Here, we incorporate inter-electrode distance to generate tools capable of identifying novel synchrony phenotypes in distinct neurodevelopmental disorders. We additionally report robust topological and global in vitro synchrony phenotypes, alongside in vivo synchrony phenotypes in Stxbp1+/- mice. While singular features of disease in an in vitro model are unlikely to effectively test therapeutic candidates, compounds that reverse a larger subset of distinct features may translate to human patients, suggesting such a model may be ideally suited for therapeutic development using MEAs. Across multiple disease models, the topological tools developed here are complimentary to and expand upon those within meaRtools (Gelfman 2018), which is a suite of computational tools to identify network phenotypes using MEAs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ressler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colombo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krizay, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frankel, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boland, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.24.563817</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aberrant Local Synchrony in Distinct Mouse Models of Epileptic Encephalopathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.24.563880v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Hao-Fountain syndrome protein USP7 regulates neuronal connectivity in the brain via a novel p53-independent ubiquitin signaling pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.24.563880v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precise control of protein ubiquitination is essential for brain development, and hence, disruption of ubiquitin signaling networks can lead to neurological disorders. Mutations of the deubiquitinase USP7 cause the Hao-Fountain syndrome (HAFOUS), characterized by developmental delay, intellectual disability, autism, and aggressive behavior. Here, we report that conditional deletion of USP7 in excitatory neurons in the mouse forebrain triggers diverse phenotypes including sensorimotor deficits, learning and memory impairment, and aggressive behavior, resembling clinical features of HAFOUS. USP7 deletion induces neuronal apoptosis in a manner dependent of the tumor suppressor p53. However, most behavioral abnormalities in USP7 conditional mice persist despite p53 loss. Strikingly, USP7 deletion in the brain perturbs the synaptic proteome and dendritic spine morphogenesis independently of p53. Integrated proteomics analysis reveals that the neuronal USP7 interactome is enriched for proteins implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders and specifically identifies the RNA splicing factor Ppil4 as a novel neuronal substrate of USP7. Knockdown of Ppil4 in cortical neurons impairs dendritic spine morphogenesis, phenocopying the effect of USP7 loss on dendritic spines. These findings reveal a novel USP7-Ppil4 ubiquitin signaling link that regulates neuronal connectivity in the developing brain, with implications for our understanding of the pathogenesis of HAFOUS and other neurodevelopmental disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Titus, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulo, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, T.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yano, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, S.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuede, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gygi, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.24.563880</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Hao-Fountain syndrome protein USP7 regulates neuronal connectivity in the brain via a novel p53-independent ubiquitin signaling pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.24.563768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DREDge: robust motion correction for high-density extracellular recordings across species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.24.563768v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-density microelectrode arrays (MEAs) have opened new possibilities for systems neuroscience in human and non-human animals, but brain tissue motion relative to the array poses a challenge for downstream analyses, particularly in human recordings. We introduce DREDge (Decentralized Registration of Electrophysiology Data), a robust algorithm which is well suited for the registration of noisy, nonstationary extracellular electrophysiology recordings. In addition to estimating motion from spikes in the action potential (AP) frequency band, DREDge enables automated tracking of motion at high temporal resolution in the local field potential (LFP) frequency band. In human intraoperative recordings, which often feature fast (period <1s) motion, DREDge correction in the LFP band enabled reliable recovery of evoked potentials, and significantly reduced single-unit spike shape variability and spike sorting error. Applying DREDge to recordings made during deep probe insertions in nonhuman primates demonstrated the possibility of tracking probe motion of centimeters across several brain regions while simultaneously mapping single unit electrophysiological features. DREDge reliably delivered improved motion correction in acute mouse recordings, especially in those made with an recent ultra-high density probe. We also implemented a procedure for applying DREDge to recordings made across tens of days in chronic implantations in mice, reliably yielding stable motion tracking despite changes in neural activity across experimental sessions. Together, these advances enable automated, scalable registration of electrophysiological data across multiple species, probe types, and drift cases, providing a stable foundation for downstream scientific analyses of these rich datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Windolf, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulk, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meszena, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boussard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardstone, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caprara, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamali, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kfir, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sellers, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebedeva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raghavan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trautmann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melin, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couto, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coughlin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiath, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulbert, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Movshon, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadlen, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchland, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchland, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinmetz, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweitzer, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cash, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varol, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.24.563768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DREDge: robust motion correction for high-density extracellular recordings across species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.25.563602v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multimodal fusion of brain signals for robust prediction of psychosis transition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.25.563602v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Psychosis symptoms are often evident before diagnosis, suggesting the underlying biology of high-risk status may predict later disease outcomes. However, a single predictor remains unknown, indicating a need for algorithms that integrate complex information. Here, to identify risk and psychosis conversion, we implemented multiple kernel learning (MKL), a multimodal machine learning approach allowing patterns from each modality to inform each other. Baseline multimodal scans (n=74, 11 converters) included structural, resting-state functional imaging, and diffusion-weighted data. Multimodal MKL outperformed unimodal models (AUC=0.73 vs. 0.66 in predicting conversion). Moreover, patterns learned by MKL were robust to training set variations, suggesting it can identify cross-modality redundancies and synergies to stabilize the predictive pattern. We identified many predictors consistent with the literature, including frontal cortices, cingulate, thalamus, and striatum. This highlights the advantage of methods that leverage the complex pathophysiology of psychosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reinen, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polosecki, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corcoran, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cecchi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colibazzi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.25.563602</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multimodal fusion of brain signals for robust prediction of psychosis transition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.28.564355v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modulation of NK cell migration by IL-15 defined using a new tool for data-driven clustering of heterogeneous cell behaviour trajectories 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.28.564355v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in imaging, cell segmentation, and cell tracking now routinely produce microscopy datasets of a size and complexity comparable to transcriptomics or proteomics. New tools are required to process this  phenomics type data. Cell PLasticity Analysis TOol (cellPLATO) is a Python-based analysis software designed for measurement and classification of diverse cell behaviours based on clustering of parameters of cell morphology and motility. cellPLATO is used after segmentation and tracking of cells from live cell microscopy data. The tool extracts morphological and motility metrics from each cell per timepoint, before being using them to segregate cells into behavioural subtypes with dimensionality reduction. Resultant cell tracks have a  behavioural ID for each cell per timepoint corresponding to their changing behaviour over time in a sequence. Similarity analysis allows the grouping of behavioural sequences into discrete trajectories with assigned IDs. Trajectories and underlying behaviours generate a phenotypic finger-print for each experimental condition, and representative cells are mathematically identified and graphically displayed for human understanding of each subtype. Here, we use cellPLATO to investigate the role of IL-15 in modulating NK cell migration on ICAM-1 or VCAM-1. We find 8 behavioural subsets of NK cells based on their shape and migration dynamics, and 4 trajectories of behaviour. Therefore, using cellPLATO we show that IL-15 increases plasticity between cell migration behaviours and that different integrin ligands induce different forms of NK cell migration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shannon, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisman, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowe, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sloan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mace, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.28.564355</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modulation of NK cell migration by IL-15 defined using a new tool for data-driven clustering of heterogeneous cell behaviour trajectories]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.29.564626v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Drosophila Circadian Clock Gene Cycle Controls Development of Clock Neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.29.564626v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Daily behavioral and physiological rhythms are controlled by the brains circadian timekeeping system, a synchronized network of neurons that maintains endogenous molecular oscillations. These oscillations are based on transcriptional feedback loops of clock genes, which in Drosophila include the transcriptional activators Clock (Clk) and cycle (cyc). While the mechanisms underlying this molecular clock are very well characterized, the roles that the core clock genes play in neuronal physiology and development are much less understood. The Drosophila timekeeping center is composed of [~]150 clock neurons, among which the four small ventral lateral neurons (sLNvs) are the most dominant pacemakers under constant conditions. Here, we show that downregulating the clock gene cyc specifically in the Pdf-expressing neurons prevents leads to decreased fasciculation both in larval and adult brains. This effect is due to a developmental role of cyc, as both knocking down cyc or expressing a dominant negative form of cyc exclusively during development lead to defasciculation phenotypes in adult clock neurons. Clk downregulation also leads to developmental effects on sLNv morphology, although cyc and Clk manipulations produce distinct phenotypes. Our results reveal a non-circadian role for cyc, shedding light on the additional functions of circadian clock genes in the development of the nervous system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Biondi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCormick, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.29.564626</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Drosophila Circadian Clock Gene Cycle Controls Development of Clock Neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.27.564478v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hepatocyte-Targeted siTAZ Therapy Lowers Liver Fibrosis in NASH Diet-Fed Chimeric Mice with Hepatocyte-Humanized Livers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.27.564478v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is emerging as the most common cause of liver disease. Although many studies in mouse NASH models have suggested therapies, translation to humans is poor, with no approved drugs for NASH. One explanation may lie in inherent differences between mouse and human hepatocytes. We used NASH diet-fed chimeric mice reconstituted with human hepatocytes (hu-liver mice) to test a mechanism-based hepatocyte-targeted siRNA, GalNAc-siTaz, shown previously to block the progression to fibrotic NASH in mice. Mice were reconstituted with human hepatocytes following ablation of endogenous hepatocytes, resulting in ~95% human hepatocyte reconstitution. The mice were then fed a high-fat choline-deficient Lamino acid-defined diet for 6 weeks to induce NASH, followed by six weekly injections of GalNAc-siTAZ to silence hepatocyte-TAZ or control GalNAc-siRNA (GalNAc-control) while still on the NASH diet. The results revealed that GalNAc-siTAZ lowered human hepatic TAZ and IHH, the major TAZ target that promotes liver fibrosis in NASH. Most importantly, GalNAc-siTAZ decreased liver inflammation, hepatocellular injury, hepatic fibrosis, and profibrogenic mediator expression, and profibrotic NOTCH vs. GalNAc-control, indicating that GalNAc-siTAZ decreased the progression of NASH in mice reconstituted with human hepatocytes. In conclusion, silencing TAZ in human hepatocytes suppresses liver fibrosis in a hu-liver model of NASH.

Impact and ImplicationsNo drugs have yet been approved for NASH, which is a leading cause of liver disease worldwide. The findings here provide support for this therapeutic strategy of using hepatocyte-targeted siTAZ to decrease NASH progression. More generally, the study illustrates how hu-liver NASH mice can be used to evaluate therapeutic hepatocyte-targeted siRNAs to help prioritize future testing in human NASH.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyata, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donnelly, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radiloff, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabas, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.27.564478</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hepatocyte-Targeted siTAZ Therapy Lowers Liver Fibrosis in NASH Diet-Fed Chimeric Mice with Hepatocyte-Humanized Livers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.30.564764v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A statistical framework for powerful multi-trait rare variant analysis in large-scale whole-genome sequencing studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.30.564764v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large-scale whole-genome sequencing (WGS) studies have improved our understanding of the contributions of coding and noncoding rare variants to complex human traits. Leveraging association effect sizes across multiple traits in WGS rare variant association analysis can improve statistical power over single-trait analysis, and also detect pleiotropic genes and regions. Existing multi-trait methods have limited ability to perform rare variant analysis of large-scale WGS data. We propose MultiSTAAR, a statistical framework and computationally-scalable analytical pipeline for functionally-informed multi-trait rare variant analysis in large-scale WGS studies. MultiSTAAR accounts for relatedness, population structure and correlation among phenotypes by jointly analyzing multiple traits, and further empowers rare variant association analysis by incorporating multiple functional annotations. We applied MultiSTAAR to jointly analyze three lipid traits (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides) in 61,861 multi-ethnic samples from the Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) Program. We discovered new associations with lipid traits missed by single-trait analysis, including rare variants within an enhancer of NIPSNAP3A and an intergenic region on chromosome 1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selvaraj, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Buren, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCaw, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnett, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bis, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blangero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerwinkle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowden, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cade, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carson, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chami, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curran, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Vries, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fornage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franceschini, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedman, B. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heard-Costa, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irvin, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kardia, S. L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konigsberg, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooperberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kral, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loos, R. J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahaney, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathias, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minster, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, B. D</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.30.564764</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A statistical framework for powerful multi-trait rare variant analysis in large-scale whole-genome sequencing studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.30.564831v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Towards robust and generalizable representations of extracellular data using contrastive learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.30.564831v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Contrastive learning is quickly becoming an essential tool in neuroscience for extracting robust and meaningful representations of neural activity. Despite numerous applications to neuronal population data, there has been little exploration of how these methods can be adapted to key primary data analysis tasks such as spike sorting or cell-type classification. In this work, we propose a novel contrastive learning framework, CEED (Contrastive Embeddings for Extracellular Data), for high-density extracellular recordings. We demonstrate that through careful design of the network architecture and data augmentations, it is possible to generically extract representations that far outperform current specialized approaches. We validate our method across multiple high-density extracellular recordings. All code used to run CEED can be found at https://github.com/ankitvishnu23/CEED.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vishnubhotla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurwitz, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.30.564831</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Towards robust and generalizable representations of extracellular data using contrastive learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.01.565209v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ERas-Null Mice Generated Directly from Embryonic Stem Cells in a Lipid-rich Medium Enable the Discovery of A Novel Role in Craniofacial Development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.01.565209v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Generating mice entirely from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) via tetraploid complementation, termed all-ESC mice, is considered the gold standard for pluripotency testing. In this study, we examined the effects of our newly reported lipid-rich 2i/LIF medium (2iLA) on ESCs for genetic engineering. As a proof of principle, we targeted the ERas gene using the 2iLA medium, since ERas-null mice displayed no noticeable phenotype in a previously developed mouse model through chimeras. We demonstrated that the 2iLA medium effectively supports the creation of both male and female ERas-null all-ESC mice, emphasizing the advantages of this culture medium. Unexpectedly, we observed that ERas-null all-ESC mice produced with the 2iLA medium exhibited a non-Mendelian lethal craniofacial anomaly, which can be mitigated by using the lipid-free 2i/LIF medium. Our findings not only highlight the potential of the 2iLA medium for gene targeting but also reveal a novel lipid-associated role of the ERas gene in craniofacial development. Our system offers a unique alternative for studying developmental gene functions unachievable with traditional methods and provides a novel platform for the rapid construction of mouse models.

Graphic AbstractAll-ESC pups from wild-type (WT) ESCs cultured in lipid-rich 2iLA medium are normal. In contrast, both male and female ERas-null isogenic all-ESC pups produced from ESCs in 2iLA medium display a non-Mendelian craniofacial anomaly. This phenotype is alleviated when the ESCs are grown in a lipid-free 2iL medium.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=195 SRC="FIGDIR/small/565209v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geng, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.01.565209</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ERas-Null Mice Generated Directly from Embryonic Stem Cells in a Lipid-rich Medium Enable the Discovery of A Novel Role in Craniofacial Development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.03.565565v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biomechanical Modeling of Cesarean Section Scars and Scar Defects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.03.565565v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Uterine rupture is an intrinsically biomechanical process associated with high maternal and fetal mortality. A previous Cesarean section (C-section) is the main risk factor for uterine rupture in a subsequent pregnancy due to tissue failure at the scar region. Finite element modeling of the uterus and scar tissue presents a promising method to further understand and predict uterine ruptures. Using patient dimensions of an at-term uterus, a C-section scar was modeled with an applied intrauterine pressure to study how scars affect uterine stress. The scar positioning and uterine thickness were varied, and a defect was incorporated into the scar region. The modeled stress distributions confirmed clinical observations as the increased regions of stress due to scar positioning, thinning of the uterine walls, and the presence of a defect are consistent with clinical observations of features that increase the risk of uterine rupture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scott, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louwagie, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oyen, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.03.565565</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biomechanical Modeling of Cesarean Section Scars and Scar Defects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.01.565223v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The circulating immune cell landscape stratifies metastatic burden in breast cancer patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.01.565223v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advanced breast cancers show varying degrees of metastasis; however, reliable biomarkers of metastatic disease progression remain unknown. In circulation, immune cells are the first line of defence against tumour cells. Herein, using >109,591 peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy individuals and breast cancer patients, we tested whether molecular traits of the circulating immune cells, probed with single-cell transcriptomics, can be used to segregate metastatic profiles. Our analyses revealed significant compositional and transcriptional differences in PBMCs of patients with restricted or high metastatic burden versus healthy subjects. The abundance of T cell and monocyte subtypes segregated cancer patients from healthy individuals, while memory and unconventional T cells were enriched in low metastatic burden disease. The cell communication axes were also found to be tightly associated with the extent of metastatic burden. Additionally, we identified a PBMC-derived metastatic gene signature capable of discerning metastatic condition from a healthy state. Our study provides unique molecular insights into the peripheral immune system operating in metastatic breast cancer, revealing potential new biomarkers of the extent of the metastatic state. Tracking such immune traits associated with metastatic spread could complement existing diagnostic tools.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mangiola, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berthelet, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guleria, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liyanage, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostrouska, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilcox, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merdas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsen, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroder, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mielke, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mariadason, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang-Hao Tsao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vodala, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merino, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behren, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papenfuss, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.01.565223</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The circulating immune cell landscape stratifies metastatic burden in breast cancer patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.05.565219v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evidence for impaired hippocampal circuitry in schizophrenia and its link to memory dysfunction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.05.565219v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pattern separation and pattern completion are opposing yet complementary components of mnemonic processing that heavily rely on the hippocampus. It has been shown that processing within the dentate gyrus (DG) subfield promotes pattern separation while operations within the CA3 subfield are important for pattern completion. Schizophrenia has been associated with anatomical and functional hippocampal abnormalities, including within the DG and CA3. We hypothesized that an impairment in hippocampal circuitry in individuals with first-episode schizophrenia leads to deficits in pattern separation (mnemonic discrimination) and pattern completion (recognition memory), that these deficits contribute to delusions, and that antipsychotic treatment improves circuit functioning. We measured behavioral and neural responses during the identification of new, repeated, and similar stimuli using high-resolution fMRI in 45 medication-free or minimally-treated patients with first-episode schizophrenia and 49 matched controls. We found recognition memory and pattern separation deficits in patients and a negative association between memory performance and the severity of delusions. Neural analyses revealed deficits in both univariate BOLD responses and multivariate patterns in the hippocampus during mnemonic discrimination in patients compared to controls. Importantly, by investigating the association between trial-level neural activity and behavior before and after treatment, we found that antipsychotics normalized DG activity during pattern separation and CA3 activity during pattern completion. Lastly, trial-level cortical responses during mnemonic discrimination predicted performance in patients at baseline, suggesting a compensatory role. This study provides new insight into the impact of schizophrenia and antipsychotic treatment on memory systems and uncovers systems-level contributions to pattern separation and pattern completion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zadbood, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capichioni, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gasser, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bein, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davachi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.05.565219</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evidence for impaired hippocampal circuitry in schizophrenia and its link to memory dysfunction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.07.566059v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Specific and comprehensive genetic targeting reveals brain-wide distribution and synaptic input patterns of GABAergic axo-axonic interneurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.07.566059v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Axo-axonic cells (AACs), also called chandelier cells (ChCs) in the cerebral cortex, are the most distinctive type of GABAergic interneurons described in the neocortex, hippocampus, and basolateral amygdala (BLA). AACs selectively innervate glutamatergic projection neurons (PNs) at their axon initial segment (AIS), thus may exert decisive control over PN spiking and regulate PN functional ensembles. However, the brain-wide distribution, synaptic connectivity, and circuit function of AACs remains poorly understood, largely due to the lack of specific and reliable experimental tools. Here, we have established an intersectional genetic strategy that achieves specific and comprehensive targeting of AACs throughout the mouse brain based on their lineage (Nkx2.1) and molecular (Unc5b, Pthlh) markers. We discovered that AACs are deployed across essentially all the pallium-derived brain structures, including not only the dorsal pallium-derived neocortex and medial pallium-derived hippocampal formation, but also the lateral pallium-derived claustrum-insular complex, and the ventral pallium-derived extended amygdaloid complex and olfactory centers. AACs are also abundant in anterior olfactory nucleus, taenia tecta and lateral septum. AACs show characteristic variations in density across neocortical areas and layers and across subregions of the hippocampal formation. Neocortical AACs comprise multiple laminar subtypes with distinct dendritic and axonal arborization patterns. Retrograde monosynaptic tracing from AACs across neocortical, hippocampal and BLA regions reveal shared as well as distinct patterns of synaptic input. Specific and comprehensive targeting of AACs facilitates the study of their developmental genetic program and circuit function across brain structures, providing a ground truth platform for understanding the conservation and variation of a bona fide cell type across brain regions and species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raudales, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.07.566059</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Specific and comprehensive genetic targeting reveals brain-wide distribution and synaptic input patterns of GABAergic axo-axonic interneurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.08.566259v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
C3 and CD47 dependent mechanisms in the refinement of sensory-motor circuits during spinal cord development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.08.566259v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Overground movement in mammals requires the assembly and refinement of sensory-motor circuits. Within the spinal cord, sensory neurons, interneurons and motor neurons form intricate neuronal circuits to ensure proper motor control. In the developing brain, supernumerary synapses are initially formed and subsequently pruned making way for the emergence of mature circuits. However, whether this occurs within spinal sensory-motor circuits, it has not been firmly established. Moreover, it is also unknown if a combination of distinct molecules are required to refine spinal cord neuronal circuits. Here, we demonstrate the presence of supernumerary synapses which form inappropriate contacts, resulting in miswired immature spinal neuronal circuits. We determined that inappropriate synapses are of proprioceptive sensory origin and are functional, leading to impaired motor behavior. Using mouse genetics, viral-mediated neuronal map strategies, electrophysiology, and behavioral assessments, we demonstrate that two molecularly distinct mechanisms are responsible for the refinement of spinal circuits. First, we identify C3 as a major contributing factor through classical complement activation. Second, a CD47-dependent mechanism, operating in parallel to classical complement, causing elimination of inappropriate synapses. This finding underlies an unexpected function for CD47 within the spinal cord, in striking contrast to its function in the brain. Our study demonstrates that during early development, the natural course of elimination of inappropriately-generated synapses utilizes a dual fail-safe system to ensure the emergence of normal spinal reflexes and proper behavior in mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Florez-Paz, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mentis, G. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.08.566259</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[C3 and CD47 dependent mechanisms in the refinement of sensory-motor circuits during spinal cord development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.07.565791v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Signals of microbial growth learned from single amplicon samples 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.07.565791v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Irregularities in metagenomic whole-genome shotgun (WGS) read coverage can arise in quickly replicating microbial populations. These irregularities, summarized as peak-to-trough ratios (PTRs), are correlated with growth rates. This study seeks to explore the presence of similar coverage irregularities in 16S amplicon datasets, where multicopy diverged 16S genes provide an opportunity to explore coverage at different positions on the bacterial chromosome. To this end, we propose a model of Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTU) observations under replication and sequence similarity, from which we derive a method for simultaneous copy number correction and dynamics estimation by gradient descent. We conduct a series of benchmarks on synthetic data, determining a set of heuristics for when such methods may be applied, and compare our method with WGS-based methods on a real dataset. We find no correlation between coPTR estimates and our method, suggesting further modifications to our method may be required.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chlenski, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricaurte, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe'er, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.07.565791</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Signals of microbial growth learned from single amplicon samples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.07.566113v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular identification of a peroxidase gene controlling body size in the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema hermaphroditum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.07.566113v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema hermaphroditum was recently rediscovered and is being developed as a genetically tractable experimental system for the study of previously unexplored biology, including parasitism of its insect hosts and mutualism with its bacterial endosymbiont Xenorhabdus griffiniae. Through whole-genome re-sequencing and genetic mapping we have for the first time molecularly identified the gene responsible for a mutationally defined phenotypic locus in an entomopathogenic nematode. In the process we observed an unexpected mutational spectrum following EMS mutagenesis in this species. We find that the ortholog of the essential C. elegans peroxidase gene skpo-2 controls body size and shape in S. hermaphroditum. We confirmed this identification by inactivating the gene using CRISPR-Cas9. We propose that the identification of skpo-2 will accelerate gene targeting in other Steinernema entomopathogenic nematodes used commercially in pest control, as skpo-2 is X-linked and males hemizygous for loss of its function can mate, making skpo-2 an easily recognized and maintained marker for use in co-CRISPR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, H. T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peraza, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raymundo, K. L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sternberg, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.07.566113</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular identification of a peroxidase gene controlling body size in the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema hermaphroditum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.08.562798v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification and Pharmacological Targeting of Treatment-Resistant, Stem-like Breast Cancer Cells for Combination Therapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.08.562798v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tumors frequently harbor isogenic yet epigenetically distinct subpopulations of multi-potent cells with high tumor-initiating potential--often called Cancer Stem-Like Cells (CSLCs). These can display preferential resistance to standard-of-care chemotherapy. Single-cell analyses can help elucidate Master Regulator (MR) proteins responsible for governing the transcriptional state of these cells, thus revealing complementary dependencies that may be leveraged via combination therapy. Interrogation of single-cell RNA sequencing profiles from seven metastatic breast cancer patients, using perturbational profiles of clinically relevant drugs, identified drugs predicted to invert the activity of MR proteins governing the transcriptional state of chemoresistant CSLCs, which were then validated by CROP-seq assays. The top drug, the anthelmintic albendazole, depleted this subpopulation in vivo without noticeable cytotoxicity. Moreover, sequential cycles of albendazole and paclitaxel--a commonly used chemotherapeutic --displayed significant synergy in a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) from a TNBC patient, suggesting that network-based approaches can help develop mechanism-based combinatorial therapies targeting complementary subpopulations.

Statement of significanceNetwork-based approaches, as shown in a study on metastatic breast cancer, can develop effective combinatorial therapies targeting complementary subpopulations. By analyzing scRNA-seq data and using clinically relevant drugs, researchers identified and depleted chemoresistant Cancer Stem-Like Cells, enhancing the efficacy of standard chemotherapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Worley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turunen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paull, E. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grunn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bush, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brosius, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hibshoosh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mundi, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sims, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalerba, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dela Cruz, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kung, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.08.562798</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification and Pharmacological Targeting of Treatment-Resistant, Stem-like Breast Cancer Cells for Combination Therapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.09.566464v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Proximal Sox2 Enhancer Cluster is Required for the Anterior Regional Identity of Neural Progenitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.09.566464v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Embryonic development depends on spatially and temporally orchestrated gene regulatory networks. Expressed in neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs), the transcription factor sex-determining region Y box 2 (Sox2) is critical for embryogenesis and stem cell maintenance in neural development. Whereas Sox2 is regulated by a distal cluster of enhancers in embryonic stem cells (ESCs), enhancers closer to the gene have been implicated in Sox2 transcriptional regulation in the neural lineage. Using functional genomics data, and deletion analysis we show that a downstream enhancer cluster regulates Sox2 transcription in NSPCs derived from mouse ESCs. By generating allelic mutants using CRISPR-Cas9 mediated deletions, we show that this proximal enhancer cluster, termed Sox2 regulatory regions 2-18 (SRR2-18), is a cis regulator of Sox2 transcription during neural differentiation. Transcriptome analyses demonstrate that loss of even one copy of SRR2-18 disrupts the region-specific identity of NSPCs. Biallelic deletion of this Sox2 neural enhancer cluster causes reduced SOX2 protein, less frequent interaction with transcriptional machinery, and leads to perturbed chromatin accessibility genome-wide further affecting the expression of neurodevelopmental and anterior-posterior regionalization genes. Furthermore, homozygous NSPC deletants exhibit self-renewal defects and impaired differentiation into cell types found in the brain. Altogether, our data define a cis-regulatory enhancer cluster controlling Sox2 transcription in NSPCs and highlight the sensitivity of neural differentiation processes to decreased Sox2 transcription, which influences their differentiation into posterior neural fates, specifically the caudal neural tube.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tobias, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moorthy, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shchuka, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langroudi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillespie, Z. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherednychenko, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gajewska, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Roberto, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.09.566464</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Proximal Sox2 Enhancer Cluster is Required for the Anterior Regional Identity of Neural Progenitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.08.566169v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aberrant hippocampal Ca2+ micro-waves following synapsin-dependent adenoviral expression of Ca2+ indicators 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.08.566169v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) such as GCaMP are invaluable tools in neuroscience to monitor neuronal activity using optical imaging. The viral transduction of GECIs is commonly used to target expression to specific brain regions, can be conveniently used with any mouse strain of interest without the need for prior crossing with a GECI mouse line and avoids potential hazards due to the chronic expression of GECIs during development. A key requirement for monitoring neuronal activity with an indicator is that the indicator itself minimally affects activity. Here, using common adeno-associated viral (AAV) transduction procedures, we describe spatially confined aberrant Ca2+ micro-waves slowly travelling through the hippocampus following expression of GCaMP6, GCaMP7 or R-CaMP1.07 driven by the synapsin promoter with AAV-dependent gene transfer, in a titre-dependent fashion. Ca2+ micro-waves developed in hippocampal CA1 and CA3, but not dentate gyrus (DG) nor neocortex, were typically first observed at 4 weeks after viral transduction, and persisted up to at least 8 weeks. The phenomenon was robust, observed across laboratories with various experimenters and setups. Our results indicate that aberrant hippocampal Ca2+ micro-waves depend on the promoter and viral titre of the GECI, density of expression as well as the targeted brain region. We used an alternative viral transduction method of GCaMP which avoids this artifact. The results show that commonly used Ca2+-indicator AAV transduction procedures can produce artefactual Ca2+ responses. Our aim is to raise awareness in the field of these artefactual transduction-induced Ca2+ micro-waves and we provide a potential solution.

Impact statement: Common AAV transduction procedures induce artefactual spatially confined Ca2+ waves in the hippocampus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Masala, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittag, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambrad Giovannetti, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neil, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Distler, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rupprecht, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helmchen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuste, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuhrmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wenzel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.08.566169</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aberrant hippocampal Ca2+ micro-waves following synapsin-dependent adenoviral expression of Ca2+ indicators]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.10.566490v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Abstract representations emerge in human hippocampal neurons during inference behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.10.566490v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans have the remarkable cognitive capacity to rapidly adapt to changing environments. Central to this capacity is the ability to form high-level, abstract representations that take advantage of regularities in the world to support generalization1. However, little is known about how these representations are encoded in populations of neurons, how they emerge through learning, and how they relate to behavior2,3. Here we characterized the representational geometry of populations of neurons (single-units) recorded in the hippocampus, amygdala, medial frontal cortex, and ventral temporal cortex of neurosurgical patients who are performing an inferential reasoning task. We find that only the neural representations formed in the hippocampus simultaneously encode multiple task variables in an abstract, or disentangled, format. This representational geometry is uniquely observed after patients learn to perform inference, and consisted of disentangled directly observable and discovered latent task variables. Interestingly, learning to perform inference by trial and error or through verbal instructions led to the formation of hippocampal representations with similar geometric properties. The observed relation between representational format and inference behavior suggests that abstract/disentangled representational geometries are important for complex cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Courellis, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minxha, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez Cardenas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimmel, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valiante, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzman, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mamelak, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adolphs, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fusi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutishauser, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.10.566490</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Abstract representations emerge in human hippocampal neurons during inference behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.10.566497v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single Nucleus RNA Sequencing of Remnant Kidney Biopsies and Urine Cell RNA Sequencing Reveal Cell Specific Markers of Covid-19 Acute Kidney Injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.10.566497v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acute kidney injury (AKI) in COVID-19 patients is associated with high mortality and morbidity. Critically ill COVID-19 patients are at twice the risk of in-hospital mortality compared to non-COVID AKI patients. We know little about the cell-specific mechanism in the kidney that contributes to worse clinical outcomes in these patients. New generation single cell technologies have the potential to provide insights into physiological states and molecular mechanisms in COVID-AKI. One of the key limitations is that these patients are severely ill posing significant risks in procuring additional biopsy tissue. We recently generated single nucleus RNA-sequencing data using COVID-AKI patient biopsy tissue as part of the human kidney atlas. Here we describe this approach in detail and report deeper comparative analysis of snRNAseq of 4 COVID-AKI, 4 reference, and 6 non-COVID-AKI biopsies. We also generated and analyzed urine transcriptomics data to find overlapping COVID-AKI-enriched genes and their corresponding cell types in the kidney from snRNA-seq data. We identified all major and minor cell types and states by using by using less than a few cubic millimeters of leftover tissue after pathological workup in our approach. Differential expression analysis of COVID-AKI biopsies showed pathways enriched in viral response, WNT signaling, kidney development, and cytokines in several nephron epithelial cells. COVID-AKI profiles showed a much higher proportion of altered TAL cells than non-COVID AKI and the reference samples. In addition to kidney injury and fibrosis markers indicating robust remodeling we found that, 17 genes overlap between urine cell COVID-AKI transcriptome and the snRNA-seq data from COVID-AKI biopsies. A key feature was that several of the distal nephron and collecting system cell types express these markers. Some of these markers have been previously observed in COVID-19 studies suggesting a common mechanism of injury and potentially the kidney as one of the sources of soluble factors with a potential role in disease progression.

Translational StatementThe manuscript describes innovation, application and discovery that impact clinical care in kidney disease. First, the approach to maximize use of remnant frozen clinical biopsies to inform on clinically relevant molecular features can augment existing pathological workflow for any frozen tissue without much change in the protocol. Second, this approach is transformational in medical crises such as pandemics where mechanistic insights are needed to evaluate organ injury, targets for drug therapy and diagnostic and prognostic markers. Third, the cell type specific and soluble markers identified and validated can be used for diagnoses or prognoses in AKI due to different etiologies and in multiorgan injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghag, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaushal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nwanne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knoten, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiryluk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagnasco, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sperati, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atta, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaut, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Achkar, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arend, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parikh, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.10.566497</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single Nucleus RNA Sequencing of Remnant Kidney Biopsies and Urine Cell RNA Sequencing Reveal Cell Specific Markers of Covid-19 Acute Kidney Injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.09.565696v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GENTANGLE: integrated computational design of gene entanglements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.09.565696v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryThe design of two overlapping genes in a microbial genome is an emerging technique for adding more reliable control mechanisms in engineered organisms for increased safety. The design of functional gene pairs is a challenging procedure and computational design tools are used to improve the efficiency to deploy successful designs in genetically engineered systems. GENTANGLE (Gene Tuples ArraNGed in overLapping Elements) is a high performance containerized pipeline for the computational design of two overlapping genes translated in different reading frames of the genome. This new software package can be used to design and test gene entanglements for microbial engineering projects using arbitrary sets of user specified gene pairs.

Availability and ImplementationThe GENTANGLE source code and its submodules are freely available on GitHub at https://github.com/BiosecSFA/gentangle. The DATANGLE (DATA for genTANGLE) repository contains related data and results, and is freely available on GitHub at https://github.com/BiosecSFA/datangle. The GENTANGLE repository wiki contains detailed instructions on how to use the container and the different components of software and data, including reproducing the results. The code is licensed under the GNU Affero General Public License version 3 (https://www.gnu.org/licenses/agpl.html).

Contactmartimartine1@llnl.gov and allen99@llnl.gov
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marti, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rochereau, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blazejewski, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nisonoff, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonard, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang-Yun, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chlebek, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricci, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Listgarten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.09.565696</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GENTANGLE: integrated computational design of gene entanglements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.10.566577v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of a Novel Mouse Platelet Transfusion Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.10.566577v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDPlatelet transfusions are increasing with advances in medical care. Based on FDA criteria, platelet units are assessed by in vitro measures; however, it is not known how platelet processing and storage duration affect function in vivo. To address this, we developed a novel platelet transfusion model that meets FDA criteria adapted to mice, and transfused fresh and stored platelets are detected in clots in vivo.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSPlatelet units stored in mouse plasma were prepared using a modified platelet rich plasma collection protocol. Characteristics of fresh and stored units, including pH, cell count, in vitro measures of activity, including activation and aggregation, and post-transfusion recovery (PTR), were determined. Lastly, a tail transection assay was conducted using mice transfused with fresh or stored units, and transfused platelets were identified by confocal imaging.

RESULTSPlatelet units had acceptable platelet and white cell counts and were negative for bacterial contamination. Fresh and 1-day stored units had acceptable pH; the platelets were activatable by thrombin and ADP, aggregable with thrombin, had acceptable PTR, and were present in vivo in clots of recipients after tail transection. In contrast, 2-day stored units had clinically unacceptable quality.

DISCUSSIONWe developed mouse platelets for transfusion analogous to human platelet units using a modified platelet rich plasma collection protocol with maximum storage of 1 day for an "old" unit. This provides a powerful tool to test how process modifications and storage conditions affect transfused platelet function in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gordy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swayne, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.10.566577</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of a Novel Mouse Platelet Transfusion Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.12.566771v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SHIELD: Skull-shaped hemispheric implants enabling large-scale-electrophysiology datasets in the mouse brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.12.566771v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To understand the neural basis of behavior, it is essential to measure spiking dynamics across many interacting brain regions. While new technologies, such as Neuropixels probes, facilitate multi-regional recordings, significant surgical and procedural hurdles remain for these experiments to achieve their full potential. Here, we describe a novel 3D-printed cranial-replacement implant (SHIELD) enabling electrophysiological recordings from distributed areas of the mouse brain. This skull-shaped implant is designed with customizable insertion holes, allowing dozens of cortical and subcortical structures to be recorded in a single mouse using repeated multi-probe insertions over many days. We demonstrate the procedures high success rate, biocompatibility, lack of adverse effects on behavior, and compatibility with imaging and optogenetics. To showcase the scientific utility of the SHIELD implant, we use multi-probe recordings to reveal novel insights into how alpha rhythms organize spiking activity across visual and sensorimotor networks. Overall, this method enables powerful large-scale electrophysiological measurements for the study of distributed brain computation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bennett, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouellette, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cahoon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabasco, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belski, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillis, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grasso, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loeffler, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williford, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldejon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durand, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gale, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guthrie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardcastle, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McBride, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mochizuki, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sridhar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swapp, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groblewski, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.12.566771</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SHIELD: Skull-shaped hemispheric implants enabling large-scale-electrophysiology datasets in the mouse brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.14.567055v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electronic Polarizability Tunes the Function of the Human Bestrophin 1 Cl- Channel 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.14.567055v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanisms of anion permeation within ion channels and nanopores remain poorly understood. Recent cryo-electron microscopy structures of the human bestrophin 1 Cl- channel (hBest1) provide an opportunity to evaluate ion interactions predicted by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations against experimental observations. Here, we implement the fully polarizable forcefield AMOEBA in MD simulations on different conformations of hBest1. This forcefield models multipole moments up to the quadrupole; therefore, it captures induced dipole and anion-{pi} interactions. We show that key biophysical properties of the channel can only be simulated when electronic polarization is included in the molecular models and that Cl- permeation through the neck of the pore is achieved through hydrophobic solvation concomitant with partial ion dehydration. Furthermore, we demonstrate how such polarizable simulations can help determine the identity of ion-like densities within high-resolution cryo-EM structures and that neglecting polarization places Cl- at positions that do not correspond with their experimentally resolved location. Overall, our results demonstrate the importance of including electronic polarization in realistic and physically accurate models of biological systems, especially channels and pores that selectively permeate anions.

Statement of SignificanceIon channels are nanoscale protein pores that enable the selective passage of charged ions across cell membranes. Understanding the underlying mechanisms for selective anion permeation through such pores remains a challenge. To simulate their behavior efficiently in silico, fixed charge models are typically employed. However, this approach is insufficient for the study of anions. Here, we use simulations with explicit treatment of electrostatics to investigate the interactions of chloride ions in the human bestrophin 1 channel. We find that electronic polarization tunes the state of the channel and affects the interactions of chloride ions thereby revealing a mechanism for permeation. Furthermore, these simulations can be used to resolve experimental ambiguity in ion-like densities from cryo-EM structures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Phan, L. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owji, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crain, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sansom, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.14.567055</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electronic Polarizability Tunes the Function of the Human Bestrophin 1 Cl- Channel]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.10.566672v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The in vitro functional profiles of fentanyl and nitazene analogs at the μ-opioid receptor - high efficacy is dangerous regardless of signaling bias 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.10.566672v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Novel synthetic opioids (NSOs), including both fentanyl and non-fentanyl analogs that act as the -opioid receptor (MOR) agonists, are associated with serious intoxication and fatal overdose. Previous studies proposed that G protein biased MOR agonists are safer pain medications, while other evidence indicates that low intrinsic efficacy at MOR better explains reduced opioid side effects. Here, we characterized the in vitro functional profiles of various NSOs at MOR using adenylate cyclase inhibition and {beta}-arrestin2 recruitment assays, in conjunction with the application of the receptor depletion approach. By fitting the concentration-response data to the operational model of agonism, we deduced the intrinsic efficacy and affinity for each opioid in the Gi protein signaling and {beta}-arrestin2 recruitment pathways. Compared to the reference agonist DAMGO, we found that several fentanyl analogs were more efficacious at inhibiting cAMP production, whereas all fentanyl analogs were less efficacious at recruiting {beta}-arrestin2. In contrast, the non-fentanyl 2-benzylbenzimidazole (i.e., nitazene) analogs were highly efficacious and potent in both the cAMP and {beta}-arrestin2 assays. Our findings suggest that the high intrinsic efficacy of the NSOs in Gi protein signaling is a common property that may underlie their high risk of intoxication and overdose, highlighting the limitation of using in vitro functional bias to predict the adverse effects of opioids. Instead, our results show that, regardless of bias, opioids with sufficiently high intrinsic efficacy can be lethal, especially given the extremely high potency of many of these compounds that are now pervading the illicit drug market.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsai, M.-H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumann, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canals, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javitch, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.10.566672</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The in vitro functional profiles of fentanyl and nitazene analogs at the μ-opioid receptor - high efficacy is dangerous regardless of signaling bias]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.11.566693v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Parkinson's disease risk gene cathepsin B promotes fibrillar alpha-synuclein clearance, lysosomal function and glucocerebrosidase activity in dopaminergic neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.11.566693v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Variants in the CTSB gene encoding the lysosomal hydrolase cathepsin B (catB) are associated with increased risk of Parkinsons disease (PD). However, neither the specific CTSB variants driving these associations nor the functional pathways that link catB to PD pathogenesis have been characterized. CatB activity contributes to lysosomal protein degradation and regulates signaling processes involved in autophagy and lysosome biogenesis. Previous in vitro studies have found that catB can cleave monomeric and fibrillar alpha-synuclein, a key protein involved in the pathogenesis of PD that accumulates in the brains of PD patients. However, truncated synuclein isoforms generated by catB cleavage have an increased propensity to aggregate. Thus, catB activity could potentially contribute to lysosomal degradation and clearance of pathogenic alpha synuclein from the cell, but also has the potential of enhancing synuclein pathology by generating aggregation-prone truncations. Therefore, the mechanisms linking catB to PD pathophysiology remain to be clarified. Here, we conducted genetic analyses of the association between common and rare CTSB variants and risk of PD. We then used genetic and pharmacological approaches to manipulate catB expression and function in cell lines and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived dopaminergic neurons and assessed lysosomal activity and the handling of aggregated synuclein fibrils. We find that catB inhibition impairs autophagy, reduces glucocerebrosidase (encoded by GBA1) activity, and leads to an accumulation of lysosomal content. In cell lines, reduction of CTSB gene expression impairs the degradation of pre-formed alpha-synuclein fibrils, whereas CTSB gene activation enhances fibril clearance. In midbrain organoids and dopaminergic neurons treated with alpha-synuclein fibrils, catB inhibition potentiates the formation of inclusions which stain positively for phosphorylated alpha-synuclein. These results indicate that the reduction of catB function negatively impacts lysosomal pathways associated with PD pathogenesis, while conversely catB activation could promote the clearance of pathogenic alpha-synuclein.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jones-Tabah, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senkevich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karpilovsky, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deyab, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cousineau, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikanorova, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldsmith, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>del Cid Pellitero, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C. X.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pietrantonio, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goiran, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmad, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruskey, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asayesh, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiegelman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fahn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waters, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monchi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dauvilliers, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupre, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miliukhina, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timofeeva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emelyanov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pchelina, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenbaum, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassin-Baer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcalay, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milnerwood, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durcan, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gan-Or, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fon, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.11.566693</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Parkinson's disease risk gene cathepsin B promotes fibrillar alpha-synuclein clearance, lysosomal function and glucocerebrosidase activity in dopaminergic neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.11.566719v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep generative model deciphers derailed trajectories in acute myeloid leukemia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.11.566719v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biological insights often depend on comparing conditions such as disease and health, yet we lack effective computational tools for integrating single-cell genomics data across conditions or characterizing transitions from normal to deviant cell states. Here, we present Decipher, a deep generative model that characterizes derailed cell-state trajectories. Decipher jointly models and visualizes gene expression and cell state from normal and perturbed single-cell RNA-seq data, revealing shared and disrupted dynamics. We demonstrate its superior performance across diverse contexts, including in pancreatitis with oncogene mutation, acute myeloid leukemia, and gastric cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nazaret, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavallee, V.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornish, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiseliovas, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masilionis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisman, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazutis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blei, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe'er, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azizi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.11.566719</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep generative model deciphers derailed trajectories in acute myeloid leukemia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.13.566845v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generation of salivary glands derived from pluripotent stem cells via conditional blastocyst complementation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.13.566845v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Various patients suffer from dry mouth due to salivary gland dysfunction. Whole salivary gland generation and transplantation is a potential therapy to resolve this issue. However, the lineage permissible to design the entire salivary gland generation has been enigmatic. Here, we discovered Foxa2 as a lineage critical for generating a salivary gland via conditional blastocyst complementation (CBC). Foxa2 linage, but not Shh nor Pitx2, initiated to label between the boundary region of the endodermal and the ectodermal oral mucosa before primordial salivary gland formation, resulting in marking the entire salivary gland. The salivary gland was agenesis by depleting Fgfr2 under the Foxa2 lineage in the mice. We rescued this phenotype by injecting donor pluripotent stem cells into the mouse blastocysts. Those mice survived until adulthood with normal salivary glands compatible in size compared with littermate controls. These results indicated that CBC-based salivary gland generation is promising for next-generation cell-based therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miura, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimamura, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimizu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kondo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawada, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>SARMAH, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ninish, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishima, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mori, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.13.566845</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generation of salivary glands derived from pluripotent stem cells via conditional blastocyst complementation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.15.567265v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The mechanism of mRNA activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.15.567265v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During translation initiation, messenger RNA molecules must be identified and activated for loading into a ribosome. In this rate-limiting step, the heterotrimeric protein eukaryotic initiation factor eIF4F must recognize and productively interact with the 7-methylguanosine cap at the 5 end of the messenger RNA and subsequently activate the message. Despite its fundamental, regulatory role in gene expression, the molecular events underlying cap recognition and messenger RNA activation remain mysterious. Here, we generate a unique, single-molecule fluorescence imaging system to interrogate the dynamics with which eIF4F discriminates productive and non-productive locations on full-length, native messenger RNA molecules. At the single-molecule level, we observe stochastic sampling of eIF4F along the length of the messenger RNA and identify allosteric communication between the eIF4F subunits which ultimately drive cap-recognition and subsequent activation of the message. Our experiments uncover novel functions for each subunit of eIF4F and we conclude by presenting a model for messenger RNA activation which precisely defines the composition of the activated message. This model provides a general framework for understanding how messenger RNA molecules may be discriminated from one another, and how other RNA-binding proteins may control the efficiency of translation initiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gentry, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ide, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comunale, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartwick, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinz-Thompson, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.15.567265</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The mechanism of mRNA activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.13.566924v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluation of gelatin bloom strength on gelatin methacryloyl hydrogel properties 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.13.566924v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels are widely used for a variety of tissue engineering applications. The properties of gelatin can affect the mechanical properties of gelatin gels; however, the role of gelatin properties such as bloom strength on GelMA hydrogels has not yet been explored. Bloom strength is a food industry standard for describing the quality of gelatin, where higher bloom strength is associated with higher gelatin molecular weight. Here, we evaluate the role of bloom strength on GelMA hydrogel mechanical properties. We determined that both bloom strength of gelatin and weight percent of GelMA influenced both stiffness and viscoelastic ratio; however, only bloom strength affected diffusivity, permeability, and pore size. With this library of GelMA hydrogels of varying properties, we then encapsulated Swan71 trophoblast spheroids in these hydrogel variants to assess how bloom strength affects trophoblast spheroid morphology. Overall, we observed a decreasing trend of spheroid area and Feret diameter as bloom strength increased. In identifying clear relationships between bloom strength, hydrogel mechanical properties, and trophoblast spheroid morphology, we demonstrate that bloom strength should considered when designing tissue engineered constructs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zambuto, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolluru, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferchichi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudewick, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fodera, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zustiak, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oyen, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.13.566924</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluation of gelatin bloom strength on gelatin methacryloyl hydrogel properties]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.13.566950v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Causal interpretations of family GWAS in the presence of heterogeneous effects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.13.566950v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Family-based genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have emerged as a gold standard for assessing causal effects of alleles and polygenic scores. Notably, family studies are often claimed to provide an unbiased estimate of the average causal effect (or average treatment effect; ATE) of an allele, on the basis of an analogy between the random transmission of alleles from parents to children and a randomized controlled trial. Here, we show that this interpretation does not hold in general. Because Mendelian segregation only randomizes alleles among children of heterozygotes, the effects of alleles in the children of homozygotes are not observable. Consequently, if an allele has different average effects in the children of homozygotes and heterozygotes, as can arise in the presence of gene-by-environment interactions, gene-by-gene interactions, or differences in LD patterns, family studies provide a biased estimate of the average effect in the sample. At a single locus, family-based association studies can be thought of as providing an unbiased estimate of the average effect in the children of heterozygotes (i.e., a local average treatment effect; LATE). This interpretation does not extend to polygenic scores, however, because different sets of SNPs are heterozygous in each family. Therefore, other than under specific conditions, the within-family regression slope of a PGS cannot be assumed to provide an un-biased estimate for any subset or weighted average of families. Instead, family-based studies can be reinterpreted as enabling an unbiased estimate of the extent to which Mendelian segregation at loci in the PGS contributes to the population-level variance in the trait. Because this estimate does not include the between-family variance, however, this interpretation applies to only (roughly) half of the sample PGS variance. In practice, the potential biases of a family-based GWAS are likely smaller than those arising from confounding in a standard, population-based GWAS, and so family studies remain important for the dissection of genetic contributions to phenotypic variation. Nonetheless, the causal interpretation of family-based GWAS estimates is less straightforward than has been widely appreciated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Veller, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przeworski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coop, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.13.566950</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Causal interpretations of family GWAS in the presence of heterogeneous effects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.14.566956v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DIISCO: A Bayesian framework for inferring dynamic intercellular interactions from time-series single-cell data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.14.566956v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Characterizing cell-cell communication and tracking its variability over time is essential for understanding the coordination of biological processes mediating normal development, progression of disease, or responses to perturbations such as therapies. Existing tools lack the ability to capture time-dependent intercellular interactions, such as those influenced by therapy, and primarily rely on existing databases compiled from limited contexts. We present DIISCO, a Bayesian framework for characterizing the temporal dynamics of cellular interactions using single-cell RNA-sequencing data from multiple time points. Our method uses structured Gaussian process regression to unveil time-resolved interactions among diverse cell types according to their co-evolution and incorporates prior knowledge of receptor-ligand complexes. We show the interpretability of DIISCO in simulated data and new data collected from CAR-T cells co-cultured with lymphoma cells, demonstrating its potential to uncover dynamic cell-cell crosstalk.

AvailabilityDIISCO is publicly accessible at https://github.com/azizilab/DIISCO_public. All data will be deposited to GEO upon publication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beltran-Velez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maurer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gohil, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azizi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.14.566956</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DIISCO: A Bayesian framework for inferring dynamic intercellular interactions from time-series single-cell data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.16.566698v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from healthy and bipolar donors elicits distinct emotional behaviors and gut-brain metabolite profiles in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.16.566698v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic mood disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of depression and (hypo-) mania. The gut microbiome is a potential avenue through which metabolic signaling, inflammatory pathways, environmental factors, and genetics influence BD pathogenesis via the gut-brain axis. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a powerful translational tool for investigating the connections between the gut microbiome and BD, and there is evidence FMT can transfer affective symptoms of BD from humans to mice. In this study, we compared the behavior, gut-brain metabolomic profiles, and inflammatory marker expression in two groups of adult female C57BL/6J mice, one receiving FMT from a human donor with BD in a mixed episode ( HAM-D = 20, YMRS = 14) and another receiving FMT from a mentally healthy weight and age-matched control donor without BD (HAM-D and YMRS = 0). Here, we demonstrate that mice receiving FMT from individuals with BD had an increased abundance of Bacteroidota and decreased abundances of Parabacteroides merdae and Akkermansia muciniphila associated with altered levels of fecal metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, and related gut hormone expression relative to mice receiving control donor FMT. BD mice also exhibited differential regulation of several metabolites and inflammatory markers in the amygdala, with glycine being the most prominently affected. Furthermore, BD mice displayed increased anxiety-like behavior and decreased sociability, indicating that aspects of the behavioral phenotype of BD are transferable from humans to mice via FMT. Taken together, these findings implicate gut-brain signaling in the physiological and behavioral changes observed in our BD-FMT mouse model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bukowski-Thall, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fellendorf, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorkiewicz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ip, K. C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durdevic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabisch, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mörkl, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner-Skacel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bengesser, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalkner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorkiewicz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Högenauer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madl, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moissl-Eichinger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reininghaus, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.16.566698</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from healthy and bipolar donors elicits distinct emotional behaviors and gut-brain metabolite profiles in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.15.567268v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chronic activation of a negative engram induces behavioral and cellular abnormalities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.15.567268v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Negative memories engage a brain and body-wide stress response in humans that can alter cognition and behavior. Prolonged stress responses induce maladaptive cellular, circuit, and systems-level changes that can lead to pathological brain states and corresponding disorders in which mood and memory are affected. However, its unclear if repeated activation of cells processing negative memories induces similar phenotypes in mice. In this study, we used an activity-dependent tagging method to access neuronal ensembles and assess their molecular characteristics. Sequencing memory engrams in mice revealed that positive (male-to-female exposure) and negative (foot shock) cells upregulated genes linked to anti- and pro-inflammatory responses, respectively. To investigate the impact of persistent activation of negative engrams, we chemogenetically activated them in the ventral hippocampus over three months and conducted anxiety and memory-related tests. Negative engram activation increased anxiety behaviors in both 6- and 14-month-old mice, reduced spatial working memory in older mice, impaired fear extinction in younger mice, and heightened fear generalization in both age groups. Immunohistochemistry revealed changes in microglial and astrocytic structure and number in the hippocampus. In summary, repeated activation of negative memories induces lasting cellular and behavioral abnormalities in mice, offering insights into the negative effects of chronic negative thinking-like behaviors on human health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jellinger, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suthard, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surets, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruesch, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caban, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shpokayte, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.15.567268</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chronic activation of a negative engram induces behavioral and cellular abnormalities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.16.566893v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PD-1 signaling uncovers a pathogenic subset of T cells in inflammatory arthritis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.16.566893v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPD-1 is an immune checkpoint on T cells and interventions to block this receptor result in T cell activation and enhanced immune response to tumors. Paired to that, and despite a decade of research, approaches to treat autoimmunity with PD-1 agonists still need to be more successful. To resolve this, new methods must be developed to augment PD-1 function beyond engaging the receptor.

MethodsWe conducted a flow cytometry analysis of T cells isolated from the peripheral blood and synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. In addition, we performed a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screen to identify genes associated with PD-1 signaling. We further analyzed genes involved in PD-1 signaling using publicly available bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing datasets.

ResultsOur screen confirmed known regulators in proximal PD-1 signaling and, importantly, found an additional 1,112 unique genes related to PD-1 ability to inhibit T cell functions. These genes were strongly associated with the response of cancer patients to PD-1 blockades and with high tumor immune dysfunction and exclusion scores, confirming their role downstream of PD-1. Functional annotation revealed that more significant genes uncovered were those associated with known immune regulation processes. Remarkably, these genes were considerably downregulated in T cells isolated from patients with inflammatory arthritis, supporting their overall inhibitory functions. A study of rheumatoid arthritis single-cell RNA sequencing data demonstrated that five genes, KLRG1, CRTAM, SLAMF7, PTPN2, and KLRD1, were downregulated in activated and effector T cells isolated from synovial fluids. Back-gating these genes to canonical cytotoxic T cell signatures revealed PD-1+ HLA-DRHIGH KLRGLOW T cells as a novel inflammatory subset of T cells.

ConclusionWe concluded that PD-1+ HLA-DRHIGH KLRGLOW T cells are a potential target for future PD-1 agonists to treat inflammatory diseases. Our study uncovers new genes associated with PD-1 downstream functions and, therefore, provides a comprehensive resource for additional studies that are much needed to characterize the role of PD-1 in the synovial subset of T cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Staube, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bukhari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lerrer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winchester, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henick, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dragovich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.16.566893</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PD-1 signaling uncovers a pathogenic subset of T cells in inflammatory arthritis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.16.566902v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SAP expressing T peripheral helper cells identify systemic lupus erythematosus patients with lupus nephritis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.16.566902v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionT follicular (TFH) and peripheral helper (TPH) cells have been increasingly recognized as a pathogenic subset of CD4 T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The SLAM Associated Protein (SAP) regulates TFH and TPH function by binding to the co -stimulatory signaling lymphocyte activation molecule family (SLAMF) receptors that mediate T cell - B cell interactions. SAP and SLAMF are critical for TPH dependent B cell maturation into autoantibody-producing plasma cells that characterize SLE pathogenesis.

MethodsPeripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated using density gradient separation from whole blood. Cells were stained for cell surface markers, followed by permeabilization and staining of intracellular SAP for spectral flow cytometry analysis. Additionally, we analyzed SAP expression from renal infiltrating lupus nephritis (LN) T cells using the publicly available single-cell RNA sequencing (sc-RNA seq) Accelerated Medicines Partnership (AMP) in SLE dataset.

ResultsPBMCs from 30 patients with SLE (34{+/-}10 years old, 83% female), including 10 patients with LN, were analyzed. We found an increase in total SAP-positive CD4 and CD8 T cells in SLE compared with controls (55.5{+/-}2.6 vs. 41.3{+/-}3.4, p=0.007 and 52.5{+/-}3.0 vs. 39.2{+/-}2.8, p=0.007 respectively). In CD4 T cells, the highest SAP expression was in the TPH subset. The frequency of SAP+TPH in circulation correlated with disease activity, SLE patients with renal disease had higher levels of circulating SAP+TPH that remained significant after adjusting for age, sex, race, low complements, and elevated anti-dsDNA (p=0.014). scRNA-seq data of renal infiltrating T cells identified increased SAP from LN compared with control kidney biopsy samples (p=0.03), including an expansion of SAP-positive TFH-like subsets in the LN kidneys. Increased SAP expression in LN was associated with the differential expression of SLAMF3 and SLAMF7 as well as granzyme K and EOMES. The existence of two predominant SAP-expressing subsets, the TFH-like CD4 T cells and granzyme K positive effector CD8 T cells, was verified using scRNA-seq data from a human transcriptomic atlas of fifteen major organs.

ConclusionThe expansion of SAP expressing T helper cells was associated with lupus nephritis in our cohort and verified using scRNA-seq data of renal infiltrating T cells. Improved understanding of SLAM/SAP signaling can identify new therapeutic targets in LN.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gartshteyn, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gartshteyn, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geraldino-Pardilla, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bukhari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lerrer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Askanase, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.16.566902</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SAP expressing T peripheral helper cells identify systemic lupus erythematosus patients with lupus nephritis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.16.566907v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exclusion of PD-1 from the immune synapse: a novel strategy to modulate T cell function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.16.566907v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Targeting immune checkpoint receptors on T cells is a common cancer treatment strategy. Frequently, this is accomplished through antibodies targeting the ligand of inhibitory co-receptors. Blocking the immune checkpoint PD-1 binding to its ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2 prevents downstream signaling and enhances anti-tumor T cell responses. This approach improved cancer patients outcome. However, only one-third of the patients respond to these treatments. To better understand the mechanism of anti-PD-1 antibodies, we explored the location of PD-1 within the immune synapse. Surprisingly, we discovered that anti-PD-1 antibodies, besides blocking the interaction between PD-1 and its ligands, also removed PD-1 from the synapse. We demonstrated a correlation between removing PD-1 from the synapse by anti-PD-1 antibodies and the extent of T cell activation. Interestingly, a short version of the anti-PD-1 antibody, F(ab)2, failed to remove PD-1 from the synapse and activate T cells. Using syngeneic tumor model, we showed a superior anti-tumor effect to anti-PD-1 antibody over the shorter version of the antibody. Our data indicates that anti-PD-1 antibodies activate T cells by removing PD-1 away from the synapse and changing the location of PD-1 or other immune receptors within immune synapse could serve as an alternative, efficient approach to treat cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hao, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lerrer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goeckeritz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.16.566907</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exclusion of PD-1 from the immune synapse: a novel strategy to modulate T cell function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.16.567347v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The meditative brain: State and trait changes in harmonic complexity for long-term mindfulness meditators 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.16.567347v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Meditation is an ancient practice that is shown to yield benefits for cognition, emotion regulation and human flourishing. In the last two decades, there has been a surge of interest in extracting the neural correlates of meditation, in particular of mindfulness meditation. Yet, these efforts have been mostly limited to the analysis of certain regions or networks of interest and a clear understanding of meditation-induced changes in the whole-brain dynamics has been lacking. Here, we investigate meditation-induced changes in brain dynamics using a novel connectome-specific harmonic decomposition method. Specifically, utilising the connectome harmonics as brain states - elementary building blocks of complex brain dynamics - we study the immediate (state) and long-term (trait) effects of mindfulness meditation in terms of the energy, power and complexity of the repertoire of these harmonic brain states. Our results reveal increased power, energy and complexity of the connectome harmonic repertoire and demonstrate that meditation alters brain dynamics in a frequency selective manner. Remarkably, the frequency-specific alterations observed in meditation are reversed in resting state in group-wise comparison revealing for the first time the long-term (trait) changes induced by meditation. These findings also provide evidence for the entropic brain hypothesis in meditation and provide a novel understanding of state and trait changes in brain dynamics induced by mindfulness meditation revealing the unique connectome harmonic signatures of the meditative brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Atasoy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escrich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stark, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terry, K. G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camara, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanjuan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandaria, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deco, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kringelbach, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.16.567347</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The meditative brain: State and trait changes in harmonic complexity for long-term mindfulness meditators]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.17.566773v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Germ fate determinants protect germ precursor cell division by restricting septin and anillin levels at the division plane 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.17.566773v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animal cell cytokinesis, or the physical division of one cell into two, is thought to be driven by constriction of an actomyosin contractile ring at the division plane. The mechanisms underlying cell type-specific differences in cytokinesis remain unknown. Germ cells are totipotent cells that pass genetic information to the next generation. Previously, using formincyk-1(ts) mutant C. elegans embryos, we found that the P2 germ precursor cell is protected from cytokinesis failure and can divide without detectable F-actin at the division plane. Here, we identified two canonical germ fate determinants required for P2-specific cytokinetic protection: PIE-1 and POS-1. Neither has been implicated previously in cytokinesis. These germ fate determinants protect P2 cytokinesis by reducing the accumulation of septinUNC-59 and anillinANI-1 at the division plane, which here act as negative regulators of cytokinesis. These findings may provide insight into cytokinetic regulation in other cell types, especially in stem cells with high potency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Connors, C. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mauro, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiles, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Countryman, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacroix, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirasu-Hiza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumont, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasza, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canman, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.17.566773</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Germ fate determinants protect germ precursor cell division by restricting septin and anillin levels at the division plane]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.17.567540v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High prevalence of Prdm9-independentrecombination hotspots in placental mammals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.17.567540v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In many mammals, recombination events are concentrated into hotspots directed by a sequence specific DNA-binding protein named Prdm9. This protein facilitates chromosome pairing and its inactivation has been shown to induce fertility losses in mice and rats. Intriguingly, Prdm9 has been lost several times in vertebrates, and notably among mammals, it has been pseudogenized in the ancestor of canids (dogs, wolves foxes). When this gene is inactive, either naturally in dogs, or through knock-out experiments in mice, recombination hotspots still exist, but they tend to occur in promoter-like features such as CpG islands. It has thus been proposed that one role of Prdm9 could be to direct recombination away from those Prdm9-independent hotspots. However, the ability of Prdm9 to direct recombination hotspots has been assessed only in a handful of species, and a clear picture of how much recombination occurs outside of Prdm9-directed hotspots in mammals is still lacking. In this study, we derived an estimator of past recombination activity based on signatures of GC-biased gene conversion in substitution patterns. We applied it to quantify recombination activity in Prdm9-independent hotspots in 52 species of boreoeutherian mammals. We observed a wide range of recombination rate at these loci: several species (such as mice, humans, some felids or cetaceans) show a deficit of recombination, while a majority of mammals display a clear peak of recombination. Our results demonstrate that Prdm9-directed and Prdm9-independent hotspots can co-exist in mammals, and that their co-existence seem to be the rule rather than an exception.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joseph, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prentout, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laverre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tricou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duret, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.17.567540</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High prevalence of Prdm9-independentrecombination hotspots in placental mammals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.17.567623v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Topographical and cell type-specific connectivity of rostral and caudal forelimb corticospinal neuron populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.17.567623v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Corticospinal neurons (CSNs) synapse directly on spinal neurons, a diverse group of neurons with unique structural and functional properties necessary for body movements. CSNs modulating forelimb behavior fractionate into caudal forelimb area (CFA) and rostral forelimb area (RFA) motor cortical populations. Despite their prominence, no studies have mapped the diversity of spinal cell types targeted by CSNs, let alone compare CFA and RFA populations. Here we use anatomical and RNA-sequencing methods to show that CSNs synapse onto a remarkably selective group of spinal cell types, favoring inhibitory populations that regulate motoneuron activity and gate sensory feedback. CFA and RFA CSNs target similar spinal cell types, with notable exceptions that suggest these populations differ in how they influence behavior. Finally, axon collaterals of CFA and RFA CSNs target similar brain regions yet receive surprisingly divergent inputs. These results detail the rules of CSN connectivity throughout the brain and spinal cord for two regions critical for forelimb behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carmona, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasic, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.17.567623</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Topographical and cell type-specific connectivity of rostral and caudal forelimb corticospinal neuron populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.18.567582v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hierarchical motion perception as causal inference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.18.567582v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Since motion can only be defined relative to a reference frame, which reference frame guides perception? A century of psychophysical studies has produced conflicting evidence: retinotopic, egocentric, world-centric, or even object-centric. We introduce a hierarchical Bayesian model mapping retinal velocities to perceived velocities. Our model mirrors the structure in the world, in which visual elements move within causally connected reference frames. Friction renders velocities in these reference frames mostly stationary, formalized by an additional delta component (at zero) in the prior. Inverting this model automatically segments visual inputs into groups, groups into supergroups, etc. and "perceives" motion in the appropriate reference frame. Critical model predictions are supported by two new experiments, and fitting our model to the data allows us to infer the subjective set of reference frames used by individual observers. Our model provides a quantitative normative justification for key Gestalt principles providing inspiration for building better models of visual processing in general.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shivkumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeAngelis, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haefner, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.18.567582</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hierarchical motion perception as causal inference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.18.566087v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Noncanonical Activity of Med4 as a Gatekeeper of Metastasis through Epigenetic Control of Integrin Signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.18.566087v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long term survival of breast cancer patients is limited due to recurrence from metastatic dormant cancer cells. However, the mechanisms by which these dormant breast cancer cells survive and awaken remain poorly understood. Our unbiased genome-scale genetic screen in mice identified Med4 as a novel cancer-cell intrinsic gatekeeper in metastatic reactivation. MED4 haploinsufficiency is prevalent in metastatic breast cancer patients and correlates with poorer prognosis. Syngeneic xenograft models revealed that Med4 enforces breast cancer dormancy. Contrary to the canonical function of the Mediator complex in activating gene expression, Med4 maintains 3D chromatin compaction and enhancer landscape, by preventing enhancer priming or activation through the suppression of H3K4me1 deposition. Med4 haploinsufficiency disrupts enhancer poise and reprograms the enhancer dynamics to facilitate extracellular matrix (ECM) gene expression and integrin-mediated mechano-transduction, driving metastatic growth. Our findings establish Med4 as a key regulator of cellular dormancy and a potential biomarker for high-risk metastatic relapse.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bae, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karaiskos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viny, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giancotti, F. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.18.566087</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Noncanonical Activity of Med4 as a Gatekeeper of Metastasis through Epigenetic Control of Integrin Signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.20.567912v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antagonistic conflict between transposon-encoded introns and guide RNAs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.20.567912v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TnpB nucleases represent the evolutionary precursors to CRISPR-Cas12 and are widespread in all domains of life, presumably due to the critical roles they play in transposon proliferation. IS605-family TnpB homologs function in bacteria as programmable homing endonucleases by exploiting transposon-encoded guide RNAs to cleave vacant genomic sites, thereby driving transposon maintenance through DSB-stimulated homologous recombination. Whether this pathway is conserved in other genetic contexts, and in association with other transposases, is unknown. Here we uncover molecular mechanisms of transposition and RNA-guided DNA cleavage by IS607-family elements that, remarkably, also encode catalytic, self-splicing group I introns. After reconstituting and systematically investigating each of these biochemical activities for a candidate  IStron derived from Clostridium botulinum, we discovered sequence and structural features of the transposon-encoded RNA that satisfy molecular requirements of a group I intron and TnpB guide RNA, while still retaining the ability to be faithfully mobilized at the DNA level by the TnpA transposase. Strikingly, intron splicing was strongly repressed not only by TnpB, but also by the secondary structure of {omega}RNA alone, allowing the element to carefully control the relative levels of spliced products versus functional guide RNAs. Our results suggest that IStron transcripts have evolved a sensitive equilibrium to balance competing and mutually exclusive activities that promote transposon maintenance while limiting adverse fitness costs on the host. Collectively, this work explains how diverse enzymatic activities emerged during the selfish spread of IS607-family elements and highlights molecular innovation in the multi-functional utility of transposon-encoded noncoding RNAs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zedaveinyte, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meers, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mortman, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lampe, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pesari, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelsinger, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiegand, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sternberg, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.20.567912</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antagonistic conflict between transposon-encoded introns and guide RNAs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.21.567714v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CD56/NCAM mediates cell migration of human NK cells by promoting integrin-mediated adhesion turnover 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.21.567714v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural killer (NK) cells patrol tissue to mediate lysis of virally infected and tumorigenic cells. Human NK cells are typically identified by their expression of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM, CD56), yet, despite its ubiquitous expression on NK cells, CD56 remains a poorly understand protein on immune cells. CD56 has been previously demonstrated to play roles in NK cell cytotoxic function and cell migration. Specifically, CD56-deficient NK cells have impaired cell migration on stromal cells and CD56 is localized to the uropod of NK cells migrating on stroma. Here, we show that CD56 is required for NK cell migration on ICAM-1 and is required for the establishment of persistent cell polarity and unidirectional actin flow. The intracellular domain of CD56 (NCAM-140) is required for its function, and the loss of CD56 leads to enlarged actin foci and sequestration of phosphorylated Pyk2, accompanied by increased size and frequency of activated LFA-1 clusters. Together, these data identify a role for CD56 in regulating human NK cell migration through modulation of actin dynamics and integrin turnover.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dixon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shannon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sloan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mace, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.21.567714</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CD56/NCAM mediates cell migration of human NK cells by promoting integrin-mediated adhesion turnover]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.22.568048v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adolescent Thalamocortical Inhibition Alters Prefrontal Excitation-Inhibition Balance. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.22.568048v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adolescent inhibition of thalamo-cortical projections from postnatal day P20-50 leads to long lasting deficits in prefrontal cortex function and cognition in the adult mouse. While this suggests a role of thalamic activity in prefrontal cortex maturation, it is unclear how inhibition of these projections affects prefrontal circuit connectivity during adolescence. Here, we used chemogenetic tools to inhibit thalamo-prefrontal projections in the mouse from P20-35 and measured synaptic inputs to prefrontal pyramidal neurons by layer (either II/III or V/VI) and projection target twenty-four hours later using slice physiology. We found a decrease in the frequency of excitatory and inhibitory currents in layer II/III nucleus accumbens (NAc) and layer V/VI medio-dorsal thalamus projecting neurons while layer V/VI NAc-projecting neurons showed an increase in the amplitude of excitatory and inhibitory currents. Regarding cortical projections, the frequency of inhibitory but not excitatory currents was enhanced in contralateral mPFC-projecting neurons. Notably, despite these complex changes in individual levels of excitation and inhibition, the overall balance between excitation and inhibition in each cell was only changed in the contralateral mPFC projections. This finding suggests homeostatic regulation occurs within subcortically but not intracortical callosally-projecting neurons. Increased inhibition of intra-prefrontal connectivity may therefore be particularly important for prefrontal cortex circuit maturation. Finally, we observed cognitive deficits in the adult mouse using this narrowed window of thalamocortical inhibition (P20-P35).

Significance StatementConnectivity between two brain regions, the thalamus and the prefrontal cortex, has been found to be reduced in patients with schizophrenia. Neuronal activity in thalamo-cortical projections is important for the proper development of sensory cortices. How thalamo-cortical activity regulates prefrontal cortex development is less well understood. Here, we show that decreasing activity in thalamo-prefrontal projections in mice during early adolescence alters synaptic connectivity to distinct neuronal projections within the prefrontal cortex that are already evident in adolescence. While some of these changes can be explained by reduced thalamo-cortical projections, other adaptations are intrinsic to the prefrontal cortex. These findings implicate adolescence as a critical period of cortical development and demonstrate this period as a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Petersen, D. C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellendonk, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canetta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.22.568048</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adolescent Thalamocortical Inhibition Alters Prefrontal Excitation-Inhibition Balance.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.22.568306v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Novel Role for Phospholamban in the Thalamic Reticular Nucleus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.22.568306v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) is a critical brain region that greatly influences vital neurobehavioral processes, including executive functioning and the generation of sleep rhythms. Recently, TRN dysfunction was suggested to underlie hyperactivity, attention deficits, and sleep disturbances observed across various devastating neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism, schizophrenia and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Notably, a highly specialized sarco- endoplasmic reticulum calcium (Ca2+) ATPase 2 (SERCA2)-dependent Ca2+ signaling network operates in the dendrites of TRN neurons to regulate their high-frequency bursting activity. Phospholamban (PLN) is a prominent regulator of the SERCA2 with an established role in maintaining Ca2+ homeostasis in the heart; although the interaction of PLN with SERCA2 has been largely regarded as cardiac-specific, our findings challenge this view and suggest that the role of PLN extends beyond the cardiovascular system to impact brain function. Specifically, we found PLN to be expressed in the TRN neurons of the adult mouse brain and utilized global constitutive and innovative conditional genetic mouse models, in combination with 5-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT) and electroencephalography (EEG)-based somnography to assess the role of PLN in regulating executive functioning and sleep, two complex behaviors that map onto thalamic reticular circuits. Overall, the results of the present study show that perturbed PLN function in the TRN results in aberrant thalamic reticular behavioral phenotypes in mice (i.e., hyperactivity, impulsivity and sleep deficits) and support a novel role for PLN as a critical regulator of the SERCA2 in the thalamic reticular neurocircuitry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Klocke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Britzolaki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saurine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ott, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krone, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahamonde, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thelen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzimas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanoudou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kranias, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitychoutis, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.22.568306</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Novel Role for Phospholamban in the Thalamic Reticular Nucleus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.24.568537v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal calcium spikes enable vector inversion in the Drosophila brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.24.568537v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A typical neuron signals to downstream cells when it is depolarized and firing sodium spikes. Some neurons, however, also fire calcium spikes when hyperpolarized. The function of such bidirectional signaling remains unclear in most circuits. Here we show how a neuron class that participates in vector computation in the fly central complex employs hyperpolarization-elicited calcium spikes to invert two-dimensional mathematical vectors. By switching from firing sodium to calcium spikes, these neurons implement a [~]180{degrees} realignment between the vector encoded in the neuronal population and the flys internal compass signal, thus inverting the vector. We show that the calcium spikes rely on the T-type calcium channel Ca-1T, and argue, via analytical and experimental approaches, that these spikes enable vector computations in portions of angular space that would otherwise be inaccessible. These results reveal a seamless interaction between molecular, cellular and circuit properties for implementing vector mathematics in the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ishida, I. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sethi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohren, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maimon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.24.568537</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal calcium spikes enable vector inversion in the Drosophila brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.26.568730v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
XBB.1.5 monovalent mRNA vaccine booster elicits robust neutralizing antibodies against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.26.568730v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
COVID-19 vaccines have recently been updated with the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 XBB.1.5 subvariant alone, but their immunogenicity in humans has yet to be fully evaluated and reported, particularly against emergent viruses that are rapidly expanding. We now report that administration of an updated monovalent mRNA vaccine (XBB.1.5 MV) to uninfected individuals boosted serum virus-neutralization antibodies significantly against not only XBB.1.5 (27.0-fold) and the currently dominant EG.5.1 (27.6-fold) but also key emergent viruses like HV.1, HK.3, JD.1.1, and JN.1 (13.3-to-27.4-fold). In individuals previously infected by an Omicron subvariant, serum neutralizing titers were boosted to highest levels (1,504-to-22,978) against all viral variants tested. While immunological imprinting was still evident with the updated vaccines, it was not nearly as severe as the previously authorized bivalent BA.5 vaccine. Our findings strongly support the official recommendation to widely apply the updated COVID-19 vaccines to further protect the public.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mellis, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gherasim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.26.568730</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[XBB.1.5 monovalent mRNA vaccine booster elicits robust neutralizing antibodies against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.27.568849v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Distinct Neural Code Supports Prospection of Future Probabilities During Instrumental Information-Seeking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.27.568849v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To make adaptive decisions, we must actively demand information, but relatively little is known about the mechanisms of active information gathering. An open question is how the brain estimates expected information gains (EIG) when comparing the current decision uncertainty with the uncertainty that is expected after gathering information. We examined this question using fMRI in a task in which people placed bids to obtain information in conditions that varied independently by prior decision uncertainty, information diagnosticity, and the penalty for an erroneous choice. Consistent with value of information theory, bids were sensitive to EIG and its components of prior certainty and expected posterior certainty. Expected posterior certainty was decoded above chance from multivoxel activation patterns in the posterior parietal and extrastriate cortices. This representation was independent of instrumental rewards and overlapped with distinct representations of EIG and prior certainty. Thus, posterior parietal and extrastriate cortices are candidates for mediating the prospection of posterior probabilities as a key step to estimate EIG during active information gathering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singletary, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horga, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottlieb, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.27.568849</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Distinct Neural Code Supports Prospection of Future Probabilities During Instrumental Information-Seeking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.28.569043v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
(R,S)-ketamine's rapid-acting antidepressant effects are modulated by NR2B- containing NMDA receptors on adult-born hippocampal neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.28.569043v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Standard antidepressant treatments often take weeks to reach efficacy and are ineffective for many patients. (R,S)-ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, has been shown to be a rapid-acting antidepressant and to decrease depressive symptoms within hours of administration. While previous studies have shown the importance of the NR2B subunit of the NMDA receptor (NMDAR) on interneurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), no study has investigated the influence of NR2B-expressing adult-born granule cells (abGCs). In this study, we examined whether (R,S)-ketamines efficacy depends upon these adult-born hippocampal neurons using a genetic strategy to selectively ablate the NR2B subunit of the NMDAR from Nestin+ cells. To validate our findings, we also used several other transgenic lines including one in which NR2B was deleted from an interneuron (Parvalbumin (PV)+) population. We report that in male mice, NR2B expression on 6-week-old adult-born neurons is necessary for (R,S)-ketamines effects on behavioral despair in the forced swim test (FST) and on hyponeophagia in the novelty suppressed feeding (NSF) paradigm, as well on fear behavior following contextual fear conditioning (CFC). In female mice, NR2B expression is necessary for effects on hyponeophagia in the NSF. We also find that ablating neurogenesis increases fear expression in CFC, which is buffered by (R,S)-ketamine administration. In line with previous studies, these results suggest that 6-week-old adult-born hippocampal neurons expressing NR2B partially modulate (R,S)-ketamines rapid-acting effects. Future work targeting these 6-week-old adult-born neurons may prove beneficial for increasing the efficacy of (R,S)-ketamines antidepressant actions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bulthuis, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGowan, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladner, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaGamma, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shubeck, C. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brachman, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sydnor, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavlova, I. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, D.-o.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drew, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denny, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.28.569043</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[(R,S)-ketamine's rapid-acting antidepressant effects are modulated by NR2B- containing NMDA receptors on adult-born hippocampal neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.28.569049v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biomineralization and biomechanical trade-offs under heterogeneous environments in the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.28.569049v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate biological models are critical to reliably predict vulnerability of marine organisms and ecosystems to rapid environmental changes. Current predictions on the biological impacts of climate change and human-caused disturbances primarily stem from controlled experiments but lack assessments of the mechanisms underlying biotic variations in natural systems. Such information is key to translating experimental models to natural populations, especially for habitat-forming, climate sensitive species with key ecological roles. This study aimed to characterize and quantify spatial patterns of shell biomineralization and biomechanical properties in a key reef-building oyster, Crassostrea virginica, collected from restored reefs along natural estuarine gradients in the Hudson River Estuary (NY, U.S.). We characterized patterns of oyster shell production (i.e., shape and thickness), structure (i.e., abundance of foliated and chalky calcite), mineralogy (i.e., crystal size and density), composition (i.e., organic matrix and Mg/Ca ratios), and mechanical performance (i.e., elastic modulus and hardness) at the macro and micro scale. Our results demonstrate a strong protective capacity of C. virginica for compensatory adjustments in shell biomineralization and biomechanics to maintain shell production and protective functions as a response to biotic and abiotic stressors. We reveal salinity as a key predictor of oyster shell structure, mechanical integrity, and resistance to dissolution, and describe the functional role of chalky calcite in shaping shell mechanical performance. Compensatory adjustments along salinity gradients indicate that oysters produce shells with i) high mechanical resistance but increased vulnerability to dissolution under marine conditions, and ii) lower structural integrity but higher protection from dissolution under brackish conditions. Our work illustrates that biomineralization and biomechanical adjustments may act as compensatory mechanisms in eastern oysters to maintain overall performance under heterogeneous estuarine environments, and could represent a cornerstone for calcifying organisms to acclimate and maintain their ecological functions in a rapidly changing climate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Telesca, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linsley, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witek, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hönisch, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.28.569049</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biomineralization and biomechanical trade-offs under heterogeneous environments in the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.28.569060v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engraftment and injury repair in regionally conditioned rat lung in vivo by lung progenitors derived from human pluripotent stem cells. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.28.569060v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although lung disease is a major cause of mortality, the mechanisms involved in human lung regeneration are unclear because of the lack of experimental models. Here we report a novel model where human pluripotent stem cell-derived expandable cell lines sharing features of airway secretory and basal cells engraft in the distal rat lung after conditioning by locoregional de-epithelialization followed by irradiation and immunosuppression. The engrafting cells, which we named distal lung epithelial progenitors (DLEPs), contributed to alveolar epithelial cells and generated  KRT5-pods, structures involved in distal lung repair after severe injury, but only rarely to distal airways. Most strikingly, however, injury induced by the conditioning regimen was largely prevented by the engrafting DLEPs. The approach described here provides a model to study mechanisms involved in human lung regeneration, and potentially lays the foundation for the preclinical development of cell therapy to treat lung injury and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Predella, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fare, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pezet, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saqi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vunjak-Novakovic, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snoeck, H.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorrello, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.28.569060</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engraftment and injury repair in regionally conditioned rat lung in vivo by lung progenitors derived from human pluripotent stem cells.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.28.569063v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Length control emerges from cytoskeletal network geometry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.28.569063v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many cytoskeletal networks consist of individual filaments that are organized into elaborate higher order structures. While it is appreciated that the size and architecture of these networks are critical for their biological functions, much of the work investigating control over their assembly has focused on mechanisms that regulate the turnover of individual filaments through size-dependent feedback. Here, we propose a very different, feedback-independent mechanism to explain how yeast cells control the length of their actin cables. Our findings, supported by quantitative cell imaging and mathematical modeling, indicate that actin cable length control is an emergent property that arises from the cross-linked and bundled organization of the filaments within the cable. Using this model, we further dissect the mechanisms that allow cables to grow longer in larger cells, and propose that cell length-dependent tuning of formin activity allows cells to scale cable length with cell length. This mechanism is a significant departure from prior models of cytoskeletal filament length control and presents a new paradigm to consider how cells control the size, shape, and dynamics of higher order cytoskeletal structures.

Significance StatementCells control the sizes of their cytoskeletal networks to ensure that these structures can efficiently perform their cellular functions. Until now, this ability has been attributed to molecular feedback mechanisms that control the rates at which individual filaments are assembled and disassembled. We find that size control of cytoskeletal networks does not require this type of feedback and can instead be encoded through the physical arrangement of the filaments within that network. These findings have important implications for understanding how the underlying geometry of higher order cytoskeletal networks contributes to cellular control over these structures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McInally, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reading, A. J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosario, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jelenkovic, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goode, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kondev, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.28.569063</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Length control emerges from cytoskeletal network geometry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.30.569447v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergence of RNA-guided transcription factors via domestication of transposon-encoded TnpB nucleases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.30.569447v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transposon-encoded tnpB genes encode RNA-guided DNA nucleases that promote their own selfish spread through targeted DNA cleavage and homologous recombination1-4. This widespread gene family was repeatedly domesticated over evolutionary timescales, leading to the emergence of diverse CRISPR-associated nucleases including Cas9 and Cas125,6. We set out to test the hypothesis that TnpB nucleases may have also been repurposed for novel, unexpected functions other than CRIS-PR-Cas. Here, using phylogenetics, structural predictions, comparative genomics, and functional assays, we uncover multiple instances of programmable transcription factors that we name TnpB-like nuclease-dead repressors (TldR). These proteins employ naturally occurring guide RNAs to specifically target conserved promoter regions of the genome, leading to potent gene repression in a mechanism akin to CRISPRi technologies invented by humans7. Focusing on a TldR clade found broadly in Enterobacteriaceae, we discover that bacteriophages exploit the combined action of TldR and an adjacently encoded phage gene to alter the expression and composition of the host flagellar assembly, a transformation with the potential to impact motility8, phage susceptibility9, and host immunity10. Col-lectively, this work showcases the diverse molecular innovations that were enabled through repeated exaptation of genes encoded by transposable elements, and reveals that RNA-guided transcription factors emerged long before the development of dCas9-based editors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wiegand, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, F. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, M. W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meers, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sternberg, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.30.569447</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergence of RNA-guided transcription factors via domestication of transposon-encoded TnpB nucleases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.30.569278v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bidirectional Energy Flow in the Photosystem II Supercomplex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.30.569278v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The water splitting capability of Photosystem II (PSII) of plants and green algae requires the system to balance efficient light harvesting along with effective photoprotection against excitation in excess of photosynthetic capacity 1,2, particularly under the naturally fluctuating sunlight intensity. The comparatively flat energy landscape of the multi-component structure, inferred from spectra of the individual pigment-protein complexes and the rather narrow and featureless absorption spectrum, is well known 3-7. However, how the combination of the required functions emerge from the interactions among the multiple components of the PSII supercomplex (PSII-SC) cannot be inferred from the individual pigment-protein complexes. In this work, we investigate the energy transfer dynamics of the C2S2-type PSII-SC with a combined spectroscopic and modeling approach. Specifically, two-dimensional electronic-vibrational (2DEV) spectroscopy 8,9 provides enhanced spectral resolution and the ability to map energy evolution in real space, while the quantum dynamical simulation allows complete kinetic modeling of the 210 chromophores. We demonstrate that additional pathways emerge within the supercomplex. In particular, we show that excitation energy can leave the vicinity of the charge separation components, the reaction center (RC), faster than transferring to it. This enables activatable quenching centers in the periphery of the PSII-SC to be effective in removing excessive energy in cases of over-excitation 2. Overall, we provide a quantitative description of how the seemingly contradictory functions of PSII-SC arise from the combination of its individual components. This provides a fundamental understanding that will allow further improvement of artificial solar energy devices and bioengineering processes for increasing crop yield 10.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leonardo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orcutt, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arsenault, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.30.569278</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bidirectional Energy Flow in the Photosystem II Supercomplex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.02.569736v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal Tracking of Plasma Cells in vivo Using J-chain CreERT2 Reporter System. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.02.569736v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plasma cells (PCs) are essential for humoral immunity, as they are responsible for the production of antibodies and contribute to immunological memory. Despite their importance, differentiating between long-lived and short-lived PCs in vivo remains a challenge due to a lack of specific markers to distinguish these populations. Addressing this gap, our study introduces a novel J-chain CreERT2 GFP allele (IgJCreERT2) for precise genetic studies of PCs. This model takes advantage of PC-restricted expression of the J-chain gene, enabling temporal and cell-specific tracking of PCs utilizing a tamoxifen-inducible Cre recombinase. Our in vitro and in vivo validation studies of the inducible Cre allele confirmed the fidelity and utility of this model and demonstrated the models ability to trace the long-lived PC population in vivo following immunization. The IgJCreERT2 model allowed for detailed analysis of surface marker expression on PCs, revealing insights into PC heterogeneity and characteristics. Our findings not only validate the IgJCreERT2 mouse as a reliable tool for studying PCs but also facilitate the investigation of PC dynamics and longevity, particularly in the context of humoral immunity and vaccine responses. This model represents a significant advancement for the in-depth study of PCs in health and disease, offering a new avenue for the exploration of PC biology and immunological memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Borbet, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaldana, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zavitsanou, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hines, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bajwa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boehringer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallisey, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cadwell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koralov, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.02.569736</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal Tracking of Plasma Cells in vivo Using J-chain CreERT2 Reporter System.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.03.569791v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tumor-selective effects of active RAS inhibition in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.03.569791v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Broad-spectrum RAS inhibition holds the potential to benefit roughly a quarter of human cancer patients whose tumors are driven by RAS mutations. However, the impact of inhibiting RAS functions in normal tissues is not known. RMC-7977 is a highly selective inhibitor of the active (GTP-bound) forms of KRAS, HRAS, and NRAS, with affinity for both mutant and wild type (WT) variants. As >90% of human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cases are driven by activating mutations in KRAS, we assessed the therapeutic potential of RMC-7977 in a comprehensive range of PDAC models, including human and murine cell lines, human patient-derived organoids, human PDAC explants, subcutaneous and orthotopic cell-line or patient derived xenografts, syngeneic allografts, and genetically engineered mouse models. We observed broad and pronounced anti-tumor activity across these models following direct RAS inhibition at doses and concentrations that were well-tolerated in vivo. Pharmacological analyses revealed divergent responses to RMC-7977 in tumor versus normal tissues. Treated tumors exhibited waves of apoptosis along with sustained proliferative arrest whereas normal tissues underwent only transient decreases in proliferation, with no evidence of apoptosis. Together, these data establish a strong preclinical rationale for the use of broad-spectrum RAS inhibition in the setting of PDAC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wasko, U. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orlen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drizyte-Miller, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dilly, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sastra, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palermo, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalton, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasselluhn, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Decker-Farrell, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.-c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helland, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courtney, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gindin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemp, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clendenin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sor, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vostrejs, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amparo, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hibshman, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rees, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronan, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakir, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badgley, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chabot, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kluger, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manji, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quintana, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holderfield, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wildes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguirre, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Der, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vonderheide, R. H</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.03.569791</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tumor-selective effects of active RAS inhibition in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.04.569989v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
behaviorMate: An Intranet of Things Approach for Adaptable Control of Behavioral and Navigation-Based Experiments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.04.569989v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1Investigators conducting behavioral experiments often need precise control over the timing of the delivery of stimuli to subjects and to collect the precise times of the subsequent behavioral responses. Furthermore, investigators want fine-tuned control over how various multi-modal cues are presented. behaviorMate takes an "Intranet of Things" approach, using a networked system of hardware and software components for achieving these goals. The system outputs a file with integrated timestamp-event pairs that investigators can then format and process using their own analysis pipelines. We present an overview of the electronic components and GUI application that make up behaviorMate as well as mechanical designs for compatible experimental rigs to provide the reader with the ability to set up their own system. A wide variety of paradigms are supported, including goal-oriented learning, random foraging, and context switching. We demonstrate behaviorMates utility and reliability with a range of use cases from several published studies and benchmark tests. Finally, we present experimental validation demonstrating different modalities of hippocampal place field studies. Both treadmill with burlap belt and virtual reality with running wheel paradigms were performed to confirm the efficacy and flexibility of the approach. Previous solutions rely on proprietary systems that may have large upfront costs or present frameworks that require customized software to be developed. behaviorMate uses open-source software and a flexible configuration system to mitigate both concerns. behaviorMate has a proven record for head-fixed imaging experiments and could be easily adopted for task control in a variety of experimental situations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bowler, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zakka, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yong, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priestley, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Losonczy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.04.569989</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[behaviorMate: An Intranet of Things Approach for Adaptable Control of Behavioral and Navigation-Based Experiments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.06.570418v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein is necessary to maintain lipid homeostasis and retinal function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.06.570418v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipid processing by the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is necessary to maintain retinal health and function. Dysregulation of retinal lipid homeostasis due to normal aging or to age-related disease triggers lipid accumulation within the RPE, on Bruchs membrane (BrM), and in the subretinal space. In its role as a hub for lipid trafficking into and out of the neural retina, the RPE packages a significant amount of lipid into lipid droplets for storage and into apolipoprotein B (apoB)-containing lipoproteins (Blps) for export. Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP), encoded by the MTTP gene, is essential for Blp assembly. Herein we test the hypothesis that MTP expression in the RPE is essential to maintain lipid balance and retinal function using the newly generated RPE{Delta}Mttp mouse model. Using non-invasive ocular imaging, electroretinography, and histochemical and biochemical analyses we show that genetic deletion of Mttp from the RPE results in intracellular lipid accumulation, increased photoreceptor -associated cholesterol deposits and photoreceptor cell death, and loss of rod but not cone function. RPE-specific ablation of Mttp had no significant effect on plasma lipids and lipoproteins. While, apoB was decreased in the RPE, ocular retinoid concentrations remained unchanged. Thus suggesting that RPE MTP is critical for Blp synthesis and assembly but not directly involved in ocular retinoid and plasma lipoprotein metabolism. These studies demonstrate that RPE-specific MTP expression is necessary to establish and maintain retinal lipid homeostasis and visual function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grubaugh, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhingra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prakash, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montenegro, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sparrow, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniele, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curcio, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussain, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boesze-Battaglia, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.06.570418</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein is necessary to maintain lipid homeostasis and retinal function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.06.570462v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glial swip-10 expression controls systemic mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, and neuronal viability via copper ion homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.06.570462v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cuprous copper (Cu(I)) is an essential cofactor for enzymes supporting many cellular functions including mitochondrial respiration and suppression of oxidative stress. Neurons are particularly dependent on these pathways, with multiple neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimers disease (AD), Parkinsons disease, associated with their dysfunction. Key features of Cu(I) contributions to neuronal health in vivo remain to be defined, owing largely to the complex processes involved in Cu(I) production, intracellular transport, and systemic redistribution. Here, we provide genetic and pharmacological evidence that swip-10 is a critical determinant of systemic Cu(I) levels in C. elegans, with deletion leading to systemic deficits in mitochondrial respiration, production of oxidative stress, and neurodegeneration. These phenotypes can be reproduced in wild-type worms by Cu(I)-specific chelation and offset in swip-10 mutants by growth on the Cu(I) enhancing molecule elesclomol, as well as by glial expression of wildtype swip-10. MBLAC1, the most closely related mammalian ortholog to swip-10, encodes for a pre-mRNA processing enzyme for H3 histone, a protein whose actions surprisingly include an enzymatic capacity to produce Cu(I) via the reduction of Cu(II). Moreover, genome-wide association studies and post-mortem molecular studies implicate reductions of MBLAC1 expression in risk for AD with cardiovascular disease comorbidity. Consistent with these studies, we demonstrate that the deposition of {beta}-amyloid plaques, an AD pathological hallmark, in worms engineered to express human A{beta}1-42, is greatly exaggerated by mutation of swip-10. Together, these studies identify a novel glial-expressed, and pathway for Cu(I) production that may be targeted for the treatment of AD and other neurodegenerative diseases.

Significance StatementDevastating neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimers disease, and Parkinsons disease are associated with disruptions in copper (Cu) homeostasis. Alterations in Cu(I) give rise to increased oxidative stress burden, mitochondrial and metabolic dysfunction, and can accelerate production and/or potentiate toxicity of disease-associated protein aggregates. Here, using the model system Caenorhabditis elegans, we establish a role for the gene swip-10 in systemic Cu(I) homeostasis. Perturbation of this pathway in worms recapitulates biochemical, histological, and pathological features seen in human neurodegenerative disease. We reveal that these changes can be suppressed pharmacologically and arise when swip-10 expression is eliminated from glial cells. Our work implicates swip-10 and orthologs as key players in Cu(I) homeostasis that may be exploitable to treat multiple neurodegenerative diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalia, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gichi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajoo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matier, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pezacki, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvelli, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khamoui, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blakely, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.06.570462</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glial swip-10 expression controls systemic mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, and neuronal viability via copper ion homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.15.571887v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Benchmarking DNA binding affinity models using allele-specific transcription factor binding data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.15.571887v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription factors (TFs) bind to DNA in a highly sequence-specific manner. This specificity can manifest itself in vivo at heterozygous loci as a difference in TF occupancy between the two alleles. When applied on a genomic scale, functional genomic assays such as ChIP-seq typically lack the statistical power to detect allele-specific binding (ASB) at the level of individual variants. To address this, we propose a framework for benchmarking sequence-to-affinity models for TF binding in terms of their ability to predict allelic imbalances in ChIP-seq counts. We show that a likelihood function based on an over-dispersed binomial distribution can aggregate evidence for allelic preference across the genome without requiring statistical significance for individual variants. This allows us to systematically compare predictive performance when multiple binding models for the same TF are available. We introduce PyProBound, an easily extensible reimplementation of the ProBound biophysically interpretable machine learning framework. Configuring PyProBound to explicitly account for a confounding sequence-specific bias in DNA fragmentation rate yields improved TF binding models when training on ChIP-seq data. We also show how our likelihood function can be leveraged to perform de novo motif discovery on the raw allele-aware ChIP-seq counts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melo, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bussemaker, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.15.571887</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Benchmarking DNA binding affinity models using allele-specific transcription factor binding data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.15.571700v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineering immunogens that select for specific mutations in HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.15.571700v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vaccine development targeting rapidly evolving pathogens such as HIV-1 requires induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) with conserved paratopes and mutations, and, in some cases, the same Ig-heavy chains. The current trial-and-error search for immunogen modifications that improve selection for specific bnAb mutations is imprecise. To precisely engineer bnAb boosting immunogens, we used molecular dynamics simulations to examine encounter states that form when antibodies collide with the HIV-1 Envelope (Env). By mapping how bnAbs use encounter states to find their bound states, we identified Env mutations that were predicted to select for specific antibody mutations in two HIV-1 bnAb B cell lineages. The Env mutations encoded antibody affinity gains and selected for desired antibody mutations in vivo. These results demonstrate proof-of-concept that Env immunogens can be designed to directly select for specific antibody mutations at residue-level precision by vaccination, thus demonstrating the feasibility of sequential bnAb-inducing HIV-1 vaccine design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Henderson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anasti, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manne, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stalls, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bililign, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bubphamala, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kachhap, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaing, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cain, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatayogi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korber, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, K. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alt, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiehe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acharya, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alam, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haynes, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.15.571700</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineering immunogens that select for specific mutations in HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.15.571944v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Powdery mildew infection induces a non-canonical route to storage lipid formation at the expense of host thylakoid lipids to fuel its spore production 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.15.571944v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Powdery mildews are obligate biotrophic fungi that manipulate plant metabolism to supply lipids, particularly during fungal asexual reproduction when fungal lipid demand is extensive. The mechanism for host response to fungal lipid demand has not been resolved. We found storage lipids, triacylglycerols (TAGs), increase by 3.5-fold in powdery mildew-infected tissue. In addition, lipid bodies, not observable in uninfected mature leaves, are present in both cytosol and chloroplasts at the infection site. This is concurrent with decreased thylakoid membrane lipids and thylakoid disassembly. Together, these findings indicate that the powdery mildew induces localized thylakoid membrane degradation to promote storage lipid formation. Genetic analyses show the canonical ER pathway for TAG synthesis does not support powdery mildew spore production. Instead, Arabidopsis DIACYLGLYCEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE 3 (DGAT3), shown to be chloroplast-localized and to be largely responsible for powdery mildew-induced chloroplast TAGs, promotes fungal asexual reproduction. Powdery mildew-induced leaf TAGs are enriched in thylakoid associated fatty acids, which are also present in the produced spores. This research provides new insights on obligate biotrophy and plant lipid metabolism plasticity and function. Furthermore, by understanding how photosynthetically active leaves can be converted into TAG producers, more sustainable and environmentally benign plant oil production could be facilitated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jaenisch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlapfer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGarrigle, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louie, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Northen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wildermuth, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.15.571944</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Powdery mildew infection induces a non-canonical route to storage lipid formation at the expense of host thylakoid lipids to fuel its spore production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.27.573457v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Preclinical studies with ground germinated barley (GGB) for oral enzyme replacement therapy (Oral-ERT) in Pompe disease knockout mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.27.573457v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic deficiency of lysosomal acid maltase or acid -glucosidase (GAA) results in the orphan disease known as glycogen storage disease type II or acid maltase deficiency (AMD) or Pompe disease (PD), encompassing at least four clinical subtypes of varying severity. PD results from mutations in the GAA gene and deficient GAA activity, resulting in the accumulation of glycogen in tissues (primarily muscle) and characterized by progressive skeletal muscle weakness and respiratory insufficiency. The current approved enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) for PD is via intravenous infusion of a recombinant human GAA (rhGAA) secreted by CHO cells (Myozyme, Sanofi-Genzyme) given once every 2 weeks and has shown varying efficacy in patients. Although the current ERT has proven to be very efficient in rescuing cardiac abnormalities and extending the life span of infants, the response in skeletal muscle is variable. In late-onset patients, only mild improvements in motor and respiratory functions have been achieved and the current ERT is unsatisfactory in the reversal of skeletal muscle pathology. Additional challenges for ERT include insufficient targeting/uptake of enzyme into disease-relevant tissues, poor tolerability due to severe ERT-mediated anaphylactic and immunologic reactions and the prohibitively high cost of lifelong ERT ($250-500K/year adult patient). A consensus at a Nov.-2019 US Acid Maltase Deficiency Association conference suggested that a multi-pronged approach including gene therapy, diet, exercise, etc. must be evaluated for a successful treatment. Our objective is to develop an innovative and affordable approach via barley GAA (bGAA) from ground germinated barley (GGB) or liquid GGB (L-GGB) for Oral-ERT for PD or as a daily supplement to Myozyme. To this end, we hypothesize that a bGAA produced in germinated barley can be ingested daily that allows the maintenance of a therapeutic level of enzyme. We have shown in extensive preliminary data that GGB or L-GGB was (1) enzymatically active, (2) was taken up by GAA KO mice and human WBCs to reverse the enzyme defect that was blocked by mannose-6-phosphate, (3) hydrolyzed glycogen, (4) increased significant changes in the clinical phenotype towards the WT levels in GAA KO mice dose-dependently, (5) taken up by PD myoblasts, lymphoid/fibroblasts cells to reverse the defect, (6) bGAA was [~]70kD, (7) Km, Vmax, pH optima, inhibitors and kinetics was similar to human placental GAA and an rhGAA and (8) was strain specific.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martiniuk, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mack, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martiniuk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meinke, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoser, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tchou-Wong, K.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.27.573457</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Preclinical studies with ground germinated barley (GGB) for oral enzyme replacement therapy (Oral-ERT) in Pompe disease knockout mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.28.573586v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fine-tuning Large Language Models for Rare Disease Concept Normalization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.28.573586v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveWe aim to develop a novel method for rare disease concept normalization by fine-tuning Llama 2, an open-source large language model (LLM), using a domain-specific corpus sourced from the Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO).

MethodsWe developed an in-house template-based script to generate two corpora for fine-tuning. The first (NAME) contains standardized HPO names, sourced from the HPO vocabularies, along with their corresponding identifiers. The second (NAME+SYN) includes HPO names and half of the concepts synonyms as well as identifiers. Subsequently, we fine-tuned Llama2 (Llama2-7B) for each sentence set and conducted an evaluation using a range of sentence prompts and various phenotype terms.

ResultsWhen the phenotype terms for normalization were included in the fine-tuning corpora, both models demonstrated nearly perfect performance, averaging over 99% accuracy. In comparison, ChatGPT-3.5 has only [~]20% accuracy in identifying HPO IDs for phenotype terms. When single-character typos were introduced in the phenotype terms, the accuracy of NAME and NAME+SYN is 10.2% and 36.1%, respectively, but increases to 61.8% (NAME+SYN) with additional typo-specific fine-tuning. For terms sourced from HPO vocabularies as unseen synonyms, the NAME model achieved 11.2% accuracy, while the NAME+SYN model achieved 92.7% accuracy.

ConclusionOur fine-tuned models demonstrate ability to normalize phenotype terms unseen in the fine-tuning corpus, including misspellings, synonyms, terms from other ontologies, and laymens terms. Our approach provides a solution for the use of LLM to identify named medical entities from the clinical narratives, while successfully normalizing them to standard concepts in a controlled vocabulary.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.28.573586</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fine-tuning Large Language Models for Rare Disease Concept Normalization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.29.573601v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of a Musashi2 translocation as a novel oncogene in myeloid leukemia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.29.573601v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Myeloid leukemias, diseases marked by aggressiveness and poor outcomes, are frequently triggered by oncogenic translocations. In the case of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) the BCR-ABL fusion initiates chronic phase disease with second hits allowing progression to blast crisis. Although Gleevec has been transformative for CML, blast crisis CML remains relatively drug resistant. Here we show that MSI2-HOXA9, a translocation with an unknown role in cancer, can serve as a second hit in driving bcCML. Compared to BCR-ABL, BCR-ABL/MSI2-HOXA9 led to a more aggressive disease in vivo with decreased latency, increased lethality and a differentiation blockade that is a hallmark of blast crisis. Domain mapping revealed that the MSI2 RNA binding domain RRM1 had a preferential impact on growth and lethality of bcCML relative to RRM2 or the HOXA9 domain. Mechanistically, MSI2-HOXA9 triggered global downstream changes with a preferential upregulation of mitochondrial components. Consistent with this, BCR-ABL/MSI2-HOXA9 cells exhibited a significant increase in mitochondrial respiration. These data suggest that MSI2-HOXA9 acts, at least in part, by increasing expression of the mitochondrial polymerase Polrmt and augmenting mitochondrial function and basal respiration in blast crisis. Collectively, our findings demonstrate for the first time that translocations involving the stem and developmental signal MSI2 can be oncogenic, and suggest that MSI, which we found to be a frequent partner for an array of translocations, could also be a driver mutation across solid cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spinler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bajaj, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shima, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kritzik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reya, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.29.573601</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of a Musashi2 translocation as a novel oncogene in myeloid leukemia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.07.574148v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Concerted neuron-astrocyte gene expression declines in aging and schizophrenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.07.574148v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human brains vary across people and over time; such variation is not yet understood in cellular terms. Here we describe a striking relationship between peoples cortical neurons and cortical astrocytes. We used single-nucleus RNA-seq to analyze the prefrontal cortex of 191 human donors ages 22-97 years, including healthy individuals and persons with schizophrenia. Latent-factor analysis of these data revealed that in persons whose cortical neurons more strongly expressed genes for synaptic components, cortical astrocytes more strongly expressed distinct genes with synaptic functions and genes for synthesizing cholesterol, an astrocyte-supplied component of synaptic membranes. We call this relationship the Synaptic Neuron- and-Astrocyte Program (SNAP). In schizophrenia and aging - two conditions that involve declines in cognitive flexibility and plasticity 1,2 - cells had divested from SNAP: astrocytes, glutamatergic (excitatory) neurons, and GABAergic (inhibitory) neurons all reduced SNAP expression to corresponding degrees. The distinct astrocytic and neuronal components of SNAP both involved genes in which genetic risk factors for schizophrenia were strongly concentrated. SNAP, which varies quantitatively even among healthy persons of similar age, may underlie many aspects of normal human interindividual differences and be an important point of convergence for multiple kinds of pathophysiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ling, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemesh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamitaki, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handsaker, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genovese, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelgsang, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerges, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esposito, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>French, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutservitz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullally, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wysoker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spina, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neumann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ichihara, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berretta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarroll, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.07.574148</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Concerted neuron-astrocyte gene expression declines in aging and schizophrenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.12.575095v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dbp1 is a low performance paralog of RNA helicase Ded1 that drives impaired translation and heat stress response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.12.575095v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ded1 and Dbp1 are paralogous conserved RNA helicases that enable translation initiation in yeast. Ded1 has been heavily studied but the role of Dbp1 is poorly understood. We find that the expression of these two helicases is controlled in an inverse and condition-specific manner. In meiosis and other long-term starvation states, Dbp1 expression is upregulated and Ded1 is downregulated, whereas in mitotic cells, Dbp1 expression is extremely low. Inserting the DBP1 ORF in place of the DED1 ORF cannot replace the function of Ded1 in supporting translation, partly due to inefficient mitotic translation of the DBP1 mRNA, dependent on features of its ORF sequence but independent of codon optimality. Global measurements of translation rates and 5 leader translation, activity of mRNA-tethered helicases, ribosome association, and low temperature growth assays show that--even at matched protein levels--Ded1 is more effective than Dbp1 at activating translation, especially for mRNAs with structured 5 leaders. Ded1 supports halting of translation and cell growth in response to heat stress, but Dbp1 lacks this function, as well. These functional differences in the ability to efficiently mediate translation activation and braking can be ascribed to the divergent, disordered N- and C-terminal regions of these two helicases. Altogether, our data show that Dbp1 is a "low performance" version of Ded1 that cells employ in place of Ded1 under long-term conditions of nutrient deficiency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Powers, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynaud, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sousa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuwayama, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brar, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.12.575095</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dbp1 is a low performance paralog of RNA helicase Ded1 that drives impaired translation and heat stress response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.22.576344v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resilience to Early Life Adversity Effects on Stress Reactivity by Postnatal Knockdown of 5-HT1A Autoreceptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.22.576344v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Early Life Adversity (ELA) predisposes to stress hypersensitivity in adulthood, but neurobiological mechanisms that protect from the enduring effects of ELA are poorly understood. Serotonin 1A (5HT1A) autoreceptors in the raphe nuclei regulate adult stress vulnerability, but whether 5HT1A could be targeted to prevent ELA effects on susceptibility to future stressors is unknown. Here, we exposed mice with postnatal knockdown of 5HT1A autoreceptors to the limited bedding and nesting model of ELA from postnatal day (P)3-10 and tested behavioral, neuroendocrine, neurogenic, and neuroinflammatory responses to an acute swim stress in male and female mice in adolescence (P35) and in adulthood (P56). In females, ELA decreased raphe 5HT neuron activity in adulthood and increased passive coping with the acute swim stress, corticosterone levels, neuronal activity, and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) levels in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus. ELA also reduced neurogenesis in the ventral dentate gyrus (vDG) of the hippocampus, an important mediator of individual differences in stress susceptibility, and increased microglia activation in the PVN and vDG. These effects of ELA were specific to females and manifested predominantly in adulthood, but not earlier on in adolescence. Postnatal knockdown of 5HT1A autoreceptors prevented these effects of ELA on 5HT neuron activity, stress reactivity, neurogenesis, and neuroinflammation in adult female mice. Our findings demonstrate that ELA induces long-lasting and sex-specific impairments in the serotonin system, stress reactivity, and vDG function, and identify 5HT1A autoreceptors as potential targets to prevent these enduring effects of ELA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dixon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malave, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadik, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anacker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.22.576344</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resilience to Early Life Adversity Effects on Stress Reactivity by Postnatal Knockdown of 5-HT1A Autoreceptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.25.577204v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Temporal Dynamics of Aperiodic Neural Activity Track Changes in Sleep Architecture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.25.577204v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The aperiodic (1/f-like) component of electrophysiological data - whereby power systematically decreases with increasing frequency, as quantified by the aperiodic exponent - has been shown to differentiate sleep stages. Earlier work, however, has typically focused on measuring the aperiodic exponent across a narrow frequency range. In this work, we sought to further investigate aperiodic activity during sleep by extending these analyses across broader frequency ranges and considering alternate model definitions. This included measuring  knees in the aperiodic component, which reflect bends in the power spectrum, indicating a change in the exponent. We also sought to evaluate the temporal dynamics of aperiodic activity during sleep. To do so, we analyzed data from two sources: intracranial EEG (iEEG) from 106 epilepsy patients and high-density EEG from 17 healthy individuals, and measured aperiodic activity, explicitly comparing different frequency ranges and model forms. In doing so, we find that fitting broadband aperiodic models and incorporating a  knee feature effectively captures sleep-stage-dependent differences in aperiodic activity as well as temporal dynamics that relate to sleep stage transitions and responses to external stimuli. In particular, the knee parameter shows stage-specific variation, suggesting an interpretation of varying timescales across sleep stages. These results demonstrate that examining broader frequency ranges with the more complex aperiodic models reveals novel insights and interpretations for understanding aperiodic neural activity during sleep.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ameen, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schabus, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoedlmoser, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donoghue, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.25.577204</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Temporal Dynamics of Aperiodic Neural Activity Track Changes in Sleep Architecture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.26.577324v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human vascular organoids with a mosaic AKT1 mutation recapitulate Proteus syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.26.577324v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vascular malformation, a key clinical phenotype of Proteus syndrome, lacks effective models for pathophysiological study and drug development due to limited patient sample access. To bridge this gap, we built a human vascular organoid model replicating Proteus syndromes vasculature. Using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing and gene overexpression, we created induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) embodying the Proteus syndrome-specific AKTE17K point mutation for organoid generation. Our findings revealed that AKT overactivation in these organoids resulted in smaller sizes yet increased vascular connectivity, although with less stable connections. This could be due to the significant vasculogenesis induced by AKT overactivation. This phenomenon likely stems from boosted vasculogenesis triggered by AKT overactivation, leading to increased vascular sprouting. Additionally, a notable increase in dysfunctional PDGFR{beta} + mural cells, impaired in matrix secretion, was observed in these AKT-overactivated organoids. The application of AKT inhibitors (ARQ092, AZD5363, or GDC0068) reversed the vascular malformations; the inhibitors effectiveness was directly linked to reduced connectivity in the organoids. In summary, our study introduces an innovative in vitro model combining organoid technology and gene editing to explore vascular pathophysiology in Proteus syndrome. This model not only simulates Proteus syndrome vasculature but also holds potential for mimicking vasculatures of other genetically driven diseases. It represents an advance in drug development for rare diseases, historically plagued by slow progress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chauhan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavakol, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berris, R. B.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McElroy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vunjak-Novakovic, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azizi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lao, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leong, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.26.577324</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human vascular organoids with a mosaic AKT1 mutation recapitulate Proteus syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.15.580289v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adeno-Associated Viral Tools to Trace Neural Development and Connectivity Across Amphibians 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.15.580289v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The development, evolution, and function of the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) can be best studied using diverse model organisms. Amphibians, with their unique phylogenetic position at the transition between aquatic and terrestrial lifestyles, are valuable for understanding the origin and evolution of the tetrapod brain and spinal cord. Their metamorphic developmental transitions and unique regenerative abilities also facilitate the discovery of mechanisms for neural circuit remodeling and replacement. The genetic toolkit for amphibians, however, remains limited, with only a few species having sequenced genomes and a small number of transgenic lines available. In mammals, recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors (AAVs) have become a powerful alternative to genome modification for visualizing and perturbing the nervous system. AAVs are DNA viruses that enable neuronal transduction in both developing and adult animals with low toxicity and spatial, temporal, and cell-type specificity. However, AAVs have never been shown to transduce amphibian cells efficiently. To bridge this gap, we established a simple, scalable, and robust strategy to screen AAV serotypes in three distantly-related amphibian species: the frogs Xenopus laevis and Pelophylax bedriagae, and the salamander Pleurodeles waltl, in both developing larval tadpoles and post-metamorphic animals. For each species, we successfully identified at least two AAV serotypes capable of infecting the CNS; however, no pan-amphibian serotype was identified, indicating rapid evolution of AAV tropism. In addition, we developed an AAV-based strategy that targets isochronic cohorts of developing neurons - a critical tool for parsing neural circuit assembly. Finally, to enable visualization and manipulation of neural circuits, we identified AAV variants for retrograde tracing of neuronal projections in adult animals. Our findings expand the toolkit for amphibians to include AAVs, establish a generalizable workflow for AAV screening in non-canonical research organisms, generate testable hypotheses for the evolution of AAV tropism, and lay the foundation for modern cross-species comparisons of vertebrate CNS development, function, and evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jaeger, E. C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vijatovic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deryckere, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zorin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanian, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woych, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortega Gurrola, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shvartsman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbieri, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toma, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorbsky, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horb, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cline, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shay, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelley, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamaguchi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shein-Idelson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tosches, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweeney, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.15.580289</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adeno-Associated Viral Tools to Trace Neural Development and Connectivity Across Amphibians]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.20.581208v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Dorsal Column Nuclei Scales Mechanical Allodynia During Neuropathic Pain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.20.581208v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tactile perception relies on reliable transmission and modulation of low-threshold information as it travels from the periphery to the brain. During pathological conditions, tactile stimuli can aberrantly engage nociceptive pathways leading to the perception of touch as pain, known as mechanical allodynia. Two main drivers of peripheral tactile information, low-threshold mechanoreceptors (LTMRs) and postsynaptic dorsal column neurons (PSDCs), terminate in the brainstem dorsal column nuclei (DCN). Activity within the DRG, spinal cord, and DCN have all been implicated in mediating allodynia, yet the DCN remains understudied at the cellular, circuit, and functional levels compared to the other two. Here, we show that the gracile nucleus (Gr) of the DCN mediates tactile sensitivity for low-threshold stimuli and contributes to mechanical allodynia during neuropathic pain in mice. We found that the Gr contains local inhibitory interneurons in addition to thalamus-projecting neurons, which are differentially innervated by primary afferents and spinal inputs. Functional manipulations of these distinct Gr neuronal populations resulted in bidirectional changes to tactile sensitivity, but did not affect noxious mechanical or thermal sensitivity. During neuropathic pain, silencing Gr projection neurons or activating Gr inhibitory neurons was able to reduce tactile hypersensitivity, and enhancing inhibition was able to ameliorate paw withdrawal signatures of neuropathic pain, like shaking. Collectively, these results suggest that the Gr plays a specific role in mediating hypersensitivity to low-threshold, innocuous mechanical stimuli during neuropathic pain, and that Gr activity contributes to affective, pain-associated phenotypes of mechanical allodynia. Therefore, these brainstem circuits work in tandem with traditional spinal circuits underlying allodynia, resulting in enhanced signaling of tactile stimuli in the brain during neuropathic pain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Upadhyay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gradwell, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vajtay, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sayal, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azadegan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thackray, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imai, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogundare, S. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshida, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdus-Saboor, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraira, V. E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.20.581208</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Dorsal Column Nuclei Scales Mechanical Allodynia During Neuropathic Pain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.20.581250v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MU-BRAIN: MUltiethnic Brain Rna-seq for Alzheimer INitiative 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.20.581250v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers Disease (AD) exhibits a complex molecular and phenotypic profile. Investigating gene expression plays a crucial role in unraveling the diseases etiology and progression. Transcriptome data across ethnic groups lack, negatively impacting equity in intervention and research.

We employed 565 brains across six U.S. brain banks (n=399 non-Hispanic Whites, n=113 Hispanics, n=12 African Americans) to generated bulk RNA sequencing from prefrontal cortex. We sought to identify cross-ancestry and ancestry-specific differentially expressed genes (DEG) across Braak stages, adjusting for sex, age at death, and RNA quality metrics. We further validated our findings using the Religious Orders Study/Memory Aging Project brains (ROS/MAP; n=1,095) and performed metanalysis (n=1,660). We conducted Gene Set and Variation and Enrichment analysis (GSVA; GSEA). We employed a machine-learning approach for phenotype prediction and gene prioritization to construct a polytranscriptomics risk score (PTRS) splitting our sample into training and testing sub-samples, either randomly or by ethnicity ("ancestry-agnostic" and "ancestry-aware", respectively). Lastly, we validated top DEG using single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNAseq) data.

We identified several DEG associated with Braak staging: AD-known genes VGF (Padj =3.78E- 07) and ADAMTS2 (Pad j=1.21E-04) were consistently differentially expressed across statistical models, ethnicities, and replicated in ROS/MAP. Genes from the heat shock protein (HSP) family, e.g. HSPB7 (Padj =3.78E-07), were the top differentially expressed genes and replicated in ROS/MAP. Ethnic-stratified analyses prioritized TNFSF14 and SPOCD1 as top Hispanics DEG. GSEA highlighted "Alzheimer disease" (Padj =4.24E-06) and "TYROBP causal network in microglia" (Padj =1.68E-08) pathways. Up- and down-regulated genes were enriched in several pathways (e.g. "Immune response activation signal pathways", "Vesicle-mediated transport in synapse", "cognition"). Ancestry-agnostic and ancestry-aware PTRS effectively classified brains (AUC=0.77 and 0.73 respectively) and replicated in ROS/MAP. snRNAseq validated prioritized genes, including VGF (downregulated in neurons; Padj=1.1 E-07).

This is the largest diverse AD transcriptome in post-mortem brain tissue, to our knowledge. We identified perturbated genes, pathways and network expressions in AD brains resulting in cross- ethnic and ethnic-specific findings, ultimately highlighting the diversity within AD pathogenesis. The latter underscores the need for an integrative and personalized approach in AD studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cieza, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes-Dumeyer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yilmaz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lantigua, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honig, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciener, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leskinin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivakumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardarajan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, L.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rissman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiniker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pericak-Vance, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foroud, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kizil, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayeux, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tosto, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.20.581250</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MU-BRAIN: MUltiethnic Brain Rna-seq for Alzheimer INitiative]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.20.581321v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PreMode predicts mode of action of missense variants by deep graph representation learning of protein sequence and structural context 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.20.581321v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate prediction of the functional impact of missense variants is important for disease gene discovery, clinical genetic diagnostics, therapeutic strategies, and protein engineering. Previous efforts have focused on predicting a binary pathogenicity classification, but the functional impact of missense variants is multi-dimensional. Pathogenic missense variants in the same gene may act through different modes of action (i.e., gain/loss-of-function) by affecting different aspects of protein function. They may result in distinct clinical conditions that require different treatments. We developed a new method, PreMode, to perform gene-specific mode-of-action predictions. PreMode models effects of coding sequence variants using SE(3)-equivariant graph neural networks on protein sequences and structures. Using the largest-to-date set of missense variants with known modes of action, we showed that PreMode reached state-of-the-art performance in multiple types of mode-of-action predictions by efficient transfer-learning. Additionally, PreModes prediction of G/LoF variants in a kinase is consistent with inactive-active conformation transition energy changes. Finally, we show that PreMode enables efficient study design of deep mutational scans and optimization in protein engineering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhong, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.20.581321</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PreMode predicts mode of action of missense variants by deep graph representation learning of protein sequence and structural context]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.22.579423v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A specific phosphorylation-dependent conformational switch of SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein inhibits RNA binding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.22.579423v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nucleoprotein (N) of SARS-CoV-2 encapsidates the viral genome and is essential for viral function. The central disordered domain comprises a serine-arginine-rich domain (SR) that is hyperphosphorylated in infected cells. This modification is thought to regulate function of N, although mechanistic details remain unknown. We use time-resolved NMR to follow local and long-range structural changes occurring during hyperphosphorylation by the kinases SRPK1/GSK-3/CK1, thereby identifying a conformational switch that abolishes interaction with RNA. When 8 approximately uniformly-distributed sites are phosphorylated, the SR domain competitively binds the same interface as single-stranded RNA, resulting in RNA binding inhibition. Phosphorylation by PKA does not prevent RNA binding, indicating that the pattern resulting from the physiologically-relevant kinases is specific for inhibition. Long-range contacts between the RNA-binding, linker and dimerization domains are also abrogated, phenomena possibly related to genome packaging and unpackaging. This study provides insight into recruitment of specific host kinases to regulate viral function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Botova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camacho-Zarco, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tognetti, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bessa, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guseva, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikkola, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salvi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maurin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrmann, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackledge, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.22.579423</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A specific phosphorylation-dependent conformational switch of SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein inhibits RNA binding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.22.581563v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic representation of appetitive and aversive stimuli in nucleus accumbens shell D1- and D2-medium spiny neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.22.581563v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is a key brain region for motivated behaviors, yet how distinct neuronal populations encode appetitive or aversive stimuli remains undetermined. Using microendoscopic calcium imaging, we tracked NAc shell D1- or D2-medium spiny neurons (MSNs) activity during exposure to stimuli of opposing valence and associative learning. Despite drift in individual neurons coding, both D1- and D2-population activity was sufficient to discriminate opposing valence unconditioned stimuli, but not predictive cues. Notably, D1- and D2-MSNs were similarly co-recruited during appetitive and aversive conditioning, supporting a concurrent role in associative learning. Conversely, when contingencies changed, there was an asymmetric response in the NAc, with more pronounced changes in the activity of D2-MSNs. Optogenetic manipulation of D2-MSNs provided causal evidence of the necessity of this population in the extinction of aversive associations.

Our results reveal how NAc shell neurons encode valence, Pavlovian associations and their extinction, and unveil new mechanisms underlying motivated behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Domingues, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvalho, T. T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martins, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coimbra, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncalves, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wezik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaspar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sousa, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soares-Cunha, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.22.581563</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic representation of appetitive and aversive stimuli in nucleus accumbens shell D1- and D2-medium spiny neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.23.581375v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergence of a synergistic scaffold in the brains of human infants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.23.581375v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human brain is a complex organ comprising billions of interconnected neurons which enables interaction with both physical and social environments. Neural dynamics of the whole brain go far beyond just the sum of its individual elements; a property known as "synergy". Previously it has been shown that synergy is crucial for many complex brain functions and cognition, however, it remains unknown how and when the large number of discrete neurons evolve into the unified system able to support synergistic interactions. Here we analysed high-density electroencephalography data from late fetal to early postnatal period. We found that the human brain transitions from redundancy-dominated to synergy-dominated system around birth. Frontal regions lead the emergence of a synergistic scaffold comprised of overlapping subsystems, while the integration of sensory areas developed gradually, from occipital to central regions. Strikingly, early developmental trajectories of brain synergy were modulated by environmental enrichment associated with enhanced mother-infant interactions, and the level of synergy near term equivalent age was associated with later neurocognitive development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Varley, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sporns, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevenson, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanhatalo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tokariev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.23.581375</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergence of a synergistic scaffold in the brains of human infants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.28.582529v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Next Generation Neuropeptide Y Receptor Small Molecule Agonists Inhibit Mosquito Biting Behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.28.582529v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes can spread disease-causing pathogens when they bite humans to obtain blood nutrients required for egg production. Following a complete blood meal, host-seeking is suppressed until eggs are laid. Neuropeptide Y-like Receptor 7 (NPYLR7) plays a role in endogenous host-seeking suppression and previous work identified small molecule NPYLR7 agonists that suppress host-seeking and blood feeding when fed to mosquitoes at high micromolar doses. Using structure activity relationship analysis and structure-guided design we synthesized 128 compounds with similarity to known NPYLR7 agonists. Although in vitro potency (EC50) was not strictly predictive of in vivo effect, we identified 3 compounds that suppressed blood feeding from a live host when fed to mosquitoes at a 1 M dose, a 100-fold improvement over the original reference compound. Exogenous activation of NPYLR7 represents an innovative vector control strategy to block mosquito biting behavior and prevent mosquito/human host interactions that lead to pathogen transmission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zeledon, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baxt, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huggins, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vosshall, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duvall, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.28.582529</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Next Generation Neuropeptide Y Receptor Small Molecule Agonists Inhibit Mosquito Biting Behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.03.583211v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improved synthesis and application of an alkyne-functionalized isoprenoid analogue to study the prenylomes of motor neurons, astrocytes and their stem cell progenitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.03.583211v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein prenylation is one example of a broad class of post-translational modifications where proteins are covalently linked to various hydrophobic moieties. To globally identify and monitor levels of all prenylated proteins in a cell simultaneously, our laboratory and others have developed chemical proteomic approaches that rely on the metabolic incorporation of isoprenoid analogues bearing bio-orthogonal functionality followed by enrichment and subsequent quantitative proteomic analysis. Here, several improvements in the synthesis of the alkyne-containing isoprenoid analogue C15AlkOPP are reported to improve synthetic efficiency. Next, metabolic labeling with C15AlkOPP was optimized to obtain useful levels of metabolic incorporation of the probe in several types of primary cells. Those conditions were then used to study the prenylomes of motor neurons (ES-MNs), astrocytes (ES-As), and their embryonic stem cell progenitors (ESCs), which allowed for the identification of 54 prenylated proteins from ESCs, 50 from ES-MNs and 84 from ES-As, representing all types of prenylation. Bioinformatic analysis revealed specific enriched pathways, including nervous system development, chemokine signaling, Rho GTPase signaling, and adhesion. Hierarchical clustering showed that most enriched pathways in all three cell types are related to GTPase activity and vesicular transport. In contrast, STRING analysis showed significant interactions in two populations that appear to be cell type dependent. The data provided herein demonstrates that robust incorporation of C15AlkOPP can be obtained in ES-MNs and related primary cells purified via magnetic-activated cell sorting allowing the identification and quantification of numerous prenylated proteins. These results suggest that metabolic labeling with C15AlkOPP should be an effective approach for investigating the role of prenylated proteins in primary cells in both normal cells and disease pathologies, including ALS.



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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Suazo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maity, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Justyna, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ottoboni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ongaro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotti, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przedborski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Distefano, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.03.583211</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improved synthesis and application of an alkyne-functionalized isoprenoid analogue to study the prenylomes of motor neurons, astrocytes and their stem cell progenitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.04.583391v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cis inhibition of co-expressed DIPs and Dprs shapes neural development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.04.583391v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In Drosophila, two interacting adhesion protein families, Dprs and DIPs, coordinate the assembly of neural networks. While intercellular DIP/Dpr interactions have been well characterized, DIPs and Dprs are often co-expressed within the same cells, raising the question as to whether they also interact in cis. We show, in cultured cells and in vivo, that DIP- and DIP-{delta} can interact in cis with their ligands, Dpr6/10 and Dpr12, respectively. When co-expressed in cis with their cognate partners, these Dprs regulate the extent of trans binding, presumably through competitive cis interactions. We demonstrate the neurodevelopmental effects of cis inhibition in fly motor neurons and in the mushroom body. We further show that a long disordered region of DIP- at the C-terminus is required for cis but not trans interactions, likely because it alleviates geometric constraints on cis binding. Thus, the balance between cis and trans interactions plays a role in controlling neural development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morano, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meltzer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sergeeva, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katsamba, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bornstein, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cosmanescu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuldiner, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honig, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.04.583391</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cis inhibition of co-expressed DIPs and Dprs shapes neural development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.05.583564v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-Throughput Phenotyping of Seed Quality Traits Using Imaging and Deep Learning in Dry Pea 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.05.583564v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Seed traits, such as seed color and seed size, directly impact seed quality, affecting the marketability and value of dry peas [1]. Assessing seed quality is integral to a plant breeding programs to ensure optimal seed standards. This research introduced a phenotyping tool to assess seed quality traits specifically tailored for pulse crops, which integrates image processing with cutting-edge deep learning models. The proposed method is designed for automation, seamlessly processing a sequence of images while minimizing human intervention. The pipeline standardized red-green-blue (RGB) images captured from a color light box and used deep learning models to segment and detect seed features. Our method extracted up to 86 distinct seed characteristics, ranging from basic size metrics to intricate texture details and color nuances. Compared to traditional methods, our pipeline demonstrated a 95 percent similarity in seed quality assessment and increased time efficiency (from 2 weeks to 30 minutes for processing time). Specifically, we observed an improvement in the accuracy of seed trait identification by simply using an RGB value instead of a categorical, non-standard description, which allowed for an increase in the range of detectable seed quality characteristics. By integrating conventional image processing techniques with foundational deep learning models, this approach emerges as a pivotal instrument in pulse breeding programs, guaranteeing the maintenance of superior seed quality standards.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morales, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worral, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piche, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atanda, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dariva, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandillo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.05.583564</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-Throughput Phenotyping of Seed Quality Traits Using Imaging and Deep Learning in Dry Pea]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.04.582965v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrated stress response associated with dark microglia promotes microglial lipogenesis and contributes to neurodegeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.04.582965v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microglia, the brains primary resident immune cells, are a heterogeneous population and can assume phenotypes with diverse functional outcomes on brain homeostasis. In Alzheimers disease (AD), where microglia are a leading causal cell type, microglia subsets with protective functions have been well characterized. Yet, the identity of microglia subsets that drive neurodegeneration remains unresolved. Here, we identify a neurodegenerative microglia phenotype that is characterized by a conserved stress signaling pathway, the integrated stress response (ISR). Using mouse models to activate or inhibit ISR in microglia, we show that ISR underlies the ultrastructurally distinct "dark" microglia subset linked to pathological synapse loss. Inducing microglial ISR in murine AD models exacerbates neurodegenerative pathologies, such as Tau pathology and synaptic terminal loss. Conversely, inhibiting microglial ISR in AD models ameliorates these pathologies. Mechanistically, we present evidence that ISR promotes the secretion of toxic long-chain lipids that impair neuron and oligodendrocyte homeostasis in vitro. Accordingly, small molecule-based inhibition of lipid synthesis in AD models ameliorates synaptic terminal loss. Our results demonstrate that activation of ISR within microglia represents a novel pathway contributing to neurodegeneration and suggest that this may be sustained, at least in part, by the secretion of long-chain lipids from ISR-activated microglia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Flury, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aljayousi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aziz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khakpour, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibanez, F. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braniff, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deme, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGrath, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mechler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avnon-Klein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haughey, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werneburg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tremblay, M.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayata, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.04.582965</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrated stress response associated with dark microglia promotes microglial lipogenesis and contributes to neurodegeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.04.583022v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robust Methods For Quantifying Neuronal Morphology And Molecular Signaling Reveal That Psychedelics Do Not Induce Neuroplasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.04.583022v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Induction of neuroplasticity has become the dominant explanatory framework for the rapid and sustained therapeutic effects of classic psychedelics. Within this broad concept, examination of morphological neuronal plasticity, such as dendritic arbor growth, is widely used to assess the neuroplasticity effects of classic and novel psychedelics. At the molecular level, it has been reported that serotonergic psychedelic compounds mediate dendritogenesis via the master molecular regulator of plasticity, TrkB, either directly via BDNF/TrkB signaling potentiation or indirectly through 5-HT2A receptor. To examine these hypotheses in detail, we developed a robust multimodal screening platform for unbiased, semi-automated quantification of cellular morphology and multiplex molecular signaling in the same cortical neurons. We found that in widely used primary neuronal cultures psychedelics do not directly modulate TrkB receptor or BDNF-TrkB signaling. We also found 5HT2a receptor gene expression and functional receptor levels are low, and psychedelics do not induce morphological growth, in contrast to significant dendritogenesis elicited by BDNF. Our results challenge recently published results in the field and indicate a need for rigorous experimental methods to study morphological manifestations of neuroplasticity effects induced by clinically used and experimental therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boltaev, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, H. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgado, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Pacheco, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botero Pinzon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahern, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldshmid, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sames, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.04.583022</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robust Methods For Quantifying Neuronal Morphology And Molecular Signaling Reveal That Psychedelics Do Not Induce Neuroplasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.04.583209v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nociceptive neurons interact directly with gastric cancer cells via a CGRP/Ramp1 axis to promote tumor progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.04.583209v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer cells have been shown to exploit neurons to modulate their survival and growth, including through establishment of neural circuits within the central nervous system (CNS) 1-3. Here, we report a distinct pattern of cancer-nerve interactions between the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and gastric cancer (GC). In multiple GC mouse models, nociceptive nerves demonstrated the greatest degree of nerve expansion in an NGF-dependent manner. Neural tracing identified CGRP+ peptidergic neurons as the primary gastric sensory neurons. Three-dimensional co-culture models showed that sensory neurons directly connect with gastric cancer spheroids through synapse-like structures. Chemogenetic activation of sensory neurons induced the release of calcium into the cytoplasm of cancer cells, promoting tumor growth and metastasis. Pharmacological ablation of sensory neurons or treatment with CGRP inhibitors suppressed tumor growth and extended survival. Depolarization of gastric tumor membranes through in vivo optogenetic activation led to enhanced calcium flux in nodose ganglia and CGRP release, defining a cancer cell-peptidergic neuronal circuit. Together, these findings establish the functional connectivity between cancer and sensory neurons, identifying this pathway as a potential therapeutic target.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ochiai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lian, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malagola, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryeom, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>WANG, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.04.583209</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nociceptive neurons interact directly with gastric cancer cells via a CGRP/Ramp1 axis to promote tumor progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.05.583623v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Human Brain Map of Mitochondrial Respiratory Capacity and Diversity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.05.583623v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) powers brain activity1,2, and mitochondrial defects are linked to neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders3,4, underscoring the need to define the brains molecular energetic landscape5-10. To bridge the cognitive neuroscience and cell biology scale gap, we developed a physical voxelization approach to partition a frozen human coronal hemisphere section into 703 voxels comparable to neuroimaging resolution (3x3x3 mm). In each cortical and subcortical brain voxel, we profiled mitochondrial phenotypes including OxPhos enzyme activities, mitochondrial DNA and volume density, and mitochondria-specific respiratory capacity. We show that the human brain contains a diversity of mitochondrial phenotypes driven by both topology and cell types. Compared to white matter, grey matter contains >50% more mitochondria. We show that the more abundant grey matter mitochondria also are biochemically optimized for energy transformation, particularly among recently evolved cortical brain regions. Scaling these data to the whole brain, we created a backward linear regression model integrating several neuroimaging modalities11, thereby generating a brain-wide map of mitochondrial distribution and specialization that predicts mitochondrial characteristics in an independent brain region of the same donor brain. This new approach and the resulting MitoBrainMap of mitochondrial phenotypes provide a foundation for exploring the molecular energetic landscape that enables normal brain functions, relating it to neuroimaging data, and defining the subcellular basis for regionalized brain processes relevant to neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mosharov, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monzel, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osto, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stiles, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosoklija, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dwork, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bindra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujita, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mariani, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakalian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulzer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirihai, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Underwood, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boldrini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiebaut de Schotten, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.05.583623</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Human Brain Map of Mitochondrial Respiratory Capacity and Diversity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.06.583256v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rarγ-Foxa1 signaling promotes luminal identity in prostate progenitors and is disrupted in prostate cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.06.583256v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retinoic acid (RA) signaling is a master regulator of vertebrate development with crucial roles in directing body axis orientation and tissue differentiation, including in the reproductive system. However, a mechanistic understanding of how RA signaling promotes cell lineage identity in different tissues is often missing.

Here, leveraging prostate organoid technology, we demonstrated that RA signaling orchestrates the commitment of adult mouse prostate progenitors to glandular identity, epithelial barrier integrity, and ultimately, proper specification of the prostatic lumen. Mechanistically, RA-dependent RAR{gamma} activation promotes the expression of the pioneer factor Foxa1, which synergizes with the androgen pathway for proper luminal expansion, cytoarchitecture and function. FOXA1 nucleotide variants are common in human prostate and breast cancers and considered driver mutations, though their pathogenic mechanism is incompletely understood. Combining functional genetics experiments with structural modeling of FOXA1 folding and chromatin binding analyses, we discovered that FOXA1F254E255 is a loss-of-function mutation leading to compromised transcriptional function and lack of luminal fate commitment of prostate progenitors.

Overall, we define RA as a crucial instructive signal for glandular identity in adult prostate progenitors. We propose deregulation of vitamin A metabolism as a risk factor for benign and malignant prostate disease, and identified cancer associated FOXA1 indels affecting residue F254 as loss-of-function mutations promoting dedifferentiation of adult prostate progenitors.

Summary: Retinoic acid signaling orchestrates luminal differentiation of adult prostate progenitors
]]></description>
<dc:creator>De Felice, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alaimo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bressan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genovesi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marmocchi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Annesi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beccaceci, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalfovo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutrupi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foletto, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorenzoni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gandolfi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kannan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasciaveo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romanel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiacchiera, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cambuli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lunardi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.06.583256</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rarγ-Foxa1 signaling promotes luminal identity in prostate progenitors and is disrupted in prostate cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.07.583787v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An engineered human cardiac tissue model reveals contributions of systemic lupus erythematosus autoantibodies to myocardial injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.07.583787v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a highly heterogenous autoimmune disease that affects multiple organs, including the heart. The mechanisms by which myocardial injury develops in SLE, however, remain poorly understood. Here we engineered human cardiac tissues and cultured them with IgG fractions containing autoantibodies from SLE patients with and without myocardial involvement. We observed unique binding patterns of IgG from two patient subgroups: (i) patients with severe myocardial inflammation exhibited enhanced binding to apoptotic cells within cardiac tissues subjected to stress, and (ii) patients with systolic dysfunction exhibited enhanced binding to the surfaces of viable cardiomyocytes. Functional assays and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) revealed that IgGs from patients with systolic dysfunction exerted direct effects on engineered tissues in the absence of immune cells, altering tissue cellular composition, respiration and calcium handling. Autoantibody target characterization by phage immunoprecipitation sequencing (PhIP-seq) confirmed distinctive IgG profiles between patient subgroups. By coupling IgG profiling with cell surface protein analyses, we identified four pathogenic autoantibody candidates that may directly alter the function of cells within the myocardium. Taken together, these observations provide insights into the cellular processes of myocardial injury in SLE that have the potential to improve patient risk stratification and inform the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fleischer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nash, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamargo, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lock, R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venturini, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morsink, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamberti, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graney, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liberman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, R. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitehead, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>SONI, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidman, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidman, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geraldino-Pardilla, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winchester, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vunjak-Novakovic, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.07.583787</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An engineered human cardiac tissue model reveals contributions of systemic lupus erythematosus autoantibodies to myocardial injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.08.583971v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcranial Functional Ultrasound Imaging Detects Focused Ultrasound Neuromodulation Induced Hemodynamic Changes in Mouse and Nonhuman Primate Brains In Vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.08.583971v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundFocused ultrasound (FUS) is an emerging non-invasive technique for neuromodulation in the central nervous system (CNS). Functional ultrasound imaging (fUSI) leverages ultrafast Power Doppler Imaging (PDI) to detect changes in cerebral blood volume (CBV), which correlate well with neuronal activity and thus hold promise to monitor brain responses to FUS.

ObjectiveInvestigate the immediate and short-term effects of transcranial FUS neuromodulation in the brain with fUSI by characterizing hemodynamic responses.

MethodsWe designed a setup that aligns a FUS transducer with a linear array to allow immediate subsequent monitoring of the hemodynamic response with fUSI during and after FUS neuromodulation (FUS-fUSI) in lightly anesthetized mice. We investigated the effects of varying pressures and transducer positions on the hemodynamic responses.

ResultsWe found that higher FUS pressures increase the size of the activated brain area, as well as the magnitude of change in CBV and could show that sham sonications did not produce hemodynamic responses. Unilateral sonications resulted in bilateral hemodynamic changes with a significantly stronger response on the ipsilateral side. FUS neuromodulation in mice with a cranial window showed distinct activation patterns that were frequency-dependent and different from the activation patterns observed in the transcranial model.

ConclusionfUSI is hereby shown capable of transcranially monitoring online and short-term hemodynamic effects in the brain during and following FUS neuromodulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Christian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bendig, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackman, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCune, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bae, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez-Gambin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konofagou, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.08.583971</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcranial Functional Ultrasound Imaging Detects Focused Ultrasound Neuromodulation Induced Hemodynamic Changes in Mouse and Nonhuman Primate Brains In Vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.08.584100v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automated Identification of Germline de novo Mutations in Family Trios: A Consensus-Based Informatic Approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.08.584100v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate identification of germline de novo variants (DNVs) remains a challenging problem despite rapid advances in sequencing technologies as well as methods for the analysis of the data they generate, with putative solutions often involving ad hoc filters and visual inspection of identified variants. Here, we present a purely informatic method for the identification of DNVs by analyzing short-read genome sequencing data from proband-parent trios. Our method evaluates variant calls generated by three genome sequence analysis pipelines utilizing different algorithms--GATK HaplotypeCaller, DeepTrio and Velsera GRAF--exploring the assumption that a requirement of consensus can serve as an effective filter for high- quality DNVs. We assessed the efficacy of our method by testing DNVs identified using a previously established, highly accurate classification procedure that partially relied on manual inspection and used Sanger sequencing to validate a DNV subset comprising less confident calls. The results show that our method is highly precise and that applying a force-calling procedure to putative variants further removes false-positive calls, increasing precision of the workflow to 99.6%. Our method also identified novel DNVs, 87% of which were validated, indicating it offers a higher recall rate without compromising accuracy. We have implemented this method as an automated bioinformatics workflow suitable for large- scale analyses without need for manual intervention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shadrina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalay, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demirkaya-Budak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeDuc, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turgut, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budak, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arslan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semenyuk, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis-Dusenbery, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidman, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yost, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelb, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.08.584100</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automated Identification of Germline de novo Mutations in Family Trios: A Consensus-Based Informatic Approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.09.584228v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure-based probe reveals the presence of large transthyretin aggregates in plasma of ATTR amyloidosis patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.09.584228v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ATTR amyloidosis is a relentlessly progressive disease caused by the misfolding and systemic accumulation of amyloidogenic transthyretin into amyloid fibrils. These fibrils cause diverse clinical phenotypes, mainly cardiomyopathy and/or polyneuropathy. Little is known about the aggregation of transthyretin during disease development and whether this has implications for diagnosis and treatment. Using the cryogenic electron microscopy structures of mature ATTR fibrils, we developed a peptide probe for fibril detection. With this probe, we have identified previously unknown aggregated transthyretin species in plasma of patients with ATTR amyloidosis. These species are large, non-native, and distinct from monomeric and tetrameric transthyretin. Observations from our study open many questions about the biology of ATTR amyloidosis and reveals a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pedretti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yakubovska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grodin, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saelices, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.09.584228</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure-based probe reveals the presence of large transthyretin aggregates in plasma of ATTR amyloidosis patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.10.584306v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2.87.1 Exhibits Higher Susceptibility to Serum Neutralization Than EG.5.1 and JN.1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.10.584306v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As SARS-CoV-2 continues to spread and mutate, tracking the viral evolutionary trajectory and understanding the functional consequences of its mutations remain crucial. Here, we characterized the antibody evasion, ACE2 receptor engagement, and viral infectivity of the highly mutated SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariant BA.2.87.1. Compared with other Omicron subvariants, including EG.5.1 and the current predominant JN.1, BA.2.87.1 exhibits less immune evasion, reduced viral receptor engagement, and comparable infectivity in Calu-3 lung cells. Intriguingly, two large deletions ({Delta}15-26 and {Delta}136-146) in the N-terminal domain (NTD) of the spike protein facilitate subtly increased antibody evasion but significantly diminish viral infectivity. Collectively, our data support the announcement by the USA CDC that the public health risk posed by BA.2.87.1 appears to be low.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwanz, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mellis, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urtecho, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoneman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.10.584306</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2.87.1 Exhibits Higher Susceptibility to Serum Neutralization Than EG.5.1 and JN.1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.11.584386v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
La Crosse virus reassortants highlight genomic determinants of infection and pathogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.11.584386v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genomic determinants that contribute to orthobunyavirus infection and pathogenesis are not well-defined. In this study, we harnessed the process of reassortment to understand which viral factors drive change in the replication and pathogenesis of La Crosse virus (LACV). We systematically reassorted the genomic segments of two genetically similar Lineage I LACV isolates into six unique reassortants. Despite the parental isolates having high levels of RNA and protein consensus, the reassortants demonstrate how minimal changes in RNA and protein structure can have significant changes in viral growth and reproduction in vitro in mammalian and insect models. We observed that swapping the S segment between isolates led to differences in replication and assembly resulting in one non-rescuable reassortant and one viable reassortant that exhibited an increase in viral growth dynamics. Switching the M segment led to changes in viral plaque phenotype and growth kinetics. L segment reassortants similarly differed in changes in viral growth dynamics. We further explored the M segment reassortants in a neonate mouse model and observed a role for the M segment in neuroinflammation and virulence. Through reassortment of the La Crosse virus genomic segments, we are able to further understand how genomic determinants of infection and pathogenesis operate in orthobunyaviruses. Future investigations will focus on identifying the specific molecular elements that govern the observed phenotypes in vitro and in vivo.

ImportanceLa Crosse virus is the leading cause of pediatric arboviral encephalitis in the United States, yet it is largely unknown how each of the three genomic segments contribute to pathogenesis and disease. Our study utilizes genomic reassortment between two similar Lineage I LACV isolates to understand genomic determinants for differences in infection and pathogenesis phenotypes in vitro and in vivo. By identifying roles for each segment in observed outcomes, we are able to plan further studies for molecular characterization of these phenotypes. Additionally, it is imperative to continue to characterize orthobunyavirus function since climate change will expand the range and prevalence of arthropod-borne diseases such as LACV in the United States.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rondeau, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spector, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thannickal, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stapleford, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.11.584386</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[La Crosse virus reassortants highlight genomic determinants of infection and pathogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.11.584515v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole-body simulation of realistic fruit fly locomotion with deep reinforcement learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.11.584515v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The body of an animal influences how the nervous system produces behavior. Therefore, detailed modeling of the neural control of sensorimotor behavior requires a detailed model of the body. Here we contribute an anatomically-detailed biomechanical whole-body model of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster in the MuJoCo physics engine. Our model is general-purpose, enabling the simulation of diverse fly behaviors, both on land and in the air. We demonstrate the generality of our model by simulating realistic locomotion, both flight and walking. To support these behaviors, we have extended MuJoCo with phenomenological models of fluid forces and adhesion forces. Through data-driven end-to-end reinforcement learning, we demonstrate that these advances enable the training of neural network controllers capable of realistic locomotion along complex trajectories based on high-level steering control signals. We demonstrate the use of visual sensors and the re-use of a pre-trained general-purpose flight controller by training the model to perform visually guided flight tasks. Our project is an open-source platform for modeling neural control of sensorimotor behavior in an embodied context.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vaxenburg, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siwanowicz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robie, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrow, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novati, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefanidi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Card, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiser, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botvinick, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Branson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tassa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turaga, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.11.584515</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole-body simulation of realistic fruit fly locomotion with deep reinforcement learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.12.584569v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PET Imaging of the Serotonin 1A Receptor in Major Depressive Disorder: Hierarchical Multivariate Analysis of 11CWAY100635 Overcomes Outcome Measure Discrepancies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.12.584569v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The serotonin 1A receptor has been linked to both the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD) and the antidepressant action of serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Most PET studies of the serotonin 1A receptor in MDD used the receptor antagonist radioligand, [carbonyl-11C]WAY100635; however the interpretation of the combined results has been contentious owing to reports of higher or lower binding in MDD with different outcome measures. The reasons for these divergent results originate from several sources, including properties of the radiotracer itself, which complicate its quantification and interpretation; as well as from previously reported differences between MDD and healthy volunteers in both reference tissue binding and plasma free fraction, which are typically assumed not to differ. Recently, we have developed two novel hierarchical multivariate methods which we validated for the quantification and analysis of [11C]WAY100635, which show better accuracy and inferential efficiency compared to standard analysis approaches. Importantly, these new methods should theoretically be more resilient to many of the factors thought to have caused the discrepancies observed in previous studies. We sought to apply these methods in the largest [11C]WAY100635 sample to date, consisting of 160 individuals, including 103 MDD patients, of whom 50 were not-recently-medicated and 53 were antidepressant-exposed, as well as 57 healthy volunteers. While the outcome measure discrepancies were substantial using conventional univariate analysis, our multivariate analysis techniques instead yielded highly consistent results across PET outcome measures and across pharmacokinetic models, with all approaches showing higher serotonin 1A autoreceptor binding potential in the raphe nuclei of not-recently-medicated MDD patients relative to both healthy volunteers and antidepressant-exposed MDD patients. Moreover, with the additional precision of estimates afforded by this approach, we can show that while binding is also higher in projection areas in this group, these group differences are approximately half of those in the raphe nuclei, which are statistically distinguishable from one another. These results are consistent with the biological role of the serotonin 1A autoreceptor in the raphe nuclei in regulating serotonin neuron firing and release, and with preclinical and clinical evidence of deficient serotonin activity in MDD due to over expression of autoreceptors resulting from genetic and/or epigenetic effects. These results are also consistent with downregulation of autoreceptors as a mechanism of action of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. In summary, the results using multivariate analysis approaches therefore demonstrate both face and convergent validity, and may serve to provide a resolution and consensus interpretation for the disparate results of previous studies examining the serotonin 1A receptor in MDD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matheson, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanderigo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogden, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.12.584569</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PET Imaging of the Serotonin 1A Receptor in Major Depressive Disorder: Hierarchical Multivariate Analysis of 11CWAY100635 Overcomes Outcome Measure Discrepancies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.12.584665v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inactive Parp2 causes Tp53-dependent lethal anemia by blocking replication-associated nick ligation in erythroblasts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.12.584665v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PARP1&2 enzymatic inhibitors (PARPi) are promising cancer treatments. But recently, their use has been hindered by unexplained severe anemia and treatment-related leukemia. In addition to enzymatic inhibition, PARPi also trap PARP1&2 at DNA lesions. Here, we report that unlike Parp2-/- mice, which develop normally, mice expressing catalytically-inactive Parp2 (E534A, Parp2EA/EA) succumb to Tp53- and Chk2-dependent erythropoietic failure in utero, mirroring Lig1-/- mice. While DNA damage mainly activates PARP1, we demonstrate that DNA replication activates PARP2 robustly. PARP2 is selectively recruited and activated by 5-phosphorylated nicks (5p-nicks) between Okazaki fragments, typically resolved by Lig1. Inactive PARP2, but not its active form or absence, impedes Lig1- and Lig3-mediated ligation, causing dose-dependent replication fork collapse, particularly harmful to erythroblasts with ultra-fast forks. This PARylation-dependent structural function of PARP2 at 5p-nicks explains the detrimental effects of PARP2 inhibition on erythropoiesis, revealing the mechanism behind the PARPi-induced anemia and leukemia, especially those with TP53/CHK2 loss.

SignificanceThis work shows that the hematological toxicities associated with PARP inhibitors stem not from impaired PARP1 or PARP2 enzymatic activity but rather from the presence of inactive PARP2 protein. Mechanistically, these toxicities reflect a unique role of PARP2 at 5-phosphorylated DNA nicks during DNA replication in erythroblasts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaitsiankova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhandari, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, K. S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menolfi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKinnon, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DANTZER, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothenberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomkinson, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.12.584665</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inactive Parp2 causes Tp53-dependent lethal anemia by blocking replication-associated nick ligation in erythroblasts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.12.584681v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Widespread variation in molecular interactions and regulatory properties among transcription factor isoforms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.12.584681v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most human Transcription factors (TFs) genes encode multiple protein isoforms differing in DNA binding domains, effector domains, or other protein regions. The global extent to which this results in functional differences between isoforms remains unknown. Here, we systematically compared 693 isoforms of 246 TF genes, assessing DNA binding, protein binding, transcriptional activation, subcellular localization, and condensate formation. Relative to reference isoforms, two-thirds of alternative TF isoforms exhibit differences in one or more molecular activities, which often could not be predicted from sequence. We observed two primary categories of alternative TF isoforms: "rewirers" and "negative regulators", both of which were associated with differentiation and cancer. Our results support a model wherein the relative expression levels of, and interactions involving, TF isoforms add an understudied layer of complexity to gene regulatory networks, demonstrating the importance of isoform-aware characterization of TF functions and providing a rich resource for further studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lambourne, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattioli, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santoso, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheynkman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inukai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaundal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berenson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spirohn-Fitzgerald, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharjee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrestha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laval, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bisht, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sewell, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phanor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balcha, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gebbia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Twizere, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frankish, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riback, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salomonis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calderwood, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahni, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bulyk, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuxman Bass, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.12.584681</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Widespread variation in molecular interactions and regulatory properties among transcription factor isoforms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.13.584744v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early intermediates in bacterial RNA polymerase promoter melting visualized by time-resolved cryo-electron microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.13.584744v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During formation of the transcription-competent open complex (RPo) by bacterial RNA polymerases (RNAP), transient intermediates pile up before overcoming a rate-limiting step. Structural descriptions of these interconversions in real time are unavailable. To address this gap, time-resolved cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) was used to capture four intermediates populated 120 or 500 milliseconds (ms) after mixing Escherichia coli {sigma}70-RNAP and the PR promoter. Cryo-EM snapshots revealed the upstream edge of the transcription bubble unpairs rapidly, followed by stepwise insertion of two conserved nontemplate strand (nt-strand) bases into RNAP pockets. As nt-strand "read-out" extends, the RNAP clamp closes, expelling an inhibitory {sigma}70 domain from the active-site cleft. The template strand is fully unpaired by 120 ms but remains dynamic, indicating yet unknown conformational changes load it in subsequent steps. Because these events likely describe DNA opening at many bacterial promoters, this study provides needed insights into how DNA sequence regulates steps of RPo formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saecker, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, A. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malone, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budell, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dandey, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maruthi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendez, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molina, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eng, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yen, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potter, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carragher, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darst, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.13.584744</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early intermediates in bacterial RNA polymerase promoter melting visualized by time-resolved cryo-electron microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.14.584529v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Open-Source Tools to Analyze Temporal and Spatial Properties of Local Field Potentials 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.14.584529v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Analysis of local field potentials (LFPs) is important for understanding how ensemble neurons function as a network in a specific region of the brain. Despite the availability of tools for analyzing LFP data, there are some missing features such as analysis of high frequency oscillations (HFOs) and spatial properties. In addition, accessibility of most tools is restricted due to closed source code and/or high costs. To overcome these issues, we have developed two freely available tools that make temporal and spatial analysis of LFP data easily accessible. The first tool, hfoGUI (High Frequency Oscillation Graphical User Interface), allows temporal analysis of LFP data and scoring of HFOs such as ripples and fast ripples which are important in understanding memory function and neurological disorders. To complement the temporal analysis tool, a second tool, SSM (Spatial Spectral Mapper), focuses on the spatial analysis of LFP data. The SSM tool maps the spectral power of LFPs as a function of subjects position in a given environment allowing investigation of spatial properties of LFP signal. Both hfoGUI and SSM are open-source tools that have unique features not offered by any currently available tools, and allow visualization and spatio-temporal analysis of LFP data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barrett, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vajram, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shetler, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aoun, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussaini, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.14.584529</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Open-Source Tools to Analyze Temporal and Spatial Properties of Local Field Potentials]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.14.584631v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early-life stress alters chromatin modifications in VTA to prime stress sensitivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.14.584631v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Early-life stress increases sensitivity to subsequent stress, which has been observed at behavioral, neural activity, and gene expression levels. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying such long-lasting sensitivity are poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that persistent changes in transcription and transcriptional potential were maintained at the level of the epigenome, through changes in chromatin. We used a combination of bottom-up mass spectrometry, viral-mediated epigenome-editing, RNA-sequencing, patch clamp electrophysiology of dopamine neurons, and behavioral quantification in a mouse model of early-life stress, focusing on the ventral tegmental area (VTA), a dopaminergic brain region critically implicated in motivation, reward learning, stress response, and mood and drug disorders. We found that early-life stress alters histone dynamics in VTA, including enrichment of histone-3 lysine-4 monomethylation -- associated with open chromatin and primed or active enhancers -- and the H3K4 monomethylase Setd7. Mimicking early-life stress through postnatal overexpression of Setd7 and enrichment of H3K4me1 in VTA sensitizes transcriptional, physiological, and behavioral response to adult stress. These findings link early-life stress experience to long-term stress hypersensitivity within the brains dopaminergic circuitry, providing a mechanism by which early-life stress increases risk for mood and anxiety disorders later in life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Geiger, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balouek, J.-A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrelly, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nestler, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maze, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pena, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.14.584631</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early-life stress alters chromatin modifications in VTA to prime stress sensitivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.14.584991v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
5-HT1B receptors mediate dopaminergic inhibition of vesicular fusion and GABA release from striatonigral synapses. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.14.584991v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), a crucial basal ganglia output nucleus, contains a dense expression of dopamine D1 receptors (D1Rs), along with dendrites belonging to dopaminergic neurons of substantia nigra pars compacta. These D1Rs are primarily located on the terminals of striatonigral medium spiny neurons, suggesting their involvement in the regulation of neurotransmitter release from the direct pathway in response to somatodendritic dopamine release. To explore the hypothesis that D1Rs modulate GABA release from striatonigral synapses, we conducted optical recordings of striatonigral activity and postsynaptic patch-clamp recordings from SNr neurons in the presence of dopamine and D1R agonists. We found that dopamine inhibits optogenetically triggered striatonigral GABA release by modulating vesicle fusion and Ca2+ influx in striatonigral boutons. Notably, the effect of DA was independent of D1R activity but required activation of 5-HT1B receptors. Our results suggest a serotonergic mechanism involved in the therapeutic actions of dopaminergic medications for Parkinsons disease and psychostimulant-related disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Molinari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lieberman, O. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulzer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borgkvist, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.14.584991</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[5-HT1B receptors mediate dopaminergic inhibition of vesicular fusion and GABA release from striatonigral synapses.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.14.585091v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endogenous Precision of the Number Sense 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.14.585091v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The behavioral variability in psychophysical experiments and the stochasticity of sensory neurons have revealed the inherent imprecision in the brains representations of environmental variables1-6. Numerosity studies yield similar results, pointing to an imprecise  number sense in the brain7-13. If the imprecision in representations reflects an optimal allocation of limited cognitive resources, as suggested by efficient-coding models14-26, then it should depend on the context in which representations are elicited25,27. Through an estimation task and a discrimination task, both involving numerosities, we show that the scale of subjects imprecision increases, but sublinearly, with the width of the prior distribution from which numbers are sampled. This sublinear relation is notably different in the two tasks. The double dependence of the imprecision -- both on the prior and on the task -- is consistent with the optimization of a tradeoff between the expected reward, different for each task, and a resource cost of the encoding neurons activity. Comparing the two tasks allows us to clarify the form of the resource constraint. Our results suggest that perceptual noise is endogenously determined, and that the precision of percepts varies both with the context in which they are elicited, and with the observers objective.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prat-Carrabin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodford, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.14.585091</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endogenous Precision of the Number Sense]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.14.585126v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-fidelity enhanced AsCas12a knock-in mice for efficient multiplexed gene editing, disease modeling and orthogonal immunogenetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.14.585126v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The advancement of CRISPR gene editing technology, especially the development of Cas9 knock-in mice, has significantly boosted the functional discovery of various genetics factors in diverse fields including genetics, genomics, immunology, and the biology of cancer. However, the pleiotropic effects on human disease and the complex nature of gene interaction networks require a knock-in mouse model capable of simultaneous multiplexed gene perturbation. Here, we present the generation and applications of Cre-dependent conditional and constitutive high-fidelity, enhanced AsCas12a (enAsCas12a-HF1) Rosa26-knock-in mice in the C57BL/6 background. With these mouse strains, we demonstrate highly efficient and multiplexed in vivo and ex vivo genome engineering as applied to lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-RNA-based liver protein targeting, AAV-based tumor modeling, and retrovirus-based immune cell engineering. By integrating with a dCas9-SPH CRISPR activation transgenic strain, we establish a simultaneous dual gene activation and knockout (DAKO) system that showcases the modular potential of these enAsCas12a-HF1 mice. Importantly, constitutive expression of enAsCas12a-HF1 does not lead to any discernable pathological differences as compared to the C57BL/6 background strain. These knock-in mice and the accompanying delivery methods would empower the deconvolution of complex gene interaction networks in broad areas of research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandenbulcke, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majety, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, S. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nottoli, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booth, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.14.585126</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-fidelity enhanced AsCas12a knock-in mice for efficient multiplexed gene editing, disease modeling and orthogonal immunogenetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.17.585370v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elucidation and Pharmacologic Targeting of Master Regulator Dependencies in Coexisting Diffuse Midline Glioma Subpopulations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.17.585370v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diffuse Midline Gliomas (DMGs) are universally fatal, primarily pediatric malignancies affecting the midline structures of the central nervous system. Despite decades of clinical trials, treatment remains limited to palliative radiation therapy. A major challenge is the coexistence of molecularly distinct malignant cell states with potentially orthogonal drug sensitivities. To address this challenge, we leveraged established network-based methodologies to elucidate Master Regulator (MR) proteins representing mechanistic, non-oncogene dependencies of seven coexisting subpopulations identified by single-cell analysis--whose enrichment in essential genes was validated by pooled CRISPR/Cas9 screens. Perturbational profiles of 372 clinically relevant drugs helped identify those able to invert the activity of subpopulation-specific MRs for follow-up in vivo validation. While individual drugs predicted to target individual subpopulations--including avapritinib, larotrectinib, and ruxolitinib--produced only modest tumor growth reduction in orthotopic models, systemic co-administration induced significant survival extension, making this approach a valuable contribution to the rational design of combination therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomassoni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obradovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laise, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vlahos, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minns, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morales, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallitto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martins, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzaridis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wechsler-Reya, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garvin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gartrell, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szalontay, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zacharoulis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavisic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.17.585370</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elucidation and Pharmacologic Targeting of Master Regulator Dependencies in Coexisting Diffuse Midline Glioma Subpopulations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.18.585474v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Variational inference for microbiome survey data with application to global ocean data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.18.585474v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Linking sequence-derived microbial taxa abundances to host (patho-)physiology or habitat characteristics in a reproducible and interpretable manner has remained a formidable challenge for the analysis of microbiome survey data. Here, we introduce a flexible probabilistic modeling framework, VI-MIDAS (Variational Inference for MIcrobiome survey DAta analysiS), that enables joint estimation of context-dependent drivers and broad patterns of associations of microbial taxon abundances from microbiome survey data. VI-MIDAS comprises mechanisms for direct coupling of taxon abundances with covariates and taxa-specific latent coupling which can incorporate spatio-temporal information and taxon-taxon interactions. We leverage mean-field variational inference for posterior VI-MIDAS model parameter estimation and illustrate model building and analysis using Tara Ocean Expedition survey data. Using VI-MIDAS latent embedding model and tools from network analysis, we show that marine microbial communities can be broadly categorized into five modules, including SAR11-, Nitrosopumilus-, and Alteromondales-dominated communities, each associated with specific environmental and spatiotemporal signatures. VI-MIDAS also finds evidence for largely positive taxon-taxon associations in SAR11 or Rhodospirillales clades, and negative associations with Alteromonadales and Flavobacteriales classes. Our results indicate that VI-MIDAS provides a powerful integrative statistical analysis framework for discovering broad patterns of associations between microbial taxa and context-specific covariate data from microbiome survey data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mishra, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNichol, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuhrman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blei, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.18.585474</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Variational inference for microbiome survey data with application to global ocean data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.18.585588v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cancer-associated DNA Hypermethylation of Polycomb Targets Requires DNMT3A Dual Recognition of Histone H2AK119 Ubiquitination and the Nucleosome Acidic Patch 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.18.585588v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During tumor development, promoter CpG islands (CGIs) that are normally silenced by Polycomb repressive complexes (PRCs) become DNA hypermethylated. The molecular mechanism by which de novo DNA methyltransferase(s) catalyze CpG methylation at PRC-regulated regions remains unclear. Here we report a cryo-EM structure of the DNMT3A long isoform (DNMT3A1) N-terminal region in complex with a nucleosome carrying PRC1-mediated histone H2A lysine 119 monoubiquitination (H2AK119Ub). We identify regions within the DNMT3A1 N-terminus that bind H2AK119Ub and the nucleosome acidic patch. This bidentate interaction is required for effective DNMT3A1 engagement with H2AK119Ub-modified chromatin in cells. Furthermore, aberrant redistribution of DNMT3A1 to Polycomb target genes inhibits their transcriptional activation during cell differentiation and recapitulates the cancer-associated DNA hypermethylation signature. This effect is rescued by disruption of the DNMT3A1-acidic patch interaction. Together, our analyses reveal a binding interface critical for countering promoter CGI DNA hypermethylation, a major molecular hallmark of cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gretarsson, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abini-Agbomson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gloor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberg, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCuiston, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumary, V. U. N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hickman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipieta, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flashner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adeleke, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popova, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noll, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Windham, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maryanski, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venters, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakagawa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keogh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armache, K.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.18.585588</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cancer-associated DNA Hypermethylation of Polycomb Targets Requires DNMT3A Dual Recognition of Histone H2AK119 Ubiquitination and the Nucleosome Acidic Patch]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.18.585606v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MED1 IDR acetylation reorganizes the transcription preinitiation complex, rewires 3D chromatin interactions and reprograms gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.18.585606v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With our current appreciation of the complexity of eukaryotic transcription, whose dysregulation drives diseases including cancer, it is becoming apparent that identification of key events coordinating multiple aspects of transcriptional regulation is of special importance. To elucidate how assembly of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) with Mediator complex preinitiation complexes (PICs) and formation of transcription-permissive 3D chromatin organization are coordinated, we studied MED1, a representative subunit of the Mediator complex that acts to establish functional preinitiation complexes (PICs)1 that forms biomolecular condensates through an intrinsically disordered region (IDR) to facilitate transcription2, and is implicated in the function of estrogen receptor  (hereafter ER) in ER-positive breast cancer (ER+ BC) cells3,4. We found that MED1 is acetylated at 6 lysines in its IDR and, further, that MCF7 ER+ BC cells in which endogenous MED1 is replaced by an ectopic 6KR (non-acetylatable) mutant (6KR cells) exhibit enhanced cell growth and elevated expression of MED1-dependent genes. These results indicate an enhanced function of 6KR MED1 that may be attributed to two mechanisms: (1) reorganized PIC assembly, as indicated by increased MED1 and Pol II, decreased MED17, and equivalent ER occupancies on chromatin, particularly at active enhancers and promoters; (2) sub-TAD chromatin unfolding, as revealed by HiCAR (Hi-C on accessible regulatory DNA) analyses. Furthermore, in vitro assays demonstrate distinct physio-chemical properties of liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) for 6KR versus 6KQ MED1 IDRs, and for non-acetylated versus CBP-acetylated WT MED1 IDR fragments. Related, Pol II CTD heptads are sequestered in 6KR and control WT MED1 IDR condensates, but not 6KQ and CBP-acetylated WT MED1 IDR condensates. These findings, in conjunction with recent reports of PIC structures5-7, indicate that MED1 coordinates reorganization of the PIC machinery and the rewiring of regional chromatin organization through acetylation of its IDR. This study leads to an understanding of how the transition in phase behavior of a transcription cofactor acts as a mechanistic hub integrating linear and spatial chromatin functions to support gene expression, and have potential therapeutic implications for diseases involving MED1/Mediator-mediated transcription control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roeder, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrows, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onikubo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.18.585606</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MED1 IDR acetylation reorganizes the transcription preinitiation complex, rewires 3D chromatin interactions and reprograms gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.19.585766v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Three Prime Repair Exonuclease 1 preferentially degrades the integration-incompetent HIV-1 DNA through favorable kinetics, thermodynamic, structural and conformational properties. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.19.585766v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HIV-1 integration into the human genome is dependent on 3-processing of the reverse transcribed viral DNA. Recently, we reported that the cellular Three Prime Repair Exonuclease 1 (TREX1) enhances HIV-1 integration by degrading the unprocessed viral DNA, while the integration-competent 3-processed DNA remained resistant. Here, we describe the mechanism by which the 3-processed HIV-1 DNA resists TREX1-mediated degradation. Our kinetic studies revealed that the rate of cleavage (kcat) of the 3-processed DNA was significantly lower than the unprocessed HIV-1 DNA by TREX1. The efficiency of degradation (kcat/KM) of the 3-processed DNA was also significantly lower than the unprocessed DNA. Furthermore, the binding affinity (Kd) of TREX1 was markedly lower to the 3-processed DNA compared to the unprocessed DNA. Molecular docking and dynamics studies revealed distinct conformational binding modes of TREX1 with the 3-processed and unprocessed HIV-1 DNA. Particularly, the unprocessed DNA was favorably positioned in the active site with polar interactions with the catalytic residues of TREX1. Additionally, a stable complex was formed between TREX1 and the unprocessed DNA compared the 3-processed DNA. These results pinpoint the biochemical mechanism by which TREX1 preferentially degrades the integration-incompetent HIV-1 DNA and reveal the unique structural and conformational properties of the integration-competent 3-processed HIV-1 DNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prakash, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khodke, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balasubramaniam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davids, B.-O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandhare, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumbhar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dash, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.19.585766</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Three Prime Repair Exonuclease 1 preferentially degrades the integration-incompetent HIV-1 DNA through favorable kinetics, thermodynamic, structural and conformational properties.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.19.585786v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Illuminating the Dark Cancer Phosphoproteome Through a Machine-Learned Co-Regulation Map of 26,280 Phosphosites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.19.585786v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics offers a comprehensive view of protein phosphorylation, but limited knowledge about the regulation and function of most phosphosites restricts our ability to extract meaningful biological insights from phosphoproteomics data. To address this, we combine machine learning and phosphoproteomic data from 1,195 tumor specimens spanning 11 cancer types to construct CoPheeMap, a network mapping the co-regulation of 26,280 phosphosites. Integrating network features from CoPheeMap into a machine learning model, CoPheeKSA, we achieve superior performance in predicting kinase-substrate associations. CoPheeKSA reveals 24,015 associations between 9,399 phosphosites and 104 serine/threonine kinases, including many unannotated phosphosites and under-studied kinases. We validate the accuracy of these predictions using experimentally determined kinase-substrate specificities. By applying CoPheeMap and CoPheeKSA to phosphosites with high computationally predicted functional significance and cancer-associated phosphosites, we demonstrate the effectiveness of these tools in systematically illuminating phosphosites of interest, revealing dysregulated signaling processes in human cancer, and identifying under-studied kinases as putative therapeutic targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaehnig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaron-Barir, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantley, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.19.585786</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Illuminating the Dark Cancer Phosphoproteome Through a Machine-Learned Co-Regulation Map of 26,280 Phosphosites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.20.585981v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of an ultrafast pulsed ponderomotive phase plate for cryo-electron tomography 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.20.585981v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) is a powerful modality for resolving cellular structures in their native state. While single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) excels in determining protein structures purified from recombinant or endogenous sources, cryo-ET suffers from low contrast in crowded cellular milieux. A novel experimental approach to enhance contrast in cryo-ET is to manipulate the phase of scattered pulsed electrons using ultrafast pulsed photons. Here, we outline the experimental design of a proof-of-concept electron microscope and demonstrate synchronization between electron packets and laser pulses. Further, we show ultrabright photoemission of electrons from an alloy field emission tip using femtosecond ultraviolet pulses. These experiments pave the way towards exploring the utility of the ponderomotive effect using pulsed radiation to increase phase contrast in cryo-ET of subcellular protein complexes in situ, thus advancing the field of cell biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Du, D. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartnik, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, C. J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhry, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabachnik, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sallah, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Najafi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maxson, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzpatrick, A. W. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.20.585981</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of an ultrafast pulsed ponderomotive phase plate for cryo-electron tomography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.21.585983v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Sociodemographic and Lifestyle Correlates of Epigenetic Aging in a Nationally Representative U.S. Study of Younger Adults 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.21.585983v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ImportanceEpigenetic clocks represent molecular evidence of disease risk and aging processes and have been used to identify how social and lifestyle characteristics are associated with accelerated biological aging. However, most of this research is based on older adult samples who already have measurable chronic disease.

ObjectiveTo investigate whether and how sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics are related to biological aging in a younger adult sample across a wide array of epigenetic clock measures.

DesignNationally representative prospective cohort study.

SettingUnited States (U.S.).

ParticipantsData come from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, a national cohort of adolescents in grades 7-12 in U.S. in 1994 followed for 25 years over five interview waves. Our analytic sample includes participants followed-up through Wave V in 2016-18 who provided blood samples for DNA methylation (DNAm) testing (n=4237) at Wave V.

ExposureSociodemographic (sex, race/ethnicity, immigrant status, socioeconomic status, geographic location) and lifestyle (obesity status, exercise, tobacco, and alcohol use) characteristics.

Main OutcomeBiological aging assessed from blood DNAm using 16 epigenetic clocks when the cohort was aged 33-44 in Wave V.

ResultsWhile there is considerable variation in the mean and distribution of epigenetic clock estimates and in the correlations among the clocks, we found sociodemographic and lifestyle factors are more often associated with biological aging in clocks trained to predict current or dynamic phenotypes (e.g., PhenoAge, GrimAge and DunedinPACE) as opposed to clocks trained to predict chronological age alone (e.g., Horvath). Consistent and strong associations of faster biological aging were found for those with lower levels of education and income, and those with severe obesity, no weekly exercise, and tobacco use.

Conclusions and RelevanceOur study found important social and lifestyle factors associated with biological aging in a nationally representative cohort of younger-aged adults. These findings indicate that molecular processes underlying disease risk can be identified in adults entering midlife before disease is manifest and represent useful targets for interventions to reduce social inequalities in heathy aging and longevity.

Key PointsO_ST_ABSQuestionC_ST_ABSAre epigenetic clocks, measures of biological aging developed mainly on older-adult samples, meaningful for younger adults and associated with sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics in expected patterns found in prior aging research?

FindingsSociodemographic and lifestyle factors were associated with biological aging in clocks trained to predict morbidity and mortality showing accelerated aging among those with lower levels of education and income, and those with severe obesity, no weekly exercise, and tobacco use.

MeaningAge-related molecular processes can be identified in younger-aged adults before disease manifests and represent potential interventions to reduce social inequalities in heathy aging and longevity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harris, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levitt, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaydosh, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aiello, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.21.585983</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Sociodemographic and Lifestyle Correlates of Epigenetic Aging in a Nationally Representative U.S. Study of Younger Adults]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.21.586065v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Base composition at the start of the coding sequence controls the balance between translation initiation and mRNA degradation in E. coli	. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.21.586065v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein synthesis efficiency is highly dependent on the mRNA coding sequence. Furthermore, there is extensive evidence of a correlation between mRNA stability and protein expression level, though the mechanistic determinants remain unclear. Using yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) as a reporter gene, we herein demonstrate that adenosine (A) abundance in the first six codons is a critical determinant for achieving high protein synthesis in E. coli. Increasing A and/or decreasing guanosine (G) content in this region with synonymous codons results in substantial increases in protein expression level both in vivo and in vitro that are correlated with steady-state mRNA concentration in vivo. The change in mRNA concentration is attributable to changes in the stability of the mRNA that are directly coupled to its translation efficiency. Increasing A content promotes mRNA incorporation into the functional 70S ribosomal initiation complex without altering its affinity for the 30S ribosomal subunit. These results support a model in which base composition in the first six codons modulates local mRNA folding energy and single-strandedness to control the balance between productive translation initiation versus degradation of mRNAs bound to the 30S ribosomal subunit. Based on these findings, we developed a short N-terminal coding sequence that optimizes translation initiation efficiency for protein production in E. coli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liponska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monlezun, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkins, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oïffer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouchachi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aalberts, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boël, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.21.586065</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Base composition at the start of the coding sequence controls the balance between translation initiation and mRNA degradation in E. coli	.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.21.586118v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
2P-NucTag: on-demand phototagging for molecular analysis of functionally identified cortical neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.21.586118v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural circuits are characterized by genetically and functionally diverse cell types. A mechanistic understanding of circuit function is predicated on linking the genetic and physiological properties of individual neurons. However, it remains highly challenging to map the molecular properties onto functionally heterogeneous neuronal subtypes in mammalian cortical circuits in vivo. Here, we introduce a high-throughput two-photon nuclear phototagging (2P-NucTag) approach for on-demand and indelible labeling of single neurons via a photoactivatable red fluorescent protein following in vivo functional characterization in behaving mice. Using this novel function-forward pipeline to selectively label and transcriptionally profile previously inaccessible  place and  silent cells in the hippocampus of behaving mice, we identify unexpected differences in gene expression between these hippocampal pyramidal neurons with distinct spatial coding properties. Thus, 2P-NucTag opens a new way to uncover the molecular principles that govern the functional organization of neural circuits.

One-Sentence Summary2P-NucTag - A novel high-throughput on-demand phototagging approach to identify selective gene expression of functionally distinct neurons in vivo in behaving animals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nutkovich, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kushinsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, B. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrlinger, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mihaila, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malina, K. C.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>OToole, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conde Paredes, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yong, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varol, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Losonczy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiegel, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.21.586118</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[2P-NucTag: on-demand phototagging for molecular analysis of functionally identified cortical neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.21.586142v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The L-lactate dehydrogenases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are conditionally regulated but both contribute to survival during macrophage infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.21.586142v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that thrives in environments associated with human activity, including soil and water altered by agriculture or pollution. Because L-lactate is a significant product of plant and animal metabolism, it is available to serve as a carbon source for P. aeruginosa in the diverse settings it inhabits. Here, we evaluate P. aeruginosas production and use of its redundant L-lactate dehydrogenases, termed LldD and LldA. We confirm that the protein LldR represses lldD and identify a new transcription factor, called LldS, that activates lldA; these distinct regulators and the genomic contexts of lldD and lldA contribute to their differential expression. We demonstrate that the lldD and lldA genes are conditionally controlled in response to lactate isomers as well as to glycolate and {square}-hydroxybutyrate, which, like lactate, are {square}-hydroxycarboxylates. We also show that lldA is induced when iron availability is low. Our examination of lldD and lldA expression across depth in biofilms indicates a complex pattern that is consistent with the effects of glycolate production, iron availability, and cross-regulation on enzyme preference. Finally, macrophage infection assays revealed that both lldD and lldA contribute to persistence within host cells, underscoring the potential role of L-lactate as a carbon source during P. aeruginosa-eukaryote interactions. Together, these findings help us understand the metabolism of a key resource that may promote P. aeruginosas success as a resident of contaminated environments and animal hosts.

ImportancePseudomonas aeruginosa is a major cause of lung infections in people with cystic fibrosis, hospital-acquired infections, and wound infections. It consumes L-lactate, which is found at substantial levels in human blood and tissues. In this study, we investigated the spatial regulation of two redundant enzymes, called LldD and LldA, which enable L-lactate metabolism in P. aeruginosa biofilms. We uncovered mechanisms and identified compounds that control P. aeruginosas LldD/LldA preference. We also showed that both enzymes contribute to its ability to survive within macrophages, a behavior that is thought to augment the chronicity and recalcitrance of infections. Our findings shed light on a key metabolic strategy used by P. aeruginosa and have the potential to inform the development of therapies targeting bacterial metabolism during infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Florek, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, M.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price-Whelan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahme, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dietrich, L. E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.21.586142</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The L-lactate dehydrogenases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are conditionally regulated but both contribute to survival during macrophage infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.22.586242v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Attentional modulation of secondary somatosensory and visual thalamus of mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.22.586242v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Each sensory modality has its own primary and secondary thalamic nuclei. While the primary thalamic nuclei are well understood to relay sensory information from the periphery to the cortex, the role of secondary sensory nuclei is elusive. We trained head-fixed mice to ateend to one sensory modality while ignoring a second modality, namely to ateend to touch and ignore vision, or vice versa. Arrays were used to record simultaneously from secondary somatosensory thalamus (POm) and secondary visual thalamus (LP). In mice trained to respond to tactile stimuli and ignore visual stimuli, POm was robustly activated by touch and largely unresponsive to visual stimuli. A different pateern was observed when mice were trained to respond to visual stimuli and ignore touch, with POm now more robustly activated during visual trials. This POm activity was not explained by differences in movements (i.e., whisking, licking, pupil dilation) resulting from the two tasks. Post hoc histological reconstruction of array tracks through POm revealed that subregions varied in their degree of plasticity. LP exhibited similar phenomena. We conclude that behavioral training reshapes activity in secondary thalamic nuclei. Secondary nuclei respond to the same behaviorally relevant, reward-predicting stimuli regardless of stimulus modality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Petty, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruno, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.22.586242</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Attentional modulation of secondary somatosensory and visual thalamus of mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.22.586340v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multidimensional analysis of cortical interneuron synaptic features reveals underlying synaptic heterogeneity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.22.586340v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cortical interneurons represent a diverse set of neuronal subtypes characterized in part by their striking degree of synaptic specificity. However, little is known about the extent of synaptic diversity because of the lack of unbiased methods to extract synaptic features among interneuron subtypes. Here, we develop an approach to aggregate image features from fluorescent confocal images of interneuron synapses and their post-synaptic targets, in order to characterize the heterogeneity of synapses at fine scale. We started by training a model that recognizes pre- and post-synaptic compartments and then determines the target of each genetically-identified interneuron synapse in vitro and in vivo. Our model extracts hundreds of spatial and intensity features from each analyzed synapse, constructing a multidimensional data set, consisting of millions of synapses, which allowed us to perform an unsupervised analysis on this dataset, uncovering novel synaptic subgroups. The subgroups were spatially distributed in a highly structured manner that revealed the local underlying topology of the postsynaptic environment. Dendrite-targeting subgroups were clustered onto subdomains of the dendrite along the proximal to distal axis. Soma-targeting subgroups were enriched onto different postsynaptic cell types. We also find that the two main subclasses of interneurons, basket cells and somatostatin interneurons, utilize distinct strategies to enact inhibitory coverage. Thus, our analysis of multidimensional synaptic features establishes a conceptual framework for studying interneuron synaptic diversity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dummer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hossain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider-Mizell, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Au, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.22.586340</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multidimensional analysis of cortical interneuron synaptic features reveals underlying synaptic heterogeneity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.22.586363v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reference-informed prediction of alternative splicing and splicing-altering mutations from sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.22.586363v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alternative splicing plays a crucial role in protein diversity and gene expression regulation in higher eukaryotes and mutations causing dysregulated splicing underlie a range of genetic diseases. Computational prediction of alternative splicing from genomic sequences not only provides insight into gene-regulatory mechanisms but also helps identify disease-causing mutations and drug targets. However, the current methods for the quantitative prediction of splice site usage still have limited accuracy. Here, we present DeltaSplice, a deep neural network model optimized to learn the impact of mutations on quantitative changes in alternative splicing from the comparative analysis of homologous genes. The model architecture enables DeltaSplice to perform "reference-informed prediction" by incorporating the known splice site usage of a reference gene sequence to improve its prediction on splicing-altering mutations. We benchmarked DeltaSplice and several other state-of-the-art methods on various prediction tasks, including evolutionary sequence divergence on lineage-specific splicing and splicing-altering mutations in human populations and neurodevelopmental disorders, and demonstrated that DeltaSplice outperformed consistently. DeltaSplice predicted [~]15% of splicing quantitative trait loci (sQTLs) in the human brain as causal splicing-altering variants. It also predicted splicing-altering de novo mutations outside the splice sites in a subset of patients affected by autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders, including 19 genes with recurrent splicing-altering mutations. Among the new candidate disease risk genes, MFN1 is involved in mitochondria fusion, which is frequently disrupted in autism patients. Our work expanded the capacity of in silico splicing models with potential applications in genetic diagnosis and the development of splicing-based precision medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.22.586363</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reference-informed prediction of alternative splicing and splicing-altering mutations from sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.24.586490v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Roles for RERE in lymphatic endothelial cell proliferation and survival, and human cystic lymphatic malformations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.24.586490v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human congenital lymphatic anomalies (LAs) arise due to defects in lymphatic development. During a genetic study of fetuses with LAs, we identified a heterozygous pathogenic truncating variant in RERE in a fetus with a cystic lymphatic malformation (CLM). RERE is a transcriptional regulator which interacts with several key lymphangiogenic factors, including Notch and Coup-TFII. RERE also modulates retinoic acid signaling, which is essential for lymphatic vascular development. Thus, we hypothesized that RERE functions in lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) and its loss contributes to LEC dysfunction and CLM pathogenesis. RERE was found to be expressed in the lymphatic endothelium during human development. RERE knockdown in human LECs reduced proliferation and induced apoptosis, increased expression of key lymphangiogenic genes, PROX1, COUP-TFII and VEGFR3, and altered expression of Notch target genes. RERE expression was elevated in LECs isolated from CLMs with pathogenic PIK3CA variants. These findings support a novel role for RERE in LECs, where RERE regulates LEC proliferation, LEC survival, lymphangiogenic gene expression and Notch signaling, which in turn suggests its loss contributes to CLM pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rogerson, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giordano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wapner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shawber, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.24.586490</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Roles for RERE in lymphatic endothelial cell proliferation and survival, and human cystic lymphatic malformations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.25.586622v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The regulatory architecture of the primed pluripotent cell state 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.25.586622v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although numerous studies have focused on defining transcriptional cell states in normal and disease contexts, the gene regulatory architecture that governs and defines specific mammalian cell states remains poorly understood. Here we present an integrative computational and experimental systems biology approach to elucidate the regulatory architecture of a conserved cell state of critical importance in development and stem cell biology, namely primed state pluripotency. We have used an unbiased approach to analyze protein activity profiles from mouse epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs), leading to identification and experimental confirmation of 132 transcription factors that are master regulators (MRs) of primed state pluripotency. These MRs include known as well as novel factors, many of which were further validated for their role in lineage-specific differentiation using CRISPR-mediated functional assays. To assemble a comprehensive regulatory network, we silenced each of the 132 MRs to assess their effects on the other MRs and their transcriptional targets, yielding a network of 1,273 MR[-&gt;]MR interactions. Network architecture analyses revealed four functionally distinct MR modules (communities), largely independent of lineage-specific differentiation, and identified key Speaker and Mediator MRs based on their hierarchical rank and centrality in mediating information flow in the pluripotent cell. Taken together, our findings elucidate the de-centralized logic of a "communal interaction" model in which the balanced activities of four MR communities maintain pluripotency, and define the primed pluripotent cell state in terms of its transcriptional regulatory network.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, B. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chirathivat, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.25.586622</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The regulatory architecture of the primed pluripotent cell state]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.25.586632v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
YTHDC1 m6A-dependent and m6A-independent functions converge to preserve DNA damage response. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.25.586632v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells have evolved a robust and highly regulated DNA damage response to preserve their genomic integrity. Although increasing evidence highlights the relevance of RNA regulation, our understanding of its impact on a fully efficient DNA damage response remains limited. Here, through a targeted CRISPR-knockout screen, we identified RNA binding proteins and modifiers that participate in mediating the p53 response. Among the top hits, m6A reader YTHDC1 was identified as a master regulator of p53 expression. YTHDC1 binds to the transcription start sites of TP53 and other genes involved in DNA damage response, promoting their transcriptional elongation. YTHDC1 deficiency leads to reduced TP53 expression, and also retention of introns leading to aberrant protein production of key DNA damage factors. While intron retention is dependent on m6A, YTHDC1 favors TP53 transcriptional pause-release independently of m6A. Depletion of YTHDC1 causes genomic instability and aberrant cancer cell proliferation mediated by genes regulated by YTHDC1. Our results uncover YTHDC1 as an orchestrator of the DNA damage response through distinct mechanisms of co-transcriptional mRNA regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elvira-Blazquez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Justel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arcas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Statello, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goni, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricci, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaccara, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raimondi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huarte, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.25.586632</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[YTHDC1 m6A-dependent and m6A-independent functions converge to preserve DNA damage response.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.27.586820v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global variation in prior exposure shapes antibody neutralization profiles of SARS-CoV-2 variants up to BA.2.86 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.27.586820v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The highly mutated SARS-CoV-2 variant, BA.2.86, and its descendants are now the most frequently sequenced variants of SARS-CoV-2. We analyze antibody neutralization data from eight laboratories from the UK, USA, Denmark, and China, including two datasets assessing the effect of XBB.1.5 vaccines, to determine the effect of infection and vaccination history on neutralization of variants up to and including BA.2.86, and produce antibody landscapes to describe these neutralization profiles. We find evidence for lower levels of immune imprinting on pre-Omicron variants in sera collected from Denmark and China, which may be explained by lower levels of circulation of the ancestral variant in these countries, and the use of an inactivated virus vaccine in China.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Turner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amirthalingam, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barouch, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bewley, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, Y. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, Y.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charlton, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DOVE consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coombes, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallis, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jian, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasrado, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lassauniere, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lihong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montefiori, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moss, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parry, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polacek Strandh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmussen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thakur, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomson, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willett, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yisimayi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.27.586820</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global variation in prior exposure shapes antibody neutralization profiles of SARS-CoV-2 variants up to BA.2.86]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.27.586821v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide association study of glucocerebrosidase activity modifiers. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.27.586821v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One of the most common genetic risk factors for Parkinsons disease (PD) are variants in GBA1, which encodes the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GCase). GCase deficiency has been associated with an increased PD risk, but not all individuals with low GCase activity are carriers of GBA1 mutations, suggesting other factors may be acting as modifiers. We aimed to discover common variants associated with GCase activity, as well as replicate previously reported associations, by performing a genome-wide association study using two independent cohorts: a Columbia University cohort consisting of 697 PD cases and 347 controls and the Parkinsons Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) cohort consisting of 357 PD cases and 163 controls. As expected, GBA1 variants have the strongest association with decreased activity, led by p.N370S (beta = -4.36, se = 0.32, p = 5.05e-43). We also identify a novel association in the GAA locus (encoding for acid alpha-glucosidase, beta = -0.96, se = 0.17, p = 5.23e-09) that may be the result of an interaction between GCase and acid alpha-glucosidase based on various interaction analyses. Lastly, we show that several PD-risk loci are potentially associated with GCase activity. Further research will be needed to replicate and validate our findings and to uncover the functional connection between acid alpha-glucosidase and GCase.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Somerville, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krohn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senkevich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmad, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asayesh, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruskey, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiegelman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fahn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waters, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sardi, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcalay, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gan-Or, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.27.586821</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide association study of glucocerebrosidase activity modifiers.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.29.586960v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibition of striatal indirect pathway during second postnatal week leads to long lasting deficits in motivated behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.29.586960v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Schizophrenia is a neuropsychiatric disorder with postulated neurodevelopmental etiology. Genetic and imaging studies have shown enhanced dopamine and D2 receptor occupancy in the striatum of patients with schizophrenia. However, whether alterations in postnatal striatal dopamine can lead to long lasting changes in brain function and behavior is still unclear. Here, we approximated striatal D2R hyperfunction in mice via designer receptor mediated activation of inhibitory Gi-protein signaling during a defined postnatal time window. We found that Gi-mediated inhibition of the indirect pathway during postnatal day 8-15 led to long lasting decreases in locomotor activity and motivated behavior measured in the adult animal. In vivo photometry further showed that the motivational deficit was associated with an attenuated adaptation of cue-evoked dopamine levels to changes in effort requirements. These data establish a sensitive time window of D2R-regulated striatal development with long lasting impacts on neuronal function and behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olivetti, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres-Herraez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raudales, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumerau, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moyles, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balsam, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellendonk, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.29.586960</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibition of striatal indirect pathway during second postnatal week leads to long lasting deficits in motivated behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.29.587355v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional ultrasound (fUS) imaging of displacement-guided focused ultrasound (FUS) neuromodulation in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.29.587355v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Focused ultrasound (FUS) stimulation is a promising neuromodulation technique with the merits of non-invasiveness, high spatial resolution, and deep penetration depth. However, simultaneous imaging of FUS-induced brain tissue displacement and the subsequent effect of FUS stimulation on brain hemodynamics has proven challenging thus far. In addition, earlier studies lack in situ confirmation of targeting except for the magnetic resonance imaging-guided FUS system-based studies. The purpose of this study is 1) to introduce a fully ultrasonic approach to in situ target, modulate neuronal activity, and monitor the resultant neuromodulation effect by respectively leveraging displacement imaging, FUS, and functional ultrasound (fUS) imaging, and 2) to investigate FUS-evoked cerebral blood volume (CBV) response and the relationship between CBV and displacement. We performed displacement imaging on craniotomized mice to confirm the in targeting for neuromodulation site. We recorded hemodynamic responses evoked by FUS and fUS revealed an ipsilateral CBV increase that peaks at 4 s post-FUS. We saw a stronger hemodynamic activation in the subcortical region than cortical, showing good agreement with the brain elasticity map that can also be obtained using a similar methodology. We observed dose-dependent CBV response with peak CBV, activated area, and correlation coefficient increasing with ultrasonic dose. Furthermore, by mapping displacement and hemodynamic activation, we found that displacement colocalizes and linearly correlates with CBV increase. The findings presented herein demonstrated that FUS evokes ipsilateral hemodynamic activation in cortical and subcortical depths and the evoked hemodynamic responses colocalized and correlate with FUS-induced displacement. We anticipate that our findings will help consolidate accurate targeting as well as an understanding of how FUS displaces brain tissue and affects cerebral hemodynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hossain, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bendig, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konofagou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.29.587355</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional ultrasound (fUS) imaging of displacement-guided focused ultrasound (FUS) neuromodulation in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.30.587445v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Patch-walking: Coordinated multi-pipette patch clamp for efficiently finding synaptic connections 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.30.587445v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Significant technical challenges exist when measuring synaptic connections between neurons in living brain tissue. The patch clamping technique, when used to probe for synaptic connections, is manually laborious and time-consuming. To improve its efficiency, we pursued another approach: instead of retracting all patch clamping electrodes after each recording attempt, we cleaned just one of them and reused it to obtain another recording while maintaining the others. With one new patch clamp recording attempt, many new connections can be probed. By placing one pipette in front of the others in this way, one can "walk" across the tissue, termed "patch-walking." We performed 136 patch clamp attempts for two pipettes, achieving 71 successful whole cell recordings (52.2%). Of these, we probed 29 pairs (i.e., 58 bidirectional probed connections) averaging 91 {micro}m intersomatic distance, finding 3 connections. Patch-walking yields 80-92% more probed connections, for experiments with 10-100 cells than the traditional synaptic connection searching method.

MotivationRecognizing the manual labor and time-intensive nature of patch clamping when trying to find synaptic connections, we aim to improve its efficiency. We introduce a novel approach, termed "patch-walking," where one patch clamping electrode is cleaned and reused, enabling the exploration of numerous connections with a single recording attempt and improving the efficiency of identifying synaptic connections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yip, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewallen, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolb, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoy, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fong, M.-f.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>J Rowan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyden, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forest, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.30.587445</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Patch-walking: Coordinated multi-pipette patch clamp for efficiently finding synaptic connections]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.02.586238v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conditional deletion of CEACAM1 causes hepatic stellate cell activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.02.586238v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectivesHepatic CEACAM1 expression declines with advanced hepatic fibrosis stage in patients with MASH. Global and hepatocyte-specific deletions of Ceacam1 impair insulin clearance to cause hepatic insulin resistance and steatosis. They also cause hepatic inflammation and fibrosis, a condition characterized by excessive collagen production from activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Given the positive effect of PPAR{gamma} on CEACAM1 transcriptoin and on HSCs quiescence, the current studies investigated whether CEACAM1 loss from HSCs causes their activation.

MethodsWe examined whether lentiviral shRNA-mediated CEACAM1 donwregulation (KD-LX2) activates cultured human LX2 stellate cells. We also generated LratCre+Cc1fl/fl mutants with conditional Ceacam1 deletion in HSCs and characterized their MASH phenotype. Media transfer experiments were employed to examine whether media from mutant human and murine HSCs activate their wild-type counterparts.

ResultsLratCre+Cc1fl/fl mutants displayed hepatic inflammation and fibrosis but without insulin resistance or hepatic steatosis. Their HSCs, like KD-LX2 cells, underwent myofibroblastic transformation and their media activated wild-type HDCs. This was inhibited by nicotinic acid treatment which stemmed the release of IL-6 and fatty acids, both of which activate the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase. Gefitinib inhibition of EGFR and its downstream NF-{kappa}B/IL-6/STAT3 inflammatory and MAPK-proliferation pathways also blunted HSCs activation in the absence of CEACAM1.

ConclusionsLoss of CEACAM1 in HSCs provoked their myofibroblastic transformation in the absence of insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis. This response is mediated by autocrine HSCs activation of the EGFR pathway that amplifies inflammation and proliferation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muturi, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghadieh, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asalla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lester, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verhulst, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stankus, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdolahipour, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belew, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grunsven, L. A. v.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwabe, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinds, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Najjar, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.02.586238</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conditional deletion of CEACAM1 causes hepatic stellate cell activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.02.587643v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selectivity of Complex Coacervation in Multi-Protein Mixtures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.02.587643v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Liquid-liquid phase separation of biomolecules is increasingly recognized as relevant to various cellular functions, and complex coacervation of biomacromolecules, particularly proteins, is emerging as a key mechanism for this phenomenon. Complex coacervation is also being explored as a potential protein purification method due to its potential scalability, aqueous operation, and ability to produce a highly concentrated product. However, to date most studies of complex coacervation have evaluated the phase behavior of a binary mixture of two oppositely charged macromolecules. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the phase behavior of complex biological mixtures has yet to be established. To address this, a panel of engineered proteins was designed to allow for quantitative analysis of the complex coacervation of individual proteins within a multi-component mixture. The behavior of individual proteins was evaluated using a defined mixture of proteins that mimics the charge profile of the E. coli proteome. To allow for direct quantification of proteins in each phase, spectrally separated fluorescent proteins were used to construct the protein mixture. From this quantitative analysis, we observed that the coacervation behavior of individual proteins in the mixture was consistent with each other, which was distinctive from the behavior when each protein was evaluated in a single-protein system. Subtle differences in biophysical properties between the proteins became noticeable in the mixture, which allowed us to elucidate parameters for protein complex coacervation. With this understanding, we successfully designed methods to enrich a range of proteins of interest from a mixture of proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahn, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obermeyer, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.02.587643</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selectivity of Complex Coacervation in Multi-Protein Mixtures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.03.587904v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ketamine metabolism via hepatic CYP450 isoforms contributes to its sustained antidepressant actions. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.03.587904v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
(R,S)-ketamine (ketamine) has rapid and sustained antidepressant (AD) efficacy at sub-anesthetic doses in depressed patients. A metabolite of ketamine, including (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine ((6)-HNKs) has been reported to exert antidepressant actions in rodent model of anxiety/depression. To further understand the specific role of ketamines metabolism in the AD actions of the drug, we evaluated the effects of inhibiting hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes on AD responses. We assessed whether pre-treatment with fluconazole (10 and 20 mg/kg, i.p.) 1 hour prior to ketamine or HNKs (10 mg/kg, i.p.) administration would alter behavioral and neurochemical actions of the drugs in male BALB/cJ mice with a highly anxious phenotype. Extracellular microdialysate levels of glutamate and GABA (Gluext, GABAext) were also measured in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Pre-treatment with fluconazole altered the pharmacokinetic profile of ketamine, by increasing both plasma and brain levels of ketamine and (R,S)-norketamine, while robustly reducing those of (6)-HNKs. At 24 hours post-injection (t24h), fluconazole prevented the sustained AD-like response of ketamine responses in the forced swim test and splash test, as well as the enhanced cortical GABA levels produced by ketamine. A single (2R,6R)-HNK administration selectively rescued the antidepressant-like activity of ketamine in mice pretreated with fluconazole within 24 hours of treatment. Overall, these findings are consistent with an essential role of (6)-HNK in mediating the sustained antidepressant-like effects of ketamine and suggest potential interactions between pharmacological CYPIs and ketamine during antidepressant treatment in patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guilloux, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Defaix, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendez-David, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etting, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGowan, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Highland, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lovett, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moaddel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corruble, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gould, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denny, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.03.587904</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ketamine metabolism via hepatic CYP450 isoforms contributes to its sustained antidepressant actions.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.03.587939v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CINner: modeling and simulation of chromosomal instability in cancer at single-cell resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.03.587939v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer development is characterized by chromosomal instability, manifesting in frequent occurrences of different genomic alteration mechanisms ranging in extent and impact. Mathematical modeling can help evaluate the role of each mutational process during tumor progression, however existing frameworks can only capture certain aspects of chromosomal instability (CIN). We present CINner, a mathematical framework for modeling genomic diversity and selection during tumor evolution. The main advantage of CINner is its flexibility to incorporate many genomic events that directly impact cellular fitness, from driver gene mutations to copy number alterations (CNAs), including focal amplifications and deletions, missegregations and whole-genome duplication (WGD). We apply CINner to find chromosome-arm selection parameters that drive tumorigenesis in the absence of WGD in chromosomally stable cancer types. We found that the selection parameters predict WGD prevalence among different chromosomally unstable tumors, hinting that the selective advantage of WGD cells hinges on their tolerance for aneuploidy and escape from nullisomy. Direct application of CINner to model the WGD proportion and fraction of genome altered (FGA) further uncovers the increase in CNA probabilities associated with WGD in each cancer type. CINner can also be utilized to study chromosomally stable cancer types, by applying a selection model based on driver gene mutations and focal amplifications or deletions. Finally, we used CINner to analyze the impact of CNA probabilities, chromosome selection parameters, tumor growth dynamics and population size on cancer fitness and heterogeneity. We expect that CINner will provide a powerful modeling tool for the oncology community to quantify the impact of newly uncovered genomic alteration mechanisms on shaping tumor progression and adaptation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dinh, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez-Garcia, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malhotra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mcpherson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavare, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.03.587939</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CINner: modeling and simulation of chromosomal instability in cancer at single-cell resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.03.587963v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Embryonic motor neuron programming factors reactivate immature gene expression and suppress ALS pathologies in postnatal motor neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.03.587963v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging is a major risk factor in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and other adult-onset neurodegenerative disorders. Whereas young neurons are capable of buffering disease-causing stresses, mature neurons lose this ability and degenerate over time. We hypothesized that the resilience of young motor neurons could be restored by re-expression of the embryonic motor neuron selector transcription factors ISL1 and LHX3. We found that viral re-expression of ISL1 and LHX3 reactivates aspects of the youthful gene expression program in mature motor neurons and alleviates key disease-relevant phenotypes in the SOD1G93A mouse model of ALS. Our results suggest that redeployment of lineage-specific neuronal selector transcription factors can be an effective strategy to attenuate age-dependent phenotypes in neurodegenerative disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lowry, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tariq, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melikyan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aziz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dermentzaki, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotti, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wichterle, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.03.587963</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Embryonic motor neuron programming factors reactivate immature gene expression and suppress ALS pathologies in postnatal motor neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.03.588012v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generation of hiPSC-derived brain microvascular endothelial cells using a combination of directed differentiation and transcriptional reprogramming strategies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.03.588012v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The blood-brain barrier (BBB), formed by specialized brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs), regulates brain function in health and disease. In vitro modeling of the human BBB is limited by the lack of robust hiPSC protocols to generate BMECs. Here, we report generation, transcriptomic and functional characterization of reprogrammed BMECs (rBMECs) by combining hiPSC differentiation into BBB-primed endothelial cells and reprogramming with two BBB transcription factors FOXF2 and ZIC3. rBMECs express a subset of the BBB gene repertoire including tight junctions and transporters, exhibit stronger paracellular barrier properties, lower caveolar-mediated transcytosis, and similar p-Glycoprotein activity compared to primary HBMECs. They can acquire an inflammatory phenotype when treated with oligomeric A{beta}42. rBMECs integrate with hiPSC-derived pericytes and astrocytes to form a 3D neurovascular system using the MIMETAS microfluidics platform. This novel 3D system resembles the in vivo BBB at structural and functional levels to enable investigation of pathogenic mechanisms of neurological diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosco, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ackcan, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richters, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrilero Delgado, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agalliu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sproul, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.03.588012</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generation of hiPSC-derived brain microvascular endothelial cells using a combination of directed differentiation and transcriptional reprogramming strategies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.03.588013v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extracellular Matrix Instability and Chronic Inflammation Underlie Maladaptive Right Ventricular Pressure Overload Remodeling and Failure in Male Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.03.588013v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundRight ventricular dysfunction (RVD) portends increased death risk for heart failure (HF) and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) patients, regardless of left ventricular function or etiology. In both, RVD arises from the chronic RV pressure overload, and represents advanced cardiopulmonary disease. RV remodeling responses and survival rates of HF and PAH patients, however, differ by sex. Men develop more severe RVD and die at younger ages than do women. Mechanistic details of this sexual dimorphism in RV remodeling are incompletely understood. We sought to elucidate the cardiac pathophysiology underlying the sex-specific RV remodeling phenotypes, RV failure (RVF) versus compensated RVD.

MethodsWe subjected male (M-) and female (F-) adult mice to moderate pulmonary artery banding (PAB) for 9wks. Mice underwent serial echocardiography, cardiac MRI, RV pressure-volume loop recordings, histologic and molecular analyses.

ResultsM-PAB developed severe RVD with RVF, increased RV collagen deposition and degradation, extracellular matrix (ECM) instability, and activation and recruitment of macrophages. Despite the same severity and chronicity of RV pressure overload, F-PAB had more stable ECM, lacked chronic inflammation, and developed mild RVD without RVF.

ConclusionsECM destabilization and chronic activation of recruited macrophages are associated with maladaptive RV remodeling and RVF in male PAB mice. Adaptive RV remodeling of female PAB mice lacked these histopathologic changes. Our findings suggest that these two pathophysiologic processes likely contribute to the sexual dimorphism of RV pressure overload remodeling. Further mechanistic studies are needed to assess their pathogenic roles and potential as targets for RVD therapy and RVF prevention.

CLINICAL PERSPECTIVE What is new?O_LIIn a mouse model of pure PH, males but not females showed an association between ECM instability, chronic inflammation with activation of recruited macrophages, and severe RV dysfunction and failure.
C_LI

What are the clinical implications?O_LIIn male HF and PH patients, enhancing ECM stability and countering the recruitment and activation of macrophages may help preserve RV function such that RVF can be prevented or delayed. Further preclinical mechanistic studies are needed to assess the therapeutic potential of such approaches.
C_LI

RESEARCH PERSPECTIVE What new question does this study raise? What question should be addressed next?O_LIWhat mechanisms regulate RV ECM stability and macrophage recruitment and activation in response to chronic RV pressure overload? Are these regulatory mechanisms dependent upon or independent of sex hormone signaling?
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Russo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dun, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzimas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fukuma, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.03.588013</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extracellular Matrix Instability and Chronic Inflammation Underlie Maladaptive Right Ventricular Pressure Overload Remodeling and Failure in Male Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.04.588089v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Application of tissue-scale tension to avian epithelia in vivo to study multiscale mechanical properties and inter-germ layer coupling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.04.588089v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As cross-disciplinary approaches drawing from physics and mechanics have increasingly influenced our understanding of morphogenesis, the tools available to measure and perturb physical aspects of embryonic development have expanded as well. However, it remains a challenge to measure mechanical properties and apply exogenous tissue-scale forces in vivo, particularly for epithelia. Exploiting the size and accessibility of the developing chick embryo, here we describe a simple technique to quantitatively apply exogenous forces on the order of 1-100 N to the endodermal epithelium. To demonstrate the utility of this approach, we performed a series of proof-of-concept experiments that reveal fundamental and unexpected mechanical behaviors in the early chick embryo, including mechanotype heterogeneity among cells of the midgut endoderm, complex non-cell autonomous effects of actin disruption, and a high degree of mechanical coupling between the endoderm and adjacent paraxial mesoderm. To illustrate the broader utility of this method, we determined that forces on the order of 10 N are sufficient to unzip the neural tube during primary neurulation. Together, these findings provide basic insights into the mechanics of embryonic epithelia in vivo in the early avian embryo, and provide a useful tool for future investigations of how morphogenesis is influenced by mechanical factors.

Graphical AbstractO_ST_ABSSummary StatementC_ST_ABS

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=101 SRC="FIGDIR/small/588089v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (59K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@7f0d90org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@153a4b0org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@614051org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@c5b432_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG A simple approach is devised to quantitatively apply tension to epithelia in vivo, and used to study endoderm mechanics in the deeloping chick embryo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oikonomou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calvary, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cirne, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durel, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nerurkar, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.04.588089</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Application of tissue-scale tension to avian epithelia in vivo to study multiscale mechanical properties and inter-germ layer coupling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.04.588131v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
WENDY: Gene Regulatory Network Inference with Covariance Dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.04.588131v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Determining gene regulatory network (GRN) structure is a central problem in biology, with a variety of inference methods available for different types of data. For a widely prevalent and challenging use case, namely single-cell gene expression data measured after intervention at multiple time points with unknown joint distributions, there is only one known specifically developed method, which does not fully utilize the rich information contained in this data type. We develop an inference method for the GRN in this case, netWork infErence by covariaNce DYnamics, dubbed WENDY. The core idea of WENDY is to model the dynamics of the covariance matrix, and solve this dynamics as an optimization problem to determine the regulatory relationships. To evaluate its effectiveness, we compare WENDY with other inference methods using synthetic data and experimental data. Our results demonstrate that WENDY performs well across different data sets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.-c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aravkin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.04.588131</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[WENDY: Gene Regulatory Network Inference with Covariance Dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.05.588351v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inference of chromosome selection parameters and missegregation rate in cancer from DNA-sequencing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.05.588351v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aneuploidy is frequently observed in cancers and has been linked to poor patient outcome. Analysis of aneuploidy in DNA-sequencing (DNA-seq) data necessitates untangling the effects of the Copy Number Aberration (CNA) occurrence rates and the selection coefficients that act upon the resulting karyotypes. We introduce a parameter inference algorithm that takes advantage of both bulk and single-cell DNA-seq cohorts. The method is based on Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) and utilizes CINner, our recently introduced simulation algorithm of chromosomal instability in cancer. We examine three groups of statistics to summarize the data in the ABC routine: (A) Copy Number-based measures, (B) phylogeny tip statistics, and (C) phylogeny balance indices. Using these statistics, our method can recover both the CNA probabilities and selection parameters from ground truth data, and performs well even for data cohorts of relatively small sizes. We find that only statistics in groups A and C are well-suited for identifying CNA probabilities, and only group A carries the signals for estimating selection parameters. Moreover, the low number of CNA events at large scale compared to cell counts in single-cell samples means that statistics in group B cannot be estimated accurately using phylogeny reconstruction algorithms at the chromosome level. As data from both bulk and single-cell DNA-sequencing techniques becomes increasingly available, our inference framework promises to facilitate the analysis of distinct cancer types, differentiation between selection and neutral drift, and prediction of cancer clonal dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinh, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.05.588351</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inference of chromosome selection parameters and missegregation rate in cancer from DNA-sequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.08.587957v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alternating Access of a Neurotransmitter:Sodium Symporter Bacterial Homolog Determined from AlphaFold2 Ensembles and DEER Spectroscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.08.587957v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurotransmitter:sodium symporters (NSSs) play critical roles in neural signaling by regulating neurotransmitter uptake into cells powered by sodium electrochemical gradients. Bacterial NSSs orthologs, including MhsT from Bacillus halodurans, have emerged as model systems to understands the structural motifs of alternating access in NSSs and the extent of conservation of these motifs across the family. Here, we apply a novel computational/experimental methodology to illuminate the energy landscape of MhsT alternating access. Capitalizing on our recently developed method, Sampling Protein Ensembles and Conformational Heterogeneity with AlphaFold2 (SPEACH_AF), we derived clusters of MhsT models spanning the transition from inward-facing to outward-facing conformations. Systematic application of double electron-electron resonance (DEER) spectroscopy revealed ligand-dependent movement of multiple structural motifs that underpins MhsTs conformational cycle. Remarkably, comparative DEER analysis in detergent micelles and lipid nanodiscs highlight the profound effect of the environment on the energetics of conformational changes. Through experimentally-derived selection of collective variables, we present a model of ion and substrate powered transport by MhsT consistent with the conformational cycle derived from DEER. Our findings not only advance the understanding of MhsTs function but also uncover motifs of conformational dynamics conserved within the broader context of the NSS family and within the LeuT-fold class of transporters. Importantly, our methodological blueprint introduces a novel approach that can be applied across a diverse spectrum of transporters to describe their energy landscapes.

Significance StatementThe neurotransmitter:sodium symporter (NSS) family plays a crucial role in neurotransmitter reuptake, a sodium-dependent process that transports neurotransmitters from the synapse back into the neuron. This study investigates the bacterial tryptophan transporter MhsT, a homolog of human NSSs, using the deep learning method AlphaFold2 in conjunction with double electron-electron resonance spectroscopy. This combined approach enables us to map the energy landscape that dictates the conformational shifts crucial for MhsTs function. Furthermore, we reveal how the environment modulates the transporters dynamics. From our research, we develop a model of MhsT transport that highlights the extent of mechanistic conservation across the NSS family. Additionally, we introduce a comprehensive framework for exploring the energetic landscapes of transporters, effectively integrating computational and experimental methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gil-Itrube, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quick, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mchaourab, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.08.587957</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alternating Access of a Neurotransmitter:Sodium Symporter Bacterial Homolog Determined from AlphaFold2 Ensembles and DEER Spectroscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.08.587960v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A heterogenous pharmaco-transcriptomic landscape induced by targeting a single oncogenic kinase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.08.587960v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over-activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a hallmark of glioblastoma. However, EGFR-targeted therapies have led to minimal clinical response. While delivery of EGFR inhibitors (EGFRis) to the brain constitutes a major challenge, how additional drug-specific features alter efficacy remains poorly understood. We apply highly multiplex single-cell chemical genomics to define the molecular response of glioblastoma to EGFRis. Using a deep generative framework, we identify shared and drug-specific transcriptional programs that group EGFRis into distinct molecular classes. We identify programs that differ by the chemical properties of EGFRis, including induction of adaptive transcription and modulation of immunogenic gene expression. Finally, we demonstrate that pro-immunogenic expression changes associated with a subset of tyrphostin family EGFRis increase the ability of cytotoxic T-cells to eradicate tumor cells. Our study provides a framework that considers each agents unique and often unknown poly-pharmacology to prioritize compounds that induce clinically favorable molecular responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giglio, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyatt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaikunthan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuchs, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nima, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malinowski, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ligon, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McFaline-Figueroa, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azizi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McFaline-Figueroa, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.08.587960</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A heterogenous pharmaco-transcriptomic landscape induced by targeting a single oncogenic kinase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.08.588607v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IL-1RA Disrupts ATP Activation of P2RX7 in Human Monocyte-Derived Microglia-like Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.08.588607v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The immune system has a dynamic role in neurodegenerative diseases, and purinergic receptors allow immune cells to recognize neuronal signaling, cell injury, or stress. Purinergic Receptor 7 (P2RX7) can modulate inflammatory cascades and its expression is upregulated in Alzheimers disease (AD) brain tissue. P2RX7 expression is enriched in microglia, and elevated levels are found in microglia surrounding amyloid-beta plaques in the brain. While P2RX7 is thought to play a role in neurodegenerative diseases, how it modulates pathology and disease progression is not well understood. Here, we utilize a human monocyte-derived microglia-like cell (MDMi) model to interrogate P2RX7 activation and downstream consequences on microglia function. By using MDMi derived from human donors, we can examine how human donor variation impacts microglia function. We assessed P2RX7-driven IL1{beta} and IL18 production and amyloid-beta peptide 1-42 (A{beta}1-42) uptake levels. Our results show that ATP-stimulation of MDMi triggers upregulation of IL1{beta} and IL18 expression. This upregulation of cytokine gene expression is blocked with the A740003 P2RX7 antagonist. We find that high extracellular ATP conditions also reduced MDMi capacity for A{beta}1-42 uptake, and this loss of function is prevented through A740003 inhibition of P2RX7. In addition, pretreatment of MDMi with IL-1RA limited ATP-driven IL1{beta} and IL18 gene expression upregulation, indicating that ATP immunomodulation of P2RX7 is IL-1R dependent. A{beta}1-42 uptake was higher with IL-1RA pretreatment compared to ATP treatment alone, suggesting P2RX7 regulates phagocytic engulfment through IL-1 signaling. Overall, our results demonstrate that P2RX7 is a key response protein for high extracellular ATP in human microglia-like cells, and its function can be modulated by IL-1 signaling. This work opens the door to future studies examining anti-IL-1 biologics to increase the clearance of amyloid-beta.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heavener, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabra, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yidenk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradshaw, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.08.588607</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IL-1RA Disrupts ATP Activation of P2RX7 in Human Monocyte-Derived Microglia-like Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.09.588340v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single Cell Analysis of Treatment-Resistant Prostate Cancer: Implications of Cell State Changes for Cell Surface Antigen Targeted Therapies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.09.588340v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Targeting cell surface molecules using radioligand and antibody-based therapies has yielded considerable success across cancers. However, it remains unclear how the expression of putative lineage markers, particularly cell surface molecules, varies in the process of lineage plasticity, wherein tumor cells alter their identity and acquire new oncogenic properties. A notable example of lineage plasticity is the transformation of prostate adenocarcinoma (PRAD) to neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC)--a growing resistance mechanism that results in the loss of responsiveness to androgen blockade and portends dismal patient survival. To understand how lineage markers vary across the evolution of lineage plasticity in prostate cancer, we applied single cell analyses to 21 human prostate tumor biopsies and two genetically engineered mouse models, together with tissue microarray analysis (TMA) on 131 tumor samples. Not only did we observe a higher degree of phenotypic heterogeneity in castrate-resistant PRAD and NEPC than previously anticipated, but also found that the expression of molecules targeted therapeutically, namely PSMA, STEAP1, STEAP2, TROP2, CEACAM5, and DLL3, varied within a subset of gene-regulatory networks (GRNs). We also noted that NEPC and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) subtypes shared a set of GRNs, indicative of conserved biologic pathways that may be exploited therapeutically across tumor types. While this extreme level of transcriptional heterogeneity, particularly in cell surface marker expression, may mitigate the durability of clinical responses to novel antigen-directed therapies, its delineation may yield signatures for patient selection in clinical trials, potentially across distinct cancer types.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTTreatment of prostate cancer is rapidly evolving with several promising new drugs targeting different cell surface antigens. Selection of patients most likely to benefit from these therapies requires an understanding of how expression of these cell surface antigens varies across patients and how they change during disease progression, particularly in tumors that undergo lineage plasticity. Using immunohistochemistry and single cell mRNA sequencing, we reveal heterogeneity of cell states across a cohort of advanced disease prostate cancer patients; this heterogeneity is not captured by conventional histology-based designations of adenocarcinoma and neuroendocrine prostate cancer. We show these cell states can be identified by gene regulatory networks that could provide additional diagnostic precision based on their correlation with clinically relevant cell surface antigen expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zaidi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roudier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopalan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wadosky, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sayar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karthaus, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kates, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhary, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masilionis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazutis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaligne, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obradovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linkov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barlas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jungbluth, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rekhtman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silber, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manova-Todorova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>True, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrissey, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scher, H. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathkopf, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodrich, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haffner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawyers, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.09.588340</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single Cell Analysis of Treatment-Resistant Prostate Cancer: Implications of Cell State Changes for Cell Surface Antigen Targeted Therapies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.10.588986v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains have altered cell envelope hydrophobicity that influences infection outcomes in human macrophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.10.588986v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is considered one of the top infectious killers in the world. In recent decades, drug resistant (DR) strains of M.tb have emerged that make TB even more difficult to treat and pose a threat to public health. M.tb has a complex cell envelope that provides protection to the bacterium from chemotherapeutic agents. Although M.tb cell envelope lipids have been studied for decades, very little is known about how their levels change in relation to drug resistance. In this study, we examined changes in the cell envelope lipids [namely, phthiocerol dimycocerosates (PDIMs)], glycolipids [phosphatidyl-myo-inositol mannosides (PIMs)], and the PIM associated lipoglycans [lipomannan (LM); mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM)] of 11 M.tb strains that range from drug susceptible (DS) to multi-drug resistant (MDR) to pre-extensively drug resistant (pre-XDR). We show that there was an increase in the PDIMs:PIMs ratio as drug resistance increases, and provide evidence of PDIM species only present in the DR-M.tb strains studied. Overall, the LM and ManLAM cell envelope levels did not differ between DS- and DR-M.tb strains, but ManLAM surface exposure proportionally increased with drug resistance. Evaluation of host-pathogen interactions revealed that DR-M.tb strains have decreased association with human macrophages compared to DS strains. The pre-XDR M.tb strain with the largest PDIMs:PIMs ratio had decreased uptake, but increased intracellular growth rate at early time points post-infection when compared to the DS-M.tb strain H37Rv. These findings suggest that PDIMs may play an important role in drug resistance and that this observed increase in hydrophobic cell envelope lipids on the DR-M.tb strains studied may influence M.tb-host interactions.

AUTHOR SUMMARYTuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of death due to an infectious organism and is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb). Drug resistant (DR) forms of TB have emerged over the past few decades which make the disease even more difficult to diagnose and treat. Currently, there is very little known about how the bacteria changes as it becomes more drug resistant. Here, we used biochemical techniques to study differences in the M.tb cell envelope across drug resistance categories. We examined 11 M.tb strains that range from drug-susceptible (DS) to multi-drug resistant (MDR) to pre-extensively drug resistant (pre-XDR) and observed that levels of hydrophobic phthiocerol dimycocerosates were increased and levels of hydrophilic higher-order phosphatidyl-myo-inositol mannosides were decreased in DR-M.tb strains compared to DS strains. We also found that DR-M.tb strains had decreased association with human macrophages, and that the pre-XDR-M.tb strain with the highest ratio of hydrophobic to hydrophilic lipids had decreased uptake but increased intracellular growth in macrophages at early timepoints after infection. Our study provides exciting insights into changes in the cell envelope composition of DR-M.tb strains and how these changes may influence infection outcomes in human macrophages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schami, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Islam, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wall, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meredith, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreiswirth, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathema, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belisle, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torrelles, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.10.588986</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains have altered cell envelope hydrophobicity that influences infection outcomes in human macrophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.11.588997v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of redox fluctuations on the spatial distribution of the microbial community in a forest soil: A lysimeter experiment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.11.588997v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Climate change is expected to affect precipitation intensity and soil temperature and indirectly impact the release of leached dissolved organic carbon (LDOC) from leaf litter during the early stages of its decomposition, which could affect the health and function of forest soil ecosystem. Here, we experimentally investigate the spatially-explicit impact of LDOC on the forest soil microbiome and the associated biogeochemical processes. Homogenized soil columns were subjected to realistic artificial precipitation for 3 months with the initial level of LDOC adjusted by the number of times the leaf litter was flushed in preparation for the experiment. Hydrological and geochemical parameters (redox potential, pH, dissolved oxygen, soil moisture, matric potential, chemical speciation) were measured continuously as a function of time and depth. The same initial microbial community developed into distinct communities under different LDOC and above and below the water table. The LDOC from leaf litter increased the availability of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in porewater four-fold and two-fold respectively in the first two weeks. This resulted in the expansion of the anoxic zone above the water table and a decrease in the soil microbial metabolic potential for cellulolysis and N2 fixation in unsaturated soil along with an increase of soil microbial metabolic potential for fermentation at all depths. Finally, increased LDOC decreased the stability, phylogenetic diversity, and complexity of the soil microbiome, limiting its functional diversity. Thus, management of leaf litter should receive more attention due to its indirect role in the impact of climate change on the soil microbiome.

HighlightsO_LIDecreased microbiome diversity and stability due to enhanced leaf litter leaching
C_LIO_LIExpansion of the anoxic zone into the unsaturated zone due to increased organic carbon supply
C_LIO_LIDecreased soil microbiome metabolic potential for cellulolysis and N2 fixation in unsaturated soil
C_LIO_LIDepth-dependent response of microbial community to increased organic carbon availability
C_LIO_LIImplications for soil response to climate change
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miele, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benettin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asadollahi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasqualini, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frutschi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacquemin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rinaldo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernier-Latmani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.11.588997</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of redox fluctuations on the spatial distribution of the microbial community in a forest soil: A lysimeter experiment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.11.589053v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation of lung cancer initiation and progression by the stem cell determinant Musashi 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.11.589053v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite advances in therapeutic approaches, lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. To understand the molecular programs underlying lung cancer initiation and maintenance, we focused on stem cell programs that are normally extinguished with differentiation but can be reactivated during oncogenesis. Here we have used extensive genetic modeling and patient derived xenografts to identify a dual role for Msi2: as a signal that acts initially to sensitize cells to transformation, and subsequently to drive tumor propagation. Using Msi reporter mice, we found that Msi2-expressing cells were marked by a pro-oncogenic landscape and a preferential ability to respond to Ras and p53 mutations. Consistent with this, genetic deletion of Msi2 in an autochthonous Ras/p53 driven lung cancer model resulted in a marked reduction of tumor burden, delayed progression, and a doubling of median survival. Additionally, this dependency was conserved in human disease as inhibition of Msi2 impaired tumor growth in patient-derived xenografts. Mechanistically, Msi2 triggered a broad range of pathways critical for tumor growth, including several novel effectors of lung adenocarcinoma. Collectively, these findings reveal a critical role for Msi2 in aggressive lung adenocarcinoma, lend new insight into the biology of this disease, and identify potential new therapeutic targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barber, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quintero, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajbhandari, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasik, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Husain, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reya, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.11.589053</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation of lung cancer initiation and progression by the stem cell determinant Musashi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.12.589221v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Association of 10 VEGF Family Genes with Alzheimer's Disease Pathology at Single Cell Resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.12.589221v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cell-type specific role of the vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) in the pathogenesis of Alzheimers disease (AD) is not well characterized. In this study, we utilized a single-nucleus RNA sequencing dataset from Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLFPC) of 424 donors from the Religious Orders Study and Memory and Aging Project (ROS/MAP) to investigate the effect of 10 VEGF genes (VEGFA, VEGFB, VEGFC, VEGFD, PGF, FLT1, FLT4, KDR, NRP1, and NRP2) on AD endophenotypes. Mean age of death was 89 years, among which 68% were females, and 52% has AD dementia. Negative binomial mixed models were used for differential expression analysis and for association analysis with {beta}-amyloid load, PHF tau tangle density, and both cross-sectional and longitudinal global cognitive function. Intercellular VEGF-associated signaling was profiled using CellChat. We discovered prefrontal cortical FLT1 expression was upregulated in AD brains in both endothelial and microglial cells. Higher FLT1 expression was also associated with worse cross-sectional global cognitive function, longitudinal cognitive trajectories, and {beta}-amyloid load. Similarly, higher endothelial FLT4 expression was associated with more {beta}-amyloid load. In contrast to the receptors, VEGFB showed opposing effects on {beta}-amyloid load whereby higher levels in oligodendrocytes was associated with high amyloid burden, while higher levels in inhibitory neurons was associated with lower amyloid burden. Finally, AD cells showed significant reduction in overall VEGF signaling comparing to those from cognitive normal participants. Our results highlight key changes in VEGF receptor expression in endothelial and microglial cells during AD, and the potential protective role of VEGFB in neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Libby, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumitrescu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohman, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.12.589221</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Association of 10 VEGF Family Genes with Alzheimer's Disease Pathology at Single Cell Resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.15.589507v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human adherent cortical organoids in a multiwell format 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.15.589507v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the growing diversity of human iPSC-derived models of brain development, we present here a novel method that exhibits 3D cortical layer formation in a highly reproducible topography of minimal dimensions. The resulting adherent cortical organoids develop by self-organization after seeding frontal cortex patterned iPSC-derived neural progenitor cells in 384-well plates during eight weeks of differentiation. The organoids have stereotypical dimensions of 3 x 3 x 0.2 mm, contain multiple subtypes of neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocyte lineage cells, and are amenable to extended culture for at least 10 months. Longitudinal imaging revealed morphologically mature dendritic spines, axonal myelination, and robust neuronal activity. Moreover, adherent cortical organoids compare favorably to existing free-floating brain organoid models on the basis of robust reproducibility in obtaining topographically-standardized radial cortical structures and circumventing internal necrosis. Adherent human cortical organoids hold considerable potential for high-throughput drug discovery applications, neurotoxicological screening, and mechanistic pathophysiological studies of brain disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van der Kroeg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bansal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unkel, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smeenk, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kushner, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Vrij, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.15.589507</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human adherent cortical organoids in a multiwell format]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.15.589545v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enteric glia regulate Paneth cell secretion and intestinal microbial ecology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.15.589545v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glial cells of the enteric nervous system (ENS) interact closely with the intestinal epithelium and secrete signals that influence epithelial cell proliferation and barrier formation in vitro. Whether these interactions are important in vivo, however, is unclear because previous studies reached conflicting conclusions [1]. To better define the roles of enteric glia in steady state regulation of the intestinal epithelium, we characterized the glia in closest proximity to epithelial cells and found that the majority express PLP1 in both mice and humans. To test their functions using an unbiased approach, we genetically depleted PLP1+ cells in mice and transcriptionally profiled the small and large intestines. Surprisingly, glial loss had minimal effects on transcriptional programs and the few identified changes varied along the gastrointestinal tract. In the ileum, where enteric glia had been considered most essential for epithelial integrity, glial depletion did not drastically alter epithelial gene expression but caused a modest enrichment in signatures of Paneth cells, a secretory cell type important for innate immunity. In the absence of PLP1+ glia, Paneth cell number was intact, but a subset appeared abnormal with irregular and heterogenous cytoplasmic granules, suggesting a secretory deficit. Consistent with this possibility, ileal explants from glial-depleted mice secreted less functional lysozyme than controls with corresponding effects on fecal microbial composition. Collectively, these data suggest that enteric glia do not exert broad effects on the intestinal epithelium but have an essential role in regulating Paneth cell function and gut microbial ecology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prochera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muppirala, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuziel, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soualhi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shepherd, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Issac, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karim, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archibald, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rakoff-Nahoum, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagen, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.15.589545</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enteric glia regulate Paneth cell secretion and intestinal microbial ecology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.15.589589v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lateral Entorhinal Cortex Dysfunction in Alzheimers Disease Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.15.589589v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In Alzheimers disease (AD), the formation of amyloid beta (A{beta}) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) leads to neuronal loss in entorhinal cortex (EC), a crucial brain region for memory and navigation. These pathological changes are concurrent with the onset of memory impairments in AD patients with symptoms of forgetfulness such as misplacing items, disorientation in familiar environments etc. The lateral EC (LEC) is associated with non-spatial memory processing including object recognition. Since some LEC neurons fire in response to objects (object cells) while others fire at locations previously occupied by objects (trace cells), pathology in this region could lead to dysfunction in object-location coding. In this paper we show that a transgenic AD mouse model, EC-App/Tau, which expresses both APP and tau primarily in the EC region, have deficits in LEC-specific memory tasks. Using in vivo single-unit electrophysiology recordings we show that LEC neurons are hyperactive with low information content and high sparsity compared to the controls indicating poor firing fidelity. We finally show that object cells and trace cells fire less precisely in the EC-App/Tau mice compared to controls indicating poor encoding of objects. Overall, we show that AD pathology causes erratic firing of LEC neurons and object coding defects leading to LEC-specific memory impairment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raghuraman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aoun, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shetler, C. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nahmani, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussaini, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.15.589589</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lateral Entorhinal Cortex Dysfunction in Alzheimers Disease Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.16.589592v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bridging the Gap: Multi-Omics Profiling of Brain Tissue in Alzheimer's Disease and Older Controls in Multi-Ethnic Populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.16.589592v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
INTRODUCTIONMulti-omics studies in Alzheimers disease (AD) revealed many potential disease pathways and therapeutic targets. Despite their promise of precision medicine, these studies lacked African Americans (AA) and Latin Americans (LA), who are disproportionately affected by AD.

METHODSTo bridge this gap, Accelerating Medicines Partnership in AD (AMP-AD) expanded brain multi-omics profiling to multi-ethnic donors.

RESULTSWe generated multi-omics data and curated and harmonized phenotypic data from AA (n=306), LA (n=326), or AA and LA (n=4) brain donors plus Non-Hispanic White (n=252) and other (n=20) ethnic groups, to establish a foundational dataset enriched for AA and LA participants. This study describes the data available to the research community, including transcriptome from three brain regions, whole genome sequence, and proteome measures.

DISCUSSIONInclusion of traditionally underrepresented groups in multi-omics studies is essential to discover the full spectrum of precision medicine targets that will be pertinent to all populations affected with AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reddy, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heath, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linden, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopes, K. d. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seifar, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poehlman, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quicksall, Z. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Runnels, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modeste, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shantaraman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dammer, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ping, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oatman, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scanlan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrasquillo, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yepez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marquez, D. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seshadri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayeux, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prokop, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serrano, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beach, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teich, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haroutunian, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gearing, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lah, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levey, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickson, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>B</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.16.589592</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bridging the Gap: Multi-Omics Profiling of Brain Tissue in Alzheimer's Disease and Older Controls in Multi-Ethnic Populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.16.589793v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultra-secure storage and analysis of genetic data for the advancement of precision medicine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.16.589793v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1Cloud computing provides the opportunity to store the ever-growing genotype-phenotype data sets needed to achieve the full potential of precision medicine. However, due to the sensitive nature of this data and the patchwork of data privacy laws across states and countries, additional security protections are proving necessary to ensure data privacy and security. Here we present SQUiD, a secure queryable database for storing and analyzing genotype-phenotype data. With SQUiD, genotype-phenotype data can be stored in a low-security, low-cost public cloud in the encrypted form, which researchers can securely query without the public cloud ever being able to decrypt the data. We demonstrate the usability of SQUiD by replicating various commonly used calculations such as polygenic risk scores, cohort creation for GWAS, MAF filtering, and patient similarity analysis both on synthetic and UK Biobank data. Our work represents a new and scalable platform enabling the realization of precision medicine without security and privacy concerns.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blindenbach, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karam, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gürsoy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.16.589793</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultra-secure storage and analysis of genetic data for the advancement of precision medicine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.18.589981v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lifting the curse from high dimensional data: Automated projection pursuit clustering for the variety of biological data modalities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.18.589981v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Unsupervised clustering is a powerful machine-learning technique widely used to analyze high-dimensional biological data. It plays a crucial role in uncovering patterns, structure, and inherent relationships within complex datasets without relying on predefined labels. In the context of biology, high-dimensional data may include transcriptomics, proteomics, and a variety of single-cell omics data. Most existing clustering algorithms operate directly in the high-dimensional space, and their performance may be negatively affected by the phenomenon known as the curse of dimensionality. Here, we show an alternative clustering approach that alleviates the curse by sequentially projecting high-dimensional data into a low-dimensional representation. We validated the effectiveness of our approach, named APP, across various biological data modalities, including flow and mass cytometry data, scRNA-seq, multiplex imaging data, and T-cell receptor repertoire data. APP efficiently recapitulated experimentally validated cell-type definitions and revealed new biologically meaningful patterns.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Simpson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabatsky, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahil, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eddins, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tkachev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgescauld, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papalegis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Culka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregoretti, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chernyshev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koeppen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walther, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosn, E. E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orlova, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.18.589981</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lifting the curse from high dimensional data: Automated projection pursuit clustering for the variety of biological data modalities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.19.590158v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Redefining FLASH RT: the impact of mean dose rate and dose per pulse in the gastrointestinal tract 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.19.590158v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe understanding of how varying radiation beam parameter settings affect the induction and magnitude of the FLASH effect remains limited.

PurposeWe sought to evaluate how the magnitude of radiation-induced gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity (RIGIT) depends on the interplay between mean dose rate (MDR) and dose per pulse (DPP).

MethodsC57BL/6J mice were subjected to total abdominal irradiation (11-14 Gy single fraction) under conventional irradiation (low DPP and low MDR, CONV) and various combinations of DPP and MDR up to ultra-high-dose-rate (UHDR) beam conditions. The effects of DPP were evaluated for DPPs of 1-6 Gy while the total dose and MDR were kept constant; the effects of MDR were evaluated for the range 0.3- 1440 Gy/s while the total dose and DPP were kept constant. RIGIT was quantified in non-tumor-bearing mice through the regenerating crypt assay and survival assessment. Tumor response was evaluated through tumor growth delay.

ResultsWithin each tested total dose using a constant MDR (>100 Gy/s), increasing DPP led to better sparing of regenerating crypts, with a more prominent effect seen at 12 and 14 Gy TAI. However, at fixed DPPs >4 Gy, similar sparing of crypts was demonstrated irrespective of MDR (from 0.3 to 1440 Gy/s). At a fixed high DPP of 4.7 Gy, survival was equivalently improved relative to CONV for all MDRs from 0.3 Gy/s to 104 Gy/s, but at a lower DPP of 0.93 Gy, increasing MDR produced a greater survival effect. We also confirmed that high DPP, regardless of MDR, produced the same magnitude of tumor growth delay relative to CONV using a clinically relevant melanoma mouse model.

ConclusionsThis study demonstrates the strong influence that the beam parameter settings have on the magnitude of the FLASH effect. Both high DPP and UHDR appeared independently sufficient to produce FLASH sparing of GI toxicity, while isoeffective tumor response was maintained across all conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldrop, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mims, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neill, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delahoussaye, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swanson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koong, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taniguchi, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loo, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitra, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schueler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.19.590158</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Redefining FLASH RT: the impact of mean dose rate and dose per pulse in the gastrointestinal tract]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.19.590231v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temperature and photoperiod differentially impact maternal phenotypes in diapause egg-laying Aedes albopictus mosquitoes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.19.590231v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAedes albopictus (Skuse 1894) mosquitoes can transmit deadly arboviruses and are globally invasive due to their ability to survive in both tropical and temperate climates. Although adults cannot survive harsh winters, females are capable of anticipating seasonal change and producing overwintering diapause (DP) eggs that remain in a state of arrested development over the winter and hatch when favorable conditions return in the spring. Previous work has shown that shortening photoperiod (day length) alone is sufficient for DP induction. While decreasing temperatures can facilitate DP entry, temperature signals alone are not sufficient to induce DP.

Methodology/Principal FindingsTo identify maternal phenotypes predictive of DP egg production, we characterized aspects of maternal physiology and behavior to identify those that correlate with DP egg production and changes in photoperiod, versus changes in temperature. Neither changes in temperature nor photoperiod impacted protein preference, blood meal consumption, or total number of eggs produced per female. Egg retention and oviposition timing were influenced by temperature, independent of DP egg production. However, females housed under short photoperiod conditions showed increased starvation resistance, despite showing similar levels of locomotor activity and internal stores of triacylglycerols, glucose, glycogen, and trehalose compared to females housed in long photoperiods.

Conclusions/SignificanceThese results suggest that temperature and photoperiod differentially affect maternal phenotypes and identify starvation resistance as a maternal phenotype that is influenced by photoperiod and can be used to predict DP egg status.

AUTHOR SUMMARYAedes albopictus mosquitoes can survive in temperate climates because females are able to detect changes in temperature and day length in the autumn to produce "diapause" eggs that are provisioned with extra nutrients to survive harsh winters by remaining in a state of arrest and hatching in the spring. Although temperature and day length normally change in concert with each other throughout the year, studies have shown that day length is the most important cue used by female mosquitoes to initiate diapause egg production. In this study, the authors examined aspects of feeding and reproduction to determine which of these correlated with day length. Many aspects of reproduction were influenced by temperature; however, housing female mosquitoes under autumn-like short day conditions led to increased starvation resistance. Surprisingly these females survive longer even though they do not appear to expend less energy compared to females housed in spring-like long day conditions at the same temperature. This suggests that the mosquito mothers undergo changes in their metabolism that can be used predict whether she will produce eggs that can survive the winter. This new knowledge may lead to new targets to disrupt seasonal reproduction in mosquitoes and limit the parts of the world where they can survive.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kogan, H. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duvall, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.19.590231</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temperature and photoperiod differentially impact maternal phenotypes in diapause egg-laying Aedes albopictus mosquitoes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.19.590241v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Psychobiological regulation of plasma and saliva GDF15 dynamics in health and mitochondrial diseases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.19.590241v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15) is a protein that reflects mitochondrial energetic stress and is linked to physical and mental health symptoms, aging, and mortality. Here, we tested the hypothesis that GDF15 is a stress-responsive biomarker through a series of observational and experimental studies. We report four main findings. First, in the UK Biobank (n=53,026) and Framingham Heart Study (FHS) Offspring (n=3,460) cohorts, plasma GDF15 levels were elevated in individuals with symptoms of depression and anxiety. In the FHS cohort, GDF15 was also higher in participants exposed to chronic psychosocial stressors, including lower educational attainment, lower family income, and higher job strain. Second, plasma GDF15 levels in the FHS cohort correlated positively with epigenetic clocks measuring biological aging and effect sizes of GDF15 associations with psychosocial stressors were comparable to those observed for the clocks. Third, in a two-participant intensive-sampling study (n=112 days), saliva GDF15 showed a robust awakening response similar to established stress-related hormones. However, it exhibited a distinct negative pattern, peaking at waking and declining by 42-92% within 30-45 minutes. Finally, in two laboratory experiments (n=148), acute social-evaluative stress significant increased GDF15 levels in plasma and saliva within minutes. Together, these findings suggest that psychosocial stress may contribute to mitochondrial energetic stress indexed by GDF15, with implications for aging and health. This work opens new avenues for using GDF15 as a non-invasive biomarker to study the biological embedding of stress and its impact on aging trajectories.

Significance statementGrowth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15) is a circulating protein elevated with mitochondrial energetic stress, aging, and diseases. Our findings show that GDF15 is elevated with depressive and anxiety symptoms and in those exposed to chronic psychosocial stress. Elevated plasma GDF15 also correlates with accelerated biological aging, as measured by epigenetic clocks. The effect sizes linking GDF15 to psychosocial stressors were comparable to those observed for the epigenetic clocks. Saliva GDF15 shows a robust negative awakening response characterized by elevated levels at awakening before declining within 30-45 minutes. Acute social-evaluative stress induced increase in plasma and saliva GDF15. Together, these findings suggest GDF15 can be used to study the energetic mechanisms for the biological embedding of stress across the lifespan.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trumpff, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monzel, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rausser, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haahr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurade, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaulson, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelstad, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanji, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauriola, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuraikat, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St-Onge, M.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sloan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juster, R.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsland, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gouspillou, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.19.590241</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Psychobiological regulation of plasma and saliva GDF15 dynamics in health and mitochondrial diseases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.20.590406v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defining the cellular origin of seminoma by transcriptional and epigenetic mapping to the normal human germline 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.20.590406v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aberrant male germline development can lead to the formation of seminoma, a testicular germ cell tumor. Seminomas are biologically similar to primordial germ cells (PGCs) and many bear an isochromosome 12p [i(12p)] with two additional copies of the short arm of chromosome 12. By mapping seminoma transcriptomes and open chromatin landscape onto a normal human male germline trajectory, we find that seminoma resembles premigratory/migratory primordial germ cells, but exhibit enhanced germline and pluripotency programs, and upregulation of genes involved in apoptosis, angiogenesis, and MAPK/ERK pathways. Using pluripotent stem cell-derived PGCs from Pallister Killian syndrome patients mosaic for i(12p) to model seminoma, we identify gene dosage effects that may contribute to transformation. As murine seminoma models do not exist, our analyses provide critical insights into genetic, cellular and signaling programs driving seminoma transformation, and the newly developed in vitro platform permits evaluation of additional signals required for seminoma tumorigenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheng, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seita, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whelan, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yokomizo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotolo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krantz, I. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginsberg, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierorazio, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linn, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryeom, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasaki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.20.590406</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defining the cellular origin of seminoma by transcriptional and epigenetic mapping to the normal human germline]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.22.590325v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robust prediction of relative binding energies for protein-protein complex mutations using free energy perturbation calculations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.22.590325v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Computational free energy-based methods have the potential to significantly improve throughput and decrease costs of protein design efforts. Such methods must reach a high level of reliability, accuracy, and automation to be effectively deployed in practical industrial settings in a way that impacts protein design projects. Here, we present a benchmark study for the calculation of relative changes in protein-protein binding affinity for single point mutations across a variety of systems from the literature, using free energy perturbation (FEP+) calculations. We describe a method for robust treatment of alternate protonation states for titratable amino acids, which yields improved correlation with and reduced error compared to experimental binding free energies. Following careful analysis of the largest outlier cases in our dataset, we assess limitations of the default FEP+ protocols and introduce an automated script which identifies probable outlier cases that may require additional scrutiny and calculates an empirical correction for a subset of charge-related outliers. Through a series of three additional case study systems, we discuss how protein FEP+ can be applied to real-world protein design projects, and suggest areas of further study.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=79 SRC="FIGDIR/small/590325v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (20K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c5e607org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1810ee5org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f8f1acorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@c28053_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LIReliable calculation of relative binding free energy changes for most protein mutations to within [~]1 kcal/mol.
C_LIO_LIAutomated Protein FEP+ Groups treatment of alternate protonation states for titratable residues.
C_LIO_LIApplication of FEP+ methodology to "real-world" protein design projects.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sampson, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sergeeva, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epstein, J. C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katsamba, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mannepalli, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahna, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adihou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gueret, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopalakrishnan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geschwindner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rees, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sigurdardottir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkinson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodd, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Maria, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mobarec, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honig, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchanan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friesner, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.22.590325</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robust prediction of relative binding energies for protein-protein complex mutations using free energy perturbation calculations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.22.590547v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large- Scale Deep Proteomic Analysis in Alzheimer's Disease Brain Regions Across Race and Ethnicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.22.590547v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractO_ST_ABSIntroductionC_ST_ABSAlzheimers disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease, yet our comprehension predominantly relies on studies within the non-Hispanic White (NHW) population. Here we aimed to provide comprehensive insights into the proteomic landscape of AD across diverse racial and ethnic groups.

MethodsDorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and superior temporal gyrus (STG) brain tissues were donated from multiple centers (Mayo Clinic, Emory University, Rush University, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine) and were harmonized through neuropathological evaluation, specifically adhering to the Braak staging and CERAD criteria. Among 1105 DLPFC tissue samples (998 unique individuals), 333 were from African American donors, 223 from Latino Americans, 529 from NHW donors, and the rest were from a mixed or unknown racial background. Among 280 STG tissue samples (244 unique individuals), 86 were African American, 76 Latino American, 116 NHW and the rest were mixed or unknown ethnicity. All tissues were uniformly homogenized and analyzed by tandem mass tag mass spectrometry (TMT-MS).

ResultsAs a Quality control (QC) measure, proteins with more than 50% missing values were removed and iterative principal component analysis was conducted to remove outliers within brain regions. After QC, 9,180 and 9,734 proteins remained in the DLPC and STG proteome, respectively, of which approximately 9,000 proteins were shared between regions. Protein levels of microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) and amyloid-precursor protein (APP) demonstrated AD-related elevations in DLPFC tissues with a strong association with CERAD and Braak across racial groups. APOE4 protein levels in brain were highly concordant with APOE genotype of the individuals.

DiscussionThis comprehensive region resolved large-scale proteomic dataset provides a resource for the understanding of ethnoracial-specific protein differences in AD brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seifar, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shantaraman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dammer, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modeste, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trautwig, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ping, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quicksall, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heath, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scanlan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vander Linden, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poehlman, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baheti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yepez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oatman, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrasquillo, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Runnels, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beach, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serrano, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickson, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golde, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prokop, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haroutunian, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gearing, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lah, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenwood, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ertekin-Taner,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.22.590547</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large- Scale Deep Proteomic Analysis in Alzheimer's Disease Brain Regions Across Race and Ethnicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.22.590633v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Therapeutic Activity of Resolvin D1 (RvD1) in Murine MASH 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.22.590633v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background and AimsRecent studies have highlighted the beneficial effect of resolvin D1 (RvD1), a DHA-derived specialized pro-resolving mediator, on metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Our study aims to determine the mechanism by which RvD1 protects against MASH progression.

MethodsRvD1 was administered to mice with experimental MASH, followed by bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing analysis. Primary cells including bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), Kupffer cells, T cells, and primary hepatocytes were isolated to elucidate the effect of RvD1 on inflammation, cell death, and fibrosis regression genes.

ResultsHepatic tissue levels of RvD1 were decreased in murine and human MASH, likely due to an expansion of pro-inflammatory M1-like macrophages with diminished ability to produce RvD1. Administering RvD1 reduced inflammation, cell death, and liver fibrosis. Mechanistically, RvD1 reduced inflammation by suppressing the Stat1-Cxcl10 signaling pathway in macrophages and prevented hepatocyte death by alleviating ER stress-mediated apoptosis. Moreover, RvD1 induced Mmp2 and decreased Acta2 expression in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and promoted Mmp9 and Mmp12 expression in macrophages, leading to fibrosis regression in MASH.

ConclusionsRvD1 reduces Stat1-mediated inflammation, mitigates ER stress-induced apoptosis, and promotes MMP-mediated fibrosis regression in MASH. This study highlights the therapeutic potential of RvD1 to treat MASH.

Impact and implicationsMetabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is an increasing healthcare burden worldwide. Current treatments for MASH and its sequelae are very limited. Recent studies highlighted the therapeutic benefit of specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), including resolvin D1 (RvD1), in liver diseases. However, the mechanisms underlying these beneficial effects are not well understood. Based on unbiased transcriptomic analyses using bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing in RvD1-treated MASH livers, we show that RvD1 suppresses Stat1-mediated inflammatory responses and ER stress-induced apoptosis, and induces gene expression related to fibrosis regression. Our study provides new mechanistic insight into the role of RvD1 in MASH and highlights its therapeutic potential to treat MASH.

HighlightsO_LILiver RvD1 levels are decreased in MASH patients and MASH mice
C_LIO_LIRvD1 administration suppresses Stat1-mediated inflammatory response
C_LIO_LIRvD1 administration alleviates ER stress-induced apoptosis
C_LIO_LIRvD1 administration induces fibrosis regression gene expression
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Navarro-Corcuera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asplund, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sansbury, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.22.590633</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Therapeutic Activity of Resolvin D1 (RvD1) in Murine MASH]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.23.590811v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain age prediction and deviations from normative trajectories in the neonatal connectome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.23.590811v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structural and functional connectomes undergo rapid changes during the third trimester and the first month of postnatal life. Despite progress, our understanding of the developmental trajectories of the connectome in the perinatal period remains incomplete. Brain age prediction uses machine learning to estimate the brains maturity relative to normative data. The difference between the individuals predicted and chronological age--or brain age gap (BAG)--represents the deviation from these normative trajectories. Here, we assess brain age prediction and BAGs using structural and functional connectomes for infants in the first month of life. We used resting-state fMRI and DTI data from 611 infants (174 preterm; 437 term) from the Developing Human Connectome Project (dHCP) and connectome-based predictive modeling to predict postmenstrual age (PMA). Structural and functional connectomes accurately predicted PMA for term and preterm infants. Predicted ages from each modality were correlated. At the network level, nearly all canonical brain networks--even putatively later developing ones--generated accurate PMA prediction. Additionally, BAGs were associated with perinatal exposures and toddler behavioral outcomes. Overall, our results underscore the importance of normative modeling and deviations from these models during the perinatal period.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khaitova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheinost, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.23.590811</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain age prediction and deviations from normative trajectories in the neonatal connectome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.23.590816v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-nucleus and spatial transcriptomic profiling of human temporal cortex and white matter reveals novel associations with AD pathology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.23.590816v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with complex pathological manifestations and is the leading cause of cognitive decline and dementia in elderly individuals. A major goal in AD research is to identify new therapeutic pathways by studying the molecular and cellular changes in the disease, either downstream or upstream of the pathological hallmarks. In this study, we present a comprehensive investigation of cellular heterogeneity from the temporal cortex region of 40 individuals, comprising healthy donors and individuals with differing tau and amyloid burden. Using single-nucleus transcriptome analysis of 430,271 nuclei from both gray and white matter of these individuals, we identified cell type-specific subclusters in both neuronal and glial cell types with varying degrees of association with AD pathology. In particular, these associations are present in layer specific glutamatergic (excitatory) neuronal types, along with GABAergic (inhibitory) neurons and glial subtypes. These associations were observed in early as well as late pathological progression. We extended this analysis by performing multiplexed in situ hybridization using the CARTANA platform, capturing 155 genes in 13 individuals with varying levels of tau pathology. By modeling the spatial distribution of these genes and their associations with the pathology, we not only replicated key findings from our snRNA data analysis, but also identified a set of cell type-specific genes that show selective enrichment or depletion near pathological inclusions. Together, our findings allow us to prioritize specific cell types and pathways for targeted interventions at various stages of pathological progression in AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gaur, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryois, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calini, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoozemans, J. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malhotra, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.23.590816</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-nucleus and spatial transcriptomic profiling of human temporal cortex and white matter reveals novel associations with AD pathology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.23.590861v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quinoxaline-Based Anti-Schistosomal Compounds Have Potent Anti-Malarial Activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.23.590861v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human pathogens Plasmodium and Schistosoma are each responsible for over 200 million infections annually, being particularly problematic in low- and middle-income countries. There is a pressing need for new drug targets for these diseases, driven by emergence of drug-resistance in Plasmodium and the overall dearth of new drug targets for Schistosoma. Here, we explored the opportunity for pathogen-hopping by evaluating a series of quinoxaline-based anti-schistosomal compounds for activity against P. falciparum. We identified compounds with low nanomolar potency against 3D7 and multidrug-resistant strains. Evolution of resistance using a mutator P. falciparum line revealed a low propensity for resistance. Only one of the series, compound 22, yielded resistance mutations, including point mutations in a non-essential putative hydrolase pfqrp1, as well as copy-number amplification of a phospholipid-translocating ATPase, pfatp2, a potential target. Notably, independently generated CRISPR-edited mutants in pfqrp1 also showed resistance to compound 22 and a related analogue. Moreover, previous lines with pfatp2 copy-number variations were similarly less susceptible to challenge with the new compounds. Finally, we examined whether the predicted hydrolase activity of PfQRP1 underlies its mechanism of resistance, showing that both mutation of the putative catalytic triad and a more severe loss of function mutation elicited resistance. Collectively, we describe a compound series with potent activity against two important pathogens and their potential target in P. falciparum.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rawat, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padalino, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brancale, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fidock, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.23.590861</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quinoxaline-Based Anti-Schistosomal Compounds Have Potent Anti-Malarial Activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.25.581977v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A dynamic compositional equilibrium governs mRNA recognition by eIF3 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.25.581977v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF) 3 is a multi-subunit protein complex that binds both ribosomes and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) to drive a diverse set of mechanistic steps during translation of an mRNA into the protein it encodes. And yet, a unifying framework explaining how eIF3 performs these numerous activities is lacking. Using single-molecule light scattering microscopy, we demonstrate that Saccharomyces cerevisiae eIF3 is in dynamic exchange between the full complex, subcomplexes, and subunits. By extending our microscopy approach to an in vitro reconstituted eIF3 and complementing it with biochemical assays, we define the subspecies comprising this dynamic compositional equilibrium and show that mRNA binding by eIF3 is not driven by the full complex but instead by the eIF3a subunit within eIF3a-containing subcomplexes. Our findings provide a mechanistic model for the role of eIF3 in mRNA recruitment and establish a mechanistic framework for explaining and investigating the other activities of eIF3.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ide, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentry, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudbach, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velez, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Communale, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartwick, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinz-Thompson, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aitken, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.25.581977</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A dynamic compositional equilibrium governs mRNA recognition by eIF3]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.25.591075v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Common neural mechanisms supporting time judgements in humans and monkeys 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.25.591075v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There has been an increasing interest in identifying the biological underpinnings of human time perception, for which purpose research in non-human primates (NHP) is common. Although previous work, based on behaviour, suggests that similar mechanisms support time perception across species, the neural correlates of time estimation in humans and NHP have not been directly compared. In this study, we assess whether brain evoked responses during a time categorization task are similar across species. Specifically, we assess putative differences in post-interval evoked potentials as a function of perceived duration in human EEG (N = 24) and local field potential (LFP) and spike recordings in pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA) of one monkey. Event-related potentials (ERPs) differed significantly after the presentation of the temporal interval between "short" and "long" perceived durations in both species, even when the objective duration of the stimuli was the same. Interestingly, the polarity of the reported ERPs was reversed for incorrect trials (i.e., the ERP of a "long" stimulus looked like the ERP of a "short" stimulus when a time categorization error was made). Hence, our results show that post-interval potentials reflect the perceived (rather than the objective) duration of the presented time interval in both NHP and humans. In addition, firing rates in monkeys pre-SMA also differed significantly between short and long perceived durations and were reversed in incorrect trials. Together, our results show that common neural mechanisms support time categorization in NHP and humans, thereby suggesting that NHP are a good model for investigating human time perception.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez Larios, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rassi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendoza, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merchant, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haegens, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.25.591075</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Common neural mechanisms supporting time judgements in humans and monkeys]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.25.591175v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heparan sulfate regulates amphiregulin signaling towards reparative lung mesenchymal cells during influenza A infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.25.591175v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Amphiregulin (Areg), a growth factor produced by regulatory T (Treg) cells to facilitate tissue repair/regeneration, contains a heparan sulfate (HS) binding domain. How HS, a highly sulfated glycan subtype that alters growth factor signaling, influences Areg repair/regeneration functions is unclear. Here we report that inhibition of HS in various cell lines and primary lung mesenchymal cells (LMC) qualitatively alters downstream signaling and highlights the existence of HS-dependent vs. -independent Areg transcriptional signatures. Utilizing a panel of cell lines with targeted deletions in HS synthesis-related genes, we found that the presence of the glypican family of heparan sulfate proteoglycans is critical for Areg signaling and confirmed this dependency in primary LMC by siRNA-mediated knockdown. Furthermore, in the context of influenza A (IAV) infection in vivo, we found that an Areg-responsive subset of reparative LMC upregulate glypican-4 and HS. Conditional deletion of HS primarily within this LMC subset resulted in reduced blood oxygen saturation following infection with IAV, with no changes in viral load. Finally, we found that co-culture of HS-knockout LMC with IAV-induced Treg cells results in reduced LMC responses. Collectively, this study reveals the essentiality of HS on a specific lung mesenchymal population as a mediator of Treg cell-derived Areg reparative signaling during IAV infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Loffredo, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surpur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ringham, O. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de los Santos-Alexis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arpaia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.25.591175</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heparan sulfate regulates amphiregulin signaling towards reparative lung mesenchymal cells during influenza A infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.25.591208v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Equilibrium Tension and Compression Mechanical Properties of the Human Uterus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.25.591208v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A successful pregnancy relies on the proper cellular, biochemical, and mechanical functions of the uterus. A comprehensive understanding of uterine mechanical properties during pregnancy is key to understanding different gynecological and obstetric disorders such as preterm birth, placenta accreta, leiomyoma, and endometriosis. This study sought to characterize the macro-scale equilibrium material behaviors of the human uterus in non-pregnancy and late pregnancy under both compressive and tensile loading. Fifty human uterine specimens from 16 patients (8 nonpregnant [NP] and 8 pregnant [PG]) were tested using spherical indentation and uniaxial tension coupled with digital image correlation (DIC). A three-level incremental load-hold protocol was applied to both tests. A microstructurally-inspired material model considering fiber architecture was applied to this dataset. Inverse finite element analysis (IFEA) was then performed to generate a single set of mechanical parameters to describe compressive and tensile behaviors. The freeze-thaw effect on uterine macro mechanical properties was also evaluated. PG tissue exhibits decreased overall stiffness and increased fiber network extensibility compared to NP uterine tissue. Under indentation, ground substance compressibility was similar between NP and PG uterine tissue. In tension, the fiber network of the PG uterus was found to be more extensible and dispersed than in nonpregnancy. Lastly, a single freeze-thaw cycle did not systematically alter the macro-scale material behavior of the human uterus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duarte-Cordon, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fodera, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Advincula, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vink, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendon, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.25.591208</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Equilibrium Tension and Compression Mechanical Properties of the Human Uterus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.26.591342v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Advancing cooperative breeding research with a peer-reviewed and "live" Cooperative-Breeding Database (Co-BreeD) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.26.591342v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Research on cooperative breeding (a system with the core characteristic of individuals providing care for the offspring of others) is important for understanding sociality and cooperation. However, large-scale comparative analyses on the drivers and consequences of cooperation frequently use considerably inaccurate datasets (e.g. due to inconsistent definitions and outdated information). To advance comparative research on cooperative breeding, we introduce the Cooperative-Breeding Database (Co-BreeD), a growing database of key socio-biological parameters of birds and mammals. First, we describe Co-BreeDs structure as a (i) sample-based (i.e. multiple samples per species linked to an exact sampling location and period), (ii) peer-reviewed and (iii) updatable resource. Respectively, these curating principles allow for (i) investigating intra- and inter-species variation and linking between fine-scale social and environmental parameters, (ii) accuracy and (iii) continuous correction and expansion with the publication of new data. Second, we present the first Co-BreeD dataset, which estimates the prevalence of breeding events with potential alloparents in 265 samples from 233 populations of 150 species, including 2 human societies (N = 26,366 breeding events). We conclude by demonstrating (i) how Co-BreeD facilitates more accurate comparative research (e.g. increased explanatory power by enabling the study of cooperative breeding as a continuous trait, and statistically accounting for the sampling error probabilities), and (ii) that cooperative breeding in birds and mammals is more prevalent than currently estimated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ben Mocha, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drobniak, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frisoni, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baglione, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boersma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cousseau, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Covas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braga de Miranda, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dey, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doutrelant, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gula, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinsohn, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingma, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Middleton, K.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radford, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Restrepo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubenstein, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schradin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theuerkauf, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warrington, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woxvold, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griesser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.26.591342</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Advancing cooperative breeding research with a peer-reviewed and "live" Cooperative-Breeding Database (Co-BreeD)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.27.591399v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MT-125 Inhibits Non-Muscle Myosin IIA and IIB, Synergizes with Oncogenic Kinase Inhibitors, and Prolongs Survival in Glioblastoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.27.591399v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We have identified a NMIIA and IIB-specific small molecule inhibitor, MT-125, and have studied its effects in GBM. MT-125 has high brain penetrance and retention and an excellent safety profile; blocks GBM invasion and cytokinesis, consistent with the known roles of NMII; and prolongs survival as a single agent in murine GBM models. MT-125 increases signaling along both the PDGFR- and MAPK-driven pathways through a mechanism that involves the upregulation of reactive oxygen species, and it synergizes with FDA-approved PDGFR and mTOR inhibitors in vitro. Combining MT-125 with sunitinib, a PDGFR inhibitor, or paxalisib, a combined PI3 Kinase/mTOR inhibitor significantly improves survival in orthotopic GBM models over either drug alone, and in the case of sunitinib, markedly prolongs survival in [~]40% of mice. Our results provide a powerful rationale for developing NMII targeting strategies to treat cancer and demonstrate that MT-125 has strong clinical potential for the treatment of GBM.

HighlightsO_LIMT-125 is a highly specific small molecule inhibitor of non-muscle myosin IIA and IIB, is well-tolerated, and achieves therapeutic concentrations in the brain with systemic dosing.
C_LIO_LITreating preclinical models of glioblastoma with MT-125 produces durable improvements in survival.
C_LIO_LIMT-125 stimulates PDGFR- and MAPK-driven signaling in glioblastoma and increases dependency on these pathways.
C_LIO_LICombining MT-125 with an FDA-approved PDGFR inhibitor in a mouse GBM model synergizes to improve median survival over either drug alone, and produces tumor free, prolonged survival in over 40% of mice.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kenchappa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radnai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarco, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dovas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haddock, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canoll, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cameron, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagaiah, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rumbaugh, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamenecka, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenfeld, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.27.591399</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MT-125 Inhibits Non-Muscle Myosin IIA and IIB, Synergizes with Oncogenic Kinase Inhibitors, and Prolongs Survival in Glioblastoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.27.591446v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Potent neutralization by a receptor binding domain monoclonal antibody with broad specificity for SARS-CoV-2 JN.1 and other variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.27.591446v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 continues to be a public health burden, driven in-part by its continued antigenic diversification and resulting emergence of new variants. While increasing herd immunity, current vaccines, and therapeutics have improved outcomes for some; prophylactic and treatment interventions that are not compromised by viral evolution of the Spike protein are still needed. Using a rationally designed SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) - ACE2 fusion protein and differential selection process with native Omicron RBD protein, we developed a recombinant human monoclonal antibody (hmAb) from a convalescent individual following SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection. The resulting hmAb, 1301B7 potently neutralized a wide range of SARS-CoV-2 variants including the original Wuhan and more recent Omicron JN.1 strain, as well as SARS-CoV. Structure determination of the SARS-CoV-2 EG5.1 Spike/1301B7 Fab complex by cryo-electron microscopy at 3.1[A] resolution demonstrates 1301B7 contacts the ACE2 binding site of RBD exclusively through its VH1-69 heavy chain, making contacts using CDRs1-3, as well as framework region 3 (FR3). Broad specificity is achieved through 1301B7 binding to many conserved residues of Omicron variants including Y501 and H505. Consistent with its extensive binding epitope, 1301B7 is able to potently diminish viral burden in the upper and lower respiratory tract and protect mice from challenge with Omicron XBB1.5 and Omicron JN.1 viruses. These results suggest 1301B7 has broad potential to prevent or treat clinical SARS-CoV-2 infections and to guide development of RBD-based universal SARS-CoV-2 prophylactic vaccines and therapeutic approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Piepenbrink, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalil, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostafa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panjwani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kizziah, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erdmann, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goepfert, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lihong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Sobrido, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobie, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.27.591446</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Potent neutralization by a receptor binding domain monoclonal antibody with broad specificity for SARS-CoV-2 JN.1 and other variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.28.591464v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disorganized Inhibitory Dynamics and Functional Connectivity in Hippocampal area CA1 of 22q11.2 Deletion Mutant Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.28.591464v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Individuals with the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, one of the strongest genetic risk factors for schizophrenia, demonstrate cognitive impairments, including episodic memory dysfunction. Place cell activity of excitatory pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus supporting episodic memory is impaired in a mouse model for the 22q11.2 deletion (Df(16)A+/-). While excitatory dynamics are under tight inhibitory control by multiple subtypes of GABAergic interneurons, previous studies have predominantly focused on a single subtype of PV-expressing interneurons; there have not yet been studies describing the functional relationships between molecularly identified inhibitory types in Df(16)A+/-mice. Here, we examined interneuron subtype-specific activity dynamics in the dorsal hippocampal area CA1 of Df(16)A+/- mice during random foraging and spatial reward navigation tasks. Capitalizing on 3D acousto-optical deflector two-photon microscopy with post hoc immunohistochemical identification, we found that multiple interneuron types exhibit aberrant responses to reward locations and delayed reward enrichment extinction. Df(16)A+/- inhibitory interneurons also carry markedly reduced spatial information in a subtype-dependent manner. We observed task-dependent changes in the correlation structure and coactivity among multiple GABAergic subtypes, suggesting a broadly disorganized microcircuit functionality in mutant mice. Overall, we identify widespread and heterogeneous subtype-specific alterations in interneuron dynamics during spatial reward navigation, reflecting impaired flexibility and organization in CA1 inhibitory microcircuits. Our study provides critical insights into how schizophrenia-risk mutations affect local-circuit interactions among diverse cell types in the mouse hippocampus during learning and spatial navigation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herrlinger, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paredes, M. E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuttman, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arain, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varol, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogos, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Losonczy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.28.591464</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disorganized Inhibitory Dynamics and Functional Connectivity in Hippocampal area CA1 of 22q11.2 Deletion Mutant Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.28.591516v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional Localization of the Human Auditory and Visual Thalamus Using a Thalamic Localizer Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Task 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.28.591516v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the auditory and visual sensory systems of the human brain is an active area of investigation in the study of human health and disease. The medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) and lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) are key thalamic nuclei involved in the processing and relay of auditory and visual information, respectively, and are the subject of blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI studies of neural activation and functional connectivity in human participants. However, localization of BOLD fMRI signal originating from neural activity in MGN and LGN remains a technical challenge, due in part to the poor definition of boundaries of these thalamic nuclei in standard T1-weighted and T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging sequences. Here, we report the development and evaluation of an auditory and visual sensory thalamic localizer (TL) fMRI task that produces participant-specific functionally-defined regions of interest (fROIs) of both MGN and LGN, using 3 Tesla multiband fMRI and a clustered-sparse temporal acquisition sequence, in less than 16 minutes of scan time. We demonstrate the use of MGN and LGN fROIs obtained from the TL fMRI task in standard resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) fMRI analyses in the same participants. In RSFC analyses, we validated the specificity of MGN and LGN fROIs for signals obtained from primary auditory and visual cortex, respectively, and benchmark their performance against alternative atlas- and segmentation-based localization methods. The TL fMRI task and analysis code (written in Presentation and MATLAB, respectively) have been made freely available to the wider research community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williams, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tubiolo, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silver-Frankel, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haubold, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abeykoon, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abi-Dargham, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horga, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Snellenberg, J. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.28.591516</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional Localization of the Human Auditory and Visual Thalamus Using a Thalamic Localizer Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Task]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.29.591330v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coordination and persistence of aggressive visual communication in Siamese fighting fish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.29.591330v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals coordinate their behavior with each other during both cooperative and agonistic social interactions. Such coordination often adopts the form of "turn taking", in which the interactive partners alternate the performance of a behavior. Apart from acoustic communication, how turn taking between animals is coordinated is not well understood. Furthermore, the neural substrates that regulate persistence in engaging in social interactions are poorly studied. Here, we use Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens), to study visually-driven turn-taking aggressive behavior. Using encounters with conspecifics and with animations, we characterize the dynamic visual features of an opponent and the behavioral sequences that drive turn taking. Through a brain-wide screen of neuronal activity during coordinated and persistent aggressive behavior, followed by targeted brain lesions, we find that the caudal portion of the dorsomedial telencephalon, an amygdala-like region, promotes persistent participation in aggressive interactions, yet is not necessary for coordination. Our work highlights how dynamic visual cues shape the rhythm of social interactions at multiple timescales, and points to the pallial amygdala as a region controlling engagement in such interactions. These results suggest an evolutionarily conserved role of the vertebrate pallial amygdala in regulating the persistence of emotional states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Everett, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norovich, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burke, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteway, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bendesky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.29.591330</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coordination and persistence of aggressive visual communication in Siamese fighting fish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.29.591620v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell rearrangement progression along the apical-basal axis is linked with 3D epithelial tissue structure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.29.591620v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epithelial tissues undergo extensive structural remodeling during embryonic development. Tissue remodeling is often enabled by oriented cell rearrangements that are linked with patterns of mechanical stress in the tissue and with tissue mechanical properties. Cell rearrangements and their links to tissue structure have largely been studied at the apical side of tissues at the level of adherens junctions. Less is known about the involvement of basolateral domains in cell rearrangements. Here we use live confocal imaging to quantify cell rearrangements, cell packing structure, and cell morphology in 3D in the converging and extending Drosophila germband epithelium. We report gradients in cell shapes and tissue structure along the apical-basal axis of the germband, suggesting that the apical and basolateral domains display distinct behaviors. Cell rearrangements initiate at apical as well as basolateral positions, with initiation frequencies also displaying a gradient along the apical-basal axis. Following initiation, rearrangements propagate across the apical-basal axis and lateral cell contacts remodel; these events involve scutoids and other complex 3D cell shapes as intermediate states. These findings uncover novel aspects of the cell rearrangements that drive dynamic remodeling of epithelia and reveal links between rearrangements and gradients in tissue structure along the apical-basal axis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kusaka, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostvar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasza, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.29.591620</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell rearrangement progression along the apical-basal axis is linked with 3D epithelial tissue structure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.29.591683v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct anatomical and functional corticospinal inputs innervate different spinal neuron types 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.29.591683v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The corticospinal tract exerts its influence on movement through spinal neurons, which can be divided into types that exhibit distinct functions. However, it remains unknown whether these functional distinctions are reflected in the corticospinal inputs that different types of spinal neurons receive. Using rabies monosynaptic tracing from individual neuron types in the cervical cord and 3D histological reconstruction in mice, we discovered that different types receive inputs distinctly distributed across cortex, and aligned with cell type function. This included a distinct, sparse distribution of direct inputs from cortex onto motor neurons. Coupling rabies tracing with activity measurement during motor behavior revealed different interneuron types receive different input activity patterns, primarily due to the topographical distribution of the corticospinal neurons contacting them. Our results establish that different spinal neuron types get distinct anatomical and functional inputs from the cortex, and reveal functionally relevant homology to primate corticospinal organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fageiry, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warriner, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loper, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reardon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jessell, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.29.591683</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct anatomical and functional corticospinal inputs innervate different spinal neuron types]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.30.590832v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Strategies for motion- and respiration-robust estimation of fMRI intrinsic neural timescales 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.30.590832v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intrinsic neural timescale (INT) is a resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI) measure that reflects the time window of neural integration within a brain region. Despite the potential relevance of INT to cognition, brain organization, and neuropsychiatric illness, the influences of physiological artifacts on INT have not been systematically considered. Two artifacts, head motion and respiration, pose serious issues in rs-fMRI studies. Here, we described their impact on INT estimation and tested the ability of two denoising strategies for mitigating these artifacts, high-motion frame censoring and global signal regression (GSR). We used a subset of the HCP Young Adult dataset with runs annotated for breathing patterns (Lynch et al., 2020) and at least one "clean" (reference) run that had minimal head motion and no respiration artifacts; other runs from the same participants (n = 46) were labeled as "non-clean." We found that non-clean runs exhibited brain-wide increases in INT compared to their respective clean runs and the magnitude of error in INT between non-clean and clean runs correlated with the amount of head motion. Importantly, effect sizes were comparable to INT effects reported in the clinical literature. GSR and high-motion frame censoring improved the similarity between INT maps from non-clean runs and their respective clean run. Using a pseudo-random frame-censoring approach, there was a relationship between the amount of censored frames and both the mean INT and mean error, suggesting that frame censoring itself biases INT estimation. A group-level correction procedure reduced this bias and improved similarity between non-clean runs and their respective clean run. Based on our findings, we offer recommendations for rs-fMRI INT studies, which include implementing GSR and high-motion frame censoring with Lomb-Scargle interpolation of censored data, and performing group-level correction of the bias introduced by frame censoring.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosario, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Power, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horga, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wengler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.30.590832</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Strategies for motion- and respiration-robust estimation of fMRI intrinsic neural timescales]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.30.591368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A survival-critical role for Drosophila giant interneurons during predation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.30.591368v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large axon-diameter descending neurons are metabolically costly but transmit information rapidly from sensory neurons in the brain to motor neurons in the nerve cord. They have thus endured as a common feature of escape circuits in many animal species where speed is paramount. Though often considered isolated command neurons triggering fast-reaction-time, all-or-none escape responses, giant neurons are just one of multiple parallel pathways enabling selection between behavioral alternatives. Such degeneracy among escape circuits makes it unclear if and how giant neurons benefit prey fitness. Here we competed Drosophila melanogaster flies with genetically-silenced Giant Fibers (GFs) against flies with functional GFs in an arena with wild-caught damselfly predators and find that GF silencing decreases prey survival. Kinematic analysis of damselfly attack trajectories shows that decreased prey survival fitness results from GF-silenced flies failing to escape during predator attack speeds and approach distances that would normally elicit successful escapes. When challenged with a virtual looming predator, fly GFs promote survival by enforcing selection of a short-duration takeoff sequence as opposed to reducing reaction time. Our findings support a role for the GFs in promoting prey survival by influencing action selection as a means to enhance escape performance during realistically complex predation scenarios.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chai, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrow, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parikh, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Reyn, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonardo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Card, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.30.591368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A survival-critical role for Drosophila giant interneurons during predation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.30.591862v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trazodone, dibenzoylmethane and tauroursodeoxycholic acid do not prevent motor dysfunction and neurodegeneration in Marinesco-Sjögren syndrome mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.30.591862v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is no cure for Marinesco-Sjogren syndrome (MSS), a genetic multisystem disease linked to loss-of-function mutations in the SIL1 gene, encoding a BiP co-chaperone. We previously found that the PERK kinase inhibitor GSK2606414 delayed cerebellar Purkinje cell (PC) degeneration and the onset of ataxia in the woozy mouse model of MSS. However, GSK2606414 is toxic to the pancreas and does not completely rescue the woozy phenotype. The present study tested trazodone and dibenzoylmethane (DBM), which partially inhibit PERK signaling with neuroprotective effects and no pancreatic toxicity. We also tested the chemical chaperone tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), which can protect MSS patients cells from stress-induced apoptosis. Mice were chronically treated for five weeks, starting from a presymptomatic stage. Trazodone was given 40 mg/kg daily by intraperitoneal (ip) injection. DBM was given 0.5% in the diet ad libitum. TUDCA was given either 0.4% in the diet, or 500 mg/kg ip every three days. None of the treatments prevented motor dysfunction in woozy mice, assessed by the beam walking and rotarod tests. Only trazodone slightly boosted beam walking performance. However, immunohistochemistry found no reduction in the number of CHOP-positive PCs, or increased PC survival, indicating no neuroprotective inhibition of PERK signaling. Pharmacokinetic studies excluded that the lack of effect was due to altered drug metabolism in woozy mice. These results indicate that trazodone, DBM and TUDCA, at dosing regimens active in other neurodegenerative disease mouse models, have no disease-modifying effect in a preclinical model of MSS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lavigna, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grasso, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasini, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grande, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mignogna, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Restelli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masone, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fracasso, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucchetti, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gobbi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiesa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.30.591862</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trazodone, dibenzoylmethane and tauroursodeoxycholic acid do not prevent motor dysfunction and neurodegeneration in Marinesco-Sjögren syndrome mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.01.592023v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uterus and cervix anatomical changes and cervix stiffness evolution throughout pregnancy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.01.592023v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The coordinated biomechanical performance, such as uterine stretch and cervical barrier function, within maternal reproductive tissues facilitates healthy human pregnancy and birth. Quantifying normal biomechanical function and detecting potentially detrimental biomechanical dysfunction (e.g., cervical insufficiency, uterine overdistention, premature rupture of membranes) is difficult, largely due to minimal data on the shape and size of maternal anatomy and material properties of tissue across gestation. This study quantitates key structural features of human pregnancy to fill this knowledge gap and facilitate three-dimensional modeling for biomechanical pregnancy simulations to deeply explore pregnancy and childbirth. These measurements include the longitudinal assessment of uterine and cervical dimensions, fetal weight, and cervical stiffness in 47 low-risk pregnancies at four time points during gestation (late first, middle second, late second, and middle third trimesters). The uterine and cervical size were measured via 2-dimensional ultrasound, and cervical stiffness was measured via cervical aspiration. Trends in uterine and cervical measurements were assessed as time-course slopes across pregnancy and between gestational time points, accounting for specific participants. Patient-specific computational solid models of the uterus and cervix, generated from the ultrasonic measurements, were used to estimate deformed uterocervical volume. Results show that for this low-risk cohort, the uterus grows fastest in the inferior-superior direction from the late first to middle second trimester and fastest in the anterior-posterior and left-right direction between the middle and late second trimester. Contemporaneously, the cervix softens and shortens. It softens fastest from the late first to the middle second trimester and shortens fastest between the late second and middle third trimester. Alongside the fetal weight estimated from ultrasonic measurements, this work presents holistic maternal and fetal patient-specific biomechanical measurements across gestation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Louwagie, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hairston, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nottman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nhan-Chang, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuchs, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gyamfi-Bannerman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booker, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrikopoulou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zork, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wapner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vink, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mourad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feltovich, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>House, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.01.592023</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uterus and cervix anatomical changes and cervix stiffness evolution throughout pregnancy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.02.591692v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Follicular helper- and peripheral helper-like T cells drive autoimmune disease in human immune system mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.02.591692v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human immune system (HIS) mice constructed in various ways are widely used for investigations of human immune responses to pathogens, transplants and immunotherapies. In HIS mice that generate T cells de novo from hematopoietic progenitors, T cell-dependent multisystem autoimmune disease occurs, most rapidly when the human T cells develop in the native NOD.Cg- Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl (NSG) mouse thymus, where negative selection is abnormal. Disease develops very late when human T cells develop in human fetal thymus grafts, where robust negative selection is observed. We demonstrate here that PD-1+CD4+ peripheral (Tph) helper-like and follicular (Tfh) helper-like T cells developing in HIS mice can induce autoimmune disease. Tfh- like cells were more prominent in HIS mice with a mouse thymus, in which the highest levels of IgG were detected in plasma, compared to those with a human thymus. While circulating IgG and IgM antibodies were autoreactive to multiple mouse antigens, in vivo depletion of B cells and antibodies did not delay the development of autoimmune disease. Conversely, adoptive transfer of enriched Tfh- or Tph-like cells induced disease and autoimmunity-associated B cell phenotypes in recipient mice containing autologous human APCs without T cells. Tfh/Tph cells from mice with a human thymus expanded and induced disease more rapidly than those originating in a murine thymus, implicating HLA-restricted T cell-APC interactions in this process. Since Tfh, Tph, autoantibodies and lymphopenia-induced proliferation (LIP) have all been implicated in various forms of human autoimmune disease, the observations here provide a platform for the further dissection of human autoimmune disease mechanisms and therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vecchione, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khosravi-Maharlooei, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danzl, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nauman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waffarn, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winchester, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fousteri, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sykes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.02.591692</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Follicular helper- and peripheral helper-like T cells drive autoimmune disease in human immune system mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.02.592216v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tumor-selective treatment of metastatic pancreatic cancer with an engineered, probiotic living drug 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.02.592216v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) poses significant challenges for effective treatment, with systemic chemotherapy often proving inadequate due to poor drug delivery and the tumors immunosuppressive microenvironment. Engineered bacteria present a novel approach to target PDAC, leveraging their ability to colonize tumors and deliver therapeutic payloads. Here, we engineered probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) to produce the pore-forming Theta toxin (Nis-Theta) and evaluated its efficacy in a preclinical model of PDAC. Probiotic administration resulted in selective colonization of tumor tissue, leading to improved overall survival compared to standard chemotherapy. Moreover, this strain exhibited cytotoxic effects on both primary and distant tumor lesions while sparing normal tissues. Importantly, treatment also modulated the tumor microenvironment by increasing anti-tumor immune cell populations and reducing immunosuppressive markers. These findings demonstrate the potential of engineered probiotic bacteria as a safe and effective therapeutic approach for PDAC, offering promise for improved patient outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Decker-Farrell, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sastra, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harimoto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasselluhn, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palermo, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballister, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badgley, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danino, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olive, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.02.592216</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tumor-selective treatment of metastatic pancreatic cancer with an engineered, probiotic living drug]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.02.592229v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential control of intestine function by genetically defined enteric neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.02.592229v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The function of the intestine is regulated by direct innervation from a combination of enteric, sensory, and autonomic neurons. A central question in neurobiology is how these distinct peripheral neuron populations collectively control intestinal function. However, disambiguating the functions of intestine-innervating neuronal populations has been a challenge. Using intersectional genetic approaches in mice, we enable precise manipulations of defined neuronal populations within the intestinal tract. We examined enteric neurons, which represent the majority of intestine-innervating neurons, by genetically isolating neuronal subclasses, identifying their morphological specializations, and defining subclass-specific influences on intestinal functions. We further found that food consumption can be modulated by select enteric neuron populations via the spinal sensory afferent pathway. Taken together, the presented molecular genetic characterization of intestine-innervating neurons establishes a foundation for detailed studies of the enteric nervous system and its interactions with the broader neural networks of the body.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marrin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.02.592229</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential control of intestine function by genetically defined enteric neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.02.592258v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vitro heterochronic parabiosis identifies pigment epithelium-derived factor as a systemic mediator of rejuvenation by young blood 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.02.592258v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several decades of heterochronic parabiosis (HCPB) studies have demonstrated the restorative impact of young blood, and deleterious influence of aged blood, on physiological function and homeostasis across tissues, although few of the factors responsible for these observations have been identified. Here we develop an in vitro HCPB system to identify these circulating factors, using replicative lifespan (RLS) of primary human fibroblasts as an endpoint of cellular health. We find that RLS is inversely correlated with serum donor age and sensitive to the presence or absence of specific serum components. Through in vitro HCPB, we identify the secreted protein pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) as a circulating factor that extends RLS of primary human fibroblasts and declines with age in mammals. Systemic administration of PEDF to aged mice reverses age-related functional decline and pathology across several tissues, improving cognitive function and reducing hepatic fibrosis and renal lipid accumulation. Together, our data supports PEDF as a systemic mediator of the effect of young blood on organismal health and homeostasis and establishes our in vitro HCPB system as a valuable screening platform for the identification of candidate circulating factors involved in aging and rejuvenation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tazearslan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contreras, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudgins, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suh, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.02.592258</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vitro heterochronic parabiosis identifies pigment epithelium-derived factor as a systemic mediator of rejuvenation by young blood]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.03.592387v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Ccm3-GckIII signaling axis regulates Rab11-dependent recycling to the apical compartment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.03.592387v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Kinase cascades underlie many signaling pathways and are key regulators of development and morphogenesis. We have characterized a Hippo-like kinase cascade consisting of Thousand and One kinase (Tao), Germinal Center Kinase III (GckIII/Wheezy), and Tricornered (Trc) that plays an essential role in morphogenesis of tracheal terminal cell tubes in Drosophila. In this cascade, GckIII is the central kinase and is thought to act together with its binding partner, Cerebral Cavernous Malformations 3 (Ccm3). As suggested by its name, Drosophila Ccm3 is the ortholog of a human vascular disease gene. As such, defining the Ccm3 pathway is critical to understanding both normal development and disease. Here we generate and characterize a null allele of Ccm3 in Drosophila. We uncover a maternal contribution of Ccm3 to embryonic development, show that maternal/zygotic null embryos have defective multicellular tracheal tubes, and that tracheal terminal cells derived from zygotic clones that also lack maternal Ccm3, show fully penetrant tube dilation defects identical to those we previously described for other pathway genes. We show that wildtype Ccm3 colocalizes with p-GckIII during early embryogenesis, and that in larval terminal cells, is found in the nucleus as well as associated with the apical membrane. We further demonstrate that Mouse protein 25 (Mo25), known to encode a protein that binds and stabilizes GckIII proteins in the active conformation, is required to prevent Ccm3-like tube dilations, showing that Mo25 and Ccm3, together with Tao, are required to fully activate GckIII, which directly phosphorylates and activates Tricornered (Trc). We show that this Ccm3 signaling cassette operates in other epithelial tissues such as the wing, and in non-epithelial tissues such as motor neurons. Lastly, we define a role of Ccm3-GckIII signaling in the distribution of active Rab11, leading us to propose that persistent local Rab11 activity results in elevated recycling of membrane and apical determinants to the apical domain, and consequent dilation of tubes. We validate this model by showing that loss of Rab11 activity ameliorates the tube dilation defects of pathway mutants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Burguete, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghabrial, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.03.592387</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Ccm3-GckIII signaling axis regulates Rab11-dependent recycling to the apical compartment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.03.592403v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modulation of aggression by social novelty recognition memory in the hippocampal CA2 region 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.03.592403v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dorsal CA2 subregion (dCA2) of the hippocampus exerts a critical role in social novelty recognition (SNR) memory and in the promotion of social aggression. Whether the social aggression and SNR memory functions of dCA2 are related or represent independent processes is unknown. Here we investigated the hypotheses that an animal is more likely to attack a novel compared to familiar animal and that dCA2 promotes social aggression through its ability to discriminate between novel and familiar conspecifics. To test these ideas, we conducted a multi-day resident intruder (R-I) test of aggression towards novel and familiar conspecifics. We found that mice were more likely to attack a novel compared to familiarized intruder and that silencing of dCA2 caused a more profound inhibition of aggression towards a novel than familiarized intruder. To explore whether and how dCA2 pyramidal neurons encode aggression, we recorded their activity using microendoscopic calcium imaging throughout the days of the R-I test. We found that a fraction of dCA2 neurons were selectively activated or inhibited during exploration, dominance, and attack behaviors and that these signals were enhanced during interaction with a novel compared to familiarized conspecific. Based on dCA2 population activity, a set of binary linear classifiers accurately decoded whether an animal was engaged in each of these forms of social behavior. Of particular interest, the accuracy of decoding aggression was greater with novel compared to familiarized intruders, with significant cross-day decoding using the same familiar animal on each day but not for a familiar-novel pair. Together, these findings demonstrate that dCA2 integrates information about social novelty with signals of behavioral state to promote aggression towards novel conspecifics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Villegas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegelbaum, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.03.592403</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modulation of aggression by social novelty recognition memory in the hippocampal CA2 region]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.03.592414v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two routes to value-based decisions in Parkinsons disease: differentiating incremental reinforcement learning from episodic memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.03.592414v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Patients with Parkinsons disease are impaired at incremental reward-based learning. It is typically assumed that this impairment reflects a loss of striatal dopamine. However, many open questions remain about the nature of reward-based learning deficits in Parkinsons. Recent studies have found that a combination of different cognitive and computational strategies contribute even to simple reward-based learning tasks, suggesting a possible role for episodic memory. These findings raise critical questions about how incremental learning and episodic memory interact to support learning from past experience and what their relative contributions are to impaired decision-making in Parkinsons disease. Here we addressed these questions by asking patients with Parkinsons disease (n=26) both on and off their dopamine replacement medication and age- and education-matched healthy controls (n=26) to complete a task designed to isolate the contributions of incremental learning and episodic memory to reward-based learning and decision-making. We found that Parkinsons patients performed as well as healthy controls when using episodic memory, but were impaired at incremental reward-based learning. Dopamine replacement medication remediated this deficit while enhancing subsequent episodic memory for the value of motivationally relevant stimuli. These results demonstrate that Parkinsons patients are impaired at learning about reward from trial-and-error when episodic memory is properly controlled for, and that learning based on the value of single experiences remains intact in patients with Parkinsons disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Montaser-Kouhsari, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerraty, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shohamy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.03.592414</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two routes to value-based decisions in Parkinsons disease: differentiating incremental reinforcement learning from episodic memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.03.592420v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic targeting of PGBD5-dependent DNA damage in SMARCB1-deficient sarcomas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.03.592420v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the potential of targeted epigenetic therapies, most cancers do not respond to current epigenetic drugs. The Polycomb repressive complex EZH2 inhibitor tazemetostat was recently approved for the treatment of SMARCB1-deficient epithelioid sarcomas, based on the functional antagonism between PRC2 and loss of SMARCB1. Through the analysis of tazemetostat-treated patient tumors, we recently defined key principles of their response and resistance to EZH2 epigenetic therapy. Here, using transcriptomic inference from SMARCB1-deficient tumor cells, we nominate the DNA damage repair kinase ATR as a target for rational combination EZH2 epigenetic therapy. We show that EZH2 inhibition promotes DNA damage in epithelioid and rhabdoid tumor cells, at least in part via its induction of the transposase-derived PGBD5. We leverage this collateral synthetic lethal dependency to target PGBD5-dependent DNA damage by inhibition of ATR but not CHK1 using elimusertib. Consequently, combined EZH2 and ATR inhibition improves therapeutic responses in diverse patient-derived epithelioid and rhabdoid tumors in vivo. This advances a combination epigenetic therapy based on EZH2-PGBD5 synthetic lethal dependency suitable for immediate translation to clinical trials for patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kazansky, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cameron, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demarest, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaffaroni, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arrighetti, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuco, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mundi, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuwahara, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Somwar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Stanchina, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dela Cruz, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kung, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gounder, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kentsis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.03.592420</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic targeting of PGBD5-dependent DNA damage in SMARCB1-deficient sarcomas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.03.592456v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The tricellular junction protein ILDR2 in glomerulopathies: insights and implications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.03.592456v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The tricellular tight junctions are crucial for the regulation of paracellular flux at tricellular junctions, where tricellulin (MARVELD2) and angulins (ILDR1, ILDR2 or LSR) are localized. The role of ILDR2 in podocytes, specialized epithelial cells in the kidney, is still unknown. We investigated the role of ILDR2 in glomeruli and its influence on blood filtration. Western blots, scRNA-seq and superresolution microscopy showed a strong expression of MARVELD2 and ILDR2 in podocytes that colocalizes with the podocyte-specific claudin CLDN5. Co-immunoprecipitation revealed that ILDR2 directly binds CLDN5. In glomerulopathies, induced by nephrotoxic serum and by DOCA-salt heminephrectomy, ILDR2 was strongly upregulated. Furthermore, Ildr2 knockout mice exhibited glomerular hypertrophy and decreased podocyte density, however, did not develop effacement of podocyte foot processes or proteinuria. LC-MS/MS proteomic analysis of isolated glomeruli showed an increase in matrix proteins such as fibronectin and agrin. This suggests a protective role of ILDR2 in glomerulopathies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Siegerist, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kliewe, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schakau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soh, J. E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puelles, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindenmeyer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reichelt-Wurm, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drenic, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatziantoniou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chadjichristos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nauck, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Völker, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Endlich, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.03.592456</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The tricellular junction protein ILDR2 in glomerulopathies: insights and implications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.06.592101v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Remote automated delivery of mechanical stimuli coupled to brain recordings in behaving mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.06.592101v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The canonical framework for testing pain and mechanical sensitivity in rodents is manual delivery of stimuli to the paw. However, this approach is time consuming, produces variability in results, requires significant training, and is ergonomically unfavorable to the experimenter. To circumvent limitations in manual delivery of stimuli, we have created a device called the ARM (Automated Reproducible Mechano-stimulator). Built using a series of linear stages, cameras, and stimulus holders, the ARM is more accurate at hitting the desired target, delivers stimuli faster, and decreases variability in delivery of von Frey hair filaments. We demonstrate that the ARM can be combined with traditional measurements of pain behavior and automated machine-learning based pipelines. Importantly, the ARM enables remote testing of mice with experimenters outside the testing room. Using remote testing, we found that mice habituated more quickly when an experimenter was not present and experimenter presence leads to significant sex-dependent differences in paw withdrawal and pain associated behaviors. Lastly, to demonstrate the utility of the ARM for neural circuit dissection of pain mechanisms, we combined the ARM with cellular-resolved microendoscopy in the amygdala, linking stimulus, behavior, and brain activity of amygdala neurons that encode negative pain states. Taken together, the ARM improves speed, accuracy, and robustness of mechanical pain assays and can be combined with automated pain detection systems and brain recordings to map central control of pain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Burdge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jhumka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogundare, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulton, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bistis, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toussaint, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morizawa, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadessa, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delinois, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayiseni, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loran, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdus-Saboor, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.06.592101</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Remote automated delivery of mechanical stimuli coupled to brain recordings in behaving mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.06.592749v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Episodic memory supports the acquisition of structured task representations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.06.592749v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Generalization to new tasks requires learning of task representations that accurately reflect the similarity structure of the task space. Here, we argue that episodic memory (EM) plays an essential role in this process by stabilizing task representations, thereby supporting the accumulation of structured knowledge. We demonstrate this using a neural network model that infers task representations that minimize the current tasks objective function; crucially, the model can retrieve previously encoded task representations from EM and use these to initialize the task inference process. With EM, the model succeeds in learning the underlying task structure; without EM, task representations drift and the network fails to learn the structure. We further show that EM errors can support structure learning by promoting the activation of similar task representations in tasks with similar sensory inputs. Overall, this model provides a novel account of how EM supports the acquisition of structured task representations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hummos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.06.592749</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Episodic memory supports the acquisition of structured task representations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.07.592778v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
E-cadherin tunes tissue mechanical behavior before and during morphogenetic tissue flows 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.07.592778v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adhesion between epithelial cells enables the remarkable mechanical behavior of epithelial tissues during morphogenesis. However, it remains unclear how cell-cell adhesion influences mechanics in static as well as in dynamically flowing epithelial tissues. Here, we systematically modulate E-cadherin-mediated adhesion in the Drosophila embryo and study the effects on the mechanical behavior of the germband epithelium before and during dramatic tissue remodeling and flow associated with body axis elongation. Before axis elongation, we find that increasing E-cadherin levels produces tissue comprising more elongated cells and predicted to be more fluid-like, providing reduced resistance to tissue flow. During axis elongation, we find that the dominant effect of E-cadherin is tuning the speed at which cells proceed through rearrangement events, revealing potential roles for E-cadherin in generating friction between cells. Before and during axis elongation, E-cadherin levels influence patterns of actomyosin-dependent forces, supporting the notion that E-cadherin tunes tissue mechanics in part through effects on actomyosin. Taken together, these findings reveal dual--and sometimes opposing--roles for E-cadherin-mediated adhesion in controlling tissue structure and dynamics in vivo that result in unexpected relationships between adhesion and flow.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cupo, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostvar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Countryman, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasza, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.07.592778</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[E-cadherin tunes tissue mechanical behavior before and during morphogenetic tissue flows]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.07.592904v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
KRas, in addition to Tp53 is a driver for early carcinogenesis and a molecular target in a mouse model of invasive gastro-esophageal adenocarcinoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.07.592904v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveThe incidence of gastro-esophageal adenocarcinoma (GEAC) has increased dramatically and is associated with Barretts Esophagus (BE). Gastric cardia progenitors are the likely origin for BE and GEAC. Here we analyze p53, Rb1 and Kras alterations in Lgr5 progenitor cells during carcinogenesis.

DesignWe introduced single and combined genetic alterations (p53, Rb1 and Kras) in Lgr5-expressing progenitor cells at the inflamed gastroesophageal junction in the L2-IL1b (L2) mouse model crossed to Lgr5-CreERTmice. For in-vitro treatment we utilized mouse and human 3D organoids.

ResultsInactivation of Tp53 or Rb1 alone (L2-LP and L2-LR mice) resulted in metaplasia, and mild dysplasia, while expression of KrasG12D (L2-LK) accelerated dysplasia in L2-IL1b mice. Dual induction of genetic alteration in L2-LPR, L2-LKP and L2-LKR mice confirmed the accelerating role of mutant Kras, with the development of invasive cancer in mice with combined Tp53 and Kras alteration. All three genetic events in cardia progenitor cells generated invasive cancer at 6 months of age, with chromosomal instability (CNV). The dominant role of Kras prompted us to treat with a SHP2 inhibitor in combination with an ERK or MEK inhibitor, leading to reduced growth in Kras mutant organoids. SHP2 and MEK inhibition in-vivo reduced Kras dependent tumor formation.

ConclusionIn the first invasive GEAC mouse model, Kras mutation in combination with loss of tumor suppressor genes Tp53 or Rb1 emerges as a key player in GEAC and with importance of p53 and Rb1 in promoting metaplasia. Targeting this SHP2/MEK/KRAS pathway represents a promising therapeutic option for Kras altered GEAC.

What is already known on this topicThe increased incidence of GEAC is challenging current screening and surveillance strategies. Therapeutic and preventive options are limited due to a lack of knowledge on the role of genetic alterations commonly associated with GEAC and their function during progression to dysplasia.

What this study addsWe generate the first invasive GEAC model and show that KRAS at least in combination with a second genetic alterations (Tp53 and/or Rb1) may be a driver of tumorigenesis, and targeting KRAS alterations could be a promising now treatment substitution.

How this study might affect research, practice or policyTargeting KRAS alterations will be important for GEAC, especially as specific KRAS inhibitor are on the horizon. In addition, a concept of single genetic alteration inducing metaplasia as an adaptation to chronic inflammation might emerge as an important factor for surveillance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anand, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoemig, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flisikowski, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oellinger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rad, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vieth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steiger, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumeister, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strangmann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alguel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciecielski, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boettcher, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, H.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvalho, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammad-Shahi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerland, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proano-Vasco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnieke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thimme, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quante, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.07.592904</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[KRas, in addition to Tp53 is a driver for early carcinogenesis and a molecular target in a mouse model of invasive gastro-esophageal adenocarcinoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.07.592996v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effect of interhemispheric zero-phase entrainment of the intrinsic mu-rhythm on behavioral and neural markers of predictive coding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.07.592996v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Goal-directed behavior requires the integration of information from the outside world and internal (somatosensory) sources about our own actions. Expectations (or  internal models) are generated from prior knowledge and constantly updated based on sensory feedback. This optimized information integration (predictive coding) results in a global behavioral advantage of anticipated action in the presence of uncertainty. Our goal was to probe the effect of phase entrainment of the sensorimotor mu-rhythm on visuomotor integration. Participants received transcranial alternating current stimulation over bilateral motor cortices (M1) while performing a visually-guided force adjustment task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Inter-hemispheric zero-phase entrainment resulted in effector-specific modulation of performance precision and effector-generic minimization of force signal complexity paralleled by BOLD activation changes in bilateral caudate and increased functional connectivity between the right M1 and contralateral putamen, inferior parietal, and medial temporal regions. While effector-specific changes in performance precision were associated with contralateral caudate and hippocampal activation decreases, only the global reduction in force signal complexity was associated with increased functional M1 connectivity with bilateral striatal regions. We propose that zero-phase synchronization represents a neural mode of optimized information integration related to internal model updating within the recursive perception-action continuum associated with predictive coding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heise, K.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albouy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolfen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peeters, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mantini, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swinnen, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.07.592996</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effect of interhemispheric zero-phase entrainment of the intrinsic mu-rhythm on behavioral and neural markers of predictive coding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.08.593200v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo gene synthesis by an antiviral reverse transcriptase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.08.593200v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria defend themselves from viral infection using diverse immune systems, many of which sense and target foreign nucleic acids. Defense-associated reverse transcriptase (DRT) systems provide an intriguing counterpoint to this immune strategy by instead leveraging DNA synthesis, but the identities and functions of their DNA products remain largely unknown. Here we show that DRT2 systems execute an unprecedented immunity mechanism that involves de novo gene synthesis via rolling-circle reverse transcription of a non-coding RNA (ncRNA). Unbiased profiling of RT-associated RNA and DNA ligands in DRT2-expressing cells revealed that reverse transcription generates concatenated cDNA repeats through programmed template jumping on the ncRNA. The presence of phage then triggers second-strand cDNA synthesis, leading to the production of long double-stranded DNA. Remarkably, this DNA product is efficiently transcribed, generating messenger RNAs that encode a stop codon-less, never-ending ORF (neo) whose translation causes potent growth arrest. Phylogenetic analyses and screening of diverse DRT2 homologs further revealed broad conservation of rolling-circle reverse transcription and Neo protein function. Our work highlights an elegant expansion of genome coding potential through RNA-templated gene creation, and challenges conventional paradigms of genetic information encoded along the one-dimensional axis of genomic DNA.

One-Sentence SummaryBacterial reverse transcriptases synthesize extrachromosomal genes via rolling-circle amplification to confer potent antiviral immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conte, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zedaveinyte, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lampe, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiegand, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, M. W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berchowitz, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sternberg, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.08.593200</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo gene synthesis by an antiviral reverse transcriptase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.08.593207v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Experience-dependent, sexually dimorphic synaptic connectivity defined by sex-specific cadherin expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.08.593207v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We describe here the molecular mechanisms by which juvenile experience defines patterns of sexually dimorphic synaptic connectivity in the adult nervous system of the nematode C. elegans. We show that starvation of juvenile males disrupts serotonin- dependent activation of the CREB transcription factor in a nociceptive sensory neuron, PHB. CREB acts through a cascade of transcription factors to control expression of an atypical cadherin protein, FMI-1/Flamingo. During postembryonic development, FMI-1/Flamingo has the capacity to promote and maintain synaptic connectivity of the PHB nociceptive sensory to a command interneuron, AVA, in both sexes, but the serotonin transcriptional regulatory cassette antagonizes FMI-1/Flamingo expression in males, thereby establishing sexually dimorphic connectivity between PHB and AVA. A critical regulatory node in this process is the CREB-target LIN-29, a Zn finger transcription factor which integrates four different layers of information - sexual specificity, past feeding status, time and cell-type specificity. Our findings provide the mechanistic details of how an early juvenile experience defines sexually dimorphic synaptic connectivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liao, C.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majeed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.08.593207</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Experience-dependent, sexually dimorphic synaptic connectivity defined by sex-specific cadherin expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.08.593221v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drosophila glue evolved different adhesive and mechanical properties across 50 million years 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.08.593221v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drosophila glue, a bioadhesive produced by fly larvae to attach themselves to a substrate for several days, has recently gained attention for its peculiar adhesive and mechanical properties. Although Drosophila glue production was described more than 50 years ago, a general survey of the adhesive and mechanical properties of this proteinaceous gel across Drosophila species is lacking. To measure adhesion, we present here a protocol that is robust to variations in protocol parameters, pupal age and calculation methods. We find that the glue, which covers the entire pupal surface, increases the animal rigidity and plasticity when bound to a glass slide. Our survey of pupal adhesion in 25 Drosophilidae species reveals la wide range of phenotypes, from species that produce no or little glue and adhere little, to species that produce high amounts of glue and adhere strongly. One species, D. hydei, stands out from the rest and emerges as a promising model for the development of future bioadhesives, as it has the highest detachment force per glue area and produces relatively large amounts of glue relative to its size. We also observe that species that invest more in glue tend to live in more windy and less rainy climates, suggesting that differences in pupal adhesion properties across species are shaped by ecological factors. Our present survey provides a basis for future biomimetic studies based on Drosophila glue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Monier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorenzi, J.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narasimha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borne, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contremoulins, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mevel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petit, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graner, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courtier-Orgogozo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.08.593221</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drosophila glue evolved different adhesive and mechanical properties across 50 million years]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.09.593174v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Specialized Pericyte Subtypes in the Pulmonary Capillary 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.09.593174v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pericytes (PCs) play crucial roles in capillary maturation, stability, and homeostasis. Impaired PC coverage and function are implicated in various diseases, including pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Challenges investigating PC biology are largely due to the lack of a concise marker, resulting in difficulty distinguishing PCs from other mural cell populations, including smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and fibroblasts (FBs). Utilizing bioinformatic analysis and RNAscope, we identified HIG hypoxia-inducible domain family member 1B (Higd1b) as a unique and conserved gene marker for PCs and generated a novel knockin mouse line, Higd1b-CreERT2, which precisely labels PCs in the lung and heart. Human lung single-cell RNAseq suggested the presence of two HIGD1B+ PC subtypes with different functions. By lineage tracing pulmonary Higd1b+ cells exposed to hypoxia in vivo, we identified Type 1 PCs remained in the capillary network, while Type 2 PCs accumulated in the arterioles and coexpressed SMC markers and increased levels of Vimentin, associated with focal adhesion pathways. These results suggest that Type 1 PCs are specialized for supporting capillary EC homeostasis and quiescent, while Type 2 PCs are lineage active and located close to the border zone of the arterioles and capillaries, which may be motile and transition to SMC-like cells in hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. The discovery of PC-type specialization in capillaries transforms our understanding of the structure, function and regulation of pulmonary capillary circulation and their contribution to vascular remodeling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Klouda, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baek, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhaumik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Que, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raby, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Jesus Perez, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.09.593174</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Specialized Pericyte Subtypes in the Pulmonary Capillary]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.09.593333v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metagenomic coverage bias at transcription start sites is correlated with gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.09.593333v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metagenomic sequencing is presumed to provide unbiased sampling of all the genetic material in a sample. Downstream analysis methods, such as binning, gene copy number analysis, structural variations, or single nucleotide polymorphism analysis, commonly assume an even distribution across the genome after accounting for known artefacts such as GC content. We discovered coverage bias across gut microbiome species, manifesting as a difference in coverage before and after bacterial transcription start sites. Using matched metatranscriptomic and metagenomic sequencing data, we demonstrate that this bias correlates with gene expression. Potential artefacts such as the sequencing technology, reference genome used for alignment, and mappability bias were investigated across multiple datasets and shown to not be factors for association. While GC bias was found correlated with coverage bias, the association of coverage bias with gene expression remains significant after adjusting for GC bias. Paired-end read mapping demonstrated an enrichment in 5 read ends immediately downstream of the TSS which was partly a byproduct of unmapped reads upstream of the TSS. Our observations suggest the existence of strain-level variation where sequence variation in the promoter site region is preventing proper read alignment to the reference genome. The correlation of this phenomenon with gene expression may also reflect evolutionary footprints for fine-tuning the regulation of gene expression. Understanding the source of this sequence variation and the biological implications of this artefact will be useful not only to better characterise microbial functions but also to improve interpretations of strain level dynamics.

ImportanceSequencing coverage calculated from metagenomic sequencing data is extensively used in the microbiome field, providing valuable information about microbial abundances, gene (functional) abundances, growth rates, and genomic variations. Understanding factors that impact the distribution of coverage along genomes is therefore important for multiple applications. In this study, we report on uneven read coverage across the transcription start sites of bacterial genomes that is correlated with gene expression levels. We determine that this bias is independent of multiple factors including GC bias, and arises due to higher strain divergence from reference genomes upstream of the transcript start site. We propose that evolutionary finetuning of gene expression in competitive microbial ecosystems can drive genetic mutations at the promoter site. Our findings suggest the potential to glean gene regulatory information from metagenomic data, and better understand how ecological factors shape genomes in the microbiome and their sequencing coverage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qian, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korem, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, J. W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.09.593333</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metagenomic coverage bias at transcription start sites is correlated with gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.09.593438v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Channel width modulates the permeability of DNA origami based nuclear pore mimics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.09.593438v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nucleoporins (nups) in the central channel of nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) form a selective barrier that suppresses the diffusion of most macromolecules while enabling rapid transport of nuclear transport receptors (NTRs) with bound cargos. The complex molecular interactions between nups and NTRs have been thought to underlie the gatekeeping function of the NPC. Recent studies have shown considerable variation in NPC diameter but how altering NPC diameter might impact the selective barrier properties remains unclear. Here, we build DNA nanopores with programmable diameters and nup arrangement to mimic NPCs of different diameters. We use hepatitis B virus (HBV) capsids as a model for large-size cargos. We find that Nup62 proteins form a dynamic cross-channel meshwork impermeable to HBV capsids when grafted on the interior of 60-nm wide nanopores but not in 79-nm pores, where Nup62 cluster locally. Furthermore, importin-{beta}1 substantially changes the dynamics of Nup62 assemblies and facilitates the passage of HBV capsids through NPC mimics containing Nup62 and Nup153. Our study shows the transport channel width is critical to the permeability of nup barriers and underscores the role of NTRs in dynamically remodeling nup assemblies and mediating the nuclear entry of viruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saladin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhardwaj, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapinos, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mariappan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lusk, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, R. Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.09.593438</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Channel width modulates the permeability of DNA origami based nuclear pore mimics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.10.591729v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Task-specific topographical maps of neural activity in the primate lateral prefrontal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.10.591729v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons in the primate lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) flexibly adapt their activity to support a wide range of cognitive tasks. Whether and how the topography of LPFC neural activity changes as a function of task is unclear. In the present study, we address this issue by characterizing the functional topography of LPFC neural activity in awake behaving macaques performing three distinct cognitive tasks. We recorded from chronically implanted multi-electrode arrays and show that the topography of LPFC activity is stable within a task, but adaptive across tasks. The topography of neural activity exhibits a spatial scale compatible with prior anatomical tracing work on a!erent LPFC inputs. Our findings show that LPFC maps of neural population activity are stable for a specific task, providing robust neural codes that support task specialization. Moreover, the variability in functional topographies across tasks indicates activity landscapes can adapt, providing flexibility to LPFC neural codes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiang, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roussy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corrigan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulli, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luna, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mofrad, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diedrichsen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitz, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Trujillo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mur, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.10.591729</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Task-specific topographical maps of neural activity in the primate lateral prefrontal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.10.593490v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Connecting the Dots: Approaching a Standardized Nomenclature for Molecular Connectivity Combining Data and Literature 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.10.593490v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PET-based connectivity computation is a molecular approach that complements fMRI-derived functional connectivity. However, the diversity of methodologies and terms employed in PET connectivity analysis has resulted in ambiguities and confounded interpretations, highlighting the need for a standardized nomenclature.

Drawing parallels from other imaging modalities, we propose "molecular connectivity" as an umbrella term to characterize statistical dependencies between PET signals across brain regions at the individual level (within-subject). Like fMRI resting-state functional connectivity, "molecular connectivity" leverages temporal associations in the PET signal to derive brain network associations. Another within-subject approach evaluates regional similarities of tracer kinetics, which are unique in PET imaging, thus referred to as "kinetic connectivity". On the other hand, "molecular covariance" denotes group-level computations of covariance matrices across-subject. Further specification of the terminology can be achieved by including the employed radioligand, such as "metabolic connectivity/covariance" for [18F]FDG as well as "tau/amyloid covariance" for [18F]flutemetamol / [18F]flortaucipir.

To augment these distinctions, high-temporal resolution functional [18F]FDG PET scans from 17 healthy participants were analysed with common techniques of molecular connectivity and covariance, allowing for a data-driven support of the above terminology. Our findings demonstrate that temporal band-pass filtering yields structured network organization, whereas other techniques like 3rd order polynomial fitting, spatio-temporal filtering and baseline normalization require further methodological refinement for high-temporal resolution data. Conversely, molecular covariance from across-subject data provided a simple means to estimate brain region interactions through regularized or sparse inverse covariance estimation.

A standardized nomenclature in PET-based connectivity research can reduce ambiguity, enhance reproducibility, and facilitate interpretability across radiotracers and imaging modalities. Via a data-driven approach, this work provides a transparent framework for categorizing and comparing PET-derived connectivity and covariance metrics, laying the foundation for future investigations in the field.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reed, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cocchi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knudsen, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sander, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gryglewski, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volpi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khattar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silberbauer, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murgas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godbersen, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nics, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hacker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammers, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogden, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanzenberger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hahn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.10.593490</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Connecting the Dots: Approaching a Standardized Nomenclature for Molecular Connectivity Combining Data and Literature]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.10.593562v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting LxCxE cleft pocket of retinoblastoma protein in M2 macrophages inhibits ovarian cancer progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.10.593562v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractOvarian cancer remains a major health threat with limited treatment options available. It is characterized by immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) maintained by tumor- associated macrophages (TAMs) hindering anti-tumor responses and immunotherapy efficacy. Here we show that targeting retinoblastoma protein (Rb) by disruption of its LxCxE cleft pocket, causes cell death in TAMs by induction of ER stress, p53 and mitochondria-related cell death pathways. A reduction of pro-tumor Rbhigh M2-type macrophages from TME in vivo enhanced T cell infiltration and inhibited cancer progression. We demonstrate an increased Rb expression in TAMs in women with ovarian cancer is associated with poorer prognosis. Ex vivo, we show analogous cell death induction by therapeutic Rb targeting in TAMs in post-surgery ascites from ovarian cancer patients. Overall, our data elucidates therapeutic targeting of the Rb LxCxE cleft pocket as a novel promising approach for ovarian cancer treatment through depletion of TAMs and re-shaping TME immune landscape.

Statement of significanceCurrently, targeting immunosuppressive myeloid cells in ovarian cancer microenvironment is the first priority need to enable successful immunotherapy, but no effective solutions are clinically available. We show that targeting LxCxE cleft pocket of Retinoblastoma protein unexpectedly induces preferential cell death in M2 tumor-associated macrophages. Depletion of immunosuppressive M2 tumor-associated macrophages reshapes tumor microenvironment, enhances anti-tumor T cell responses, and inhibits ovarian cancer. Thus, we identify a novel paradoxical function of Retinoblastoma protein in regulating macrophage viability as well as a promising target to enhance immunotherapy efficacy in ovarian cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tcyganov, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwak, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poli, A. N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhuniya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kossenkov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auslander, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendoza, M. D. G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhigarev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cadungog, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee-Paer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donthireddy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bristow, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyurin, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyurina, Y. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayir, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kagan, V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salvino, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montaner, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.10.593562</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting LxCxE cleft pocket of retinoblastoma protein in M2 macrophages inhibits ovarian cancer progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.10.593604v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
L-Dopa induced dyskinesias require Cholinergic Interneuron expression of Dopamine 2 receptor. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.10.593604v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Striatal cholinergic interneurons (CIN) have been implicated in both, the facilitation as well as the attenuation of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias (LID). These findings indicate that CIN impinge on formation and expression of LID in a dopamine state dependent manner since LID formation requires prominent oscillations of dopamine at timescales of hours over several years. However, how CIN sense and interpret striatal dopamine levels is not completely understood. CIN express both inhibitory, high affinity, Gi coupled D2 (D2R)- and facilitatory, medium affinity, Gs coupled D5 (D5R)-dopamine receptors. While the systemic ablation of D5R exacerbates LID, the contribution of D2R expression in CIN to LID has not been studied. Here, we produced mice with conditional ablation of D2R from choline acetyltransferase-expressing cells (D2ChATKO) subjected to unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions and chronic L-DOPA dosing. Behavioral assessments revealed that D2ChATKO mice exhibited attenuated LID across escalating L-DOPA doses. Postmortem analyses showed reduced expression of the LID-associated marker p-ERK in CIN in the dorsolateral striatum. Further, quantification of the CIN activity marker p-rpS6240/244 of mice in the L-DOPA ON and OFF state revealed that L-DOPA resulted in an increase of cholinergic activity driven by a subset of mainly dorso-laterally located CIN. D2R ablation from CIN prevented the L-DOPA associated increase in cholinergic activity. Together, these findings indicate that D2R signaling in CIN promotes LID formation, and they highlight CIN D2R as a potential molecular target for mitigating dyskinesias while preserving the therapeutic efficacy of L-DOPA. We discuss our results in the context of recently refined models how CIN contribute to aberrant plasticity in the basal ganglia of mouse models of Parkinsons Disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Uribe-Cano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malave, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kottmann, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.10.593604</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[L-Dopa induced dyskinesias require Cholinergic Interneuron expression of Dopamine 2 receptor.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.11.592987v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two retrotransposon-derived capsid genes PNMA1 and PNMA4 maintain reproductive capacity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.11.592987v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human genome contains 24 gag-like capsid genes derived from deactivated retrotransposons conserved among eutherians. Although some of their encoded proteins retain the ability to form capsids and even transfer cargo, their fitness benefit has remained elusive. Here we show that the gag-like genes PNMA1 and PNMA4 support reproductive capacity. Six-week-old mice lacking either Pnma1 or Pnma4 are indistinguishable from wild-type littermates, but by six months the mutant mice become prematurely subfertile, with precipitous drops in sex hormone levels, gonadal atrophy, and abdominal obesity; overall they produce markedly fewer offspring than controls. Analysis of donated human ovaries shows that expression of both genes declines normally with aging, while several PNMA1 and PNMA4 variants identified in genome-wide association studies are causally associated with low testosterone, altered puberty onset, or obesity. These findings expand our understanding of factors that maintain human reproductive health and lend insight into the domestication of retrotransposon-derived genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wood, T. W. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henriques, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cullen, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blengini, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarathy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorkin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bekele, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chemiakine, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khondker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isola, J. V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stout, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gennarino, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mogessie, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schindler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suh, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiedenheft, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berchowitz, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.11.592987</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two retrotransposon-derived capsid genes PNMA1 and PNMA4 maintain reproductive capacity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.12.592576v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ILC2s navigate tissue redistribution during infection using stage-specific S1P receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.12.592576v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lymphocytes can circulate as well as take residence within tissues. While the mechanisms by which circulating populations are recruited to infection sites have been extensively characterized, the molecular basis for the recirculation of tissue-resident cells is less understood. Here, we show that helminth infection- or IL-25-induced redistribution of intestinal group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) requires access to the lymphatic vessel network. Although the secondary lymphoid structure is an essential signal hub for adaptive lymphocyte differentiation and dispatch, it is redundant for ILC2 migration and effector function. Upon IL-25 stimulation, a dramatic change in epigenetic landscape occurs in intestinal ILC2s, leading to the expression of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors (S1PRs). Among the various S1PRs, we found that S1PR5 is critical for ILC2 exit from intestinal tissue to lymph. By contrast, S1PR1 plays a dominant role in ILC2 egress from mesenteric lymph nodes to blood circulation and then to distal tissues including the lung where the redistributed ILC2s contribute to tissue repair. The requirement of two S1PRs for ILC2 migration is largely due to the dynamic expression of the tissue-retention marker CD69, which mediates S1PR1 internalization. Thus, our study demonstrates a stage-specific requirement of different S1P receptors for ILC2 redistribution during infection. We therefore propose a fundamental paradigm that innate and adaptive lymphocytes utilize a shared vascular network frame and specialized navigation cues for migration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ito, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishida, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guichard, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guckian, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Que, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urban, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.12.592576</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ILC2s navigate tissue redistribution during infection using stage-specific S1P receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.12.593711v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endogenous OptoRhoGEFs reveal biophysical principles of epithelial tissue furrowing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.12.593711v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During development, epithelia function as malleable substrates that undergo extensive remodeling to shape developing embryos. Optogenetic control of Rho signaling provides an avenue to investigate the mechanisms of epithelial morphogenesis, but transgenic optogenetic tools can be limited by variability in tool expression levels and deleterious effects of transgenic overexpression on development. Here, we use CRISPR/Cas9 to tag Drosophila RhoGEF2 and Cysts/Dp114RhoGEF with components of the iLID/SspB optogenetic heterodimer, permitting light-dependent control over endogenous protein activities. Using quantitative optogenetic perturbations, we uncover a dose-dependence of tissue furrow depth and bending behavior on RhoGEF recruitment, revealing mechanisms by which developing embryos can shape tissues into particular morphologies. We show that at the onset of gastrulation, furrows formed by cell lateral contraction are oriented and size-constrained by a stiff basal actomyosin layer. Our findings demonstrate the use of quantitative, 3D-patterned perturbations of cell contractility to precisely shape tissue structures and interrogate developmental mechanics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Countryman, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doherty, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrera-Perez, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasza, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.12.593711</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endogenous OptoRhoGEFs reveal biophysical principles of epithelial tissue furrowing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.13.593814v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Joint population coding and temporal coherence link an attended talker's voice and location features in naturalistic multi-talker scenes. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.13.593814v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Listeners effortlessly extract multidimensional auditory objects, such as a localized talker, from complex acoustic scenes. However, the neural mechanisms that enable simultaneous encoding and linking of distinct sound features--such as a talkers voice and location--are not fully understood. Using invasive intracranial recordings in neurosurgical patients, we investigated how the human auditory cortex processes and integrates these features during naturalistic multi-talker scenes. We found that cortical sites exhibit a gradient of feature sensitivity, ranging from single-feature sensitive sites (responsive primarily to voice or location) to dual-feature sensitive sites (responsive to both features). At the population level, neural response patterns from both single- and dual-feature sensitive sites jointly encoded the attended talkers voice and location. Notably, single-feature sensitive sites encoded their primary feature with greater precision but also represented coarse information about the secondary feature. Sites selectively tracking a single, attended speech stream concurrently encoded both voice and location features, demonstrating a link between selective attention and feature integration. Additionally, attention selectively enhanced temporal coherence between voice- and location-sensitive sites, suggesting that temporal synchronization serves as a mechanism for linking these features. Our findings highlight two complementary neural mechanisms--joint population coding and temporal coherence-- that enable the integration of voice and location features in the auditory cortex. These results provide new insights into the distributed, multidimensional nature of auditory object formation during active listening in complex environments.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIn everyday life, listeners effortlessly extract individual sound sources from complex acoustic scenes which contain multiple sound sources. Yet, how the brain links the different features of a particular sound source to each other - such as a talkers voice characteristics and location - is poorly understood. Here, we show that two neural mechanisms contribute to encoding and integrating voice and location features in multi-talker sound scenes: (1) some neuronal sites are sensitive to both voice and location and their activity patterns encode these features jointly; (2) the responses of neuronal sites that process only one sound feature - that is, location or voice - align temporally to form a stream that is segregated from the other talker.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIAuditory cortex exhibits a gradient of feature sensitivity, with some sites encoding only voice or location features, while others encode both simultaneously (dual-feature sensitive sites).
C_LIO_LIDual-feature sensitive sites integrate voice and location features of an attended talker with equal accuracy, providing a unified representation in multi-talker scenes.
C_LIO_LISingle-feature sensitive sites primarily encode their preferred feature with high precision but also represent coarse information about other features, contributing to population-level integration.
C_LIO_LITemporal coherence selectively enhances synchronization between voice- and location-sensitive sites, providing another mechanism for integrating an auditory objects features.
C_LIO_LIMulti-dimensional auditory object formation relies on complementary neural mechanisms: joint population coding and temporal coherence.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van der Heijden, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bickel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrero, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesgarani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.13.593814</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Joint population coding and temporal coherence link an attended talker's voice and location features in naturalistic multi-talker scenes.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.13.593907v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Revealing the principles of inter- and intra-domain regulation in a signaling enzyme via scanning mutagenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.13.593907v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multi-domain signaling enzymes are often regulated through extensive inter-domain interactions, and disruption of inter-domain interfaces by mutations can lead to aberrant signaling and diseases. For example, the tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 contains two phosphotyrosine recognition domains that auto-inhibit its catalytic domain. SHP2 is canonically activated by binding of these non-catalytic domains to phosphoproteins, which destabilizes the auto-inhibited state, but numerous mutations at the main auto-inhibitory interface have been shown to hyperactivate SHP2 in cancers and developmental disorders. Hundreds of clinically observed mutations in SHP2 have not been characterized, but their locations suggest alternative modes of dysregulation. We performed deep mutational scanning on full-length SHP2 and the isolated phosphatase domain to dissect mechanisms of SHP2 dysregulation. Our analysis revealed mechanistically diverse mutational effects and identified key intra- and inter-domain interactions that contribute to SHP2 activity, dynamics, and regulation. Our datasets also provide insights into the potential pathogenicity of previously uncharacterized clinical variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Vlimmeren, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karandur, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semmelman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.13.593907</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Revealing the principles of inter- and intra-domain regulation in a signaling enzyme via scanning mutagenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.13.594029v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Patterning, regulation, and role of FoxO/DAF-16 in the early embryo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.13.594029v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insulin resistance and diabetes are associated with many health issues including higher rates of birth defects and miscarriage during pregnancy. Because insulin resistance and diabetes are both associated with obesity, which also affects fertility, the role of insulin signaling itself in embryo development is not well understood. A key downstream target of the insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS) pathway is the forkhead family transcription factor FoxO (DAF-16 in C. elegans). Here, we used quantitative live imaging to measure the patterning of endogenously tagged FoxO/DAF-16 in the early worm embryo. In 2-4-cell stage embryos, FoxO/DAF-16 initially localized uniformly to all cell nuclei, then became dramatically enriched in germ precursor cell nuclei beginning at the 8-cell stage. This nuclear enrichment in early germ precursor cells required germ fate specification, PI3K (AGE-1)- and PTEN (DAF-18)-mediated phospholipid regulation, and the deubiquitylase USP7 (MATH-33), yet was unexpectedly insulin receptor (DAF-2)- and AKT-independent. Functional analysis revealed that FoxO/DAF-16 acts as a cell cycle pacer for early cleavage divisions-without FoxO/DAF-16 cell cycles were shorter than in controls, especially in germ lineage cells. These results reveal the germ lineage specific patterning, upstream regulation, and cell cycle role for FoxO/DAF-16 during early C. elegans embryogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mauro, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumont, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirasu-Hiza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canman, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.13.594029</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Patterning, regulation, and role of FoxO/DAF-16 in the early embryo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.14.594214v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PDGF-BB overexpression in p53 null oligodendrocyte progenitors increases H3K27me3 and induces transcriptional changes which favor proliferation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.14.594214v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proneural gliomas are brain tumors characterized by enrichment of oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) transcripts and genetic alterations. In this study we sought to identify transcriptional and epigenetic differences between OPCs with Trp53 deletion and PDGF-BB overexpression (BB-p53n), which form tumors when transplanted in mouse brains, and those carrying only p53 deletion (p53n), which do not. We used unbiased histone proteomics and RNA-seq analysis on these two genetically modified OPC populations and detected higher levels of H3K27me3 in BB-p53n compared to p53n OPCs. The BB-p53n OPC were characterized by higher levels of transcripts related to proliferation and lower levels of those related to differentiation. Pharmacological inhibition of histone H3K27 trimethylation in BB-p53n OPC reduced cell cycle transcripts and increased the expression of differentiation markers. These data suggest that PDGF-BB overexpression in p53 null OPC results in histone post-translational modifications and consequent transcriptional changes favoring proliferation while halting differentiation, thereby promoting the early stages of transformation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mela, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natarajan, B. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canoll, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casaccia, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.14.594214</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PDGF-BB overexpression in p53 null oligodendrocyte progenitors increases H3K27me3 and induces transcriptional changes which favor proliferation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.14.594215v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The main duct of von Ebner's glands is a source of Sox10+ taste bud progenitors and susceptible to pathogen infections 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.14.594215v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We have recently demonstrated that Sox10-expressing (Sox10+) cells give rise to mainly type-III neuronal taste bud cells that are responsible for sour and salt taste. The two tissue compartments containing Sox10+ cells in the surrounding of taste buds include the connective tissue core of taste papillae and von Ebners glands (vEGs) that are connected to the trench of circumvallate and foliate papillae. In this study, we used inducible Cre mouse models to map the cell lineages of connective tissue (including stromal and Schwann cells) and vEGs and performed single cell RNA-sequencing of the epithelium of Sox10-Cre/tdT mouse circumvallate/vEG complex. In vivo lineage mapping showed that the distribution of traced cells in circumvallate taste buds was closely linked with that in the vEGs, but not in the connective tissue. Sox10, but not the known stem cells marker Lgr5, expression was enriched in the cell clusters of main ducts of vEGs that contained abundant proliferating cells, while Sox10-Cre/tdT expression was enriched in type-III taste bud cells and excretory ductal cells. Moreover, multiple genes encoding pathogen receptors are enriched in the vEG main ducts. Our data indicate that the main duct of vEGs is a source of Sox10+ taste bud progenitors and susceptible to pathogen infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kastriti, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhary, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>KRAMER, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashid, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do, H. G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwabe, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adameyko, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.14.594215</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The main duct of von Ebner's glands is a source of Sox10+ taste bud progenitors and susceptible to pathogen infections]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.14.594230v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
XRCC1 mediates PARP1- and PAR-dependent recruitment of PARP2 to DNA damage sites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.14.594230v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Poly-ADP-ribose polymerases 1 and 2 (PARP1 and PARP2) are crucial sensors of DNA-strand breaks and emerging cancer therapy targets. Once activated by DNA breaks, PARP1 and PARP2 generate poly-ADP-ribose (PAR) chains on themselves and other substrates to promote DNA single-strand break repair (SSBR). PARP1 can be activated by diverse DNA lesions, whereas PARP2 specifically recognizes 5 phosphorylated nicks. They can be activated independently and provide mutual backup in the absence of the other. However, whether PARP1 and PARP2 have synergistic functions in DNA damage response remains elusive. Here, we show that PARP1 and the PAR chains generated by PARP1 recruit PARP2 to the vicinity of DNA damage sites through the scaffold protein XRCC1. Using quantitative live-cell imaging, we found that loss of XRCC1 markedly reduces irradiation-induced PARP2 foci in PARP1-proficient cells. The central BRCT domain (BRCT1) of XRCC1 binds to the PAR chain, while the C-terminal BRCT domain (BRCT2) of XRCC1 interacts with the catalytic domain of PARP2, facilitating its localization near the breaks. Together, these findings unveil a new function of XRCC1 in augmenting PARP2 recruitment in response to PARP1 activation and explain why PARP1, but not PARP2, is aggregated and hyperactivated in XRCC1-deficient cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, K. S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.14.594230</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[XRCC1 mediates PARP1- and PAR-dependent recruitment of PARP2 to DNA damage sites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.15.594372v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning precise segmentation of neurofibrillary tangles from rapid manual point annotations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.15.594372v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accumulation of abnormal tau protein into neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) is a pathologic hallmark of Alzheimer disease (AD). Accurate detection of NFTs in tissue samples can reveal relationships with clinical, demographic, and genetic features through deep phenotyping. However, expert manual analysis is time-consuming, subject to observer variability, and cannot handle the data amounts generated by modern imaging. We present a scalable, open-source, deep-learning approach to quantify NFT burden in digital whole slide images (WSIs) of post-mortem human brain tissue. To achieve this, we developed a method to generate detailed NFT boundaries directly from single-point-per-NFT annotations. We then trained a semantic segmentation model on 45 annotated 2400{micro}m by 1200{micro}m regions of interest (ROIs) selected from 15 unique temporal cortex WSIs of AD cases from three institutions (University of California (UC)-Davis, UC-San Diego, and Columbia University). Segmenting NFTs at the single-pixel level, the model achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic of 0.832 and an F1 of 0.527 (196-fold over random) on a held-out test set of 664 NFTs from 20 ROIs (7 WSIs). We compared this to deep object detection, which achieved comparable but coarser-grained performance that was 60% faster. The segmentation and object detection models correlated well with expert semi-quantitative scores at the whole-slide level (Spearmans rho {rho}=0.654 (p=6.50e-5) and {rho}=0.513 (p=3.18e-3), respectively). We openly release this multi-institution deep-learning pipeline to provide detailed NFT spatial distribution and morphology analysis capability at a scale otherwise infeasible by manual assessment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghandian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albarghouthi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nava, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, S. R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minaud, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckett, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saito, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeCarli, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rissman, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teich, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, L.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugger, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keiser, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.15.594372</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning precise segmentation of neurofibrillary tangles from rapid manual point annotations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.15.594414v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of developmental gene expression using smFISH and in silico staging of C. elegans embryos 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.15.594414v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regulation of transcription during embryogenesis is key to development and differentiation. To study transcript expression throughout Caenorhabditis elegans embryogenesis at single-molecule resolution, we developed a high-throughput single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) method that relies on computational methods to developmentally stage embryos and quantify individual mRNA molecules in single embryos. We applied our system to sdc-2, a zygotically transcribed gene essential for hermaphrodite development and dosage compensation. We found that sdc-2 is rapidly activated during early embryogenesis by increasing both the number of mRNAs produced per transcription site and the frequency of sites engaged in transcription. Knockdown of sdc-2 and dpy-27, a subunit of the dosage compensation complex (DCC), increased the number of active transcription sites for the X chromosomal gene dpy-23 but not the autosomal gene mdh-1, suggesting that the DCC reduces the frequency of dpy-23 transcription. The temporal resolution from in silico staging of embryos showed that the deletion of a single DCC recruitment element near the dpy-23 gene causes higher dpy-23 mRNA expression after the start of dosage compensation, which could not be resolved using mRNAseq from mixed-stage embryos. In summary, we have established a computational approach to quantify temporal regulation of transcription throughout C. elegans embryogenesis and demonstrated its potential to provide new insights into developmental gene regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Breimann, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahry, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zouinkhi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolyvanov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Street, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preibisch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ercan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.15.594414</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of developmental gene expression using smFISH and in silico staging of C. elegans embryos]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.15.594415v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative and systematic NMR measurements of sequence-dependent A-T Hoogsteen dynamics uncovers unique conformational specificity in the DNA double helix 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.15.594415v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The propensities to form lowly-populated short-lived conformations of DNA could vary with sequence, providing an important source of sequence-specificity in biochemical reactions. However, comprehensively measuring how these dynamics vary with sequence is challenging. Using 1H CEST and 13C R1{rho} NMR, we measured Watson-Crick to Hoogsteen dynamics for an A-T base pair in thirteen trinucleotide sequence contexts. The Hoogsteen population and exchange rate varied 4-fold and 16-fold, respectively, and were dependent on both the 3- and 5-neighbors but only weakly dependent on monovalent ion concentration (25 versus 100 mM NaCl) and pH (6.8 versus 8.0). Flexible TA and CA dinucleotide steps exhibited the highest Hoogsteen populations, and their kinetics rates strongly depended on the 3-neighbor. In contrast, the stiffer AA and GA steps had the lowest Hoogsteen population, and their kinetics were weakly dependent on the 3-neighbor. The Hoogsteen lifetime was especially short when G-C neighbors flanked the A-T base pair. The Hoogsteen dynamics had a distinct sequence-dependence compared to duplex stability and minor groove width. Thus, our results uncover a unique source of sequence-specificity hidden within the DNA double helix in the form of A-T Hoogsteen dynamics and establish the utility of 1H CEST to quantitively measure sequence-dependent DNA dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manghrani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangadurai, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szekely, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guseva, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Hashimi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.15.594415</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative and systematic NMR measurements of sequence-dependent A-T Hoogsteen dynamics uncovers unique conformational specificity in the DNA double helix]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.16.594575v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Novel Gene ARHGAP44 for Longitudinal Changes in Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) in Subjects without Type 2 Diabetes: Evidence from the Long Life Family Study (LLFS) and the Framingham Offspring Study (FOS) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.16.594575v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) indicates average glucose levels over three months and is associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Longitudinal changes in HbA1c ({Delta}HbA1c) are also associated with aging processes, cognitive performance, and mortality. We analyzed {Delta}HbA1c in 1,886 non-diabetic Europeans from the Long Life Family Study to uncover gene variants influencing {Delta}HbA1c. Using growth curve modeling adjusted for multiple covariates, we derived {Delta}HbA1c and conducted linkage-guided sequence analysis. Our genome-wide linkage scan identified a significant locus on 17p12. In-depth analysis of this locus revealed a variant rs56340929 (explaining 27% of the linkage peak) in the ARHGAP44 gene that was significantly associated with {Delta}HbA1c. RNA transcription of ARHGAP44 was associated with {Delta}HbA1c. The Framingham Offspring Study data further supported these findings on the gene level. Together, we found a novel gene ARHGAP44 for {Delta}HbA1c in family members without T2D. Follow-up studies using longitudinal omics data in large independent cohorts are warranted.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenzini, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thygarajan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardarajan, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yashin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miljkovic, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daw, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brent, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zmuda, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perls, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Province, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.16.594575</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Novel Gene ARHGAP44 for Longitudinal Changes in Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) in Subjects without Type 2 Diabetes: Evidence from the Long Life Family Study (LLFS) and the Framingham Offspring Study (FOS)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.17.594333v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stable, chronic in-vivo recordings from a fully wireless subdural-contained 65,536-electrode brain-computer interface device 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.17.594333v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Minimally invasive, high-bandwidth brain-computer-interface (BCI) devices can revolutionize human applications. With orders-of-magnitude improvements in volumetric efficiency over other BCI technologies, we developed a 50-m-thick, mechanically flexible micro-electrocorticography (ECoG) BCI, integrating a 256x256 array of electrodes, signal processing, data telemetry, and wireless powering on a single complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) substrate containing 65,536 recording channels, from which we can simultaneously record a selectable subset of up to 1024 channels at a given time. Fully implanted below the dura, our chip is wirelessly powered, communicating bi-directionally with an external relay station outside the body. We demonstrated chronic, reliable recordings for up to two weeks in pigs and up to two months in behaving non-human primates from somatosensory, motor, and visual cortices, decoding brain signals at high spatiotemporal resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jung, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabbri, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willeke, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingel, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huq, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramakrishnan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tien, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mantovani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parihar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oswalt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misdorp, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uguz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinn, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nealley, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzales, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roukes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knecht, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshor, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canoll, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spinazzi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carloni, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pesaran, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youngerman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cotton, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolias, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shepard, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.17.594333</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stable, chronic in-vivo recordings from a fully wireless subdural-contained 65,536-electrode brain-computer interface device]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.17.594562v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phase synchrony between prefrontal noradrenergic and cholinergic signals indexes inhibitory control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.17.594562v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inhibitory control is a critical executive function that allows animals to suppress their impulsive behavior in order to achieve certain goals or avoid punishment. We investigated norepinephrine (NE) and acetylcholine (ACh) dynamics and population neuronal activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) during inhibitory control. Using fluorescent sensors to measure extracellular levels of NE and ACh, we simultaneously recorded prefrontal NE and ACh dynamics in mice performing inhibitory control tasks. The prefrontal NE and ACh signals exhibited strong coherence at 0.4-0.8 Hz. Although inhibition of locus coeruleus (LC) neurons projecting to the PFC impaired inhibitory control, inhibiting LC neurons projecting to the basal forebrain (BF) caused a more profound impairment, despite an approximately 30% overlap between LC neurons projecting to the PFC and BF, as revealed by our tracing studies. The inhibition of LC neurons projecting to the BF did not diminish the difference in prefrontal NE/ACh signals between successful and failed trials; instead, it abolished the difference in NE-ACh phase synchrony between successful and failed trials, indicating that NE-ACh phase synchrony is a task-relevant neuromodulatory feature. Chemogenetic inhibition of cholinergic neurons that project to the LC region did not impair inhibitory control, nor did it abolish the difference in NE-ACh phase synchrony between successful or failed trials, further confirming the relevance of NE-ACh phase synchrony to inhibitory control. To understand the possible effect of NE-ACh synchrony on prefrontal population activity, we employed Neuropixels to record from the PFC during inhibitory control. The inhibition of LC neurons projecting to the BF not only reduced the number of prefrontal neurons encoding inhibitory control, but also disrupted population firing patterns representing inhibitory control, as revealed by a demixed principal component (dPCA) analysis. Taken together, these findings suggest that the LC modulates inhibitory control through its collective effect with cholinergic systems on population activity in the prefrontal cortex. Our results further indicate that NE-ACh phase synchrony is a critical neuromodulatory feature with important implications for cognitive control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sajda, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.17.594562</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phase synchrony between prefrontal noradrenergic and cholinergic signals indexes inhibitory control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.17.594583v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accelerating Genome- and Phenome-Wide Association Studies using GPUs - A case study using data from the Million Veteran Program 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.17.594583v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The expansion of biobanks has significantly propelled genomic discoveries yet the sheer scale of data within these repositories poses formidable computational hurdles, particularly in handling extensive matrix operations required by prevailing statistical frameworks. In this work, we introduce computational optimizations to the SAIGE (Scalable and Accurate Implementation of Generalized Mixed Model) algorithm, notably employing a GPU-based distributed computing approach to tackle these challenges. We applied these optimizations to conduct a large-scale genome-wide association study (GWAS) across 2,068 phenotypes derived from electronic health records of 635,969 diverse participants from the Veterans Affairs (VA) Million Veteran Program (MVP). Our strategies enabled scaling up the analysis to over 6,000 nodes on the Department of Energy (DOE) Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility (OLCF) Summit High-Performance Computer (HPC), resulting in a 20-fold acceleration compared to the baseline model. We also provide a Docker container with our optimizations that was successfully used on multiple cloud infrastructures on UK Biobank and All of Us datasets where we showed significant time and cost benefits over the baseline SAIGE model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandi, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keat, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhukar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conery, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hessington, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Begoli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tourassi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muralidhar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natarajan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voight, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaziano, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damrauer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huffman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madduri, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.17.594583</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accelerating Genome- and Phenome-Wide Association Studies using GPUs - A case study using data from the Million Veteran Program]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.17.594600v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recruitment of CTCF to the SIRT1 promoter after Oxidative Stress mediates Cardioprotective Transcription 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.17.594600v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Because most DNA-binding transcription factors (dbTFs), including the architectural regulator CTCF, bind RNA and exhibit di-/multimerization, a central conundrum is whether these distinct properties are regulated post-transcriptionally to modulate transcriptional programs. Here, investigating stress-dependent activation of SIRT1, encoding an evolutionarily-conserved protein deacetylase, we show that induced phosphorylation of CTCF acts as a rheostat to permit CTCF occupancy of low-affinity promoter DNA sites to precisely the levels necessary. This CTCF recruitment to the SIRT1 promoter is eliciting a cardioprotective cardiomyocyte transcriptional activation program and provides resilience against the stress of the beating heart in vivo. Mice harboring a mutation in the conserved low-affinity CTCF promoter binding site exhibit an altered, cardiomyocyte-specific transcriptional program and a systolic heart failure phenotype. This transcriptional role for CTCF reveals that a covalent dbTF modification regulating signal-dependent transcription serves as a previously unsuspected component of the oxidative stress response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wagner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priyanka, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Micheletti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamliel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohgi, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrass, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Antonio-Chronowska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Antonio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hazuda, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duggirala, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blangero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guzmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frazer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aggarwal, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zemljic-Harpf, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenfeld, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suh, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.17.594600</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recruitment of CTCF to the SIRT1 promoter after Oxidative Stress mediates Cardioprotective Transcription]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.17.594714v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The CALERIE™ Genomic Data Resource 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.17.594714v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Caloric restriction (CR) slows biological aging and prolongs healthy lifespan in model organisms. Findings from CALERIE-2 - the first ever randomized, controlled trial of long-term CR in healthy, non-obese humans - broadly supports a similar pattern of effects in humans. To expand our understanding of the molecular pathways and biological processes underpinning CR effects in humans, we generated a series of genomic datasets from stored biospecimens collected from n=218 participants during the trial. These data constitute the first publicly-accessible genomic data resource for a randomized controlled trial of an intervention targeting the biology of aging. Datasets include whole-genome SNP genotypes, and three-timepoint-longitudinal DNA methylation, mRNA, and small RNA datasets generated from blood, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue samples (total sample n=2327). The CALERIE Genomic Data Resource described in this article is available from the Aging Research Biobank. This multi-tissue, multi-omic, longitudinal data resource has great potential to advance translational geroscience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ryan, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corcoran, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banskota, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eckstein Indik, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Floratos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobor, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraus, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraus, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacIsaac, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orenduff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pieper, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrucci, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huffman, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belsky, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.17.594714</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The CALERIE™ Genomic Data Resource]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.20.595023v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling epithelial homeostasis and perturbation in three-dimensional human esophageal organoids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.20.595023v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundEsophageal organoids from a variety of pathologies including cancer are grown in Advanced Dulbeccos Modified Eagle Medium-Nutrient Mixture F12 (hereafter ADF). However, the currently available ADF-based formulations are suboptimal for normal human esophageal organoids, limiting the ability to compare normal esophageal organoids with those representing a given disease state.

MethodsWe have utilized immortalized normal human esophageal epithelial cell (keratinocyte) lines EPC1 and EPC2 and endoscopic normal esophageal biopsies to generate three-dimensional (3D) organoids. To optimize ADF-based medium, we evaluated the requirement of exogenous epidermal growth factor (EGF) and inhibition of transforming growth factor-(TGF)-{beta} receptor-mediated signaling, both key regulators of proliferation of human esophageal keratinocytes. We have modeled human esophageal epithelial pathology by stimulating esophageal 3D organoids with interleukin (IL)-13, an inflammatory cytokine, or UAB30, a novel pharmacological activator of retinoic acid signaling.

ResultsThe formation of normal human esophageal 3D organoids was limited by excessive EGF and intrinsic TGF{beta} receptor-mediated signaling. In optimized HOME0, normal human esophageal organoid formation was improved, whereas IL-13 and UAB30 induced epithelial changes reminiscent of basal cell hyperplasia, a common histopathologic feature in broad esophageal disease conditions including eosinophilic esophagitis. Conclusions: HOME0 allows modeling of the homeostatic differentiation gradient and perturbation of the human esophageal epithelium while permitting a comparison of organoids from mice and other organs grown in ADF-based media.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shimonosono, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morimoto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirose, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomita, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsuura, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flashner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebadi, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okayasu, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Britton, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wuertz, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parikh, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachdeva, U. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ondrey, F. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atigadda, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elmets, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrams, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muir, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein-Szanto, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberg, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Momen-Heravi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakagawa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.20.595023</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling epithelial homeostasis and perturbation in three-dimensional human esophageal organoids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.22.595411v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation of dopamine release by tonic activity patterns in the striatal brain slice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.22.595411v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Voluntary movement, motivation, and reinforcement learning depend on the activity of ventral midbrain neurons that extend axons to release dopamine (DA) in the striatum. These neurons exhibit two patterns of action potential activity: a low-frequency tonic activity that is intrinsically generated and superimposed high-frequency phasic bursts that are driven by synaptic inputs. Ex vivo acute striatal brain preparations are widely employed to study the regulation of evoked DA release but exhibit very different DA release kinetics than in vivo recordings. To investigate the relationship between phasic and tonic neuronal activity, we stimulated the slice in patterns intended to mimic tonic activity, which were interrupted by a series of burst stimuli. Conditioning the striatal slice with low-frequency activity altered DA release triggered by high-frequency bursts and produced kinetic parameters that resemble those in vivo. In the absence of applied tonic activity, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and D2 dopamine receptor antagonists had no significant effect on neurotransmitter release driven by repeated burst activity in the striatal brain slice. In contrast, in tonically stimulated slices, D2 receptor blockade decreased the amount of DA released during a single burst and facilitated DA release in subsequent bursts. This experimental system provides a means to reconcile the difference in the kinetics of DA release ex vivo and in vivo and provides a novel approach to more accurately emulate pre- and post-synaptic mechanisms that control axonal DA release in vivo.



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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boumhaouad, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makowicz, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouhaddou, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balla, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taghzouti, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulzer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosharov, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.22.595411</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation of dopamine release by tonic activity patterns in the striatal brain slice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.24.595814v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A microglia-containing cerebral organoid model to study early life immune challenges 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.24.595814v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prenatal infections and activation of the maternal immune system have been proposed to contribute to causing neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), chronic conditions often linked to brain abnormalities. Microglia are the resident immune cells of the brain and play a key role in neurodevelopment. Disruption of microglial functions can lead to brain abnormalities and increase the risk of developing NDDs. How the maternal as well as the fetal immune system affect human neurodevelopment and contribute to NDDs remains unclear. An important reason for this knowledge gap is the fact that the impact of exposure to prenatal risk factors has been challenging to study in the human context. Here, we characterized a model of cerebral organoids (CO) with integrated microglia (COiMg). These organoids express typical microglial markers and respond to inflammatory stimuli. The presence of microglia influences cerebral organoid development, including cell density and neural differentiation, and regulates the expression of several ciliated mesenchymal cell markers. Moreover, COiMg and organoids without microglia show similar but also distinct responses to inflammatory stimuli. Additionally, IFN-{gamma} induced significant transcriptional and structural changes in the cerebral organoids, that appear to be regulated by the presence of microglia. Specifically, interferon-gamma (IFN-{gamma}) was found to alter the expression of genes linked to autism. This model provides a valuable tool to study how inflammatory perturbations and microglial presence affect neurodevelopmental processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Buonfiglioli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kübler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Missall, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jong, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haage, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wendt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattei, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graziani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latour, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gigase, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nygaard, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Witte, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.24.595814</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A microglia-containing cerebral organoid model to study early life immune challenges]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.23.592075v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lineage-specific proteome remodeling of diverse lung cancer cells by targeted epigenetic inhibitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.23.592075v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epigenetic inhibitors exhibit powerful antiproliferative and anticancer activities. However, cellular responses to small-molecule epigenetic inhibition are heterogeneous and dependent on factors such as the genetic background and metabolic state of cells, as well as on-/off-target engagement of individual small-molecule compounds. The molecular study of the extent of this heterogeneity often measures changes in a single cell line. To more comprehensively profile the effects of small-molecule perturbations and their influence on heterogeneous cellular responses, we present a molecular resource based on the quantification of chromatin, proteome, and transcriptome remodeling due to histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) in non-isogenic cell lines. Through quantitative molecular profiling of 10,621 proteins, these data reveal coordinated molecular remodeling of HDACi treated cancer cells. HDACi-regulated proteins differ greatly across cell lines with consistent (JUN, MAP2K3, CDKN1A) and divergent (CCND3, ASF1B, BRD7) cell-state effectors. Together these data provide valuable insight into cell-type driven and heterogeneous responses that must be taken into consideration when monitoring molecular perturbations in culture models. We have also built a web interface for the extensive amount of data to allow users to explore the data as a resource for understanding chemical perturbation of diverse cell types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sniezek, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giglio, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karki, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGann, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McFaline-Figueroa, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweppe, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.23.592075</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lineage-specific proteome remodeling of diverse lung cancer cells by targeted epigenetic inhibitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.24.595722v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
micronuclAI: Automated quantification of micronuclei for assessment of chromosomal instability. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.24.595722v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromosomal instability (CIN) is a hallmark of cancer that drives metastasis, immune evasion and treatment resistance. CIN results from chromosome mis-segregation events during anaphase, as excessive chromatin is packaged in micronuclei (MN), that can be enumerated to quantify CIN. Despite recent advancements in automation through computer vision and machine learning, the assessment of CIN remains a predominantly manual and time-consuming task, thus hampering important work in the field. Here, we present micronuclAI, a novel pipeline for automated and reliable quantification of MN of varying size, morphology and location from DNA-only stained images. In micronucleAI, single-cell crops are extracted from high-resolution microscopy images with the help of segmentation masks, which are then used to train a convolutional neural network (CNN) to output the number of MN associated with each cell. The pipeline was evaluated against manual single-cell level counts by experts and against routinely used MN ratio within the complete image. The classifier was able to achieve a weighted F1 score of 0.937 on the test dataset and the complete pipeline can achieve close to human-level performance on various datasets derived from multiple human and murine cancer cell lines. The pipeline achieved a root-mean-square deviation (RMSE) value of 0.0041, an R2 of 0.87 and a Pearsons correlation of 0.938 on images obtained at 10X magnification. We tested the approach in otherwise isogenic cell lines in which we genetically dialed up or down CIN rates, and also on a publicly available image data set (obtained at 100X) and achieved an RMSE value of 0.0159, an R2 of 0.90, and a Pearsons correlation of 0.951. Given the increasing interest in developing therapies for CIN-driven cancers, this method provides an important, scalable, and rapid approach to quantifying CIN on routinely obtained images. We release a GUI-implementation for easy access and utilization of the pipeline.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ibarra-Arellano, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caprio, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hada, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stotzem, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melms, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wuennemann, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schapiro, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.24.595722</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[micronuclAI: Automated quantification of micronuclei for assessment of chromosomal instability.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.28.595371v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmental maturation of millimeter-scale functional networks across brain areas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.28.595371v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interacting with the environment to process sensory information, generate perceptions, and shape behavior engages neural networks in brain areas with highly varied representations, ranging from unimodal sensory cortices to higher-order association areas. Recent work suggests a much greater degree of commonality across areas, with distributed and modular networks present in both sensory and non-sensory areas during early development. However, it is currently unknown whether this initially common modular structure undergoes an equally common developmental trajectory, or whether such a modular functional organization persists in some areas--such as primary visual cortex--but not others. Here we examine the development of network organization across diverse cortical regions in ferrets of both sexes using in vivo widefield calcium imaging of spontaneous activity. We find that all regions examined, including both primary sensory cortices (visual, auditory, and somatosensory--V1, A1, and S1, respectively) and higher order association areas (prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices) exhibit a largely similar pattern of changes over an approximately 3 week developmental period spanning eye opening and the transition to predominantly externally-driven sensory activity. We find that both a modular functional organization and millimeter-scale correlated networks remain present across all cortical areas examined. These networks weakened over development in most cortical areas, but strengthened in V1. Overall, the conserved maintenance of modular organization across different cortical areas suggests a common pathway of network refinement, and suggests that a modular organization--known to encode functional representations in visual areas--may be similarly engaged in highly diverse brain areas.

SignificanceDifferent areas of the mature brain encode vastly different representations of the world. This study shows that a modular functional organization where nearby neurons participate in similar functional networks is shared across different brain areas not only during early development, but also as the brain matures where it remains a shared feature that shapes neural activity. The largely conserved trajectory of developmental changes across brain areas suggests that similar circuit mechanisms may drive this maturation. This implies that the large literature on developing cortical circuits, which is largely focused on sensory areas, may also apply more broadly, and that perturbations during development that impinge on any such shared mechanisms may produce deficits that extend across multiple brain systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Powell, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hein, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elpelt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulholland, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaschube, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.28.595371</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmental maturation of millimeter-scale functional networks across brain areas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.27.596074v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiwell-based G0-PCC assay for radiation biodosimetry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.27.596074v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In cytogenetic biodosimetry, assessing radiation exposure typically requires over 48 hours for cells to reach mitosis, significantly delaying the administration of crucial radiation countermeasures needed within the first 24 hours post-exposure. To improve medical response times, we incorporated the G0-Premature Chromosome Condensation (G0-PCC) technique with the Rapid Automated Biodosimetry Tool-II (RABiT-II), creating a faster alternative for large-scale radiation emergencies. Our findings revealed that using a lower concentration of Calyculin A (Cal A) than recommended effectively increased the yield of highly-condensed G0-PCC cells (hPCC). However, integrating recombinant CDK1/Cyclin B kinase, vital for chromosome condensation, proved challenging due to the properties of these proteins affecting interactions with cellular membranes. Interestingly, Cal A alone was capable of inducing chromosome compaction in some G0 cells even in the absence of mitotic kinases, although these chromosomes displayed atypical morphologies. This suggests that Cal A mechanism for compacting G0 chromatin may differ from condensation driven by mitotic kinases. Additionally, we observed a correlation between radiation dose and extent of hPCC chromosome fragmentation, which allowed us to automate radiation damage quantification using a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). Our method can address the need for a same-day cytogenetic biodosimetry test in radiation emergency situations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Royba, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuryak, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponnaiya, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Repin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pampou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garty, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.27.596074</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiwell-based G0-PCC assay for radiation biodosimetry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.01.596819v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Amygdala TDP-43 pathology is associated with behavioural dysfunction and ferritin accumulation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.01.596819v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCognitive and behavioural symptoms associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal spectrum disorders (ALSFTSD) are thought to be driven, at least in part, by the pathological accumulation of TDP-43.

MethodsHere we examine post-mortem tissue from six brain regions associated with cognitive and behavioural symptoms in a cohort of 30 people with sporadic ALS (sALS), a proportion of which underwent standardized neuropsychological behavioural assessment as part of the Edinburgh Cognitive ALS Screen (ECAS).

ResultsOverall, the behavioural screen performed as part of the ECAS predicted accumulation of pathological phosphorylated TDP-43 (pTDP-43) with 100% specificity and 86% sensitivity in behaviour-associated brain regions. Notably, of these regions, pathology in the amygdala was the most predictive correlate of behavioural dysfunction in sALS. In the amygdala of sALS patients, we show variation in morphology, cell type predominance, and severity of pTDP-43 pathology. Further, we demonstrate that the presence and severity of intra-neuronal pTDP-43 pathology, but not astroglial pathology, or phosphorylated Tau pathology, is associated with behavioural dysfunction. Cases were also evaluated using a TDP-43 aptamer (TDP-43APT), which revealed that pathology was not only associated with behavioural symptoms, but also with ferritin levels, a measure of brain iron.

ConclusionsIntra-neuronal pTDP-43 and cytoplasmic TDP-43APT pathology in the amygdala is associated with behavioural symptoms in sALS. TDP-43APT staining intensity is also associated with increased ferritin, regardless of behavioural phenotype, suggesting that ferritin increases may occur upstream of clinical manifestation, in line with early TDP-43APT pathology, representing a potential region-specific imaging biomarker of early disease in ALS.

Key MessagesO_ST_ABSWhat is already known on this topicC_ST_ABSThe amygdala is a key brain region in regulating behavior and emotional cognition and has been shown recently, through imaging studies, to be affected in ALS and FTD patients.

What this study addsHere we examine the underlying pathology driving the association between the amygdala and behavioural symptoms in sporadic ALS demonstrating that region specific TDP-43 pathology and brain iron accumulation could represent potential early biomarkers of dysfunction.

How this study might affect research, practice, or policyThe correlation between early TDP-43 pathology (detected by RNA aptamer) and increased ferritin (brain iron accumulation) occurring upstream of clinical manifestation represents a potential, region-specific (amygdala), early imaging biomarker in ALS. This means that people at risk could be identified early and stratified for clinical trials prior to substantial neuronal cell loss and symptom onset.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rifai, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldron, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Shaughnessy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Read, F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilodi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pastore, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shneider, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tartaglia, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zacco, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spence, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregory, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.01.596819</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Amygdala TDP-43 pathology is associated with behavioural dysfunction and ferritin accumulation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.28.596103v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploring the energetic and conformational properties of the sequence space connecting naturally occurring RNA tetraloop receptor motifs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.28.596103v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Folded RNAs contain tertiary contact motifs whose structures and energetics are conserved across different RNAs. The transferable properties of RNA motifs simplify the RNA folding problem, but measuring energetic and conformational properties of many motifs remains a challenge. Here, we use a high-throughput thermodynamic approach to investigate how sequence changes alter the binding properties of naturally-occurring motifs, the GAAA tetraloop * tetraloop receptor (TLR) interactions. We measured the binding energies and conformational preferences of TLR sequences that span mutational pathways from the canonical 11ntR to two other natural TLRs, the IC3R and Vc2R. While the IC3R and Vc2R share highly similar energetic and conformational properties, the landscapes that map the sequence changes for their conversion from the 11ntR to changes in these properties differ dramatically. Differences in the energetic landscapes stem from the mutations needed to convert the 11ntR to the IC3R and Vc2R rather than a difference in the intrinsic energetic architectures of these TLRs. The conformational landscapes feature several non-native TLR variants with conformational preferences that differ from both the initial and final TLRs; these species represent potential branching points along the multidimensional sequence space to sequences with greater fitness in other RNA contexts with alternative conformational preferences. Our high-throughput, quantitative approach reveals the complex nature of sequence-fitness landscapes and leads to models for their molecular origins. Systematic and quantitative molecular approaches provide critical insights into understanding the evolution of natural RNAs as they traverse complex landscapes in response to selective pressures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shin, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuevas, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonilla, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Hashimi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenleaf, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herschlag, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.28.596103</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploring the energetic and conformational properties of the sequence space connecting naturally occurring RNA tetraloop receptor motifs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.30.596729v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Revealing biomolecular structure and motion with neural ab initio cryo-EM reconstruction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.30.596729v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteins and other biomolecules form dynamic macromolecular machines that are tightly orchestrated to move, bind, and perform chemistry. Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) can access the intrinsic heterogeneity of these complexes and are therefore key tools for understanding their function. However, 3D reconstruction of the collected imaging data presents a challenging computational problem, especially without any starting information, a setting termed ab initio reconstruction. Here, we introduce cryoDRGN-AI, a method leveraging an expressive neural representation and combining an exhaustive search strategy with gradient-based optimization to process challenging heterogeneous datasets. Using cryoDRGN-AI, we reveal new conformational states in large datasets, reconstruct previously unresolved motions from unfiltered datasets, and demonstrate ab initio reconstruction of biomolecular complexes from in situ data. With this expressive and scalable model for structure determination, we hope to unlock the full potential of cryo-EM and cryo-ET as a high-throughput tool for structural biology and discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grzadkowski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poitevin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vallese, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, O. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wetzstein, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.30.596729</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Revealing biomolecular structure and motion with neural ab initio cryo-EM reconstruction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.31.596842v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tendon Inversion Improves Tendon-to-Bone Healing in a Rat Bicep Tenodesis Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.31.596842v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeTendon- or ligament-to-bone repair remains a surgical challenge. While bone tunnel fixation is a common surgical technique whereby soft tissue is expected to heal against a bone tunnel interface, contemporary methods have yet to recapitulate biomechanical similarity to the native enthesis. In this study, we aim to demonstrate that inside-out longitudinal tendon inversion may improve bone tunnel healing with the hypothesis that inversion removes the gliding epitenon surface from the healing interface thereby improving tunnel interface healing.

Methods40 male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent either native tendon tenodesis (control group) or tendon inversion tenodesis (experimental group). Interface tissue was harvested 8 weeks post-operatively. Biomechanical testing was performed to assess tensile strength and modes of failure. Histology was performed to assess tissue architecture, and immunohistochemistry was used confirmed abrogation of epitendinous lubricin from interface tissue.

ResultsNeither surgical intervention led to discernible adverse effects on animal health. Maximum tensile strength increased after tendon inversion compared to control surgery. The extracellular matrix protein lubricin was reduced with tendon inversion, and specimens with tendon inversion had greater healing scores and collagen fibril alignment at the healing interface.

ConclusionsTendon inversion improves bone tunnel healing in rats.

Clinical RelevanceOur findings suggest that longitudinal tendon inversion, or inverse tubularization, in a rat biceps tenodesis model improves tendon-to-bone healing in part due to disruption of the epitendinous surface at the bone healing interface. This work provides molecular insight into future improvements for tendon-to-bone repair surgical techniques.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buller, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arvind, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasser, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laudier, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferlauto, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cagle, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galatz, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hausman, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.31.596842</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tendon Inversion Improves Tendon-to-Bone Healing in a Rat Bicep Tenodesis Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.02.597057v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ephrin Forward Signaling Controls Interspecies Cell Competition in Pluripotent Stem Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.02.597057v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the animal kingdom, evolutionarily conserved mechanisms known as cell competition eliminate unfit cells during development. Interestingly, cell competition also leads to apoptosis of donor cells upon direct contact with host cells from a different species during interspecies chimera formation. The mechanisms underlying how host animal cells recognize and transmit cell death signals to adjacent xenogeneic human cells remain incompletely understood. In this study, we developed an interspecies cell contact reporter system to dissect the mechanisms underlying competitive interactions between mouse and human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). Through single-cell RNA-seq analyses, we discovered that Ephrin A ligands in mouse cells play a crucial role in signaling cell death to adjacent human cells that express EPHA receptors during interspecies PSC co-culture. We also demonstrated that blocking the Ephrin A-EPHA receptor interaction pharmacologically, and inhibiting Ephrin forward signaling genetically in the mouse cells, enhances the survival of human PSCs and promotes chimera formation both in vitro and in vivo. Our findings elucidate key mechanisms of interspecies PSC competition during early embryogenesis and open new avenues for generating humanized tissues or organs in animals, potentially revolutionizing regenerative medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kondo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakurai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawada, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miura, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimamura, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimizu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarmah, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ninish, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mori, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.02.597057</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ephrin Forward Signaling Controls Interspecies Cell Competition in Pluripotent Stem Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.03.597146v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endogenously produced hydrogen cyanide serves as a novel mammalian gasotransmitter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.03.597146v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Small, gaseous molecules, known as gasotransmitters (NO, CO, H2S), are produced endogenously in mammalian cells and serve important biological roles. Hydrogen cyanide, traditionally considered a cytotoxic molecule in mammals, serves as an endogenous mediator in several plants and bacterial species. Here we show that low concentrations of cyanide are generated endogenously in mouse liver and human hepatocytes. Cyanide production is stimulated by glycine, occurs at the low pH of lysosomes and requires peroxidase activity. Cyanide, in turn, is detectable in several cellular compartments. Cyanide is also detectable basally in the blood of mice; its levels increase after treatment of the animals with glycine. Rhodanese activity regulates endogenous cyanide levels. Cyanide, when generated endogenously at an optimal level, exerts stimulatory effects on mitochondrial bioenergetics, cell metabolism and cell proliferation. Dysregulation of endogenous cyanide, either below or above optimal levels, impairs cellular bioenergetics. The regulatory effects of cyanide are in part mediated by posttranslational modification of cysteine residues via protein cyanylation; cyanylated protein residues can be detected basally, and increase after treatment with glycine. Controlled low-dose cyanide supplementation exhibits cytoprotective effects, as demonstrated in hypoxia and reoxygenation models in vitro and in vivo. However, pathologically elevated cyanide production, as demonstrated in nonketotic hyperglycinemia - an autosomal recessive disease of glycine metabolism - is deleterious to the cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zuhra, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrosino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janickova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vignane, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petric, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalaf, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philipp, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anand, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martins, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kieronska-Rudek, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majtan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filgueira, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maric, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoogewijs, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erdemir, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malkondu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sitek, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chlopicki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelestemur, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasko, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papapetropoulos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logue, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boss, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filipovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szabo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.03.597146</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endogenously produced hydrogen cyanide serves as a novel mammalian gasotransmitter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.04.596633v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative connectomics of the descending and ascending neurons of the Drosophila nervous system: stereotypy and sexual dimorphism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.04.596633v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In most complex nervous systems there is a clear anatomical separation between the nerve cord, which contains most of the final motor outputs necessary for behaviour, and the brain. In insects, the neck connective is both a physical and information bottleneck connecting the brain and the ventral nerve cord (VNC, spinal cord analogue) and comprises diverse populations of descending (DN), ascending (AN) and sensory ascending neurons, which are crucial for sensorimotor signalling and control.

Integrating three separate EM datasets, we now provide a complete connectomic description of the ascending and descending neurons of the female nervous system of Drosophila and compare them with neurons of the male nerve cord. Proofread neuronal reconstructions have been matched across hemispheres, datasets and sexes. Crucially, we have also matched 51% of DN cell types to light level data defining specific driver lines as well as classifying all ascending populations.

We use these results to reveal the general architecture, tracts, neuropil innervation and connectivity of neck connective neurons. We observe connected chains of descending and ascending neurons spanning the neck, which may subserve motor sequences. We provide a complete description of sexually dimorphic DN and AN populations, with detailed analysis of circuits implicated in sex-related behaviours, including female ovipositor extrusion (DNp13), male courtship (DNa12/aSP22) and song production (AN hemilineage 08B). Our work represents the first EM-level circuit analyses spanning the entire central nervous system of an adult animal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stuerner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serratosa Capdevila, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gkantia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cachero, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckett, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Champion, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moitra, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richards, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klemm, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kugel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Namiki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheong, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovalyak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tenshaw, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parekh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlegel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phelps, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorkenwald, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bates, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsliah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, S.-c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKellar, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sterling, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seung, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murthy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuthill, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, W.-C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Card, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jefferis, G. S. X. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.04.596633</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative connectomics of the descending and ascending neurons of the Drosophila nervous system: stereotypy and sexual dimorphism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.05.597647v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parkinson's LRRK2-G2019S risk gene mutation drives sex-specific behavioral and cellular adaptations to chronic variable stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.05.597647v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anxiety is a psychiatric non-motor symptom of Parkinsons that can appear in the prodromal period, prior to significant loss of brainstem dopamine neurons and motor symptoms. Parkinsons-related anxiety affects females more than males, despite the greater prevalence of Parkinsons in males. How stress, anxiety and Parkinsons are related and the basis for a sex-specific impact of stress in Parkinsons are not clear. We addressed this using young adult male and female mice carrying a G2019S knockin mutation of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (Lrrk2G2019S) and Lrrk2WT control mice. In humans, LRRK2G2019S significantly elevates the risk of late-onset Parkinsons. To assess within-sex differences between Lrrk2G2019S and control mice in stress-induced anxiety-like behaviors in young adulthood, we used a within-subject design whereby Lrrk2G2019S and Lrrk2WT control mice underwent tests of anxiety-like behaviors before (baseline) and following a 28 day (d) variable stress paradigm. There were no differences in behavioral measures between genotypes in males or females at baseline, indicating that the mutation alone does not produce anxiety-like responses. Following chronic stress, male Lrrk2G2019S mice were affected similarly to male wildtypes except for novelty-suppressed feeding, where stress had no impact on Lrrk2G2019S mice while significantly increasing latency to feed in Lrrk2WT control mice. Female Lrrk2G2019S mice were impacted by chronic stress similarly to wildtype females across all behavioral measures. Subsequent post-stress analyses compared cFos immunolabeling-based cellular activity patterns across several stress-relevant brain regions. The density of cFos-activated neurons across brain regions in both male and female Lrrk2G2019S mice was generally lower compared to stressed Lrrk2WT mice, except for the nucleus accumbens of male Lrrk2G2019S mice, where cFos-labeled cell density was significantly higher than all other groups. Together, these data suggest that the Lrrk2G2019S mutation differentially impacts anxiety-like behavioral responses to chronic stress in males and females that may reflect sex-specific adaptations observed in circuit activation patterns in stress-related brain regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guevara, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alloo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Valle, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magee, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benson, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huntley, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.05.597647</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parkinson's LRRK2-G2019S risk gene mutation drives sex-specific behavioral and cellular adaptations to chronic variable stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.06.597812v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RESPAN: an accurate, unbiased and automated pipeline for analysis of dendritic morphology and dendritic spine mapping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.06.597812v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantification of dendritic spines is essential for studying synaptic connectivity, yet most current approaches require manual adjustments or the combination of multiple software tools for optimal results. Here, we present Restoration Enhanced SPine And Neuron Analysis (RESPAN), an open-source pipeline integrating state-of-the-art deep learning for image restoration, segmentation, and analysis in an easily deployable, user-friendly interface. Leveraging content-aware restoration to enhance signal, contrast, and isotropic resolution further enhances RESPANs robust detection of spines, dendritic branches, and soma across a wide variety of samples, including challenging datasets such as those from live imaging and in vivo 2-photon microscopy with limited signal. Extensive validation against expert annotations and comparison with other software demonstrates RESPANs superior accuracy and reproducibility across multiple imaging modalities. RESPAN offers significant improvements in usability over currently available approaches, streamlining and democratizing access to a combination of advanced capabilities through an accessible resource for the neuroscience community.

MOTIVATIONAccurate and unbiased reconstructions of neuronal morphology and quantification of dendritic spines are widely used in neuroscience but remain a significant challenge for efficient large-scale analysis. Current methods rely heavily on parameter optimization between images and manual annotation, introducing bias and creating bottlenecks that limit large-scale studies. Additionally, existing automated tools often require complex workflows across multiple software platforms and lack integrated validation capabilities. We developed RESPAN to address these limitations by providing a comprehensive, automated pipeline that combines state-of-the-art deep learning approaches for image restoration, model training, image segmentation and analysis within one user-friendly graphic interface. This enables rapid, unbiased analysis of dendritic spine morphology across diverse imaging modalities while maintaining high accuracy and reproducibility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garcia, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlotter, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polleux, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammond, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.06.597812</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RESPAN: an accurate, unbiased and automated pipeline for analysis of dendritic morphology and dendritic spine mapping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.07.597951v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TLR4 deficiency does not alter glaucomatous progression in a mouse model of chronic glaucoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.07.597951v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a pattern-recognition transmembrane receptor that induces neuroinflammatory processes in response to injury. Tlr4 is highly expressed in ocular tissues and is known to modulate inflammatory processes in both anterior and posterior segment tissues. TLR4 activation can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic deficits in inflammatory disorders. Due to its effects on inflammation and metabolism, TLR4 is a candidate to participate in glaucoma pathogenesis. It has been suggested as a therapeutic target based on studies using acute models, such as experimentally raising IOP to ischemia-inducing levels. Nevertheless, its role in chronic glaucoma needs further evaluation. In the current study, we investigated the role of TLR4 in an inherited mouse model of chronic glaucoma, DBA/2J. To do this, we analyzed the effect of Tlr4 knockout (Tlr4-/-) on glaucoma-associated phenotypes in DBA/2J mice. Our studies found no significant differences in intraocular pressure, iris disease, or glaucomatous progression in Tlr4-/- compared to Tlr4+/+ DBA/2J mice. These data do not identify a role for TLR4 in this chronic glaucoma, but further research is warranted to understand its role in other glaucoma models and different genetic contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harder, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, S. W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.07.597951</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TLR4 deficiency does not alter glaucomatous progression in a mouse model of chronic glaucoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.07.597964v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The ventral CA2 region of the hippocampus and its differential contributions to social memory and social aggression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.07.597964v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although it is well-known that the hippocampus mediates declarative memory (the repository of information of people, places, things and events) and influences behavior, the differential contributions of the dorsal and ventral hippocampus to specific forms of memory and behavior remain largely unknown. Studies to date show that the dorsal hippocampal CA1 region is important for cognitive and spatial tasks whereas the ventral CA1 region is associated with affective or emotional processing. Whether other regions and forms of hippocampal-dependent memory and behavior show a similar distinction remains unclear. Here we examine how social memory and related social behaviors are encoded across the dorso-ventral axis of the hippocampus. Although recent studies show that the dorsal hippocampal CA2 region is required for social memory and acts to promote social aggression, the behavioral role of ventral CA2 remains unknown. Indeed, whether a defined CA2 region extends throughout ventral hippocampus is controversial. Here, we report that a molecularly, anatomically and electrophysiologically defined CA2 region extends to the extreme ventral pole of hippocampus, with both similarities and important differences in its projection patterns and synaptic impact compared to dorsal CA2. Of particular importance, we find that ventral CA2 is not required for social memory but is critical for promoting social aggression. These results support the view that the ventral region of hippocampus is more generally tuned for emotionally-related behaviors compared to the cognitively-tuned dorsal hippocampus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boyle, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leroy, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahai, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irfan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villegas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegelbaum, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.07.597964</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The ventral CA2 region of the hippocampus and its differential contributions to social memory and social aggression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.09.598115v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resistance to Spindle Inhibitors in Glioblastoma Depends on STAT3 and Therapy Induced Senescence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.09.598115v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While mitotic spindle inhibitors specifically kill proliferating tumor cells without the toxicities of microtubule poisons, resistance has limited their clinical utility. Treating glioblastomas with the spindle inhibitors ispinesib, alisertib, or volasertib creates a subpopulation of therapy induced senescent cells that resist these drugs by relying upon the anti-apoptotic and metabolic effects of activated STAT3. Furthermore, these senescent cells expand the repertoire of cells resistant to these drugs by secreting an array of factors, including TGF{beta}, which induce proliferating cells to exit mitosis and become quiescent--a state that also resists spindle inhibitors. Targeting STAT3 restores sensitivity to each of these drugs by depleting the senescent subpopulation and inducing quiescent cells to enter the mitotic cycle. These results support a therapeutic strategy of targeting STAT3-dependent therapy-induced senescence to enhance the efficacy of spindle inhibitors for the treatment of glioblastoma.

Highlights* Resistance to non-microtubule spindle inhibitors limits their efficacy in glioblastoma and depends on STAT3.

* Resistance goes hand in hand with development of therapy induced senescence (TIS).

* Spindle inhibitor resistant glioblastomas consist of three cell subpopulations--proliferative, quiescent, and TIS--with proliferative cells sensitive and quiescent and TIS cells resistant.

* TIS cells secrete TGF{beta}, which induces proliferative cells to become quiescent, thereby expanding the population of resistant cells in a spindle inhibitor resistant glioblastoma

* Treatment with a STAT3 inhibitor kills TIS cells and restores sensitivity to spindle inhibitors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosenfeld, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarco, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dovas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farias, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagaiah, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haddock, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sims, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hambardzumyan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canoll, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenchappa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.09.598115</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resistance to Spindle Inhibitors in Glioblastoma Depends on STAT3 and Therapy Induced Senescence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.11.598452v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unveiling Vertebrate Development Dynamics in Frog Xenopus laevis using Micro-CT Imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.11.598452v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundXenopus laevis, the African clawed frog, is a versatile vertebrate model organism employed across various biological disciplines, prominently in developmental biology to elucidate the intricate processes underpinning body plan reorganization during metamorphosis. Despite its widespread utility, a notable gap exists in the availability of comprehensive datasets encompassing Xenopus late developmental stages.

FindingsIn the present study, we harnessed micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), a non-invasive 3D imaging technique utilizing X-rays to examine structures at a micrometer scale, to investigate the developmental dynamics and morphological changes of this crucial vertebrate model. Our approach involved generating high-resolution images and computed 3D models of developing Xenopus specimens, spanning from premetamorphosis tadpoles to fully mature adult frogs. This extensive dataset enhances our understanding of vertebrate development and is adaptable for various analyses. For instance, we conducted a thorough examination, analyzing body size, shape, and morphological features, with a specific emphasis on skeletogenesis, teeth, and organs like the brain at different stages. Our analysis yielded valuable insights into the morphological changes and structure dynamics in 3D space during Xenopus development, some of which were not previously documented in such meticulous detail. This implies that our datasets effectively capture and thoroughly examine Xenopus specimens. Thus, these datasets hold the solid potential for additional morphological and morphometric analyses, including individual segmentation of both hard and soft tissue elements within Xenopus.

ConclusionsOur repository of micro-CT scans represents a significant resource that can enhance our understanding of Xenopus development and the associated morphological changes. The widespread utility of this amphibian species, coupled with the exceptional quality of our scans, which encompass a comprehensive series of developmental stages, opens up extensive opportunities for their broader research application. Moreover, these scans have the potential for use in virtual reality, 3D printing, and educational contexts, further expanding their value and impact.

Graphical abstract & lay summary3D images of selected developmental stages of X. laevis in a comparison (scale bar = 10 mm).



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=67 SRC="FIGDIR/small/598452v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (14K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1bc4664org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1b1750dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@17bddaaorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@115de4e_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG Lay summaryX-ray tomography was used to examine the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). An extensive data set of specimens from tadpoles to adult frogs provides novel insights into the changes and developmental dynamics of selected structures, which opens avenues to an improved understanding of this crucial animal model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Laznovsky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kavkova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robovska-Havelkova, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krivanek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zikmund, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaiser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchtova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harnos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.11.598452</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unveiling Vertebrate Development Dynamics in Frog Xenopus laevis using Micro-CT Imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.11.598512v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ferroptosis regulates hemolysis in stored murine and human red blood cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.11.598512v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Red blood cell (RBC) metabolism regulates hemolysis during aging in vivo and in the blood bank. Here, we leveraged a diversity outbred mouse population to map the genetic drivers of fresh/stored RBC metabolism and extravascular hemolysis upon storage and transfusion in 350 mice. We identify the ferrireductase Steap3 as a critical regulator of a ferroptosis-like process of lipid peroxidation. Steap3 polymorphisms were associated with RBC iron content, in vitro hemolysis, and in vivo extravascular hemolysis both in mice and 13,091 blood donors from the Recipient Epidemiology and Donor evaluation Study. Using metabolite Quantitative Trait Loci analyses, we identified a network of gene products (FADS1/2, EPHX2 and LPCAT3) - enriched in donors of African descent - associated with oxylipin metabolism in stored human RBCs and related to Steap3 or its transcriptional regulator, the tumor protein TP53. Genetic variants were associated with lower in vivo hemolysis in thousands of single-unit transfusion recipients.

HighlightsO_LISteap3 regulates lipid peroxidation and extravascular hemolysis in 350 diversity outbred mice
C_LIO_LISteap3 SNPs are linked to RBC iron, hemolysis, vesiculation in 13,091 blood donors
C_LIO_LImQTL analyses of oxylipins identified ferroptosis-related gene products FADS1/2, EPHX2, LPCAT3
C_LIO_LIFerroptosis markers are linked to hemoglobin increments in transfusion recipients
C_LI

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=199 SRC="FIGDIR/small/598512v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (117K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@150fec2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@859c43org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d60156org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@f1b91e_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>D'Alessandro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keele, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemkov, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Earley, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephenson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincent, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzieciatkowska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitalnik, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roubinian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norris, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busch, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stockwell, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchill, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimring, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.11.598512</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ferroptosis regulates hemolysis in stored murine and human red blood cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.11.598384v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies in SHIV-infected macaques recapitulate structurally divergent modes of human V2 apex recognition with a single D gene 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.11.598384v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Broadly neutralizing antibodies targeting the V2 apex of the HIV-1 envelope trimer are among the most common specificities elicited in HIV-1-infected humans and simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)-infected macaques. To gain insight into the prevalent induction of these antibodies, we isolated and characterized 11 V2 apex-directed neutralizing antibody lineages from SHIV-infected rhesus macaques. Remarkably, all SHIV-induced V2 apex lineages were derived from reading frame two of the rhesus DH3-15*01 gene. Cryo-EM structures of envelope trimers in complex with antibodies from nine rhesus lineages revealed modes of recognition that mimicked three canonical human V2 apex-recognition modes. Notably, amino acids encoded by DH3-15*01 played divergent structural roles, inserting into a hole at the trimer apex, H-bonding to an exposed strand, or forming part of a loop scaffold. Overall, we identify a DH3-15*01-signature for rhesus V2 apex broadly neutralizing antibodies and show that highly selected genetic elements can play multiple roles in antigen recognition.

HighlightsO_LIIsolated 11 V2 apex-targeted HIV-neutralizing lineages from 10 SHIV-infected Indian-origin rhesus macaques
C_LIO_LICryo-EM structures of Fab-Env complexes for nine rhesus lineages reveal modes of recognition that mimic three modes of human V2 apex antibody recognition
C_LIO_LIAll SHIV-elicited V2 apex lineages, including two others previously published, derive from the same DH3-15*01 gene utilizing reading frame two
C_LIO_LIThe DH3-15*01 gene in reading frame two provides a necessary, but not sufficient, signature for V2 apex-directed broadly neutralizing antibodies
C_LIO_LIStructural roles played by DH3-15*01-encoded amino acids differed substantially in different lineages, even for those with the same recognition mode
C_LIO_LIPropose that the anionic, aromatic, and extended character of DH3-15*01 in reading frame two provides a selective advantage for V2 apex recognition compared to B cells derived from other D genes in the naive rhesus repertoire
C_LIO_LIDemonstrate that highly selected genetic elements can play multiple roles in antigen recognition, providing a structural means to enhance recognition diversity
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roark, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habib, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connell, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonsignori, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogarty, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olia, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sowers, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bibollet-Ruche, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callaghan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carey, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerutti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rando, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, Q. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louder, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doria-Rose, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrabi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, K. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seaman, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haynes, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulp, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mascola, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roederer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hahn, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.11.598384</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies in SHIV-infected macaques recapitulate structurally divergent modes of human V2 apex recognition with a single D gene]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.11.598405v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbiota metabolized Bile Acids accelerate Gastroesophageal Adenocarcinoma via FXR inhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.11.598405v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe incidence of Barrett esophagus (BE) and Gastroesophageal Adenocarcinoma (GEAC) correlates with obesity and a diet rich in fat. Bile acids (BA) support fat digestion and undergo microbial metabolization in the gut. The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is an important modulator of the BA homeostasis. The capacity of inhibiting cancer-related processes when activated, make FXR an appealing therapeutic target. In this work, we assess the role of diet on the microbiota-BA axis and evaluate the role of FXR in disease progression.

ResultsHere we show that high fat diet (HFD) accelerated tumorigenesis in L2-IL1B mice (BE- and GEAC- mouse model) while increasing BA levels and enriching gut microbiota that convert primary to secondary BA. While upregulated in BE, expression of FXR was downregulated in GEAC in mice and humans. In L2-IL1B mice, FXR knockout enhanced the dysplastic phenotype and increased Lgr5 progenitor cell numbers. Treatment of murine organoids and L2-IL1B mice with the FXR agonist obeticholic acid (OCA) deacelerated GEAC progression.

ConclusionWe provide a novel concept of GEAC carcinogenesis being accelerated via the diet-microbiome-metabolome axis and FXR inhibition on progenitor cells. Further, FXR activation protected with OCA ameliorated the phenotype in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that FXR agonists have potential as differentiation therapy in GEAC prevention.

Statement of significanceIf its inhibition is linked to disease progression and its activation to cancer prevention, exploring the potential of FXR as a therapeutic target has great clinical relevance in GEAC context.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baumeister, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proano Vasco, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metwaly, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleigrewe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuznetsov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoemig, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borgmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khiat, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anand, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boettcher, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haller, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunkel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Somoza, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiter, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thimme, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patil, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgermeister, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrams, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quante, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.11.598405</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbiota metabolized Bile Acids accelerate Gastroesophageal Adenocarcinoma via FXR inhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.11.598494v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic changes in structure and function of brain mural cells around chronically implanted microelectrodes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.11.598494v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1.0Integration of neural interfaces with minimal tissue disruption in the brain is ideal to develop robust tools that can address essential neuroscience questions and combat neurological disorders. However, implantation of intracortical devices provokes severe tissue inflammation within the brain, which requires a high metabolic demand to support a complex series of cellular events mediating tissue degeneration and wound healing. Pericytes, peri-vascular cells involved in blood-brain barrier maintenance, vascular permeability, waste clearance, and angiogenesis, have recently been implicated as potential perpetuators of neurodegeneration in brain injury and disease. While the intimate relationship between pericytes and the cortical microvasculature have been explored in other disease states, their behavior following microelectrode implantation, which is responsible for direct blood vessel disruption and dysfunction, is currently unknown. Using two-photon microscopy we observed dynamic changes in the structure and function of pericytes during implantation of a microelectrode array over a 4-week implantation period. Pericytes respond to electrode insertion through transient increases in intracellular calcium and underlying constriction of capillary vessels. Within days following the initial insertion, we observed an influx of new, proliferating pericytes which contribute to new blood vessel formation. Additionally, we discovered a potentially novel population of reactive immune cells in close proximity to the electrode-tissue interface actively engaging in encapsulation of the microelectrode array. Finally, we determined that intracellular pericyte calcium can be modulated by intracortical microstimulation in an amplitude- and frequency-dependent manner. This study provides a new perspective on the complex biological sequelae occurring the electrode-tissue interface and will foster new avenues of potential research consideration and lead to development of more advanced therapeutic interventions towards improving the biocompatibility of neural electrode technology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>wellman, s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forrest, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subbaraman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozai, T. D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.11.598494</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic changes in structure and function of brain mural cells around chronically implanted microelectrodes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.11.598534v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative analysis of new, mScarlet-based red fluorescent tags in Caenorhabditis elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.11.598534v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One problem that has hampered the use of red fluorescent proteins in the fast-developing nematode C. elegans has been the substantial time delay in maturation of several generations of red fluorophores. The recently described mScarlet-I3 protein has properties that may overcome this limitation. We compare here the brightness and maturation time of CRISPR/Cas9 genome-engineered mScarlet, mScarlet3, mScarlet-I3 and GFP reporter knock-ins. Comparing the onset and brightness of expression of reporter alleles of C. elegans golg-4, encoding a broadly expressed Golgi resident protein, we found that the onset of detection of mScarlet-I3 in the embryo is several hours earlier than older versions of mScarlet and comparable to GFP. These findings were further supported by comparing mScarlet-I3 and GFP reporter alleles for pks-1, a gene expressed in the CAN neuron and cells of the alimentary system, as well as reporter alleles for the panneuronal, nuclear marker unc-75. Hence, the relative properties of mScarlet-I3 and GFP do not depend on cellular or subcellular context. In all cases, mScarlet-I3 reporters also show improved signal-to-noise ratio compared to GFP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cao, W. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merritt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cesar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.11.598534</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative analysis of new, mScarlet-based red fluorescent tags in Caenorhabditis elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.11.598562v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimized phenotype definitions boost GWAS power 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.11.598562v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWComplex diseases are among the central challenges facing the world, and genetics underlie a large fraction of the risk. Observational data, such as electronic health records (EHR), offer numerous advantages in the study of complex disease genetics. These include their large scale, cost-effectiveness, information on many different conditions, and future scalability with the widespread adoption of EHRs. Observational data, however, are challenging for research as they reflect various factors including the healthcare process and access to care, as well as broader societal effects like systemic biases. Here, we introduce MaxGCP, a novel phenotyping method designed to purify the genetic signal in observational data. Our approach optimizes a phenotype definition to maximize its coheritability with the complex trait of interest. We validated the method in simulations and applied it to real data analyses of stroke and Alzheimers disease. We found that MaxGCP improves genomewide association study (GWAS) power compared to conventional, single-code phenotype definitions. MaxGCP is a powerful tool for genetic discovery in observational data, and we anticipate that it will be broadly useful for studying complex diseases using observational data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zietz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gisladottir, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tatonetti, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.11.598562</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimized phenotype definitions boost GWAS power]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.13.598904v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative connectomics of two distantly related nematode species reveals patterns of nervous system evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.13.598904v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the evolution of the bilaterian brain requires a detailed exploration of the precise nature of cellular and subcellular differences between related brains. To define the anatomical substrates of evolutionary change in the nervous system, we undertook an electron micrographic reconstruction of the brain of the predatory nematode Pristionchus pacificus. A comparison with the brain of Caenorhabditis elegans, which diverged at least 100 million years ago, reveals a conserved nematode core connectome and a wide range of specific substrates of evolutionary change. These changes include differences in neuronal cell death, neuronal cell position, axo-dendritic projection patterns and many changes in synaptic connectivity of homologous neurons that display no obvious changes in overall neurite morphology and projection patterns. Arguing against specific hot spots of evolutionary change, connectivity differences are distributed throughout the nervous system and extend to glia as well. We observed examples of apparent circuit drift, where changes in morphology and connectivity of a neuron do not appear to alter its behavioral output. In conclusion, our comprehensive comparison of distantly related nematode species provides novel vistas on patterns of conservation as well as the substrates of evolutionary change in the brain that span multiple organizational levels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cook, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalinski, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loer, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Memar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majeed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephen, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bumbarger, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riebesell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnabel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sommer, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.13.598904</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative connectomics of two distantly related nematode species reveals patterns of nervous system evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.12.598609v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-order Michaelis-Menten equations allow inference of hidden kinetic parameters in enzyme catalysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.12.598609v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-molecule measurements provide a platform for investigating the dynamical properties of enzymatic reactions. To this end, the single-molecule Michaelis-Menten equation was instrumental as it asserts that the first moment of the enzymatic turnover time depends linearly on the reciprocal of the substrate concentration. This, in turn, provides robust and convenient means to determine the maximal turnover rate and the Michaelis-Menten constant. Yet, the information provided by these parameters is incomplete and does not allow full characterization of enzyme kinetics at the single molecule level. Here we show that the missing kinetic information can be accessed via a set of high-order Michaelis-Menten equations that we derive. These equations capture universal linear relations between the reciprocal of the substrate concentration and distinguished combinations of turnover time moments, essentially generalizing the Michaelis-Menten equation to moments of any order. We demonstrate how key observables such as the lifetime of the enzyme-substrate complex, the rate of substrate-enzyme binding, and the probability of successful product formation, can all be inferred using these high-order Michaelis-Menten equations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urbakh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reuveni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.12.598609</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-order Michaelis-Menten equations allow inference of hidden kinetic parameters in enzyme catalysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.13.597128v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reverse engineering neuron type-specific and type-orthogonal splicing-regulatory networks using single-cell transcriptomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.13.597128v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell type-specific alternative splicing (AS) enables differential gene isoform expression between diverse neuron types with distinct identities and functions. Current studies linking individual RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) to AS in a few neuron types underscore the need for holistic modeling. Here, we use network reverse engineering to derive a map of the neuron type-specific AS regulatory landscape from 133 mouse neocortical cell types defined by single-cell transcriptomes. This approach reliably inferred the regulons of 350 RBPs and their cell type-specific activities. Our analysis revealed driving factors delineating neuronal identities, among which we validated Elavl2 as a key RBP for MGE-specific splicing in GABAergic interneurons using an in vitro ESC differentiation system. We also identified a module of exons and candidate regulators specific for long- and short-projection neurons across multiple neuronal classes. This study provides a resource for elucidating splicing regulatory programs that drive neuronal molecular diversity, including those that do not align with gene expression-based classifications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moakley, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anglada-Girotto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Au, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.13.597128</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reverse engineering neuron type-specific and type-orthogonal splicing-regulatory networks using single-cell transcriptomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.17.599319v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The DNA Damage Checkpoint Targets the Kinetochore for Relocation of Collapsed Forks to the Periphery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.17.599319v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hairpin forming expanded CAG/CTG repeats pose significant challenges to DNA replication which can lead to replication fork collapse. Long CAG/CTG repeat tracts relocate to the nuclear pore complex to maintain their integrity. Forks impeded by DNA structures are known to activate the DNA damage checkpoint, thus we asked whether checkpoint proteins play a role in relocation of collapsed forks to the nuclear periphery in S. cerevisiae. We show that relocation of a (CAG/CTG)130 tract is dependent on activation of the Mrc1/Rad53 replication checkpoint. Further, checkpoint-mediated phosphorylation of the kinetochore protein Cep3 is required for relocation, implicating detachment of the centromere from the spindle pole body. Activation of this pathway leads to DNA damage-induced microtubule recruitment to the repeat. These data suggest a role for the DNA replication checkpoint in facilitating movement of collapsed replication forks to the nuclear periphery by centromere release and microtubule-directed motion.

HighlightsO_LIThe DNA replication checkpoint initiates relocation of a structure-forming CAG repeat tract to the nuclear pore complex (NPC)
C_LIO_LIThe importance of Mrc1 (hClaspin) implicates fork uncoupling as the initial checkpoint signal
C_LIO_LIPhosphorylation of the Cep3 kinetochore protein by Dun1 kinase allows for centromere release, which is critical for collapsed fork repositioning
C_LIO_LIDamage-inducible nuclear microtubules (DIMs) colocalize with the repeat locus and are required for relocation to the NPC
C_LIO_LIEstablishes a new role for the DNA replication and DNA damage checkpoint response to trigger repositioning of collapsed forks within the nucleus.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maclay, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whalen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freudenreich, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.17.599319</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The DNA Damage Checkpoint Targets the Kinetochore for Relocation of Collapsed Forks to the Periphery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.17.599406v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Role of Alpha Synuclein in Synucleinopathy: Impact on Lipid Regulation at Mitochondria ER Membranes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.17.599406v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The protein alpha-synuclein (Syn) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of synucleinopathy, which includes Parkinsons disease and multiple system atrophy, and mounting evidence suggests that lipid dyshomeostasis is a critical phenotype in these neurodegenerative conditions. Previously, we identified that Syn localizes to mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes (MAMs), temporary functional domains containing proteins that regulate lipid metabolism, including the de novo synthesis of phosphatidylserine. In the present study, we have analyzed the lipid composition of postmortem human samples, focusing on the substantia nigra pars compacta of Parkinsons disease and controls, as well as three less affected brain regions of Parkinsons donors. To further assess synucleinopathy-related lipidome alterations, similar analyses were performed on the striatum of multiple system atrophy cases. Our data show region-and disease-specific changes in the levels of lipid species. Specifically, our data revealed alterations in the levels of specific phosphatidylserine species in brain areas most affected in Parkinsons disease. Some of these alterations, albeit to a lesser degree, are also observed multiples system atrophy. Using induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons, we show that Syn contributes to regulating phosphatidylserine metabolism at MAM domains, and that Syn dosage parallels the perturbation in phosphatidylserine levels. Our results support the notion that Syn pathophysiology is linked to the dysregulation of lipid homeostasis, which may contribute to the vulnerability of specific brain regions in synucleinopathy. These findings have significant therapeutic implications.

Significance StatementSynucleinopathy is a complex group of neurodegenerative disorders whose causes and underlying mechanisms remain unknown. In this work, we examined synucleinopathy postmortem brain samples and patient-derived neuron models and identified the functional impairment of the mitochondrial-associated endoplasmic reticulum membrane (MAM) domain, which facilitates lipid regulation. The protein alpha-synuclein is associated with synucleinopathy and increasing levels result in the mislocalization of this protein and the disruption of MAM domains, which, in turn, results in lipid and membrane composition alterations. Specifically, we report that increased alpha-synuclein expression impairs the regulation of phosphatidylserine synthase 2 and the levels of phosphatidylserine in cellular membranes from affected cells. Our study offers mechanistic insight tying alpha-synuclein pathology and lipid dysregulation as seminal factors in synucleinopathy, which may have pathogenic and therapeutic implications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barbuti, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guardia-Laguarta, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatila, Z. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flowers, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsen, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hattori, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradshaw, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dettmer, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fanning, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vilas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krueger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Area-Gomez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przedborski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.17.599406</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Role of Alpha Synuclein in Synucleinopathy: Impact on Lipid Regulation at Mitochondria ER Membranes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.17.598707v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Strand asymmetry in the repair of replication dependent double-strand breaks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.17.598707v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-strand breaks (SSBs) are one of the most common endogenous lesions and have the potential to give rise to cytotoxic double-strand breaks (DSBs) during DNA replication. To investigate the mechanism of replication fork collapse at SSBs and subsequent repair, we employed Cas9 nickase (nCas9) to generate site and strand-specific nicks in the budding yeast genome. We show that nCas9-induced nicks are converted to mostly double-ended DSBs during S-phase. We find that repair of replication-dependent DSBs requires homologous recombination (HR) and is independent of canonical non-homologous end joining. Consistent with a strong bias to repair these lesions using a sister chromatid template, we observe minimal induction of inter-chromosomal HR by nCas9. Using nCas9 and a gRNA to nick either the leading or lagging strand template, we carried out a genome-wide screen to identify factors necessary for the repair of replication-dependent DSBs. All the core HR genes were recovered in the screen with both gRNAs, but we recovered components of the replication-coupled nucleosome assembly (RCNA) pathway with only the gRNA targeting the leading strand template. By use of additional gRNAs, we find that the RCNA pathway is especially important to repair a leading strand fork collapse.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kimble, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sane, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reid, R. J. D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothstein, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Symington, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.17.598707</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Strand asymmetry in the repair of replication dependent double-strand breaks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.21.599515v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Amygdala-predominant α-synuclein pathology exacerbates hippocampal neuron loss in Alzheimer's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.21.599515v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Misfolded -synuclein (Syn) protein accumulates in 43-63% of individuals with symptomatic Alzheimers disease (AD). Two main patterns of co-morbid Syn pathology have been identified: caudo-rostral and amygdala-predominant, with the latter being more common in AD. Syn pathology has been shown to interact with DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) and abnormally phosphorylated Tau protein (pTau). These proteins tend to accumulate in the amygdala, yet the specific role of amygdala-predominant Syn pathology in the progression of AD and hippocampal degeneration remains unclear.

In this cross-sectional study, we analyzed 291 autopsy brains from both demented and non-demented elderly individuals neuropathologically. Neuronal density in the CA1 region of the hippocampus was assessed using hematoxylin-stained sections for all cases. We semi-quantitatively evaluated Syn pathology severity in six brain regions and stratified the cases into the two spreading patterns. In 99 AD cases, we assessed limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 neuropathological changes (LATE-NC), CA1 pTau density, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Structural equation modeling analysis was conducted based on the assessed pathological parameters in AD patients.

We identified an association between the amygdala-predominant Syn pathology pattern and decreased neuronal density in the CA1 region. AD patients with an amygdala-predominant Syn pattern exhibited the most severe pTDP-43 pathology among all groups, while those with the caudo-rostral pattern had the lowest severity of AD-related pathological changes including CAA type 1. Our model revealed that the relationship between Syn pathology and CA1 neuron loss is mediated through pTau and LATE-NC.

Our results indicate that amygdala-predominant Syn pathology, in contrast to Syn pathology with a caudo-rostral pattern, significantly contributes to hippocampal neuron loss, potentially by accelerating TDP-43 and pTau pathologies. This finding, along with observed neuropathological differences between AD patients with these two Syn spreading patterns, underscores the need for precise stratification of patients. The stratification should consider not only the molecular and morphological identity of co-pathologies but also the distribution pattern of the respective co-pathologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gawor, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tome, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandenberghe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Damme, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandenbulcke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Arnim, C. A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghebremedhin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronisz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ospitalieri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaschko, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thal, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.21.599515</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Amygdala-predominant α-synuclein pathology exacerbates hippocampal neuron loss in Alzheimer's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.21.600051v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disentangling the splicing factor programs underlying complex molecular phenotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.21.600051v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Splicing factors control exon inclusion in messenger RNAs, shaping transcriptome and proteome diversity. Their catalytic activity is regulated by multiple layers, making single-omic measurements on their own fall short in identifying which splicing factors underlie a phenotype. Here, we posit that splicing factor activity can be estimated from changes in exon inclusion. To test this hypothesis, we benchmarked methods for constructing splicing factor[-&gt;]exon networks and estimating splicing factor activity. We found that combining RNA-seq perturbation-based networks with VIPER (Virtual Inference of Protein Activity by Enriched Regulon analysis) accurately captures splicing factor activation as modulated by multiple regulatory layers. This approach integrates splicing factor regulation into a single score derived solely from exon inclusion signatures, allowing functional interpretation of heterogeneous conditions. As a proof of concept, we identify recurrent cancer splicing programs, revealing oncogenic- and tumor suppressor-like splicing factors missed by conventional methods. These programs correlate with patient survival and key cancer hallmarks: initiation, proliferation, and immune evasion. Altogether, we show splicing factor activity can be accurately estimated from exon inclusion changes, enabling comprehensive analyses of splicing regulation with minimal data requirements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anglada-Girotto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moakley, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miravet-Verde, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serrano, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.21.600051</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disentangling the splicing factor programs underlying complex molecular phenotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.27.601054v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell type-specific regulation by different cytokinetic pathways in the early embryo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.27.601054v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytokinesis, the physical division of one cell into two, is typically assumed to use the same molecular process across animal cells. However, regulation of cell division can vary significantly among different cell types, even within the same multicellular organism. Using six fast-acting temperature-sensitive (ts) cytokinesis-defective mutants, we found that each had unique cell type-specific profiles in the early C. elegans embryo. Certain cell types were more sensitive than others to actomyosin and spindle signaling disruptions, disrupting two members of the same complex could result in different phenotypes, and protection against actomyosin inhibition did not always protect against spindle signaling inhibition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Connors, C. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumont, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirasu-Hiza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canman, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.27.601054</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell type-specific regulation by different cytokinetic pathways in the early embryo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.27.601065v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Crk mediates Csk-Hippo signaling independently of Yap tyrosine phosphorylation to induce cell extrusion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.27.601065v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Src family kinases (SFKs), including Src, Fyn and Yes, play important roles in development and cancer. Despite being first discovered as the Yes-associated protein, the regulation of Yap by SFKs remains poorly understood. Here, through single-cell analysis and genetic lineage tracing, we show that the pan-epithelial ablation of C-terminal Src kinase (Csk) in the lacrimal gland unleashes broad Src signaling but specifically causes extrusion and apoptosis of acinar progenitors at a time when they are shielded by myoepithelial cells from the basement membrane. Csk mutants can be phenocopied by constitutively active Yap and rescued by deleting Yap or Taz, indicating a significant functional overlap between Src and Yap signaling. Although Src-induced tyrosine phosphorylation has long been believed to regulate Yap activity, we find that mutating these tyrosine residues in both Yap and Taz fails to perturb mouse development or alleviate the Csk lacrimal gland phenotype. In contrast, Yap loses Hippo signaling-dependent serine phosphorylation and translocates into the nucleus in Csk mutants. Further chemical genetics studies demonstrate that acute inhibition of Csk enhances Crk/CrkL phosphorylation and Rac1 activity, whereas removing Crk/CrkL or Rac1/Rap1 ameliorates the Csk mutant phenotype. These results show that Src controls Hippo-Yap signaling through the Crk/CrkL-Rac/Rap axis to promote cell extrusion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hannan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makrides, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Que, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardoso, W. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.27.601065</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Crk mediates Csk-Hippo signaling independently of Yap tyrosine phosphorylation to induce cell extrusion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.27.601062v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scalable Hypothalamic Arcuate Neuron Differentiation from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Suitable for Modeling Metabolic and Reproductive Disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.27.601062v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hypothalamus, composed of several nuclei, is essential for maintaining our bodys homeostasis. The arcuate nucleus (ARC), located in the mediobasal hypothalamus, contains neuronal populations with eminent roles in energy and glucose homeostasis as well as reproduction. These neuronal populations are of great interest for translational research. To fulfill this promise, we used a robotic cell culture platform to provide a scalable and chemically defined approach for differentiating human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), somatostatin (SST), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuronal subpopulations with an ARC-like signature. This robust approach is reproducible across several distinct hPSC lines and exhibits a stepwise induction of key ventral diencephalon and ARC markers in transcriptomic profiling experiments. This is further corroborated by direct comparison to human fetal hypothalamus, and the enriched expression of genes implicated in obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Genome-wide chromatin accessibility profiling by ATAC-seq identified accessible regulatory regions that can be utilized to predict candidate enhancers related to metabolic disorders and hypothalamic development. In depth molecular, cellular, and functional experiments unveiled the responsiveness of the hPSC-derived hypothalamic neurons to hormonal stimuli, such as insulin, neuropeptides including kisspeptin, and incretin mimetic drugs such as Exendin-4, highlighting their potential utility as physiologically relevant cellular models for disease studies. In addition, differential glucose and insulin treatments uncovered adaptability within the generated ARC neurons in the dynamic regulation of POMC and insulin receptors. In summary, the establishment of this model represents a novel, chemically defined, and scalable platform for manufacturing large numbers of hypothalamic arcuate neurons and serves as a valuable resource for modeling metabolic and reproductive disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narisu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonnycastle, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tharakan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesch, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glover, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castellano, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blivis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosales-Soto, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ormanoglu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeClair, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-Ochoa, E. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erdos, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simeonov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singec, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doege, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tristan, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.27.601062</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scalable Hypothalamic Arcuate Neuron Differentiation from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Suitable for Modeling Metabolic and Reproductive Disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.28.601066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phospholipase Cgamma regulates lacrimal gland branching by competing with PI3K in phosphoinositide metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.28.601066v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although the regulation of branching morphogenesis by spatially distributed cues is well established, the role of intracellular signaling in determining the branching pattern remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the regulation and function of phospholipase C gamma (PLC{gamma}) in Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) signaling in lacrimal gland development. We showed that deletion of PLC{gamma}1 in the lacrimal gland epithelium leads to ectopic branching and acinar hyperplasia, which was phenocopied by either mutating the PLC{gamma}1 binding site on Fgfr2 or disabling any of its SH2 domains. PLC{gamma}1 inactivation did not change the level of Fgfr2 or affect MAPK signaling, but instead led to sustained AKT phosphorylation due to increased PIP3 production. Consistent with this, PLC{gamma}1 mutant phenotype can be reproduced by elevation of PI3K signaling in Pten knockout and attenuated by blocking AKT signaling. This study demonstrated that PLC{gamma} modulates PI3K signaling by shifting phosphoinositide metabolism, revealing an important role of signaling dynamics in conjunction with spatial cues in shaping branching morphogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hannan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.-s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkins, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.28.601066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phospholipase Cgamma regulates lacrimal gland branching by competing with PI3K in phosphoinositide metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.28.601178v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anatomical and functional analysis of the corticospinal tract in an FRDA mouse model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.28.601178v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Friedreichs ataxia (FRDA) is one of the most common hereditary ataxias. It is caused by a GAA repeat in the first intron of the FXN gene, which encodes an essential mitochondrial protein. Patients suffer from progressive motor dysfunction due to the degeneration of mechanoreceptive and proprioceptive neurons in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and cerebellar dentate nucleus neurons, especially at early disease stages. Postmortem analyses of FRDA patients also indicate pathological changes in motor cortex including in the projection neurons that give rise to the cortical spinal tract (CST). Yet, it remains poorly understood how early in the disease cortical spinal neurons (CSNs) show these alterations, or whether CSN/CST pathology resembles the abnormalities observed in other tissues affected by FXN loss. To address these questions, we examined CSN driven motor behaviors and pathology in the YG8JR FRDA mouse model. We find that FRDA mice show impaired motor skills, exhibit significant reductions in CSN functional output, and, among other pathological changes, show abnormal mitochondrial distributions in CSN neurons and CST axonal tracts. Moreover, some of these alterations were observed as early as two months of age, suggesting that CSN/CST pathology may be an earlier event in FRDA disease than previously appreciated. These studies warrant a detailed mechanistic understanding of how FXN loss impacts CSN health and functionality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nishiyama, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalambogias, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imai, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Nooij, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshida, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.28.601178</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anatomical and functional analysis of the corticospinal tract in an FRDA mouse model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.29.600875v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tracking spatial patterns and nocturnal arousal in an undisturbed natural population of the pulse-type weakly electric fish Gymnotus omarorum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.29.600875v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Assessing animals locomotor and activity-rest patterns in natural populations is challenging. It requires individual identification and behavioral tracking in sometimes complex and inaccessible environments. Weakly electric fish are advantageous models for remote monitoring due to their continuous emission of electric signals (EODs). Gymnotus omarorum is a South American freshwater pulse-type weakly electric fish. Previous manual recordings of restrained individuals in the wild showed a spatial distribution compatible with territoriality and a nocturnal increase in EOD rate interpreted as arousal. This interdisciplinary study presents the development of low-cost amplifiers for remote EOD recordings and the refinement of tracking algorithms that provide individual recognition of Gymnotus omarorum in the wild. We describe natural daily spacing patterns of undisturbed individuals that are compatible with territoriality, although heterogeneous across sampling sites, and confirm that all resident fish showed a robust nocturnal increase of EOD rate likely associated with daily variations of water temperature.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LISuccessful remote individual tracking of wild pulse type weakly electric fish
C_LIO_LIG. omarorum spacing patterns are compatible with known nocturnality and territoriality
C_LIO_LIResidents keep their diurnal resting sites and move within small areas during the night
C_LIO_LIThe robust nocturnal electric arousal of residents is linked to water temperature peak
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Migliaro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedraja, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mucha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benda, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.29.600875</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tracking spatial patterns and nocturnal arousal in an undisturbed natural population of the pulse-type weakly electric fish Gymnotus omarorum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.29.601349v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SPACEc: A Streamlined, Interactive Python Workflow for Multiplexed Image Processing and Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.29.601349v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiplexed imaging technologies provide insights into complex tissue architectures. However, challenges arise due to software fragmentation with cumbersome data handoffs, inefficiencies in processing large images (8 to 40 gigabytes per image), and limited spatial analysis capabilities. To efficiently analyze multiplexed imaging data, we developed SPACEc, a scalable end-to-end Python solution, that handles image extraction, cell segmentation, and data preprocessing and incorporates machine-learning-enabled, multi-scaled, spatial analysis, operated through a user-friendly and interactive interface.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kempchen, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haist, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feyaerts, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rech, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hickey, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolan, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.29.601349</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SPACEc: A Streamlined, Interactive Python Workflow for Multiplexed Image Processing and Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.30.600495v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combined HDAC and eIF4A inhibition: A novel epigenetic therapy for pancreatic adenocarcinoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.30.600495v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma-(PDAC) needs innovative approaches due to its 12% 5-year survival despite current therapies. We show marked sensitivity of pancreatic cancer cells to the combination of a novel eIF4A inhibitor, des-methyl pateamine A (DMPatA), and a histone deacetylase inhibitor, romidepsin, inducing epigenetic reprogramming as an innovative therapeutic strategy. Exploring the mechanistic activity of this combination showed that with a short duration of romidepsin at low doses, robust acetylation persisted up to 48h with the combination, while histone acetylation rapidly faded with monotherapy. This represents an unexpected mechanism of action against PDAC cells that triggers transcriptional overload, metabolic stress, and augmented DNA damage. Structurally different class I HDAC inhibitors exhibit the same hyperacetylation patterns when co-administered with DMPatA, suggesting a class effect. We show efficacy of this combination regimen against tumor growth in a MIA PaCa-2 xenograft model of PDAC with persistent hyperacetylation confirmed in tumor samples.

STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCEPancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, a significant clinical challenge, could benefit from the latent potential of epigenetic therapies like HDAC inhibitors-(HDIs), typically limited to hematological malignancies. Our study shows that a synergistic low dose combination of HDIs with an eIF4A-inhibitor in pancreatic cancer models results in marked pre-clinical efficacy, offering a promising new treatment strategy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Safari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scotto, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basseville, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrukhin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morales, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damoci, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hull, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olive, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fojo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bates, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.30.600495</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combined HDAC and eIF4A inhibition: A novel epigenetic therapy for pancreatic adenocarcinoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.02.600461v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparison of Infinium MethylationEPIC v2.0 to v1.0 for human population epigenetics: considerations for addressing EPIC version differences in DNA methylation-based tools 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.02.600461v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The recently launched Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC v2.0 (EPICv2), successor of MethylationEPIC v1.0 (EPICv1), retains a majority of probes in EPICv1, while expanding coverage of regulatory elements. The concordance between the two EPIC versions in DNA methylation-based tools has not yet been investigated. To address this, DNA methylation was profiled on both versions using matched blood samples across four cohorts spanning early to late adulthood. High concordance between versions at the array level but variable agreement at the individual probe level was noted. A significant contribution of EPIC version to DNA methylation variation was observed, though it was to a smaller extent compared to sample relatedness and cell type composition. Modest but significant differences in DNA methylation-based estimates between versions were observed, irrespective of the data preprocessing method used. Adjustments for EPIC version or calculation of estimates separately for each version largely mitigated these version-specific discordances. This work emphasizes the importance of accounting for EPIC version differences in research scenarios, especially in meta-analyses and longitudinal studies that require data harmonization across versions.

Summary blurbOur work illustrates the importance of accounting for EPIC version in DNA methylation-based tools, specifically in research scenarios when samples profiled across different versions are harmonized.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jude, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konwar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitehead, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelbrecht, H.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacIsaac, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dever, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toan, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korinek, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmer, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huffman, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDade, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuzawa, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belsky, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobor, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.02.600461</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparison of Infinium MethylationEPIC v2.0 to v1.0 for human population epigenetics: considerations for addressing EPIC version differences in DNA methylation-based tools]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.02.600738v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polyamines regulate cell fate by altering the activity of histone-modifying enzymes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.02.600738v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polyamines are polycationic alkyl-amines abundant in proliferating stem and cancer cells. How these metabolites influence numerous cellular processes remains unclear. Here we show that polyamine levels decrease during differentiation and that inhibiting polyamine synthesis leads to a differentiated-like cell state. Polyamines are enriched in the nucleus, where their loss drives changes in chromatin accessibility and histone post-translational modifications. Polyamines interact electrostatically with DNA on the nucleosome core, freeing histone tails to conformations accessible to chromatin-modifying enzymes. Consistent with their role in increasing histone-tail accessibility, polyamines are able to replace MYCs role in reprogramming to pluripotency. These data reveal a mechanism by which an abundant metabolite influences chromatin structure and function in a direct but sequence independent manner, facilitating chromatin remodeling during reprogramming and limiting it during fate commitment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Emmons-Bell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forsyth, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundquist, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oldeman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardikioti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Souza, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coene, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayyappan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuchs, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verhelst, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smeeton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musselman, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schvartzman, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.02.600738</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polyamines regulate cell fate by altering the activity of histone-modifying enzymes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.01.601544v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic functional connectivity correlates of trait mindfulness in early adolescence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.01.601544v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundTrait mindfulness, the tendency to attend to present-moment experiences without judgement, is negatively correlated with adolescent anxiety and depression. Understanding the neural mechanisms underlying trait mindfulness may inform the neural basis of psychiatric disorders. However, few studies have identified brain connectivity states that correlate with trait mindfulness in adolescence, nor have they assessed the reliability of such states.

MethodsTo address this gap in knowledge, we rigorously assessed the reliability of brain states across 2 functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan from 106 adolescents aged 12 to 15 (50% female). We performed both static and dynamic functional connectivity analyses and evaluated the test-retest reliability of how much time adolescents spent in each state. For the reliable states, we assessed associations with self-reported trait mindfulness.

ResultsHigher trait mindfulness correlated with lower anxiety and depression symptoms. Static functional connectivity (ICCs from 0.31-0.53) was unrelated to trait mindfulness. Among the dynamic brains states we identified, most were unreliable within individuals across scans. However, one state, an hyperconnected state of elevated positive connectivity between networks, showed good reliability (ICC=0.65). We found that the amount of time that adolescents spent in this hyperconnected state positively correlated with trait mindfulness.

ConclusionsBy applying dynamic functional connectivity analysis on over 100 resting-state fMRI scans, we identified a highly reliable brain state that correlated with trait mindfulness. The brain state may reflect a state of mindfulness, or awareness and arousal more generally, which may be more pronounced in those who are higher in trait mindfulness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Treves, I. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marusak, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Decker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kucyi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbard, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, C. C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grotzinger, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giebler, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camacho Torres, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imhof, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romeo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabrieli, J. D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.01.601544</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic functional connectivity correlates of trait mindfulness in early adolescence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.06.602359v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biomolecular condensates can function as inherent catalysts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.06.602359v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report the discovery that chemical reactions can be catalyzed by condensates formed by intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs). The proteins themselves lack any catalytic activities. Catalytic functions of condensates emerge as a consequence of sequence-dependent mesoscale electrochemical microenvironments created by phase separation. Stimulated Raman spectroscopy suggests that the catalytic behaviors of condensates are attributable to the spatial variations of water activities across condensate interiors and interfaces. We show that condensates are capable of catalyzing diverse cellularly relevant hydrolysis reactions. Through sequence design, the electrochemical properties of condensates can be programmed to exert control over catalytic behaviors. Incorporation of synthetic condensates into live cells alters transcription profiles and enables the activation of gene circuits that depend on products of hydrolysis reactions catalyzed by condensates. Our discovery of suggests that condensates, depending on their composition-dependent electrochemical properties, can be "Condenzymes", which contribute unexpected emergent chemical functions in cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farag, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zare, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pappu, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.06.602359</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biomolecular condensates can function as inherent catalysts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.08.602566v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oncogenic NOVA1 expression dysregulates alternative splicing in breast cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.08.602566v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuro-Oncological Ventral Antigen 1 (NOVA1) is best known for its role in mediating an alternative splicing (AS) program in neurons, yet was first discovered as an antigen expressed in breast tumors, causing rare autoimmune reactions and paraneoplastic neurological disorders (PNDs). The PND model suggests a plausible role of the tumor antigen expression in tumor suppression, whereas it has emerged that NOVA may function as an oncogene in a variety of cancers. In addition, whether NOVA mediates AS in breast cancer remains unanswered. Here we examine the AS profiles of breast invasive carcinoma (BRCA) tumor samples and demonstrate that ectopic NOVA1 expression led to the activation of neuron-like splicing patterns in many genes, including exons targeted by NOVA in the brain. The splicing dysregulation is especially prevalent in cell periphery and cytoskeleton genes related to cell-cell communication, actin-based movement, and neuronal functions. We find that NOVA1-mediated AS is most prominent in Luminal A tumors and high NOVA1 expression in this subtype is associated with poorer prognosis. Our results suggest that ectopic NOVA1 in tumors has regulatory activity affecting pathways with high relevance to tumor progression and that this might be a more general mechanism for PND antigens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moakley, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.08.602566</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oncogenic NOVA1 expression dysregulates alternative splicing in breast cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.08.600416v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spectral-switching analysis reveals real-time neuronal network representations of concurrent spontaneous naturalistic behaviors in human brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.08.600416v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite abundant evidence of functional networks in the human brain, their neuronal underpinnings, and relationships to real-time behavior have been challenging to resolve. Analyzing brain-wide intracranial-EEG recordings with video monitoring, acquired in awake subjects during clinical epilepsy evaluation, we discovered the tendency of each brain region to switch back and forth between 2 distinct power spectral densities (PSDs 2-55Hz). We further recognized that this  spectral switching occurs synchronously between distant sites, even between regions with differing baseline PSDs, revealing long-range functional networks that would be obscured in analysis of individual frequency bands. Moreover, the real-time PSD-switching dynamics of specific networks exhibited striking alignment with activities such as conversation and hand movements, revealing a multi-threaded functional network representation of concurrent naturalistic behaviors. Network structures and their relationships to behaviors were stable across days, but were altered during N3 sleep. Our results provide a new framework for understanding real-time, brain-wide neural-network dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michalak, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merricks, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agopyan-Miu, A. H. C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamberger, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKhann, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldstein, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schevon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillman, E. M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.08.600416</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spectral-switching analysis reveals real-time neuronal network representations of concurrent spontaneous naturalistic behaviors in human brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.08.602409v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A variational deep-learning approach to modeling memory T cell dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.08.602409v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanistic models of dynamic, interacting cell populations have yielded many insights into the growth and resolution of immune responses. Historically these models have described the behavior of pre-defined cell types based on small numbers of phenotypic markers. The ubiquity of deep pheno-typing therefore presents a new challenge; how do we confront tractable and interpretable mathematical models with high-dimensional data? To tackle this problem, we studied the development and persistence of lung-resident memory CD4 and CD8 T cells (TRM) in mice infected with influenza virus. We developed an approach in which dynamical model parameters and the population structure are inferred simultaneously. This method uses deep learning and stochastic variational inference and is trained on the single-cell flow-cytometry data directly, rather than on the kinetics of pre-identified clusters. We show that during the resolution phase of the immune response, memory CD4 and CD8 T cells within the lung are phenotypically diverse, with subsets exhibiting highly distinct and time-dependent dynamics. TRM heterogeneity is maintained long-term by ongoing differentiation of relatively persistent Bcl-2hi CD4 and CD8 TRM subsets which resolve into distinct functional populations. Our approach yields new insights into the dynamics of tissue-localized immune memory, and is a novel basis for interpreting time series of high-dimensional data, broadly applicable to diverse biological systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van Dorp, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paik, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farber, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.08.602409</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A variational deep-learning approach to modeling memory T cell dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.10.602828v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative deep immune profiling of the elderly reveals systems-level signatures of aging, sex, smoking, and clinical traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.10.602828v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Elderly individuals have higher disease susceptibility and lower vaccine responsiveness, highlighting the need to better comprehend the aging immune system and its clinical associations. Here we conducted a deep immune profiling study of 550 elderly individuals (61-94 years) and 100 young adults (22-38 years). Utilizing high-dimensional spectral flow cytometry to identify 97 immune cell populations and 48-plex cytokine profiling, we detailed intricate age-and sex-related changes in the elderly immune system at an unprecedented depth. Synthesizing information from clinical, laboratory, and immunological data through an integrative multi-block analysis, we reveal overarching systems-level signatures of aging, such as increased concentrations of specific cytokines and frequencies of defined innate and adaptive immune cell subpopulations. Extending this approach, we identified unique immune signatures of smoking, obesity, and several diseases including osteoporosis, heart failure and gout. Our systems biology approach enables to uncover new relationships between clinical characteristics and immunological traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Riemann, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odak, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barros-Martins, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roesner, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leon Lara, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falk, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulz, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werfel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foerster, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.10.602828</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative deep immune profiling of the elderly reveals systems-level signatures of aging, sex, smoking, and clinical traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.10.602914v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A linear ontogeny accounts for the development of naive, memory and tumour-infiltrating regulatory T cells in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.10.602914v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Foxp3+ Regulatory T cells (Treg) are a subset of CD4+ T cells that play critical functions in maintaining tolerance to self antigens and suppressing autoimmunity, regulating immune responses to pathogens and have a role in the pathophysiology of anti-tumoural immunity. Treg ontogeny is complex since they are generated following recognition of self antigens in the thymus during normal T cell development (thymic Treg), but are also induced from mature conventional T cells when activated by foreign antigen with appropriate additional cues (inducible Treg). How these distinct ontogenic pathways contribute to the maintenance and function of the mature Treg compartment in health and disease remains unclear. Here, we use a combination of fate mapping approaches in mice to map the ontogeny of Treg subsets throughout life and estimate rates of production, loss and self-renewal. We find that naive and effector/memory (EM) Treg subsets exhibit distinct dynamics but are both continuously replenished by de novo generation throughout life. Using an inducible Foxp3-dependent Cre fate reporter system, we show that naive Treg and not conventional T cells, are the predominant precursors of EM Treg in adults. Tonic development of new EM Treg is not influenced by foreign antigens from commensals, rather suggesting a role for self recognition. To investigate the ontogeny of Treg development in malignant disease, we used the same fate reporter systems to characterise the Treg infiltrate of three different model tumours. In all three cases, we found that Treg derived from pre-existing, EM Treg. Together, these results reveal a predominantly linear pathway of Treg development from thymic origin to EM Treg associated with pathophysiology of malignant disease, that is driven by self antigen recognition throughout.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pathak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>rane, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinclair, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barry, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnevalli, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seddon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.10.602914</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A linear ontogeny accounts for the development of naive, memory and tumour-infiltrating regulatory T cells in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.11.602533v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Platelet integrin αIIbβ3 plays a key role in venous thrombogenesis in a mouse model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.11.602533v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractVenous thrombosis (VT) is a common vascular disease associated with reduced survival and a high recurrence rate. Previous studies have shown that the accumulation of platelets and neutrophils at sites of endothelial cell activation is a primary event in VT, but a role for platelet IIb{beta}3 in the initiation of venous thrombosis has not been established. This task has been complicated by the increased bleeding linked to partial agonism of current IIb{beta}3 inhibitory drugs such as tirofiban (Aggrastat(R)). Here, we show that m-tirofiban, an engineered version of tirofiban, is not a partial agonist of IIb{beta}3. This is based on its cryo-EM structure in complex with human full-length IIb{beta}3 and its inability to increase expression of an activation-sensitive epitope on platelet IIb{beta}3. m-tirofiban abolished agonist-induced platelet aggregation ex vivo at concentrations that preserved clot retraction and markedly suppressed the accumulation of platelets, neutrophils, and fibrin on thrombin-activated endothelium in real-time using intravital microscopy in a mouse model of venous thrombogenesis. Unlike tirofiban, however, m-tirofiban did not increase bleeding at the thrombosis-inhibitory dose. These findings establish a key role for IIb{beta}3 in the initiation of VT, provide a guiding principle for designing potentially safer inhibitors for other integrins, and suggest that pure antagonists of IIb{beta}3 like m-tirofiban merit further consideration as potential thromboprophylaxis agents in patients at high-risk for VT and hemorrhage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adair, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Field, C. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonso, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, S.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mashin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clish, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Agthoven, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeager, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tess, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poncz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnaout, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.11.602533</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Platelet integrin αIIbβ3 plays a key role in venous thrombogenesis in a mouse model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.12.603289v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional analysis of conserved C. elegans bHLH family members uncovers lifespan control by a peptidergic hub neuron 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.12.603289v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Throughout the animal kingdom, several members of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family act as proneural genes during early steps of nervous system development. Roles of bHLH genes in specifying terminal differentiation of postmitotic neurons have been less extensively studied. We analyze here the function of five C. elegans bHLH genes, falling into three phylogenetically conserved subfamilies, which are continuously expressed in a very small number of postmitotic neurons in the central nervous system. We show (a) that two orthologs of the vertebrate bHLHb4/b5 genes, called hlh-17 and hlh-32, function redundantly to specify the identity of a single head interneuron (AUA), as well as an individual motor neuron (VB2), (b) that the PTF1a ortholog hlh-13 acts as a terminal selector to control terminal differentiation and function of the sole octopaminergic neuron class in C. elegans, RIC, and (c) that the NHLH1/2 ortholog hlh-15 controls terminal differentiation and function of the peptidergic AVK head interneuron class, a known neuropeptidergic signaling hub in the animal. Strikingly, through null mutant analysis and cell-specific rescue experiments, we find that loss of hlh-15/NHLH in the peptidergic AVK neurons and the resulting abrogation of neuropeptide secretion causes a substantially expanded lifespan of the animal, revealing an unanticipated impact of a central, peptidergic hub neuron in regulating lifespan, which we propose to be akin to hypothalamic control of lifespan in vertebrates. Taken together, our functional analysis reveals themes of bHLH gene function during terminal differentiation that are complementary to the earlier lineage specification roles of other bHLH family members. However, such late functions are much more sparsely employed by members of the bHLH transcription factor family, compared to the function of the much more broadly employed homeodomain transcription factor family.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aguilar, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evenblij, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valperga, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, C.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang-Yen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.12.603289</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional analysis of conserved C. elegans bHLH family members uncovers lifespan control by a peptidergic hub neuron]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.12.603299v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A SMARTR workflow for multi-ensemble atlas mapping and brain-wide network analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.12.603299v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the last decade, activity-dependent strategies for labelling multiple immediate early gene (IEG) ensembles in mice have generated unprecedented insight into the mechanisms of memory encoding, storage, and retrieval. However, few strategies exist for brain-wide mapping of multiple ensembles, including their overlapping population, and none incorporate capabilities for downstream network analysis. Here, we introduce a scalable workflow to analyze traditionally coronally-sectioned datasets produced by activity-dependent tagging systems. Intrinsic to this pipeline is simple multi-ensemble atlas registration and statistical testing in R (SMARTTR), an R package which wraps mapping capabilities with functions for statistical analysis and network visualization, and support for import of external datasets. We demonstrate the versatility of SMARTTR by mapping the ensembles underlying the acquisition and expression of learned helplessness (LH), a robust stress model. Applying network analysis, we find that exposure to inescapable shock (IS), compared to context training (CT), results in decreased centrality of regions engaged in spatial and contextual processing and higher influence of regions involved in somatosensory and affective processing. During LH expression, the substantia nigra emerges as a highly influential region which shows a functional reversal following IS, indicating a possible regulatory function of motor activity during helplessness. We also report that IS results in a robust decrease in reactivation activity across a number of cortical, hippocampal, and amygdalar regions, indicating suppression of ensemble reactivation may be a neurobiological signature of LH. These results highlight the emergent insights uniquely garnered by applying our analysis approach to multiple ensemble datasets and demonstrate the strength of our workflow as a hypothesis-generating toolkit.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogundare, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorid, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whye, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leal Santos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franceschini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denny, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.12.603299</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A SMARTR workflow for multi-ensemble atlas mapping and brain-wide network analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.13.603355v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lineage-specific genomic imprinting in the ZNF791 locus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.13.603355v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundGenomic imprinting is the primary epigenetic phenomenon that results in parent-of-origin effects on mammalian development and growth. Research on genomic imprinting in domesticated animals has lagged due to a primary focus on orthologous imprinted genes. This emphasis has limited the discovery of imprinted genes specific to livestock. To identify genomic imprinting in pigs, we generated parthenogenetic porcine embryos alongside biparental normal embryos, and then performed whole-genome bisulfite sequencing and RNA sequencing on these samples.

ResultsIn our analyses, we discovered a maternally methylated differentially methylated region within the orthologous ZNF791 locus in pigs. Additionally, we identified both a major imprinted isoform of the ZNF791-like gene and an unannotated antisense transcript that has not been previously annotated. Importantly, our comparative analyses of the orthologous ZNF791 gene in various eutherian mammals, including humans, non-human primates, rodents, artiodactyls, and dogs, revealed that this gene is subjected to genomic imprinting exclusively in domesticated animals, thereby highlighting lineage-specific imprinting. Furthermore, we explored the potential mechanisms behind the establishment of maternal DNA methylation imprints in porcine and bovine oocytes, supporting the notion that integration of transposable elements, active transcription, and histone modification may collectively contribute to the methylation of embedded intragenic CpG island promoters.

ConclusionsOur findings convey fundamental insights into molecular and evolutionary aspects of livestock species-specific genomic imprinting and provide critical agricultural implications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, I.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, M.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosa-Velazquez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, I.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Relling, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.13.603355</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lineage-specific genomic imprinting in the ZNF791 locus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.16.603632v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Allosteric regulation of the tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B by a protein-protein interaction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.16.603632v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rapid identification of protein-protein interactions has been significantly enabled by mass spectrometry (MS) proteomics-based methods, including affinity purification-MS, crosslinking-MS, and proximity-labeling proteomics. While these methods can reveal networks of interacting proteins, they cannot reveal how specific protein-protein interactions alter protein function or cell signaling. For instance, when two proteins interact, there can be emergent signaling processes driven purely by the individual activities of those proteins being co-localized. Alternatively, protein-protein interactions can allosterically regulate function, enhancing or suppressing activity in response to binding. In this work, we investigate the interaction between the tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B and the adaptor protein Grb2, which have been annotated as binding partners in a number of proteomics studies. This interaction has been postulated to co-localize PTP1B with its substrate IRS-1 by forming a ternary complex, thereby enhancing the dephosphorylation of IRS-1 to suppress insulin signaling. Here, we report that Grb2 binding to PTP1B also allosterically enhances PTP1B catalytic activity. We show that this interaction is dependent on the proline-rich region of PTP1B, which interacts with the C-terminal SH3 domain of Grb2. Using NMR spectroscopy and hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) we show that Grb2 binding alters PTP1B structure and/or dynamics. Finally, we use MS proteomics to identify other interactors of the PTP1B proline-rich region that may also regulate PTP1B function similarly to Grb2. This work presents one of the first examples of a protein allosterically regulating the enzymatic activity of PTP1B and lays the foundation for discovering new mechanisms of PTP1B regulation in cell signaling.

Significance StatementProtein-protein interactions are critical for cell signaling. The interaction between the phosphatase PTP1B and adaptor protein Grb2 co-localizes PTP1B with its substrates, thereby enhancing their dephosphorylation. We show that Grb2 binding also directly modulates PTP1B activity through an allosteric mechanism involving the proline-rich region of PTP1B. Our study reveals a novel mode of PTP1B regulation through a protein-protein interaction that is likely to be exploited by other cellular interactors of this important signaling enzyme.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chartier, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Vlimmeren, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDermott, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keedy, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.16.603632</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Allosteric regulation of the tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B by a protein-protein interaction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.16.603806v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alternative splicing controls pan-neuronal homeobox gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.16.603806v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The pan-neuronally expressed and phylogenetically conserved CUT homeobox gene ceh-44/CUX orchestrates pan-neuronal gene expression throughout the nervous system of C. elegans. As in many other species, including humans, ceh-44/CUX is encoded by a complex locus that also codes for a Golgi-localized protein. How gene expression from this complex locus is controlled and, in C. elegans, directed to all cells of the nervous system has not been investigated. We show here that pan-neuronal expression of CEH-44/CUX is controlled by a pan-neuronal RNA splicing factor, UNC-75/CELF, the C. elegans homolog of vertebrate CELF proteins. UNC-75/CELF temporally and spatially specifies the production of an alternative, CEH-44/CUX homeobox gene-encoding transcript from a ubiquitously expressed gene locus, which also produces a Golgi apparatus-localized golgin protein, CONE-1 ("CASP of nematodes"). During embryogenesis the cone-1/ceh-44 locus exclusively produces the Golgi-localized CONE-1/CASP protein in all tissues, but upon the onset of postmitotic terminal differentiation of neurons, UNC-75/CELF induces the production of the alternative CEH-44/CUX CUT homeobox gene-encoding transcript, exclusively in the nervous system. Hence, UNC-75/CELF-mediated alternative splicing not only directs pan-neuronal gene expression, but also excludes a phylogenetically deeply conserved golgin from the nervous system, paralleling surprising spatial specificities of another golgin that we describe here as well. In summary, our findings provide novel insights into how all cells in a nervous system acquire pan-neuronal identity features.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leyva-Diaz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cesar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorda-Llorens, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdivia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.16.603806</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alternative splicing controls pan-neuronal homeobox gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.20.603676v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oxygen Microenvironments in E. coli Biofilm Nutrient Transport Channels: Insights from Complementary Sensing Approaches 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.20.603676v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chemical gradients and the emergence of distinct microenvironments in biofilms are vital to the stratification, maturation and overall function of microbial communities. These gradients have been well characterised throughout the biofilm mass but the microenvironment of recently discovered nutrient transporting channels in Escherichia coli biofilms remains unexplored. This study employs three different oxygen sensing approaches to provide a robust quantitative overview of the oxygen gradients and microenvironments throughout the biofilm transport channel networks formed by E. coli macrocolony biofilms. Oxygen nanosensing combined with confocal laser scanning microscopy established that the oxygen concentration changes along the length of biofilm transport channels. Electrochemical sensing provided precise quantification of the oxygen profile in the transport channels, showing similar anoxic profiles compared with the adjacent cells. Anoxic biosensing corroborated these approaches, providing an overview of the oxygen utilisation throughout the biomass. The discovery that transport channels maintain oxygen gradients contradicts the previous literature that channels are completely open to the environment along the apical surface of the biofilm. We provide a potential mechanism for the sustenance of channel microenvironments via orthogonal visualisations of biofilm thin sections showing thin layers of actively growing cells. This complete overview of the oxygen environment in biofilm transport channels primes future studies aiming to exploit these emergent structures for new bioremediation approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bottura, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McConnell, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florek, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smiley, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eana, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dayton, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eckartt, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price-Whelan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoskisson, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dietrich, L. E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rooney, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.20.603676</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oxygen Microenvironments in E. coli Biofilm Nutrient Transport Channels: Insights from Complementary Sensing Approaches]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.17.604001v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineering Candida boidinii formate dehydrogenase for activity with NMN(H) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.17.604001v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multi-step enzymatic reaction cascades often involve cofactors that serve as electron donors/acceptors in addition to the primary substrates. The co-localization of cascades can lead to cross-talk and competition, which can be unfavorable for the production of a targeted product. Orthogonal pathways allow reactions of interest to operate independently from the metabolic reactions within a cell; non-canonical cofactor analogs have been explored as a means to create these orthogonal pathways. Here, we aimed to engineer the formate dehydrogenase from Candid boidinii (CbFDH) for activity with the non-canonical cofactor nicotinamide adenine mononucleotide (NMN(H)). We used PyRosetta and structural alignment to design mutations that enable CbFDH to use NMN+ for the oxidation of formate. Although the suggested mutations did not result in enhanced activity with NMN+, we found that PyRosetta was able to easily design single mutations that disrupted all enzymatic activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vainstein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.17.604001</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineering Candida boidinii formate dehydrogenase for activity with NMN(H)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.18.604174v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Amyloid fibril structures link CHCHD10 and CHCHD2 to neurodegeneration. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.18.604174v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CHCHD10 is mutated in rare cases of FTD and ALS and aggregates in mouse models of disease. Here we show that the disordered N-terminal domain of CHCHD10 forms amyloid fibrils and report their cryoEM structure. Disease-associated mutations cannot be accommodated by the WT fibril structure, while sequence differences between CHCHD10 and CHCHD2 are tolerated, explaining the co-aggregation of the two proteins and linking CHCHD10 and CHCHD2 amyloid fibrils to neurodegeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lv, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sayles, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancinelli, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAvoy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shneider, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manfredi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawamata, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eliezer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.18.604174</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Amyloid fibril structures link CHCHD10 and CHCHD2 to neurodegeneration.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.19.604306v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extending the Acute Skin Response Spectrum to Include the Far-UVC 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.19.604306v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Guidance on maximal limits for ultraviolet (UV) exposure has been developed by national and international organizations to protect against adverse effects on human skin and eyes. These guidelines consider the risk of both acute effects (i.e. erythema and photokeratitis) and delayed effects (e.g., skin and ocular cancers) when determining exposure limits, and specify the dose a person can safely receive during an 8-hour period without harmful effects. The determination of these exposure limits relies on the action spectra of photobiological responses triggered by UV radiation that quantify the effectiveness of each wavelength at eliciting each of these effects. With growing interest in using far-UVC (200-235 nm) radiation to control the spread of airborne pathogens, recent arguments have emerged about revisiting exposure limits for UV wavelengths. However, the standard erythema action spectra, which provides some of the quantitative basis for these limits, has not been extended below 240 nm. This study assists to expand the erythema action spectrum to far-UVC wavelengths using a hairless albino mice model. We estimate that inducing acute effects on mouse skin with 222 nm radiation requires a dose of 1,162 mJ/cm2, well above the current ACGIH skin exposure limit of 480 mJ/cm2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez-Bayona, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hashmi, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buonanno, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuryak, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponnaiya, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleiman, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.19.604306</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extending the Acute Skin Response Spectrum to Include the Far-UVC]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.19.604332v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long-lived adult-born hippocampal neurons promote successful cognitive aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.19.604332v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging is commonly associated with a decline in memory abilities, yet some individuals remain resilient with preserved memory abilities. Memory processing is critically dependent on adult neurogenesis, a unique form of plasticity in the hippocampus. However, it remains unknown if cognitive aging influences the integration and role of adult-born hippocampal neurons (ABNs) generated early in adult life. Here, we investigated the role of long-lived ABNs in rats characterized as either resilient or vulnerable to cognitive aging using a peudo-longitudinal approach. Our findings reveal that long-lived ABNs support successful cognitive aging by preserving their synaptic inputs onto the proximal segments of their dendrites, and that these proximal synaptic sites also demonstrate a maintenance of their mitochondrial homeostasis. Furthermore, by-passing the reduced inputs of ABNs in vulnerable rats through direct optogenetic stimulation successfully improved their memory abilities. Overall, our data indicate that the maintenance of long-lived ABNs integration within the neuronal network is essential for successful cognitive aging, highlighting their potential as a therapeutic target for restoring cognitive functions in old age.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=141 SRC="FIGDIR/small/604332v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charrier, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrugia, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cartier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pacary, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koehl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lois, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lie, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masachs, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrous, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.19.604332</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long-lived adult-born hippocampal neurons promote successful cognitive aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.22.604482v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Orphan G Protein-Coupled Receptor GPR52 is a Novel Regulator of Breast Cancer Multicellular Organization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.22.604482v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Statement of SignificanceWe showed that loss of the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR52 in human breast cell lines leads to increased cell clustering, hybrid/partial EMT, and increased tumor burden in zebrafish.

BackgroundG protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest class of membrane-bound receptors that transmit critical signals from extracellular to intracellular spaces. Transcriptomic data of resected breast tumors show that low mRNA expression of orphan GPCR GPR52 correlates with reduced overall survival in patients with breast cancer, leading to the hypothesis that loss of GPR52 supports breast cancer progression.

MethodsCRISPR-Cas9 was used to knockout GPR52 in the human triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines MDA-MB-468 and MDA-MB-231, and in the non-cancerous breast epithelial cell line MCF10A. 2D and 3D in vitro studies, electron microscopy, Matrigel culture, and a zebrafish xenograft model were used to assess the morphology and behavior of GPR52 KO cells. RNA-sequencing and proteomic analyses were also conducted on these cell lines, and transcriptomic data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database were used to compare GPR52-null and wild-type (WT) signatures in breast cancer.

ResultsLoss of GPR52 was found to be associated with increased cell-cell interaction in 2D cultures, altered 3D spheroid morphology, and increased propensity to organize and invade collectively in Matrigel. Furthermore, GPR52 loss was associated with features of EMT in MDA-MB-468 cells, and zebrafish injected with GPR52 KO cells developed a greater total cancer area than those injected with control cells. RNA sequencing and proteomic analyses of GPR52-null breast cancer cells revealed an increased cAMP signaling signature. Consistently, we found that treatment of wild-type (WT) cells with forskolin, which stimulates the production of cAMP, induces phenotypic changes associated with GPR52 loss, and inhibition of cAMP production rescued some GPR52 KO phenotypes.

ConclusionGPR52 is an orphan GPCR and its role in cancer progression has not been previously characterized. We found that GPR52 loss in breast cancer cells can lead to increased cell clustering, collective invasion, and EMT in vitro. These are features of increased cancer aggression. Our results reveal that GPR52 loss is a potential mechanism by which breast cancer progression may occur and support the investigation of GPR52 agonism as a therapeutic option for breast cancer.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=169 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/604482v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hanif, S. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Au, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torregroza, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jannath, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabiha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhinder, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Washburn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devost, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhardwaj, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anand, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarran, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palikhe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elemento, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dow, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blenis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hebert, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.22.604482</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Orphan G Protein-Coupled Receptor GPR52 is a Novel Regulator of Breast Cancer Multicellular Organization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.22.604599v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dietary iron deficiency impairs effector function of memory T cells following influenza infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.22.604599v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The establishment of memory T cell responses is critical to protection against pathogens and is influenced by the conditions under which memory formation occurs. Iron is an essential micronutrient for multiple immunologic processes and nutritional deficiency is a common problem worldwide. Despite its prevalence, the impact of nutritional iron deficiency on the establishment of memory T cell responses is not fully understood. In this study we investigate the impact of nutritional iron deficiency on the generation, phenotype, and function of memory T cell responses using a murine model of dietary iron modulation in the context of influenza infection. Iron deficient mice have decreased systemic iron levels and develop significant anemia. Increased T cell expression of the transferrin receptor (CD71) is seen in iron deficient mice at baseline. During primary influenza infection, iron deficient mice experience increased weight loss and phenotypic evidence of impairments in T cell activation. Following recovery from infection, iron deficient mice generate increased influenza specific memory T cells which exhibit impaired ability to produce IFN{gamma}, most notably within the lung. Importantly, the ability to produce IFN{gamma} and TNF is not recovered by co-culture with iron replete dendritic cells, suggesting a T cell intrinsic alteration in functional memory formation. Altogether, these results isolate a critical effect of nutritional iron deficiency on T cell memory development and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bradley, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Carpia, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Idzikowski, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guyer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pethe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hod, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connors, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.22.604599</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dietary iron deficiency impairs effector function of memory T cells following influenza infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.22.604632v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional optimization in distinct tissues and conditions constrains the rate of protein evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.22.604632v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the main determinants of protein evolution is a fundamental challenge in biology. Despite many decades of active research, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the substantial variability of evolutionary rates across cellular proteins are not currently well understood. It also remains unclear how protein molecular function is optimized in the context of multicellular species and why many proteins, such as enzymes, are only moderately efficient on average. Our analysis of genomics and functional datasets reveals in multiple organisms a strong inverse relationship between the optimality of protein molecular function and the rate of protein evolution. Furthermore, we find that highly expressed proteins tend to be substantially more functionally optimized. These results suggest that cellular expression costs lead to more pronounced functional optimization of abundant proteins, and that the purifying selection to maintain high levels of functional optimality significantly slows protein evolution. We observe that in multicellular species both the rate of protein evolution and the degree of protein functional efficiency are primarily affected by expression in several distinct cell types and tissues. Specifically, in developed neurons with upregulated synaptic processes in animals and in young and fast-growing tissues in plants. Overall, our analysis reveals how various constraints from the molecular, cellular, and species levels of biological organization jointly affect the rate of protein evolution and the level of protein functional adaptation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Usmanova, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plata, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitkup, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.22.604632</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional optimization in distinct tissues and conditions constrains the rate of protein evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.22.604682v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A potent and selective reaction hijacking inhibitor of Plasmodium falciparum tyrosine tRNA synthetase exhibits single dose oral efficacy in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.22.604682v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Plasmodium falciparum cytoplasmic tyrosine tRNA synthetase (PfTyrRS) is an attractive drug target that is susceptible to reaction-hijacking by AMP-mimicking nucleoside sulfamates. We previously identified an exemplar pyrazolopyrimidine ribose sulfamate, ML901, as a potent pro-inhibitor of PfTyrRS. Here we examined the stage specificity of action of ML901, showing very good activity against the schizont stage, but lower trophozoite stage activity. We explored a series of ML901 analogues and identified ML471, which exhibits improved potency against trophozoites and enhanced selectivity against a human cell line. Additionally, it has no inhibitory activity against human ubiquitin-activating enzyme (UAE) in vitro. ML471 exhibits low nanomolar activity against asexual blood stage P. falciparum and potent activity against liver stage parasites, gametocytes and transmissible gametes. It is fast-acting and exhibits a long in vivo half-life. ML471 is well-tolerated and shows single dose oral efficacy in the SCID mouse model of P. falciparum malaria. We confirm that ML471 is a pro-inhibitor that is converted into a tight binding Tyr-ML471 conjugate by the PfTyrRS enzyme. A crystal structure of the PfTyrRS/ Tyr-ML471 complex offers insights into improved potency, while molecular docking into UAE provides a rationale for improved selectivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tilley, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tai, C.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wittlin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dogovski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salimimarand, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>England, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de la Curz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deni, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkhard, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Striepen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schindler, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crespo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamo, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khandokar, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutton, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabie, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birkholtz, L.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Famodimu, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delves, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolsher, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koolen, K. M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Laak, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguiar, A. C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creek, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fidock, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dick, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brand, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gould, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langston, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, M. D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.22.604682</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A potent and selective reaction hijacking inhibitor of Plasmodium falciparum tyrosine tRNA synthetase exhibits single dose oral efficacy in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.23.604815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Entorhinal cortex represents task-relevant remote locations independent of CA1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.23.604815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons can collectively represent the current sensory experience while an animal is exploring its environment or remote experiences while the animal is immobile. These remote representations can reflect learned associations1-3 and be required for learning4. Neurons in the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) reflect the animals current location during movement5, but little is known about what MEC neurons collectively represent during immobility. Here, we recorded thousands of neurons in superficial MEC and dorsal CA1 as mice learned to associate two pairs of rewarded locations. We found that during immobility, the MEC neural population frequently represented positions far from the animals location, which we defined as  non-local coding. Cells with spatial firing fields at remote locations drove non-local coding, even as cells representing the current position remained active. While MEC non-local coding has been reported during sharp-wave ripples in downstream CA16, we observed non-local coding more often outside of ripples. In fact, CA1 activity was less coordinated with MEC during non-local coding. We further observed that non-local coding was pertinent to the task, as MEC preferentially represented remote task-relevant locations at appropriate times, while rarely representing task-irrelevant locations. Together, this work raises the possibility that MEC non-local coding could strengthen associations between locations independently from CA1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aery Jones, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Low, I. I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giocomo, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.23.604815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Entorhinal cortex represents task-relevant remote locations independent of CA1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.24.604989v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vivo quantification of anterior and posterior chamber volumes in mice: implications for aqueous humor dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.24.604989v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeAqueous humor inflow rate, a key parameter influencing aqueous humor dynamics, is typically measured by fluorophotometery. Analyzing fluorophotometric data depends, inter alia, on the volume of aqueous humor in the anterior, but not the posterior, chamber. Previous fluorophotometric studies of aqueous inflow rate in mice have assumed the ratio of anterior:posterior volumes in mice to be similar to those in humans. Our goal was to measure anterior and posterior chamber volumes in mice to facilitate better estimates of aqueous inflow rates.

MethodsWe used standard near-infrared optical coherence tomography (OCT) and robotic visible-light OCT (vis-OCT) to visualize, reconstruct and quantify the volumes of the anterior and posterior chambers of the mouse eye in vivo. We used histology and micro-CT scans to validate relevant landmarks from ex vivo tissues to facilitate in vivo measurement.

ResultsPosterior chamber volume is 1.1 times the anterior chamber volume in BALB/cAnNCrl mice, i.e. the anterior chamber constitutes about 47% of the total aqueous humor volume, which is very dissimilar to the situation in humans. Anterior chamber volumes in 2-month-old BALB/cAnNCrl and 7-month-old C57BL6/J mice were 1.55 {+/-} 0.36 {micro}L (n=10) and 2.41 {+/-} 0.29 {micro}L (n=8), respectively. This implies that previous studies likely over-estimated aqueous inflow rate by approximately two-fold.

ConclusionsIt is necessary to reassess previously reported estimates of aqueous inflow rates, and thus aqueous humor dynamics in the mouse. For example, we now estimate that only 0-15% of aqueous humor drains via the pressure-independent (unconventional) route, similar to that seen in humans and monkeys.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, S. W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamer, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ethier, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.24.604989</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vivo quantification of anterior and posterior chamber volumes in mice: implications for aqueous humor dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.25.605047v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
How to reward animals based on their subjective percepts: A Bayesian approach to online estimation of perceptual biases. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.25.605047v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1.Elucidating the neural basis of perceptual biases, such as those produced by visual illusions, can provide powerful insights into the neural mechanisms of perceptual inference. However, studying the subjective percepts of animals poses a fundamental challenge: unlike human participants, animals cannot be verbally instructed to report what they see, hear, or feel. Instead, they must be trained to perform a task for reward, and researchers must infer from their responses what the animal perceived. However, animals responses are shaped by reward feedback, thus raising the major concern that the reward regimen may alter the animals decision strategy or even their intrinsic perceptual biases. Using simulations of a reinforcement learning agent, we demonstrate that conventional reward strategies fail to allow accurate estimation of perceptual biases. We developed a method that estimates perceptual bias during task performance and then computes the reward for each trial based on the evolving estimate of the animals perceptual bias. Our approach makes use of multiple stimulus contexts to dissociate perceptual biases from decision-related biases. Starting with an informative prior, our Bayesian method updates a posterior over the perceptual bias after each trial. The prior can be specified based on data from past sessions, thus reducing the variability of the online estimates and allowing it to converge to a stable estimate over a small number of trials. After validating our method on synthetic data, we apply it to estimate perceptual biases of monkeys in a motion direction discrimination task in which varying background optic flow induces robust perceptual biases. This method overcomes an important challenge to understanding the neural basis of subjective percepts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lengyel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shivkumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anzai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiRisio, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haefner, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeAngelis, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.25.605047</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[How to reward animals based on their subjective percepts: A Bayesian approach to online estimation of perceptual biases.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.26.605158v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FZD2 inhibits YAP and prevents cell cycle reentry in adult murine cardiomyocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.26.605158v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RationaleFully differentiated cardiomyocytes (CMs) are post-mitotic and cannot repopulate damaged tissue after myocardial infarction (MI). Understanding the mechanisms preventing CM proliferation or promoting their survival after injury may lead to treatment strategies for MI. While the effects of canonical WNT/{beta}-catenin signaling in adult CMs have been examined, roles for non-canonical WNT signaling in cardiac homeostasis and repair remain unexplored.

ObjectiveTo determine the function of the non-canonical WNT receptor frizzled 2 (FZD2) in adult cardiac homeostasis and injury.

Methods and ResultsFZD2 was deleted from the CMs of adult mice to investigate its role in myocardial homeostasis. Fzd2 conditional knockout (CKO) mice had cardiomegaly but not hypertrophy. FZD2-deficient CMs expressed proliferation and cytokinesis markers, suggesting that they have increased proliferation potential. FZD2-deletion caused the accumulation of {beta}-catenin. However, {beta}-catenin localized to the membranes of FZD2-deficient CMs and did not activate target gene expression. Instead, the YES-associated protein (YAP) regulated genes v-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene 1 (Mycl), and B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 (Bcl2l1) were upregulated in Fzd2 CKO CMs relative to controls. Knockdown of FZD2 increased YAP activity in neonatal ventricular CMs (NVCMs), while overexpressing FZD2 inhibited YAP. Neither {beta}-catenin knockdown nor mutating the large tumor suppressor 1 and 2 (LATS1/2) target site on YAP blocked the effects of FZD2 on YAP in NVCMs, suggesting that FZD2 utilizes different effectors than canonical WNT and Hippo signaling. Fzd2 CKO and control mice were subjected to MI to determine if FZD2-deletion affects cardiac repair. While ischemia and necrosis were similar 24 hours post MI, Fzd2 CKO mice had better cardiac function and less scarring than controls.

ConclusionsFZD2 reduces YAP activity and prevents adult murine CMs from reentering the cell cycle. FZD2-deletion improves heart function and reduces scarring in mice after MI, implicating FZD2 as a target for pharmacological intervention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bisson, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quijada, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lighthouse, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helt, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrisey, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brookes, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Small, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.26.605158</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FZD2 inhibits YAP and prevents cell cycle reentry in adult murine cardiomyocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.26.605239v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimized reporters for multiplexed detection of transcription factor activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.26.605239v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In any given cell type, dozens of transcription factors (TFs) act in concert to control the activity of the genome by binding to specific DNA sequences in regulatory elements. Despite their considerable importance in determining cell identity and their pivotal role in numerous disorders, we currently lack simple tools to directly measure the activity of many TFs in parallel. Massively parallel reporter assays (MPRAs) allow the detection of TF activities in a multiplexed fashion; however, we lack basic understanding to rationally design sensitive reporters for many TFs. Here, we use an MPRA to systematically optimize transcriptional reporters for 86 TFs and evaluate the specificity of all reporters across a wide array of TF perturbation conditions. We thus identified critical TF reporter design features and obtained highly sensitive and specific reporters for 60 TFs, many of which outperform available reporters. The resulting collection of "prime" TF reporters can be used to uncover TF regulatory networks and to illuminate signaling pathways.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LISystematic design and optimization of transcriptional reporters for 86 TFs
C_LIO_LICharacterization of TF-specific reporter design optimization rules
C_LIO_LIEvaluation of reporter TF-specificity across a wide array of TF perturbations
C_LIO_LIIdentification of a collection of 60 "prime" TF reporters with optimized performance
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trauernicht, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filipovska, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rastogi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Steensel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.26.605239</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimized reporters for multiplexed detection of transcription factor activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.27.605444v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterizing microglial signaling dynamics during inflammation using single-cell mass cytometry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.27.605444v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microglia play a critical role in maintaining central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis and display remarkable plasticity in their response to inflammatory stimuli. However, the specific signaling profiles that microglia adopt during such challenges remain incompletely understood. Traditional transcriptomic approaches provide valuable insights, but fail to capture dynamic post-translational changes. In this study, we utilized time-resolved single-cell mass cytometry (CyTOF) to measure distinct signaling pathways activated in microglia upon exposure to bacterial and viral mimetics--lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly(I:C)), respectively. Furthermore, we evaluated the immunomodulatory role of astrocytes on microglial signaling in mixed cultures. Microglia or mixed cultures derived from neonatal mice were treated with LPS or Poly(I:C) for 48 hrs. Cultures were stained with a panel of 33 metal-conjugated antibodies targeting signaling and identity markers. High-dimensional clustering analysis was used to identify emergent signaling modules. We found that LPS treatment led to more robust early activation of pp38, pERK, pRSK, and pCREB compared to Poly(I:C). Despite these differences, both LPS and Poly(I:C) upregulated the classical activation markers CD40 and CD86 at later time-points. Strikingly, the presence of astrocytes significantly blunted microglial responses to both stimuli, particularly dampening CD40 upregulation. Our studies demonstrate that single-cell mass cytometry effectively captures the dynamic signaling landscape of microglia under pro-inflammatory conditions. This approach may pave the way for targeted therapeutic investigations of various neuroinflammatory disorders. Moreover, our findings underscore the necessity of considering cellular context, such as astrocyte presence, in interpreting microglial behavior during inflammation.

Main PointsTime-resolved single cell mass cytometry delineates microglial signaling pathways following LPS or Poly(I:C) treatment. Astrocyte presence led to selective reduction of key microglial signaling nodes along with terminal inflammatory profiles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahle, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keeler, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zunder, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deppmann, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.27.605444</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterizing microglial signaling dynamics during inflammation using single-cell mass cytometry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.29.605696v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Low-side and multitone suppression in the base of the gerbil cochlea 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.29.605696v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cochleas mechanical response to sound stimulation is nonlinear, likely due to saturation of the mechano-electric transduction current that is part of an electromechanical feedback loop. The ability of a second tone or tones to reduce the response to a probe tone is one manifestation of nonlinearity, termed suppression. Using optical coherence tomography to measure motion within the organ of Corti, regional motion variations have been observed. Here, we report on the suppression that occurs within the organ of Corti when a high sound level, low frequency suppressor tone was delivered along with a sweep of discreet single-tones. Responses were measured in the base of the gerbil cochlea at two characteristic frequency locations, with two different directions of observation relative to the sensory tissues anatomical axes. Suppression extended over a wide frequency range in the outer hair cell region, whereas it was typically limited to the characteristic frequency peak in the reticular lamina region and at the basilar membrane. Aspects of the observed suppression were consistent with the effect of a saturating nonlinearity. Recent measurements have noted the three-dimensional nature of organ of Corti motion. The effects of suppression observed here could be due to a combination of reduced motion amplitude and altered vibration axis.

Significance StatementThe mammalian auditory organ, the cochlea, relies on a nonlinear active process to achieve sensitivity to low-level sounds and sharp frequency selectivity. Recent work using novel interferometric techniques has revealed complex and nonlinear vibration patterns within the cochleas sensory tissue. In this study, the motion response to a pure tone was reduced by additional "suppressor" tones. The observed motion reduction was consistent with the effect of a saturating nonlinearity, possibly compounded by alterations in the axis of cellular vibration, and thus underscoring the 3-dimensional character of cell-based cochlear mechanical activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Strimbu, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, E. S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.29.605696</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Low-side and multitone suppression in the base of the gerbil cochlea]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.30.605849v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Capillary connections between sensory circumventricular organs and adjacent parenchyma enable local volume transmission 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.30.605849v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Among contributors to diffusible signaling are portal systems which join two capillary beds through connecting veins (Dorland 2020). Portal systems allow diffusible signals to be transported in high concentrations directly from one capillary bed to the other without dilution in the systemic circulation. Two portal systems have been identified in the brain. The first was discovered almost a century ago and connects the median eminence to the anterior pituitary gland (Popa & Fielding 1930). The second was discovered a few years ago, and links the suprachiasmatic nucleus to the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, a sensory circumventricular organ (CVO) (Yao et al. 2021). Sensory CVOs bear neuronal receptors for sensing signals in the fluid milieu (McKinley et al. 2003). They line the surface of brain ventricles and bear fenestrated capillaries, thereby lacking blood brain barriers. It is not known whether the other sensory CVOs, namely the subfornical organ (SFO), and area postrema (AP) form portal neurovascular connections with nearby parenchymal tissue. This has been difficult to establish as the structures lie at the midline and protrude into the ventricular space. To preserve the integrity of the vasculature of CVOs and their adjacent neuropil, we combined iDISCO clearing and light-sheet microscopy to acquire volumetric images of blood vessels. The results indicate that there is a portal pathway linking the capillary vessels of the SFO and the posterior septal nuclei, namely the septofimbrial nucleus and the triangular nucleus of the septum. Unlike the latter arrangement, the AP and the nucleus of the solitary tract share their capillary beds. Taken together, the results reveal that all three sensory circumventricular organs bear specialized capillary connections to adjacent neuropil, providing a direct route for diffusible signals to travel from their source to their targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silver, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.30.605849</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Capillary connections between sensory circumventricular organs and adjacent parenchyma enable local volume transmission]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.31.606092v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SMURF1/2 are novel regulators of WNK1 stability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.31.606092v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Angiogenesis is essential for remodeling and repairing existing vessels, and this process requires signaling pathways including those controlled by transforming growth factor beta (TGF-{beta}). We have previously reported crosstalk between TGF-{beta} and the protein kinase With No lysine (K) 1 (WNK1). Homozygous disruption of the gene encoding WNK1 results in lethality in mice near embryonic day E12 due to impaired angiogenesis and this defect can be rescued by endothelial-specific expression of an activated form of the WNK1 substrate kinase Oxidative Stress-Responsive 1 (OSR1). However, molecular processes regulated via a collaboration between TGF-{beta} and WNK1/OSR1 are not well understood. Here we show that WNK1 interacts with the E3 ubiquitin ligases SMURF1/2. In addition, we discovered that WNK1 regulates SMURF1/2 protein stability and vice versa. We also demonstrate that WNK1 activity regulates TGF-{beta} receptor levels, in turn, controlling TGF-{beta} signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jaykumar, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plumber, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binns, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wichaidit, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luby-Phelps, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cobb, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.31.606092</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SMURF1/2 are novel regulators of WNK1 stability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.11.607514v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local Synthesis of Reticulon-1C Lessens the Outgrowth of Injured Axons by Controlling Spastin Activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.11.607514v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The regenerative potential of developing cortical axons depends on intrinsic mechanisms, such as axon-autonomous protein synthesis, that are still not fully understood. An emerging factor in this regenerative response is the bi-directional interplay between microtubule dynamics and the axonal endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We hypothesize that locally synthesized ER proteins regulate microtubule dynamics and the regeneration of cortical axons. RNA data-mining identified the ER-shaping protein Reticulon-1 as a relevant candidate across eight axonal transcriptomes. Using microfluidic chambers, we demonstrate that local knockdown of Reticulon-1 synthesis increases the outgrowth of injured cortical axons while reducing their distal tubulin levels. Furthermore, we show by live-cell imaging that axonal Reticulon-1 knockdown restores the microtubule growth rate and track length modified by injury. Interestingly, local inhibition of the microtubule- severing protein Spastin prevents the axonal knockdown-mediated effects over outgrowth and tubulin levels. We demonstrate that the Reticulon-1C isoform is locally synthesized within axons and support its isoform-specific role in attenuating Spastin-mediated microtubule severing. These findings uncover a mechanism by which axonal protein synthesis finely controls microtubule dynamics and outgrowth upon injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luarte, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallardo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corvalan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gouveia-Roque, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contreras, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acevedo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuschratter, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrera, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyneken, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paula Lima, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adasme, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figueroa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Billault, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hengst, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couve, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.11.607514</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local Synthesis of Reticulon-1C Lessens the Outgrowth of Injured Axons by Controlling Spastin Activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.12.606135v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Results of the Protein Engineering Tournament: An Open Science Benchmark for Protein Modeling and Design 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.12.606135v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The grand challenge of protein engineering is the development of computational models to characterize and generate protein sequences for arbitrary functions. Progress is limited by lack of 1) benchmarking opportunities, 2) large protein function datasets, and 3) access to experimental protein characterization. We introduce the Protein Engineering Tournament--a fully-remote competition designed to foster the development and evaluation of computational approaches in protein engineering. The tournament consists of an in silico round, predicting biophysical properties from protein sequences, followed by an in vitro round where novel protein sequences are designed, expressed and characterized using automated methods. Upon completion, all datasets, experimental protocols, and methods are made publicly available. We detail the structure and outcomes of a pilot Tournament involving seven protein design teams, powered by six multi-objective datasets, with experimental characterization by our partner, International Flavors and Fragrances. Forthcoming Protein Engineering Tournaments aim to mobilize the scientific community towards transparent evaluation of progress in the field.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=113 SRC="FIGDIR/small/606135v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Armer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kane, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortade, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redestig, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estell, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yusuf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rollins, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spinner, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marks, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunette, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeBenedictis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.12.606135</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Results of the Protein Engineering Tournament: An Open Science Benchmark for Protein Modeling and Design]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.12.607496v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pemivibart is less active against recent SARS-CoV-2 JN.1 sublineages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.12.607496v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protection from COVID-19 vaccination is suboptimal in many immunocompromised individuals. In March 2024, the Food and Drug Administration issued an Emergency Use Authorization for pemivibart (Permagard/VYD222), an engineered human monoclonal antibody, for pre-exposure prophylaxis in this vulnerable population. However, SARS-CoV-2 has since evolved extensively, resulting in multiple Omicron JN.1 sublineages. We therefore evaluated the in vitro neutralizing activity of pemivibart against the prevalent forms of JN.1, including KP.2, KP.3, KP.2.3, LB.1, and, importantly, KP.3.1.1, which is now expanding most rapidly. A panel of VSV-based pseudoviruses representing major JN.1 sublineages was generated to assess their susceptibility to pemivibart neutralization in vitro. Structural analyses were then conducted to understand the impact of specific spike mutations on the virus-neutralization results. Pemivibart neutralized both JN.1 and KP.2 in vitro with comparable activity, whereas its potency was decreased slightly against LB.1, KP.2.3, and KP.3 but substantially against KP.3.1.1. Critically, the 50% inhibitory concentration of pemivibart against KP.3.1.1 was [~]6 {micro}g/mL, or [~]32.7 fold higher than that of JN.1 in our study. Structural analyses suggest that Q493E and the S31-deletion mutations in viral spike contribute to the antibody evasion, with the latter having a more pronounced effect. Our findings show that pemivibart has lost substantial neutralizing activity in vitro against KP.3.1.1, the most rapidly expanding lineage of SARS-CoV-2 today. Close monitoring of its clinical efficacy is therefore warranted. These results also highlight the imperative to expand our arsenal of preventive agents to protect millions of immunocompromised individuals who could not respond robustly to COVID-19 vaccines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.12.607496</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pemivibart is less active against recent SARS-CoV-2 JN.1 sublineages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.13.607797v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatially organized striatal neuromodulator release encodes trajectory errors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.13.607797v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Goal-directed navigation requires animals to continuously evaluate their current direction and speed of travel relative to landmarks to discern whether they are approaching or deviating from their goal. Striatal dopamine and acetylcholine are powerful modulators of goal-directed behavior, but it is unclear whether and how neuromodulator dynamics at landmarks incorporate relative motion for effective behavioral guidance. Using optical measurements in mice, we demonstrate that cue-evoked striatal dopamine release encodes bi-directional  trajectory errors reflecting relationships between ongoing speed and direction of locomotion and visual flow relative to optimal goal trajectories. Striatum-wide micro-fiber array recordings resolved an anatomical gradient of trajectory error signaling across the anterior-posterior axis, distinct from trajectory error independent cue signals. Dynamic regression modeling revealed that positive and negative trajectory error encoding emerges early and late respectively during learning and over different time courses in the medial and lateral striatum, enabling region specific contributions to learning. Striatal acetylcholine release also encodes trajectory errors, but encoding is more spatially restricted, opposite polarity, and delayed relative to dopamine, supporting distinct roles in modulating striatal output and behavior. Dopamine trajectory error signaling and task performance were reproduced in a reinforcement learning model incorporating a conjunctive state space representation, suggesting a potential neural substrate for trajectory error generation. Our results establish region specific neuromodulator signals positioned to guide the speed and direction of locomotion to reach goals based on environmental landmarks during navigation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brown, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vu, M.-A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouabid, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godfrey-Nwachukwu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attarwala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litwin-Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DePasquale, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.13.607797</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatially organized striatal neuromodulator release encodes trajectory errors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.12.607592v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic signatures of mouse ovarian aging and estropausal transition at single cell resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.12.607592v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Female reproductive aging affects fertility and overall health. Functional decline in mouse ovary during reproductive aging is accompanied by estrous cycle prolongation and cessation. However, the molecular mechanism underlying reproductive aging concomitant with such cycle changes remains unclear. Using single-cell transcriptomics, we characterized aging signatures in mouse ovaries across the reproductive lifespan ranging from reproductively young (regular cycle) through peri-estropause (regular vs. irregular cycles) to post-estropause age (acyclic). Reproductive aging significantly remodeled cell compositions and increased transcriptional heterogeneity, with more pronounced changes post-estropause, exhibiting coordinated alterations across cell types in the ovary. Genes undergoing monotonic changes during reproductive aging across cell types were consistently enriched in the conserved pathways of aging, including oxidative phosphorylation, stress responses, and proteostasis. Additionally, cell type-specific changes were identified including dysregulation of hormone synthesis in granulosa cells, alterations in collagen and hyaluronan metabolism in stromal and early theca cells, and functional decline of a unique phagocytosis-associated macrophage. Aging also led to a significant decrease in cell-cell communications, particularly between stromal and granulosa cells, and an increase in extracellular vesicle secretion. Furthermore, we found increased expression of the senescence marker Cdkn1a and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) factors during ovarian aging, especially in granulosa cells. Notably, most of these aging-associated changes were more pronounced in irregular cycling ovaries compared to the regular cycling counterparts at the same age during the peri-estropause stage, suggesting that aging-related molecular changes in the ovary drive the estropausal transition in mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contreras, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suh, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.12.607592</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic signatures of mouse ovarian aging and estropausal transition at single cell resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.12.607604v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial mapping of immunosuppressive cancer-associated fibroblast gene signatures in H&E-stained images using additive multiple instance learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.12.607604v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The relative abundance of cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) subtypes influences a tumors response to treatment, especially immunotherapy. However, the extent to which the underlying tumor composition associates with CAF subtype-specific gene expression is unclear. Here, we describe an interpretable machine learning (ML) approach, additive multiple instance learning (aMIL), to predict bulk gene expression signatures from H&E-stained whole slide images (WSI), focusing on an immunosuppressive LRRC15+ CAF-enriched TGF{beta}-CAF signature. aMIL models accurately predicted TGF{beta}-CAF across various cancer types. Tissue regions contributing most highly to slide-level predictions of TGF{beta}-CAF were evaluated by ML models characterizing spatial distributions of diverse cell and tissue types, stromal subtypes, and nuclear morphology. In breast cancer, regions contributing most to TGF{beta}-CAF-high predictions ("excitatory") were localized to cancer stroma with high fibroblast density and mature collagen fibers. Regions contributing most to TGF{beta}-CAF-low predictions ("inhibitory") were localized to cancer epithelium and densely inflamed stroma. Fibroblast and lymphocyte nuclear morphology also differed between excitatory and inhibitory regions. Thus, aMIL enables a data-driven link between tissue phenotype and transcription, offering biological interpretability beyond typical black-box models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Markey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerardin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brosnan-Cashman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javed, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juyal, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padigela, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahsepar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hennek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khosla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor-Weiner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parmar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.12.607604</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial mapping of immunosuppressive cancer-associated fibroblast gene signatures in H&E-stained images using additive multiple instance learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.13.607773v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Statistical estimation of sparsity and efficiency for molecular codes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.13.607773v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWA fundamental biological question is to understand how cell types and functions are determined by genomic and proteomic coding. A basic form of this question is to ask if small families of genes or proteins code for cell types. For example, it has been shown that the collection of homeodomain proteins can uniquely delineate all 118 neuron classes in the nematode C. elegans. However, unique characterization is neither robust nor rare. Our goal in this paper is to develop a rigorous methodology to characterize molecular codes.

We show that in fact for information-theoretic reasons almost any sufficiently large collection of genes is able to disambiguate cell types, and that this property is not robust to noise. To quantify the discriminative properties of a molecular codebook in a more refined way, we develop new statistics - partition cardinality and partition entropy - borrowing ideas from coding theory. We prove these are robust to data perturbations, and then apply these in the C. elegans example and in cancer. In the worm, we show that the homeodomain transcription factor family is distinguished by coding for cell types sparsely and efficiently compared to a control of randomly selected family of genes. Furthermore, the resolution of cell type identities defined using molecular features increases as the worm embryo develops. In cancer, we perform a pan-cancer study where we use our statistics to quantify interpatient tumor heterogeneity and we identify the chromosome containing the HLA family as sparsely and efficiently coding for melanoma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fung, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carriere, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blumberg, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.13.607773</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Statistical estimation of sparsity and efficiency for molecular codes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.14.607669v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-strategies embedded framework for neoantigen vaccine maturation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.14.607669v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Effective cancer immunotherapy hinges on the precise recognition of neoantigens, presented as binary complexes with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, by T cell receptors (TCR). The development of immunogenic peptide predictors and generators plays a central role in personalizing immunotherapies while reducing experimental costs. However, the current methods often fall short in leveraging structural data efficiently and providing comprehensive guidance for neoantigen selection. To address these limitations, we introduce NEOM, a novel neoantigen maturation framework encompassing five distinct modules: "policy", "structure", "evaluation", "selection" and "filter". This framework is designed to enhance precision, interpretability, customizability and cost-effectiveness in neoantigen screening. We evaluated NEOM using a set of random synthetic peptides, followed by available clinically-derived peptides. NEOM achieved higher performance on generated peptide quality compared to other baseline models. Using established predictors for filtering revealed a substantial number of peptides with immunogenic potential. Subsequently, a more rigorous binding affinity evaluation using free energy perturbation methods identified 6 out of 38 candidates showing superior binding characteristics. MHC tetramer peptide exchange assays and flow cytometry experiments further validate five of them. These results demonstrate that NEOM not only excels in identifying diverse peptides with enhanced binding stability and affinity for MHC molecules but also augments their immunogenic potential, showcasing its utility in advancing personalized immunotherapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.14.607669</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-strategies embedded framework for neoantigen vaccine maturation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.14.608000v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell type-specific dysregulation of gene expression due to Chd8 haploinsufficiency during mouse cortical development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.14.608000v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Disruptive variants in the chromodomain helicase CHD8, which acts as a transcriptional regulator during neurodevelopment, are strongly associated with risk for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Loss of CHD8 function is hypothesized to perturb gene regulatory networks in the developing brain, thereby contributing to ASD etiology. However, insight into the cell type-specific transcriptional effects of CHD8 loss of function remains limited. We used single-cell and single-nucleus RNA-sequencing to globally profile gene expression and identify dysregulated genes in the embryonic and juvenile wild type and Chd8+/- mouse cortex, respectively. Chd8 and other ASD risk-associated genes showed a convergent expression trajectory that was largely conserved between the mouse and human developing cortex, increasing from the progenitor zones to the cortical plate. Genes associated with risk for neurodevelopmental disorders and genes involved in neuron projection development, chromatin remodeling, signaling, and migration were dysregulated in Chd8+/- embryonic day (E) 12.5 radial glia. Genes implicated in synaptic organization and activity were dysregulated in Chd8+/- postnatal day (P) 25 deep- and upper-layer excitatory cortical neurons, suggesting a delay in synaptic maturation or impaired synaptogenesis due to CHD8 loss of function. Our findings reveal a complex pattern of transcriptional dysregulation in Chd8+/- developing cortex, potentially with distinct biological impacts on progenitors and maturing neurons in the excitatory neuronal lineage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yim, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumgartner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krenzer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larios, M. F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill-Teran, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nottoli, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muhle, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noonan, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.14.608000</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell type-specific dysregulation of gene expression due to Chd8 haploinsufficiency during mouse cortical development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.15.608136v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The genetic landscape of antibiotic sensitivity in Staphylococcus aureus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.15.608136v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A comprehensive genetic landscape of antibiotic sensitivity in Staphylococcus aureus is lacking. Using ultra-dense CRISPR-interference libraries, we systematically quantified global gene fitness across ten antibiotics and uncovered hundreds of significant antibiotic-gene interactions. Essential genes dominated these interactions, a finding not revealed by transposon-based studies. Processes most vulnerable to transcriptional repression under antibiotic conditions included cell wall synthesis/cell division (CC), DNA replication/DNA recombination (DD), coenzyme A biosynthesis, and riboflavin metabolism. Network and genetic analyses further revealed novel synergistic genetic interactions (GIs) within these processes, including an extensive CC-DD subnetwork. Only a subset of CC-DD synergies was dependent on the cell division inhibitor SosA. Informed by these GIs, we identified multiple drug-drug combinations with potent synergistic activity against multidrug-resistant S. aureus. Our detailed profiling of drug-gene, gene-gene, and drug-drug interactions reveals novel functional relationships among essential genes and defines a vulnerability landscape to guide new drug target discovery and effective combination therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oikonomou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blattman, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hettleman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavazoie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.15.608136</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The genetic landscape of antibiotic sensitivity in Staphylococcus aureus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.15.608190v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Relationships of hematocrit concentration with dementia from a multiethnic population-based study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.15.608190v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveRed blood cell (RBC) concentration impacts cerebrovascular disease, yet it is unclear whether RBC concentrations relate to dementia risk, particularly in racially/ethnically diverse cohorts. We investigated whether RBC concentrations associate with incident dementia risk in a diverse population of stroke-free individuals and explored whether cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) mediates this relationship.

MethodsA longitudinal observational analysis was performed using a population-based cohort of stroke-free, older adult participants (>50 years) from the Northern Manhattan Study (NOMAS) enrolled between 2003-2008. Participants received baseline hematocrit testing, MRI neuroimaging, and cognitive assessments at baseline and long-term follow-up. Associations of baseline hematocrit as a categorical variable (low, normal [reference], and high based on laboratory reference levels) with incident dementia were assessed using Cox models adjusting for relevant covariates. Separate analyses investigated whether MRI CSVD mediated these relationships.

ResultsWe studied 1207 NOMAS participants (mean age 71{+/-}9 years, 60% female, 66% Hispanic). Mean hematocrit was 41.2% ({+/-}3.8) with 16% of participants developing incident dementia. Lower hematocrit associated with increased dementia risk (adjusted hazard ratio 1.81 [1.01-3.23]) after adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, APOE status, and comorbidities. High hematocrit was not associated with dementia risk. No interactions by sex or race/ethnicity were seen and baseline CSVD did not mediate relationships between hematocrit and dementia.

ConclusionsLow hematocrit associated with dementia risk in our diverse population cohort. Further work is needed to assess mechanisms behind anemias relationship with dementia to assess whether this can serve as a trackable, preventable/treatable risk factor for dementia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roh, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strobino, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assuras, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guzman, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitalnik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rundek, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elkind, M. S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.15.608190</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Relationships of hematocrit concentration with dementia from a multiethnic population-based study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.15.608141v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ClearScope: a fully integrated light sheet theta microscope for sub-cellular resolution imaging without lateral size constraints 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.15.608141v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Three-dimensional (3D) ex vivo imaging of cleared intact brains of animal models and large human and non-human primate postmortem brain specimens is important for understanding the physiological neural network connectivity patterns and the pathological alterations underlying neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders. Light-sheet microscopy has emerged as a highly effective imaging modality for rapid high-resolution imaging of large cleared samples. However, the orthogonal arrangements of illumination and detection optics in light sheet microscopy limits the size of specimen that can be imaged. Recently developed light sheet theta microscopy (LSTM) technology addressed this by utilizing a unique arrangement of two illumination light paths oblique to the detection light path, while allowing perpendicular arrangement of the detection light path relative to the specimen surface. Here, we report development of a next-generation, fully integrated, and user-friendly LSTM system for rapid sub-cellular resolution imaging uniformly throughout a large specimen without constraining the lateral (XY) size. In addition, we provide a seamlessly integrated workflow for image acquisition, data storage, pre- and post-processing, enhancement, and quantitative analysis. We demonstrate the system performance by high-resolution 3D imaging of intact mouse brains and human brain samples, and complete data analysis including digital neuron tracing, vessel reconstruction and design-based stereological analysis in 3D. This technically enhanced and user-friendly LSTM implementation will enable rapid quantitative mapping of molecular and cellular features of interests in diverse types of very large samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fay, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denu, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haydock, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaisdell, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roussel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronson, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angstman, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butola, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devinsky, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaser, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.15.608141</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ClearScope: a fully integrated light sheet theta microscope for sub-cellular resolution imaging without lateral size constraints]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.15.608155v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Low hemoglobin causes hematoma expansion and poor intracerebral hemorrhage outcomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.15.608155v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectivesAlthough lower hemoglobin levels associate with worse intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) outcomes, causal drivers for this relationship remain unclear. We investigated the hypothesis that lower hemoglobin relates to increased hematoma expansion (HE) risk and poor outcomes using human observational data and assessed causal relationships using a translational murine model of anemia and ICH.

MethodsICH patients with baseline hemoglobin measurements and serial CT neuroimaging enrolled between 2010-2016 to a multicenter, prospective observational cohort study were studied. Patients with systemic evidence of coagulopathy were excluded. Separate regression models assessed relationships of baseline hemoglobin with HE ([&ge;]33% and/or [&ge;]6mL growth) and poor long-term neurological outcomes (modified Rankin Scale 4-6) after adjusting for relevant covariates. Using a murine collagenase ICH model with serial neuroimaging in anemic vs. non-anemic C57/BL6 mice, intergroup differences in ICH lesion volume, ICH volume changes, and early mortality were assessed.

ResultsAmong 1190 ICH patients analyzed, lower baseline hemoglobin levels associated with increased odds of HE (adjusted OR per -1g/dL hemoglobin decrement: 1.10 [1.02-1.19]) and poor 3-month clinical outcomes (adjusted OR per -1g/dL hemoglobin decrement: 1.11 [1.03-1.21]). Similar relationships were seen with poor 6 and 12-month outcomes. In our animal model, anemic mice had significantly greater ICH lesion expansion, final lesion volumes, and greater mortality, as compared to non-anemic mice.

ConclusionsThese results, in a human cohort and a mouse model, provide novel evidence suggesting that anemia has causal roles in HE and poor ICH outcomes. Additional studies are required to clarify whether correcting anemia can improve these outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cottarelli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Momoon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boehme, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allegra, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konofagou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spektor, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connolly, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sekar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roh, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.15.608155</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Low hemoglobin causes hematoma expansion and poor intracerebral hemorrhage outcomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.15.608159v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Population Representation of the Confidence in a Decision in the Lateral Intraparietal Area of the Macaque 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.15.608159v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Confidence in a decision is the belief, prior to feedback, that ones choice is correct. In the brain, many decisions are implemented as a race between competing evidence-accumulation processes. We ask whether the neurons that represent evidence accumulation also carry information about whether the choice is correct (i.e., confidence). Monkeys performed a reaction time version of the random dot motion task. Neuropixels probes were used to record from neurons in the lateral intraparietal (LIP) area. LIP neurons with response fields that overlap the choice-target contralateral to the recording site (Tin neurons) represent the accumulation of evidence in favor of contralateral target selection. We demonstrate that shortly before a contralateral choice is reported, the population of Tin neurons contains information about the accuracy of the choice (i.e., whether the choice is correct or incorrect). This finding is unexpected because, on average, Tin neurons exhibit a level of activity before the report that is independent of reaction time and evidence strength--both strong predictors of accuracy. This apparent contradiction is resolved by examining the variability in neuronal responses across the population of Tin neurons. While on average, Tin neurons exhibit a stereotyped level of activity before a contralateral choice, many neurons depart from this average in a consistent manner. From these neurons, the accuracy of the choice can be predicted using a simple logistic decoder. The accuracy of the choice predicted from neural activity reproduces the hallmarks of confidence identified in human behavioral experiments. Therefore, neurons that represent evidence accumulation can also inform the monkeys confidence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zylberberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadlen, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.15.608159</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Population Representation of the Confidence in a Decision in the Lateral Intraparietal Area of the Macaque]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.17.608411v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Macrophage WDFY3, a protector against autoimmunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.17.608411v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Efficient efferocytosis is essential for maintaining homeostasis. Excessive apoptotic cell (AC) death and impaired macrophage efferocytosis lead to autoantigen release and autoantibody production, immune activation, and organ damage. It remains unclear whether these immunogenic autoantigens are the sole cause of increased autoimmunity or if efferocytosis of ACs directly influences macrophage function, impacting their ability to activate T cells and potentially amplifying autoimmune responses. Additionally, it has not been established if enhancing macrophage efferocytosis or modulating macrophage responses to AC engulfment can be protective in autoimmune-like disorders. Our previous work showed WDFY3 is crucial for efficient macrophage efferocytosis. This study reveals that myeloid knockout of Wdfy3 exacerbates autoimmunity in young mice with increased AC burden by systemic injections of ACs and in middle-aged mice developing spontaneous autoimmunity, whereas ectopic overexpression of WDFY3 suppresses autoimmunity in these models. Macrophages, as efferocytes, can activate T cells and the inflammasome upon engulfing ACs, which are suppressed by overexpressing WDFY3. This work uncovered the role of WDFY3 as a protector against autoimmunity by promoting macrophage efferocytosis thus limiting autoantigen production, as well as mitigating T cell activation and inflammasome activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croce, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Agati, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soni, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalid, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleheen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabas, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamamoto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.17.608411</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Macrophage WDFY3, a protector against autoimmunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.20.608703v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Three Open Questions in Polygenic Score Portability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.20.608703v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major obstacle hindering the broad adoption of polygenic scores (PGS) is their lack of "portability" to people that differ--in genetic ancestry or other characteristics--from the GWAS samples in which genetic effects were estimated. Here, we use the UK Biobank to measure the change in PGS prediction accuracy as a continuous function of individuals genome-wide genetic dissimilarity to the GWAS sample ("genetic distance"). Our results highlight three gaps in our understanding of PGS portability. First, prediction accuracy is extremely noisy at the individual level and not well predicted by genetic distance. In fact, variance in prediction accuracy is explained comparably well by socioeconomic measures. Second, trends of portability vary across traits. For several immunity-related traits, prediction accuracy drops near zero quickly even at intermediate levels of genetic distance. This quick drop may reflect GWAS associations being more ancestry-specific in immunity-related traits than in other traits. Third, we show that even qualitative trends of portability can de pend on the measure of prediction accuracy used. For instance, for type 2 diabetes, precision stays roughly constant, while recall surprisingly increases, with genetic distance. Together, our results show that portability cannot be understood through global ancestry groupings alone. There are other, understudied factors influencing portability, such as the specifics of the evolution of the trait and its genetic architecture, social context, and the construction of the polygenic score. Addressing these gaps can aid in the development and application of PGS and inform more equitable genomic research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zietz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mares, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narasimhan, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathouz, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harpak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.20.608703</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Three Open Questions in Polygenic Score Portability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.21.608847v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Olfactory receptor coexpression and co-option in the dengue mosquito 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.21.608847v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The olfactory sensory neurons of vinegar flies and mice tend to express a single ligand-specific receptor. While this  one neuron-one receptor motif has long been expected to apply broadly across insects, recent evidence suggests it may not extend to mosquitoes. We sequenced and analyzed the transcriptomes of 46,000 neurons from antennae of the dengue mosquito Aedes aegypti to resolve all olfactory, thermosensory, and hygrosensory neuron subtypes and identify the receptors expressed therein. We find that half of all olfactory subtypes coexpress multiple receptors. However, coexpression occurs almost exclusively among genes from the same family--among odorant receptors (ORs) or among ionotropic receptors (IRs). Coexpression of ORs with IRs is exceedingly rare. Many coexpressed receptors are recent duplicates. In other cases, the recruitment or co-option of single receptors by multiple neuron subtypes has placed these genes together in the same cells with distant paralogs. Close examination of data from Drosophila reveal rare cases of both phenomena, indicating that the olfactory systems of these two species are not fundamentally different, but instead fall at different locations along a continuum likely to encompass diverse insects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adavi, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>dos Anjos, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotb, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metz, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zung, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McBride, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.21.608847</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Olfactory receptor coexpression and co-option in the dengue mosquito]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.22.608849v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pemphigus vulgaris autoantibodies induce an ER stress response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.22.608849v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Desmosomes are intercellular junctions that mediate cell-cell adhesion and are essential for maintaining tissue integrity. Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is an autoimmune epidermal blistering disease caused by autoantibodies (IgG) targeting desmoglein 3 (Dsg3), a desmosomal cadherin. PV autoantibodies cause desmosome disassembly and loss of cell-cell adhesion, but the molecular signaling pathways that regulate these processes are not fully understood. Using high- resolution time-lapse imaging of live keratinocytes, we found that ER tubules make frequent and persistent contacts with internalizing Dsg3 puncta in keratinocytes treated with PV patient IgG. Biochemical experiments demonstrated that PV IgG activated ER stress signaling pathways, including both IRE1 and PERK pathways, in cultured keratinocytes. Further, ER stress transcripts were upregulated in PV patient skin. Pharmacological inhibition of ER stress protected against PV IgG-induced desmosome disruption and loss of keratinocyte cell-cell adhesion, suggesting that ER stress may be an important pathomechanism and therapeutically targetable pathway for PV treatment. These data support a model in which desmosome adhesion is integrated with ER function to serve as a cell adhesion stress sensor that is activated in blistering skin disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bharathan, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shibata, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudjonsson, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seykora, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prouty, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payne, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kowalczyk, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.22.608849</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pemphigus vulgaris autoantibodies induce an ER stress response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.24.609538v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A forward genetic screen identifies Sirtuin1 as a driver of neuroendocrine prostate cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.24.609538v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although localized prostate cancer is relatively indolent, advanced prostate cancer manifests with aggressive and often lethal variants, including neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC). To identify drivers of aggressive prostate cancer, we leveraged Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon mutagenesis in a mouse model based on prostate-specific loss-of-function of Pten and Tp53. Compared with control mice, SB mice developed more aggressive prostate tumors, with increased incidence of metastasis. Notably, a significant percentage of the SB prostate tumors display NEPC phenotypes, and the transcriptomic features of these SB mouse tumors recapitulated those of human NEPC. We identified common SB transposon insertion sites (CIS) and prioritized associated CIS-genes differentially expressed in NEPC versus non-NEPC SB tumors. Integrated analysis of CIS-genes encoding for proteins representing upstream, post-translational modulators of master regulators controlling the transcriptional state of SB-mouse and human NEPC tumors identified sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) as a candidate mechanistic determinant of NEPC. Gain-of-function studies in human prostate cancer cell lines confirmed that SIRT1 promotes NEPC, while its loss-of-function or pharmacological inhibition abrogates NEPC. This integrative analysis is generalizable and can be used to identify novel cancer drivers for other malignancies.

SummaryUsing an unbiased forward mutagenesis screen in an autochthonous mouse model, we have investigated mechanistic determinants of aggressive prostate cancer. SIRT1 emerged as a key regulator of neuroendocrine prostate cancer differentiation and a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nunes de Almeida, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasciaveo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antao, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Bernardo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Brot, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Calero, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chui, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A. L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Floch, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afari, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukhammadov, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arriaga, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abate-Shen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.24.609538</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A forward genetic screen identifies Sirtuin1 as a driver of neuroendocrine prostate cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.27.609944v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flanker task parameters are related to the strength of association between the ERN and anxiety: a meta-analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.27.609944v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The error-related negativity (ERN)--an index of error monitoring--is associated with anxiety symptomatology. Although recent work suggests associations between the ERN and anxiety are relatively modest, little attention has been paid to how variation in task parameters may influence the strength of ERN-anxiety associations. To close this gap, the current meta-analysis assesses the possible influence of task parameter variation in the Flanker task--the most commonly used task to elicit the ERN--on observed ERN-anxiety associations. Here, we leveraged an existing open database of published/unpublished ERN-anxiety effect sizes, supplementing this database by further coding for variation in stimulus type (letter vs. arrow), response type (one-handed vs. two-handed), and block-level feedback (with vs. without). We then performed meta-regression analyses to assess whether variation in these Flanker task parameters moderated the effect size of ERN-anxiety associations. No evidence for an effect of stimulus type was identified. However, both response type and block-level feedback significantly moderated the magnitude of ERN-anxiety associations. Specifically, studies employing either a two-handed (vs. one-handed) task, or those with (vs. without) block-level feedback exhibited more than a two-fold increase in the estimated ERN-anxiety effect size. Thus, accounting for common variation in task parameters may at least partially explain apparent inconsistencies in the literature regarding the magnitude of ERN-anxiety associations. At a practical level, these data can inform the design of studies seeking to maximize ERN-anxiety associations. At a theoretical level, the results also inform testable hypotheses regarding the exact nature of the association between the ERN and anxiety.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Buzzell, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machado, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickinson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moser, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morales, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troller-Renfree, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.27.609944</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flanker task parameters are related to the strength of association between the ERN and anxiety: a meta-analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.27.609952v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell type-specific impact of aging and Alzheimer disease on hippocampal CA1 perforant path input 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.27.609952v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The perforant path (PP) carries direct inputs from entorhinal cortex to CA1 pyramidal neurons (PNs), with an impact dependent on PN position across transverse (CA1a-CA1c) and radial (superficial/deep) axes. It remains unclear how aging and Alzheimer disease (AD) affect PP input, despite its critical role in memory and early AD. Applying ex vivo recordings and two-photon microscopy in slices from mice up to 30 months old, we interrogated PP responses across PN subpopulations and compared them to Schaffer collateral and intrinsic excitability changes. We found that aging uniquely impacts PP excitatory responses, abolishing transverse and radial differences via a mechanism independent of presynaptic and membrane excitability change. This is amplified in aged 3xTg-AD mice, with further weakening of PP inputs to CA1a superficial PNs associated with distal dendritic spine loss. This demonstrates a unique feature of aging-related circuit dysfunction, with mechanistic implications related to memory impairment and synaptic vulnerability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Santoro, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivas, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masurkar, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.27.609952</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell type-specific impact of aging and Alzheimer disease on hippocampal CA1 perforant path input]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.28.610136v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Segregated basal ganglia output pathways correspond to genetically divergent neuronal subclasses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.28.610136v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The basal ganglia control multiple sensorimotor behaviors though anatomically segregated and topographically organized subcircuits with outputs to specific downstream circuits. However, it is unclear how the anatomical organization of basal ganglia output circuits relates to the molecular diversity of cell types. Here, we demonstrate that the major output nucleus of the basal ganglia, the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) is comprised of transcriptomically distinct subclasses that reflect its distinct progenitor lineages. We show that these subclasses are topographically organized within SNr, project to distinct targets in the midbrain and hindbrain, and receive inputs from different striatal subregions. Finally, we show that these mouse subclasses are also identifiable in human SNr neurons, suggesting that the genetic organization of SNr is evolutionarily conserved. These findings provide a unifying logic for how the developmental specification of diverse SNr neurons relates to the anatomical organization of basal ganglia circuits controlling specialized downstream brain regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mendelsohn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikoobakht, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bikoff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.28.610136</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Segregated basal ganglia output pathways correspond to genetically divergent neuronal subclasses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.28.610193v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain Charts for the Rhesus Macaque Lifespan 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.28.610193v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent efforts to chart human brain growth across the lifespan using large-scale MRI data have provided reference standards for human brain development. However, similar models for nonhuman primate (NHP) growth are lacking. The rhesus macaque, a widely used NHP in translational neuroscience due to its similarities in brain anatomy, phylogenetics, cognitive, and social behaviors to humans, serves as an ideal NHP model. This study aimed to create normative growth charts for brain structure across the macaque lifespan, enhancing our understanding of neurodevelopment and aging, and facilitating cross-species translational research. Leveraging data from the PRIMatE Data Exchange (PRIME-DE) and other sources, we aggregated 1,522 MRI scans from 1,024 rhesus macaques. We mapped non-linear developmental trajectories for global and regional brain structural changes in volume, cortical thickness, and surface area over the lifespan. Our findings provided normative charts with centile scores for macaque brain structures and revealed key developmental milestones from prenatal stages to aging, highlighting both species-specific and comparable brain maturation patterns between macaques and humans. The charts offer a valuable resource for future NHP studies, particularly those with small sample sizes. Furthermore, the interactive open resource (https://interspeciesmap.childmind.org) supports cross-species comparisons to advance translational neuroscience research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alldritt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, J. S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vos de Wael, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bethlehem, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidlitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nenning, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esper, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smallwood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franco, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byeon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander-Bloch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Messinger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiele, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shmuel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tusche, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brambrink, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falchier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiba, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarraya, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butler, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russ, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howell, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drzewiecki, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guedj, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwiedrzik, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amiez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, C. R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klink, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kroenke, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constantinidis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garin, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poirier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gale, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leopold, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudko, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaral, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.28.610193</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain Charts for the Rhesus Macaque Lifespan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.29.610310v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Movement-related activity in the internal globus pallidus of the parkinsonian macaque 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.29.610310v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although the basal ganglia (BG) plays a central role in the motor symptoms of Parkinsons disease, few studies have investigated the influence of parkinsonism on movement-related activity in the BG. Here, we studied the perimovement activity of neurons in globus pallidus internus (GPi) of non-human primates during performance of a choice reaction time reaching task before and after the induction of parkinsonism by administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Neuronal responses, including increases or decreases in firing rate, were equally common in the parkinsonian brain as seen prior to MPTP and the distribution of different response types was largely unchanged. The slowing of behavioral reaction times and movement durations following the induction of parkinsonism was accompanied by a prolongation of the time interval between neuronal response onset and movement initiation. Neuronal responses were also reduced in magnitude and prolonged in duration after the induction of parkinsonism. Importantly, those two effects were more pronounced among decrease-type responses, and they persisted after controlling for MPTP-induced changes in the between-trial variability in response timing. Following MPTP the trial-to-trial timing of neuronal responses also became uncoupled from the time of movement onset and more variable in general. Overall, the effects of MPTP on temporal features of GPi responses were related to the severity of parkinsonian motor impairments whereas changes in response magnitude and duration did not reflect symptom severity consistently. These findings point to a previously underappreciated potential role for abnormalities in the timing of GPi task-related activity in the generation of parkinsonian motor signs.

New & NoteworthyAlthough the globus pallidus internus (GPi) plays a central role in the cardinal symptoms of Parkinsons disease (PD), how parkinsonism alters the movement-related activity of GPi neurons remains understudied. Using a monkey model of PD, we found that: 1) the timing of GPi responses became uncoupled from movement onset. And 2) responses, especially decrease-type responses, became attenuated and prolonged. These abnormalities in GPi perimovement activity may contribute to the generation of parkinsonian motor signs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kase, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimnik, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harsch, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bostan, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.29.610310</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Movement-related activity in the internal globus pallidus of the parkinsonian macaque]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.29.610342v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Training Data Diversity Enhances the Basecalling of Novel RNA Modification-Induced Nanopore Sequencing Readouts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.29.610342v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurately basecalling sequence backbones in the presence of nucleotide modifications remains a substantial challenge in nanopore sequencing bioinformatics. It has been extensively demonstrated that state-of-the-art basecallers are less compatible with modification-induced sequencing signals. A precise basecalling, on the other hand, serves as the prerequisite for virtually all the downstream analyses. Here, we report that basecallers exposed to diverse training modifications gain the generalizability to analyze novel modifications. With synthesized oligos as the model system, we precisely basecall various out-of-sample RNA modifications. From the representation learning perspective, we attribute this generalizability to basecaller representation space expanded by diverse training modifications. Taken together, we conclude increasing the training data diversity as a novel paradigm for building modification-tolerant nanopore sequencing basecallers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DING, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Que, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.29.610342</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Training Data Diversity Enhances the Basecalling of Novel RNA Modification-Induced Nanopore Sequencing Readouts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.30.610508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulatory network analysis of Dclk1 gene expression reveals a tuft cell-ILC2 axis that inhibits pancreatic tumor progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.30.610508v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dclk1 expression defines a rare population of cells in the normal pancreas whose frequency is increased at early stages of pancreatic tumorigenesis. The identity and the precise roles of Dclk1 expressing cells in pancreas have been matter of debate, although evidence suggests their involvement in a number of key functions, including regeneration and neoplasia. We employed a recently developed Dclk1 reporter mouse model and single cell RNAseq analysis to define Dclk1 expressing cells in normal pancreas and pancreatic neoplasia. In normal pancreas, Dclk1 epithelial expression identifies subsets of ductal, islet and acinar cells. In pancreatic neoplasia, Dclk1 expression identifies five epithelial cell populations, among which acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM)-like cells and tuft-like cells are predominant. These two cell populations play opposing roles in pancreatic neoplasia, with Dclk1+ ADM-like cells sustaining tumor growth while Dclk1+ tuft-like cells restraining tumor progression. The differentiation of Kras mutant acinar cells into Dclk1+ tuft-like cells requires the activation of the transcription factor SPIB and is further supported by a cellular paracrine loop involving cancer group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) and cancer activated fibroblasts (CAFs) that provide IL13 and IL33, respectively. In turn, Dclk1+ tuft-like cells release angiotensinogen that plays protective roles against pancreatic neoplasia. Overall, our study provides novel insights on the biology of Dclk1+ cells in normal pancreas and unveils a protective axis against pancreatic neoplasia, involving CAFs, ILC2 and Dclk1+ tuft-like cells, which ultimately results in angiotensinogen release.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laise, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.30.610508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulatory network analysis of Dclk1 gene expression reveals a tuft cell-ILC2 axis that inhibits pancreatic tumor progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.31.610597v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of lateralized gustation in nematodes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.31.610597v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals with small nervous systems have a limited number of sensory neurons that must encode information from a changing environment. This problem is particularly exacerbated in nematodes that populate a wide variety of distinct ecological niches but only have a few sensory neurons available to encode multiple modalities. How does sensory diversity prevail within this constraint in neuron number? To identify the genetic basis for patterning different nervous systems, we demonstrate that sensory neurons in Pristionchus pacificus respond to various salt sensory cues in a manner that is partially distinct from that of the distantly related nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. By visualizing neuronal activity patterns, we show that contrary to previous expectations based on its genome sequence, the salt responses of P. pacificus are encoded in a left/right asymmetric manner in the bilateral ASE neuron pair. Our study illustrates patterns of evolutionary stability and change in the gustatory system of nematodes.

Animals with small nervous systems have evolved left and right asymmetry in their neurons to process various salts at different concentrations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mackie, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carstensen, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kushnir, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimov, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quach, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalasani, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.31.610597</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of lateralized gustation in nematodes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.02.610816v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HLA-E and NKG2A Mediate Resistance to M. bovis BCG Immunotherapy in Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.02.610816v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the first-line therapy for high-grade non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), yet many patients experience recurrence due to immune evasion. We identify HLA-E and NKG2A as mediators of adaptive resistance involving chronic activation of NK and T cells in BCG-unresponsive tumors. Prolonged IFN-{gamma}exposure enhances HLA-E and PD-L1 expression on recurrent tumors, accompanied by the accumulation of NKG2A+ NK and CD8 T cells. HLA-Ehigh tumor cells preferentially cluster near CXCL12-rich stromal regions with dense effector cell presence, underscoring a spatially segregated tumor architecture. Although cytotoxic lymphocytes retain effector potential, their activity is restrained by HLA-E/NKG2A and PD-L1/PD-1 pathways located in their immediate neighborhood within the bladder tumor microenvironment. These data reveal a spatially organized immune escape program that limits anti-tumor immunity. Our findings support dually targeting NKG2A and PD-L1 checkpoint blockade as a rational, bladder-sparing strategy for patients with BCG-unresponsive NMIBC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ranti, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bieber, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strandgaard, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salome, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houghton, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravichandran, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okulate, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merritt, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demetriou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindskrog, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daza, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rai, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hegewisch-Solloa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mace, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Rodriguez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izadmehr, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doherty, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farkas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz-Encarnacion, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shroff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geanon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Real, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nie, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miake-Lye, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angeliadis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radkevich, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thin, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Barros, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mateo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sussman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiwlani, S</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.02.610816</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HLA-E and NKG2A Mediate Resistance to M. bovis BCG Immunotherapy in Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.03.610998v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spike frequency adaptation in primate lateral prefrontal cortex neurons results from interplay between intrinsic properties and circuit dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.03.610998v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recordings of cortical neurons isolated from brain slices and dissociated from their networks, display intrinsic spike frequency adaptation (I-SFA) to a constant current input. Interestingly, extracellular recordings in behaving subjects also show extrinsic-SFA (E-SFA) in response to sustained visual stimulation. Because neurons are isolated from brain networks in slice recordings, it is challenging to infer how I-SFA contributes to E-SFA in interconnected brains during behavior. To investigate this, we recorded responses of macaque lateral prefrontal cortex neurons in vivo during a visually guided saccade task and in acute brain slices in vitro. Broad spiking (BS) putative pyramidal cells and narrow spiking (NS) putative inhibitory interneurons exhibited E-SFA in vivo. In acute brain slices, both cell types displayed I-SFA though their magnitudes differed. To investigate how in vitro I-SFA contributes to in vivo E-SFA, we developed a data-driven hybrid circuit model in which local NS neurons are driven by BS input. We observed that model NS cell responses show longer SFA than observed in vivo. Introducing inhibition of NS cells to the model circuit removed this discrepancy. Our results indicate that both I-SFA and inhibitory circuit dynamics contribute to E-SFA in LPFC neurons. They highlight the contribution of single neuron and network dependent computations to neural activity underlying behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koch, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corrigan, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feyerabend, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulli, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez-Sosa, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbass, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunstrum, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matovic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roussy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luna, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mestern, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahmoudian, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vijayraghavan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Igarashi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pradeepan, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assis, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pruszynski, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staiger, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Burgos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neef, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Treue, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Everling, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inoue, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khadra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Trujillo, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.03.610998</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spike frequency adaptation in primate lateral prefrontal cortex neurons results from interplay between intrinsic properties and circuit dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.03.611112v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A conserved cell-type gradient across the human mediodorsal and paraventricular thalamus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.03.611112v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mediodorsal thalamus (MD) and adjacent midline nuclei are important for cognition and mental illness, but their cellular composition is not well defined. Using single-nucleus and spatial transcriptomics, we identified a conserved excitatory neuron gradient, with distinct spatial mapping of individual clusters. One end of the gradient was expanded in human MD compared to mice, which may be related to the expansion of granular prefrontal cortex in hominids. Moreover, neurons preferentially mapping onto the parvocellular division MD were associated with genetic risk for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Midbrain-derived inhibitory interneurons were enriched in human MD and implicated in genetic risk for major depressive disorder.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schulmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auluck, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams Avram, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Usdin, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imamovic, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akula, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raznahan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roussos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elkahloun, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halassa, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hattar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penzo, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marenco, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahon, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.03.611112</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A conserved cell-type gradient across the human mediodorsal and paraventricular thalamus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.05.611389v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interhemispheric CA1 projections support spatial cognition and are affected in a mouse model of the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.05.611389v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Untangling the hippocampus connectivity is critical for understanding the mechanisms supporting learning and memory. However, the function of interhemispheric connections between hippocampal formations is still poorly understood. So far, two major hippocampal commissural projections have been characterized in rodents. Mossy cells from the hilus of the dentate gyrus project to the inner molecular layer of the contralateral dentate gyrus and CA3 and CA2 pyramidal neuron axonal collaterals to contralateral CA3, CA2 and CA1. In contrary, little is known about commissural projection from the CA1 region. Here, we show that CA1 pyramidal neurons from the dorsal hippocampus project to contralateral dorsal CA1 as well as dorsal subiculum. We further demonstrate that the interhemispheric projection from CA1 to dorsal subiculum supports spatial memory and spatial working memory in WT mice, two cognitive functions impaired in male mice from the Df16(A)+/- model of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) associated with schizophrenia. Investigation of the CA1 interhemispheric projections in Df16(A)+/- mice revealed that these projections are disrupted with male mutants showing stronger anatomical defects compared to females. Overall, our results characterize a novel interhemispheric projection from dCA1 to dorsal subiculum and suggest that dysregulation of this projection may contribute to the cognitive deficits associated with the 22q11.2DS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>De Leon Reyes, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bortolozzo-Gleich, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia Frigola, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nieto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leroy, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.05.611389</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interhemispheric CA1 projections support spatial cognition and are affected in a mouse model of the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.04.611232v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Time spent in conversation over meals predicts default network function: Evidence from a passive mobile-sensing and fMRI study. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.04.611232v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sharing meals with others, often referred to as  commensality, fosters social connection and may have been essential to human brain evolution. Here, we investigate whether shared meals impact social brain processes through the conversations they afford. If so, then time spent in conversation over meals should affect the default network- a set of interconnected cortical regions reliably associated with the social exchange of ideas. To test this possibility, we combined passive-mobile sensing with neuroimaging. Undergraduate participants had an application on their smartphone for two months that unobtrusively captured their time spent in conversation, as well as their location on and around campus. In between these two months, participants completed a resting state scan. Time spent in conversations around meals (e.g., at cafeterias and restaurants) during the prior month predicted greater functional connectivity in the dorsomedial default network subsystem, specifically between the left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG) portion and the rest of the subsystem regions. This relationship was preferential to: (1) time spent in conversation over the past (vs. future) month, (2) connectivity with the LIFG (vs. other dorsomedial subsystem nodes), (3) the dorsomedial subsystem (vs. other default network subsystems), (4) eateries (vs. other locations), and (5) time spent around conversation at eateries, rather than time at eateries more generally. Follow-up analyses further revealed results were driven by a ventral portion of the LIFG, with peaks in voxel-connectivity associated with language, social, memory, and affective processes, as determined by the meta-analytic platform, NeuroSynth. Time spent in conversation over meals may exercise social cognitive processes supported by the dorsomedial subsystem, a network key to social communication, understanding, and connection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhatt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huckins, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nepal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.04.611232</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Time spent in conversation over meals predicts default network function: Evidence from a passive mobile-sensing and fMRI study.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.04.611307v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discordance in acute gastrointestinal toxicity between synchrotron-based proton and linac-based electron ultra-high dose rate irradiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.04.611307v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeProton FLASH has been investigated using cyclotron and synchrocyclotron beamlines but not synchrotron beamlines. We evaluated the impact of dose rate (ultra-high [UHDR] vs. conventional [CONV]) and beam configuration (shoot-through [ST] vs. spread-out-Bragg-peak [SOBP]) on acute radiation-induced gastrointestinal toxicity (RIGIT) in mice. We also compared RIGIT between synchrotron-based protons and linac-based electrons with matched mean dose rates.

Methods and MaterialsWe administered abdominal irradiation (12-14 Gy single fraction) to female C57BL/6J mice with an 87 MeV synchrotron-based proton beamline (2 cm diameter field size as a lateral beam). Dose rates were 0.2 Gy/s (S-T pCONV), 0.3 Gy/s (SOBP pCONV), 150 Gy/s (S-T pFLASH), and 230 Gy/s (SOBP pFLASH). RIGIT was assessed by the jejunal regenerating crypt assay and survival. We also compared responses to proton [pFLASH and pCONV] with responses to electron CONV (eCONV, 0.4 Gy/s) and electron FLASH (eFLASH, 188-205 Gy/s).

ResultsThe number of regenerating jejunal crypts at each matched dose was lowest for pFLASH (similar between S-T and SOBP), greater and similar between pCONV (S-T and SOBP) and eCONV, and greatest for eFLASH. Correspondingly, mice that received pFLASH SOBP had the lowest survival rates (50% at 50 days), followed by pFLASH S-T (80%), and pCONV SOBP (90%), but 100% of mice receiving pCONV S-T survived (log-rank P = 0.047 for the four groups).

ConclusionsOur findings are consistent with an increase in RIGIT after synchrotron-based pFLASH versus pCONV. This negative proton-specific FLASH effect versus linac-based electron irradiation underscores the importance of understanding the physical and biological factors that will allow safe and effective clinical translation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Titt, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esplen, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connell, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konradsson, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takaoka, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koong, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitra, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loo, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schueler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.04.611307</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discordance in acute gastrointestinal toxicity between synchrotron-based proton and linac-based electron ultra-high dose rate irradiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.06.611627v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Variation in moment-to-moment brain state engagement changes across development and contributes to individual differences in executive function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.06.611627v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural variability, or variation in brain signals, facilitates dynamic brain responses to ongoing demands. This flexibility is important during development from childhood to young adulthood, a period characterized by rapid changes in experience. However, little is known about how variability in the engagement of recurring brain states changes during development. Such investigations would require the continuous assessment of multiple brain states concurrently. Here, we leverage a new computational framework to study state engagement variability (SEV) during development. A consistent pattern of SEV changing with age was identified across cross-sectional and longitudinal datasets (N>3000). SEV developmental trajectories stabilize around mid-adolescence, with timing varying by sex and brain state. SEV successfully predicts executive function (EF) in youths from an independent dataset. Worse EF is further linked to alterations in SEV development. These converging findings suggest SEV changes over development, allowing individuals to flexibly recruit various brain states to meet evolving needs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ye, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tejavibulya, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cope, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardee, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heitzeg, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lichenstein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yip, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banaschewski, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bokde, A. L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brühl, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desrivieres, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flor, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gowland, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinot, J.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinot, M.-L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Artiges, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nees, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orfanos, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poustka, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohmann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baeuchl, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smolka, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaidya, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whelan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumann, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garavan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaarani, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gee, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baskin-Sommers, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casey, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>IMAGEN consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheinost, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.06.611627</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Variation in moment-to-moment brain state engagement changes across development and contributes to individual differences in executive function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.10.612311v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cancer Interception During Treatment: Using Growth Kinetics to Create a Continuous Variable for Assessing Disease Response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.10.612311v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundWe applied 11 mathematical models of tumor growth to clinical trial data available from public and private sources. We have previously described the remarkable capacity for a simple biexponential model of tumor growth to fit thousands of datasets, and to correlate with overall survival. The goal of this study was to extend our analysis to additional tumor types and to evaluate whether alternate growth models could describe the time course of disease burden in the small subset of patients in whom the biexponential model failed.

MethodsFor this analysis, we obtained data for tumor burden from 17,140 patients with six different tumor types. Imaging data and serum levels of tumor markers were available for 3,346 and 13,794 patients, respectively. Data from patients were first analyzed using the biexponential model to determine rates of tumor growth (g) and regression (d); for those whose data could not be described by this model, fit of their data was assessed using seven alternative models. The model that minimized the Akaike Information Criterion was selected as the best fit. Using the model that best fit an individual patients data, we estimated the rates of growth (g) and regression (d) of disease burden over time. The rates of tumor growth (g) were examined for association with a traditional endpoint (overall survival).

FindingsFor each model, the number of patient datasets that fit the model were obtained. As we have previously reported, data from most patients fit a simple model of exponential growth and exponential regression (86%). Data from another 7% of patients fit an alternative model, including 3% fitting to a model of constant or linear regression and exponential growth of tumor on the surface and 3% fitting to model of exponential decay on tumor surface with asymmetric growth. As previously reported, we found that growth rate correlates well with overall survival, remarkably even when data from various histologies are considered together. For patients with multiple timepoints of tumor measurement, the growth rate could often be estimated even during the phase when only net regression of tumor quantity could be discerned.

InterpretationThe validation of a simple mathematical model across different cancers and its application to existing clinical data allowed estimation of the rate of growth of a treatment resistant subpopulation of cancer cells. The quantification of available clinical data using the growth rate of tumors in individual patients and its strong correlation with overall survival makes the growth rate an excellent marker of the efficacy of therapy specific to the individual patient.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fojo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bates, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blagoev, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.10.612311</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cancer Interception During Treatment: Using Growth Kinetics to Create a Continuous Variable for Assessing Disease Response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.11.612195v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteostasis and metabolic dysfunction in a distinct subset of storage-induced senescent erythrocytes targeted for clearance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.11.612195v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although refrigerated storage slows the metabolism of volunteer donor RBCs, cellular aging still occurs throughout this in vitro process, which is essential in transfusion medicine. Storage-induced microerythrocytes (SMEs) are morphologically-altered senescent RBCs that accumulate during storage and which are cleared from circulation following transfusion. However, the molecular and cellular alterations that trigger clearance of this RBC subset remain to be identified. Using a staining protocol that sorts long-stored SMEs (i.e., CFSEhigh) and morphologically-normal RBCs (CFSElow), these in vitro aged cells were characterized.

Metabolomics analysis identified depletion of energy, lipid-repair, and antioxidant metabolites in CFSEhigh RBCs. By redox proteomics, irreversible protein oxidation primarily affected CFSEhigh RBCs. By proteomics, 96 proteins, mostly in the proteostasis family, had relocated to CFSEhigh RBC membranes. CFSEhigh RBCs exhibited decreased proteasome activity and deformability; increased phosphatidylserine exposure, osmotic fragility, and endothelial cell adherence; and were cleared from the circulation during human spleen ex vivo perfusion. Conversely, molecular, cellular, and circulatory properties of long-stored CFSElow RBCs resembled those of short-stored RBCs.

CFSEhigh RBCs are morphologically and metabolically altered, have irreversibly oxidized and membrane-relocated proteins, and exhibit decreased proteasome activity. In vitro aging during storage selectively alters metabolism and proteostasis in SMEs, targeting these senescent cells for clearance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peltier, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzieciatkowska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dussiot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruce, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leblanc, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadjou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgeault, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fricot, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roussel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephenson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casimir, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sissoko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paye, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dokmak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ndour, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roingeard, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gautier, E.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitalnik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermine, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buffet, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Alessandro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amireault, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.11.612195</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteostasis and metabolic dysfunction in a distinct subset of storage-induced senescent erythrocytes targeted for clearance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.09.612073v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Barcode activity in a recurrent network model of the hippocampus enables efficient memory binding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.09.612073v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Forming an episodic memory requires binding together disparate elements that co-occur in a single experience. One model of this process is that neurons representing different components of a memory bind to an "index" -- a subset of neurons unique to that memory. Evidence for this model has recently been found in chickadees, which use hippocampal memory to store and recall locations of cached food. Chickadee hippocampus produces sparse, high-dimensional patterns ("barcodes") that uniquely specify each caching event. Unexpectedly, the same neurons that participate in barcodes also exhibit conventional place tuning. It is unknown how barcode activity is generated, and what role it plays in memory formation and retrieval. It is also unclear how a memory index (e.g. barcodes) could function in the same neural population that represents memory content (e.g. place). Here, we design a biologically plausible model that generates barcodes and uses them to bind experiential content. Our model generates barcodes from place inputs through the chaotic dynamics of a recurrent neural network and uses Hebbian plasticity to store barcodes as attractor states. The model matches experimental observations that memory indices (barcodes) and content signals (place tuning) are randomly intermixed in the activity of single neurons. We demonstrate that barcodes reduce memory interference between correlated experiences. We also show that place tuning plays a complementary role to barcodes, enabling flexible, contextually-appropriate memory retrieval. Finally, our model is compatible with previous models of the hippocampus as generating a predictive map. Distinct predictive and indexing functions of the network are achieved via an adjustment of global recurrent gain. Our results suggest how the hippocampus may use barcodes to resolve fundamental tensions between memory specificity (pattern separation) and flexible recall (pattern completion) in general memory systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chettih, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.09.612073</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Barcode activity in a recurrent network model of the hippocampus enables efficient memory binding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.12.612751v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inflammation perturbs hematopoiesis by remodeling specific compartments of the bone marrow niche 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.12.612751v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) are regulated by interactions with stromal cells in the bone marrow (BM) cavity, which can be segregated into two spatially defined central marrow (CM) and endosteal (Endo) compartments. However, the importance of this spatial compartmentalization for BM responses to inflammation and neoplasia remains largely unknown. Here, we extensively validate a combination of scRNA-seq profiling and matching flow cytometry isolation that reproducibly identifies 7 key CM and Endo populations across mouse strains and accurately surveys both niche locations. We demonstrate that different perturbations exert specific effects on different compartments, with type I interferon responses causing CM mesenchymal stromal cells to adopt an inflammatory phenotype associated with overproduction of chemokines modulating local monocyte dynamics in the surrounding microenvironment. Our results provide a comprehensive method for molecular and functional stromal characterization and highlight the importance of altered stomal cell activity in regulating hematopoietic responses to inflammatory challenges.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Swann, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verovskaya, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calero-Nieto, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proven, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shyu, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottgens, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Passegue, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.12.612751</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inflammation perturbs hematopoiesis by remodeling specific compartments of the bone marrow niche]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.10.612022v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanomedicines targeting signaling of protease-activated receptor 2 in organelles provide sustained analgesia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.10.612022v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although many internalized G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) continue to signal, the mechanisms and outcomes of GPCR signaling in organelles are uncertain due to the challenges of measuring organelle-specific signals and of selectively antagonizing receptors in intracellular compartments. Herein, genetically-encoded biosensors targeted to subcellular compartments were used to analyze organelle-specific signaling of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2); the propensity of nanoparticles (NPs) to accumulate in endosomes was leveraged to selectively antagonize intracellular PAR2 signaling of pain. PAR2 agonists evoked sustained activation of PAR2, Gq and {beta}-arrestin-1 in early, late and recycling endosomes and the cis- and trans-Golgi apparatus, and activated extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) in the cytosol and nucleus, measured with organelle-targeted biosensors. Dendrimer and core-shell polymeric NPs accumulated in early and late endosomes of HEK293 cells, colonic epithelial cells and nociceptors, detected by confocal imaging of fluorescent NPs. NPs efficiently encapsulated and slowly released AZ3451, a negative allosteric PAR2 antagonist. NP-encapsulated AZ3451, but not unencapsulated AZ3451, rapidly and completely reversed PAR2, Gq and {beta}-arrestin-1 activation in endosomes and the Golgi apparatus and ERK activation in the cytosol and nucleus. When administered into the mouse colon lumen, dendrimer NPs accumulated in endosomes of colonocytes and polymeric NPs targeted neurons, sites of PAR2 expression. Both NP-AZ3451 formulations, but not unencapsulated AZ3451, caused long-lasting analgesia and normalized aberrant behavior in preclinical models of inflammatory bowel disease. Thus, organelle-specific PAR2 signals in colonocytes and nociceptors mediate pain. Antagonism of PAR2 in organelles, rather than at the plasma membrane, provides effective pain relief.

Significance StatementOnce activated at the cell surface, many GPCRs internalize and continue to signal. The mechanisms and physiological relevance of intracellular GPCR signaling are uncertain. By using organelle-targeted biosensors, we detected sustained activation of the GPCR, PAR2, and its effectors in early, late and recycling endosomes, the cis- and trans-Golgi apparatus, and the cytosol and nucleus. NPs that delivered AZ3451, a PAR2 antagonist, to endosomes disrupted these intracellular signals, whereas unencapsulated AZ3451 was minimally effective. After intracolonic administration to mice, NPs accumulated in colonocytes and neurons. NP-encapsulated AZ3451, but not unencapsulated AZ3451, reversed pain in preclinical models of inflammatory bowel disease. Thus, intracellular PAR2 signaling mediates pain and antagonism of intracellular rather than plasma membrane PAR2 provides effective therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Teng, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latorre, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhansali, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peach, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokrat, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thanigai, G. S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez-Vargas, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mocherniak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parreiras-E-Silva, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouvier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogyo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaspari, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanner, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinkerton, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leong, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunnett, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.10.612022</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanomedicines targeting signaling of protease-activated receptor 2 in organelles provide sustained analgesia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.10.612257v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High fidelity genetic markers for sexing Cannabis sativa seedlings 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.10.612257v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The uses of Cannabis sativa, a dioecious species with an XY sex chromosome system, are varying from fiber and oil to cannabinoids, among others. In most cases, males are undesirable and the sexual dimorphism at immature plants is too subtle for reliable phenotypic sexing, making genetic approaches promising. In this technical note, we present a multiplex PCR-mix, that includes two markers of Y-specific coding regions and one autosomal control marker. This PCR-mix, tested across 12 hemp-type cultivars, encompassing approximately 200 individuals, achieved a 99.5% success rate in identifying the sex of C. sativa seedlings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prentout, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El Aoudati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathis, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marais, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henri, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.10.612257</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High fidelity genetic markers for sexing Cannabis sativa seedlings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.13.611071v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Focused ultrasound enhanced antibody delivery for the treatment of Parkinson's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.13.611071v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Treatment of neurological disorders is partly impeded by the size of large pharmacological agents which are thereby unable to bypass the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Focused ultrasound (FUS) in conjunction with systemically administered microbubbles has been shown to safely, non-invasively and transiently open the BBB, allowing the passage of large biomolecules to the brain parenchyma through the otherwise impermeable barrier. This pilot study assessed the feasibility of FUS-mediated delivery of an anti-alpha-synuclein (-syn) monoclonal antibody (mAb) in Parkinsons disease (PD) mouse models that exhibit -syn aggregates. Mice (n=21) underwent FUS on a weekly basis over the course of 2-3 weeks, followed by a one-month survival period. MRI and microscopy were performed to confirm BBB opening with FUS and visualize antibody delivery. Safety was assessed in vivo using passive cavitation detection and immunohistochemistry to evaluate microglial and astrocyte activity ex vivo. It was found that treatment sessions for multiple FUS sessions of targeted antibody delivery was feasible in alpha-synuclein models facilitating immunotherapeutics for PD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kwon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batts, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis-Jackson, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konofagou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przedborski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.13.611071</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Focused ultrasound enhanced antibody delivery for the treatment of Parkinson's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.11.612523v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cross-sectional brain age assessments are limited in predicting future brain change 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.11.612523v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The concept of brain age (BA) describes an integrative imaging marker of brain health, often suggested to reflect ageing processes. However, the degree to which cross-sectional MRI features, including BA, reflect past, ongoing and future brain changes across different tissue types from macro-to microstructure remains controversial (Vidal-Pineiro et al. 2021). Here, we advance these findings by using multimodal imaging data of 39, 325 UK Biobank participants, aged 44 - 82 years at baseline and 2, 520 follow-ups within 1.12 - 6.90 years. In concordance with the original findings, we find insufficient evidence that BA reflects the rate of brain ageing. However, modality-specific differences in brain ages reflected the state of the brain, highlighting diffusion and multimodal MRI brain age as potentially useful cross-sectional markers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Korbmacher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidal-Pineiro, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Meer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfers, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakua, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eikefjord, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westlye, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maximov, I. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.11.612523</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cross-sectional brain age assessments are limited in predicting future brain change]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.12.612669v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mindfulness-based Neurofeedback: A Systematic Review of EEG and fMRI studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.12.612669v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurofeedback concurrent with mindfulness meditation may reveal meditation effects on the brain and facilitate improved mental health outcomes. Here, we systematically reviewed EEG and fMRI studies of mindfulness meditation with neurofeedback (mbNF) and followed PRISMA guidelines. We identified 10 fMRI reports, consisting of 177 unique participants, and 9 EEG reports, consisting of 242 participants. Studies of fMRI focused primarily on downregulating the default-mode network (DMN). Although studies found decreases in DMN activations during neurofeedback, there is a lack of evidence for transfer effects, and the majority of studies did not employ adequate controls, e.g. sham neurofeedback. Accordingly, DMN decreases may have been confounded by general task-related deactivation. EEG studies typically examined alpha, gamma, and theta frequency bands, with the most robust evidence supporting the modulation of theta band activity. Both EEG and fMRI mbNF have been implemented with high fidelity in clinical populations. However, the mental health benefits of mbNF have not been established. In general, mbNF studies would benefit from sham-controlled RCTs, as well as clear reporting (e.g. CRED-NF).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Treves, I. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bajwa, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wool, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagliaccio, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitfield-Gabrieli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auerbach, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.12.612669</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mindfulness-based Neurofeedback: A Systematic Review of EEG and fMRI studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.13.612926v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Purkinje cells in Crus I and II encode the visual stimulus and the impending choice as monkeys learn a reinforcement based visuomotor association task 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.13.612926v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visuomotor association involves linking an arbitrary visual cue to a well-learned movement. Transient inactivation of Crus I/II impairs primates ability to learn new associations and delays motor responses without affecting the kinematics of the movement. The simple spikes of Purkinje cells in the Crus regions signal cognitive errors as monkeys learn to associate specific fractal stimuli with movements of the left or right hand. Here we show that as learning progresses, the simple spike activity of individual neurons becomes more selective for stimulus-response associations, with selectivity developing closer to the appearance of visual stimuli. Initially, most neurons respond to both associations, irrespective of the identity of the stimulus and the associated movement, but as learning advances, more neurons distinguish between specific stimulus-hand associations. Using a linear decoder, it was found that in early learning stages, the visual stimulus can be decoded only when the choice can also be decoded. As learning improves, the visual stimulus is decoded earlier than the choice. A simple model can replicate the observed simple spike signals and the monkeys behavior in both the early and late learning stages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ipata, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fascianelli, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Zeeuw, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sendhilnathan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fusi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.13.612926</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Purkinje cells in Crus I and II encode the visual stimulus and the impending choice as monkeys learn a reinforcement based visuomotor association task]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.13.612953v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural and verbal responses to attachment-schema narratives differ based on past and current caregiving experiences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.13.612953v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We investigated how past and current caregiving experiences impacted emotional event processing by examining inter-subject functional correlation in 7- to 15-year-olds during narrative movies depicting separation and reunion. Early adversity impacted amygdala interactions with the hippocampus, but medial prefrontal-amygdala connectivity and the content of later recall was shaped by attachment security to current caregivers. This suggests that current attachment can have a redemptive effect on attachment schemas formed in early childhood.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutchinson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tottenham, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldassano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.13.612953</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural and verbal responses to attachment-schema narratives differ based on past and current caregiving experiences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.14.613047v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploiting correlations across trials and behavioral sessions to improve neural decoding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.14.613047v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Traditional neural decoders model the relationship between neural activity and behavior within individual trials of a single experimental session, neglecting correlations across trials and sessions. However, animals exhibit similar neural activities when performing the same behavioral task, and their behaviors are influenced by past experiences from previous trials. To exploit these informative correlations in large datasets, we introduce two complementary models: a multi-session reduced-rank regression model that shares similar behaviorally-relevant statistical structure in neural activity across sessions to improve decoding, and a multi-session state-space model that shares similar behavioral statistical structure across trials and sessions. Applied across 433 sessions spanning 270 brain regions in the International Brain Laboratory public mouse Neuropixels dataset, our decoders demonstrate improved decoding accuracy for four distinct behaviors compared to traditional approaches. These results generalize across additional datasets, species, and behavioral tasks. Unlike existing deep learning approaches, our models are interpretable and efficient, uncovering low-dimensional representations that predict animal decisions, quantifying single-neuron contributions to decoding behaviors, and identifying different activation timescales of neural activity across the brain. Code: https://github.com/yzhang511/neural_decoding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurwitz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Findling, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubert, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pouget, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>International Brain Laboratory,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varol, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.14.613047</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploiting correlations across trials and behavioral sessions to improve neural decoding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.14.613076v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conformational trajectory of the HIV-1 fusion peptide during CD4-induced envelope opening 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.14.613076v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hydrophobic fusion peptide (FP), a critical component of the HIV-1 entry machinery, is located at the N terminal stretch of the envelope (Env) gp41 subunit1-3. The receptor-binding gp120 subunit of Env forms a heterodimer with gp41 and assembles into a trimer, in which FP is accessible for antibody binding3. Env conformational changes or "opening" that follow receptor binding result in FP relocating to a newly formed interprotomer pocket at the gp41-gp120 interface where it is sterically inaccessible to antibody4. The mechanistic steps connecting the entry-related transition of antibody accessible-to-inaccessible FP configurations remain unresolved. Here, using SOSIP-stabilized Env ectodomains5, we visualized atomic-level details of a functional entry intermediate, where partially open Env was bound to receptor CD4, co-receptor mimetic antibody 17b, and FP-targeting antibody VRC34.01, demonstrating that FP remains antibody accessible despite substantial receptor-induced Env opening. We determined a series of structures delineating stepwise opening of Env from its closed state to a newly resolved intermediate and defining downstream re-organizations of the gp120-gp41 interface that ultimately resulted in FP burial in an antibody-inaccessible configuration. Our studies improve our understanding of HIV-1 entry and provide information on entry-related conformation reorganization of a key site of HIV vulnerability to neutralizing antibody.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thakur, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katte, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janowska, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sammour, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acharya, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.14.613076</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conformational trajectory of the HIV-1 fusion peptide during CD4-induced envelope opening]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.16.612469v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heritability of movie-evoked brain activity and connectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.16.612469v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neural bases of sensory processing are conserved across people, but no two individuals experience the same stimulus in exactly the same way. Recent work has established that the idiosyncratic nature of subjective experience is underpinned by individual variability in brain responses to sensory information. However, the fundamental origins of this individual variability have yet to be systematically investigated. Here, we establish a genetic basis for individual differences in sensory processing by quantifying (1) the heritability of high-dimensional brain responses to movies and (2) the extent to which this heritability is grounded in lower-level aspects of brain function. Specifically, we leverage 7T fMRI data collected from a twin sample to first show that movie-evoked brain activity and connectivity patterns are heritable across the cortex. Next, we use hyperalignment to decompose this heritability into genetic similarity in where vs. how sensory information is processed. Finally, we show that the heritability of brain activity patterns can be partially explained by the heritability of the neural timescale, a one-dimensional measure of local circuit functioning. These results demonstrate that brain responses to complex stimuli are heritable, and that this heritability is due, in part, to genetic control over stable aspects of brain function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gruskin, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vieira, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.16.612469</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heritability of movie-evoked brain activity and connectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.16.613181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optic nerve crush does not induce retinal ganglion cell loss in the contralateral eye. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.16.613181v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeOptic nerve crush (ONC) is a model for studying optic nerve trauma. Unilateral ONC induces massive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration in the affected eye, leading to vision loss within a month. A common assumption has been that the non-injured contralateral eye is unaffected due to the minimal anatomical decussation of the RGC projections at the chiasm. Yet, recently, microglia, the brain-resident macrophages, have shown a responsive phenotype in the contralateral eye after ONC. Whether RGC loss accompanies this phenotype is still controversial.

MethodsUsing the available RGCode algorithm and developing our own RGC-Quant deep-learning-based tool, we quantify RGCs total number and density across the entire retina after ONC.

ResultsWe confirm a short-term microglia response in the contralateral eye after ONC, but this did not affect microglia number. Furthermore, we cannot confirm the previously reported RGC loss between naive and contralateral retinas five weeks after ONC induction across the commonly used Cx3cr1creERT2 and C57BL6/J mouse models. Neither sex nor the direct comparison of the RGC markers Brn3a and RBPMS, with Brn3a co-labeling, on average, 89% of the RBPMS+-cells, explained this discrepancy, suggesting that the early microglia-responsive phenotype does not have immediate consequences on the RGC number.

ConclusionsOur results corroborate that unilateral optic nerve injury elicits a microglial response in the uninjured contralateral eye but without RGC loss. Therefore, the contralateral eye should be treated separately and not as an ONC control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schoot Uiterkamp, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maes, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alamalhoda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firoozi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colombo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.16.613181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optic nerve crush does not induce retinal ganglion cell loss in the contralateral eye.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.12.612711v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Iterative Approach to Polish the Nanopore Sequencing Basecalling for Therapeutic RNA Quality Control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.12.612711v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nucleotide modifications deviate nanopore sequencing readouts, therefore generating artifacts during the basecalling of sequence backbones. Here, we present an iterative approach to polish modification-disturbed basecalling results. We show such an approach is able to promote the basecalling accuracy of both artificially-synthesized and real-world molecules. With demonstrated efficacy and reliability, we exploit the approach to precisely basecall therapeutic RNAs consisting of artificial or natural modifications, as the basis for quantifying the purity and integrity of vaccine mRNAs which are transcribed in vitro, and for determining modification hotspots of novel therapeutic RNA interference (RNAi) molecules which are bioengineered (BioRNA) in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Que, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DING, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.12.612711</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Iterative Approach to Polish the Nanopore Sequencing Basecalling for Therapeutic RNA Quality Control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.17.613533v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural insights into terminal arabinosylation biosynthesis of the mycobacterial cell wall arabinan 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.17.613533v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The emergence of drug-resistant strains exacerbates the global challenge of tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Central to the pathogenicity of Mtb is its complex cell envelope, which serves as a barrier against both immune system and pharmacological attacks. Two key components of this envelope, arabinogalactan (AG) and lipoarabinomannan (LAM) are complex polysaccharides that contain integral arabinan domains important for cell wall structural and functional integrity. The arabinofuranosyltransferase AftB terminates the synthesis of these arabinan domains by catalyzing the addition of {beta}-(1[-&gt;]2)-linked terminal arabinofuranose residues. Here, we present the cryo-EM structures of Mycobacterium chubuense AftB in its apo and donor substrate analog-bound form, determined to 2.9 [A] and 3.4 [A] resolution, respectively. Our structures reveal that AftB has a GT-C fold transmembrane (TM) domain comprised of eleven TM helices and a periplasmic cap domain. AftB has an irregular tube-shaped cavity that bridges the two proposed substrate binding sites. By integrating structural analysis, biochemical assays, and molecular dynamics simulations, we elucidate the molecular basis of the reaction mechanism of AftB and propose a model for catalysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erramilli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, P.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tokarz, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kloss, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, C.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowary, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kossiakoff, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stansfeld, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nygaard, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancia, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.17.613533</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural insights into terminal arabinosylation biosynthesis of the mycobacterial cell wall arabinan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.17.613550v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanistic studies of mycobacterial glycolipid biosynthesis by the mannosyltransferase PimE 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.17.613550v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tuberculosis (TB), exceeded in mortality only by COVID-19 among global infectious diseases, is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The pathogenicity of Mtb is largely attributed to its complex cell envelope, which includes a class of glycolipids called phosphatidyl-myo-inositol mannosides (PIMs), found uniquely in mycobacteria and its related corynebacterineae. These glycolipids maintain the integrity of the mycobacterial cell envelope, regulate its permeability, and mediate host-pathogen interactions. PIMs consist of a phosphatidyl-myo-inositol core decorated with one to six mannose residues and up to four acyl chains. The mannosyltransferase PimE catalyzes the transfer of the fifth PIM mannose residue from a polyprenyl phosphate-mannose (PPM) donor. This step in the biosynthesis of higher-order PIMs contributes to the proper assembly and function of the mycobacterial cell envelope; however, the structural basis for substrate recognition and the catalytic mechanism of PimE remain poorly understood. Here, we present the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of PimE from Mycobacterium abscessus captured in its apo form and in a product-bound complex with the reaction product Ac1PIM5 and the by-product polyprenyl phosphate (PP), determined at 3.0 [A] and 3.5 [A], respectively. The structures reveal the active site within a distinctive binding cavity that accommodates both donor and acceptor substrates/products. Within the cavity, we identified residues involved in substrate coordination and catalysis, which we confirmed through in vitro enzymatic assays and further validated by in vivo complementation experiments. Molecular dynamics simulations were applied to identify the access pathways and the dynamics involved in substrate binding. Integrating structural, biochemical, genetic, and computational experiments, our study provides comprehensive insights into how PimE functions, opening potential avenues for development of novel anti-TB therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borges, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nobre, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erramilli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dufrisne, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kloss, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giacometti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esteves, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timoteo, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tokarz, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cater, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morita, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kossiakoff, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stansfeld, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nygaard, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancia, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.17.613550</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanistic studies of mycobacterial glycolipid biosynthesis by the mannosyltransferase PimE]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.13.612900v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Manufacturing-Aware Generative Model Architectures Enable Biological Sequence Design and Synthesis at Petascale 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.13.612900v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We introduce a method to reduce the cost of synthesizing proteins and other biological sequences designed by a generative model by as much as a trillion-fold. In particular, we make our generative models manufacturing-aware, such that model-designed sequences can be efficiently synthesized in the real world with extreme parallelism. We demonstrate by training and synthesizing samples from generative models of antibodies, T cell antigens and DNA polymerases. For example, we train a manufacturing-aware generative model on 300 million observed human antibodies and synthesize[~] 1017 generated designs from the model, achieving a sample quality comparable to a state-of-the-art protein language model, at a cost of 103 dollars. Using previous methods, synthesis of a library of the same accuracy and size would cost roughly a quadrillion (1015) dollars.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weinstein, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gollub, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slabodkin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardner, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobbs, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, X.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amin, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Church, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.13.612900</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Manufacturing-Aware Generative Model Architectures Enable Biological Sequence Design and Synthesis at Petascale]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.14.613024v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trajectory-guided dimensionality reduction for multi-sample single-cell RNA-seq data reveals biologically relevant sample-level heterogeneity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.14.613024v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The analysis of single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) data with multiple biological samples remains a pressing challenge. We present MUSTARD, a trajectory-guided dimension reduction method for multi-sample multi-condition scRNA-seq data. This all-in-one decomposition reveals major gene expression variation patterns along the trajectory and across multiple samples simultaneously, providing opportunities to discover sample endotypes along with associated genes and gene modules. In data-driven simulation, MUSTARD achieves high accuracy in distinguishing sample-level group differences that existing methods fail to capture. MUSTARD also demonstrates a robust ability to capture gene markers and pathways associated with phenotypes of interest across multiple real-world case studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gai, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.14.613024</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trajectory-guided dimensionality reduction for multi-sample single-cell RNA-seq data reveals biologically relevant sample-level heterogeneity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.18.613279v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The transcriptomic landscape of spinal V1 interneurons reveals a role for En1 in specific elements of motor output 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.18.613279v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural circuits in the spinal cord are composed of diverse sets of interneurons that play crucial roles in shaping motor output. Despite progress in revealing the cellular architecture of the spinal cord, the extent of cell type heterogeneity within interneuron populations remains unclear. Here, we present a single-nucleus transcriptomic atlas of spinal V1 interneurons across postnatal development. We find that the core molecular taxonomy distinguishing neonatal V1 interneurons perdures into adulthood, suggesting conservation of function across development. Moreover, we identify a key role for En1, a transcription factor that marks the V1 population, in specifying one unique subset of V1Pou6f2 interneurons. Loss of En1 selectively disrupts the frequency of rhythmic locomotor output but does not disrupt flexion/extension limb movement. Beyond serving as a molecular resource for this neuronal population, our study highlights how deep neuronal profiling provides an entry point for functional studies of specialized cell types in motor output.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trevisan, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gatto, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabitto, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bikoff, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.18.613279</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The transcriptomic landscape of spinal V1 interneurons reveals a role for En1 in specific elements of motor output]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.18.613490v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Is there a ubiquitous spectrolaminar motif of local field potential power across primate neocortex? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.18.613490v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mendoza-Halliday, Major et al.1 (referred to as "Mendoza-Halliday et al." for brevity), advocate for a local field potential (LFP)-based approach to functional identification of cortical layers during "laminar" (simultaneous recordings from all cortical layers) multielectrode recordings in nonhuman primates (NHPs). They describe a "ubiquitous spectrolaminar motif" in the primate neocortex: 1) 75-150 Hz power peaks in the supragranular layers, 2) 10-19 Hz power peaks in the infragranular layers and 3) the crossing point of their laminar power gradients identifies Layer 4 (L4). Identification of L4 is critical in general, but especially for Mendoza-Halliday et al. as the "motif" discovery is couched within a framework whose central hypothesis is that gamma activity originates in the supragranular layers and reflects feedforward activity, while alpha-beta activity originates in the infragranular layers and reflects feedback activity. In an impressive scientific effort, Mendoza-Halliday et al. analyzed laminar data from 14 cortical areas in 2 prior macaque studies and compared them to marmoset, mouse, and human data to further bolster the canonical nature of the motif. Identification of such canonical principles of brain operation is clearly a topic of broad scientific interest. Similarly, a reliable online method for L4 identification would be of broad scientific value for the rapidly increasing use of laminar recordings using numerous evolving technologies. Despite Mendoza-Halliday et al.s papers strengths, and its potential for scientific impact, a series of concerns that are fundamental to the analysis and interpretation of laminar activity profile data in general, and local field potential (LFP) signals in particular, led us to question its conclusions. Here, we address four key questions: Q1) Is the spectrolaminar motif ubiquitous, i.e. "found everywhere" or "universal"? Q2) Do features of the motif reliably identify Layer (L) 4? Q3) Are Mendoza-Halliday et al.s newly introduced methods (FLIP and vFLIP) reliable? And Q4) Are the proposed biophysical mechanisms underlying the motif well justified? We used new sets of data comprised of stimulus-evoked laminar response profiles from primary and higher-order auditory cortices (A1 and belt cortex), and primary visual cortex (V1) to test these questions. The rationale for using these areas as a test bed for new methods is that, in contrast to higher-order cortical areas, their laminar anatomy and physiology have already been extensively characterized by prior studies, and there is general agreement across laboratories on key matters like L4 identification. In short, we find that Mendoza-Halliday et al.s findings do not generalize well to these cortical areas. Specifically, regarding Q1: Though we can find a spectrolaminar gradient that is qualitatively consistent with Mendoza-Halliday et al., it is quantifiable in only 61-64% of our recordings, indicating that the motif is common but by no means universal (see "Evaluation of the FLIP method [...]" and "Evaluation of vFLIP [...]"). Regarding Q2: The motifs high/low frequency gradient cross point identified L4 in only 29-33% of our recordings. Regarding Q3: FLIP and vFLIP exhibit marked variability across studies, across brain areas, and spuriously detect cortical layer inversions (see "FLIPs fitting process [...]" and "Evaluation of vFLIP [...]"). Regarding Q4: the biophysical modeling findings cited to support Mendoza-Hallidays conclusions (see "Going forward - in silico [...]") do not reproduce the LFP data trends. While our findings are in many respects at odds with those of Mendoza-Halliday et al., the paper already has, and will continue to spark debate and further experimentation. Hopefully this countervailing presentation will lead to robust collegial efforts to define optimal strategies for applying laminar recording methods in future studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mackey, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duecker, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neymotin, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dura-Bernal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haegens, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barczak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghuman, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.18.613490</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Is there a ubiquitous spectrolaminar motif of local field potential power across primate neocortex?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.18.613755v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortico-hippocampal interactions underlie schema-supported memory encoding in older adults 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.18.613755v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although episodic memory is typically impaired in older adults (OAs) compared to young adults (YAs), this deficit is attenuated when OAs can leverage their rich semantic knowledge, such as their knowledge of schemas. Memory is better for items consistent with pre-existing schemas and this effect is larger in OAs. Neuroimaging studies have associated schema use with the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and hippocampus (HPC), but most of this research has been limited to YAs. This fMRI study investigated the neural mechanisms underlying how schemas boost episodic memory in OAs. Participants encoded scene-object pairs with varying congruency, and memory for the objects was tested the following day. Congruency with schemas enhanced object memory for YAs and, more substantially, for OAs. FMRI analyses examined how cortical modulation of HPC predicted subsequent memory. Congruency-related vmPFC modulation of left HPC enhanced subsequent memory in both age groups, while congruency-related modulation from angular gyrus (AG) boosted subsequent memory only in OAs. Individual differences in cortico-hippocampal modulations indicated that OAs preferentially used their semantic knowledge to facilitate encoding via an AG-HPC interaction, suggesting a compensatory mechanism. Collectively, our findings illustrate age-related differences in how schemas influence episodic memory encoding via distinct routes of cortico-hippocampal interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogdan, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillette, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAllister, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giovanello, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabeza, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.18.613755</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortico-hippocampal interactions underlie schema-supported memory encoding in older adults]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.19.613886v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Circadian modulation of mosquito host-seeking persistence by Pigment-Dispersing Factor impacts daily biting patterns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.19.613886v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Daily rhythms in mosquito attraction to humans are thought to drive biting patterns and contribute to disease transmission dynamics. Behavioral rhythms in many insects are controlled by specialized clock cells in the brain that are coordinated by the neuropeptide Pigment-Dispersing Factor (PDF). We show that female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes with genetically disrupted PDF display altered daily behavioral timing with reduced locomotor activity and biting in the morning. Using an automated behavioral tracking system, we also report that mosquitoes exhibit daily modulation of response persistence to the host cue carbon dioxide and loss of PDF alters this pattern. These findings indicate that PDF regulates temporal features of host-seeking behavior that promote biting success at specific times of day and may underlie blood feeding patterns observed in the field.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hormigo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnett, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greppi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duvall, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.19.613886</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Circadian modulation of mosquito host-seeking persistence by Pigment-Dispersing Factor impacts daily biting patterns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.19.613948v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure-guided engineering of type I-F CASTs for targeted gene insertion in human cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.19.613948v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Conventional genome editing tools rely on DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and host recombination proteins to achieve large insertions, resulting in a heterogeneous mixture of undesirable editing outcomes. We recently leveraged a type I-F CRISPR-associated transposase (CAST) from the Pseudoalteromonas Tn7016 transposon (PseCAST) for DSB-free, RNA-guided DNA integration in human cells, taking advantage of its programmability and large payload capacity. PseCAST is the only characterized CAST system that has achieved human genomic DNA insertions, but multiple lines of evidence suggest that DNA binding may be a critical bottleneck that limits high-efficiency activity. Here we report structural determinants of target DNA recognition by the PseCAST QCascade complex using single-particle cryogenic electron microscopy (cryoEM), which revealed novel subtype-specific interactions and RNA-DNA heteroduplex features. By combining our structural data with target DNA library screens and rationally engineered protein mutations, we uncovered CAST variants that exhibit increased integration efficiency and modified PAM stringency. Structure predictions of key interfaces in the transpososome holoenzyme also revealed opportunities for the design of hybrid CASTs, which we leveraged to build chimeric systems that combine high-activity DNA binding and DNA integration modules. Collectively, our work provides unique structural insights into type I-F CAST systems while showcasing multiple diverse strategies to investigate and engineer new RNA-guided transposase architectures for human genome editing applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lampe, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sternberg, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.19.613948</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure-guided engineering of type I-F CASTs for targeted gene insertion in human cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.19.613945v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Morphological profiling in human dopaminergic neurons identifies mitochondrial uncoupling as a neuroprotective effect 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.19.613945v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons disease (PD) involves multiple pathological processes in midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons, including protein degradation defects, vesicular trafficking disruption, endolysosomal dysfunction, mitochondrial issues, and oxidative stress. Current PD models often lack complexity and focus on single phenotypes. We used patient-derived SNCA triplication (SNCA-4x) and isogenic control (SNCA-corr) mDA neurons, applying high-content imaging-based morphological profiling to identify and rescue multiple phenotypes. Screening 1,020 compounds, we identified top-scoring compounds that restored healthy profiles in SNCA-4x neurons, increasing Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and decreasing -synuclein (Syn) levels. Several hits were linked to mitochondrial biology. Tyrphostin A9, a mitochondrial uncoupler, and several of its structural analogues decreased ROS levels, normalized mitochondrial membrane potential, and increased respiration. Western blotting confirmed that Tyrphostin A9 reduces Syn levels. Our study highlights the neuroprotective potential of mild mitochondrial uncoupling in mDA neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gorgogietas, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cousin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitt, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbuti, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, B. F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boussaad, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wittich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaliani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pless, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krueger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sommer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilbertz, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.19.613945</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Morphological profiling in human dopaminergic neurons identifies mitochondrial uncoupling as a neuroprotective effect]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.19.613951v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hippocampal γCaMKII dopaminylation promotes synaptic-to-nuclear signaling and memory formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.19.613951v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein monoaminylation is a class of posttranslational modification (PTM) that contributes to transcription, physiology and behavior. While recent analyses have focused on histones as critical substrates of monoaminylation, the broader repertoire of monoaminylated proteins in brain remains unclear. Here, we report the development/implementation of a chemical probe for the bioorthogonal labeling, enrichment and proteomics-based detection of dopaminylated proteins in brain. We identified 1,557 dopaminylated proteins - many synaptic - including {gamma}CaMKII, which mediates Ca2+-dependent cellular signaling and hippocampal-dependent memory. We found that {gamma}CaMKII dopaminylation is largely synaptic and mediates synaptic-to-nuclear signaling, neuronal gene expression and intrinsic excitability, and contextual memory. These results indicate a critical role for synaptic dopaminylation in adaptive brain plasticity, and may suggest roles for these phenomena in pathologies associated with altered monoaminergic signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stewart, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulton, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durand-de Cuttoli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, P.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brindley, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cetin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrelly, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Futamura, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claypool, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastle, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Salvo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peralta, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molina, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baljinnyam, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marro, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devita, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muir, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maze, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.19.613951</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hippocampal γCaMKII dopaminylation promotes synaptic-to-nuclear signaling and memory formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.17.613129v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clonal dynamics and somatic evolution of haematopoiesis in mouse 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.17.613129v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Haematopoietic stem cells maintain blood production throughout life. While extensively characterised using the laboratory mouse, little is known about how the population is sustained and evolves with age. We isolated stem cells and progenitors from young and old mice, identifying 221,890 somatic mutations genome-wide in 1845 single cell-derived colonies, and used phylogenetic analysis to infer the ontogeny and population dynamics of the stem cell pool. Mouse stem cells and progenitors accrue [~]45 somatic mutations per year, a rate only about 2-fold greater than human progenitors despite the vastly different organismal sizes and lifespans. Phylogenetic patterns reveal that stem and multipotent progenitor cell pools are both established during embryogenesis, after which they independently self-renew in parallel over life. The stem cell pool grows steadily over the mouse lifespan to approximately 70,000 cells, self-renewing about every six weeks. Aged mice did not display the profound loss of stem cell clonal diversity characteristic of human haematopoietic ageing. However, targeted sequencing revealed small, expanded clones in the context of murine ageing, which were larger and more numerous following haematological perturbations and exhibited a selection landscape similar to humans. Our data illustrate both conserved features of population dynamics of blood and distinct patterns of age-associated somatic evolution in the short-lived mouse.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kapadia, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yousefzadeh, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyamondo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cagan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldvogel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De La Fuente, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leongamornlert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florez, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guzman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niedernhofer, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blundell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodell, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nangalia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.17.613129</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clonal dynamics and somatic evolution of haematopoiesis in mouse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.20.613758v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vocal Call Locator Benchmark (VCL) for localizing rodent vocalizations from multi-channel audio 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.20.613758v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the behavioral and neural dynamics of social interactions is a goal of contemporary neuroscience. Many machine learning methods have emerged in recent years to make sense of complex video and neurophysiological data that result from these experiments. Less focus has been placed on understanding how animals process acoustic information, including social vocalizations. A critical step to bridge this gap is determining the senders and receivers of acoustic information in social interactions. While sound source localization (SSL) is a classic problem in signal processing, existing approaches are limited in their ability to localize animal-generated sounds in standard laboratory environments. Advances in deep learning methods for SSL are likely to help address these limitations, however there are currently no publicly available models, datasets, or benchmarks to systematically evaluate SSL algorithms in the domain of bioacoustics. Here, we present the VCL Benchmark: the first large-scale dataset for benchmarking SSL algorithms in rodents. We acquired synchronized video and multi-channel audio recordings of 767,295 sounds with annotated ground truth sources across 9 conditions. The dataset provides benchmarks which evaluate SSL performance on real data, simulated acoustic data, and a mixture of real and simulated data. We intend for this benchmark to facilitate knowledge transfer between the neuroscience and acoustic machine learning communities, which have had limited overlap.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peterson, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanelus, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ick, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mimica, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivan, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falkner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murthy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanes, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.20.613758</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vocal Call Locator Benchmark (VCL) for localizing rodent vocalizations from multi-channel audio]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.20.614050v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spinal neuron diversity scales exponentially with swim-to-limb transformation during frog metamorphosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.20.614050v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vertebrates exhibit a wide range of motor behaviors, ranging from swimming to complex limb-based movements. Here we take advantage of frog metamorphosis, which captures a swim-to-limb-based movement transformation during the development of a single organism, to explore changes in the underlying spinal circuits. We find that the tadpole spinal cord contains small and largely homogeneous populations of motor neurons (MNs) and V1 interneurons (V1s) at early escape swimming stages. These neuronal populations only modestly increase in number and subtype heterogeneity with the emergence of free swimming. In contrast, during frog metamorphosis and the emergence of limb movement, there is a dramatic expansion of MN and V1 interneuron number and transcriptional heterogeneity, culminating in cohorts of neurons that exhibit striking molecular similarity to mammalian motor circuits. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene disruption of the limb MN and V1 determinants FoxP1 and Engrailed-1, respectively, results in severe but selective deficits in tail and limb function. Our work thus demonstrates that neural diversity scales exponentially with increasing behavioral complexity and illustrates striking evolutionary conservation in the molecular organization and function of motor circuits across species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vijatovic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toma, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrington, Z. P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sommer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hauschild, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trevisan, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julseth, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner-Morton, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabitto, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dasen, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bikoff, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweeney, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.20.614050</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spinal neuron diversity scales exponentially with swim-to-limb transformation during frog metamorphosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.18.611448v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Role of Forkhead box F1 in the Pathobiology of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.18.611448v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RationaleApproximately 80% of patients with non-familial pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) lack identifiable pathogenic genetic variants. While most genetic studies of PAH have focused on predicted loss-of-function variants, recent approaches have identified ultra-rare missense variants associated with the disease. FOXF1 encodes a highly conserved transcription factor, essential for angiogenesis and vasculogenesis in human and mouse lungs.

ObjectivesWe identified a rare FOXF1 missense coding variant in two unrelated probands with PAH. FOXF1 is an evolutionarily conserved transcription factor required for lung vascular development and vascular integrity. Our aims were to determine the frequency of FOXF1 variants in larger PAH cohorts compared to the general population, study FOXF1 expression in explanted lung tissue from PAH patients versus control (failed-donor) lungs, and define potential downstream targets linked to PAH development.

MethodsThree independent, international, multicenter cohorts were analyzed to evaluate the frequency of FOXF1 rare variants. Various composite prediction models assessed the deleteriousness of individual variants. Bulk RNA sequencing datasets from human explanted lung tissues were compared to failed-donor controls to determine FOXF1 expression. Bioinformatic tools identified putative FOXF1 binding targets, which were orthogonally validated using mouse ChIP-seq datasets.

Measurements and Main ResultsSeven novel or ultra-rare missense coding variants were identified across three patient cohorts in different regions of the FOXF1 gene, including the DNA binding domain. FOXF1 expression was dysregulated in PAH lungs, correlating with disease severity. Histological analysis showed heterogeneous FOXF1 expression, with the lowest levels in phenotypically abnormal endothelial cells within complex vascular lesions in PAH samples. A hybrid bioinformatic approach identified FOXF1 downstream targets potentially involved in PAH pathogenesis, including BMPR2.

ConclusionsLarge genomic and transcriptomic datasets suggest that decreased FOXF1 expression or predicted dysfunction is associated with PAH.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Arroyo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houweling, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogaard, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitzmiller, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porollo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dooijes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meijboom, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hale, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pauciulo, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zacharias, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCormack, F. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldred, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weirauch, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graf, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhodes, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitsett, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalinichenko, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.18.611448</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Role of Forkhead box F1 in the Pathobiology of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.18.613276v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Unified Phenotype Ontology (uPheno): A framework for cross-species integrative phenomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.18.613276v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phenotypic data are critical for understanding biological mechanisms and consequences of genomic variation, and are pivotal for clinical use cases such as disease diagnostics and treatment development. For over a century, vast quantities of phenotype data have been collected in many different contexts covering a variety of organisms. The emerging field of phenomics focuses on integrating and interpreting these data to inform biological hypotheses.

A major impediment in phenomics is the wide range of distinct and disconnected approaches to recording the observable characteristics of an organism. Phenotype data are collected and curated using free text, single terms or combinations of terms, using multiple vocabularies, terminologies, or ontologies. Integrating these heterogeneous and often siloed data enables the application of biological knowledge both within and across species. Existing integration efforts are typically limited to mappings between pairs of terminologies; a generic knowledge representation that captures the full range of cross-species phenomics data is much needed.

We have developed the Unified Phenotype Ontology (uPheno) framework, a community effort to provide an integration layer over domain-specific phenotype ontologies, as a single, unified, logical representation. uPheno comprises (1) a system for consistent computational definition of phenotype terms using ontology design patterns, maintained as a community library; (2) a hierarchical vocabulary of species-neutral phenotype terms under which their species-specific counterparts are grouped; and (3) mapping tables between species-specific ontologies. This harmonized representation supports use cases such as cross-species integration of genotype-phenotype associations from different organisms and cross-species informed variant prioritization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matentzoglu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bello, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefancsik, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alghamdi, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anagnostopoulos, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balhoff, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balk, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradford, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bridges, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callahan, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caufield, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuzick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmody, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caron, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Souza, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engel, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fey, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gehrke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grove, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibrahim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobsen, J. O. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Köhler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMurry, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz-Fuentes, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz-Torres, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parkinson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pendlington, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilgrim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robb, S. M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seager, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segerdell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smedley, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sollis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toro, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasilevsk</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.18.613276</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Unified Phenotype Ontology (uPheno): A framework for cross-species integrative phenomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.20.614152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain-body mitochondrial distribution patterns lack coherence and point to tissue-specific and individualized regulatory mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.20.614152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Energy transformation capacity is generally assumed to be a coherent individual trait driven by genetic and environmental factors. This predicts that some individuals should have high and others low mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) capacity across organ systems. Here, we test this assumption using multi-tissue molecular and enzymatic activities in mice and humans. Across up to 22 mouse tissues, neither mitochondrial OxPhos capacity nor mtDNA density were correlated between tissues (median r = -0.01-0.16), indicating that animals with high mitochondrial capacity in one tissue can have low capacity in other tissues. Similarly, the multi-tissue correlation structure of RNAseq-based indices of mitochondrial gene expression across 45 tissues from 948 women and men (GTEx) showed small to moderate coherence between only some tissues (regions of the same brain), but not between brain-body tissue pairs in the same person (median r = 0.01). Mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn) also lacked coherence across organs and tissues. Mechanistically, tissue-specific differences in mitochondrial gene expression were attributable in part to i) tissue-specific activation of canonical energy sensing pathways including the transcriptional coactivator PGC-111 and the integrated stress response (ISR), and ii) proliferative activity across tissues. Finally, we identify subgroups of individuals with high mitochondrial gene expression in some tissues (e.g., heart) but low expression in others (e.g., skeletal muscle) who display different clinical phenotypic patterns. Taken together, these data raise the possibility that tissue-specific energy sensing pathways may contribute to the idiosyncratic mitochondrial distribution patterns associated with the inter-organ heterogeneity and phenotypic diversity among individuals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Devine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monzel, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shire, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Junker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.20.614152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain-body mitochondrial distribution patterns lack coherence and point to tissue-specific and individualized regulatory mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.20.614207v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Widespread brain activity increases in frontal lobe seizures with impaired consciousness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.20.614207v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Impaired consciousness is a serious clinical manifestation of epilepsy with negative consequences on quality of life. Little work has investigated impaired consciousness in frontal lobe seizures, a common form of focal epilepsy. In temporal lobe seizures, previous studies showed widespread cortical slow waves associated with depressed subcortical arousal and impaired consciousness. However, in frontal lobe epilepsy, it is not known whether cortical slow waves are present, or whether a very different cortical activity pattern may be related to impaired consciousness.

We used intracranial EEG recordings of 65 frontal lobe seizures in 30 patients for quantitative analysis of ictal cortical activity and its relationship to impaired consciousness. Behavioral changes based on blinded review of seizure videos were used to classify focal aware, focal impaired awareness, and focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures. Changes in intracranial EEG power from preictal baseline were analyzed in different cortical regions and across frequency ranges in these three categories.

We found that frontal lobe focal aware seizures showed approximately 40% increases in intracranial EEG power localized to the frontal lobe of seizure onset across frequency ranges, with relatively smaller changes in other cortical regions. Frontal lobe focal impaired awareness seizures showed approximately 50% increases in intracranial EEG power, not significantly different from focal aware seizures in the frontal lobe of seizure onset (P = 1.038), but significantly greater than focal aware seizures in other broad cortical regions (P < 0.001). Importantly, the widespread cortical increases in EEG power observed in focal impaired awareness versus focal aware seizures were seen not just in the frequency range of slow waves, but were also observed across other frequencies including fast activity. However, the widespread cortical increases in focal impaired awareness seizures differed from focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures where intracranial EEG power increased to a much higher level by approximately 600%. The large power increases in focal to bilateral tonic-clonic were significantly greater than in focal impaired awareness seizures both in the frontal lobe of seizure onset and in other cortical regions (P < 0.001).

Our findings contrast with focal temporal lobe epilepsy, where impaired consciousness is associated with cortical slow waves. We can speculate that different focal seizure types produce impaired consciousness by impacting widespread cortical regions but through different physiological mechanisms. Insights gained by studying mechanisms of impaired consciousness may be the first step towards developing novel treatments to prevent this important negative consequence of epilepsy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Salardini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaddiparti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gebere, R. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arencibia, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhakar, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grover, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quraishi, I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sternberg, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivaraju, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonito, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaveri, H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gober, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghoshal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farooque, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirsch, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damisah, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerrard, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spencer, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blumenfeld, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.20.614207</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Widespread brain activity increases in frontal lobe seizures with impaired consciousness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.22.613751v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The exit of naïve pluripotency contains a lipid metabolism-induced checkpoint for genome integrity. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.22.613751v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pluripotent progenitors undergo dramatic cellular and biochemical transformations during peri-implantation development. These large-scale reprogramming events are fundamental for subsequent differentiation, but how they are integrated and co-ordinated with the preservation of genome integrity remain unknown. Here, we uncover a metabolism-induced telomere checkpoint that takes place in pluripotent progenitors as they form rosette-like epithelial structures. We show that the glycolytic switch at the exit of naive pluripotency is preceded by an acceleration of mitochondrial respiration and de novo lipogenesis, fuelling the accumulation of lipid droplets required for morphogenesis. We find that downstream of these CIDEA-promoted metabolic events is the induction of ZSCAN4, a key pluripotency-associated regulator of telomere stability. Surprisingly, the build-up of lipid droplets corresponds to a transient shortening of telomeres, which triggers the activation of an elongation mechanism via ZSCAN4. Thus, telomere homeostasis can be safeguarded as essential lipid metabolic reprogramming unfolds to drive developmental progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Souza, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barneda, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karimlou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bovee, N. G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahlman, E. J. E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopes Novo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leeke, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prakash Bangalore, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sousa, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Clavijo, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jansen, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barahona, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Percharde, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keun, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marks, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azuara, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.22.613751</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The exit of naïve pluripotency contains a lipid metabolism-induced checkpoint for genome integrity.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.23.614358v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal integration in human auditory cortex is predominantly yoked to absolute time, not structure duration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.23.614358v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sound structures such as phonemes and words have highly variable durations. Thus, there is a fundamental difference between integrating across absolute time (e.g., 100 ms) vs. sound structure (e.g., phonemes). Auditory and cognitive models have traditionally cast neural integration in terms of time and structure, respectively, but the extent to which cortical computations reflect time or structure remains unknown. To answer this question, we rescaled the duration of all speech structures using time stretching/compression and measured integration windows in the human auditory cortex using a new experimental/computational method applied to spatiotemporally precise intracranial recordings. We observed significantly longer integration windows for stretched speech, but this lengthening was very small ([~]5%) relative to the change in structure durations, even in non-primary regions strongly implicated in speech-specific processing. These findings demonstrate that time-yoked computations dominate throughout the human auditory cortex, placing important constraints on neurocomputational models of structure processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Norman-Haignere, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keshishian, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devinsky, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKhann, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schevon, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flinker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesgarani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.23.614358</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal integration in human auditory cortex is predominantly yoked to absolute time, not structure duration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.23.614535v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Auditory decision-making deficits after permanent noise-induced hearing loss 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.23.614535v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Loud noise exposure is one of the leading causes of permanent hearing loss. Individuals with noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) suffer from speech comprehension deficits and experience impairments to cognitive functions such as attention and decision-making. Here, we tested whether a specific sensory deficit, NIHL, can directly impair auditory cognitive function. Gerbils were trained to perform an auditory decision-making task that involves discriminating between slow and fast presentation rates of amplitude-modulated (AM) noise. Decision-making task performance was assessed across pre-versus post-NIHL sessions within the same gerbils. A single exposure session (2 hours) to loud broadband noise (120 dB SPL) produced permanent NIHL with elevated threshold shifts in auditory brainstem responses (ABRs). Following NIHL, decision-making task performance was tested at sensation levels comparable to those prior to noise exposure in all animals. Our findings demonstrate NIHL diminished perceptual acuity, reduced attentional focus, altered choice bias, and slowed down evidence accumulation speed. Finally, video-tracking analysis of motor behavior during task performance demonstrates that NIHL can impact sensory-guided decision-based motor execution. Together, these results suggest that NIHL impairs the sensory, cognitive, and motor factors that support auditory decision-making.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berns, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nunez, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zemlianova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mowery, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.23.614535</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Auditory decision-making deficits after permanent noise-induced hearing loss]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.25.614993v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The capacity of the medial temporal lobe to represent memory items in their ordinal position in a sequence is domain-general 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.25.614993v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Memory systems in humans are less segregated than initially thought as learning tasks from different memory domains (e.g., declarative vs. procedural) can recruit similar brain areas. However, it remains unclear whether the functional role of these overlapping brain regions - and the hippocampus in particular - is domain-general. Here, we test the hypothesis that the hippocampus encodes and preserves the temporal order of sequential information irrespective of the nature of that information. We used multivariate pattern analyses (MVPA) of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data acquired in young healthy individuals during the execution of learned sequences of movements and objects to test whether the hippocampus represents information about the temporal order of items in a learned sequence irrespective of their nature. We also examined such coding in brain regions involved in both motor (primary and premotor cortices) and object (perirhinal cortex and parahippocampus) sequence learning. Our results suggest that hippocampal and perirhinal multivoxel activation patterns do not carry information about specific items or temporal position in a random series of objects or movements. Rather, these regions code for the representation of items in their learned temporal position in sequences irrespective of their nature (i.e., item-position coding). In contrast, although all other ROIs showed evidence of item-position coding, this representation could - at least partially - be attributed to the coding of other information such as position information. Altogether, our findings indicate that the capacity of regions in the medial temporal lobe to represent the temporal order of sequential information is domain-general. Our data suggest that these regions contribute to the development of item-position maps that might provide a cognitive framework to order sequential behaviors irrespective of their nature.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Temudo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolfen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albouy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.25.614993</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The capacity of the medial temporal lobe to represent memory items in their ordinal position in a sequence is domain-general]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.26.615039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tissue resident memory CD4+ T cells are sustained by site-specific levels of self-renewal and replacement from precursors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.26.615039v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) protect from repeat infections within organs and barrier sites. The breadth and duration of such protection is defined at minimum by three quantities; the rate at which new TRM are generated from precursors, their rate of self-renewal, and their rate of loss through death, egress, or differentiation. Quanti-fying these processes individually is challenging. Here we combine genetic fate mapping tools and mathematical models to untangle these basic homeostatic properties of CD4+ TRM in the skin and gut lamina propria (LP) of healthy adult mice. We show that CD69+CD4+ TRM in skin reside for [~]24 days and self-renew more slowly, such that clones halve in size approximately every 5 weeks; and approximately 2% of cells are replaced daily from precursors. CD69+CD4+ TRM in LP have shorter residencies ([~]14 days) and are maintained largely by immigration (4-6% per day). We also find evidence that the continuous replacement of CD69+CD4+ TRM at both sites derives from circulating effector-memory CD4+ T cells, in skin possibly via a local CD69- intermediate. Our approach maps the ontogeny of CD4+ TRM in skin and LP and exposes their dynamic and distinct behaviours, with continuous seeding and erosion potentially impacting the duration of immunity at these sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chandler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bullock, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Dorp, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seddon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.26.615039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tissue resident memory CD4+ T cells are sustained by site-specific levels of self-renewal and replacement from precursors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.26.615191v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nuclear Type I Myosins are Essential for Life and Genome Organization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.26.615191v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The active transport of large biomolecules within a cell is critical for homeostasis. While the cytoplasmic process is well-studied, how the spacing of nucleoplasmic cargo is coordinated is poorly understood. We investigated the impact of myosin motors in the nucleus of budding yeast. We found that life requires a nuclear type I myosin whereas the essential type II or V myosins were not requisite in the nucleus. Nuclear depletion of type I myosins triggered 3D genome disorganization, nucleolar disruption, broad gene expression changes, and nuclear membrane morphology collapse. Genome disorganization occurred first supporting a model where type I myosins actively maintain genome architecture that scaffolds nuclear membrane and nucleolar morphologies. Overall, nuclear myosin is critical for the form and function of the nucleus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peng, A. Y. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeman, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.26.615191</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nuclear Type I Myosins are Essential for Life and Genome Organization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.26.615260v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Potentiation of active locomotor state by spinal-projecting serotonergic neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.26.615260v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals produce diverse motor actions that enable expression of context-appropriate behaviors. Neuromodulators facilitate behavioral flexibility by altering the temporal dynamics and output of neural circuits. Discrete populations of serotonergic (5-HT) neurons target circuits in the brainstem and spinal cord, but their role in the control of motor behavior is unclear. Here we define the pre- and post-synaptic organization of the spinal-projecting serotonergic system and define a role in locomotor control. We show that while forebrain-targeting 5-HT neurons decrease their activity during locomotion, subpopulations of spinal projecting neurons increase their activity in a context-dependent manner. Optogenetic activation of ventrally projecting 5-HT neurons does not trigger initiation of movement, but rather enhances the speed and duration of ongoing locomotion. We find that serotonergic neurons can influence motor output beyond periods of increased activity, indicating neuromodulators can act in the motor system over extended time scales. These findings indicate that the descending serotonergic system potentiates locomotor output and demonstrate a role for serotonergic neurons in modulating the temporal dynamics of motor circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dasen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenstermacher, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dymecki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaimowitz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vonasek, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gattuso, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jessell, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.26.615260</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Potentiation of active locomotor state by spinal-projecting serotonergic neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.27.614559v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MKK4 and MKK7 control degeneration of retinal ganglion cell somas and axons after glaucoma-relevant injury. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.27.614559v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glaucoma is characterized by programmed cell death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) after axonal injury. Several studies have shown the cell-intrinsic drivers of RGC degeneration act in a compartment-specific manor. Recently, the transcription factors JUN and DDIT3 were identified as critical hubs regulating RGC somal loss after mechanical axonal injury. It is possible somal DDIT3/JUN activity initiates axonal degeneration mechanisms in glaucoma. Alternatively, DDIT3/JUN may act downstream of inciting degenerative mechanisms and only drive RGC somal loss. The MAP2Ks MKK4 and MKK7 control all JNK/JUN activity and can indirectly activate DDIT3. Furthermore, MKK4/7 have been shown to drive RGC axonal degeneration after mechanical axonal injury. The present work investigated whether JUN and DDIT3, or their upstream activators MKK4 and MKK7, control degeneration of RGC axons and somas after glaucoma-relevant injury. Ddit3/Jun deletion did not prevent axonal degeneration in ocular hypertensive DBA/2J mice but prevented nearly all RGC somal loss. Despite robust somal survival, Ddit3/Jun deletion did not preserve RGC somal viability (as assessed by PERG decline and soma shrinkage) in DBA/2J mice or after glaucoma-relevant mechanical axonal injury. In contrast, Mkk4/7 deletion significantly lessened degeneration of RGC somas and axons, and preserved somal function and size after axonal injury. In summary, activation of MKK4 and MKK7 appears to be the inciting mechanism governing death of the entire RGC after glaucoma-relevant injury; driving death of the RGC soma (likely through activation of DDIT3 and JUN), decline in somal viability, and axonal degeneration via DDIT3/JUN-independent mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marola, O. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Syc-Mazurek, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yablonski, S. E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrager, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, S. W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Libby, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.27.614559</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MKK4 and MKK7 control degeneration of retinal ganglion cell somas and axons after glaucoma-relevant injury.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.27.615234v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HEXIM1 is correlated with Alzheimer's disease pathology and regulates immediate early gene dynamics in neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.27.615234v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cognitive processes require de novo gene transcription in neurons. Memory requires the rapid and robust transcription of a class of genes called immediate early genes (IEGs). IEG transcription is facilitated by the formation of a poised basal state, in which RNA polymerase II (RNAP2) initiates transcription, but remains paused downstream of the promoter. Upon neuronal depolarization, the paused RNAP2 is released to complete the synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts, a process stimulated by positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb). In many cell types, P-TEFb is sequestered into a large inactive complex containing Hexamethylene bisacetamide inducible 1 (HEXIM1), but the impact of this interaction on neuronal gene transcription is not yet fully understood. In this study, we found that neuronal expression levels of HEXIM1 mRNA are highly correlated with impaired cognition in Alzheimers disease. It is also induced in the hippocampus during memory formation, and following depolarization in neurons. The role of HEXIM1 in neuronal gene transcription was then explored in murine neuronal cultures where we found that calcium frees P-TEFb from the HEXIM1 inhibitory complex. Modulation of P-TEFb by inhibiting the activity of the cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) subunit of this complex significantly impacts IEG induction, particularly during repeated depolarization. Our findings indicate that HEXIM1 in complex with P-TEFb plays an important role in establishing and resetting the poised RNAP2 state, enabling efficient activation of genes necessary for synaptic plasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Htet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estay-Olmos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powers, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohman, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaas, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colbran, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greer, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.27.615234</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HEXIM1 is correlated with Alzheimer's disease pathology and regulates immediate early gene dynamics in neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.29.615676v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Imprecise counting of observations in averaging tasks predicts primacy and recency effects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.29.615676v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Primacy and recency effects -- wherein early and recent observations exert disproportionate influence on judgments -- have long been noted in cognitive tasks involving the sequential presentation of information. In studies where human subjects make decisions based on the average of a sequence of numbers, recency effects are typically modeled phenomenologically through exponential discounting, while primacy effects are neglected altogether. Here, we exhibit the prevalence of both effects in such tasks, and propose that they result from the observers imprecision in their running tally of how many pieces of information they have received. If their approximate counting follows a central tendency -- a typical Bayesian pattern -- then past information is overweighted near the beginning of the sequence, while new numbers are overweighted towards the end of the sequence. Thus both primacy and recency effects are simultaneously predicted by this single mechanism. The model moreover nests exponential discounting as a special case in which the observer has no information about the count. The behavioral data suggests that subjects indeed misestimate the count of observations, with biases similar to those observed in numerosity-estimation tasks. Finally, we present evidence that the central tendency of subjects shifts towards lower counts in tasks with shorter sequence lengths, consistent with a Bayesian estimation of the counts. These findings provide new insights into the cognitive processes underlying serial-position effects in averaging tasks, with broader implications for other cognitive domains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prat-Carrabin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodford, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.29.615676</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Imprecise counting of observations in averaging tasks predicts primacy and recency effects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.30.615925v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modular representations emerge in neural networks trained to perform context-dependent tasks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.30.615925v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Experimental and theoretical work has argued both for and against the existence of specialized sub-populations of neurons (modules) within single brain regions. By studying artificial neural networks, we show that this local modularity emerges to support complex (for instance, context-dependent) behavior only when the input to the network is low-dimensional. No anatomical constraints are required. We also show when modular specialization emerges implicitly at the population level, where orthogonal subspaces are viewed as distinct modules. Modularity yields abstract representations, allows for rapid learning and generalization on novel output domains as well as related tasks. Non-modular representations facilitate the rapid learning of unrelated tasks. Our findings reconcile conflicting experimental results and make predictions for future experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnston, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fusi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.30.615925</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modular representations emerge in neural networks trained to perform context-dependent tasks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.30.615801v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deciphering shared molecular dysregulation across Parkinson's disease variants using a multi-modal network-based data integration and analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.30.615801v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with no effective treatment. Advances in neuroscience and systems biomedicine now enable the use of complex patient-specific in vitro disease models and cutting-edge computational tools for data integration, enhancing our understanding of complex PD mechanisms. To explore common biomedical features across monogenic PD forms, we developed a knowledge graph (KG) by integrating previously published high-content imaging and RNA sequencing data of PD patient-specific midbrain organoids harbouring LRRK2-G2019S, SNCA triplication, GBA-N370S or MIRO1-R272Q mutations with publicly available biological data. Furthermore, we generated a single-cell RNA sequencing dataset of midbrain organoids derived fromidiopathic PD patients (IPD) to stratify IPD patients towards genetic forms of PD. Despite high PD heterogeneity, we found that common transcriptomic dysregulation in monogenic PD forms is reflected in IPD glial cells. In addition, dysregulation in ROBO signalling might be involved in shared pathophysiology between monogenic PD and IPD cases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zagare, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balaur, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rougny, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saraiva, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gobin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monzel, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satagopam, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwamborn, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.30.615801</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deciphering shared molecular dysregulation across Parkinson's disease variants using a multi-modal network-based data integration and analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.30.615982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Remote activation of place codes by gaze in a highly visual animal 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.30.615982v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vision enables many animals to perform spatial reasoning from remote locations. By viewing distant landmarks, animals recall spatial memories and plan future trajectories. Although these spatial functions depend on hippocampal place cells, the relationship between place cells and active visual behavior is unknown. Here, we studied a highly visual animal, the chickadee, in a behavior that required alternating between remote visual search and spatial navigation. We leveraged the unique head-directed nature of avian vision to track gaze in freely moving animals. We discovered a profound link between place coding and gaze. Place cells activated not only when the chickadee was in a specific location, but also when it simply gazed at that location from a distance. Gaze coding was precisely timed by fast, ballistic head movements called "head saccades". On each saccadic cycle, the hippocampus switched between encoding a prediction of what the bird was about to see and a reaction to what it actually saw. The temporal structure of these responses was coordinated by subclasses of interneurons that fired at different phases of the saccade. We suggest that place and gaze coding are components of a unified process by which the hippocampus represents the location that an animal is currently attending to. This process allows the hippocampus to implement both local and remote spatial functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Payne, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.30.615982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Remote activation of place codes by gaze in a highly visual animal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.01.614851v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex differences in the clinical manifestation of autosomal dominant frontotemporal dementia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.01.614851v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
INTRODUCTIONSex differences are apparent in neurodegenerative diseases, but have not been comprehensively characterized in frontotemporal dementia (FTD).

METHODSParticipants included 337 adults with autosomal dominant FTD enrolled in the ALLFTD Consortium. Clinical assessments and plasma were collected annually for up to six years. Linear mixed-effects models investigated how sex and disease stage associated with longitudinal trajectories of cognition, function, and neurofilament light chain (NfL).

RESULTSWhile sex differences were not apparent at asymptomatic stages, females showed more rapid declines across all outcomes in symptomatic stages compared to males. In asymptomatic participants, the association between baseline NfL and clinical trajectories was weaker in females versus males, a difference that attenuated in symptomatic participants.

DISCUSSIONIn genetic FTD, females show cognitive resilience in early disease stages followed by steeper clinical declines later in disease. Baseline NfL may be a less sensitive prognostic tool for clinical progression in females with FTD-causing mutations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Memel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staffaroni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilan-Gala, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia Castro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tartaglia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saloner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VandeBunte, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paolillo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cadwallader, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorno-Tempini, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandelli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apostolova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graff-Radford, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litvan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayram, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pressman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyagawa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackenzie, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darby, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appleby, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrucelli, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gendron, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heuer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forseberg, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rojas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boeve, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brushaber, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domoto-Reilly, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghoshal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lapid, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascual, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramanan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rademakers, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rascovsky, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pantelyat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masdeu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boxer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.01.614851</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex differences in the clinical manifestation of autosomal dominant frontotemporal dementia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.02.616147v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Baby Open Brains: An Open-Source Repository of Infant Brain Segmentations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.02.616147v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reproducibility of neuroimaging research on infant brain development remains limited due to highly variable protocols and processing approaches. Progress towards reproducible pipelines is limited by a lack of benchmarks such as gold standard brain segmentations. Addressing this core limitation, we constructed the Baby Open Brains (BOBs) Repository, an open source resource comprising manually curated and expert-reviewed infant brain segmentations. Markers and expert reviewers manually segmented anatomical MRI data from 71 infant imaging visits across 51 participants, using both T1w and T2w images per visit. Anatomical images showed dramatic differences in myelination and intensities across the 1 to 9 month age range, emphasizing the need for densely sampled gold standard manual segmentations in these ages. The BOBs repository is publicly available through the Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain (MIDB) Open Data Initiative, which links S3 storage, Datalad for version control, and BrainBox for visualization. This repository represents an open-source paradigm, where new additions and changes can be added, enabling a community-driven resource that will improve over time and extend into new ages and protocols. These manual segmentations and the ongoing repository provide a benchmark for evaluating and improving pipelines dependent upon segmentations in the youngest populations. As such, this repository provides a vitally needed foundation for early-life large-scale studies such as HBCD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feczko, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoyell, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexopoulos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagonis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bower, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavender, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamberlain, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goradia, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heisler-Roman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendrickson, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houghton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kardan, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiffmeyer, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundquist, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucena, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mummaneni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myricks, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narnur, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrone, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiners, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rueter, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saw, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Styner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sung, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiklasky, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisnowski, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yacoub, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmermann, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smyser, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fair, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elison, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.02.616147</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Baby Open Brains: An Open-Source Repository of Infant Brain Segmentations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.02.616303v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automated Tumor and FUS Lesion Quantification on Multi-frequency Harmonic Motion and B-mode Imaging Using a Multi-modality Neural Network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.02.616303v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Harmonic Motion Imaging (HMI) is an ultrasound elasticity imaging method that measures the mechanical properties of tissue using amplitude-modulated acoustic radiation force (AM-ARF). By estimating tissues on-axis oscillatory motion, HMI-derived displacement images represent localized relative stiffness and can predict the tumor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) and monitor focused ultrasound (FUS) ablation therapy. Multi-frequency HMI (MF-HMI) excites tissue at various AM frequencies simultaneously, which allows for image optimization without prior knowledge of inclusion size and stiffness. However, challenges remain in size estimation as inconsistent boundary effects result in different perceived sizes across AM frequencies. Herein, we developed an automated tumor and FUS lesion quantification method using a transformer-based multi-modality neural network, HMINet. It was trained on 380 pairs of MF-HMI and B-mode images of phantoms and in vivo orthotopic breast cancer mice (4T1). Test datasets included phantoms (n = 32), in vivo 4T1 mice (n = 24), breast cancer patients (n = 16), and a FUS-induced lesion, with average segmentation accuracy (Dice Similarity Score) of 0.95, 0.86, 0.82, and 0.87, respectively. To increase the generalizability of HMINet, we applied a transfer learning strategy, i.e., fine-tuning the model using patient data. For NACT patients, the displacement ratios (DR) between the tumor and surrounding tissue were calculated based on HMINet-segmented boundaries to predict tumor response based on stiffness changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konofagou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.02.616303</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automated Tumor and FUS Lesion Quantification on Multi-frequency Harmonic Motion and B-mode Imaging Using a Multi-modality Neural Network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.03.616418v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aperiodic neural excitation of the prefrontal cortex offsets age-related decrease in hippocampal theta activity for spatial memory maintenance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.03.616418v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Currently, there is a critical gap in age-related electrophysiological changes in the human brain and how they are correlated with individual decline and maintenance of spatial cognitive function. To characterize these complex neurocognitive changes using direct intracranial recordings, we isolated periodic band power from the aperiodic spectral slope from iEEG power spectra of 69 presurgical epilepsy patients between 19 and 61 years of age while they performed a virtual spatial navigation task. We found a flattening of aperiodic spectral slope in the prefrontal cortex, but also observed a steepening in the hippocampus, suggestive of region-specific changes in excitatory/inhibitory balance across aging. The hippocampus showed pronounced changes in periodic (oscillatory) activity, including a decrease in theta power that correlated with impaired spatial memory, potentially due to changes in the cholinergic system. Interestingly, individuals with the flatter spectral slope in DLPFC showed preserved performance despite lower hippocampal theta, indicating a potential compensatory mechanism for cognitive maintenance. These findings provide new evidence that individual age-related cognitive decline can be predicted by changes in hippocampal theta oscillation, in combination with concomitant prefrontal compensatory mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, S.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donoghue, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.03.616418</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aperiodic neural excitation of the prefrontal cortex offsets age-related decrease in hippocampal theta activity for spatial memory maintenance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.03.616579v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parallel neuroinflammatory pathways to cerebrovascular injury and amyloid-beta in Alzheimer's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.03.616579v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ImportanceWhile the hallmark pathologies of amyloid-beta (A{beta}) and tau in Alzheimers disease (AD) are well documented and even part of the definition, upstream neuroinflammation is thought to play an important role but remains poorly understood.

ObjectivesWe tested whether two distinct neuroinflammatory markers are associated with cerebrovascular injury and A{beta}, and whether these markers are associated with plasma phosphorylated tau (pTau) concentration, medial temporal lobe (MTL) cortical and hippocampal atrophy, and memory deficits. We examined neuroinflammatory markers plasma YKL-40 and GFAP, due to previous conflicting evidence relating YKL-40 and GFAP to AD pathogenic markers.

DesignCross-sectional data from a community observational study (Biomarker Exploration in Aging, Cognition, and Neurodegeneration - BEACoN) were included.

SettingAll participants were enrolled in a single site, at University of California, Irvine.

Participants126 participants were included if they had at least one of the following measures available: neuropsychological data, MRI, A{beta}-PET, or plasma.

ExposuresPlasma YKL-40 and plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) levels.

Main outcomes and measuresWhite matter hyperintensity (WMH) volume, 18F-florbetapir (FBP) PET mean SUVR, plasma phosphorylated tau (pTau-217) concentration, MTL cortical thickness, hippocampal volume, and memory function assessed by Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test. Using path analysis, we tested whether higher plasma YKL-40 and GFAP are associated with WMH and A{beta}, and whether these converge to downstream markers of tauopathy, MTL neurodegeneration, and memory deficits.

ResultsIn older adults without dementia (N=126, age=70.60+6.29, 62% women), we found that higher plasma YKL-40 concentration was associated with greater WMH volume, while higher plasma GFAP concentration was related to increased FBP SUVR. Further, higher plasma GFAP, WMH and FBP SUVR were independently associated with increased pTau-217. In turn, plasma pTau-217 was associated with reduced MTL cortical thickness and hippocampal volume. Subsequently, only reduced hippocampal volume was related to lower memory function.

Conclusions and RelevanceNeuroinflammatory markers contribute to parallel pathways of cerebrovascular injury and A{beta}, which converge to tau-associated neurodegeneration and memory deficits in older adults. These observations underscore the need for a more comprehensive approach to developing an AD framework and treatment strategies.

KEY POINTSO_ST_ABSQuestionC_ST_ABSHow does neuroinflammation impact downstream features of cerebrovascular injury and amyloid-beta (A{beta}) in Alzheimers disease?

FindingsIn this study of 126 older adults without dementia, we found evidence for two distinct neuroinflammatory pathways that lead to neurodegeneration and memory deficits. One path involves plasma YKL-40 and its impact on cerebrovascular injury, as measured by white matter hyperintensities (WMH) on MRI scans. The other involves plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and its impact on A{beta} deposition measured via 18F-florbetapir (FBP) PET. Both pathways converged on tauopathy, measured by plasma pTau-217, which was associated with lower medial temporal lobe (MTL) cortical thickness and hippocampal volume, and consequently, memory deficits.

MeaningInflammation acts on Alzheimers disease mechanisms via multiple distinct and parallel pathways which converge downstream onto neurodegeneration.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=110 SRC="FIGDIR/small/616579v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@2d3c39org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ccc453org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@6d40bdorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@b543cb_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG Credit: BioRender was used to help create this graphical abstract.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rizvi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bamford, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sathishkumar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tustison, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuteja, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMillan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escalante, Y. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meza, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malhas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brickman, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mapstone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yassa, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.03.616579</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parallel neuroinflammatory pathways to cerebrovascular injury and amyloid-beta in Alzheimer's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.05.616792v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Splicing dysregulation in glioblastoma alters the function of cell migration-related genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.05.616792v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glioblastoma (GBM) has a poor prognosis with a high recurrence and low survival rate. Previous RNA-seq analyses have revealed that alternative splicing (AS) plays a role in GBM progression. Here, we present a novel AS analysis method (Semi-Q) and describe its use to identify GBM-specific AS events. We analyzed RNA-seq data from normal brain (NB), normal human astrocytes (NHAs) and GBM samples, and found that comparison between NHA and GBM was especially informative. Importantly, this analysis revealed that genes encoding cell migration-related proteins, including filamins (FLNs) and actinins (ACTNs), were among those most affected by differential AS. Functional assays revealed that dysregulated AS of FLNA, B and C transcripts produced protein isoforms that not only altered transcription of cell proliferation-related genes but also led to enhanced cell migration, resistance to cell death and/or mitochondrial respiratory function, while a dysregulated AS isoform of ACTN4 enhanced cell migration. Together, our results indicate that cell migration and actin cytoskeleton-related genes are differentially regulated by AS in GBM, supporting a role for AS in facilitating tumor growth and invasiveness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bak-Gordon, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canoll, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.05.616792</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Splicing dysregulation in glioblastoma alters the function of cell migration-related genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.05.616802v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-Cell RNA-Seq Reveals Adventitial Fibroblast Alterations during Mouse Atherosclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.05.616802v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAtherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) remains the leading cause of mortality in the western world despite the success of lipid lowering therapies, highlighting the need for novel lipid-independent therapeutic strategies. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified numerous genes associated with ASCVD that function in the vessel wall, suggesting that vascular cells mediate ASCVD, and that the genes and pathways essential for this vascular cell function may be novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of ASCVD. Furthermore, some of these implicated genes appear to function in the adventitial layer of the vasculature, suggesting these cells are able to potentiate ASCVD.

MethodsTo investigate the role of adventitial cells in atherosclerosis, we conducted single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of the aortic adventitia during atherogenesis in male Ldlr-/- mice via pools of three mice, two samples per condition. We cross-referenced the scRNA-seq data with human ASCVD GWAS to identify regulators of adventitial responses in ASCVD. These regulators were then validated in vitro in human adventitial fibroblasts.

ResultsWe identified four adventitial fibroblast populations, all of which displayed shifts in population size and gene expression over the course of atherogenesis. SERPINH1, an ASCVD-linked GWAS gene, was differentially expressed in adventitial fibroblasts during atherogenesis. Knockdown of SERPINH1 in vitro reduced fibroblast migration and altered subcluster marker gene expression.

ConclusionsThese findings reveal dynamic changes in adventitial fibroblasts during atherosclerosis and suggest that reduced SERPINH1 expression disrupts adventitial fibroblast function, contributing to ASCVD progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fries, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.05.616802</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-Cell RNA-Seq Reveals Adventitial Fibroblast Alterations during Mouse Atherosclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.05.616829v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic variation in male mate choice for large females in Drosophila melanogaster 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.05.616829v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Males in many species show courtship and mating preferences for certain females over others when given the choice. One of the most common targets of male mate choice in insects is female body size, with males preferring to court and mate with larger, higher-fecundity females and investing more resources in matings with those females. Although this preference is well-documented at the species level, less is known about how this preference varies within species and whether there is standing genetic variation for male mate choice within populations. We used hemiclonal analysis in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, to test for heritable genetic variation in pre- and post-copulatory components of male mate choice for large females. We found additive genetic variation for both forms of male choice: males from different hemiclone lines varied in the strength of their courtship preferences for large females and the degree to which they extended matings with large females. Although males from hemiclone lines with stronger courtship preferences for large females were more likely to mate with those females, there was no genetic correlation between pre- and post-copulatory components of male mate choice, suggesting that they are under independent genetic control. Genetic variation in male mate choice may be widespread, potentially impacting the fitness of both sexes and the adaptive evolution of populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Freed, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, I. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anthony Cuadrado, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pischedda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.05.616829</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic variation in male mate choice for large females in Drosophila melanogaster]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.08.617209v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EPHA2 Regulates SOX2 during Esophageal Development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.08.617209v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human esophagus, derived from the anterior foregut endoderm, requires proper dorsal-ventral patterning for development. The transcription factor SOX2, crucial in this process, when dysregulated, leads to congenital esophageal abnormalities. EPHA2, a receptor tyrosine kinase, is vital in various developmental processes and cancer models, where it activates SOX2. This study demonstrates that EPHA2 regulates SOX2 expression during esophageal development using human iPSCs and iPSC-derived human esophageal organoids (HEO). Inhibition of EPHA2 decreased iPSC-derived HEO formation and SOX2 expression. These findings provide evidence of EPHA2 as being a key regulator of SOX2 signaling in early esophageal development.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=104 SRC="FIGDIR/small/617209v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (17K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@16b8a8aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1548672org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@46e28corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c35578_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG SFD: Serum-Free Differentiation media; EPC: esophageal progenitor cells; HEO: human esophageal organoids

Created with BioRender.com

C_FIG HighlightsO_LISOX2 is crucial for proper esophageal development.
C_LIO_LIEPHA2 is a receptor tyrosine kinase involved in various developmental processes.
C_LIO_LIEPHA2 activates SOX2.
C_LIO_LIInhibition of EPHA2 decreased SOX2 expression and human esophageal organoid formation.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitani, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz-Acuna, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karaksheva, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakagawa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabre, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.08.617209</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EPHA2 Regulates SOX2 during Esophageal Development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.07.614568v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Relation of CMV and brain atrophy to trajectories of immunosenescence in diverse populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.07.614568v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immunosenescence (ISC), the aging of the immune system, has largely been studied in populations of European descent. Here, circulating immune cell cytometric data from African-American, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic White participants were generated. Known and novel age effects were identified using either a meta-analysis approach or a parallel genetic approach. Most results are consistent across the three populations, but some cell populations display evidence of heterogeneity, such as a PD-L1+CD56+ NK cell subset. The study estimated "Immunological Age" (IA) during physiologic aging. While we found no relation of IA to Multiple Sclerosis, IA is associated with entorhinal cortex atrophy, a presymptomatic feature of Alzheimers disease, linking neurodegeneration and peripheral immunity. ISC trajectories were also inferred, highlighting age, CMV status, and genetic ancestry as key influences. Our assessment offers reference ISC trajectories for personalization of assessments of immune function over the life course in diverse populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Touil, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luquez, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comandante-Lou, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujita, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habeck, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kroshilina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hegewisch-Solloa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McInvale, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuroff, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isnard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Routy, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mace, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klotz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiendl, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Or, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.07.614568</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Relation of CMV and brain atrophy to trajectories of immunosenescence in diverse populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.07.617068v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tuning Insulin Receptor Signaling Using De Novo Designed Agonists 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.07.617068v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Binding of insulin to the insulin receptor (IR) induces conformational changes in the extracellular portion of the receptor that lead to activation of the intracellular kinase domain and the AKT and MAPK pathways, and downstream modulation of glucose metabolism and cell proliferation. We reasoned that designed agonists that induce different conformational changes in the receptor might induce different downstream responses, which could be useful both therapeutically and to shed light on how extracellular conformation is coupled to intracellular signaling. We used de novo protein design to first generate binders to individual IR extracellular domains, and then to fuse these together in different orientations and with different conformational flexibility. We describe a series of synthetic agonists that signal through the IR that differ from insulin and from each other in the induction of receptor autophosphorylation, MAPK activation, intracellular trafficking, and cell proliferation. We identify designs that are more potent than insulin causing much longer lasting reductions in glucose levels, and that retain signaling activity on disease-causing receptor mutants that do not respond to insulin. These results inform our understanding of how changes in receptor conformation and dynamics are transmitted to downstream signaling, and our synthetic agonists have considerable therapeutic potential for diabetes and severe insulin resistance syndromes.

HighlightsO_LIComputational design yielded super agonists, partial agonists, and antagonists of IR.
C_LIO_LIDe novo agonists induce a distinct IR active conformation.
C_LIO_LIDesigned agonists tune IR signaling by modulating conformational dynamics of activated IR.
C_LIO_LIDesigned agonists are more potent than insulin, reducing glucose levels longer and activating disease-causing IR mutants.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardoso, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatesh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coventry, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chowhan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerben, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Accili, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.07.617068</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tuning Insulin Receptor Signaling Using De Novo Designed Agonists]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.09.617228v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A CXCR4 partial agonist improves immunotherapy by targeting polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells and cancer-driven granulopoiesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.09.617228v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PMN-MDSCs) are pathologically activated neutrophils that potently impair immunotherapy responses. The chemokine receptor CXCR4, a central regulator of hematopoiesis, represents an attractive PMN-MDSC target1. Here, we fused a secreted CXCR4 partial agonist TFF2 to mouse serum albumin (MSA) and demonstrated that TFF2-MSA peptide synergized with anti-PD-1 to induce tumor regression or eradication, inhibited distant metastases, and prolonged survival in multiple gastric cancer (GC) models. Using histidine decarboxylase (Hdc)-GFP transgenic mice to track PMN-MDSC in vivo, we found TFF2-MSA selectively reduced the immunosuppressive Hdc-GFP+ CXCR4hi tumor PMN-MDSCs while preserving proinflammatory neutrophils, thereby boosting CD8+ T cell-mediated anti-tumor response together with anti-PD-1. Furthermore, TFF2-MSA systemically reduced PMN-MDSCs and bone marrow granulopoiesis. In contrast, CXCR4 antagonism plus anti-PD-1 failed to provide a similar therapeutic benefit. In GC patients, expanded PMN-MDSCs containing a prominent CXCR4+LOX-1+ subset are inversely correlated with the TFF2 level and CD8+ T cells in circulation. Collectively, our studies introduce a strategy of using CXCR4 partial agonism to restore anti-PD-1 sensitivity in GC by targeting PMN-MDSCs and granulopoiesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waterbury, Q. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobayashi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ochiai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harle, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaBella, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamechek, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, L. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moy, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daugherty, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lederman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>WANG, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.09.617228</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A CXCR4 partial agonist improves immunotherapy by targeting polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells and cancer-driven granulopoiesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.09.617415v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Migration strategies of a high-latitude breeding songbird (Setophaga coronata coronata) revealed using multi-sensor geolocators and stable isotopes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.09.617415v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Seasonal migration allows animals to use habitat where conditions are unfavorable for part of the year but may constrain breeding ranges due to the costs of longer migrations as ranges expand poleward. In species with large ranges, high latitude breeding populations may employ different migratory strategies allowing them to persist far from other core non-breeding areas. The myrtle warbler (Setophaga coronata coronata) has two disjunct non-breeding ranges in North and Central America-one along the Gulf Coast and the other on the Pacific. Previous work indirectly linked birds breeding in Alaska with the Pacific non-breeding area, suggesting that high latitude populations evolved a shorter migration route. We directly tested this hypothesis using geolocators measuring both light and atmospheric pressure to track Alaskan myrtle warbler migration in fine detail and inferred non-breeding areas using hydrogen isotopes for a larger sample of birds breeding in Alaska, British Columbia, and Alberta. We found, contrary to expectations, that all geolocator-tracked birds and most birds with stable isotope data migrated to the southeastern United States, while only a small subset of birds ([~]5%) likely wintered on the Pacific Coast. We additionally demonstrate the advantages of pressure geolocation for characterizing migratory behavior at a fine scale.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Szarmach, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beam, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Doren, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brelsford, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toews, D. P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.09.617415</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Migration strategies of a high-latitude breeding songbird (Setophaga coronata coronata) revealed using multi-sensor geolocators and stable isotopes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.08.617108v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SAMPL-seq reveals micron-scale spatial hubs in the human gut microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.08.617108v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The local arrangement of microbes can profoundly impact community assembly, function, and stability. To date, little is known about the spatial organization of the human gut microbiome. Here, we describe a high-throughput and streamlined method, dubbed SAMPL-seq, that samples microbial composition of micron-scale sub-communities with split-and-pool barcoding to capture spatial colocalization in a complex consortium. SAMPL-seq analysis of the gut microbiome of healthy humans identified bacterial taxa pairs that consistently co-occurred both over time and across multiple individuals. These colocalized microbes organize into spatially distinct groups or "spatial hubs" dominated by Bacteroideceae, Ruminococceae, and Lachnospiraceae families. From a dietary perturbation using inulin, we observed reversible spatial rearrangement of the gut microbiome, where specific taxa form new local partnerships. Spatial metagenomics using SAMPL-seq can unlock new insights to improve the study of microbial communities.

One Sentence SummaryHigh throughput micron-scale subcommunity sampling and sequencing identifies distinct spatial associations of gut bacteria within and across individuals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Richardson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheth, R. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moody, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricaurte, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velez-Cortes, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urtecho, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.08.617108</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SAMPL-seq reveals micron-scale spatial hubs in the human gut microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.10.616515v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct roles of SNR, speech Intelligibility, and attentional effort on neural speech tracking in noise 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.10.616515v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Robust neural encoding of speech in noise is influenced by several factors, including signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), speech intelligibility (SI), and attentional effort (AE). Yet, the interaction and distinct role of these factors remain unclear. In this study, fourteen native English speakers performed selective speech listening tasks at various SNR levels while EEG responses were recorded. Attentional performance was assessed using a repeated word detection task, and attentional effort was inferred from subjects gaze velocity. Results indicate that both SNR and SI enhance neural tracking of target speech, with distinct effects influenced by the previously overlooked role of attentional effort. Specifically, at high levels of SI, increasing SNR leads to reduced attentional effort, which in turn decreases neural speech tracking. Our findings highlight the importance of differentiating the roles of SNR, SI, and AE in neural speech processing and advance our understanding of how noisy speech is processed in the auditory pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raghavan, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesgarani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.10.616515</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct roles of SNR, speech Intelligibility, and attentional effort on neural speech tracking in noise]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.10.616521v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decoding the Unintelligible: Neural Speech Tracking in Low Signal-to-Noise Ratios 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.10.616521v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding speech in noisy environments is challenging for both human listeners and speech technologies, with significant implications for hearing aid design and communication systems. Auditory attention decoding (AAD) aims to decode the attended talker from neural signals to enhance their speech and improve perception. However, whether this decoding remains reliable under severely degraded listening conditions remains unclear. In this study, we investigated selective neural tracking of the attended speaker under adverse listening conditions. Using EEG recordings in a multi-talker speech perception task with varying SNR, participants task performance--quantified through a repeated-word detection task--was analyzed as a proxy for perceptual accuracy and attentional focus, while neural responses were used to decode the attended talker. Despite substantial degradation in task performance, we found that neural tracking of attended speech persists, suggesting that the brain retains sufficient information for decoding. These findings demonstrate that even in highly challenging conditions, AAD remains feasible, offering a potential avenue for improving speech perception in brain-informed audio technologies, such as hearing aids, that leverage AAD to enhance listening experiences in real-world noisy environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raghavan, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesgarani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.10.616521</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decoding the Unintelligible: Neural Speech Tracking in Low Signal-to-Noise Ratios]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.10.617091v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microscopic deconstruction of cortical circuit stimulation by transcranial ultrasound 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.10.617091v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcranial Ultrasound Stimulation (TUS) can noninvasively and reversibly perturb neuronal activity, but the mechanisms by which ultrasound engages brain circuits to induce functional effects remain unclear. To elucidate these interactions, we applied TUS to the cortex of awake mice and concurrently monitored local neural activity at the acoustic focus with two-photon calcium imaging. We show that TUS evokes highly focal responses in three canonical neuronal populations, with cell-type-specific dose dependencies. Through independent parametric variations, we demonstrate that evoked responses collectively scale with the time-average intensity of the stimulus. Finally, using computational unmixing we propose a physiologically realistic cortical circuit model that predicts TUS-evoked responses as a result of both direct effects and local network interactions. Our results provide a first direct evidence of TUSs focal effects on cortical activity and shed light on the complex circuit mechanisms underlying these effects, paving the way for TUSs deployment in clinical settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lemaire, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gellman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeMessurier, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haiken Dray, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Little, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Froemke, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoham, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.10.617091</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microscopic deconstruction of cortical circuit stimulation by transcranial ultrasound]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.10.617655v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prefrontal representations of retrospective spatial working memory in a rodent radial maze task 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.10.617655v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Working memory is the cognitive capacity for temporarily holding information in mind for processing or use. It has been theorized to depend upon executive and mnemonic subcomponents, although the contextual mapping of these subcomponents is not complete. Perturbations of prefrontal cortex (PFC) delay activity disrupt spatial working memory performance in rodent tasks. However, recordings of unperturbed PFC delay activity do not consistently contain mnemonic representations of spatial information in these tasks, calling into question the role that mnemonic PFC representations play in freely-moving spatial working memory. We hypothesized that increasing task complexity might increase the likelihood of mnemonic PFC representation emergence. We therefore used an automated eight-arm radial maze to implement a novel match-to-sample rodent spatial working memory task with seven options on each trial, and recorded calcium activity in PFC neurons during task performance. We found that the delay-phase activity of PFC neurons indeed contained mnemonic representations of spatial information at the population level. These representations were retrospective rather than prospective, and--surprisingly--were more evident on error trials. Together with previous results, these observations suggest that in freely-moving spatial working memory tasks, PFC mnemonic representations emerge to empower deviation from a routine behavioral strategy.

Significance StatementPrefrontal cortex (PFC) activity is necessary for optimal performance of freely-moving spatial working memory tasks in rodents. Despite this, PFC representations of retrospective actions or stimuli--one quintessential working memory hallmark--are only variably observed during task delays, complicating our understanding of the PFCs role in spatial working memory. Here, we examine cellular-resolution PFC activity in a high-optionality match-to-sample radial maze task and find retrospective delay representations. Strikingly, these delay representations are more evident in error trials. This suggests that in the freely-moving context, explicit PFC representations of retrospective information support deviations from an entrained behavioral strategy, rather than equally supporting all spatial working memory-based behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taliaferro, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Posani, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenwald, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGowan, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekarskaya, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacefield, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fusi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellendonk, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.10.617655</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prefrontal representations of retrospective spatial working memory in a rodent radial maze task]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.10.617658v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Orthrus: Towards Evolutionary and Functional RNA Foundation Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.10.617658v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the face of rapidly accumulating genomic data, our ability to accurately predict key mature RNA properties that underlie transcript function and regulation remains limited. Pre-trained genomic foundation models offer an avenue to adapt learned RNA representations to biological prediction tasks. However, existing genomic foundation models are trained using strategies borrowed from textual domains that do not leverage biological domain knowledge. Here, we introduce Orthrus, a Mamba-based mature RNA foundation model pre-trained using a novel self-supervised contrastive learning objective with biological augmentations. Orthrus is trained by maximizing embedding similarity between curated pairs of RNA transcripts, where pairs are formed from splice isoforms of 10 model organisms and transcripts from orthologous genes in 400+ mammalian species from the Zoonomia Project. This training objective results in a latent representation that clusters RNA sequences with functional and evolutionary similarities. We find that the generalized mature RNA isoform representations learned by Orthrus significantly outperform genomic foundation models on mRNA property prediction tasks, and requires only a fraction of fine-tuning data to do so. Finally, we show that Orthrus is capable of capturing divergent biological function of individual transcript isoforms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fradkin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isaev, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frey, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.10.617658</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Orthrus: Towards Evolutionary and Functional RNA Foundation Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.11.617544v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HDAC Inhibitors recapitulate Human Disease-Associated Microglia Signatures in vitro 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.11.617544v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Disease-associated microglia (DAM), initially described in mouse models of neurodegenerative diseases, have been classified into two related states; starting from a TREM2-independent DAM1 state to a TREM2 dependent state termed DAM2, with each state being characterized by the expression of specific marker genes1. Recently, single-cell (sc)RNA-Seq studies have reported the existence of DAMs in humans2-6; however, whether DAMs play beneficial or detrimental roles in the context of neurodegeneration is still under debate7,8. Here, we present a pharmacological approach to mimic human DAM in vitro by exposing different human microglia models to selected histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. We also provide an initial functional characterization of our model system, showing a specific increase of amyloid beta phagocytosis along with a reduction of MCP-1 secretion. Additionally, we report an increase in MITF expression, a transcription factor previously described to drive expression towards the DAM phenotype. We further identify CADM1, LIPA and SCIN as DAM- marker genes shared across various proposed DAM signatures and in our model systems. Overall, our strategy for targeted microglial polarization bears great potential to further explore human DAM function and biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haage, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuddenham, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bautista, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comandante-Lou, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshe, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soni, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sims, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sproul, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.11.617544</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HDAC Inhibitors recapitulate Human Disease-Associated Microglia Signatures in vitro]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.11.617640v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inconsistencies in the published rabbit ribosomal rRNAs: a proposal for uniformity in sequence and site numbering 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.11.617640v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Examination of all publicly available Oryctolagus cuniculus (rabbit) ribosome cryo-EM structures reveals numerous confusing inconsistencies. First, there are a plethora of single nucleotide differences among the various rabbit 28S and 18S rRNA structures. Second, two nucleotides are absent from the NCBI Reference Sequence for the 18S rRNA gene. Moving forward, we propose using the Broad Institutes rabbit whole genome shotgun sequence and numbering to reduce modeling ambiguity and improve consistency between ribosome models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>De, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, Z. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burton-Smith, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hashem, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pestova, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hellen, C. U. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.11.617640</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inconsistencies in the published rabbit ribosomal rRNAs: a proposal for uniformity in sequence and site numbering]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.12.618033v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A computational principle of habit formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.12.618033v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1Actions are influenced by multiple decision-making systems - including a goal-directed system that favors rewarded actions and a habit system that repeats past actions - but precisely when one system prevails is not known. We show that when competition between these systems is resolved by a winner-take-all mechanism, the precise condition for the emergence of habits can be cast in terms of the well-known probability matching principle. The theory embodies a trade-off in which exploitation, or overmatching, maximizes reward but strengthens habits, while paradoxically, exploration preserves goal-directed behavior by sacrificing rewards. This tradeoff can be averted if learning operates on abstract latent state representations whereby knowing the broader context allows for switching between two habits instead of avoiding one, thus maximizing rewards without forfeiting flexibility. The theory explains a range of animal behaviors as well as task-dependent effects of striatal manipulation, and suggests that neural mechanisms governing exploration implicitly control arbitration between decision-making systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lakshminarasimhan, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.12.618033</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A computational principle of habit formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.09.617478v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanical properties are tuned during development with the fibrous network nature of the Arabidopsis cell wall 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.09.617478v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During plant development, the mechanical properties of the cell walls must be tuned to regulate the growth of the cells. Cell growth involves significant stretching of the cell walls, yet little is known about the mechanical properties of cell walls under such substantial deformation, or how these mechanical properties change to regulate development. Here, we investigated the mechanical behavior of the Arabidopsis leaf epidermal cells being stretched. We found that the mechanical properties arise from the cell wall, which behaves as a fibrous network material. The epidermis exhibited a non-linear stiffening behavior that fell into three regimes. Each regime corresponded to distinct nonlinear behaviors in terms of transverse deformation (i.e., Poisson effect) and unrecoverable deformation (i.e., plasticity). Using a model, we demonstrated that the transition from reorientation and bending-dominated to stretch-dominated deformation modes of cellulose microfibrils cause these nonlinear behaviors. We found the stiffening behavior is more pronounced at later developmental stages. Finally, we show the spiral2-2 mutant has anisotropic mechanical properties, likely contributing to the spiraling of leaves. Our findings reveal the fibrous network nature of cell walls gives a high degree of tunability in mechanical properties, which allows cells to adjust these properties to support proper development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burda, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pendrak, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silberstein, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roeder, A. H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.09.617478</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanical properties are tuned during development with the fibrous network nature of the Arabidopsis cell wall]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.11.617898v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification and Targeting of Regulators of SARS-CoV-2-Host Interactions in the Airway Epithelium. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.11.617898v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although the impact of SARS-CoV-2 in the lung has been extensively studied, the molecular regulators and targets of the host-cell programs hijacked by the virus in distinct human airway epithelial cell populations remain poorly understood. This is in part ascribed to the use of nonprimary cell systems, overreliance on single-cell gene expression profiling that does not ultimately reflect protein activity, and bias toward the downstream effects rather than their mechanistic determinants. Here we address these issues by network-based analysis of single cell transcriptomic profiles of pathophysiologically relevant human adult basal, ciliated and secretory cells to identify master regulator (MR) protein modules controlling their SARS-CoV-2-mediated reprogramming. This uncovered chromatin remodeling, endosomal sorting, ubiquitin pathways, as well as proviral factors identified by CRISPR analyses as components of the host response collectively or selectively activated in these cells. Large-scale perturbation assays, using a clinically relevant drug library, identified 11 drugs able to invert the entire MR signature activated by SARS-CoV-2 in these cell types. Leveraging MR analysis and perturbational profiles of human primary cells represents a novel mechanism-based approach and resource that can be directly generalized to interrogate signatures of other airway conditions for drug prioritization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dirvin, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomassoni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ke, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schotsaert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Sastre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardoso, W. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.11.617898</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification and Targeting of Regulators of SARS-CoV-2-Host Interactions in the Airway Epithelium.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.12.617973v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Essential tremor with tau pathology features seeds indistinguishable in conformation from Alzheimer's disease and primary age-related tauopathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.12.617973v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurodegenerative tauopathies are characterized by the deposition of distinct fibrillar tau assemblies whose rigid core structures correlate with defined neuropathological phenotypes. Essential tremor (ET) is a progressive neurological disease disease that, in some cases, is associated with cognitive impairment and tau accumulation.. Consequently, we explored the tau assembly conformation in ET patients with tau pathology using cytometry-based tau biosensor assays. These assays quantify tau prion seeding activity present in brain homogenates based on conversion of intracellular tau-fluorescent protein fusions from a soluble to an aggregated state. Prions exhibit seeding barriers, whereby a specific assembly structure cannot serve as a template for a native monomer if the amino acids are not compatible. We recently exploited the tau prion species barrier to define tauopathies by systematically substituting alanine (Ala) in the tau monomer and measuring its incorporation into seeded aggregates within biosensor cells. The Ala scan precisely classified the conformation of tau seeds from diverse tauopathies. We next studied 18 ET patient brains with tau pathology. Only one case had concurrent high amyloid-{beta} plaque pathology consistent with Alzheimers disease (AD). We detected robust tau seeding activity in 9 (50%) of the patients. This predominantly localized to the temporal pole and temporal cortex. We examined 8 ET cases with the Ala scan and determined that the amino acid requirements for tau monomer incorporation into aggregates seeded from these ET brain homogenates were identical to those of AD and primary age-related tauopathy (PART), and completely distinct from other tauopathies such as corticobasal degeneration, chronic traumatic encephalopathy, and progressive supranuclear palsy. Based on these studies, tau assembly cores in a pathologically confined subset of ET cases with high tau pathology are identical to AD and PART. This could facilitate more precise diagnosis and therapy for ET patients with cognitive impairment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saez-Calveras, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaquer-Alicea, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tak, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cosentino, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faust, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louis, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.12.617973</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Essential tremor with tau pathology features seeds indistinguishable in conformation from Alzheimer's disease and primary age-related tauopathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.11.617911v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SeqDance: A Protein Language Model for Representing Protein Dynamic Properties 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.11.617911v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structural dynamics are fundamental to protein functions and mutation effects. Current protein deep learning models are predominantly trained on sequence and/or static structure data, which often fail to capture the dynamic nature of proteins. To address this, we introduce SeqDance and ESMDance, two protein language models trained on dynamic biophysical properties derived from molecular dynamics simulations and normal mode analyses of over 64,000 proteins. Both models can be directly applied to predict dynamic properties of unseen ordered and disordered proteins. SeqDance, trained from scratch, has attentions that capture dynamic interaction and co-movement between residues, and its embeddings encode rich representations of protein dynamics that can be further utilized to predict conformational properties beyond the training tasks via transfer learning. SeqDance predicted dynamic property changes reflect mutation effect on protein folding stability. ESMDance, built upon ESM2 (Evolutionary Scale Model II) outputs, substantially outperforms ESM2 in zero-shot prediction of mutation effects for designed and viral proteins which lack evolutionary information. Together, SeqDance and ESMDance offer a new framework for integrating protein dynamics into language models, enabling more generalizable predictions of protein behavior and mutation effects.

Significance StatementThe sequence--structure (ensemble)--function relationship is central to biology. Protein dynamics in the structure ensemble play a decisive role in determining function and mutation effects, and are widely used to study thermodynamics, folding pathways, and dynamic interactions of ordered proteins, as well as the conformational variability of intrinsically disordered proteins. However, current state-of-the-art protein deep learning models, such as AlphaFold2,3 and ESM, focus on static structures and sequences, which failed to directly capture protein dynamics. Here, we address this gap by developing protein language models to learn dynamic properties of over 64,000 proteins. We show that the models Transformer attentions capture protein dynamic interactions, and our model can be applied to predict conformational properties and mutation effects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.11.617911</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SeqDance: A Protein Language Model for Representing Protein Dynamic Properties]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.13.618100v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutant p53 regulates cancer cell invasion in complex three-dimensional environments through mevalonate pathway-dependent Rho/ROCK signaling. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.13.618100v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Certain mutations can confer neomorphic gain of function (GOF) activities to the p53 protein that affect cancer progression. Yet the concept of mutant p53 GOF has been challenged. Here, using various strategies to alter the status of mutant versions of p53 in different cell lines, we demonstrate that mutant p53 stimulates cancer cell invasion in three-dimensional environments. Mechanistically, mutant p53 enhances RhoA/ROCK-dependent cell contractility and cell-mediated extracellular matrix (ECM) re-organization via increasing mevalonate pathway-dependent RhoA localization to the membrane. In line with this, RhoA-dependent pro-invasive activity is also mediated by IDI-1, a mevalonate pathway product. Further, the invasion-enhancing effect of mutant p53 is dictated by the biomechanical properties of the surrounding ECM, thereby adding a cell-independent layer of regulation to mutant p53 GOF activity that is mediated by dynamic reciprocal cell-ECM interactions. Together our findings link mutant p53 metabolic GOF activity with an invasive cellular phenotype in physiologically relevant and context-dependent settings.

SignificanceThis study addresses the contribution of mutant p53 to the process of cancer cell dissemination in physiologically relevant three-dimensional environments - a key characteristic of metastatic disease. Several mutant p53 proteins display pro-oncogenic activity with respect to cancer cell invasion in 3D environments via mevalonate pathway-dependent Rho/ROCK signaling axis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guzman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawase, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devanny, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Efe, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navaridas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regunath, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mercer, I. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avard, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muniz de Queiroz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rustgi, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prives, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.13.618100</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutant p53 regulates cancer cell invasion in complex three-dimensional environments through mevalonate pathway-dependent Rho/ROCK signaling.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.15.618357v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TGF-β induces an atypical EMT to evade immune mechanosurveillance in lung adenocarcinoma dormant metastasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.15.618357v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The heterogeneity of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) programs is manifest in the diverse EMT-like phenotypes occurring during tumor progression. However, little is known about the mechanistic basis and functional role of specific forms of EMT in cancer. Here we address this question in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) cells that enter a dormancy period in response to TGF-{beta} upon disseminating to distant sites. LUAD cells with the capacity to enter dormancy are characterized by expression of SOX2 and NKX2-1 primitive progenitor markers. In these cells, TGF-{beta} induces growth inhibition accompanied by a full EMT response that subsequently transitions into an atypical mesenchymal state of round morphology and lacking actin stress fibers. TGF-{beta} induces this transition by driving the expression of the actin-depolymerizing factor gelsolin, which changes a migratory, stress fiber-rich mesenchymal phenotype into a cortical actin-rich, spheroidal state. This transition lowers the biomechanical stiffness of metastatic progenitors, protecting them from killing by mechanosensitive cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells. Inhibiting this actin depolymerization process clears tissues of dormant metastatic cells. Thus, LUAD primitive progenitors undergo an atypical EMT as part of a strategy to evade immune-mediated elimination during dormancy. Our results provide a mechanistic basis and functional role of this atypical EMT response of LUAD metastatic progenitors and further illuminate the role of TGF-{beta} as a crucial driver of immune evasive metastatic dormancy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elbanna, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godet, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lampe, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xavier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huse, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massague, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.15.618357</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TGF-β induces an atypical EMT to evade immune mechanosurveillance in lung adenocarcinoma dormant metastasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.14.618189v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TRENDY: Gene Regulatory Network Inference Enhanced by Transformer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.14.618189v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene regulatory networks (GRNs) play a crucial role in the control of cellular functions. Numerous methods have been developed to infer GRNs from gene expression data, including mechanism-based approaches, information-based approaches, and more recent deep learning techniques, the last of which often overlook the underlying gene expression mechanisms. In this work, we introduce TRENDY, a novel GRN inference method that integrates transformer models to enhance the mechanism-based WENDY approach. Through testing on both simulated and experimental datasets, TRENDY demonstrates superior performance compared to existing methods. Furthermore, we apply this transformer-based approach to three additional inference methods, showcasing its broad potential to enhance GRN inference.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.14.618189</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TRENDY: Gene Regulatory Network Inference Enhanced by Transformer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.14.618224v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diversity of ancestral brainstem noradrenergic neurons across species and multiple biological factors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.14.618224v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brainstem cell group, locus coeruleus (LC), is present across vertebrates and influences cardiorespiratory, metabolic, immune, and cognitive functions by activating in two putatively distinct firing patterns. Yet, the degree to which the LC firing rates and patterns are homogenous across species has never been assessed due to inherently limited sample sizes. To remedy this, we pooled cross-species data from 20 laboratories to show that firing rates differ across species and are modulated by sex, age, and type of in vitro or in vivo preparation. Contrary to the prevailing dual-mode firing pattern schema, we observed patterns spread across a low-dimensional manifold, with subregions enriched for specific biological factors and neurodegenerative disease models. Our findings show considerable diversity in an ancestral vertebrate neuromodulatory system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kelberman, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arabzadeh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bair-Marshall, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berridge, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berrocoso, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breton-Provencher, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandler, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Che, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davy, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devilbiss, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Downs, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drummond, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dvorkin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fazlali, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Froemke, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glennon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gold, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ito, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johansen, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaye, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, C.-c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, R.-j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llorca-Torralba, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCall, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McElligott, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKinney, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miguelez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, M.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nowlan, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omrani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickering, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poe, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranjbar-Slamloo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razquin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodenkirch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sales, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satyasambit,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.14.618224</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diversity of ancestral brainstem noradrenergic neurons across species and multiple biological factors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.16.618719v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Associations between prenatal distress, mitochondrial health, and gestational age: findings from two pregnancy studies in the USA and Turkey 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.16.618719v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveThis study examined associations between mitochondrial markers--circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA (cf-mtDNA) and Growth Differentiation Factor-15 (GDF15)--with maternal distress and pregnancy outcomes.

MethodParticipants were drawn from two pregnancy studies, EPI (N=187, USA) and BABIP (N=198, Turkey). Plasma cf-mtDNA and GDF15 levels were quantified using qPCR and ELISA assays.

ResultsPlasma cf-mtDNA levels did not significantly vary across pregnancy, while plasma GDF15 levels increased from early to late pregnancy and decreased postpartum. Late 2nd trimester plasma GDF15 was negatively correlated with pre-pregnancy BMI (p=0.035) and gestational age (p=0.0048) at birth. Early 2nd trimester maternal distress was associated with lower cf-mtDNA (p<0.05) and a trend for lower GDF15. Higher pre-pregnancy BMI and late-pregnancy maternal distress were linked to smaller postpartum GDF15 declines in EPI (p<0.05).

ConclusionThis study reveals distinct plasma cf-mtDNA and GDF15 patterns during the perinatal period, linking mitochondrial markers to maternal distress and pregnancy outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shire, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollis, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abuaish, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monk, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duman, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trumpff, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.16.618719</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Associations between prenatal distress, mitochondrial health, and gestational age: findings from two pregnancy studies in the USA and Turkey]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.14.618253v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An analysis of RNA quality metrics in human brain tissue 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.14.618253v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human brain tissue studies have historically used a range of metrics to assess RNA quality. However, few large-scale cross-comparisons of pre-sequencing quality metrics with RNA-seq quality have been published. Here, we analyze how well metrics gathered before RNA sequencing (post-mortem interval (PMI) and RNA integrity number RIN) relate to analyses of RNA quality after sequencing (Percent of counts in Top Ten genes (PTT), 5 bias, and 3 bias) as well as with individual gene counts across the transcriptome. We conduct this analysis across four different human cortical brain tissue collections sequenced with varying library preparation protocols. PMI and RIN have a low inverse correlation, and both PMI and RIN show consistent and opposing correlations with PTT. Unlike PMI, RIN shows strong consistent correlations with measurements of 3 and 5 bias, and RIN also correlates with 3,933 genes across datasets, in comparison to 138 genes for PMI. Neuronal and immune response genes correlate positively and negatively with RIN respectively, suggesting that different gene sets have divergent relationships with RIN in brain tissue. In summary, these analyses suggest that conventional metrics of RNA quality have varying degrees of value, and that PMI has an overall minimal but reproducible effect on RNA quality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciener, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leskinen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivakumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKhann, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Runnels, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.14.618253</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An analysis of RNA quality metrics in human brain tissue]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.15.616105v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of anionic lipids on the energy landscape of conformational transition in anion exchanger 1 (AE1) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.15.616105v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anion Exchanger 1 (AE1) is an elevator-type membrane transporter that plays a key role in erythrocytes by mediating the exchange of chloride and bicarbonate ions across the membrane, thus participating in acid-base homeostasis. While previous studies have provided structural insights into AE1 and its substrate binding, the conformational transitions and the role of lipid interactions remain elusive. In this study, we utilized cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) to resolve three high resolution structures of distinct conformational states of AE1: two inward-facing (IF1 and IF2) and one outward-facing (OF). Furthermore, uptake assay revealed the modulatory effect of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) lipids on AE1. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were conducted on these structures to capture anion binding and determine the anion binding sites in AE1. We then used a combination of advanced enhanced sampling techniques together with system-specific collective variables to study the OF{lrdoublearrow}IF transition in AE1 and provided refined pathways for the process in three different systems: apo, HCO3- -bound, and an AE1 system in which cryo-EM-determined interfacial PIP2 lipids had been removed. The refined pathways were then used to calculate the free energy of the OF{lrdoublearrow}IF transition in AE1 under different conditions. The energies show how substrate binding reduces the transition barrier and, therefore, facilitates the transport. Furthermore, they clearly capture the inhibitory effect of PIP2 lipids at the dimer interface. Furthermore, the simulation results provide a molecular mechanism for this inhibitory effect. These results provide a molecular-level understanding of the mechanistic basis for ion transport in AE1 and the regulatory role of PIP2 on its function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vallese, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gil-Iturbe, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quick, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tajkhorshid, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.15.616105</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of anionic lipids on the energy landscape of conformational transition in anion exchanger 1 (AE1)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.16.618723v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A First-in-Class Dual Degrader of Bcl-2/Bcl-xL Reverses HIV Latency and Eliminates Ex Vivo Reservoirs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.16.618723v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The persistence of latent HIV-1 proviruses in CD4+ T cells is a major obstacle to curing HIV. The "shock and kill" strategy involves reversing latency with latency-reversing agents (LRAs) and selectively inducing cell death in infected cells. However, current LRAs have shown limited efficacy in eliminating the ex vivo HIV reservoir. We repurposed PZ703b, a pro-apoptotic protein degrader initially developed for anti-leukemia therapy, to target HIV eradication. PZ703b induced degradation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, activating the non-canonical NF-kB pathway and caspases cascade, resulting in latency reversal and selective apoptosis of infected cells. Treatment of ex vivo CD4+ T cells from ART-suppressed HIV-1 patients achieved a [~]50% reduction in the replication-competent reservoir. Our study provides proof-of-concept for using protein degraders to reverse HIV latency and induce cell death, highlighting PZ703bs potential in HIV cure strategies. This approach may pave the way for novel therapeutic interventions aimed at eliminating the HIV-inducible reservoir.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chang, L.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laird, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritter, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debnath, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.16.618723</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A First-in-Class Dual Degrader of Bcl-2/Bcl-xL Reverses HIV Latency and Eliminates Ex Vivo Reservoirs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.15.618539v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IOP-induced blood-retinal barrier compromise contributes to RGC death in glaucoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.15.618539v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The integrity of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) has been largely unexplored in glaucoma. We reveal that elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) partially compromises the BRB in two human-relevant inherited mouse models of glaucoma (DBA/2J and Lmx1bV265D). Experimentally increasing IOP in mouse eyes further confirms this. Notably, the compromise induces subtle leakage, happening without bleeding or detected endothelial cell junction disruption, and it precedes neurodegeneration. Leakage occurs from peripheral veins in the retinal ganglion cell layer with a concomitant loss of the transcytosis inhibitor MFSD2A. Importantly, stabilizing {beta}-catenin in retinal endothelial cells prevents both vascular leakage and neurodegeneration in the DBA/2J model. The occurrence of leakage in all 3 high IOP models indicates that BRB compromise may be a common, yet overlooked, mechanism in glaucoma. These findings suggest that IOP-induced BRB compromise plays a critical role in glaucoma, offering a new therapeutic target.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolman, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horbal, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juarez, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhandari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, S. W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.15.618539</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IOP-induced blood-retinal barrier compromise contributes to RGC death in glaucoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.15.618571v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intratumoral CXCL12 Gradients Contextualize Tumor Cell Invasion, Migration and Immune Suppression in Breast Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.15.618571v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although the CXCL12/CXCR4 pathway has been prior investigated for its prometastatic and immuno- suppressive roles in the tumor microenvironment, evidence on the spatiotemporal regulation of these hallmarks has been lacking. Here, we demonstrate that CXCL12 forms a gradient specifically around cancer cell intravasation doorways, also known as Tumor Microenvironment of Metastasis (TMEM) doorways, thus facilitating the chemotactic translocation of prometastatic tumor cells expressing CXCR4 toward the perivascular TMEM doorways for subsequent entry into peripheral circulation. Fur- thermore, we demonstrate that the CXCL12-rich micro-environment around TMEM doorways may cre- ate immunosuppressive niches, whereby CD8+ T cells, despite being attracted to these regions, often exhibit reduced effector functions, limiting their efficacy. While the CXCL12/CXCR4 pathway can mini- mally influence the overall composition of immune cell populations, it biases the distribution of CD8+ T cells away from TMEM doorways, justifying its prior-established role as immunosuppressive factor for CD8+ T cells. Our research suggests that the complex interactions between CXCL12 and the various tumor and immune cell types contributes not only to the completion of the initial steps of the metastatic cascade, but also offers an immunological "sanctuary" to prometastatic tumor cells homed around TMEM doorways. Overall, our study enhances our current understanding on the mechanisms, via which CXCL12 orchestrates tumor cell behavior and immune dynamics, potentially guiding future thera- peutic strategies to combat breast cancer metastasis and improve anti-tumor immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anastasiadou, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couturier, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Argyris, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vodopyanov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera-Sanchez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazakov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Recoder, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duran, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harney, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quesnel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filippou, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenis, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shukla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Entenberg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zintiridou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eddy, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oktay, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Condeelis, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karagiannis, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briceno, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guzik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DesMarais, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ioannou, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gnjatic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raynolds, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macedo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reshef, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gil-Henn, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacLean, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roussos Torres, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaFave, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauvau, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karagiannis, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.15.618571</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intratumoral CXCL12 Gradients Contextualize Tumor Cell Invasion, Migration and Immune Suppression in Breast Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.16.618766v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human TRPV4 engineering yields an ultrasound-sensitive actuator for sonogenetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.16.618766v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractSonogenetics offers non-invasive and cell-type specific modulation of cells genetically engineered to express ultrasound-sensitive actuators. Finding an ion channel to serve as sonogenetic actuator it critical for advancing this promising technique. Here, we show that ultrasound can activate human TRP channel hTRPV4. By screening different hTRPV4 variants, we identify a mutation F617L that increases mechano-sensitivity of this channel to ultrasound, while reduces its sensitivity to hypo-osmolarity, elevated temperature, and agonist. This altered sensitivity profile correlates with structural differences in hTRPV4-F617L compared to wild-type channels revealed by our cryo-electron microscopy analysis. We also show that hTRPV4-F617L can serve as a sonogenetic actuator for neuromodulation in freely moving mice. Our findings demonstrate the use of structure-guided mutagenesis to engineer ion channels with tailored properties of ideal sonogenetic actuators.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talyzina, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobolevsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.16.618766</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human TRPV4 engineering yields an ultrasound-sensitive actuator for sonogenetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.18.619082v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ACSS2 regulates ferroptosis in an E2F1-dependent manner in breast cancer brain metastatic cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.18.619082v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain metastasis diagnosis in breast cancer patients is considered an end-stage event. The median survival after diagnosis is measured in months, thus there is an urgent need to develop novel treatment strategies. Breast cancers that metastasize to the brain must adapt to the unique brain environment and are highly dependent on acetate metabolism for growth and survival. However, the signaling pathways that regulate survival in breast cancer brain metastatic (BCBM) tumors are not known. Primary brain tumor cells can convert acetate to acetyl-CoA via phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA synthetase 2 (ACSS2) by the cyclin-dependent kinase-5 (CDK5) regulated by the nutrient sensor O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT). Here, we show that breast cancer cells selected to metastasize to the brain contain increased levels of O-GlcNAc, OGT and ACSS2-Ser267 phosphorylation compared to parental breast cancer cells. Moreover, OGT and CDK5 are required for breast cancer cell growth in the brain parenchyma in vivo. Importantly, ACSS2 and ACSS2-S267D phospho-mimetic mutant are critical for in vivo breast cancer growth in the brain but not in the mammary fat pad. Mechanistically, we show that ACSS2 regulates BCBM cell survival by suppressing ferroptosis via regulation of E2F1-mediated expression of anti-ferroptotic proteins SLC7A11 and GPX4. Lastly, we show treatment with a novel brain-permeable small molecule ACSS2 inhibitor induced ferroptosis and reduced BCBM growth ex vivo and in vivo. These results suggest a crucial role for ACSS2 in protecting from ferroptosis in breast cancer brain metastatic cells and suggests that breast cancer brain metastatic cells may be susceptible to ferroptotic inducers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Esquea, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciraku, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merzy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talarico, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karuppiah, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gocal, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simone, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reginato, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.18.619082</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ACSS2 regulates ferroptosis in an E2F1-dependent manner in breast cancer brain metastatic cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.19.619187v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural and behavioral reinstatement jointly reflect retrieval of narrative events 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.19.619187v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When recalling past events, patterns of gaze position and neural activity resemble those observed during the original experience. We hypothesized that these two phenomena, known as gaze reinstatement and neural reactivation, are linked through a common process that underlies the reinstatement of past experiences during memory retrieval. Here, we tested this proposal based on the viewing and recall of a narrative movie, which we assessed through fMRI, deep learningbased gaze prediction, and language modeling of spoken recall. In line with key predictions, gaze behavior adhered to the same principles as neural activity; it was event-specific, robust across individuals, and generalized across viewing and recall. Additionally, gaze-dependent brain activity overlapped substantially across tasks. Collectively, these results suggest that retrieval engages mechanisms that direct our eyes during natural vision, reflecting common constraints within the functional organization of the nervous system. Moreover, they highlight the importance of considering behavioral and neural reinstatement together in our understanding of remembering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarder-Stoll, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lossio-Ventura, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldassano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.19.619187</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural and behavioral reinstatement jointly reflect retrieval of narrative events]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.19.619195v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An interkinetic envelope surrounds chromosomes between meiosis I and II in C. elegans oocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.19.619195v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
At the end of cell division, the nuclear envelope reassembles around the decondensing chromosomes. Female meiosis culminates in two consecutive cell divisions of the oocyte, meiosis I and II, which are separated by a brief transition phase known as interkinesis. Due to the absence of chromosome decondensation and the suppression of genome replication during interkinesis, it has been widely assumed that the nuclear envelope does not reassemble between meiosis I and II. By analyzing interkinesis in C. elegans oocytes, we instead show that an atypical structure made of two lipid bilayers, which we termed the interkinetic envelope, surrounds the surface of the segregating chromosomes. The interkinetic envelope shares common features with the nuclear envelope but also exhibits specific characteristics that distinguish it, including its lack of continuity with the endoplasmic reticulum, unique protein composition, assembly mechanism, and function in chromosome segregation. These distinct attributes collectively define the interkinetic envelope as a unique and specialized structure that has been previously overlooked.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>El Mossadeq, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellutti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Borgne, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canman, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PINTARD, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verbavatz, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Askjaer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumont, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.19.619195</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An interkinetic envelope surrounds chromosomes between meiosis I and II in C. elegans oocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.20.619055v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shc1 cooperates with Frs2 and Shp2 to recruit Grb2 in FGF-induced lens development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.20.619055v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling elicits multiple downstream pathways, most notably the Ras/MAPK cascade facilitated by the adaptor protein Grb2. However, the mechanism by which Grb2 is recruited to the FGF signaling complex remains unresolved. Here we showed that genetic ablation of FGF signaling prevented lens induction by disrupting transcriptional regulation and actin cytoskeletal arrangements, which could be reproduced by deleting the juxtamembrane region of the FGF receptor and rescued by Kras activation. Conversely, mutations affecting the Frs2-binding site on the FGF receptor or the deletion of Frs2 and Shp2 primarily impact later stages of lens vesicle development involving lens fiber cell differentiation. Our study further revealed that the loss of Grb2 abolished MAPK signaling, resulting in a profound arrest of lens development. However, removing Grb2s putative Shp2 dephosphorylation site (Y209) neither produced a detectable phenotype nor impaired MAPK signaling during lens development. Furthermore, the catalytically inactive Shp2 mutation (C459S) only modestly impaired FGF signaling, whereas replacing Shp2s C-terminal phosphorylation sites (Y542/Y580) previously implicated in Grb2 binding only caused placental defects, perinatal lethality, and reduced lacrimal gland branching without impacting lens development, suggesting that Shp2 only partially mediates Grb2 recruitment. In contrast, we observed that FGF signaling is required for the phosphorylation of the Grb2-binding sites on Shc1 and the deletion of Shc1 exacerbates the lens vesicle defect caused by Frs2 and Shp2 deletion. These findings establish Shc1 as a critical collaborator with Frs2 and Shp2 in targeting Grb2 during FGF signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peregrin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.20.619055</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shc1 cooperates with Frs2 and Shp2 to recruit Grb2 in FGF-induced lens development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.20.619163v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PSKH1 kinase activity is differentially modulated via allosteric binding of Ca2+ sensor proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.20.619163v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein Serine Kinase H1 (PSKH1) was recently identified as a crucial factor in kidney development and is overexpressed in prostate, lung and kidney cancers. However, little is known about PSKH1 regulatory mechanisms, leading to its classification as a "dark" kinase. Here, we used biochemistry and mass spectrometry to define PSKH1s consensus substrate motif, protein interactors, and how interactors, including Ca2+ sensor proteins, promote or suppress activity. Intriguingly, despite the absence of a canonical Calmodulin binding motif, Ca2+-Calmodulin activated PSKH1 while, in contrast, the ER-resident Ca2+ sensor of the CREC family, Reticulocalbin-3, suppressed PSKH1 catalytic activity. In addition to antagonistic regulation of the PSKH1 kinase domain by Ca2+ sensing proteins, we identified UNC119B as a protein interactor that activates PSKH1 via direct engagement of the kinase domain. Our findings identify complementary allosteric mechanisms by which regulatory proteins tune PSKH1s catalytic activity, and raise the possibility that different Ca2+ sensors may act more broadly to tune kinase activities by detecting and decoding extremes of intracellular Ca2+ concentrations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Horne, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dite, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mather, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dagley, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaron-Barir, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huntsman, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daly, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrne, D. P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cadell, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yousef, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Multari, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAloon, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Febbraio, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Means, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantley, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanzer, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croucher, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eyers, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eyers, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.20.619163</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PSKH1 kinase activity is differentially modulated via allosteric binding of Ca2+ sensor proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.21.619433v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A rapid, facile, and economical method for the isolation of ribosomes and translational machinery for structural and functional studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.21.619433v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Short abstractRibosomes are essential RNA-protein complexes involved in protein synthesis and quality control. Traditional methods for ribosome isolation are labor intensive, expensive, and require substantial biological material. In contrast, our new method, RAPPL (RNA Affinity Purification using Poly-Lysine), offers a rapid, simple, and cost-effective alternative. This method enriches ribosomes and associated factors from various species and sample types, including cell lysates, whole cells, organs, and whole organisms, and is compatible with traditional isolation techniques. Here, we use RAPPL to facilitate the rapid isolation, functional screening, and structural analysis of ribosomes with associated factors. We demonstrate ribosome-associated resistance mechanisms from patient uropathogenic Escherichia coli samples and generate a 2.7[A] cryoEM structure of ribosomes from Cryptococcus neoformans. By significantly reducing the amount of the starting biological material and the time required for isolation, the RAPPL approach improves the study of ribosomal function, interactions, and antibiotic resistance, providing a versatile platform for academic, clinical, and industrial research on ribosomes.

Long abstractRibosomes are macromolecular RNA-protein complexes that constitute the central machinery responsible for protein synthesis and quality control in the cell. Ribosomes also serve as a hub for multiple non-ribosomal proteins and RNAs that control protein synthesis. However, the purification of ribosomes and associated factors for functional and structural studies requires a large amount of starting biological material and a tedious workflow. Current methods are challenging as they combine ultracentrifugation, the use of sucrose cushions or gradients, expensive equipment, and multiple hours to days of work. Here, we present a rapid, facile, and cost-effective method to isolate ribosomes from in vivo or in vitro samples for functional and structural studies using single-step enrichment on magnetic beads - RAPPL (RNA Affinity Purification using Poly-Lysine). Using mass spectrometry and western blot analyses, we show that poly-lysine coated beads incubated with E. coli and HEK-293 cell lysates enrich specifically for ribosomes and ribosome-associated factors. We demonstrate the ability of RAPPL to isolate ribosomes and translation-associated factors from limited material quantities, as well as a wide variety of biological samples: cell lysates, cells, organs, and whole organisms. Using RAPPL, we characterized and visualized the different effects of various drugs and translation inhibitors on protein synthesis. Our method is compatible with traditional ribosome isolation. It can be used to purify specific complexes from fractions of sucrose gradients or in tandem affinity purifications for ribosome-associated factors. Ribosomes isolated using RAPPL are functionally active and can be used for rapid screening and in vitro characterization of ribosome antibiotic resistance. Lastly, we demonstrate the structural applications of RAPPL by purifying and solving the 2.7[A] cryo-EM structure of ribosomes from the Cryptococcus neoformans, an encapsulated yeast causing cryptococcosis. Ribosomes and translational machinery purified with this method are suitable for subsequent functional or structural analyses and provide a solid foundation for researchers to carry out further applications - academic, clinical, or industrial - on ribosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Erath, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemper, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mugo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacoby, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valenzuela, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jungers, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beatty, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hashem, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Djuranovic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Djuranovic, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.21.619433</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A rapid, facile, and economical method for the isolation of ribosomes and translational machinery for structural and functional studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.21.619537v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Humans are resource-rational predictors in a sequence learning task 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.21.619537v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Organisms can solve complex tasks despite having limited cognitive resources when those resources are used optimally. Doing so optimally makes an organism "resource-rational". In this paper, we show for the first time that humans are resource-rational at prediction. In a novel sequence learning experiment, participants predict data generated from hidden Markov models (HMMs) and receive online feedback via clicker training. We compute the predictive rateaccuracy (PRA) curve for each HMM to solve for the highest accuracy achievable for a given cognitive capacity, or "rate", quantified as the mutual information between participants predictions and the underlying causal state of the sequence being predicted. We found that the majority of participants achieve near-optimal prediction with various cognitive capacities, despite performing well below the maximum predictive accuracy on the task overall. We also show that this information-theoretic approach to measuring cognitive capacity can be grounded in the established psychological science concept of working memory: participants who extracted higher quantities of mutual information in the sequence learning task showed significantly higher working memory in a complex digit span test. This research provides new avenues for assessing smart behavior in difficult prediction tasks, provides a new methodology for assessing resource-rationality, and provides evidence that humans are resource-rational predictors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ferdinand, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marzen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.21.619537</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Humans are resource-rational predictors in a sequence learning task]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.22.619617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Transcriptional Signature of Induced Neurons Differentiates Virologically Suppressed People Living With HIV from People Without HIV 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.22.619617v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurocognitive impairment is a prevalent and important co-morbidity in virologically suppressed people living with HIV (PLWH), yet the underlying mechanisms remain elusive and treatments lacking. Here, we explored for the first time, use of participant-derived directly induced neurons (iNs) to model neuronal biology and injury in PLWH. iNs retain age-and disease-related features of the donors, providing unique opportunities to reveal novel aspects of neurological disorders. We obtained primary dermal fibroblasts from six virologically suppressed PLWH (range: 27 - 64 years, median: 53); 83% Male; 50% White) and seven matched people without HIV (PWOH) (range: 27 - 66, median: 55); 71% Male; 57% White). iNs were generated using transcription factors NGN2 and ASCL1, and validated by immunocytochemistry and single-cell-RNAseq. Transcriptomic analysis using bulk-RNAseq identified 29 significantly differentially expressed genes between iNs from PLWH and PWOH. Of these, 16 genes were downregulated and 13 upregulated in PLWH iNs. Protein-protein interaction network mapping indicates that iNs from PLWH exhibit differences in extracellular matrix organization and synaptic transmission. IFI27 was upregulated in iNs from PLWH, which complements independent post-mortem studies demonstrating elevated IFI27 expression in PLWH-derived brain tissue, indicating that iN generation reconstitutes this pathway. Finally, we observed that expression of the FOXL2NB-FOXL2-LINC01391 genome locus is reduced in iNs from PLWH and negatively correlates with neurocognitive impairment. Thus, we have identified an iN gene signature of HIV through direct reprogramming of skin fibroblasts into neurons revealing novel mechanisms of neurocognitive impairment in PLWH.

One sentence summaryDirect reprogramming of skin fibroblasts into neurons reveals unique gene signatures indicative of HIV infection in the context of viral suppression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ostermann, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowler, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siddiqui, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidharta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramnarine, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Meza, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St. Bernard, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nixon, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamashita, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ndhlovu, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evering, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.22.619617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Transcriptional Signature of Induced Neurons Differentiates Virologically Suppressed People Living With HIV from People Without HIV]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.22.619645v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dysregulated balance of D- and L-amino acids modulating glutamatergic neurotransmission in severe spinal muscular atrophy. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.22.619645v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neuromuscular disorder caused by reduced expression of the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein. In addition to motor neuron survival, SMN deficiency affects the integrity and function of afferent synapses that provide glutamatergic excitatory drive essential for motor neuron firing and muscle contraction. However, it is unknown whether deficits in the metabolism of excitatory amino acids and their precursors contribute to neuronal dysfunction in SMA. To address this issue, we measured the levels of the main neuroactive D- and L-amino acids acting on glutamatergic receptors in the central nervous system of SMN{Delta}7 mice as well as the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of SMA patients of varying severity before and after treatment with the SMN-inducing drug Nusinersen. Our findings reveal that SMN deficiency disrupts glutamate and serine metabolism in the CSF of severe SMA patients, including decreased concentration of L-glutamate, which is partially corrected by Nusinersen therapy. Moreover, we identify dysregulated L-glutamine to L-glutamate conversion as a shared neurochemical signature of altered glutamatergic synapse metabolism that implicates astrocyte dysfunction in both severe SMA patients and mouse models. Lastly, consistent with a correlation of higher CSF levels of D-serine with better motor function in severe SMA patients, we show that daily supplementation with the NMDA receptor co-agonist D-serine improves neurological deficits in SMN{Delta}7 mice. Altogether, these findings provide direct evidence for dysregulation of D- and L-amino acid metabolism linked to glutamatergic neurotransmission in severe SMA and have potential implications for treating this neurological disorder.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hassan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>di Vito, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuzzo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidali, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlini, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Amico, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolici, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valsecchi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panicucci, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pignataro, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruno, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Errico, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellizzoni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Usiello, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.22.619645</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dysregulated balance of D- and L-amino acids modulating glutamatergic neurotransmission in severe spinal muscular atrophy.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.22.619652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MIIST305 mitigates gastrointestinal acute radiation syndrome injury and ameliorates radiation-induced gut microbiome dysbiosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.22.619652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-dose radiation exposure results in gastrointestinal (GI) acute radiation syndrome identified by the destruction of mucosal layer, intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction, and aberrant inflammatory responses. In addition, radiation causes gut microbiome dysbiosis characterized by diminished microbial diversity, reduction in the abundance of beneficial commensal bacteria, and the spread of bacterial pathogens that trigger the recruitment of immune cells and the production of pro-inflammatory factors that lead to further GI tissue damage. Currently, there are no FDA- approved countermeasures that can treat radiation-induced GI injury. To meet this critical need, Synedgen Inc., has developed a glycopolymer radiomitigator (MIIST305) that is specifically targeted to the GI tract which acts by intercalating into the mucus layer and the glycocalyx of intestinal epithelial cells that could potentially ameliorate the deleterious effects of radiation. Male C57BL/6J adult mice were exposed to 13 Gy total body X-irradiation with 5% bone marrow shielding and MIIST305 was administered on days 1, 3, and 5 post-irradiation. Approximately 85% of the animals survived the irradiation exposure and were apparently healthy until the end of the 30-day study period. In contrast, no control, vehicle-treated animals survived past day 10 at this radiation dose. We show that MIIST305 improved intestinal epithelial barrier function and suppressed systemic inflammatory response mediated by radiation-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines. Taxonomic profiling and community structure of the fecal and colonic mucosa microbiota demonstrated that MIIST305 treatment increased microbial diversity and restored abundance of beneficial commensal bacteria, including Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium genera, while suppressing potentially pathogenic bacteria compared with vehicle-treated animals. In summary, MIIST305 is a novel GI-targeted therapeutic that greatly enhances survival in mice exposed to lethal radiation and protects the GI tract from injury by restoring a balanced gut microbiota and effectively reducing proinflammatory responses. Further development of this drug as an FDA-approved medical countermeasure will be of critical importance in the event of a radiation public health emergency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mitra, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armijo, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ober, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broustas, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.22.619652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MIIST305 mitigates gastrointestinal acute radiation syndrome injury and ameliorates radiation-induced gut microbiome dysbiosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.22.619741v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An end-to-end model of active electrosensation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.22.619741v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1Weakly electric fish localize and identify objects by sensing distortions in a self-generated electric field. Fish can determine the resistance and capacitance of an object, for example, even though the field distortions being sensed are small and highly-dependent on object distance and size. Here we construct a model of the responses of the fishs electroreceptors on the basis of experimental data, and we develop a model of the electric fields generated by the fish and the distortions due to objects of different resistances and capacitances. This provides us with an accurate and efficient method for generating large artificial data sets simulating fish interacting with a wide variety of objects. Using these sets, we train an artificial neural network (ANN), representing brain areas downstream of electroreceptors, to extract the 3D location, size, and electrical properties of objects. The model performs best if the ANN operates in two stages: first estimating object distance and size and then using this information to extract electrical properties. This suggests a specific form of modularity in the electrosensory system that can be tested experimentally and highlights the potential of end-to-end modeling for studies of sensory processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Turcu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zadina, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawtell, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.22.619741</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An end-to-end model of active electrosensation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.23.619425v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The YTHDF Proteins Shape the Brain Gene Signatures of Alzheimer's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.23.619425v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The gene signatures of Alzheimers Disease (AD) brains reflect an output of a complex interplay of genetic, epigenetic, epi-transcriptomic, and post-transcriptional regulations. To identify the most significant factor that shapes the AD brain signature, we developed a machine learning model (DEcode-tree) to integrate cellular and molecular factors explaining differential gene expression in AD. Our model indicates that YTHDF proteins, the canonical readers of N6-methyladenosine RNA modification (m6A), are the most influential predictors of the AD brain signature. We then show that protein modules containing YTHDFs are downregulated in human AD brains, and knocking out YTHDFs in iPSC-derived neural cells recapitulates the AD brain gene signature in vitro. Furthermore, eCLIP-seq analysis revealed that YTHDF proteins influence AD signatures through both m6A-dependent and independent pathways. These results indicate the central role of YTHDF proteins in shaping the gene signature of AD brains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tasaki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avey, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kearns, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iatrou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Tissera, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vyas, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flood, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothamel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingo, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingo, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seyfried, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaiteri, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.23.619425</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The YTHDF Proteins Shape the Brain Gene Signatures of Alzheimer's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.23.619681v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decoding the transcriptomic signatures of psychological trauma in human cortex and amygdala 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.23.619681v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Psychological trauma has profound effects on brain function and precipitates psychiatric disorders in vulnerable individuals, however, the molecular mechanisms linking trauma with psychiatric risk remain incompletely understood. Using RNA-seq data postmortem brain tissue of a cohort of 304 donors (N=136 with trauma exposure), we investigated transcriptional signatures of trauma exposures in two cortical regions (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex) and two amygdala regions (medial amygdala and basolateral amygdala) associated with stress processing and regulation. We focused on dissecting heterogeneity of traumatic experiences in these transcriptional signatures by investigating exposure to several trauma types (childhood, adulthood, complex, single acute, combat, and interpersonal traumas) and interactions with sex. Overall, amygdala regions were more vulnerable to childhood traumas, whereas cortical regions were more vulnerable to adulthood trauma (regardless of childhood experience). Using cell-type-specific expression imputation, we identified a strong transcriptional response of medial amygdala excitatory neurons to childhood trauma, which coincided with dysregulation observed in a human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived glutamatergic neurons exposed to hydrocortisone. We resolved multiscale coexpression networks for each brain region and identified modules enriched in trauma signatures and whose connectivity was altered with trauma. Trauma-associated coexpression modules provide insight into coordinated functional dysregulation with different traumas and point to potential gene targets for further dissection. Together, these data provide a characterization of the long-lasting human encoding of traumatic experiences in corticolimbic regions of human brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hicks, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seah, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deans, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cote, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciarcia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holtzheimer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traumatic Stress Brain Research Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennand, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nestler, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girgenti, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huckins, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.23.619681</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decoding the transcriptomic signatures of psychological trauma in human cortex and amygdala]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.21.619409v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural identification of the RY12 domain of RyR1 as an ADP sensor and the target of the malignant hyperthermia therapeutic dantrolene 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.21.619409v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a life-threatening pharmacogenetic condition triggered by volatile anesthetics, which activate pathogenic RyR1 mutants. The small molecule therapeutic dantrolene has long been used to treat MH. However, the binding site and mechanism of dantrolene remain unclear. Here, we present cryo-EM structures of RyR1 bound to dantrolene and the MH trigger agent 4-chloro-m-cresol (4CmC), revealing the dantrolene and 4CmC binding sites in atomic detail. Dantrolene binds stacked with ATP or ADP in the RY12 domain at the corner of the receptor, inducing a conformational change in this domain which is allosterically coupled to pore closure. Functional analyses revealed that ATP or ADP was required for dantrolene inhibition, and a single point mutation that disrupts the peripheral ATP binding site abolished ATP/ADP-dependent dantrolene inhibition. Strikingly, in the absence of dantrolene, this site selectively binds two ADP molecules, suggesting a possible role in ATP/ADP ratio sensing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melville, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zalk, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Des Georges, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendrickson, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marks, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, O. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.21.619409</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural identification of the RY12 domain of RyR1 as an ADP sensor and the target of the malignant hyperthermia therapeutic dantrolene]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.21.619529v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatiotemporal lineage tracing reveals the dynamic spatial architecture of tumor growth and metastasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.21.619529v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tumour progression is driven by dynamic interactions between cancer cells and their surrounding microenvironment. Investigating the spatiotemporal evolution of tumours can provide crucial insights into how intrinsic changes within cancer cells and extrinsic alterations in the microenvironment cooperate to drive different stages of tumour progression. Here, we integrate high-resolution spatial transcriptomics and evolving lineage tracing technologies to elucidate how tumour expansion, plasticity, and metastasis co-evolve with microenvironmental remodelling in a Kras;p53-driven mouse model of lung adenocarcinoma. We find that rapid subclonal expansion contributes to a hypoxic, immunosuppressive, and fibrotic microenvironment that is associated with the emergence of pro-metastatic cancer cell states. Furthermore, metastases arise from spatially-confined subclones of primary tumours and remodel the distant metastatic niche into a fibrotic, collagen-rich microenvironment. Together, we present a comprehensive dataset integrating spatial assays and lineage tracing to elucidate how sequential changes in cancer cell state and microenvironmental structures cooperate to promote tumour progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jones, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colgan, W. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weir, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, V. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koblan, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yost, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathey-Andrews, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, A. J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stickels, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balderrama, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rideout, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacks, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.21.619529</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatiotemporal lineage tracing reveals the dynamic spatial architecture of tumor growth and metastasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.24.619064v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Abl kinases regulate FGF signaling independent of Crk phosphorylation to prevent Peters anomaly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.24.619064v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Peters anomaly, the most common cause of congenital corneal opacity, stems from corneal-lenticular adhesion. Despite numerous identified mutations, a cohesive molecular framework of the diseases etiology remains elusive. Here, we identified Abl kinases as pivotal regulators of FGF signaling, as genetic ablation of Abl kinases restores lens induction even in the absence of FGF signaling. Intriguingly, both Abl kinase deficiency and increased FGF-Ras activity result in Peters anomaly independent of ERK signaling, which can be rescued by allelic deletion of Abl substrate, Crk. However, contrary to the prevailing belief that Abl kinases regulate Crk proteins by direct phosphorylation, mutations at Abl kinase phosphorylation sites on Crk and CrkL did not yield any observable effects. Instead, our findings reveal that Abl kinases phosphorylate Ptpn12, which in turn inhibits p130Cas phosphorylation and Crk recruitment, crucial for Rho GTPases activation and cytoskeletal dynamics. Consequently, Abl kinase deficiency reduces actomyosin contractility within the lens vesicle and genetically interacts with RhoA inhibition. Conversely, Rac1 deletion mitigates Peters anomaly in models with aberrant FGF, Abl kinase and RhoA signaling. Our results demonstrate that Abl kinases regulate FGF signaling to balance RhoA and Rac1 activity via the Ptpn12-p130Cas pathway, suggesting that targeting tension-mediated lens vesicle separation could be a therapeutic strategy for Peters anomaly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouaziz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makrides, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koleske, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radice, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.24.619064</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Abl kinases regulate FGF signaling independent of Crk phosphorylation to prevent Peters anomaly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.24.619902v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Novel Cyanine-Based Fluorescent Dye for Targeted Mitochondrial Imaging in Neurotoxic Conditions and In Vivo Brain Studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.24.619902v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a key feature of neurodegenerative diseases, often preceding symptoms and influencing disease progression. However, real-time in vivo imaging of mitochondria in the brain is limited by existing dyes like MitoTrackers, which struggle with poor tissue penetration, phototoxicity, and inability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). This study introduces Cy5-PEG4, a novel mitochondrial-targeting dye that overcomes these limitations, enabling high-resolution, non-invasive imaging of mitochondrial dynamics. Cy5-PEG4 effectively labels mitochondria in primary neuronal cells exposed to the SARS-CoV-2 RNYIAQVD peptide, revealing dose-dependent alterations in mitochondrial function that may contribute to COVID-19-related neurodegeneration. Importantly, Cy5-PEG4 crosses the BBB without causing neuroinflammation or toxicity, making it a safe tool for in vivo brain imaging and detailed studies of mitochondrial responses. In 3D cultured cells, Cy5-PEG4 captures dynamic changes in mitochondrial distribution and morphology as cell structures mature, highlighting its potential in neurobiological research, diagnostics, and therapeutic development. These findings support Cy5-PEG4 as a powerful tool for studying disease progression, identifying early biomarkers, and evaluating therapeutic strategies in neurodegenerative disorders and COVID-19.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ju, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.24.619902</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Novel Cyanine-Based Fluorescent Dye for Targeted Mitochondrial Imaging in Neurotoxic Conditions and In Vivo Brain Studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.25.620362v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Oviposition Inhibitory Neuron is a potential hub of multi-circuit integration in the Drosophila brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.25.620362v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how neural circuits integrate sensory and state information to support context-dependent behavior is a central challenge in neuroscience. Oviposition is a complex process during which a fruit fly integrates context and sensory information to choose an optimal location to lay her eggs. The circuit that controls oviposition is known, but how the oviposition circuit integrates multiple sensory modalities and internal states is not. Using the Hemibrain connectome, we identified the Oviposition Inhibitory Neuron (oviIN) as a key hub in the oviposition circuit and analyzed its inputs to uncover potential parallel pathways that may be responsible for computations related to sensory integration and decision-making. We applied a network analysis to the subconnectome of inputs to the oviIN to identify clusters of interconnected neurons - many of which are uncharacterized cell types. Our findings indicate that the inputs to oviIN form multiple parallel pathways through the unstructured neuropils of the Superior Protocerebrum, a region implicated in context-dependent processing.

Significance StatementThe recent advent of the Drosophila connectome enables researchers to probe the connectivity of uncharacterized cell types in the parts of the fruit fly brain that are responsible for cognitive-level computations. Our study analyzed the connectivity of the oviposition circuit which controls a complex behavior that depends on sensory and context integration and decision-making computations. Using graph theoretic and computational methods, we found that the sole inhibitory neuron in the circuit is a hub that integrates information from multiple clusters of uncharacterized neurons with potentially novel functions. Our work presents a new and timely perspective by demonstrating how new targets for study can be identified from the vast trove of uncharacterized neurons and cell types in the connectome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weber Langstaff, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.25.620362</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Oviposition Inhibitory Neuron is a potential hub of multi-circuit integration in the Drosophila brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.25.620268v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stoichiometry of HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Protomers with Changes That Stabilize or Destabilize the Pretriggered Conformation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.25.620268v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) entry into host cells, binding to the receptors, CD4 and CCR5/CXCR4, triggers conformational changes in the metastable envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer ((gp120-gp41)3). CD4 binding induces Env to make transitions from its pretriggered conformation (PTC) to more "open" conformations that are sensitive to inhibition by antibodies, CD4-mimetic compounds (CD4mcs) and exposure to cold. Changes in functional membrane Envs have been identified that either stabilize or destabilize the PTC. Here, we investigate the stoichiometric requirements for the PTC-stabilizing and -destabilizing changes in the Env protomers. To this end, we generated viruses bearing Envs with mixed protomers exhibiting different degrees of PTC stability and determined the sensitivity of the viruses to cold (0{degrees}C) and, in some cases, to a CD4mc. The number of stabilized Env protomers required to achieve stabilization of the PTC was inversely related to the degree of PTC stabilization that resulted from the introduced Env change. For strongly stabilizing Env changes, modification of a single protomer was sufficient to achieve PTC stabilization; given adequate stability, the modified protomer can apparently constrain the conformation of the other two protomers to maintain the PTC. Weakly stabilizing Env changes needed to be present in all three protomers to achieve efficient stabilization of the PTC. In many cases, the PTC was disrupted when destabilizing changes were present in only a single protomer. These complementary results suggest that conformational symmetry among the protomers of the functional Env trimer is conducive to the integrity of the PTC.

IMPORTANCEThe human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer consists of three protomers. In response to receptor binding, the flexible Env changes its conformation to mediate virus entry into host cells. The shape-shifting ability of Env also contributes to HIV-1s capacity to evade the host immune system. The pretriggered (State-1) conformation (PTC) of Env is an important target for virus entry inhibitors and host antibodies, but is unstable and therefore incompletely characterized. Changes in Env amino acids that either stabilize or destabilize the PTC have been identified. Here, we define how many Env protomers need to be modified by these changes to achieve stabilization or destabilization of the PTC. These results can guide the placement of changes in the HIV-1 Env protomers to control the movement of the Env trimer from the PTC, allowing better characterization of this elusive conformation and testing of its utility in vaccines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, T.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sodroski, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.25.620268</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stoichiometry of HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Protomers with Changes That Stabilize or Destabilize the Pretriggered Conformation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.23.619492v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tricked by Edge Cases: Can Current Approaches Lead to Accurate Prediction of T-Cell Specificity with Machine Learning? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.23.619492v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to predict T cell receptor (TCR) specificity from sequence could transform immunotherapy, vaccine development, and our understanding of immune recognition. While machine learning approaches have shown promise, progress is limited by the quality of training data and underlying modeling assumptions. Historically, equilibrium binding assays using multimeric pMHCs have been a dominant source of data, but these assays often conflate high-affinity binding with true functional specificity, introducing noise into predictive models. Here, we critically examine two commonly discussed ideas in the field: that TCR specificity prediction can be separated from functional activation modeling, and that unsupervised sequence-based approaches can generalize across diverse antigen contexts. We introduce a cell-based assay for directly quantifying TCR-pMHC binding kinetics using monomeric ligands, while simultaneously assessing early activation via CD3{zeta} phosphorylation. These kinetic parameters provide a mechanistic basis for specificity that avoids the artifacts of equilibrium-based measurements. We propose a predictive modeling framework that integrates biophysical measurements with machine learning, and outline strategies for generating high-throughput training data to support this approach. Our findings highlight the need for functionally informed, mechanistically grounded models to advance generalizable TCR specificity prediction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Culka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orlova, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.23.619492</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tricked by Edge Cases: Can Current Approaches Lead to Accurate Prediction of T-Cell Specificity with Machine Learning?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.27.620527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A circuit model for transsaccadic space updating and mislocalization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.27.620527v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We perceive a stable, continuous world despite drastic changes of retinal images across saccades. However, while persistent objects in daily life appear stable across saccades, stimuli flashed around saccades can be grossly mislocalized. We address this puzzle with our recently proposed circuit model for perisaccadic receptive-field (RF) remapping in LIP and FEF. The model uses center/surround connections to store a relevant stimulus retinal location in memory as a population activity. This activity profile is updated across each saccade by directional connections gated by the corollary discharge (CD) of the saccade command. The updating is a continuous backward (against the saccade) shift of the population activity (equivalent to continuous forward remapping of the RFs), whose cumulative effect across the saccade is a subtraction of the saccade vector. The model explains forward and backward translational mislocalization for stimuli flashed around the saccade onset and offset, respectively, as insufficient and unnecessary cumulative updating after the saccade, caused by the sluggish CD time course and visual response latency. We confirm the model prediction that for perisaccadic RFs measured with flashes before the saccades, the final forward remapping magnitudes after the saccades are smaller for later flashes. We discuss the possibility that compressive mislocalization results from a brief reduction of attentional remapping and repulsion. Although many models of RF remapping, transsaccadic updating, and perisaccadic mislocalization have been proposed, our work unifies them into a single circuit mechanism and suggests that the brain uses "unaware" decoders which do not distinguish between different origins of neurons activities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsien, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.27.620527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A circuit model for transsaccadic space updating and mislocalization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.27.620550v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial Expression of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Human Brains of Alzheimer's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.27.620550v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundLong non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are critical regulators of physiological and pathological processes, with their dysregulation increasingly implicated in aging and Alzheimers disease (AD). To investigate the spatial and cellular distribution of lncRNAs in the aging brain, we leveraged published spatial transcriptomics (ST), single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq), and bulk RNA-seq datasets from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of ROSMAP participants with and without pathological AD.

ResultsLncRNAs exhibited greater subregion-specific expression than mRNAs, with enrichment in antisense and lincRNA biotypes. Subregion-enriched lncRNAs were generally not cell-type specific, and vice versa. Differential expression analysis of ST data identified AD-associated lncRNAs with distinct spatial patterns and moderate overlap with differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs from bulk RNA-seq. Gene set enrichment revealed their involvement in chromatin remodeling, epigenetic regulation, and RNA metabolism. We also identified AD DE lncRNAs across major brain cell types using snRNA-seq but overlap with ST DE lncRNAs was limited. Among previously reported lncRNAs, OIP5-AS1 was consistently upregulated in AD in all cortical subregions. Antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) knockdown of OIP5-AS1 in iPSC-derived microglia led to upregulation of pro-inflammatory genes and downregulation of DNA replication and repair pathways. Immunoassays confirmed increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The knockdown expression pattern was enriched for microglia-specific AD DE genes and microglia states.

ConclusionsThis study provides a spatial and cellular map of lncRNAs in the aging human cortex and identifies subregion-and cell-type-enriched DE lncRNAs in AD. Our findings implicate OIP5-AS1 in microglial activation, suggesting its potential contribution to AD pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avey, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopes, K. d. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujita, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasaki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vialle, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iatrou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tissera, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, T.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vyas, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kearns, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaiteri, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.27.620550</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial Expression of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Human Brains of Alzheimer's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.24.620122v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tumor-specific antibodies elicited by engineered bacteria promote bladder cancer immunotherapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.24.620122v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The intratumoral microbiome has recently emerged as a new hallmark of cancer, with implications for response or resistance to therapy. While bacteria can either promote or inhibit cancer growth, intratumoral bacteria can also be engineered using synthetic biology to remodel the tumor microenvironment. Here, we engineered the probiotic bacterium E. coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) to express the human chemokine CXCL13, a critical component of germinal center (GC) formation. The GC reaction is a fundamental aspect of adaptive immunity by which antibody affinity develops in secondary lymphoid organs for defense against pathogens. Using orthotopic models of bladder cancer, engineered CXCL13-expressing EcN colonized bladder tumors and elicited GC responses in bladder tumor-draining lymph nodes after intravesical delivery. Furthermore, when combined with PD-1 blockade, engineered EcN amplified the antitumor antibody response and promoted long-term survival and protective immunity upon tumor rechallenge. Thus, we demonstrate that synthetically engineered CXCL13-expressing EcN can enhance the efficacy of PD-1 checkpoint blockade immunotherapy by amplifying tumor-specific humoral immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rouanne, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mariuzza, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de los Santos-Alexis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincent, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendelsohn, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danino, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arpaia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.24.620122</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tumor-specific antibodies elicited by engineered bacteria promote bladder cancer immunotherapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.25.620367v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sensitivity to photoperiod is a complex trait in Camelina sativa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.25.620367v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Day neutrality, or insensitivity to photoperiod (day length), is an important domestication trait in many crop species. Although the oilseed crop Camelina sativa has been cultivated since the Neolithic era, day-neutral accessions have yet to be described. We sought to leverage genetic diversity in existing germplasms to identify C. sativa accessions with low photoperiod sensitivity for future engineering of this trait. We quantified variation in the photoperiod response across 161 accessions of C. sativa by measuring hypocotyl length of four-day-old seedlings grown in long-day and short-day conditions, finding wide variation in photoperiod response. Similarly, soil-grown adult plants from selected accessions showed variation in photoperiod response in several traits; however, photoperiod responses in seedling and adult traits were not correlated, suggesting complex mechanistic underpinnings. Although RNA-seq experiments of the reference accession Licalla identified several differentially regulated Arabidopsis syntelogs involved in photoperiod response, including COL2, FT, LHY and WOX4, expression of these genes in the accessions did not correlate with differences in their photoperiod sensitivity. Taken together, we show that all tested accessions show some degree of photoperiod response, and that this trait is likely complex, involving several and separable seedling and adult traits.

Significance StatementDay neutrality (photoperiod insensitivity) is a common trait in domesticated crops; however, the ancient oilseed crop Camelina sativa has remained photoperiod-sensitive, which likely limits seed yields. Here, we show that photoperiod sensitivity is conserved across many C. sativa cultivars, albeit to different degrees, and we establish that photoperiod sensitivity is a complex trait, which will require genetic engineering to achieve day neutrality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramirez-Corona, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seagren, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imaizumi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Queitsch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuperus, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.25.620367</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sensitivity to photoperiod is a complex trait in Camelina sativa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.31.621372v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elongation of the nascent avian foregut requires coordination of intrinsic and extrinsic cell behaviors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.31.621372v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The foregut tube gives rise to the lungs and upper gastrointestinal tract, enabling vital functions of respiration and digestion. How the foregut tube forms during embryonic development has historically received considerable attention, but over the past few decades this question has primarily been addressed indirectly through studies on morphogenesis of the primitive heart tube, a closely related process. As a result, many aspects of foregut development remain unresolved. Here, we exploit the accessibility of the chick embryo to study the initial formation of the foregut tube, combining embryology with fate mapping, live imaging, and biomechanical analyses. The present study reveals that the foregut forms and elongates over a narrower time window than previously thought, and displays marked dorso-ventral and left-right asymmetries early in its development. Through tissue-specific ablation of endoderm along the anterior intestinal portal, we confirm its central biomechanical role in driving foregut morphogenesis, despite not directly contributing cells to the elongating tube. We further confirm the important role of this cell population in formation of the heart tube, with evidence that this role extends to later stages of cardiac looping as well. Together, these data reveal the need for an intricate balance between intrinsic cell behaviors and extrinsic forces for normal foregut elongation, and set the stage for future studies aimed at understanding the underlying molecular cues that coordinate this balance.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=171 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/621372v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Powell, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sriram, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nerurkar, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.31.621372</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elongation of the nascent avian foregut requires coordination of intrinsic and extrinsic cell behaviors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.01.621152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell profiling of trabecular meshwork identifies mitochondrial dysfunction in a glaucoma model that is protected by vitamin B3 treatment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.01.621152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Since the trabecular meshwork (TM) is central to intraocular pressure (IOP) regulation and glaucoma, a deeper understanding of its genomic landscape is needed. We present a multimodal, single-cell resolution analysis of mouse limbal cells (includes TM). In total, we sequenced 9,394 wild-type TM cell transcriptomes. We discovered three TM cell subtypes with characteristic signature genes validated by immunofluorescence on tissue sections and whole-mounts. The subtypes are robust, being detected in datasets for two diverse mouse strains and in independent data from two institutions. Results show compartmentalized enrichment of critical pathways in specific TM cell subtypes. Distinctive signatures include increased expression of genes responsible for 1) extracellular matrix structure and metabolism (TM1 subtype), 2) secreted ligand signaling to support Schlemms canal cells (TM2), and 3) contractile and mitochondrial/metabolic activity (TM3). ATAC-sequencing data identified active transcription factors in TM cells, including LMX1B. Mutations in LMX1B cause high IOP and glaucoma. LMX1B is emerging as a key transcription factor for normal mitochondrial function and its expression is much higher in TM3 cells than other limbal cells. To understand the role of LMX1B in TM function and glaucoma, we single-cell sequenced limbal cells from Lmx1bV265D/+mutant mice (2,491 TM cells). In V265D/+ mice, TM3 cells were uniquely affected by pronounced mitochondrial pathway changes. Mitochondria in TM cells of V265D/+ mice are swollen with a reduced cristae area, further supporting a role for mitochondrial dysfunction in the initiation of IOP elevation in these mice. Importantly, treatment with vitamin B3 (nicotinamide), to enhance mitochondrial function and metabolic resilience, significantly protected Lmx1b mutant mice from IOP elevation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tolman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balasubramanian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bupp-Chickering, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peregrin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamer, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, S. W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.01.621152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell profiling of trabecular meshwork identifies mitochondrial dysfunction in a glaucoma model that is protected by vitamin B3 treatment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.30.621107v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HMGB1 mediates macrophage recruitment and regional intervertebral disc tissue functional and mechanical property changes following injury. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.30.621107v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveFrequently evaluated in musculoskeletal disease, damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) respond to tissue damage and cellular stress by facilitating an inflammatory response via macrophage activation and broad inflammatory pathway activation. In the context of disc degeneration (DD), high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a potent intracellular DAMP, is seen to be increased within severely degenerated human IVDs and to directly mediate inflammatory responses within disc cells in vitro. To further understand how HMGB1 mediated inflammation influences DD, this study evaluated the possible protective effect of an HMGB1 knockout on DD pathology following injury.

MethodsUsing a needle puncture injury model in murine caudal IVDs we evaluated DD pathology within an IVD specific Hmgb1 knockout (KO) model. Structural and compositional changes in IVD cellularity, histopathology, disc height, and biomechanics were evaluated in addition to an assessment of disc inflammation via gene expression and macrophage presence throughout the course of degeneration.

ResultsHMGB1 expression robustly increased shortly following needle puncture injury and elevated levels were sustained up to 28-days post injury both in injured IVDs and in the IVDs adjacent to the level of injury. IVD specific Hmgb1 KO mice had an increased disc height following injury both at the injured and adjacent to injury level compared to injured WT IVDs. Hmgb1 KO also protected against tissue mechanical property losses at both the injured (dynamic modulus) and adjacent to injury level (dynamic modulus, creep, and equilibrium modulus) compared to injured WT IVDs, however there was no significant effect on histopathologic scores post injury. Hmgb1 KO resulted in alterations in macrophage (F4/80+) recruitment to the IVD post injury in vivo. A lower macrophage migration was also observed in vitro in response to the secretome of an injured Hmgb1 KO IVD compared to injured WT IVDs. Hmgb1 KO had no effect on inflammatory gene expression changes following injury within adjacent to injury level or injury level IVDs.

ConclusionOverall findings indicate that HMGB1 is upregulated regionally, at both the injured level and at the level adjacent to injury. Results suggest that HMGB1 plays a role in mediating structural, biomechanical, and inflammatory responses to IVD injury and serves as a potent chemoattractant, mediating macrophage recruitment to the IVD and overall migratory function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Burt, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M. K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viola, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genualdi, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marciano, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chahine, N. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.30.621107</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HMGB1 mediates macrophage recruitment and regional intervertebral disc tissue functional and mechanical property changes following injury.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.07.622379v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recurrent Connectivity Shapes Spatial Coding in Hippocampal CA3 Subregions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.07.622379v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stable and flexible neural representations of space in the hippocampus are crucial for navigating complex environments. However, how these distinct representations emerge from the underlying local circuit architecture remains unknown. Using two-photon imaging of CA3 subareas during active behavior, we reveal opposing coding strategies within specific CA3 subregions, with proximal neurons demonstrating stable and generalized representations and distal neurons showing dynamic and context-specific activity. To test the causal role of excitatory connectivity in neural computation, we employed a genetic manipulation approach in which local disruption of glutamatergic synaptic transmission impaired context-specific spatial coding in distal CA3. Aligned with these experimental results, we show in artificial neural network models that varying the recurrence level causes these differences in coding properties to emerge. We confirmed the contribution of recurrent connectivity to functional heterogeneity by characterizing the representational geometry of neural recordings and comparing it with theoretical predictions of neural manifold dimensionality. Our results indicate that local circuit organization, particularly recurrent connectivity among excitatory neurons, plays a key role in shaping complementary spatial representations within the hippocampus.

HighlightsO_LIProximodistal CA3 subregions implement complementary coding strategies in relation to time and context
C_LIO_LIDisrupting excitatory recurrence in distal CA3 impairs context-discriminative neural coding
C_LIO_LISparse and dense neural networks capture the functional heterogeneity of CA3 subcircuits
C_LIO_LIRecurrence level tunes the geometry of neural manifolds both in vivo and in silico
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kong, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zabeh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mihaila, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterka, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santhirasegaran, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Losonczy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiller, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.07.622379</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recurrent Connectivity Shapes Spatial Coding in Hippocampal CA3 Subregions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.06.622193v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Multi-Modal Deep Learning Framework with Both Sequence and Structure for Tumor Antigens Prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.06.622193v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tumor antigens are key targets in cancer immunotherapies that can be recognized by T cell receptor and induce immune responses. However, precision screening of immunogenic tumor antigens remains a great challenge due to human leukocyte antigen (HLA) restriction and tumor antigen escape. Here, we introduce MultiTAP (Multi-modal Tumor Antigen Predictor), a pioneering multi-modal framework with TCR-peptide-HLA sequence and structure features incorporating an attention mechanism designed to accurately identify tumor antigens with immunogenic properties. By constructing the multi-modal TCR-peptide-HLA Dataset (TPHD) and integrating its sequence and structure, we perform antigen feature enhancement using peptide-HLA (pHLA) structural features at the residue level, achieving interpretable prediction of immunogenicity for tumor antigens. Relative to existing baseline models, the MultiTAP framework has exhibited superior efficacy in predicting the immunogenicity of tumor antigens. Through comprehensive out-of-distribution (OOD) assessments, MultiTAP has maintained predictive robustness across diverse HLA phenotypes and the continuously evolving landscape of epitope distributions. Overall, MultiTAP presents a brand-new and promising approach for cancer immunotherapies that target tumor antigens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.06.622193</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Multi-Modal Deep Learning Framework with Both Sequence and Structure for Tumor Antigens Prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.11.623030v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SIMPL: Scalable and hassle-free optimization of neural representations from behaviour 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.11.623030v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural activity in the brain is known to encode low-dimensional, time-evolving, behaviour-related variables. A long-standing goal of neural data analysis has been to identify these variables and their mapping to neural activity. A productive and canonical approach has been to simply visualise neural "tuning curves" as a function of behaviour. In reality, significant discrepancies between behaviour and the true latent variables--such as an agent thinking of position Y whilst located at position X--distort and blur the tuning curves, decreasing their interpretability. To address this, latent variable models propose to learn the latent variable from data; these are typically expensive, hard to tune, or scale poorly, complicating their adoption. Here we propose SIMPL (Scalable Iterative Maximization of Population-coded Latents), an EM-style algorithm which iteratively optimises latent variables and tuning curves. SIMPL is fast, scalable and exploits behaviour as an initial condition to further improve convergence and identifiability. It can accurately recover latent variables in spatial and non-spatial tasks. When applied to a large hippocampal dataset SIMPL converges on smaller, more numerous, and more uniformly sized place fields than those based on behaviour, suggesting the brain may encode space with greater resolution than previously thought.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>George, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaser, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stachenfeld, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barry, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clopath, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.11.623030</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SIMPL: Scalable and hassle-free optimization of neural representations from behaviour]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.11.623139v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Therapeutic benefits of maintaining CDK4/6 inhibitors and incorporating CDK2 inhibitors beyond progression in breast cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.11.623139v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CDK4/6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i) with endocrine therapy are standard for hormone receptor-positive (HR+) metastatic breast cancer. However, most patients eventually develop resistance and discontinue treatment, and there is currently no consensus on effective second-line strategies. Here, we demonstrate that maintaining CDK4/6i therapy, either alone or in combination with CDK2 inhibitors (CDK2i), slows the growth of drug-resistant HR+ models by prolonging G1 progression. Mechanistically, sustained CDK4/6 blockade in drug-resistant cells reduces E2F transcription and delays G1/S via a non-canonical, post-translational regulation of retinoblastoma protein (Rb). Durable suppression of both CDK2 activity and growth of drug-resistant cells requires co-administration of CDK2i with CDK4/6i. Moreover, cyclin E overexpression drives resistance to the combination of CDK4/6i and CDK2i. These findings elucidate how continued CDK4/6 blockade constrains resistant tumors and support clinical strategies that maintain CDK4/6i while selectively incorporating CDK2i to overcome resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Armand, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Son, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.11.623139</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Therapeutic benefits of maintaining CDK4/6 inhibitors and incorporating CDK2 inhibitors beyond progression in breast cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.12.623035v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Urban greenspace connectivity drive shifts in host assemblages and tick-borne pathogen infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.12.623035v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Habitat fragmentation is often highlighted as a driver of tick-borne disease hazard and spillover risk via reduction in biodiversity. However, habitat fragmentation can have divergent impacts on host, vector, and pathogen dynamics depending on the distribution of fragment sizes and the levels of connectivity to surrounding habitat, particularly when habitat fragments are embedded in an urban matrix. We examine how extreme habitat fragmentation influences host community composition in an urban landscape and determine its cascading impacts on Ixodes scapularis vector abundance and infection prevalence with human pathogenic Borrelia burgdorferi, Babesia microti, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum. We utilize camera-trapping and live mammal-trapping methods to quantify the availability of vertebrate hosts to questing larval ticks and relate relative host activity to the resulting density of nymphs and nymphal infection prevalence; the combination of these metrics determines the tick-borne disease hazard (i.e. the density of infected questing nymphs - DIN). We found that increased habitat connectivity in urban areas shifted the composition of the host community from human-adapted to forest-dependent species, species which inhabit forested habitats for all or a portion of their lifecycles. The resulting increased encounter probability between ticks and forest-dependent species increased the density of nymphs and nymphal infection prevalence with host-limited pathogens, A. microti and A. phagocytophilum, amplifying local tick-borne disease hazard. Host encounter probability of all species examined did not increase B. burgdorferi nymphal infection prevalence, likely due to this pathogens wider host range; whereas increased deer encounter probability decreased the nymphal infection prevalence of B. burgdorferi. These findings emphasize the importance of host identity, rather than host diversity, in shaping the heterogenous distribution of tick-borne pathogen risk in highly fragmented urban forest patches and suggest a non-linear association between disease risk and host biodiversity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>VanAcker, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofmeester, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang-Sun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goethert, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diuk-Wasser, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.12.623035</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Urban greenspace connectivity drive shifts in host assemblages and tick-borne pathogen infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.13.623385v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Robust Computational Framework for the Optimization of CDK7 Inhibitors as Promising Cancer Therapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.13.623385v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cyclin-dependent kinase 7 (CDK7) plays a crucial role in cell cycle regulation and transcription, establishing it as a promising target for cancer therapy. Although the covalent inhibitor THZ1 effectively targets CDK7, it presents risks such as short half-life and potential off-target side effects. To address these limitations, we employed a computational workflow integrating virtual screening, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and free energy perturbation (FEP) method to design non-covalent CDK7 inhibitors with enhanced selectivity and safety profiles. MD simulations elucidated THZ1s inhibitory mechanism and identified key molecular fragments within its structure. By incorporating fragments from known inhibitors, we introduced extensive non-covalent interactions within the binding pocket, leading to the identification of three novel non-covalent inhibitors with binding affinities comparable to or higher than that of THZ1. Our findings not only introduce promising CDK7 inhibitors but also present a robust computational framework that could accelerate the discovery of kinase-targeted therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buratto, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.13.623385</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Robust Computational Framework for the Optimization of CDK7 Inhibitors as Promising Cancer Therapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.13.623412v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of a Cancer-Associated Mutation on Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase1 Inhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.13.623412v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase1 (PARP1) plays a vital role in DNA repair and its inhibition in cancer cells may cause cell apoptosis. In this study, we investigated the effects of a PARP1 variant, V762A, which is strongly associated with several cancers in humans, on the inhibition of PARP1 by three FDA approved inhibitors: niraparib, rucaparib and talazoparib. Our work suggests that these inhibitors bind to the V762A mutant more effectively than to the wild-type (WT), with similar binding free energies between them. Talazoparib inhibition uniquely lowers the average residue fluctuations in the mutant than the WT including lower fluctuations of mutants N- and C-terminal residues, conserved H-Y-E traid residues and donor loop (D-loop) residues which important for catalysis more effectively than other inhibitions. However, talazoparib also enhances destabilizing interactions between the mutation site in the HD domain in the mutant than WT. Further, talazoparib inhibition significantly disrupts the functional fluctuations of terminal regions in the mutant, which are otherwise present in the WT. Lastly, the mutation and inhibition do not significantly affect PARP1s essential dynamics.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=144 SRC="FIGDIR/small/623412v1_fig1a.gif" ALT="Figure 1A">
View larger version (45K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@4d4562org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@10643dborg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@511ae2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@bc2403_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOFigure.C_FLOATNO Impact of V762A mutation on inhibition of PARP1.

C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shanmugam, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cisneros, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.13.623412</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of a Cancer-Associated Mutation on Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase1 Inhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.14.623646v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ATF4 regulates mitochondrial dysfunction, mitophagy, and autophagy, contributing to corneal endothelial apoptosis under chronic ER stress in Fuchs dystrophy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.14.623646v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PURPOSEEndoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and mitophagy are known to contribute independently to corneal endothelial cell (CEnC) apoptosis in Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD). However, the role of a specific ER stress pathway (PERK-ATF4-CHOP) in regulating these events is unknown. This study aims to investigate the role of ATF4 in regulating mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy, which ultimately leads to CEnC apoptosis in FECD.

METHODSHuman corneal endothelial cell line (21T), Fuchs corneal endothelial cell line (F35T), and primary human corneal endothelial cells were treated with ER stressor tunicamycin (Tun). ATF4 siRNA was used to knock down ATF4 in 21T cell line and primary corneal endothelial cells. Mitophagy and apoptotic proteins were analyzed using Western blotting. ATF4+/- and ATF4 +/+ mice were irradiated with UVA to assess ER stress and corneal endothelial apoptosis.

RESULTSF35T cell line had significantly increased expression of the ER stress pathway as well as caspase-mediated apoptotic molecules compared to 21T at baseline, which further increased after tunicamycin treatment. F35T cells exhibited significantly decreased ATP and MMP, and increased mitochondrial fragmentation, which was further exacerbated after Tunicamycin. F35T cell line also demonstrated inhibition of mitophagy, similar to 21T, after treatment with Tunicamycin, despite the upregulation of mitophagy initiators. ATF4 knockdown attenuated ER and mitochondrial stress proteins, rescued mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) loss, downregulated mitochondrial fragmentation, activated mitophagy, and prevented cell death under chronic ER stress. ATF4+/-mice had increased CE numbers, with improved cellular morphology and decreased ER stress CHOP expression, compared to ATF4+/+ mice post-UVA.

CONCLUSIONSPro-apoptotic ATF4 induction following ER stress disrupts mitochondrial function, leading to mitophagy inhibition and CEnC apoptosis. This study highlights the importance of ATF4 in ER-mitochondrial crosstalk and its contribution to CEnC apoptosis in FECD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qureshi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritzer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steidl, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krest, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.14.623646</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ATF4 regulates mitochondrial dysfunction, mitophagy, and autophagy, contributing to corneal endothelial apoptosis under chronic ER stress in Fuchs dystrophy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.14.623670v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AI-assisted imaging screening reveals mechano-molecular tissue organizers and network of signaling hubs. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.14.623670v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cadherin-mediated adhesions are crucial mechanical and signaling hubs that connect cells within a tissue and probe the mechanics of the surrounding environment. They constitute a physical link between the actin cytoskeleton of neighboring cells, providing the mechanical coordination needed for morphogenetic processes, tissue homeostasis, collective migration, and regeneration. Disruptions in adhesion mechanisms are closely linked to the breakdown of epithelial structure and the emergence of disease-related traits characteristic of cancer progression. The cadhesome network comprises over 170 structural and regulatory proteins involved in cadherin-mediated adhesion. While this network is essential for coordinating tissue responses to mechanical stress, its complexity has historically limited our understanding of how individual components contribute to force transmission and tissue homeostasis. Recent technological advances offer tools to investigate large molecular networks in cellular function and pathology (functional omics). Leveraging these advances, we developed an experimental and analytical platform combining high-throughput gene silencing, imaging, and artificial intelligence (AI) to systematically profile each role of each protein in tissue formation, mechanical stability, and response to induced tension. Using EpH4 cells as an epithelial tissue model, we performed systematic silencing in triplicate, capturing a range of tissue phenotypes under baseline and tension-inducing conditions. Machine learning methods were used to analyze complex imaging data, quantify tissue ruptures, characterize junctional organization, and measure tension states of the tissue. By incorporating machine learning algorithms, we automated image feature extraction, clustering, and classification, enabling an unprecedented quantitative evaluation of tissue mechanics at scale. Our machine learning models allowed us to identify significant patterns, including protein-specific responses to tension and their roles in tissue-level mechanical integrity. Finally, we constructed a protein interaction network detailing the roles of each protein, their physical interactions, and known links to cancer. The network analysis revealed three prominent mechanotransductive and signaling subnetworks centered around E-cadherin, EGFR, and RAC1. Our study provides a foundational framework for investigating mechanosensing proteins and it offers a scalable blueprint for discovering potential therapeutic targets in diseases like cancer, where tissue mechanics play a crucial role.

TeaserAI-aided screening identifies key regulators of epithelial tissue mechanics, uncovering potential therapeutic targets in cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bertocchi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alegria, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasquez-Sepulveda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibanez-Prat, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arrano-Valenzuela, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro-Pereira, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soto-Montandon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trujillo-Espergel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owen, G. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanchanawong, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Motta, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidel-Bar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravasio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.14.623670</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AI-assisted imaging screening reveals mechano-molecular tissue organizers and network of signaling hubs.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.15.623878v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rarely categorical, always high-dimensional: how the neural code changes along the cortical hierarchy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.15.623878v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A long-standing debate in neuroscience concerns whether individual neurons are organized into functionally distinct populations that encode information differently ("categorical" representations [1-3]) and the implications for neural computation. Here, we systematically analyzed how cortical neurons encode cognitive, sensory, and movement variables across 43 cortical regions during a complex task (14,000+ units from the International Brain Laboratory public Brainwide Map data set [4]) and studied how these properties change across the sensory-cognitive cortical hierarchy [5]. We found that the structure of the neural code was scale-dependent: on a whole-cortex scale, neural selectivity was categorical and organized across regions in a way that reflected their anatomical connectivity. However, within individual regions, categorical representations were rare and limited to primary sensory areas, and neuronal responses were instead very diverse. With theoretical arguments and empirical evidence, we demonstrate that the diversity of neural responses enables high-dimensional representations and, hence, high separability, allowing linear readouts to separate experimental conditions in many arbitrary ways. Indeed, when accounting for information that is actually encoded in each area, all cortical regions exhibit maximal separability. Our results indicate that cortical circuits prioritize diversity over categorical structure, supporting a computational regime geared toward high-dimensional, highly-separable neural representations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Posani, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muscinelli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fusi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.15.623878</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rarely categorical, always high-dimensional: how the neural code changes along the cortical hierarchy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.18.624152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Topoisomerase 3A (TOP3A) Dependent Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.18.624152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT) is a homologous recombination-dependent telomere elongation mechanism utilized by at least 10-15% of all cancers. Here we identified that the DNA topoisomerase, TOP3A is enriched at the telomeres of ALT cells but not at the telomeres of telomerase-positive (Tel) cancer cells. We demonstrate that TOP3A stabilizes the shelterin protein TERF2 in ALT cancer cell lines but not in Tel cells and that long non-coding telomere transcribed RNA (TERRA) enrichment at telomeres depends upon TOP3A. TOP3A also promotes the generation of single-stranded telomeric C-strand (ssTeloC) DNA, which is a recently discovered marker for ALT. Additionally, we found that inducing TOP3A-DNA-protein crosslinks in ALT cells suppresses TERRA enrichment as well as destabilizes TERF2. Taken together these observations uncover the unexplored functions of TOP3A at ALT telomeres and suggest the potential of developing an ALT-specific cancer therapeutic strategy targeting TOP3A.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>KHANDAGALE, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pommier, Y. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.18.624152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Topoisomerase 3A (TOP3A) Dependent Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.19.624374v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Humans and marmosets share similar face recognition signatures in shape-based visual face discrimination behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.19.624374v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our ability to identify faces is thought to depend on high-level visual processing in the brain. Nonetheless, studies of face recognition have generally relied on 2D face photographs where low-level strategies relying on texture and appearance cues can be employed to adequately support high face identification performance. Here, we designed a fine face discrimination task under 3D pose and lighting variation that was purely based on shape, a task which challenged state-of-the-art artificial vision systems compared to object recognition tasks. In contrast, humans performed this shape based face task at comparable levels to their object recognition performance. We then tested one of the smallest simian primates on this human-level, machine-difficult visual task, the common marmoset - a small, New World monkey. Marmosets successfully discriminated between face identities across 3D viewing conditions based purely on face shape. Their face recognition performance was on par with their object recognition performance and exhibited face-specific behavioral signatures similar to humans, including lower performance for inverted faces, faces lit from below, and contrast reversed faces. These results demonstrate that a high-level visual behavior, invariant face recognition based purely on geometry and not additional texture and appearance cues, is shared across simian primates from among the smallest to the most advanced, consistent with the presence of common underlying high-level visual brain areas across simian primates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jeon, Y.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Issa, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.19.624374</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Humans and marmosets share similar face recognition signatures in shape-based visual face discrimination behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.23.625023v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fisetin extends lifespan in a murine model of recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.23.625023v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recessive Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa (RDEB) is a rare genodermatosis characterized clinically by extensive inflammation, cutaneous destruction, and fibrosis that demonstrates properties similar to rapid skin aging. As tissue ages, it accumulates cellular damage and exhaustion leading to a state of senescence. Cellular senescence is an aging or disease-related phenomenon of stable exit from the cell cycle that leads to an increased inflammatory phenotype. RDEB and other EB subsets of patients need an adjunct to or alternate therapy that addresses the issues of inflammation, pain, and pruritus. Fisetin is a safe, naturally occurring compound proven to be effective at sensitizing senescent cells to cell death and ameliorating senescence-associated inflammation. In this paper, we demonstrate fisetins ability to increase survival and reduce senescent cell burden in a hypomorphic mouse model of RDEB.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miller, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strege, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popp, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tito, S. M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eide, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebens, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riddle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lees, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seelig, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bui, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yousefzadeh, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGrath, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.23.625023</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fisetin extends lifespan in a murine model of recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.23.624988v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular patterns of evolutionary changes throughout the whole nervous system of multiple nematode species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.23.624988v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One avenue to better understand brain evolution is to map molecular patterns of evolutionary changes in neuronal cell types across entire nervous systems of distantly related species. Generating whole-animal single-cell transcriptomes of three nematode species from the Caenorhabditis genus, we observed a remarkable stability of neuronal cell type identities over more than 45 million years of evolution. Conserved patterns of combinatorial expression of homeodomain transcription factors are among the best classifiers of homologous neuron classes. Unexpectedly, we discover an extensive divergence in neuronal signaling pathways. While identities of neurotransmitter-producing neurons (glutamate, acetylcholine, GABA and several monoamines) remain stable, ionotropic and metabotropic receptors for all these neurotransmitter systems show substantial divergence, resulting in more than half of all neuron classes changing their capacity to be receptive to specific neurotransmitters. Neuropeptidergic signaling is also remarkably divergent, both at the level of neuropeptide expression and receptor expression, yet the overall dense network topology of the wireless neuropeptidergic connectome remains stable. Novel neuronal signaling pathways are suggested by our discovery of small secreted proteins that show no obvious hallmarks of conventional neuropeptides, but show similar patterns of highly neuron-type-specific and highly evolvable expression profiles. In conclusion, by investigating the evolution of entire nervous systems at the resolution of single neuron classes, we uncover patterns that may reflect basic principles governing evolutionary novelty in neuronal circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Toker, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ripoll-Sanchez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saini, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beets, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vertes, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafer, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-David, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.23.624988</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular patterns of evolutionary changes throughout the whole nervous system of multiple nematode species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.24.625077v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-type specific responses to single-pulse electrical stimulation of the human brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.24.625077v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuromodulation techniques, such as deep brain stimulation, intraoperative brain mapping, and responsive neurostimulation, use electricity to alter brain activity. Despite daily clinical use in thousands of patients, it remains fundamentally unknown how human neurons respond to intracranial stimulation.

We address this question at a basic level by characterizing neuronal cell-type specific firing rate responses to single pulses of electrical stimulation of the human brain. We carried out broadly distributed stimulation in 30 patients undergoing neuromonitoring for epilepsy while recording from isolated neurons on microwires implanted into the medial temporal and frontal lobes.

Out of a total of 228 recorded units, 16.2% (N = 191) were classified as interneurons and 83.8% (N = 37) were classified as principal cells, using a threshold clustering method, based on intrinsic waveshape characteristics. To see how stimulation affected neuronal activation for each cell type, we calculated firing rate change between a pre-stimulation and post-stimulation window and observed that 174 units were significantly modulated with the vast majority (91%) showing firing rate suppression. We then characterized stimulation-evoked changes in firing rate to gain insight into cell type-specific responses. Additionally, in a subset of the units, we observed that firing rate responses were modulated by stimulation distance, where local stimulation (within approximately 40 mm) could evoke instantaneous firing, whereas distant stimulation reliably suppressed firing in the same units. Finally, we analyzed a subset of units within the seizure onset zone, which exhibited unique waveform features and responses to stimulation.

This study bridges a gap in the neuromodulation field by examining the single-unit firing rate response to direct electrical stimulation of the human brain and analyzing cell-type specific firing rate responses. We show that low frequency, single-pulse stimulation broadly elicits firing rate suppression, but parameters, such as distance from the unit, can have diverse effects on firing rate responses. This work informs the neuronal basis of CCEP generation and therefore has implications for clinical mapping and informs novel  active probing strategies for precision diagnosis and neuromodulation of seizure pathophysiology in surgical cases. Moreover, this research has general implications for understanding neuromodulation via direct brain stimulation.

Highlights- Putative principal cell waveform shapes are characterized by longer trough-to-peak and full-width half max durations (s) compared to interneurons.
- Monopolar stimulation @ 3 mA generally has a widespread suppressive effect on neuronal firing, lasting approximately 1.5 s.
- Principal cells show greater suppression amplitude and longer suppression durations than interneurons.
- Stimulation within [~] 40 mm is capable of evoking instantaneous firing, despite general suppression from stimulation at greater distances.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cowan, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merricks, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shofty, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahimpour, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schevon, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolston, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.24.625077</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-type specific responses to single-pulse electrical stimulation of the human brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.25.625185v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CD47 predominates over CD24 as a macrophage immune checkpoint in cancer. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.25.625185v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macrophages hold tremendous promise as effectors of cancer immunotherapy, but the best strategies to provoke these cells to attack tumors remain unknown. Here, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of targeting two distinct macrophage immune checkpoints: CD47 and CD24. We found that antibodies targeting these antigens could elicit maximal levels of phagocytosis when combined together in vitro. However, to our surprise, via unbiased genome-wide CRISPR screens, we found that CD24 primarily acts as a target of opsonization rather than an immune checkpoint. In a series of in vitro and in vivo genetic validation studies, we found that CD24 was neither necessary nor sufficient to protect cancer cells from macrophage phagocytosis in most mouse and human tumor models. Instead, anti-CD24 antibodies exhibit robust Fc-dependent activity, and as a consequence, they cause significant on-target hematologic toxicity in mice. To overcome these challenges and leverage our findings for therapeutic purposes, we engineered a collection of 77 novel bispecific antibodies that bind to a tumor antigen with one arm and engage macrophages with the second arm. We discovered multiple novel bispecifics that maximally activate macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity and reduce binding to healthy blood cells, including bispecifics targeting macrophage immune checkpoint molecules in combination with EGFR, TROP2, and CD71. Overall, our findings indicate that CD47 predominates over CD24 as a macrophage immune checkpoint in cancer, and that the novel bispecifics we created may be optimal immunotherapies to direct myeloid cells to eradicate solid tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Allen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meglan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaccaro, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velarde, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ribeiro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blandin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Love, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinhardt, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberg, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiskopf, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.25.625185</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CD47 predominates over CD24 as a macrophage immune checkpoint in cancer.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.26.624368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortical assembloids support the development of fast-spiking human PVALB+ cortical interneurons and uncover schizophrenia-associated defects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.26.624368v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Disruption of parvalbumin positive (PVALB+) cortical interneurons is implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. However, how these defects emerge during brain development remains poorly understood. The protracted maturation of these cells during postnatal life has made their derivation from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) extremely difficult, precluding hPSC-based disease modeling of their role in neuropsychiatric disease. Here we present a cortical assembloid system that supports the development of PVALB+ cortical interneurons which match the molecular profiles of primary PVALB+ interneurons and display their distinctive electrophysiological features. Further, we characterized cortical interneuron development in a series of CRISPR-generated isogenic structural variants associated with schizophrenia and identified variant-specific phenotypes affecting cortical interneuron migration and the molecular profile of PVALB+ cortical interneurons. These findings offer plausible mechanisms on how the disruption of cortical interneuron development may impact schizophrenia risk and provide the first human experimental platform to study of PVALB+ cortical interneurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walsh, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crabtree, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalpana, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jubierre, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koo, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciceri, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruglikov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Studer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.26.624368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortical assembloids support the development of fast-spiking human PVALB+ cortical interneurons and uncover schizophrenia-associated defects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.26.624990v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impaired spatial coding and neuronal hyperactivity in the medial entorhinal cortex of APP NL-G-F mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.26.624990v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The progressive accumulation of amyloid beta (A{beta}) pathology in the brain has been associated with aberrant neuronal network activity and poor cognitive performance in preclinical mouse models of Alzheimers disease (AD). Presently, our understanding of the mechanisms driving pathology-associated neuronal dysfunction and impaired information processing in the brain remains incomplete. Here, we assessed the impact of advanced A{beta} pathology on spatial information processing in the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) of 18-month App NL-G-F/NL- G-F knock-in (APP KI) mice as they explored contextually novel and familiar open field arenas in a two-day, four-session recording paradigm. We tracked single unit firing activity across all sessions and found that spatial information scores were decreased in MEC neurons from APP KI mice versus those in age-matched C57BL/6J controls. MEC single unit spatial representations were also impacted in APP KI mice. Border cell firing preferences were unstable across sessions and spatial periodicity in putative grid cells was disrupted. In contrast, MEC border cells and grid cells in Control mice were intact and stable across sessions. We then quantified the stability of MEC spatial maps across sessions by utilizing a metric based on the Earth Movers Distance (EMD). We found evidence for increased instability in spatially-tuned APP KI MEC neurons versus Controls when mice were re-exposed to familiar environments and exposed to a novel environment. Additionally, spatial decoding analysis of MEC single units revealed deficits in position and speed coding in APP KI mice in all session comparisons. Finally, MEC single unit analysis revealed a mild hyperactive phenotype in APP KI mice that appeared to be driven by narrow-spiking units (putative interneurons). These findings tie A{beta}-associated dysregulation in neuronal firing to disruptions in spatial information processing that may underlie certain cognitive deficits associated with AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothenberg, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shetler, C. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aoun, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Posani, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vajram, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tedesco, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fusi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussaini, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.26.624990</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impaired spatial coding and neuronal hyperactivity in the medial entorhinal cortex of APP NL-G-F mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.26.625465v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
How sturdy is your memory palace? Reliable room representations predict subsequent reinstatement of placed objects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.26.625465v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
What are the neural properties that make spatial contexts effective scaffolds for storing and accessing memories? We hypothesized that spatial locations with stable and distinctive (i.e., reliable) neural representations would best support memory for new experiences. To test this, participants learned the layout of a custom-built 23-room virtual reality (VR) "memory palace" that they explored using a head-mounted display. The next day, participants underwent whole-brain fMRI while watching videos of the rooms, allowing us to measure the reliability of the neural activity pattern associated with each room. Participants then returned to VR to encode 23 objects placed in each of the 23 rooms and later recalled the rooms and objects during fMRI. We found that our room reliability measure (computed prior to encoding) predicted object reinstatement during recall across cortex; this was driven not only by group-level reliability across participants, but also idiosyncratic reliability within participants. Moreover, this effect did not arise through enhanced retrieval of reliable rooms during recall, since the relationship between reliability and object reinstatement remained significant when controlling for room reinstatement during retrieval; this suggests that, instead, room reliability promotes improved binding of rooms to objects at encoding. Together, these results showcase how the quality of the neural repre-sentation of a spatial context can be quantified and used to  audit its utility as a memory scaffold for future experiences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Masis-Obando, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldassano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.26.625465</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[How sturdy is your memory palace? Reliable room representations predict subsequent reinstatement of placed objects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.27.625752v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Paired CRISPR screens to map gene regulation in cis and trans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.27.625752v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent massively-parallel approaches to decipher gene regulatory circuits have focused on the discovery of either cis-regulatory elements (CREs) or trans-acting factors. Here, we develop a scalable approach that pairs cis- and trans-regulatory CRISPR screens to systematically dissect how the key immune checkpoint PD-L1 is regulated. In human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells, we tile the PD-L1 locus using [~]25,000 CRISPR perturbations in constitutive and IFN{gamma}-stimulated conditions. We discover 67 enhancer- or repressor-like CREs and show that distal CREs tend to contact the promoter of PD-L1 and related genes. Next, we measure how loss of all [~]2,000 transcription factors (TFs) in the human genome impacts PD-L1 expression and, using this, we link specific TFs to individual CREs and reveal novel PD-L1 regulatory circuits. For one of these regulatory circuits, we confirm the binding of predicted trans-factors (SRF and BPTF) using CUT&RUN and show that loss of either the CRE or TFs potentiates the anti-cancer activity of primary T cells engineered with a chimeric antigen receptor. Finally, we show that expression of these TFs correlates with PD-L1 expression in vivo in primary PDAC tumors and that somatic mutations in TFs can alter response and overall survival in immune checkpoint blockade-treated patients. Taken together, our approach establishes a generalizable toolkit for decoding the regulatory landscape of any gene or locus in the human genome, yielding insights into gene regulation and clinical impact.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xue, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gajic, Z. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caragine, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legut, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wessels, H.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bapodra, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gürsoy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanjana, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.27.625752</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Paired CRISPR screens to map gene regulation in cis and trans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.28.625948v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ecological Scaling of Temporal Fluctuations with Bacterial Abundance in Gut Microbiota Depends on Functional Properties of Individual Microbial Species and Bacterial Communities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.28.625948v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macroecological relationships that describe various statistical associations between species abundances, their spatial, and temporal variability are among the most general laws in ecology and biology. One of the most commonly observed relationships is a power-law scaling between means and variances of temporal species abundances, known in ecology as Taylors law. Taylors law has been observed across many ecosystems, from diverse plant and animal ecosystems to complex microbial communities. While many mathematical models have been proposed to explain the potential origins of Taylors law, what determines its scaling exponents across species and ecosystems is not understood. Here, we use temporal trajectories of human and baboon gut microbiota to analyze the relationship between functional properties of individual bacterial species and microbial communities with the scaling of species-specific and community-level Taylors law. The species Taylor law characterizes - for each individual species - the relationship between the species temporal abundance means and temporal abundance variances across host organisms. On the other hand, community-level Taylors law characterizes - in each host organism - the scaling across multiple species between their temporal abundance means and temporal abundance variances. For community Taylors law, we find that the power law scaling is strongly associated with the microbiota abundance of certain nutrient-degrading enzymes in the gut. Notably, our results demonstrate that the availability of enzymes metabolizing starch glycogen significantly increases Taylors law scaling. We also find that species Taylors law depends on the individual species functional properties. Specifically, we observe lower Taylors law scaling for species with larger metabolic networks, for species that are able to grow on a larger number of carbon sources, and for species with particular metabolic functions, such as glutamine and folate metabolism. Overall, our study reveals that Taylors law scaling is strongly associated with the functional capabilities of bacterial communities and individual microbial species biosynthetic properties, which are likely related to their ecological roles in the gut microbiota.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Su, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tchourine, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitkup, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.28.625948</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ecological Scaling of Temporal Fluctuations with Bacterial Abundance in Gut Microbiota Depends on Functional Properties of Individual Microbial Species and Bacterial Communities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.30.626159v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Circadian Activity Predicts Breeding Phenology in the Asian Burying Beetle Nicrophorus nepalensis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.30.626159v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Climate change continues to alter breeding phenology in a range of plant and animal species across the globe. Traditional methods for assessing when organisms reproduce often rely on time-intensive field observations or destructive sampling, creating an urgent need for efficient, non-invasive approaches to assess reproductive timing. Here, we examined three populations of the Asian burying beetle Nicrophorus nepalensis from subtropical Okinawa (500 m) and Taiwan mountains (1100-3200 m) that were reared under contrasting photoperiods in order to develop a predictive framework linking circadian activity to breeding phenology. Using automated activity monitors, we quantified adult circadian rhythms and employed machine learning to predict breeding phenology (seasonal versus year-round breeders) from behavior alone. Our model achieved 95% accuracy under long-day conditions using just three behavioural features, and notably, maintained 76% accuracy under short-day conditions when both types are reproductively active, revealing persistent behavioural differences between breeding strategies. These results demonstrate how integrating behavioural monitoring with machine learning can provide both a rapid, scalable method for tracking population responses to climate change and novel insights into species adaptive responses to shifting seasonal cues across different elevational gradients in their native range.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubenstein, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mai, G.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, S.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.30.626159</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Circadian Activity Predicts Breeding Phenology in the Asian Burying Beetle Nicrophorus nepalensis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.30.626181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene mobility elements mediate cell type specific genome organization and radial gene movement in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.30.626181v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACTUnderstanding the level of genome organization that governs gene regulation remains a challenge despite advancements in chromatin profiling techniques. Cell type specific chromatin architectures may be obscured by averaging heterogeneous cell populations. Here we took a reductionist perspective, starting with the relocation of the hunchback gene to the nuclear lamina in Drosophila neuroblasts. We previously found that this event terminates competence to produce early-born neurons and is mediated by an intronic 250 base-pair element, which we term gene mobility element (GME). Here we found over 800 putative GMEs globally that are chromatin accessible and are Polycomb (PcG) target sites. GMEs appear to be distinct from PcG response elements, however, which are largely chromatin inaccessible in neuroblasts. Performing in situ Hi-C of purified neuroblasts, we found that GMEs form megabase-scale chromatin interactions, spanning multiple topologically associated domain borders, preferentially contacting other GMEs. These interactions are cell type and stage-specific. Notably, GMEs undergo developmentally- timed mobilization to/from the neuroblast nuclear lamina, and domain swapping a GFP reporter transgene intron with a GME relocates the transgene to the nuclear lamina in embryos. We propose that GMEs constitute a genome organizational framework and mediate gene-to-lamina mobilization during progenitor competence state transitions in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lucas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass-Klaiber, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quiroz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molotkova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohwi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.30.626181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene mobility elements mediate cell type specific genome organization and radial gene movement in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.30.626182v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Internal states emerge early during learning of a perceptual decision-making task 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.30.626182v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent work has shown that during perceptual decision-making tasks, animals frequently alternate between different internal states or strategies. However, the question of how or when these emerge during learning remains an important open problem. Does an animal alternate between multiple strategies from the very start of training, or only after extensive exposure to a task? Here we address this question by developing a dynamic latent state model, which we applied to training data from mice learning to perform a visual decision-making task. Remarkably, we found that mice exhibited distinct "engaged" and "biased" states even during early training, with multiple states apparent from the second training session onward. Moreover, our model revealed that the gradual improvement in task performance over the course of training arose from a combination of two factors: (1) increased sensitivity to stimuli across all states; and (2) increased proportion of time spent in a higher-accuracy "engaged" state relative to biased states. These findings highlight the power of our approach for characterizing the temporal evolution of multiple strategies across learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cuturela, L. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The International Brain Laboratory,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillow, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.30.626182</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Internal states emerge early during learning of a perceptual decision-making task]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.30.626192v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of Temporal Uncertainty on Sign-tracking Behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.30.626192v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sign-tracking behavior, also known as "autoshaping", is defined as approach and interaction with reward-predictive cues. It is associated with addiction-related phenotypes and compulsive behavior. Several previous studies have demonstrated that when there is uncertainty about reward properties (e.g. probability, size), sign-tracking is increased. However, the effect of cue-uncertainty on sign-tracking behavior is not known. Here, using a Pavlovian conditioning paradigm, we manipulated the temporal uncertainty about the appearance of cues by implementing either fixed or variable inter-trial intervals (ITIs) of different durations across groups of mice. We found that temporal uncertainty during acquisition significantly enhances sign-tracking, which persists during extinction, even when ITI variability was different in the extinction session than in the acquisition session. This suggests that the effects of temporal uncertainty are learned and retained, rather than performance-based. Our results demonstrate that sign-tracking behavior is not only modified by the characteristic of the reward, but it can also be modified by the uncertainty regarding cues. These findings highlight how temporal predictability shapes cue-directed behaviors and has implications for understanding reward-related behavioral responses including sign-tracking behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaneko, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balsam, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.30.626192</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of Temporal Uncertainty on Sign-tracking Behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.26.625544v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integration of spatial multiplexed protein imaging and transcriptomics in the human kidney tracks the regenerative potential timeline of proximal tubules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.26.625544v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The organizational principles of nephronal segments are based on longstanding anatomical and physiological attributes that are closely linked to the homeostatic functions of the kidney. Novel molecular approaches have recently uncovered layers of deeper signatures and states in tubular cells that arise at various timepoints on the spectrum between health and disease. For example, a dedifferentiated state of proximal tubular cells with mesenchymal stemness markers is frequently seen after injury. The persistence of such a state is associated with failed repair. Here, we introduce a novel analytical pipeline applied to highly multiplexed spatial protein imaging to characterize proximal tubular subpopulations and neighborhoods in reference and disease human kidney tissue. The results were validated and extended through integration with spatial and single cell transcriptomics. We demonstrate that, in reference tissue, a large proportion of S1 and S2 proximal tubular epithelial cells express THY1, a mesenchymal stromal and stem cell marker that regulates differentiation. Kidney disease is associated with loss of THY1 and transition towards expression of PROM1, another stem cell marker shown recently to be linked to failed repair. We demonstrate that the trajectory of proximal tubular cells to THY1 expression is clearly distinct from that of PROM1, and that a state with PROM1 expression is associated with niches of inflammation. Our data support a model in which the interplay between THY1 and PROM1 expression in proximal tubules associates with their regenerative potential and marks the timeline of disease progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Asghari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabo, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barwinska, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melo Ferreira, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferkowicz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gisch, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulbronson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutton, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Toole, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palevsky, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waikar, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiryluk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parikh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodgins, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarder, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Boer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Himmelfarb, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kretzler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kidney Precision Medicine Project,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eadon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winfree, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Achkar, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dagher, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.26.625544</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integration of spatial multiplexed protein imaging and transcriptomics in the human kidney tracks the regenerative potential timeline of proximal tubules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.29.625440v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PAG orchestrates T cell immune synapse function by binding to actin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.29.625440v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many immunotherapies impact T cell function by impacting the immune synapse. While immunotherapy is extremely successful in some patients, in many others, it fails to help or causes complications, including immune-related adverse events. Phosphoprotein Associated with Glycosphingolipid Rich Microdomains 1 (PAG) is a transmembrane scaffold protein with importance in T cell signaling. PAG has 10 tyrosine phosphorylation sites where many kinases and phosphatases bind. PAG is palmitoylated, so it localizes in lipid rafts of the membrane, and contains a C-terminal PDZ domain to link to the actin cytoskeleton. As a link between signaling-protein-rich membrane regions and the actin cytoskeleton, PAG is an exciting and novel target for manipulating immune function. Here, we sought to determine if PAG works with actin to control T cell synapse organization and function. We found that PAG and actin dynamics are tightly coordinated during synapse maturation. A PDZ domain mutation disrupts the PAG-actin interaction, significantly impairing synapse formation, stability, and function. To assess the impact of the PDZ mutation functionally in vivo, we employed a mouse model of type IV hypersensitivity and an OVA-tumor mouse model. In both systems, mice with T cells expressing PDZ-mutant PAG had diminished immune responses, including impaired cytotoxic function. These findings highlight the importance of the PAG-actin link for effective T cell immune synapse formation and function. The results of our study suggest that targeting PAG is a promising approach for modulating immune responses and treating immune-related diseases.

One Sentence SummaryAdaptor protein PAG links to the actin cytoskeleton, and this link is essential for T cell synapse formation and cytotoxic function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moore, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strazza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tymm, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paiola, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shannon, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bukhari, S.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lerrer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mace, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winchester, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.29.625440</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PAG orchestrates T cell immune synapse function by binding to actin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.02.626472v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
KP.2-based monovalent mRNA vaccines robustly boost antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.02.626472v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In response to the ongoing evolution of SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 mRNA vaccines were recently updated to encode the spike protein of the KP.2 subvariant of the JN.1 sublineage. However, the immunogenicity of KP.2-based monovalent mRNA vaccines (KP.2 MV) has yet to be fully evaluated and reported, particularly against dominant and growing viral variants KP.3.1.1 and XEC, which bear some distinct mutations from KP.2. Here we report that KP.2 MV boosters elicit robust neutralizing antibody titers in a cohort of 16 healthy adult participants against all tested variants in pseudovirus neutralization assays. The highest post-boost geometric mean titers were against older variants D614G (17,293) and BA.5 (14,358), suggestive of immune imprinting, but the post-boost titers against currently dominant or growing viruses KP.3.1.1 (1,698) and XEC (1,721) were still robust. Fold-changes in titers were highest against recent JN.1 subvariants, including JN.1, KP.2, KP.3, KP.3.1.1, and XEC, (5.8-to-7.8-fold), compared to older variants D614G and BA.5 (1.6- and 2.5-fold), which suggests that KP.2 MV boosters have at least partially mitigated immune imprinting. Overall, these results show that KP.2 MV boosters elicit robust neutralizing antibodies against dominant SARS-CoV-2 viruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mellis, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gherasim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purpura, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.02.626472</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[KP.2-based monovalent mRNA vaccines robustly boost antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.29.624972v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two distinct durable human class-switched memory B cell populations are induced by vaccination and infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.29.624972v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Memory lymphocytes are durable cells that persist in the absence of antigen, but few human B cell subsets have been characterized in terms of durability. The relative durability of eight non-overlapping human B cell sub-populations covering 100% of all human class-switched B cells was interrogated. Only two long-lived B cell populations persisted in the relative absence of antigen. In addition to canonical germinal center-derived switched-memory B cells with an IgD-CD27+ CXCR5+ phenotype, a second, non-canonical, but distinct memory population of IgD-CD27- CXCR5+ DN1 B cells was also durable, exhibited a unique TP63-linked transcriptional and anti-apoptotic signature, had low levels of somatic hypermutation, but was more clonally expanded than canonical switched-memory B cells. DN1 B cells likely evolved to preserve immunological breadth and may represent the human counterparts of rodent extrafollicular memory B cells that, unlike canonical memory B cells, can enter germinal centers and facilitate B cell and antibody evolution.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=140 SRC="FIGDIR/small/624972v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (31K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@169c77forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1a872f5org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1360cforg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@38d7ed_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perugino, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marbourg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guy, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingram, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liebaert, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhary, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob-Dolan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hauser, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mian, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaseke, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tano-Menka, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Getz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senjobe, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berrios, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ofoman, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manickas-Hill, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wesemann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemieux, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nundel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moormann, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshak-Rothstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larocque, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iafrate, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lingwood, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaiha, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charles, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balazs, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandit, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naranbhai, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.29.624972</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two distinct durable human class-switched memory B cell populations are induced by vaccination and infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.01.624867v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Passage through micro-sprayer increases functional activity-implications for activity assays in time-resolved cryo-EM 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.01.624867v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This study examines the validity of an assay that is used to report on the retainment of functional competence by ribosomes as they pass a micro-sprayer. We find a reproducible increase, rather than the expected decrease in GFP production as monitored by fluorescence, which suggests heterogeneity or partial aggregation of ribosomes in solution. An even larger increase in functional activity is observed when sonication is used, pointing to mechanical agitation as the decisive factor in both scenarios. The results have a bearing on the design and interpretation of validation experiments in time-resolved cryo-EM based on microfluidic chips.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garg, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.01.624867</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Passage through micro-sprayer increases functional activity-implications for activity assays in time-resolved cryo-EM]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.03.626531v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lineage-specific amino acids define functional attributes of the protomer-protomer interfaces for the Rad51 and Dmc1 recombinases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.03.626531v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most eukaryotes possess two Rad51/RecA family DNA recombinases that are thought to have arisen from an ancient gene duplication event: Rad51, which is expressed in both mitosis and meiosis; and Dmc1, which is only expressed in meiosis. To explore the evolutionary relationship between these recombinases, here, we present high-resolution CryoEM structures of S. cerevisiae Rad51 filaments and S. cerevisiae Dmc1 filaments bound to ssDNA, which reveal a pair of stacked interfacial aromatic amino acid residues that are nearly universally conserved in Rad51 but are absent from Dmc1. We use a combination of bioinformatics, genetic analysis of natural sequence variation, and deep mutational analysis to probe the functionally tolerated sequence space for these stacked aromatic residues. Our findings demonstrate that the functional landscape of the interfacial aromatic residues within the Rad51 filament is highly constrained. In contrast, the amino acids at the equivalent positions within the Dmc1 filament exhibit a broad functional landscape. This work helps highlight the distinct evolutionary trajectories of these two eukaryotic recombinases, which may have contributed to their functional and mechanistic divergence.

AUTHOR SUMMARYMost eukaryotic organisms have two closely related proteins, Rad51 and Dmc1, that are needed for different aspects of genetic recombination. These proteins may have evolved from a single gene that was duplicated during the early evolution of eukaryotes. Rad51 is active during both normal cell division (mitosis) and sexual reproduction (meiosis), while Dmc1 is only active during meiosis. To better understand how these proteins are related, we studied their three-dimensional structures using high resolution cryogenic electron microscopy. Our findings show that Rad51 has a specific set of conserved amino acids located at the protein interfaces, but this set of amino acids is different in Dmc1. We used a series of genetic approaches to analyze how these amino acids affect the proteins function. Our results show that Rad51 has a strict set of rules governing the identify of these amino acids, whereas Dmc1 does not. This research sheds light on how Rad51 and Dmc1 have evolved differently, leading to distinct functions in genetic recombination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Petassi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jessop, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morse, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matei, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raina, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.03.626531</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lineage-specific amino acids define functional attributes of the protomer-protomer interfaces for the Rad51 and Dmc1 recombinases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.03.626649v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multinucleated giant cells are hallmarks of ovarian aging with unique immune and degradation-associated molecular signatures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.03.626649v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ovary is one of the first organs to exhibit signs of aging, characterized by reduced tissue function, chronic inflammation, and fibrosis. Multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs), formed by macrophage fusion, typically occur in chronic immune pathologies, including infectious and non-infectious granulomas and the foreign body response1, but are also observed in the aging ovary2-4. The function and consequence of ovarian MNGCs remain unknown as their biological activity is highly context-dependent, and their large size has limited their isolation and analysis through technologies such as single-cell RNA sequencing. In this study, we define ovarian MNGCs through a deep analysis of their presence across age and species using advanced imaging technologies as well as their unique transcriptome using laser capture microdissection. MNGCs form complex interconnected networks that increase with age in both mouse and nonhuman primate ovaries. MNGCs are characterized by high Gpnmb expression, a putative marker of ovarian and non-ovarian MNGCs5,6. Pathway analysis highlighted functions in apoptotic cell clearance, lipid metabolism, proteolysis, immune processes, and increased oxidative phosphorylation and antioxidant activity. Thus, MNGCs have signatures related to degradative processes, immune function, and high metabolic activity. These processes were enriched in MNGCs compared to primary ovarian macrophages, suggesting discrete functionality. MNGCs express CD4 and colocalize with T-cells, which were enriched in regions of MNGCs, indicative of a close interaction between these immune cell types. These findings implicate MNGCs in modulation of the ovarian immune landscape during aging given their high penetrance and unique molecular signature that supports degradative and immune functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Converse, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dipali, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isola, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelley, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varberg, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zelinkski, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerton, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stout, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pritchard, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.03.626649</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multinucleated giant cells are hallmarks of ovarian aging with unique immune and degradation-associated molecular signatures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.03.626676v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Widespread gene-environment interactions shape the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in hospitalized COVID-19 patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.03.626676v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide association studies performed in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have uncovered various loci significantly associated with susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease severity. However, the underlying cis-regulatory genetic factors that contribute to heterogeneity in the response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and their impact on clinical phenotypes remain enigmatic. Here, we used single-cell RNA-sequencing to quantify genetic contributions to cis-regulatory variation in 361,119 peripheral blood mononuclear cells across 63 COVID-19 patients during acute infection, 39 samples collected in the convalescent phase, and 106 healthy controls. Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) mapping across cell types within each disease state group revealed thousands of cis-associated variants, of which hundreds were detected exclusively in immune cells derived from acute COVID-19 patients. Patient-specific genetic effects dissipated as infection resolved, suggesting that distinct gene regulatory networks are at play in the active infection state. Further, 17.2% of tested loci demonstrated significant cell state interactions with genotype, with pathways related to interferon responses and oxidative phosphorylation showing pronounced cell state-dependent variation, predominantly in CD14+ monocytes. Overall, we estimate that 25.6% of tested genes exhibit gene-environment interaction effects, highlighting the importance of environmental modifiers in the transcriptional regulation of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2. Our findings underscore the importance of expanding the study of regulatory variation to relevant cell types and disease contexts and argue for the existence of extensive gene-environment effects among patients responding to an infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Randolph, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguirre-Gamboa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunet-Ratnasingham, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakanishi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Locher, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ketter, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandolino, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larochelle, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arbour, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumaine, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durand, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richards, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufmann, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreiro, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.03.626676</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Widespread gene-environment interactions shape the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in hospitalized COVID-19 patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.30.626130v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automated Cell Type Annotation with Reference Cluster Mapping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.30.626130v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA sequencing has transformed the field of cellular biology by providing unprecedented insights into cellular heterogeneity. However, characterizing scRNA-seq datasets remains a significant challenge. We introduce RefCM, a novel computational method that combines optimal transport and integer programming to enhance the annotation of scRNA clusters using established reference datasets. Our method produces highly accurate cross-technology, cross-tissue, and cross-species mappings while remaining tractable at atlas scale, outperforming existing methods across all these tasks. By providing precise annotations, RefCM can enable the discovery of new cell types, states, and relationships in single-cell transcriptomic data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Galanti, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azizi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blumberg, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.30.626130</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automated Cell Type Annotation with Reference Cluster Mapping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.01.626207v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Investigating the consequences of chronic short sleep for metabolism and survival of oxidative stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.01.626207v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In previous work, we found that short sleep caused sensitivity to oxidative stress; here we set out to characterize the physiological state of a diverse group of chronically short-sleeping mutants during hyperoxia as an acute oxidative stress. Using RNA-sequencing analysis, we found that short-sleeping mutants had a normal transcriptional oxidative stress response relative to controls. In both short-sleeping mutants and controls, hyperoxia led to downregulation of glycolytic genes and upregulation of genes involved in fatty acid metabolism, reminiscent of metabolic shifts during sleep. We hypothesized that short-sleeping mutants may be sensitive to hyperoxia because of defects in metabolism. Consistent with this, short-sleeping mutants were sensitive to starvation. Using metabolomics, we identified a pattern of low levels of long chain fatty acids and lysophospholipids in short-sleeping mutants relative to controls during hyperoxia, suggesting a defect in lipid metabolism. Though short-sleeping mutants did not have common defects in many aspects of lipid metabolism (basal fat stores, usage kinetics during hyperoxia, respiration rates, and cuticular hydrocarbon profiles), they were all sensitive to dehydration, suggesting a general defect in cuticular hydrocarbons, which protect against dehydration. To test the bi-directionality of sleep and lipid metabolism, we tested flies with both diet-induced obesity and genetic obesity. Flies with diet-induced obesity had no sleep or oxidative stress phenotype; in contrast, the lipid metabolic mutant, brummer, slept significantly more than controls but was sensitive to oxidative stress. Previously, all short sleepers tested were sensitive and all long sleepers resistant to oxidative stress. brummer mutants, the first exceptions to this rule, lack a key enzyme required to mobilize fat stores, suggesting that a defect in accessing lipid stores can cause sensitivity to oxidative stress. Taken together, we found that short-sleeping mutants have many phenotypes in common: sensitivity to oxidative stress, starvation, dehydration, and defects in lipid metabolites. These results argue against a specific role for sleep as an antioxidant and suggest the possibility that lipid metabolic defects underlie the sensitivity to oxidative stress of short-sleeping mutants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tener, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oraedu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gatto, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, T. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schanta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jankowski, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulgherait, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canman, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ja, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirasu-Hiza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.01.626207</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Investigating the consequences of chronic short sleep for metabolism and survival of oxidative stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.02.626449v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CellSexID: Sex-Based Computational Tracking of Cellular Origins in Chimeric Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.02.626449v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell tracking in chimeric models is essential yet challenging, particularly in developmental biology, regenerative medicine, and transplantation research. Existing methods such as fluorescent labeling and genetic barcoding are technically demanding, costly, and often impractical for dynamic or heterogeneous tissues. Here, we introduce CellSexID, a computational framework that leverages sex as a surrogate marker for cell origin inference. Using a machine learning model trained on single-cell transcriptomic data, CellSexID accurately predicts the sex of individual cells, enabling in silico distinction between donor and recipient cells in sex-mismatched settings. The model identifies minimal sex-linked gene sets through ensemble feature selection and has been validated using both public datasets and experimental flow sorting, confirming the biological relevance of predicted populations. We further demonstrate CellSexIDs applicability beyond chimeric models, including organ transplantation and multiplexed sample demultiplexing. As a scalable and cost-effective alternative to physical labeling, CellSexID facilitates precise cell tracking and supports diverse biomedical applications involving mixed cellular origins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tai, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrof, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.02.626449</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CellSexID: Sex-Based Computational Tracking of Cellular Origins in Chimeric Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.02.626503v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Voltage Gated Calcium Channel Dysregulation May Contribute to Neurological Symptoms in Calmodulinopathies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.02.626503v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Calmodulinopathies are caused by mutations in calmodulin (CaM), and result in debilitating cardiac arrythmias such as long-QT syndrome (LQTS) and catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT). In addition, many patients exhibit neurological comorbidities, including developmental delay and autism spectrum disorder. Until now, most work into these mutations has focused on cardiac effects, identifying impairment of Ca2+/CaM-dependent inactivation (CDI) of CaV1.2 channels as a major pathogenic mechanism. However, the impact of these mutations on neurological function has yet to be fully explored. CaM regulation of voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) is a critical element of neuronal function, implicating multiple VGCC subtypes in the neurological pathogenesis of calmodulinopathies. Here, we explore the potential for pathological CaM variants to impair the Ca2+/CaM-dependent regulation of CaV1.3 and CaV2.1, both essential for neuronal function. We find that mutations in CaM can impair the CDI of CaV1.3 and reduce the Ca2+-dependent facilitation (CDF) of CaV2.1 channels. We find that mutations associated with significant neurological symptoms exhibit marked effects on CaV1.3 CDI, with overlapping but distinct impacts on CaV2.1 CDF. Moreover, while the majority of CaM variants demonstrated the ability to bind the IQ region of each channel, distinct differences were noted between CaV1.3 and CaV2.1, demonstrating distinct CaM interactions across the two channel subtypes. Further, C-domain CaM variants display a reduced ability to sense Ca2+ when in complex with the CaV IQ domains, explaining the Ca2+/CaM regulation deficits. Overall, these results support the possibility that disrupted Ca2+/CaM regulation of VGCCs may contribute to neurological pathogenesis of calmodulinopathies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hussey, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeMarco, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiSilvestre, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brohus, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busuioc, A.-O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iversen, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyegaard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Overgaard, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Johny, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dick, I. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.02.626503</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Voltage Gated Calcium Channel Dysregulation May Contribute to Neurological Symptoms in Calmodulinopathies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.04.626800v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimizing a Human Monoclonal Antibody for Better Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.04.626800v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 has largely evolved to resist antibody pressure, with each successive viral variant becoming more and more resistant to serum antibodies in the population. This evolution renders all previously authorized anti-spike therapeutic monoclonal antibodies inactive, and it threatens the remaining pipelines against COVID-19. We report herein the isolation of a human monoclonal antibody with a broad but incomplete SARS-CoV-2 neutralization profile, but structural analyses and mutational scanning lead to the engineering of variants that result in greater antibody flexibility while binding to the viral spike. Three such optimized monoclonal antibodies neutralize all SARS-CoV-2 strains tested with much improved potency and breadth, including against subvariants XEC and LP.8.1. The findings of this study not only present antibody candidates for clinical development against COVID-19, but also introduce a unique engineering approach to improve antibody activity via increasing conformational flexibility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casner, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddem, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzang, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.04.626800</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimizing a Human Monoclonal Antibody for Better Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.03.626630v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phantom epistasis through the lens of genealogies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.03.626630v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phantom epistasis arises when, in the course of testing for gene-by-gene interactions, the omission of a causal variant with a purely additive effect on the phenotype causes the spurious inference of a significant interaction between two SNPs. This is more likely to arise when the two SNPs are in relatively close proximity, so while true epistasis between nearby variants could be commonplace, in practice there is no reliable way of telling apart true epistatic signals from false positives. By considering the causes of phantom epistasis from a genealogy-based perspective, we leverage the rich information contained within reconstructed genealogies (in the form of ancestral recombination graphs) to address this problem. We propose a novel method for explicitly quantifying the genealogical evidence that a given pairwise interaction is the result of phantom epistasis, which can be applied to pairs of SNPs regardless of the genetic distance between them. Our method uses only publicly-available data and so does not require access to the phenotypes and genotypes used for detecting interactions. Using simulations, we show that the method has excellent performance at even low genetic distances (around 0.5cM), and demonstrate its power to detect phantom epistasis using real data from previous studies. This opens up the exciting possibility of distinguishing spurious interactions in cis from those reflecting real biological effects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ignatieva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, L. A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.03.626630</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phantom epistasis through the lens of genealogies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.04.626559v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Reference Tissue Implementation of Simultaneous Multifactor Bayesian Analysis (SiMBA) of PET Time Activity Curve Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.04.626559v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PET analysis is conventionally performed as a two-stage process of quantification followed by analysis. We recently introduced SiMBA (Simultaneous Multifactor Bayesian Analysis), a hierarchical model that performs quantification and analysis for all brain regions of all individuals at once, and in so doing improves both the accuracy of parameter estimation as well as inferential efficiency. However until now, SiMBA has only been implemented for the two-tissue compartment model. We have now extended this general approach to also allow a non-invasive reference tissue implementation that includes both the full reference tissue model and the simplified reference tissue model. In simulated data, SiMBA improves quantitative parameter estimation accuracy, reducing error by, on average, 57% for binding potential (BPND). In considerations of statistical power, our simulation studies indicate that the efficiency of SiMBA modeling approximately corresponds to improvements that would require doubling the sample size if using conventional methods, with no increase in the false positive rate. We applied the model to PET data measured with [11C]AZ10419369, which binds selectively to the serotonin 1B receptor, in datasets collected at three different PET centres (n=139, n=44 and n=39). We show that SiMBA yields replicable inferences by comparing associations between PET parameters and age in the different datasets. Moreover, we show that time activity curve data from different centres can be combined in a single SiMBA model using covariates to control between-centre parameter differences, in order to harmonise data between centres. In summary, we present a novel approach for noninvasive quantification and analysis of PET time activity curve data which improves quantification and inferences, enables effective between-centre data harmonisation, and also yields replicable outcomes. This method has the potential to significantly expand the range of research questions which can be meaningfully tested using conventional sample sizes with PET imaging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matheson, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garde, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veldman, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tateno, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okubo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogden, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.04.626559</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Reference Tissue Implementation of Simultaneous Multifactor Bayesian Analysis (SiMBA) of PET Time Activity Curve Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.09.627580v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The kinesin KIF3AC recycles endocytosed integrin to polarize adhesion formation towards the leading edge 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.09.627580v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The recycling of integrin endocytosed during focal adhesion (FA) disassembly is critical for cell migration and contributes to the polarized formation of new FAs toward the leading edge. How this occurs is unclear. Here, we sought to identify the kinesin motor protein(s) that is involved in recycling endocytosed integrin back to the plasma membrane. We show that the kinesin-2 heterodimer, KIF3AC and the Rab11 adaptor protein RCP are required for FA reformation after the disassembly of FAs in mouse and human fibroblasts. In the absence of KIF3AC, integrin does not return to the cell surface after FA disassembly and is found in the Rab11 endocytic recycling compartment. Biochemical pulldowns revealed that KIF3C associated with {beta}1 integrin in an RCP dependent fashion, but only after FA disassembly. KIF3AC knockdown inhibited cell migration, trafficking of RCP toward the leading edge, and polarized formation of FAs at the leading edge. These results show that KIF3AC promotes cell migration by recycling integrin so that it generates new FAs in a polarized fashion.

SummaryThe study reveals that the heterodimeric kinesin-2 motor KIF3AC and its adaptor RCP are crucial for polarized formation of focal adhesions at the front of migrating fibroblasts. KIF3AC and RCP associate with intracellularly recycling integrin to promote its return to the cell surface after its endocytosis from disassembled focal adhesions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rockenbach, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nader, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antoku, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gundersen, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.09.627580</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The kinesin KIF3AC recycles endocytosed integrin to polarize adhesion formation towards the leading edge]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.10.627804v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cervical transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation enhances speech recognition in noise: A crossover, placebo-controlled study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.10.627804v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Speech comprehension in noisy environments remains a significant challenge, even among individuals with clinically normal hearing and users of hearing aids and cochlear implants. While conventional assistive hearing devices address limitations in the auditory periphery, they do not directly enhance the brains capacity to segregate speech from background noise. Because tonic vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has demonstrated potential for rapidly improving central sensory processing, this study investigated whether tonic transcutaneous cervical VNS (tcVNS) can augment speech-in-noise intelligibility.

Two cohorts of older human adults (60-84 years) participated in a placebo-controlled, crossover study. Participants completed speech-in-noise assessments using either QuickSIN or AzBio sentences, while receiving tonic tcVNS to the neck, or placebo stimulation to the neck-shoulder junction. Speech-in-noise performance was assessed by measuring participants accuracy in repeating sentences presented at varying signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) within background babble.

Tonic tcVNS improved speech-in-noise intelligibility compared to placebo. At the group-level, the SNR threshold for 50% speech intelligibility (SNR-50) improved by 0.76 dB in QuickSIN (p=0.016) and by 0.38 dB in AzBio (p=0.045). For individual participants, 50% demonstrated improvements that met a minimum clinically important difference (MCID) of 1 dB. Tonic tcVNS evoked progressively greater improvements as SNR increased in QuickSIN (p=0.021) and AzBio (p=0.00023), with the largest gains above 0 dB SNR. In 55% of participants, tcVNS improved intelligibility beyond an MCID benchmark of 4.9% at 5 dB SNR. While the magnitude of tcVNS-evoked improvements was inversely related to baseline speech-in-noise impairment (p=0.028), with the most impaired individuals demonstrating the largest gains, it did not correlate with hearing loss severity (p=0.97) or age (p=0.88).

Our findings indicate that tonic tcVNS can evoke immediate and clinically meaningful enhancements in speech-in-noise comprehension. This suggests tcVNS may complement conventional assistive hearing technologies and inform novel therapies for sensory processing disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jigo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmel, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodenkirch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.10.627804</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cervical transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation enhances speech recognition in noise: A crossover, placebo-controlled study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.11.628035v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptation shapes the representational geometry in mouse V1 to efficiently encode the environment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.11.628035v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensory adaptation dynamically changes neural responses as a function of previous stimuli, profoundly impacting perception. The response changes induced by adaptation have been characterized in detail in individual neurons and at the population level after averaging across trials. However, it is not clear how adaptation modifies the aspects of the representations that relate more directly to the ability to perceive stimuli, such as their geometry and the noise structure in individual trials. To address this question, we recorded from a population of neurons in the mouse visual cortex and presented one stimulus (an oriented grating) more frequently than the others. We then analyzed these data in terms of representational geometry and studied the ability of a linear decoder to discriminate between similar visual stimuli based on the single-trial population responses. Surprisingly, the discriminability of stimuli near the adaptor increased, even though the responses of individual neurons to these stimuli decreased. Similar changes were observed in artificial neural networks trained to reconstruct the visual stimulus under metabolic constraints. We conclude that the paradoxical effects of adaptation are consistent with the efficient coding framework, allowing the brain to improve the representation of frequent stimuli while limiting the associated metabolic cost.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dipoppa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogueira, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bugeon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ringach, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carandini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fusi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.11.628035</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptation shapes the representational geometry in mouse V1 to efficiently encode the environment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.12.628073v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Specificity, length, and luck: How genes are prioritized by rare and common variant association studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.12.628073v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Standard genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and rare variant burden tests are essential tools for identifying trait-relevant genes. Although these methods are conceptually similar, we show by analyzing association studies of 209 quantitative traits in the UK Biobank that they systematically prioritize different genes. This raises the question of how genes should ideally be prioritized. We propose two prioritization criteria: 1) trait importance -- how much a gene quantitatively affects a trait; and 2) trait specificity -- a genes importance for the trait under study relative to its importance across all traits. We find that GWAS prioritize genes near trait-specific variants, while burden tests prioritize trait-specific genes. Because non-coding variants can be context specific, GWAS can prioritize highly pleiotropic genes, while burden tests generally cannot. Both study designs are also affected by distinct trait-irrelevant factors, complicating their interpretation. Our results illustrate that burden tests and GWAS reveal different aspects of trait biology and suggest ways to improve their interpretation and usage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spence, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostafavi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ota, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milind, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gjorgjieva, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simons, Y. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sella, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pritchard, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.12.628073</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Specificity, length, and luck: How genes are prioritized by rare and common variant association studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.12.628236v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Eye movements organize excitability state, information coding and network connectivity in the human hippocampus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.12.628236v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural vision is an active sensing process that entails frequent eye movements to sample the environment. Nonetheless vision is often studied using passive viewing with eye position held constant. Using closed-loop eye-tracking, with saccade-contingent stimulation and simultaneous intracranial recordings in surgical epilepsy patients, we tested the critical role of eye movement signals during natural visual processing in the hippocampus and hippocampal-amygdala circuit. Prior work shows that saccades elicit phase reset of ongoing neural excitability fluctuations across a broad array of cortical and subcortical areas. Here we show that saccade-related reset systematically modulates neuronal ensemble responses to visual input, enables phase-coding of information across the saccade-fixation cycle and modulates network connectivity between hippocampus and amygdala. The saccade-fixation cycle thus emerges as a fundamental sampling unit, organizing a range of neural operations including input representation, network connectivity and information coding.

One-Sentence SummarySaccade-fixation cycle: a fundamental sampling unit, organizing input representation, information coding and network activation
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leszczynski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schevon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.12.628236</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Eye movements organize excitability state, information coding and network connectivity in the human hippocampus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.10.627807v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fitness drivers of division of labor in vertebrates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.10.627807v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although division of labor as a means to increase productivity is a common feature in animal social groups, most previous studies have focused almost exclusively on eusocial insects with extreme task partitioning. Empirical evidence of division of labor in vertebrates is scarce, largely because we lack a theoretical framework to explore the conditions under which division of labor is likely to evolve in cooperatively breeding systems where helpers remain capable of breeding throughout their lifetime. By explicitly considering alternative helping tasks with varying fitness costs, we model how individual decisions on task specialization may influence the emergence of division of labor under both direct and indirect fitness benefits. Surprisingly, we find that direct survival benefits of living in larger groups are the primary force driving the evolution of cooperation to enhance group productivity, and that indirect fitness benefits derived from related group members are only a non-essential facilitator of more stable forms of division of labor in cooperative breeders. In addition, we find that division of labor in vertebrates is favored by harsh environments. Ultimately, our model not only makes key predictions that are consistent with existing empirical data, but also proposes novel avenues for new empirical work in vertebrate and invertebrate systems alike.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Ruiz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubenstein, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.10.627807</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fitness drivers of division of labor in vertebrates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.13.628425v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic basis of an adaptive polymorphism controlling butterfly silver iridescence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.13.628425v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying the genes and mutations that drive phenotypic variation and which are subject to selection is crucial for understanding evolutionary processes. Mormon Fritillary butterflies (Speyeria mormonia) exhibit a striking wing color polymorphism throughout their range: typical morphs bear silver spots on their ventral surfaces, and can co-occur with unsilvered morphs displaying a dull coloration1. Through genome-wide association studies in two polymorphic populations, we fine-map this difference in silvering to the 3 region of the transcription factor gene optix. The expression of optix is confined to the unsilvered regions that surround the spots, and these patterns are transformed to a silver identity upon optix RNAi knockdown, implicating optix as a repressor of silver scales in this butterfly. We show that the unsilvered optix haplotype shows signatures of recent selective sweeps, and that this allele is shared with the monomorphic, unsilvered species Speyeria hydaspe, suggesting that introgressions facilitate the exchange of variants of adaptive potential across species. Remarkably, these findings parallel the role of introgressions and cis-regulatory modulation of optix in shaping the aposematic red patterns of Heliconius butterflies2-7, a lineage that separated from Speyeria 45 million years ago8. The genetic basis of adaptive variation can thus be more predictable than often presumed, even for traits that appear divergent across large evolutionary distances.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=199 SRC="FIGDIR/small/628425v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (112K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@5d2a9borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@982c74org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@8e90b3org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1bddf3c_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG Graphical Abstract C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Livraghi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanly, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loh, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keck, C. M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirey, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Belleghem, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boggs, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.13.628425</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic basis of an adaptive polymorphism controlling butterfly silver iridescence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.16.628669v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metformin inhibits nuclear egress of chromatin fragments in senescence and aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.16.628669v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic inflammation is a hallmark of aging and contributes to many age-associated diseases. Metabolic intervention is a strategy to modulate inflammation. However, the connection between inflammation and metabolism during aging remains poorly understood. A mechanism driving chronic inflammation involves cytoplasmic chromatin fragments (CCFs), which appear in senescent cells and aged tissues, activating the cGAS-STING pathway. The size of the CCFs exceeds the capacity of the nuclear pore complex, raising the question of how chromatin fragments enter the cytoplasm. Here, we report that chromatin fragments exit the nucleus via nuclear egress, a membrane trafficking process at the nuclear envelope that shuttles large complexes from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Inactivating critical nuclear egress ESCRT-III or Torsin proteins results in accumulation of chromatin fragments at the nuclear membrane, thereby impairing the activation of cGAS-STING and senescence-associated inflammation. Notably, nuclear egress of CCFs is inhibited by glucose limitation or metformin treatment. This is due to AMPK phosphorylation and autophagic degradation of the ESCRT-III component, ALIX. Metformin treatment in naturally aged mice downregulates ALIX protein and blocks cGAS activation and chronic inflammation in the small intestine. Together, our study defines a central mechanism linking nutrient sensing and chronic inflammation, two distinct hallmarks of aging, and suggests a new approach to suppress age-associated inflammation by targeting the nuclear egress of chromatin fragments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumazawa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cetinbas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadreyev, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bardeesy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, C.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.16.628669</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metformin inhibits nuclear egress of chromatin fragments in senescence and aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.17.628992v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The pseudoknot structure of a viral RNA reveals a conserved mechanism for programmed exoribonuclease resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.17.628992v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exoribonuclease-resistant RNAs (xrRNAs) are viral RNA structures that block degradation by cellular 5'-3' exoribonucleases to produce subgenomic viral RNAs during infection. Initially discovered in flaviviruses, xrRNAs have since been identified in wide range of RNA viruses, including those that infect plants. High sequence variability among viral xrRNAs raises questions about the shared molecular features that characterize this functional RNA class. Here, we present the first structure of a plant-virus xrRNA in its active exoribonuclease-resistant conformation. The xrRNA forms a 9 base pair pseudoknot that creates a knot-like topology similar to that of flavivirus xrRNAs, despite lacking sequence similarity. Biophysical assays confirm a compact pseudoknot structure in solution, and functional studies validate its relevance both in vitro and during infection. Our study reveals how viral RNAs achieve a common functional outcome through highly divergent sequences and identifies the knot-like topology as a defining feature of xrRNAs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gezelle, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korn, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erickson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cronin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, Y.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wimberly, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steckelberg, A.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.17.628992</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The pseudoknot structure of a viral RNA reveals a conserved mechanism for programmed exoribonuclease resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.17.629012v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Response of Serum-isolated Extracellular Vesicles to Focused Ultrasound Blood-Brain Barrier Opening 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.17.629012v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits drug delivery to the brain and the movement of neurological biomarkers between the brain and blood. Focused ultrasound-mediated blood-brain barrier opening (FUS-BBBO) noninvasively opens the BBB, allowing increased molecular transport to and from the brain parenchyma. Despite being initially developed as a drug delivery method, FUS-BBBO has shown promise both as a neuroimmunotherapeutic modality, and as a way of improving neurological disease diagnosis via amplification of disease biomarker circulation.

Recently, the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in modulating the neuroimmune system and in improving biomarker detection has sparked research interest. However, despite their potential role in modulating FUS-BBBO-induced neuroimmunotherapy and their ability to improve biomarker specificity after treatment, the EV response to FUS-BBBO had not been extensively characterized prior to this study.

In this study, we investigated the effect of FUS-BBBO on EV concentration and content in the serum of mice and Alzheimers Disease (AD) patients. We observed a 164% increase in murine EV concentration one hour after treatment, as well as an increase in EV RNA associated with FUS-BBBO neuroimmunotherapy. Patient EV concentration also increased one hour after treatment and was dependent on the volume of BBB opening three days post-treatment. Furthermore, EV isolation was found to significantly enhance the amplification of AD biomarker detection by FUS-BBBO.

Overall, we present the first evidence of altered murine and AD patient EV concentration and content in response to FUS-BBBO, providing evidence of EVs role within FUS-BBBO neuroimmunotherapy as well as their utility in improving FUS-BBBO biomarker amplification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kline-Schoder, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsitsos, F. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batts, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiBenedetto, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bae, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konofagou, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.17.629012</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Response of Serum-isolated Extracellular Vesicles to Focused Ultrasound Blood-Brain Barrier Opening]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.19.629196v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accurate and fast segmentation of filaments and membranes in micrographs and tomograms with TARDIS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.19.629196v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Segmentation of macromolecular structures is the primary bottleneck for studying biomolecules and their organization with electron microscopy in 2D/3D - requiring months of manual effort. Transformer-based Rapid Dimensionless Instance Segmentation (TARDIS) is a deep learning framework that automatically and accurately annotates membranes and filaments. Pre-trained TARDIS models can segment electron tomography (ET) reconstructions from both 3D and 2D electron micrographs of cryo and plastic-embedded samples. Furthermore, by implementing a novel geometric transformer architecture, TARDIS is the only method to provide accurate instance segmentations of these structures. Reducing the annotation time for ET data from months to minutes, we demonstrate segmentation of membranes and filaments in over 13,000 tomograms in the CZII Data Portal. TARDIS thus enables quantitative biophysical analysis at scale for the first time. We show this in application to kinetochore-microtubule attachment and viral-membrane interactions. TARDIS can be extended to new biomolecules and applications and open-source at https://github.com/SMLC-NYSBC/TARDIS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kiewisz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabig, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conway, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kostyuchenko, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barinka, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, O. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magaj, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yazdkhasti, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vallese, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lok, S.-m.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redemann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller-Reichert, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bepler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.19.629196</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accurate and fast segmentation of filaments and membranes in micrographs and tomograms with TARDIS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.19.629352v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Binding items to contexts through conjunctive neural representations with the Method of Loci 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.19.629352v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Schematic prior knowledge can provide a powerful scaffold for episodic memories, yet the neural mechanisms underlying this scaffolding process are still poorly understood. A crucial step of the scaffolding process is the way in which details of a new episode are connected to an existing schema, forming a robust memory representation that can be easily accessed in the future. A unique testbed for studying this binding process is a mnemonic technique called the Method of Loci (MoL), in which people meaningfully connect items to be remembered with a well-learned list of imagined loci. We collected fMRI data from participants in 3 longitudinal sessions while they were enrolled in a month-long MoL training course, all of whom showed dramatic improvements in their ability to remember lists of 20 or 40 words. We obtained neural patterns when the loci and objects are presented by themselves, when they are combined into an integrated representation at encoding, and when the integrated representation was subsequently retrieved, as well as verbal descriptions from the participants about the way they associated each item to each locus. We found that in default mode network regions, including medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), the combined representations of loci and items are highly conjunctive: the unified locus-item representation was substantially different from a linear combination of the isolated locus and item representation, reflecting the addition of new integrative details specific to each combined pair. The conjunctive component of the representation reflected the particular creative details generated by individual participants and increased over time as participants gained expertise in MoL. Our findings reveal a critical role for the default mode network in creating meaningful connections between new information and well-learned schematic contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manglik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutra, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarder-Stoll, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamberlain, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ajemian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldassano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.19.629352</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Binding items to contexts through conjunctive neural representations with the Method of Loci]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.18.628924v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of recombination on multi-drug resistance evolution in Plasmodium falciparum malaria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.18.628924v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When multiple beneficial alleles are present in a population but not linked together in any one individual, there is no general evolutionary result that determines whether recombination will speed up or slow down the emergence and evolution of genotypes carrying multiple beneficial alleles. Translated to infectious disease control, this evolutionary uncertainty means that when multiple types of drug resistance are present we do not know whether recombination will act more strongly to (1) bring together single-resistant genotypes into multi-drug resistant (MDR) genotypes, or (2) break apart MDR genotypes into single-resistant genotypes. In this paper, we introduce a new version of an established and validated individual-based malaria transmission model where we have added individual mosquito bites, interrupted feeding by mosquitoes, 25 drug-resistance related loci, and individual recombination events of different Plasmodium falciparum genotypes inside the mosquito. Recombination among P. falciparum genotypes in this model occurs from two sources of variation, multi-clonal infections and interrupted feeding by mosquitoes, and we show that 80% to 97% of MDR recombinant falciparum genotypes are projected to occur from single uninterrupted bites on hosts with multi-clonal infections (for malaria prevalence > 5%). Increases in the models interrupted feeding rate slowly increase the number of recombination events occurring from interrupted feeds. A comparison of drug-resistance management strategies with this new model shows that, over a 15-year timeframe, triple artemisinin-combination therapies (ACT) strategies show the largest reductions in treatment failures and the longest delays until artemisinin resistance reaches a critical 1% threshold. Multiple first-line therapies (MFT) are second best under these criteria, and ACT cycling approaches are third best. MFT strategies generate a greater diversity of recombinant genotypes but fewer recombination events generating MDR and slower emergence of these recombinant MDR genotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tran, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, E. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mok, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Small-Saunders, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bousema, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zupko, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, T. N.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boni, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.18.628924</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of recombination on multi-drug resistance evolution in Plasmodium falciparum malaria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.18.629251v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The gut microbiome promotes mitochondrial respiration in the brain of a Parkinson's disease mouse model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.18.629251v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The pathophysiology of Parkinsons disease (PD) involves gene-environment interactions that impair various cellular processes such as autophagy, lysosomal function, or mitochondrial dysfunction. Specifically, mitochondria-associated gene mutations increase PD risk, mitochondrial respiration is altered in the PD brain, and mitochondrial-damaging toxins cause PD-like motor and gastrointestinal symptoms in animal models. The gut microbiome is altered in PD patients and represents an environmental risk, however a relationship between mitochondrial function and the microbiome in PD has not been previously established. Herein, we report that striatal mitochondria are functionally overactive in -synuclein-overexpressing (ASO) mice, a model of PD, and that microbiome depletion restores respiration and mitochondria-associated gene expression patterns to wild-type levels. ASO mice harboring a complex microbiome produce increased reactive oxygen species in the striatum whereas germ-free counterparts express elevated levels of antioxidant proteins that may buffer against oxidative damage. Indeed, antioxidant treatment improves motor performance in ASO mice and, remarkably, blocking oxidant scavenging in germ-free mice induces -synuclein-dependent motor deficits. Thus, the gut microbiome increases mitochondrial respiration and oxidative stress in the brain, which enhances motor symptoms in a mouse model of PD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morais, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stiles, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oguienko, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bois, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, T.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gradinaru, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazmanian, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.18.629251</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The gut microbiome promotes mitochondrial respiration in the brain of a Parkinson's disease mouse model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.22.630000v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An A-T Hoogsteen base pair in a naked DNA hairpin motif: A Protein-Recognized Conformation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.22.630000v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In duplex DNA, A-T and G-C form Watson-Crick base pairs, and Hoogsteen pairing only dominates upon protein binding or DNA damage. Using NMR, we show that an A-T Hoogsteen base pair previously observed in crystal structures of transposon DNA hairpins bound to TnpA protein forms in solution even in the absence of TnpA. This Hoogsteen base pair, located adjacent to a dinucleotide apical loop, exists in dynamic equilibrium with a minor Watson-Crick conformation (population [~]11% and lifetime [~]55 {micro}s). Extending the apical loop to three residues inverted the equilibrium, making Watson-Crick the dominant state and the Hoogsteen conformation recognized by TnpA a minor state (population [~]14% and lifetime [~]28 {micro}s). The propensity for Hoogsteen pairing depended on apical loop residues, which form contacts directly or indirectly stabilizing the Hoogsteen conformation. A structure survey did not reveal Hoogsteen pairing near RNA apical loops making them unique to DNA. Our results demonstrate that Hoogsteen can be the dominant state even in naked unmodified duplex DNA and identify 5-CTT(T/C)AG-3 as a DNA-specific apical loop motif stabilized by Hoogsteen pairing. Hoogsteen base pairs may be prevalent in DNA hairpins forming during replication and transcription, with broad implications for the genomic landscape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guseva, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szekely, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratihar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Hashimi, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.22.630000</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An A-T Hoogsteen base pair in a naked DNA hairpin motif: A Protein-Recognized Conformation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.23.630038v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gametocyte production and transmission fitness of African and Asian Plasmodium falciparum isolates with differential susceptibility to artemisinins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.23.630038v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The emergence of Plasmodium falciparum parasites partially resistant to artemisinins (ART-R) poses a significant threat to recent gains in malaria control. ART-R has been associated with PfKelch13 (K13) mutations, which differ in fitness costs. This study investigates the gametocyte production and transmission fitness of African and Asian P. falciparum isolates with different K13 genotypes across multiple mosquito species. We tested three ART-sensitive (ART-S) isolates (NF54, NF135, NF180) and three ART-R isolates (ARN1G, 3815, PAT-023) for sexual conversion and transmission to Anopheles stephensi, An. gambiae and An. coluzzii. ART-R levels were quantified in vitro using the Ring-stage Survival Assay (RSA), and the transmission-reducing effects of dihydroartemisinin (DHA) on mature gametocytes were assessed. Results showed that ART-S parasite lines consistently produced gametocytes and transmitted effectively in all three mosquito species. ART-R isolates showed variability: ARN1G maintained high transmission levels, whereas 3815 showed limited transmission potential despite higher sporozoite loads in An. coluzzii. The African ART-R isolate PAT-023 demonstrated low gametocyte commitment but was transmitted efficiently in both An. gambiae and An. coluzzii. DHA exposure reduced mosquito infectivity for all isolates, regardless of K13 genotype. These findings, based on a limited number of field isolates, suggest that ART-R parasites remain transmissible across different Anopheles species. However, ART-R does not appear to confer a direct transmission advantage. This study highlights the complexity of ART-R dynamics and underscores the need for further research to inform malaria control strategies in regions where ART-R parasites are circulating.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Proellochs, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andolina, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramjith, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Gemert, G.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graumans, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campino, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanheer, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okitwi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tumwebaze, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conrad, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fidock, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menard, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mok, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bousema, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.23.630038</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gametocyte production and transmission fitness of African and Asian Plasmodium falciparum isolates with differential susceptibility to artemisinins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.23.630085v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accurate sequence-to-affinity models for SH2 domains from multi-round peptide binding assays coupled with free-energy regression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.23.630085v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Short linear peptide motifs play important roles in cell signaling. They can act as modification sites for enzymes and as recognition sites for peptide binding domains. SH2 domains bind specifically to tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins, with the affinity of the interaction depending strongly on the flanking sequence. Quantifying this sequence specificity is critical for deciphering phosphotyrosine-dependent signaling networks. In recent years, protein display technologies and deep sequencing have allowed researchers to profile SH2 domain binding across thousands of candidate ligands. Here, we present a concerted experimental and computational strategy that improves the predictive power of SH2 specificity profiling. Through multi-round affinity selection and deep sequencing with large randomized phosphopeptide libraries, we produce suitable data to train an additive binding free energy model that covers the full theoretical ligand sequence space. Our models can be used to predict signaling network connectivity and the impact of missense variants in phosphoproteins on SH2 binding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gagoski, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rube, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rastogi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melo, L. A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voleti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bussemaker, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.23.630085</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accurate sequence-to-affinity models for SH2 domains from multi-round peptide binding assays coupled with free-energy regression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.23.630186v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Patches: A Representation Learning framework for Decoding Shared and Condition-Specific Transcriptional Programs in Wound Healing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.23.630186v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell genomics enables the study of cell states and cell state transitions across biological conditions like aging, drug treatment, or injury. However, existing computational methods often struggle to simultaneously disentangle shared and condition-specific transcriptional patterns, particularly in experimental designs with missing data, unmatched cell populations, or complex attribute combinations. To address these challenges, Patches identifies universal transcriptomic features alongside condition-dependent variations in scRNA-seq data. Using conditional subspace learning, Patches enables robust integration, cross-condition prediction, and biologically interpretable representations of gene expression. Unlike prior methods, Patches excels in experimental designs with multiple attributes, such as age, treatment, and temporal dynamics, distinguishing general cellular mechanisms from condition-dependent changes. We applied Patches to both simulated data and real transcriptomic datasets from skin injury models, focusing on the effects of aging and drug treatment. Patches revealed shared wound healing patterns and condition-specific changes in cell behavior and extracellular matrix remodeling. These insights deepen our understanding of tissue repair and can identify potential biomarkers for therapeutic interventions, particularly in contexts where the experimental design is complicated by missing or difficult-to-collect data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beker, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amador, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nima, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deursen, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woappi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumitrascu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.23.630186</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Patches: A Representation Learning framework for Decoding Shared and Condition-Specific Transcriptional Programs in Wound Healing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.26.630396v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aggression experience and observation promote shared behavioral and neural changes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.26.630396v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to observe the social behavior of others and use observed information to bias future action is a fundamental building block of social cognition1,2. A foundational question is whether social observation and experience engage common circuit mechanisms that enable behavioral change. While classic studies on social learning have shown that aggressive behaviors can be learned through observation3, it remains unclear whether aggression observation promotes persistent neural changes that generalize to new contexts. Here, to directly compare the effects of aggression experience and observation at brain-wide scale, we develop a strategy to perform large-scale cell-type specific recordings across subcortical networks for social behavior control and learning. We record longitudinally while animals "train" through direct experience or observation, then probe shared differences in behavior and neural activity in a novel "hard" aggression context. Using supervised and unsupervised methods for behavioral quantification, we detect unique signatures of a shared behavioral strategy not present in animals with no training. During observation, we find widespread activation that mimics experience in networks for behavior generation, with critical differences in signals associated with reward and threat learning. After observation, we observe that changes persist into the novel aggression context, with increased similarity in the neural dynamics between experience and observation groups. Network-level modeling reveals persistent shared changes to a core aggression network, with widespread decoupling of inhibition from a key hypothalamic output region. This demonstrates that "experience-like" activity during observation can recruit a shared plasticity mechanism that biases behavior toward adaptive defensive strategies in new contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Falkner, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iravedra Garcia, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guthman, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuturela, L. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ocasio-Arce, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillow, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.26.630396</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aggression experience and observation promote shared behavioral and neural changes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.27.630558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exact linear theory of perturbation response in a space- and feature-dependent cortical circuitmodel 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.27.630558v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
What are the principles that govern the responses of cortical networks to their inputs and the emergence of these responses from recurrent connectivity? Recent experiments have probed these questions by measuring cortical responses to two-photon optogenetic perturbations of single cells in the mouse primary visual cortex. A robust theoretical framework is needed to determine the implications of these responses for cortical recurrence. Here we propose a novel analytical approach: a formulation of the dependence of cell-type-specific connectivity on spatial distance that yields an exact solution for the linear perturbation response of a model with multiple cell types and space- and feature-dependent connectivity. Importantly and unlike previous approaches, the solution is valid in regimes of strong as well as weak intra-cortical coupling. Analysis reveals the structure of connectivity implied by various features of single-cell perturbation responses, such as the surprisingly narrow spatial radius of nearby excitation beyond which inhibition dominates, the number of transitions between mean excitation and inhibition thereafter, and the dependence of these responses on feature preferences. Comparison of these results to existing optogenetic perturbation data yields constraints on cell-type-specific connection strengths and their tuning dependence. Finally, we provide experimental predictions regarding the response of inhibitory neurons to single-cell perturbations and the modulation of perturbation response by neuronal gain.

Significance StatementThe cerebral cortex is strongly recurrently connected with complex wiring rules. This circuitry can now be probed by studying responses to optogenetic perturbations of one or small numbers of cells. However, we currently lack a general theory connecting these responses to underlying circuitry. Here we develop a novel, exactly solvable theory to determine responses to small perturbations from the underlying connectivity. Analysis of these equations reveals simple rules that govern perturbation response patterns. Comparison with experimental data yields new constraints on the connectivity parameters. The theory yields predictions for the responses of unmeasured cell types and in new experimental conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chau, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmigiano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.27.630558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exact linear theory of perturbation response in a space- and feature-dependent cortical circuitmodel]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.28.630582v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convergent representations and spatiotemporal dynamics of speech and language in brain and deep neural networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.28.630582v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies have explored the correspondence between single-modality DNN models (speech or text) and specific brain networks for speech and language. The key factors underlying these correlations and their spatiotemporal evolution within the brain language network remain unclear, particularly across different DNN modalities. To address these questions, we analyzed the representation similarity between self-supervised learning (SSL) models for speech (Wav2Vec2) and language (GPT-2), against neural responses to naturalistic speech captured via high-density electrocorticography. Our results indicated high prediction accuracy of both types of SSL models relative to neural activity before and after word onsets. It was the shared components between Wav2Vec2.0 and GPT-2 that explained the majority portion of the SSL-brain similarity. Furthermore, we observed distinct spatiotemporal dynamics: both models showed high encoding accuracy 40 milliseconds before word onset, especially in the mid-superior temporal gyrus (mid-STG), which can be explained by the shared contextual components in the SSL models; the Wav2Vec2.0 also peaked at 200 milliseconds after word onset around the posterior STG, which was mainly attributed to the acoustic-phonetic and static semantic information encoded in the SSL models. These results highlight how contextual and acoustic-phonetic cues encoded in DNNs align with spatiotemporal neural activity patterns, suggesting a significant overlap in how artificial and biological systems process linguistic information.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.28.630582</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convergent representations and spatiotemporal dynamics of speech and language in brain and deep neural networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.30.630684v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Astrocyte-derived extracellular matrix proteins regulate synapse remodeling in stress-induced depression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.30.630684v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common mood condition affecting multiple brain regions and cell types. Changes in astrocyte function contribute to depressive-like behaviors. However, while neuronal mechanisms driving MDD have been studied in some detail, molecular mechanisms by which astrocytes promote depression have not been extensively explored. To uncover astrocyte contributions to MDD, we subjected male mice to chronic social defeat stress precipitated by encounters with a dominant male. Animals exposed to this treatment exhibit symptoms indicative of MDD, including reduced social interactions, anxiety, despair, and anhedonia. We then measured astrocyte translating mRNA expression changes in mice that underwent chronic social defeat and control animals using ribosome affinity purification. Bioinformatic analyses reveal significant alterations in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), consistent with previous studies implicating this brain region in MDD. Expression of genes encoding extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, cell-cell interaction proteins, and proteins controlling glutamatergic synaptic function are significantly altered. These changes correlate with perturbation of glutamatergic transmission, measured by electrophysiology, and increased synaptic cleft size. Among ECM genes, increased expression of mRNA encoding the synaptic remodeling protein secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (Sparc) correlates the most with the depressive phenotype. Furthermore, presence of SPARC and other ECM proteins in synaptosomes is also increased and overexpressing Sparc in PFC partially alleviates stress symptoms. Our results raise the possibility that increased expression of Sparc may be a natural protective mechanism against stress-induced synaptic dysfunction in depression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Rodriguez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medrihan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferraro, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Cioppo Vasques, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCabe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cathomas, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parise, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaham, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roussarie, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troyanskaya, O. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milosevic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.30.630684</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Astrocyte-derived extracellular matrix proteins regulate synapse remodeling in stress-induced depression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.30.630743v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
When do measured representational distances reflect the neural representational geometry? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.30.630743v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The representational geometry of a brain region can be characterized by the distances among neural activity patterns for a set of experimental conditions. Researchers routinely estimate representational distances from brain-activity measurements that either sparsely sample the underlying neural population (e.g. neural recordings) or pool across the activity of many neurons (e.g. fMRI voxels). Here we use theory and simulations to clarify under what circumstances representational distances estimated from brain-activity measurements reflect the representational geometry of the underlying neural population, and what distortions must be expected under other circumstances. We demonstrate that the estimated representational distances are undistorted if single neurons are sampled at random. For voxels that take non-negatively weighted linear combinations, the resulting geometry is linearly distorted, correctly reflecting the population-mean dimension, while downscaling all orthogonal dimensions, for which the averaging cancels a large portion of the signal. Surprisingly, removing the mean from voxel patterns recovers the underlying representational geometry exactly in expectation under idealized conditions. This explains why the correlation distance, the most popular measure of representational dissimilarity in neuroimaging studies, "works" so well, yielding geometries that can appear similar between fMRI and neural recordings. The Euclidean (or Mahalanobis) distance computed after removing the mean of each pattern (without normalizing its variance) is an attractive alternative to the correlation distance in that it corrects for the inflated relative contribution of the population-mean dimension, while avoiding the drawback of the correlation distance: it can be large for confusable low-norm patterns, failing to reflect decodability. Our results demonstrate that measured representational distances reflect the neural representational geometry when (1) single neurons are sampled at random or (2) the weights with which the measured responses sample the neurons are drawn i.i.d. and (2a) the weights are drawn from a zero-mean distribution or (2b) the population mean is the same for all conditions or (2c) the mean is removed from each estimated pattern. We discuss practical implications for analyses of neural representational geometries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bossio Botero, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriegeskorte, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.30.630743</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[When do measured representational distances reflect the neural representational geometry?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.30.630768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transient glycan-shield reduction induces CD4-binding site broadly neutralizing antibodies in SHIV-infected macaques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.30.630768v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) targeting the HIV-1 CD4-binding site (CD4bs) occur infrequently in macaques and humans and have not been reproducibly elicited in any outbred animal model. To address this challenge, we first isolated RHA10, an infection-induced rhesus bNAb with 51% breadth. The cryo-EM structure of RHA10 with HIV-1 envelope (Env) resembled prototypic human CD4bs bNAbs with CDR-H3-dominated binding. Env-antibody co-evolution revealed transient elimination of two Env CD4bs-proximal glycans near the time of RHA10-lineage initiation, and these glycan-deficient Envs bound preferentially to early RHA10 intermediates, suggesting glycan deletions in infecting SHIVs could consistently induce CD4bs bNAbs. To test this, we constructed SHIV.CH505.D3 with CD4bs-proximal glycan deletions. Infection of 10 macaques resulted in accelerated CD4bs bNAb responses in 8, compared with 1 of 115 control macaques. Glycan hole-based immunofocusing coupled to Env-Ab co-evolution can consistently induce broad CD4bs responses in macaques and thus serve as a model for HIV vaccine design.

HighlightsO_LIOut of 115 wildtype HIV-1 Env bearing SHIV infected macaques, only one macaque (T681) developed CD4bs bNAbs
C_LIO_LICD4bs bNAbs in macaque T681 recognized Env similarly to previously described CDR-H3 dominated human CD4bs bNAbs and exhibited comparable breadth and potency
C_LIO_LITransient CD4bs-proximal glycan deletions in macaque T681 preceded bNAb induction
C_LIO_LIA novel SHIV with CD4bs-proximal glycan holes and enhanced CD4bs antigenicity immunofocused B cell responses to the CD4bs and elicited cross-clade neutralizing responses in 80% of macaques
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morris, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lora, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connell, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roark, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campion, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carey, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habib, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martella, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sowers, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teng, I.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chohan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rando, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peyton, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schramm, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korber, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seaman, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douek, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haynes, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulp, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roederer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hahn, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.30.630768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transient glycan-shield reduction induces CD4-binding site broadly neutralizing antibodies in SHIV-infected macaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.31.630814v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Widespread 3D genome reorganization precedes programmed DNA rearrangement in Oxytricha trifallax 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.31.630814v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome organization recapitulates function, yet ciliates like Oxytricha trifallax possess highly-specialized germline genomes, which are largely transcriptionally silent. During post-zygotic development, Oxytrichas germline undergoes large-scale genome editing, rearranging precursor genome elements into a transcriptionally-active genome with thousands of gene-sized nanochromosomes. Transgenerationally-inherited RNAs, derived from the parental somatic genome, program the retention and reordering of germline fragments. Retained and eliminated DNA must be distinguished and processed separately, but the role of chromatin organization in this process is unknown. We developed tools for studying Oxytricha nuclei and apply them to map the 3D organization of precursor and developmental states using Hi-C. We find that the precursor conformation primes the germline for development, while a massive spatial reorganization during development differentiates retained from eliminated regions before DNA rearrangement. Further experiments suggest a role for RNA-DNA interactions and chromatin remodeling in this process, implying a critical role for 3D architecture in programmed genome rearrangement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Villano, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prahlad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singhal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanbonmatsu, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landweber, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.31.630814</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Widespread 3D genome reorganization precedes programmed DNA rearrangement in Oxytricha trifallax]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.31.630923v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of an LGR dimer - an evolutionary predecessor of glycoprotein hormone receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.31.630923v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The glycoprotein hormones of humans, produced in the pituitary and acting through receptors in the gonads to support reproduction and in the thyroid gland for metabolism, have co-evolved from invertebrate counterparts1,2. These hormones are heterodimeric cystine-knot proteins; and their receptors bind the cognate hormone at an extracellular domain and transmit the signal of this binding through a transmembrane domain that interacts with a heterotrimeric G protein. Structures determined for the human receptors as isolated for cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) are all monomeric3-6 despite compelling evidence for their functioning as dimers7-10. Here we describe the cryo-EM structure of the homologous receptor from a neuroendocrine pathway that promotes growth in a nematode11. This structure is an asymmetric dimer that can be activated by the hormone from that worm12, and it shares features especially like those of the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR). When studied in the context of the human homologs, this dimer provides a structural explanation for the transactivation evident from functional complementation of binding-deficient and signaling-deficient receptors7, for the negative cooperativity in hormone action that is manifest in the 1:2 asymmetry of primary TSH:TSHR complexes8,9, and for switches in G-protein usage that occur as 2:2 complexes form9,10.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gong, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kloss, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, O. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, Q. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendrickson, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.31.630923</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of an LGR dimer - an evolutionary predecessor of glycoprotein hormone receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.01.631014v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The mechanosensory DEG/ENaC channel DEGT-1 is a proprioceptor of C. elegans foregut movement 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.01.631014v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The gastrointestinal tract is subjected to extensive mechanosensory stimulation during food ingestion. However, the identities of mechanosensory receptors in the enteric nervous system are largely unknown. The pharynx of C. elegans is a structurally and functionally homologous model of the vertebrate foregut, but is comprised of only 20 neurons that are embedded within the muscles and epithelial cells of the organ. Here we report that the DEG/ENaC family ion channel DEGT-1 is a proprioceptor of pharynx movement. DEGT-1 protein is expressed in 4 pharyngeal neurons (MI, M3, I4, and M5) and localized to their neuronal soma in direct contact with the collagenous pharyngeal basement membrane. degt-1 mutants display abnormally rapid feeding in the presence of food, causing global changes in lipid accumulation. degt-1 mutants also pump rapidly when pumping is induced by the presence of serotonin alone, suggesting that DEGT-1 is required for proprioception of pharyngeal pumping itself, rather than sensing ingested food. DEGT-1 is required in only two pharyngeal neurons (I4 and M5) to control pumping rate. Taken together, these results suggest that DEGT-1 modulates pharyngeal pumping rate by relaying proprioceptive feedback generated by the shear force of the pharynx against its own basement membrane. Thus, mechanosensors in enteric nervous systems modulate organ function not only by detecting forces from ingested contents, but also the movements of the organ itself.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bayer, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mango, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schier, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.01.631014</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The mechanosensory DEG/ENaC channel DEGT-1 is a proprioceptor of C. elegans foregut movement]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.02.631092v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain-Guided Convolutional Neural Networks Reveal Task-Specific Representations in Scene Processing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.02.631092v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Scene categorization is the dominant proxy for visual understanding, yet humans can perform a large number of visual tasks within any scene. Consequently, we know little about how different tasks change how the scene is processed, represented, and its features ultimately used. Here, we developed a novel brain-guided convolutional neural network (CNN) where each convolutional layer was separately guided by neural responses taken at different time points while observers performed two different tasks on the same set of images. We then reconstructed each layers activation maps via deconvolution to spatially assess how different features were used as a function of task. The brain-guided CNN made use of image features that human observers identified as being crucial to complete each task starting around 244 ms and persisted to 402 ms. Critically, because the same images were used across the two tasks, the CNN could only succeed if the neural data captured task-relevant differences. Our analyses of the activation maps across layers revealed that the brains spatiotemporal representation of local image features evolves systematically over time. This underscores how distinct image features emerge at different stages of processing, shaped by the observers goals and behavioral context.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hansen, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewinsohn, H. A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kris, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smyth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.02.631092</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain-Guided Convolutional Neural Networks Reveal Task-Specific Representations in Scene Processing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.02.631098v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex-specific Associations of Gene Expression with Alzheimer's Disease Neuropathology and Ante-mortem Cognitive Performance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.02.631098v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The biological mechanisms underlying womens increased Alzheimers disease (AD) prevalence remain undefined. Previous case/control studies have identified sex-biased molecular pathways, but sex-specific relationships between gene expression and AD endophenotypes, particularly sex chromosomes, are underexplored. With bulk transcriptomic data across 3 brain regions from 767 decedents, we investigated sex-specific associations between gene expression and post-mortem {beta}-amyloid and tau as well as antemortem longitudinal cognition. Of 23,118 significant gene associations, 10% were significant in one sex and not the other (sex-specific). Most sex-specific gene associations were identified in females (73%) and associated with tau tangles and longitudinal cognition (90%). Four X-linked genes, MCF2, HDAC8, FTX, and SLC10A3, demonstrated significant sex differences in their associations with AD endophenotypes (i.e., significant sex x gene interaction). Our results also uncovered sex-specific biological pathways, including a female-specific role of neuroinflammation and neuronal development, reinforcing the potential for sex-aware analyses to enhance precision medicine approaches in AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clifton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coughlan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gifford, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jefferson, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohman, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckley, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumitrescu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.02.631098</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex-specific Associations of Gene Expression with Alzheimer's Disease Neuropathology and Ante-mortem Cognitive Performance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.02.630345v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recessive but damaging alleles of muscle-specific ribosomal protein gene RPL3L drive neonatal dilated cardiomyopathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.02.630345v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The heart employs a specialized ribosome in its muscle cells to translate genetic information into proteins, a fundamental adaptation with an elusive physiological role1-3. Its significance is underscored by the discovery of neonatal patients suffering from often fatal heart failure caused by severe dilated cardiomyopathy when both copies of the gene RPL3L are mutated4-9. RPL3L is a muscle-specific paralog1-3 of the ubiquitous ribosomal protein L3 (RPL3), which makes the closest contact of any protein to the ribosomes RNA-based catalytic center10. RPL3L-linked heart failure represents the only known human disease associated with tissue-specific ribosomes, yet the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms remain poorly understood. Intriguingly, disease is linked to a large number of mostly missense variants in RPL3L, and RPL3L-knockout resulted in no severe heart defect in either human or mice3, 11-13, challenging the prevailing view that autosomal recessive diseases are caused by loss-of-function mutations. Here, we report three new cases of RPL3L-linked severe neonatal heart failure and present a unifying pathogenetic mechanism by which a large number of variants in the muscle-specific ribosome led to disease. Specifically, affected families often carry one of two recurrent toxic gain-of-function variants alongside a family-specific putative loss-of-function variant. While the non-recurrent variants often trigger partial compensation of RPL3 similar to Rpl3l-knockout mice, both recurrent variants exhibit increased affinity for the RPL3/RPL3L chaperone GRWD114-16 and 60S biogenesis factors, sequester 28S rRNA in the nucleus, disrupt ribosome biogenesis, and trigger severe cellular toxicity that extends beyond the loss of ribosomes. These findings provide critical insights for genetic screening and therapeutic development of neonatal heart failure. Our results suggest that gain-of-toxicity mechanisms may be more prevalent in autosomal recessive diseases, and a combination of gain-of-toxicity and loss-of-function mechanisms could underlie many diseases involving genes with paralogs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murphy, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganapathi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayakar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchanan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soni, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.02.630345</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recessive but damaging alleles of muscle-specific ribosomal protein gene RPL3L drive neonatal dilated cardiomyopathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.03.631260v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antidepressants promote developmental-like plasticity through remodeling of extracellular matrix 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.03.631260v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are widely used to treat mood and anxiety disorders, yet their molecular mechanisms of action remain poorly understood. Here, we show that chronic treatment with the SSRI fluoxetine reinstates a developmental plasticity program in the dentate gyrus (DG) by remodeling the extracellular matrix (ECM). Fluoxetine elicited a robust transcriptomic response in the DG, where mature granule cells adopted a juvenile-like profile. This shift was characterized by upregulation of the transcription factor SOX11 and the neurotrophic factor BDNF, as well as decreased ECM and enhanced structural remodeling of granule cell axon terminals. Direct enzymatic degradation of ECM in the DG reactivated SOX11 in mature granule cells. At the behavioral level, fluoxetine mitigated stress-induced fear generalization, an endophenotype of mood and anxiety disorders. This effect was phenocopied by ECM degradation, suggesting that ECM remodeling and granule cell rejuvenation are key mechanisms underlying the effects of fluoxetine, and possibly other antidepressants, on fear generalization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamura, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacefield, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.03.631260</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antidepressants promote developmental-like plasticity through remodeling of extracellular matrix]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.06.631400v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhanced yield and subtype identity of hPSC-derived midbrain dopamine neuron by modulation of WNT and FGF18 signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.06.631400v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While clinical trials are ongoing using human pluripotent stem cell-derived midbrain dopamine (mDA) neuron precursor grafts in Parkinsons disease (PD), current protocols to derive mDA neurons remain suboptimal. In particular, the yield of TH+ mDA neurons after in vivo grafting and the expression of some mDA neuron and subtype-specific markers can be further improved. For example, characterization of mDA grafts by single cell transcriptomics has yielded only a small proportion of mDA neurons and a considerable fraction of contaminating cell populations.

Here we present an optimized mDA neuron differentiation strategy that builds on our clinical grade ("Boost") protocol but includes the addition of FGF18 and IWP2 treatment ("Boost+") at the mDA neurogenesis stage. We demonstrate that Boost+ mDA neurons show higher expression of EN1, PITX3 and ALDH1A1. Improvements in both mDA neurons yield and transcriptional similarity to primary mDA neurons is observed both in vitro and in grafts. Furthermore, grafts are enriched in authentic A9 mDA neurons by single nucSeq. Functional studies in vitro demonstrate increased dopamine production and release and improved electrophysiological properties. In vivo analyses show increased percentages of TH+ mDA neurons resulting in efficient rescue of amphetamine induced rotation behavior in the 6-OHDA rat model and rescue of some motor deficits in non-drug induced assays, including the ladder rung assay that is not improved by Boost mDA neurons. The Boost+ conditions present an optimized protocol with advantages for disease modeling and mDA neuron grafting paradigms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bocchi, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koo, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhry, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hergenreder, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perera, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mrad, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claros, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donohue, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosharov, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Studer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.06.631400</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhanced yield and subtype identity of hPSC-derived midbrain dopamine neuron by modulation of WNT and FGF18 signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.10.632483v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhancer Dynamics and Spatial Organization Drive Anatomically Restricted Cellular States in the Human Spinal Cord 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.10.632483v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here, we report the spatial organization of RNA transcription and associated enhancer dynamics in the human spinal cord at single-cell and single-molecule resolution. We expand traditional multiomic measurements to reveal epigenetically poised and bivalent active transcriptional enhancer states that define cell type specification. Simultaneous detection of chromatin accessibility and histone modifications in spinal cord nuclei reveals previously unobserved cell-type specific cryptic enhancer activity, in which transcriptional activation is uncoupled from chromatin accessibility. Such cryptic enhancers define both stable cell type identity and transitions between cells undergoing differentiation. We also define glial cell gene regulatory networks that reorganize along the rostrocaudal axis, revealing anatomical differences in gene regulation. Finally, we identify the spatial organization of cells into distinct cellular organizations and address the functional significance of this observation in the context of paracrine signaling. We conclude that cellular diversity is best captured through the lens of enhancer state and intercellular interactions that drive transitions in cellular state. This study provides fundamental insights into the cellular organization of the healthy human spinal cord.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kandror, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carriere, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjarnberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fung, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahbubani, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loper, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pangburn, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saeb-Parsy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabadan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maniatis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizvi, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.10.632483</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhancer Dynamics and Spatial Organization Drive Anatomically Restricted Cellular States in the Human Spinal Cord]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.13.632464v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ptpn14 Knockout Mice Reveal Critical Female-Specific Roles for the Hippo Pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.13.632464v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Hippo pathway regulates many physiological processes, including development, tumor suppression, and wound healing. One understudied Hippo pathway component is PTPN14, an evolutionarily conserved tyrosine-phosphatase that inhibits YAP/TAZ. While an established tumor suppressor, PTPN14s role in tissue homeostasis has remained unclear. We thus generated Ptpn14-deficient mice and found that only [~]60% of Ptpn14-/- mice survived postnatally, highlighting the importance of PTPN14 for viability, while also enabling the discovery of PTPN14 physiological functions. Ptpn14-/-mice developed debilitating corneal lesions and the uterus defect, hydrometra, as well as heart and kidney abnormalities. Ptpn14-deficiency precipitated an impaired injury response in the cornea and dysregulated YAP signaling in the uterus. Notably, these phenotypes were female-specific, revealing sexually-dimorphic Hippo pathway function through PTPN14. Finally, analysis of human PTPN14 variants suggested that PTPN14s essential roles are conserved in humans, underscoring the importance of our insights for designing therapies to improve womens health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCrea, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makrides, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabata, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howitt, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reineking, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vilches-Moure, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attardi, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.13.632464</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ptpn14 Knockout Mice Reveal Critical Female-Specific Roles for the Hippo Pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.12.632617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Percolation and lifestyle transition in microbial metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.12.632617v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial species exhibit a remarkable diversity in their metabolic properties, genome composition, and ecological distribution. A central challenge of systems biology is to understand the relationships between genomic, metabolic, and phenotypic properties of bacteria. However, it is currently not well understood how the structure of metabolic network defines and reflects the lifestyle of diverse bacterial species across the tree of life. By analyzing thousands of genome-scale metabolic models of bacteria, we found a percolation-like transition in their ability to grow on independent carbon sources at around 800 metabolic reactions or about 2000 protein-coding genes. The observed transition is characterized by significant changes in metabolic network functional connectivity primarily associated with the completion of central carbon metabolism and the TCA cycle. Strikingly, experimentally observed phenotypic properties of bacteria also exhibit two markedly different regimes below and above the transition. Species with metabolic network sizes below the transition are typically obligate symbionts and require complex minimal media for their growth. In contrast, species with networks above the transition are primarily free- living generalists. The observed percolation transition is also reflected in multiple other genomic properties, such as a substantial decrease in the fraction of regulatory genes below the transition and higher evolvability for new metabolic phenotypes above the transition. Furthermore, we find that the distribution of bacterial genome sizes from unbiased environmental metagenomic sequencing also reflects genomic clusters corresponding to the observed transition. Overall, our work identifies two qualitatively different regimes in microbial metabolism and lifestyles characterized by distinct structural and functional properties of their metabolic networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Supo-Escalante, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plata, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Usmanova, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitkup, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.12.632617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Percolation and lifestyle transition in microbial metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.14.633008v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrated model of the protein molecular clock across mammalian species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.14.633008v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One of the foundational concepts in molecular evolution is the protein molecular clock [1-3], encapsulating the observation that proteins tend to accumulate amino acid substitutions at approximately constant and protein-specific rates over long evolutionary timescales. According to the neutral theory of molecular evolution, the majority of protein substitutions have neutral or nearly neutral effects on species fitness. The neutral theory suggests the existence of a strong generation time effect, positing that species with shorter generation times should accumulate protein substitutions faster per unit time compared to species with longer generation times. However, earlier studies failed to detect a significant generation time effect for amino acid substitutions in vertebrates, raising questions about core tenets of the neutral theory. In this study, we take advantage of the recently accumulated evolutionary and genomics data to investigate the scaling of substitution rates with generation time among many dozens of mammalian species and thousands of proteins. Our findings reveal a strong generation time effect both for synonymous and non-synonymous substitutions. We demonstrate that the empirically observed generation time effect is fully consistent with several mechanisms, such as functional and mutation rate selection. Building on these results, we develop an integrated model of protein evolution that incorporates changes in substitution rates due to variation in species generation times throughout their evolutionary history. Overall, our analysis shows that protein evolution is consistent with neutral or nearly neutral theories and explains time-like behavior of the protein molecular clock across deep phylogenetic lineages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Usmanova, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitkup, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.14.633008</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrated model of the protein molecular clock across mammalian species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.15.633301v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elevated SUN1 promotes aging-related polarity defects through mechanical coupling microtubules to the nuclear lamina 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.15.633301v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In migratory fibroblasts, the front-rear polarity required for cell migration is defined by an anterior centrosome relative to the nucleus. To achieve this polarity, actin cables drive the nucleus backward by coupling to nuclear membrane proteins nesprin-2G and SUN2. Aging disrupts this cell polarity by increasing the protein levels of SUN1, a SUN2 homolog. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms behind this disruption and found that the dominant negative effect of SUN1 and progerin, an aging-related lamin A variant, required direct SUN1-lamin A interaction. Microtubule interaction and force transmission through a nesprin, identified as nesprin-2, are crucial for SUN1s effect. We further discovered that stable microtubules are both necessary and sufficient to inhibit cell polarity. Using SUN1-SUN2 chimeric proteins, we demonstrated that the SUN domains determine their roles in cell polarization. Our findings reveal how elevated SUN1 disrupts cell polarity through coupling microtubule and nuclear lamina, emphasizing the impact of altered microtubule stability and nuclear mechanotransduction in aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antoku, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gundersen, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.15.633301</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elevated SUN1 promotes aging-related polarity defects through mechanical coupling microtubules to the nuclear lamina]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.16.633377v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transfusion of allogenic murine HOD red blood cells preferentially induces low-affinity, short-lived IgG antibodies that are germinal center independent 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.16.633377v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transfusion-induced anti-red blood cell (RBC) alloantibodies pose a significant risk to patients who require chronic transfusions. Anti-RBC alloantibodies can be remarkably short-lived (i.e. evanescent), leading to clinically relevant alloantibodies that are not detected in later pre-transfusion antibody screens. Subsequent transfusion of alloantigen-positive RBCs stimulates a rapid memory antibody response that may induce a delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction (DHTR), causing morbidity and occasional mortality in chronically transfused patients. It is unclear why transfusions favor evanescent antibody responses over long-lived antibodies typically observed upon infections and vaccinations. We therefore turned to the HOD mouse model of RBC alloimmunization to elucidate regulators of antibody persistence in response to allogenic transfusions. By following antibody responses over time in transfused mice, we found that HOD-specific alloantibodies rapidly decay within three months while vaccination-induced antibodies remain constant. Thus, the HOD model recapitulates RBC antibody evanescence. The rapid antibody evanescence suggests that transfusion is a poor inducer of germinal centers (GCs), specialized immunological structures where B cells differentiate into germinal center B (GC B) cells and undergo iterative rounds of affinity maturation, ultimately differentiating into long-lived plasma cells that can produce antibodies for decades. Consistent with this hypothesis, we failed to observe an increase in GC B cell formation in response to transfusion, and the majority of anti-RBC alloantibodies were low affinity when compared to vaccination. To formally test the functional requirement for GCs in anti-RBC alloantibody production, we employed two orthogonal approaches to disrupt GC formation: i) day 4 CD40L blockade and ii) genetic disruption of the GC-transcription factor BCL6 selectively in B cells. Both approaches fully blocked GC formation, yet anti-RBC alloantibody production was unchanged. Collectively, our data demonstrate that anti-HOD RBC alloantibodies are GC-independent, low affinity and short-lived. The GC-independence of HOD RBC IgG responses has important implications for understanding the cellular and molecular pathways that regulate the humoral immune response to transfused RBCs, potentially explaining anti-RBC alloantibody evanescence patterns in patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Medved, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arneja, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moscovich, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muppidi, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnett, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boscia, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hester, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maram, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raghavan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ireland, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berberian, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern-Green, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kodali, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niebuhr, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salazar, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santhanakrishnan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimring, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendrickson, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luckey, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.16.633377</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transfusion of allogenic murine HOD red blood cells preferentially induces low-affinity, short-lived IgG antibodies that are germinal center independent]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.16.633379v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transient pH changes drive vacuole formation in enzyme-polymer condensates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.16.633379v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intracellular membraneless organelles formed by the phase separation of biomolecules are essential for cellular functioning. These biomolecular condensates often exhibit complex morphologies in response to biological stimuli. In vitro condensate models help elucidate the mechanism of formation and the associated function of these hierarchical assemblies. Here, we use an in vitro model to investigate the formation of hollow internal regions, or vacuoles, within the condensate interior in response to a pH change. Our experimental system is a pH-responsive complex coacervate formed by the anionic glucose oxidase enzyme phase separating with the weak polycation, DEAE-dextran. Fast rates of pH decrease and larger droplet sizes trigger vacuole development within the coacervates. We show that the emergence of vacuoles is a non-equilibrium process caused by the diffusion-limited exchange of condensate components during a fast pH change. We develop a theoretical model that captures how a phase-separating system responds dynamically to changes in system conditions, particularly pH. Our qualitative phase diagram aligns with our experimental results, showing that rapid pH changes shift the phase boundaries, triggering spinodal decomposition and inducing vacuole formation within the condensates. Our pH-sensitive in vitro coacervate model provides a platform to modulate the internal structure of ternary phase separating systems and gain insights into the mechanisms controlling condensate organization in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Modi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nimiwal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obermeyer, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.16.633379</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transient pH changes drive vacuole formation in enzyme-polymer condensates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.17.633644v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of Microbubble Cavitation in Theranostic Ultrasound-mediated Blood-Brain Barrier Opening and Gene Delivery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.17.633644v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RationaleThe characterization of microbubble activity has proven critical in assessing the safety and efficacy of ultrasound-mediated blood-brain barrier (BBB) opening and drug and gene delivery. In this study, we build upon our previous work on theranostic ultrasound (ThUS)-mediated BBB opening (ThUS-BBBO) and conduct for the first time a comprehensive characterization of the role of microbubble cavitation in ThUS-BBBO, as well as its impact on gene delivery with adeno-associated viruses (AAV).

MethodsA repurposed imaging phased array was used throughout the study to generate focused transmits and record microbubble activity through high-resolution power cavitation imaging (PCI). The cavitation of microbubbles under ThUS pulses was first characterized in flow phantom using pulse lengths ranging from 1.5 to 20 cycles and under varying microbubble flow rates using a separate single-element transducer a passive cavitation detector (PCD). A comprehensive in vivo study in mice was then conducted to characterize the in vivo microbubble activity under ThUS and correlate the resulting cavitation with AAV-mediated transgene delivery and expression. The transcranial microbubble activity was first detected in two mice using a PCD, to confirm the findings of the flow phantom study. Next, three mouse studies were conducted to evaluate the relationship between cavitation and AAV delivery; one with three different microbubble size distributions using polydisperse and size-isolated microbubbles, one with variable burst length and burst repetition frequency, and one with different AAV serotypes and injection doses. Electronic beam steering was used to induce bilateral BBB opening with 1.5 cycle on the left and 10 cycles on the right hemisphere. Cavitation dose was correlated with BBB opening volume, AAV transgene expression was evaluated with immunofluorescence staining and histological safety was assessed with T2* imaging and Hematoxylin and Eosin staining.

ResultsFrequency domain analysis in the phantoms revealed a broadband-cavitation dominance at the shorter pulse lengths, while harmonic cavitation components are significantly increased for longer pulses. The PCD was better at detecting higher frequency harmonics, while the signal received by the theranostic array was more broadband dominated. Analysis of signals in the time domain showed that the longer pulses induce higher microbubble collapse compared to short pulses. In the transcranial in vivo experiments, the PCD was able to detect increased harmonic cavitation for 10-cycle pulses. The microbubble study showed that 3-5 m microbubbles resulted in the largest cavitation doses, BBBO volumes and AAV transgene expression compared to the smaller microbubble sizes. The burst sequence study revealed that the sequences with shorter bursts and faster burst repetition frequencies induce larger BBBO volumes and AAV transduction due to faster microbubble replenishment in the focal volume. Increased erythrocyte extravasation was observed on the hemisphere sonicated with 10-cycle pulses. Transgene expression was also increased with injection dose, without notable side effects during the three-week survival period. Finally, AAV9 was shown to be the serotype with the highest transduction efficiency compared to AAV2 and AAV5 at the same injected dose.

ConclusionsThis is the first comprehensive study into the microbubble cavitation under theranostic ultrasound. The phantom and in vivo studies show that the mechanism of ThUS-BBBO is mainly transient cavitation dominant, as microbubble collapse increases with pulse length despite the increased harmonic frequency response. Increased cavitation dose resulted in larger BBBO volumes and transgene expression in vivo. While ThUS induced microhemorrhage for most of the studied conditions, it did not have an impact on the survival and behavior of the mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsitsos, F. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batts, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bae, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theodorou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorman, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konofagou, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.17.633644</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of Microbubble Cavitation in Theranostic Ultrasound-mediated Blood-Brain Barrier Opening and Gene Delivery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.18.633635v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immune cell mitochondrial phenotypes are largely preserved in mitochondrial diseases and do not reflect disease severity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.18.633635v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveTo profile immune cell mitochondrial phenotypes in mitochondrial diseases (MitoD) and evaluate how those phenotypes relate to disease manifestations or biomarkers.

MethodsWe profiled mitochondrial content and OxPhos enzymatic activities in isolated monocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, platelets, and mixed peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 37 individuals with MitoD (m.3243A>G, n=23; single, large-scale mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletions, n=14) and 68 healthy women and men from the MiSBIE study.

ResultsWe first confirm and quantify robust cell type differences in mitochondrial content, activities of OxPhos complexes I, II, and IV, and the mitochondrial respiratory capacity (MRC) index. In relation to MitoD, neither mitochondrial content nor OxPhos capacity were consistently affected, other than a mild monocyte-specific reduction in complex I (partially mtDNA encoded) relative to complex II (entirely nDNA encoded), consistent with the mtDNA defects examined. Relative to the large differences in cell type-specific mitochondrial phenotypes, differences in MitoD relative to controls were generally small (<25%) across mitochondrial measures. The MitoD biomarkers GDF15 and FGF21, as well as clinical disease severity measures, were most strongly related to mitochondrial abnormalities in platelets, and most weakly related to mitochondrial OxPhos capacity in lymphocytes, which are known to eliminate mtDNA defects. Finally, comparing PBMCs collected in the morning/fasted state to the afternoon/fed state following a stressful experience, we report significant time-dependent changes in mitochondrial biology over the time scale of hours.

ConclusionsOverall, these results demonstrate that the dynamic and cell-type specific mitochondrial phenotypes are preserved in mitochondrial diseases and are generally unrelated to the severity of MitoD symptoms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurade, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monzel, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trumpff, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.18.633635</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immune cell mitochondrial phenotypes are largely preserved in mitochondrial diseases and do not reflect disease severity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.18.633745v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pyruvate and Related Energetic Metabolites Modulate Resilience Against High Genetic Risk for Glaucoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.18.633745v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A glaucoma polygenic risk score (PRS) can effectively identify disease risk, but some individuals with high PRS do not develop glaucoma. Factors contributing to this resilience remain unclear. Using 4,658 glaucoma cases and 113,040 controls in a cross-sectional study of the UK Biobank, we investigated whether plasma metabolites enhanced glaucoma prediction and if a metabolomic signature of resilience in high-genetic-risk individuals existed. Logistic regression models incorporating 168 NMR-based metabolites into PRS-based glaucoma assessments were developed, with multiple comparison corrections applied. While metabolites weakly predicted glaucoma (Area Under the Curve=0.579), they offered marginal prediction improvement in PRS-only-based models (P=0.004). We identified a metabolomic signature associated with resilience in the top glaucoma PRS decile, with elevated glycolysis-related metabolites--lactate (P=8.8E-12), pyruvate (P=1.9E-10), and citrate (P=0.02)--linked to reduced glaucoma prevalence. These metabolites combined significantly modified the PRS-glaucoma relationship (Pinteraction=0.011). Higher total resilience metabolite levels within the highest PRS quartile corresponded to lower glaucoma prevalence (Odds Ratiohighest vs. lowest total resilience metabolite quartile=0.71, 95% Confidence Interval=0.64-0.80). As pyruvate is a foundational metabolite linking glycolysis to tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolism and ATP generation, we pursued experimental validation for this putative resilience biomarker in a human-relevant Mus musculus glaucoma model. Dietary pyruvate mitigated elevated intraocular pressure (P=0.002) and optic nerve damage (P<0.0003) in Lmx1bV265D mice. These findings highlight the protective role of pyruvate-related metabolism against glaucoma and suggest potential avenues for therapeutic intervention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>V. Segre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuart, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeleznik, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vallabh, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zebardast, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanyuda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raita, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hysi, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khawaja, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiggs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasquale, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.18.633745</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pyruvate and Related Energetic Metabolites Modulate Resilience Against High Genetic Risk for Glaucoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.19.633794v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA Methylation-Based Cell Type Deconvolution Reveals the Distinct Cell Composition in Brain Tumor Microenvironment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.19.633794v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCentral Nervous System (CNS) tumors have sophisticated tumor microenvironment (TME) with different cell types such as astrocytes, microglia, neurons, vascular endothelial cells and immune cells. These non-cancerous cells orchestrate the brain TME to regulate cancer progression and therapeutic response. This study aimed to develop a cell composition deconvolution method for CNS tumor and to determine the impact of these cell compositions on patients outcomes.

MethodsWe identified the cell type-specific CpG loci using the pairwise differential methylation analysis for 13 major cell types in CNS. Using non-negative least squares (NNLS) methods, we established this cell-type deconvolution approach, MDBrainT, for brain tumors. The predictive accuracy of our MDBrainT model was tested in the DNA methylation profiling of the purified cell samples and compared against another algorithm. Cell composition was predicted by MDBrainT in several brain tumor (glioma, ependymoma, medulloblastoma and ATRT) cohorts and the correlation between cell composition and tumor molecular subtypes and patient outcomes was also assessed.

ResultsCell type-specific CpG loci for CNS TME was used to build MDBrainT model. Based on these DNA methylation markers, MDBrainT predicted the cell composition in the TME including tumor cells with high accuracy. Endothelial cells were predominately presented in glioblastomas while the percentage of CD8 T cells wassignificantly higher in ATRT. A substantial difference of cell composition was two molecular groups of posterior fossa ependymoma (PFA vs PFB). A higher percentage of cells in TME was usually associated with worse outcomes.

ConclusionsMDBrainT is a robust algorithm for cell composition prediction for brain TME. Cell composition in brain TME is distinct across different pathological types and molecular subtypes.

Key PointsO_LIMDBrainT is a robust DNA methylation-based deconvolution approach for brain tumor microenvironment (TME).
C_LIO_LIDifferent molecular subtypes of brain tumors have distinct cell composition patterns.
C_LIO_LICell composition in brain TME informs patients of outcomes.
C_LI

Importance of this studyDNA methylation is a cell type specific marker that has been utilized for tumor molecular diagnosis, disease progression and therapeutic monitoring. A DNA methylation-based classifier for brain tumors precisely predicts the molecular subtypes but not the cell composition of tumor microenvironment. Brain tumors are a complex cell mixture where tumor microenvironment is critical for tumorigenesis and therapeutic resistance. Here, we developed a novel deconvolution approach (MDBrainT) to predict cell composition for brain tumors. Our model has revealed the heterogeneity of cell composition between tumor types. In addition, tumors with different molecular subtypes have distinct cell composition. Cell percentage in TME also informs patients of outcomes. The tumor microenvironment including cell composition of each patient may direct the different regimen of precision medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.19.633794</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA Methylation-Based Cell Type Deconvolution Reveals the Distinct Cell Composition in Brain Tumor Microenvironment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.22.633242v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Family matters! The influence of family, peers, mentors, and professors on STEM college students motivational beliefs and career decision making 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.22.633242v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Support from family, peers, mentors, and professors has a crucial role in the development of students motivational beliefs about learning. However, the relative importance of each of these social supports in affecting students motivation, and the precise processes through which these social factors motivate students, are not well understood at the college level. The present study examined how family, peers, mentors, and professors shaped science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) college students motivational beliefs for career decision making, defining motivational beliefs in accordance with situated expectancy-value theory. We collected survey and open-ended responses from a large sample of college students (n = 2,229) in 42 unique STEM courses at a large, public southeastern university in the United States. We examined how, why, and for whom different social supports influenced students task-value and/or competence related motivational beliefs for career-decision making. Results indicated that students most often selected interactions with family members as influencing their career decision-making, both in terms of overall influences and as the strongest influence, relative to interactions with peers, mentors, or professors. For all social influences, most students reported being attracted in a positive way towards certain careers as a result of social interactions, as opposed to socializers making students disenchanted with careers. Most students described how social supports influenced motivational beliefs related to task values, with comparatively fewer referencing social influences on competence-related beliefs. Findings highlight the important role of multiple social supports, particularly family, in shaping students motivational beliefs and career decision-making throughout emerging adulthood.

Educational Impact and Implications StatementPreparing a qualified and diverse STEM workforce requires a robust understanding of the factors that influence college students motivational beliefs and decisions about their career paths. We examined how, why, and for whom support from family, peers, mentors, and professors impacted STEM college students career motivation and decision making, using both qualitative and quantitative data. Results suggest that family plays a particularly crucial role in shaping college students career motivation, especially by helping them see the positive value of particular career paths. Findings help illustrate the importance of different kinds of social support in guiding career choices throughout emerging adulthood.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tuma, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenzweig, E. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemons, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.22.633242</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Family matters! The influence of family, peers, mentors, and professors on STEM college students motivational beliefs and career decision making]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.22.634318v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convergent flow-mediated mesenchymal force drives embryonic foregut constriction and splitting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.22.634318v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The transformation of a two-dimensional epithelial sheet into various three-dimensional structures is a critical process in generating the diversity of animal forms. Previous studies of epithelial folding have revealed diverse mechanisms driven by epithelium-intrinsic or -extrinsic forces. Yet little is known about the biomechanical basis of epithelial splitting, which involves extreme folding and eventually a topological transition breaking the epithelial tube. Here, we leverage tracheal-esophageal separation (TES), a critical and highly conserved morphogenetic event during tetrapod embryogenesis, as a model system for interrogating epithelial tube splitting both in vivo and ex vivo. Comparing TES in chick and mouse embryos, we identified an evolutionarily conserved, compressive force exerted by the mesenchyme surrounding the epithelium, as being necessary to drive epithelial constriction and splitting. The compressive force is mediated by localized convergent flow of mesenchymal cells towards the epithelium. We further found that Sonic hedgehog (SHH) secreted by the epithelium functions as an attractive cue for mesenchymal cells. Removal of the mesenchyme, inhibition of cell migration, or loss of SHH signaling all abrogate TES, which can be rescued by externally applied pressure. These results unveil the biomechanical basis of epithelial splitting and suggest plausible mesenchymal origins of tracheal-esophageal birth defects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oikonomou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gill, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mongera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nerurkar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahadevan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabin, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.22.634318</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convergent flow-mediated mesenchymal force drives embryonic foregut constriction and splitting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.23.634573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Maturation of Hippocampus-Medial Prefrontal Cortex Projections Defines a Pathway-Specific Sensitive Period for Cognitive Flexibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.23.634573v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The septotemporal axis of the hippocampus separates it into domains with unique molecular, cellular, downstream connectivity and behavioral profiles, and yet very little is known about the ontogenesis of these highly specialized subcircuits. Here, we used viral tracing, optogenetic-assisted patch clamping, chemogenetics and behavior in mice to examine changes in domain-defined hippocampus efferent projections from postnatal day (P)10 to P60. We found distinct anatomical and synaptic developmental signatures in ventral and intermediate CA1 downstream connectivity, with unique contributions to the prelimbic and infralimbic subregions of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Juvenile inhibition of the ventral and intermediate CA1-mPFC pathways led to opposing modulation of adult cognitive flexibility, establishing a sex- and pathway-specific sensitive period preceding the stabilization of CA1-mPFC synaptic transmission. Our data elucidate domain- and target-defined postnatal maturation of hippocampus efferents, identifying juvenility as a CA1-mPFC sensitive period with crucial implications for early life influences on adult cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cruz-Sanchez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdusalom, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chasiotis, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gugustea, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mumtaz, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasantash, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anacker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arruda-Carvalho, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.23.634573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Maturation of Hippocampus-Medial Prefrontal Cortex Projections Defines a Pathway-Specific Sensitive Period for Cognitive Flexibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.21.634128v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early Proteasome Gene Downregulation And Impaired Proteasomes Function Underlie Proteostasis Failure In Alzheimer's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.21.634128v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of pathogenic proteins, notably amyloid-beta and hyperphosphorylated tau, which disrupt neuronal function and contribute to cognitive decline. Although proteotoxic stress is well-established in AD, the role of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) in maintaining neuronal proteostasis, and how it becomes compromised during disease progression remains incompletely understood.

Here we integrated multiple approaches to characterize proteasome function, composition, and regulation in post-mortem human AD brain tissue compared to age-matched controls. These included proteasome kinetic assays, affinity purification of intact 26S proteasomes, in-gel activity assays and proteomics. According to Braak staging, we further interrogated bulk RNA-seq and single-nucleus RNA-seq (sn-RNA-seq) datasets spanning the progression of AD pathology. Finally, we examined Nrf1/NFE2L1 binding and subcellular localization to understand the transcriptional regulation of proteasome genes in AD.

We found that proteasome activity is significantly impaired in AD brains, affecting both 26S and 20S complexes. This reduction in proteolytic capacity persisted after proteasome purification, implicating intrinsic defects within the proteasome complex. Proteomic profiling revealed diminished abundances of constitutive proteasome complexes and the co-purification of proteasomes with aggregation-prone substrates (e.g., tau, -synuclein), suggesting proteasome entrapment in pathological aggregates. Transcriptomic analyses showed progressive downregulation of constitutive proteasome subunit genes in individuals along the Braak stage axis, with downregulation apparent even at the earliest Braak stages, in tissue without overt tau aggregation. Neurons were disproportionately affected, whereas non-neuronal cells did not show substantial differences in proteasome-related gene expression, possibly through immunoproteasome induction. Despite elevated NFE2L1 expression, a key transcription factor normally driving proteasome gene transcription, AD brains exhibited impaired Nrf1 nuclear localization, preventing the expected compensatory upregulation of proteasome components.

Collectively, our findings suggest that proteasome dysfunction in AD arises early and deepens over the disease course. Intrinsic alterations in proteasome complexes, coupled with early transcriptional downregulation of proteasome subunits and disrupted Nrf1-mediated regulatory pathways, contribute to a vicious cycle of proteotoxic stress and neuronal vulnerability. Restoring proteasome function and enhancing Nrf1-driven transcriptional responses may represent promising therapeutic strategies to preserve proteostasis and mitigate neurodegeneration in AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Myeku, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srikanth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherpe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yavari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaur, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>SONI, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.21.634128</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early Proteasome Gene Downregulation And Impaired Proteasomes Function Underlie Proteostasis Failure In Alzheimer's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.24.634727v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Physiological analysis of the mechanism of Ci transcription factor activation through multiple Fused phosphorylation sites in Hedgehog signal transduction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.24.634727v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hedgehog (Hh) proteins elicit dose-dependent transcriptional responses by binding Patched receptors to activate transmembrane Smoothened (Smo) proteins. Activated Smo inhibits Ci/Gli transcription factor phosphorylation by Protein Kinase A (PKA) and consequent proteolytic processing to repressor forms; it also promotes nuclear transport and activity of full-length Ci/Gli proteins to induce Hh target genes. Smo-activated Fused (Fu) kinase drives Ci activation in Drosophila, while Suppressor of Fused (Su(fu)) counters full-length Ci/Gli activity and stabilizes full-length Ci/Gli by direct binding to at least three surfaces. Here, we used CRISPR-generated designer ci alleles to investigate alterations to Fu phosphorylation sites and to regions around Ci-Su(fu) interfaces under physiological conditions in Drosophila imaginal wing discs. Surprisingly, we identified alterations that activate Ci without significant loss of stabilization by Su(fu) and contributions of multiple Fu target sites to Ci activation in the absence of Su(fu), suggesting that the affected sites mediate Ci activation by regulating Ci-Ci, rather than Ci-Su(fu) interactions. We propose that those interactions maintain full-length Ci in a closed conformation that also facilitates, and is stabilized by, cooperative Ci-Su(fu) binding. Access to binding partners necessary for Ci activation is promoted through phosphorylation of at least four Fu sites on Ci, likely by directly disrupting Ci-Ci contacts and one Ci-Su(fu) interface without substantial Ci-Su(fu) dissociation, contrary to previous proposals. We also found that the Ci binding partner, Costal 2 (Cos2), which silences Ci in the absence of Hh, can facilitate Ci activation by Fu kinase.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Little, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalderon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.24.634727</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Physiological analysis of the mechanism of Ci transcription factor activation through multiple Fused phosphorylation sites in Hedgehog signal transduction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.24.634806v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The geometry of the neural state space of decisions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.24.634806v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How do populations of neurons collectively encode and process information during cognitive tasks? We analyze high-yield population recordings from the macaque lateral intraparietal area (LIP) during a reaction-time random-dot-motion direction-discrimination task. We find that the trajectories of neural population activity patterns during single decisions lie within a curved two-dimensional manifold. The reaction time of trajectories systematically varies along one dimension, such that slow and fast decisions trace distinct activity patterns. Trajectories transition from a deliberation stage, in which they are noisy and remain similar between the choices, to a commitment stage, in which they are far less noisy and diverge sharply for the different choices. The deliberation phase is pronounced for slower decisions and gradually diminishes as reaction time decreases. A mechanistic circuit model provides an explanation for the observed properties, and suggests the transition between stages represents a transition from more sensory-driven to more circuit-driven dynamics. It yields two striking predictions we verify in the data. First, whether neurons are more choice selective for slow or fast trials varies systematically with the retinotopic location of their response fields. Second, the slower the trial, the more saccades undershoot the choice target. The results highlight the roles of distributed and dynamic activity patterns and intrinsic circuit dynamics in the population implementation of a cognitive task.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Monsalve-Mercado, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.24.634806</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The geometry of the neural state space of decisions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.26.634933v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Symmetries and continuous attractors in disordered neural circuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.26.634933v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major challenge in neuroscience is reconciling idealized theoretical models with complex, heterogeneous experimental data. We address this challenge through continuous-attractor networks, which model how neural circuits represent continuous variables such as head direction or spatial location through collective dynamics. Classical continuous-attractor models rely on continuous symmetry in the recurrent weights to generate a manifold of stable states, predicting tuning curves that are identical up to shifts. However, mouse head-direction cells exhibit substantial heterogeneity in their responses, seemingly incompatible with this classical picture. We demonstrate that mammalian circuits could nevertheless rely on the same dynamical mechanisms as classical continuous-attractor models. We construct recurrent neural networks directly from experimental head-direction tuning curves that exhibit quasi-continuous-attractor dynamics, then develop a statistical generative process quantitatively capturing the structure of tuning heterogeneity. This enables large-N analysis, where we show through dynamical mean-field theory that these networks become equivalent to classical ring-attractor models, with Mexican-hat interactions and continuous symmetry that is spontaneously broken, leading to bump states. In the seemingly disordered weights, the continuous symmetry essential to classical models is reflected through eigenvalue degeneracies, positioning spectral structure as a target for detecting continuous-attractor circuits in connectome data. We extend this framework to two-dimensional symmetries, constructing grid-cell models that similarly reduce to classical toroidal attractors. Our work demonstrates that the dynamical mechanisms of classical continuous-attractor models may operate not only in small brains or idealized systems but also in complex mammalian circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clark, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sompolinsky, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.26.634933</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Symmetries and continuous attractors in disordered neural circuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.24.634732v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
APOE-ϵ4-induced Fibronectin at the blood-brain barrier is a conserved pathological mediator of disrupted astrocyte-endothelia interaction in Alzheimer's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.24.634732v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction is a key feature of Alzheimers disease (AD), particularly in individuals carrying the APOE-{varepsilon}4 allele. This dysfunction worsens neuroinflammation and hinders the removal of toxic proteins, such as amyloid-beta (A{beta}42), from the brain. In post-mortem brain tissues and in animal models, we previously reported that fibronectin accumulates at the BBB predominantly in APOE-{varepsilon}4 carriers. Furthermore, we found a loss-of-function variant in the fibronectin 1 (FN1) gene significantly reduces aggregated fibronectin levels and decreases AD risk among APOE-{varepsilon}4 carriers. Yet, the molecular mechanisms downstream of fibronectin at the BBB remain unclear. The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a crucial role in maintaining BBB homeostasis and orchestrating the interactions between BBB cell types, including endothelia and astrocytes. Understanding the mechanisms affecting the ECM and BBB cell types will be critical for developing effective therapies against AD, especially among APOE-{varepsilon}4 carriers. Here, we demonstrate that APOE-{varepsilon}4, A{beta}42, and inflammation drive the induction of FN1 expression in several models including zebrafish, mice, iPSC-derived human 3D astrocyte and 3D cerebrovascular cell cultures, and in human brains. Fibronectin accumulation disrupts astroglial-endothelial interactions and the signalling cascade between vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HBEGF) and Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1). This accumulation of fibronectin in APOE-{varepsilon}4- associated AD potentiates BBB dysfunction, which strongly implicates reducing fibronectin deposition as a potential therapeutic target for AD.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=197 SRC="FIGDIR/small/634732v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (70K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1efff03org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@14f40cdorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@27743aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@3fa9a9_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG Accessibility textThis image illustrates the effects of different APOE isoforms (ApoE-{varepsilon}3 and ApoE-{varepsilon}4) on blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity, focusing on the molecular interactions between astrocytes and endothelial cells. This figure emphasizes the detrimental effects of ApoE-{varepsilon}4 on BBB integrity via fibronectin accumulation and altered signaling pathways.

The top section provides a schematic overview of the blood-brain barrier, highlighting astrocytes, endothelial cells, and their interface.

The left panel represents the ApoE-{varepsilon}3 condition: Normal fibronectin (FN1) levels support healthy interactions between astrocytes and endothelial cells. Growth factors, including VEGFA, HBEGF, and IGF1, maintain BBB integrity through their respective receptors (VEGFR and EGFR). Green arrows indicate activation of these signaling pathways.

The right panel depicts the ApoE-{varepsilon}4 condition: Elevated fibronectin (FN1) disrupts astrocyte-endothelium interactions. FN1 binds integrins and activates focal adhesion kinase (FAK), inhibiting VEGFA, which is required for endothelial HBEGF that in turn activates IGF1 signaling. Red symbols indicate inhibition of HBEGF, VEGFA, and IGF1 pathways, leading to BBB dysfunction.

HighlightsAPOE-{varepsilon}4 drives fibronectin deposition in Alzheimers, disrupting astrocyte-endothelia interactions.

APOE-{varepsilon}4 and fibronectin co-localize, forming aggregates at blood-brain barrier (BBB).

Fibronectin alters the signaling between VEGF, IGF1, and HBEGF impairing BBB function.

Reducing fibronectin restores BBB integrity and offsets APOE-{varepsilon}4 pathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhattarai, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yilmaz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cakir, E. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuceer Korkmaz, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celikkaya, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cosacak, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haage, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuriel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juelich, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Is, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Jager, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tubessing, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teich, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertucci, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temple, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ertekin-Taner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardarajan, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayeux, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kizil, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.24.634732</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[APOE-ϵ4-induced Fibronectin at the blood-brain barrier is a conserved pathological mediator of disrupted astrocyte-endothelia interaction in Alzheimer's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.24.634817v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HMG box-containing protein 1 (HBP1) prevents pancreatic injury in experimental pancreatitis but accelerates pancreatic neoplasia progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.24.634817v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background & AimsPancreatitis is an inflammatory disease of the exocrine pancreas and a known risk factor for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Previously, we identified HMG- box transcription factor 1 (HBP1) as a potential master transcription factor (TF) in the early progression of PDAC, with its expression associated with poor patient survival, underscoring its significance in pancreatic disease. However, the functional role of HBP1 in the onset and progression of acute pancreatitis (AP) remains unknown.

MethodsWe examined HBP1 expression in human pancreatitis samples and a cerulein-induced AP mouse model. Pancreatic-specific conditional HBP1 knockout mice, with or without an oncogenic Kras mutation, were generated and compared to their littermate controls. Spatial transcriptomics and multiplexed protein assays, histological analysis, and immunostaining were utilized to characterize pathological changes. Findings from mouse models were validated using inducible HBP1-overexpressing human pancreatic ductal epithelial cells.

ResultsHBP1 was upregulated in pancreatic exocrine cells in human chronic pancreatitis and mouse acute pancreatitis, with its expression in human chronic pancreatitis correlating with cancer presence. Pancreatic HBP1 ablation disrupted acinar homeostasis by impairing autophagic flux and exacerbating inflammation following injury. In the presence of oncogenic KRAS, HBP1 ablation delayed the formation of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN), the precursor to PDAC, and slowed its progression to higher-grade lesions.

ConclusionsHBP1 upregulation in pancreatitis mitigates pancreatic inflammatory injury; however, in the presence of oncogenic KRAS, it facilitates PanIN progression. Thus, HBP1 serves as a critical regulator in both pancreatitis and early pancreatic neoplasia, representing a potential therapeutic target for intervening pancreatitis and PanIN progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>lee, S.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ekstrom, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manalo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grygoryev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szczepaniak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marmolejo, C. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haverlack, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keith, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muschler, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sears, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weisberg, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>kim, j.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.24.634817</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HMG box-containing protein 1 (HBP1) prevents pancreatic injury in experimental pancreatitis but accelerates pancreatic neoplasia progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.25.634884v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NCBP2-AS2 is a mitochondrial microprotein, regulates energy metabolism and neurogenesis, and is downregulated in Alzheimer's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.25.634884v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microproteins, short functional peptides encoded by small genes, are emerging as critical regulators of cellular processes, yet their roles in mitochondrial function and neurodegeneration remain underexplored. In this study, we identify NCBP2-AS2 as an evolutionarily conserved mitochondrial microprotein with significant roles in energy metabolism and neurogenesis. Using a combination of cellular and molecular approaches, including CRISPR/Cas9 knockout models, stoichiometric co- immunoprecipitation, and advanced imaging techniques, we demonstrate that NCBP2-AS2 localizes to the inner mitochondrial space and interacts with translocase of the inner membrane (TIM) chaperones. These interactions suggest a role in ATPase subunit transport, supported by the observed reductions in ATPase subunit levels and impaired glucose metabolism in NCBP2-AS2-deficient cells. In zebrafish, NCBP2-AS2 knockout led to increased astroglial proliferation, microglial abundance, and enhanced neurogenesis, particularly under amyloid pathology. Notably, we show that NCBP2-AS2 expression is consistently downregulated in human Alzheimers disease brains and zebrafish amyloidosis models, suggesting a conserved role in neurodegenerative pathology. These findings reveal a novel link between mitochondrial protein transport, energy metabolism, and neural regeneration, positioning NCBP2-AS2 as a potential therapeutic target for mitigating mitochondrial dysfunction and promoting neurogenesis in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimers disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Popova, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattarai, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yilmaz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lascu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erdem, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coban, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michling, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cosacak, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tayran, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurth, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schambony, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchholz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentzel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kizil, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.25.634884</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NCBP2-AS2 is a mitochondrial microprotein, regulates energy metabolism and neurogenesis, and is downregulated in Alzheimer's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.25.634888v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resident Tissue Macrophages Govern Intraocular Pressure Homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.25.634888v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intraocular pressure is tightly regulated by the conventional outflow tissues, preventing ocular hypertension that leads to neurodegeneration of the optic nerve, or glaucoma. Although macrophages reside throughout the conventional outflow tract, their role in regulating intraocular pressure remains unknown. Using macrophage lineage tracing approaches, we uncovered a dual macrophage ontogeny with distinct spatial organizations across the mouse lifespan. Long-lived, resident tissue macrophages concentrated in the trabecular meshwork and Schlemms canal, whereas short-lived monocyte-derived macrophages, instead, were abundant around distal vessels. Specific depletion of resident tissue macrophages triggered elevated intraocular pressure and outflow resistance, linked to aberrant extracellular matrix turnover in the resistance-generating tissues of the trabecular meshwork. This dysregulated physiology and tissue remodeling were not observed when we depleted monocyte-derived macrophages. Results show ontogeny and tissue-specific macrophage function within the outflow tract, uncovering the integral homeostatic role of resident tissue macrophages in resistance-generating tissues whose dysfunction is responsible for glaucoma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimsrud, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Ieso, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathew, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalnitsky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mack, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginhoux, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bupp-Chickering, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balasubramanian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, S. W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamer, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saban, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.25.634888</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resident Tissue Macrophages Govern Intraocular Pressure Homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.26.634951v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrating bulk and single cell RNA-seq refines transcriptomic profiles of individual C. elegans neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.26.634951v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuron-specific morphology and function are fundamentally tied to differences in gene expression across the nervous system. We previously generated a single cell RNA-seq (scRNA-Seq) dataset for every anatomical neuron class in the C. elegans hermaphrodite. Here we present a complementary set of bulk RNA-seq samples for 52 of the 118 canonical neuron classes in C. elegans. We show that the bulk RNA-seq dataset captures both lowly expressed and noncoding RNAs that are not detected in the scRNA-Seq profile, but also includes false positives due to contamination by other cell types. We present an analytical strategy that integrates the two datasets, preserving both the specificity of scRNA-Seq data and the sensitivity of bulk RNA-Seq. We show that this integrated dataset enhances the sensitivity and accuracy of transcript detection and differential gene analysis. In addition, we show that the bulk RNA-Seq data set detects differentially expressed non-coding RNAs across neuron types, including multiple families of non-polyadenylated transcripts. We propose that our approach provides a new strategy for interrogating gene expression by bridging the gap between bulk and single cell methodologies for transcriptomic studies. We suggest that these datasets advance the goal of delineating the mechanisms that define morphology and connectivity in the nervous system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barrett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varol, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinreb, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McWhirter, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cros, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basaravaju, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poff, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tipps, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majeed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayer, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yemini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammarlund, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.26.634951</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrating bulk and single cell RNA-seq refines transcriptomic profiles of individual C. elegans neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.26.633063v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Axonal pathology differentially affects human Purkinje cell subtypes in the essential tremor cerebellum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.26.633063v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cerebellar cortex is organized into discrete regions populated by molecularly distinct Purkinje cells (PCs), the sole cortical output neurons. While studies in animal models have shown that PC subtypes differ in their vulnerability to disease, our understanding of human PC subtype and vulnerability remains limited. Here, we demonstrate that human cerebellar regions specialized for motor vs cognitive functions (lobule HV vs Crus I) contain distinct PC populations characterized by specific molecular and anatomical features, which show selective vulnerability in essential tremor (ET), a cerebellar degenerative disorder. Using a known PC subtype marker, neurofilament heavy chain (NEFH), we found that motor lobule HV contains PCs with high NEFH expression, while cognitive lobule Crus I contains PCs with low NEFH expression in post-mortem samples from healthy controls. In the same cerebella, PC axons in lobule HV were 2.2-fold thicker than those in Crus I. Across lobules, axon caliber positively correlated with NEFH expression. In ET cerebella, we identified motor lobule-specific PC axon pathology with a 1.5-fold reduction in caliber and increased axon variability in lobule HV, while Crus I axons were unaffected. Tremor severity and duration in ET correlated with axon diameter variability selectively in lobule HV PCs. Given that axonal caliber is a major determinant of neural signaling capacity, our results (1) suggest that disrupted cerebellar corticonuclear signaling is occurring in ET, (2) provide evidence of region-specific PC subtypes in the human cerebellum and offer insight into how selective PC vulnerability may contribute to the pathophysiology of cerebellar degeneration.

Significance StatementThe cerebellar cortex has a uniform laminar architecture but contains heterogeneous cell types. Purkinje cells (PCs), the sole output cells of the cerebellar cortex, include subtypes whose lobular distribution is thought to underlie functional segmentation and patterned degeneration of the cerebellum in animal models. However, human PC subtypes and their disease vulnerability remain unknown. Here, we establish the existence of human PC subtypes that appear conserved across mammalian species using both marker expression and axonal thickness. Consistent with its phenotype, we demonstrate differential PC vulnerability to degeneration in essential tremor cerebella, where motor function- mediating PC subtypes display significant axonal thinning, while axons of cognitive function-mediating PC subtypes are spared. These findings advance Purkinje cell type- oriented research in cerebellar disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Widner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faust, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louis, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujita, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.26.633063</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Axonal pathology differentially affects human Purkinje cell subtypes in the essential tremor cerebellum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.27.635067v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-Cell Multimodal Profiling Reveals a Novel CD26+ Fibroblast Subpopulation in Atherosclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.27.635067v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAtherosclerosis involves complex interactions between lipids, immune cells, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and fibroblasts within the arterial wall. While significant advances in single-cell technologies have shed light on the roles of immune cells and VSMCs in plaque development, fibroblasts remain underexplored, leaving critical gaps in understanding their contributions to disease progression and plaque stability. Comprehensive characterization of fibroblast phenotypes in atherosclerosis is essential to unravel their diverse functions and to distinguish between subsets that may play protective versus pathogenic roles in the disease process.

MethodsHere, we utilized CITE-seq (Cellular Indexing of Transcriptomes and Epitopes by Sequencing) to comprehensively profile fibroblast diversity in a mouse model of atherosclerosis. Mice were fed an atherogenic diet for 0, 8, 19, and 26 weeks, representing distinct stages of disease progression, enabling a detailed phenotypic characterization of fibroblasts throughout the course of atherosclerosis development.

ResultsWe identified four distinct fibroblast subpopulations, including a myofibroblast population closely resembling VSMC-derived chondromyocytes. The proportions of these fibroblast subsets exhibited a modest decline as atherosclerosis progressed. Through multimodal analysis, we identified CD26 as a highly expressed and specific marker for one of these fibroblast subpopulations, distinguishing it from other subsets. Using a combination of flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry, we demonstrated that CD26+ fibroblasts predominantly reside in the adventitia of healthy arteries. During atherosclerosis progression, these cells expand into the intima and primarily localize within the fibrous cap of the lesion.

ConclusionsOur multi-omic analysis highlights the phenotypic diversity and dynamic changes of fibroblasts during atherosclerosis progression. Among these, CD26+ fibroblasts emerge as a distinct subpopulation that expands within atherosclerotic lesions and may play a critical role in promoting plaque stability through their migration into the fibrous cap.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bashore, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coronel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.27.635067</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-Cell Multimodal Profiling Reveals a Novel CD26+ Fibroblast Subpopulation in Atherosclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.27.635113v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinctive associations between plasma p-tau181 levels and hippocampal subfield volume across the Alzheimer's disease continuum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.27.635113v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPlasma p-tau181 is a promising diagnostic marker of Alzheimers disease (AD) pathology, reflecting amyloid accumulation, tau deposition, and downstream neurodegeneration that leads to cognitive impairment. However, the specificity of plasma p-tau181 to AD-related tau pathology remains unclear.

ObjectiveTo assess whether plasma p-tau181 is differentially associated with volumetric changes in distinct hippocampal subfields and whether they mediate the relationship between plasma p-tau181 and cognition across the AD continuum.

Methods213 participants with normal cognition (N=57), mild cognitive impairment (N=109), and AD (N=47) from the Alzheimers Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) were included for cross-sectional analyses of hippocampal subfield volume that was quantified using the Automatic Segmentation of Hippocampal Subfields (ASHS) software. A subset (n=89) was evaluated for one-year longitudinal changes in hippocampal subfield volume.

ResultsHigher plasma p-tau181 levels (pg/mL) were associated with decreased volumes in the CA1 and dentate gyrus, bilaterally, and right entorhinal cortex (ps < 0.05). Additionally, volumes of these subfields partially mediated the relationship between plasma p-tau181 and ADNI memory and executive function composite scores. Baseline plasma p-tau181, however, did not predict longitudinal atrophy of hippocampal subfields across diagnostic groups.

ConclusionsPlasma p-tau181 is differentially associated with hippocampal subfields that are closely related to both age- and AD-related neurodegeneration. Elevated plasma p-tau181 levels may reflect tau accumulation, and volumetric changes in CA1 and DG may mediate the detrimental effect of tau pathology on cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.27.635113</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinctive associations between plasma p-tau181 levels and hippocampal subfield volume across the Alzheimer's disease continuum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.30.635716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Roles Played by Enhancer of Split Transcription Factors in Drosophila R7 Photoreceptor Specification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.30.635716v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When a cell receives multiple developmental signals simultaneously, the intracellular transduction pathways triggered by those signals are coincidentally active. How then, do the cells decode the information contained within those multiple active pathways to derive a precise developmental directive? The specification of the Drosophila R7 photoreceptor is classic model system for investigating such questions. The R7 fate is specified by the combined actions of the of the Notch (N) and receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling pathways. The two pathways cross-communicate in an integrative mechanism but also supply information independently of each other. Collectively, this information is summed to provide an unambiguous directive for the R7 fate. Our goal is to understand these mechanisms. Here, we examine how N activity represses transcription of the phyllopod gene in the process of information integration with the RTK pathway, and how it represses expression of the seven-up gene in an independent mechanism needed for R7 fate. We describe how N activity achieves these transcriptional repressions, and identify Enhancer of Split transcription factors as the mediators of those actions.

Summary StatementThis work examines the role played by Enhancer of Split transcription factors in mediating N signals in Drosophila R7 photoreceptor specification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arias, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mavromatakis, Y. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomlinson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.30.635716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Roles Played by Enhancer of Split Transcription Factors in Drosophila R7 Photoreceptor Specification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.28.635258v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Safe focused ultrasound-mediated blood-brain barrier opening is driven primarily by transient reorganization of tight junctions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.28.635258v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Focused ultrasound (FUS) with microbubbles opens the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to allow targeted drug delivery into the brain. The mechanisms by which endothelial cells (ECs) respond to either low acoustic pressures known to open the BBB transiently, or high acoustic pressures that cause brain damage, remain incompletely characterized. Here, we use a mouse strain where tight junctions between ECs are labelled with eGFP and apply FUS at low (450 kPa) and high (750 kPa) acoustic pressures, after which mice are sacrificed at 1 or 72 hours. We find that the EC response leading to FUS-mediated BBB opening at low pressures is localized primarily in arterioles and capillaries, and characterized by a transient loss and reorganization of tight junctions. BBB opening still occurs at low safe pressures in mice lacking caveolae, suggesting that it is driven primarily by transient dismantlement and reorganization of tight junctions. In contrast, BBB opening at high pressures is associated with obliteration of EC tight junctions that remain unrepaired even after 72 hours, allowing continuous fibrinogen passage and persistent microglial activation. Single-cell RNA-sequencing of arteriole, capillary and venule ECs from FUS mice reveals that the transcriptomic responses of ECs exposed to high pressure are dominated by genes belonging to the stress response and cell junction disassembly at both 1 and 72 hours, while lower pressures induce primarily genes responsible for intracellular repair responses in ECs. Our findings suggest that at low pressures transient reorganization of tight junctions and repair responses mediate safe BBB opening for therapeutic delivery.

Significance StatementFocused ultrasound with microbubbles is used as a noninvasive method to safely open the BBB at low acoustic pressures for therapeutic delivery into the CNS, but the mechanisms mediating this process remain unclear. Kugelman et al., demonstrate that FUS-mediated BBB opening at low pressures occurs primarily in arterioles and capillaries due to transient reorganization of tight junctions. BBB opening still occurs at low safe pressures in mice lacking caveolae, suggesting a transcellular route-independent mechanism. At high unsafe pressures, cell junctions are obliterated and remain unrepaired even after 72 hours, allowing fibrinogen passage and persistent microglial activation. Single-cell RNA-sequencing supports cell biological findings that safe, FUS-mediated BBB opening may be driven by transient reorganization and repair of EC tight junctions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Noel, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kugelman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karakatsani, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahriar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willner, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nimi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agalliu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konofagou, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.28.635258</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Safe focused ultrasound-mediated blood-brain barrier opening is driven primarily by transient reorganization of tight junctions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.28.635306v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Blood mitochondrial health markers cf-mtDNA and GDF15 in human aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.28.635306v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Altered mitochondria biology can accelerate biological aging, but scalable biomarkers of mitochondrial health for population studies are lacking. We examined two potential candidates: 1) cell-free mitochondrial DNA (cf-mtDNA), a marker of mitochondrial signaling elevated with disease states accessible as distinct biological entities from plasma or serum; and 2) growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), an established biomarker of biological aging downstream of mitochondrial energy transformation defects and stress signaling. In a cohort of 430 participants aged 24-84 (54.2% women), we measured plasma and serum cf-mtDNA, and plasma GDF15 levels at two timepoints 5 years apart, then assessed their associations with age, BMI, diabetes, sex, health-related behaviors, and psychosocial factors. As expected, GDF15 showed a positive, exponential association with age (r=0.66, p<0.0001) and increased by 33% over five years. cf-mtDNA was not correlated with GDF15 or age. BMI and sex were also not related to cf-mtDNA nor GDF15. Type 2 diabetes was only positively associated with GDF15. Exploring potential drivers of systemic mitochondrial stress signaling, we report a novel association linking higher education to lower age-adjusted GDF15 (r=-0.14, p<0.0034), both at baseline and the 5-year follow up, highlighting a potential influence of psychosocial factors on mitochondrial health. Overall, our findings among adults spanning six decades of lifespan establish associations between age, diabetes and GDF15, an emerging marker of mitochondrial stress signaling. Further studies are needed to determine if the associations of blood GDF15 with age and metabolic stress can be moderated by psychosocial factors or health-related behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trumpff, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michelson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shire, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habeck, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.28.635306</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Blood mitochondrial health markers cf-mtDNA and GDF15 in human aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.28.635320v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of sucrose sinks on phloem transport 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.28.635320v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The movement of photosynthates within plants is a focus in plant physiology, ecohydrology, and earth systems modeling. The phloem, one of the plants hydraulic systems, facilitates this transport. It is believed to be optimized for efficient photosynthates transport, notably sucrose. This has implications ranging from local impacts on plant survival during drought to ecosystem-scale effects on carbon and water cycling. Most models for phloem transport rely on the pressure-flow hypothesis, where sucrose is loaded in leaves, drawing water from the xylem through osmosis, generating pressure gradients for transport. Experimental challenges in measuring sugar fluxes have led to reliance on theoretical models, though discrepancies exist, especially for long-distance transport. Criticism of the pressure-flow hypothesis notes low hydraulic conductance in sieve tubes, possibly hindering sucrose transport in taller plants. This research explores osmotically driven flows through the development of a new one-dimensional numerical model that includes sources from photosynthesis and sinks towards the stem and roots. The model also incorporates a concentration-dependent viscosity and the xylem water potential. It shows that different allocation schemes of sucrose sinks towards the stem of the plant influence the speed at which sucrose is transported. These findings provide insight into how carbon allocation along the phloem may have evolved to enhance the efficiency of transporting soluble compounds in the phloem.

HighlightsO_LISucrose sinks along the phloem influence mass flux beyond simple reaction-like consumption dynamics
C_LIO_LIMass flux is modulated by the sucrose allocation profile along the tree stem
C_LIO_LIObservations of xylem-phloem water exchange can provide insights into the physical sucrose sink profile
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nakad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentine, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.28.635320</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of sucrose sinks on phloem transport]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.30.635158v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Admixture mapping reveals evidence for multiple mitonuclear incompatibilities in swordtail fish hybrids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.30.635158v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How barriers to gene flow arise between closely related species is one of the oldest questions in evolutionary biology. Classic models in evolutionary biology predict that negative epistatic interactions between variants in the genomes of diverged lineages, known as hybrid incompatibilities, will reduce viability or fertility in hybrids. The genetic architecture of these interactions and the evolutionary paths through which they arise have profound implications for the efficacy of hybrid incompatibilities as barriers to gene flow between species. While these questions have been studied using theoretical approaches for several decades, only recently has it become possible to genetically map larger numbers of hybrid incompatibilities. Here, we use admixture mapping in natural hybrid populations of swordtail fish (Xiphophorus) to identify hybrid incompatibilities involving genetic interactions between the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. We find that at least nine regions of the genome are involved in mitonuclear incompatibilities. These incompatibilities involve interactions between the nuclear genome and the X. malinche mitochondria, the X. birchmanni mitochondria, or both. Moreover, they vary in the strength of selection they experience, and the degree to which they limit gene flow in natural hybrid populations. Our results build a deeper understanding of the complex architecture of selection against incompatibilities in naturally hybridizing species and highlight an important role of mitonuclear interactions in the evolution of reproductive barriers between closely related species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Robles, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez Barrera, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jofre, G. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunn, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iverson, E. N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beskid, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baczenas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedghifar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andolfatto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandvain, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Havird, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenthal, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.30.635158</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Admixture mapping reveals evidence for multiple mitonuclear incompatibilities in swordtail fish hybrids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.30.635775v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parallel hierarchical encoding of linguistic representations in the human auditory cortex and recurrent automatic speech recognition systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.30.635775v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transforming continuous acoustic speech signals into discrete linguistic meaning is a remarkable computational feat accomplished by both the human brain and modern artificial intelligence. A key scientific question is whether these biological and artificial systems, despite their different architectures, converge on similar strategies to solve this challenge. While ASR systems now achieve human-level performance, research on their parallels with the brain has been limited by biologically implausible, non-causal models and comparisons that stop at predicting brain activity without detailing the alignment of the underlying representations. Furthermore, studies using text-based models overlook the crucial acoustic stages of speech processing. Here, using high-resolution intracranial recordings and a causal, recurrent ASR model, we bridge these gaps by uncovering a striking correspondence between the brains processing hierarchy and the models internal representations. Specifically, we demonstrate a deep alignment in their algorithmic approach: neural activity in distinct cortical regions maps topographically to corresponding model layers, and critically, the representational content at each stage follows a parallel progression from acoustic to phonetic, lexical, and semantic information. This work thus moves beyond demonstrating simple model-brain alignment to specifying the shared underlying representations at each stage of processing, providing direct evidence that both systems converge on a similar computational strategy for transforming sound into meaning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Keshishian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mischler, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsbury, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bickel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesgarani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.30.635775</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parallel hierarchical encoding of linguistic representations in the human auditory cortex and recurrent automatic speech recognition systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.31.633084v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ku suppresses RNA-mediated innate immune responses in human cells to accommodate primate-specific Alu expansion. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.31.633084v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ku70 and Ku80 form Ku, a ring-shaped protein that initiates the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) DNA repair pathway.1 Specifically, Ku binds to double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) ends and recruits other NHEJ factors (e.g., DNA-PKcs and LIG4). While Ku binds to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)2 and traps mutated-DNA-PKcs on ribosomal RNA in vivo,3,4 the physiological significance of Ku-dsRNA interactions in otherwise wild-type cells remains elusive. Intriguingly, while dispensable for murine development,5,6 Ku is essential in human cells.7 Despite similar genome sizes, human cells express [~]100-fold more Ku than mouse cells, implying functions beyond NHEJ, possibly through a dose-sensitive interaction with dsRNA, which is [~]100 times weaker than with dsDNA.2,8 While investigating the essentiality of Ku in human cells, we found that depletion of Ku - unlike LIG4 - induces profound interferon (IFN) and NF-kB responses reliant on the dsRNA-sensor MDA5/RIG-I and adaptor MAVS. Prolonged Ku-degradation also activates other dsRNA-sensors, e.g. PKR that suppresses protein translation, and OAS/RNaseL that cleaves rRNAs and eventually induces growth arrest and cell death. MAVS, RIG-I, or MDA5 knockouts suppressed IFN signaling and, together with PKR knockouts, partially rescued Ku-depleted human cells. Ku-irCLIP analyses revealed that Ku binds to diverse dsRNA, predominantly stem-loops in primate-specific Alu elements9 at anti-sense orientation in introns and 3-UTRs. Ku expression rose sharply in higher primates tightly correlating with Alu-expansion (r = 0.94/0.95). Together, our study identified a vital role of Ku in accommodating Alu-expansion in primates by mitigating a dsRNA-induced innate immune response, explaining the rise of Ku levels and its essentiality in human cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LI, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maji, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korn, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gertie, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorrity, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelletier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moakley, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabadan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edgell, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schild-Poulter, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modesti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steckelberg, A.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendrickson, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.31.633084</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ku suppresses RNA-mediated innate immune responses in human cells to accommodate primate-specific Alu expansion.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.31.635819v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FETCH enables fluorescent labeling of membrane proteins in vivo with spatiotemporal control in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.31.635819v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fluorescent labeling approaches are crucial for elucidating protein function and dynamics. While enhancer trapping in Drosophila has been useful for the characterization of gene transcription, protein-specific visualization in vivo has been more elusive. To overcome these limitations, we developed Fluorescent Endogenous Tagging with a Covalent Hook (FETCH) to label cell surface proteins (CSPs) in vivo through a stable covalent bond mediated by the DogTag-DogCatcher peptide partner system1. FETCH leverages a spontaneous covalent isopeptide bond that forms between the 23-amino acid DogTag and the 15-kDa DogCatcher. Unlike most tags that work best at protein termini, DogTag is optimized for function in protein loops, expanding the range of sites that can be targeted in proteins. In FETCH, DogTag is introduced into extracellular loops of CSPs through genome engineering, enabling covalent bond formation with a genetically encoded DogCatcher-GFP fusion protein that can be secreted from a variety of cell types. We describe a flow cytometry-based platform for the identification of efficient DogTag insertion sites in vitro and demonstrate the ability to visualize both tagged DIP- and Dpr10 in vivo, two immunoglobulin superfamily proteins that facilitate neuronal target recognition at Drosophila neuromuscular junctions and brain synapses. The versatility of FETCH enables fluorescent labeling with precise temporal and spatial control in vivo, enabling applications previously unfeasible.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rostam, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morano, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zinn, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.31.635819</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FETCH enables fluorescent labeling of membrane proteins in vivo with spatiotemporal control in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.31.635900v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TRAF6 integrates innate immune signals to regulate glucose homeostasis via Parkin-dependent and -independent mitophagy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.31.635900v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Activation of innate immune signaling occurs during the progression of immunometabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes (T2D), yet the impact of innate immune signaling on glucose homeostasis is controversial. Here, we report that the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRAF6 integrates innate immune signals following diet-induced obesity to promote glucose homeostasis through the induction of mitophagy. Whereas TRAF6 was dispensable for glucose homeostasis and pancreatic {beta}-cell function under basal conditions, TRAF6 was pivotal for insulin secretion, mitochondrial respiration, and increases in mitophagy following metabolic stress in both mouse and human islets. Indeed, TRAF6 was critical for the recruitment and function of machinery within both the ubiquitin-mediated (Parkin-dependent) and receptor-mediated (Parkin-independent) mitophagy pathways upon metabolic stress. Intriguingly, the effect of TRAF6 deficiency on glucose homeostasis and mitophagy was fully reversed by concomitant Parkin deficiency. Thus, our results implicate a role for TRAF6 in the cross-regulation of both ubiquitin-and receptor-mediated mitophagy through the restriction of Parkin. Together, we illustrate that {beta}-cells engage innate immune signaling to adaptively respond to a diabetogenic environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levi-DAncona, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidarala, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stendahl, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reck, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry-Kanarek, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lietzke, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasmooij, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubers, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basrur, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stiles, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nesvizhskii, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirihai, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soleimanpour, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.31.635900</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TRAF6 integrates innate immune signals to regulate glucose homeostasis via Parkin-dependent and -independent mitophagy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.31.635929v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping the GDF15 Arm of the Integrated Stress Response in Human Cells and Tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.31.635929v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial stress activates the integrated stress response (ISR) and triggers cell-cell communication through the secretion of the metabokine growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15). However, the gene network underlying the ISR remains poorly defined, particularly across metabolically diverse cellular states and tissues. Using RNAseq data from fibroblasts subjected to eleven metabolic perturbations, including genetic and pharmacological mitochondrial OxPhos defects, we showed that the ISR has multiple arms and developed an ISRGDF15 index quantifying the GDF15 arm of ISR activation in human cells. The ISRGDF15 index was validated using optogenetic activation of the ISR protein kinase R (PKR) in a stable cell line, demonstrating its rapid kinetics preceding to GDF15 gene expression. We then deployed the ISRGDF15 index across 44 postmortem human tissues, reporting that the ISRGDF15 was upregulated in the heart of individuals who died of an acute cause in the emergency room, whereas it was preferentially upregulated in the brain of individuals who died as inpatients after protracted hospital stays. ISRGDF15 was also moderately, positively correlated with age across all tissues. These data highlight multiple distinct ISR pathways and clarify which genes are related to the GDF15 arm of the ISR, yielding an ISRGDF15 index that can be used to investigate tissue-specific and age-related ISR activation in both in vitro cultures and human tissues. Ultimately, we expand our knowledge of the GDF15 arm of the ISR in humans, show its inducibility by the ISR kinase PKR, and demonstrate its applicability to detect ISR activation in specific human tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monzel, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.31.635929</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping the GDF15 Arm of the Integrated Stress Response in Human Cells and Tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.31.635988v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The distribution of highly deleterious variants across human ancestry groups 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.31.635988v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major focus of human genetics is to map severe disease mutations. Increasingly that goal is understood as requiring huge numbers of people to be sequenced from every broadly-defined genetic ancestry group, so as not to miss "ancestry-specific variants." Here, we argue that this focus is unwarranted. We start with first principles considerations, based on models of mutation-drift-selection balance, which suggest highly pathogenic mutations should be at similarly low frequencies across ancestry groups. Severe disease mutations tend to be strongly deleterious, and thus evolutionarily young, and are kept at relatively constant frequency through recurrent mutation. Therefore, highly pathogenic alleles are shared identical by descent within extended families, not broad ancestry groups, and sequencing more people should yield similar numbers regardless of ancestry. We illustrate these points using gnomAD genetic ancestry groupings, and show that the classes of variants most likely to be highly pathogenic, notably sets of loss of function alleles at strongly constrained genes, conform well to these predictions. While there are many important reasons to diversify genomic research, strongly deleterious alleles will be found at comparable rates in people of all ancestries, and the information they provide about human biology is shared across ancestries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stolyarova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coop, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przeworski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.31.635988</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The distribution of highly deleterious variants across human ancestry groups]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.01.636015v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel Pipelines to Extract Differences in Proteome Dynamics Based on Health Status 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.01.636015v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding dynamics and co-regulatory patterns in the human proteome is a promising path for unraveling the molecular basis of health and disease. Nevertheless, there remains an open challenge in extracting concise information from high-throughput proteomic data that can effectively characterize and predict health. We develop novel statistical and computational pipelines to tackle this problem in a longitudinal saliva proteomics data set collected throughout the awakening response in six healthy controls and six subjects with severe mitochondrial disease (MitoD), a clinical condition caused by genetic mitochondrial defects that affects cellular energy transformation and alters multiple dimensions of health.

We undertook three independent unsupervised approaches to characterize proteome dynamics and assessed their ability to separate MitoD individuals from controls. First, we designed a permutation test to detect the global difference in the proteomic co-regulation structure between healthy and unhealthy subjects. Second, we performed non-linear embedding and cluster analysis on elasticity to capture a more complicated relationship between health and the proteome. Third, we developed a machine learning algorithm to extract low-dimensional representations of the proteome dynamic and use them to cluster subjects into healthy and unhealthy groups without any knowledge of their true status. All three methods showed clear differences between MitoD individuals and controls.

Our results revealed a significant and consistent association between MitoD status and the saliva proteome at multiple levels during the awakening response, including its dynamic change, co-regulation structure, and elasticity. This connection is not restricted to a few MitoD-specific proteins but spreads over a wide range of proteins from many body functions and pathways. Pipelines such as those shown here are the first step toward establishing interpretable and accurate prediction rules for health based on proteome dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honfo, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trumpff, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.01.636015</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel Pipelines to Extract Differences in Proteome Dynamics Based on Health Status]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.03.635951v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Quantitative Approach to Mapping Mitochondrial Specialization and Plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.03.635951v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondria are a diverse family of organelles with highly specialized functions. While they share common features, their molecular and functional diversity remains underexplored. Here, we introduce a quantitative pipeline to define the degree of molecular specialization among different mitochondrial phenotypes, or mitotypes. By distilling hundreds of validated mitochondrial genes into 149 biologically interpretable MitoPathway scores, this streamlined mitotyping framework enables investigators to quantify and interpret mitochondrial diversity and plasticity from transcriptomic data across a variety of natural and experimental contexts. Using this approach, we show that mouse and human multi-organ mitotypes segregate along two main axes of mitochondrial specialization, characterize robust longitudinal and perturbation-induced metabolic plasticity in cultured human fibroblasts, and resolve cell-type and single-cell mitochondrial recalibrations across the human brain and sperm developmental trajectory. Together, this framework provides a practical and extensible approach for analyzing mitochondrial specialization in complex biological systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Monzel, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapri, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enriquez, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trumpff, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.03.635951</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Quantitative Approach to Mapping Mitochondrial Specialization and Plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.03.636364v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
APOE4 exacerbates glucocorticoid stress hormone-induced tau pathology via mitochondrial dysfunction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.03.636364v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
APOE4 is the leading genetic risk factor for Alzheimers disease, and chronic stress is a leading environmental risk factor. Studies suggest that APOE4 confers vulnerability to the behavioral and neuropathological effects of chronic stress, representing a potential mechanism by which this genetic variant accelerates Alzheimers onset and progression. Whether and how APOE4-mediated stress vulnerability manifests in neurons of the hippocampus, a brain region particularly susceptible to stress and Alzheimers pathology, remains unexplored.

Using a combination of in vivo and in vitro experiments in humanized APOE4 and APOE3 knockin mice and primary hippocampal neurons from these animals, we investigate whether and how APOE4 confers sensitivity to glucocorticoids, the main stress hormones.

We find that a major hallmark of stress/glucocorticoid-induced brain damage, tau pathology (i.e., tau accumulation, hyperphosphorylation, and spreading) is exacerbated in APOE4 versus APOE3 mice. Moreover, APOE4 animals exhibit underlying mitochondrial dysfunction and enhanced glucocorticoid receptor activation in the hippocampus, factors that likely contribute to tau pathogenesis in both the presence and absence of stress/glucocorticoids. Supporting this concept, we show that opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore drives mitochondrial dysfunction and tau pathology in APOE4 mice, and that pharmacological inhibition of pore opening is protective against ApoE4-mediated mitochondrial damage, tau phosphorylation and spreading, and downstream hippocampal synapse loss. These findings shed light on the mechanisms of stress vulnerability in APOE4 carriers and identify the mitochondrial permeability transition pore as a potential therapeutic target for ameliorating Alzheimers pathogenesis in this population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waites, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.03.636364</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[APOE4 exacerbates glucocorticoid stress hormone-induced tau pathology via mitochondrial dysfunction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.03.636375v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic basis of partner choice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.03.636375v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previous genetic studies of human assortative mating have primarily focused on searching for its genomic footprint but have revealed limited insights into its biological and social mechanisms. Combining insights from the economics of the marriage market with advanced tools in statistical genetics, we perform the first genome-wide association study (GWAS) on a latent index for partner choice. Using 206,617 individuals from four global cohorts, we uncover phenotypic characteristics and social processes underlying assortative mating. We identify a broadly robust genetic component of the partner choice index between sexes and several countries and identify its genetic correlates. We also provide solutions to reduce assortative mating-driven biases in genetic studies of complex traits by conditioning GWAS summary statistics on the genetic associations with the latent partner choice index.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Alten, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyngstad, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciscato, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Havdahl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corfield, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nivard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galama, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turley, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiappori, P.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.03.636375</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic basis of partner choice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.31.635976v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fatty Acid Transport Protein-2 (FATP2) Inhibition Enhances Glucose Tolerance through α-Cell-mediated GLP-1 Secretion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.31.635976v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Type 2 diabetes affects more than 30 million people in the US, and a major complication is kidney disease. During the analysis of lipotoxicity in diabetic kidney disease, global fatty acid transport protein-2 (FATP2) gene deletion was noted to markedly reduce plasma glucose in db/db mice due to sustained insulin secretion. To identify the mechanism, we observed that islet FATP2 expression was restricted to -cells, and -cell FATP2 was functional. Direct evidence of FATP2KO-induced -cell-mediated GLP-1 secretion included increased GLP-1-positive -cell mass in FATP2KO db/db mice, small molecule FATP2 inhibitor enhancement of GLP-1 secretion in TC1-6 cells and human islets, and exendin[9-39]-inhibitable insulin secretion in FATP2 inhibitor-treated human islets. FATP2-dependent enteroendocrine GLP-1 secretion was excluded by demonstration of similar glucose tolerance and plasma GLP-1 concentrations in db/db FATP2KO mice following oral versus intraperitoneal glucose loading, non-overlapping FATP2 and preproglucagon mRNA expression, and lack of FATP2/GLP-1 co-immunolocalization in intestine. We conclude that FATP2 deletion or inhibition exerts glucose-lowering effects through -cell-mediated GLP-1 secretion and paracrine {beta}-cell insulin release.

Graphical abstract

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaivin, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuels, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Son, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osei-Owusu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garvin, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Accili, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schelling, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.31.635976</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fatty Acid Transport Protein-2 (FATP2) Inhibition Enhances Glucose Tolerance through α-Cell-mediated GLP-1 Secretion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.01.636039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional control of T cell tissue adaptation and effector function in infants and adults 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.01.636039v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The first years of life are essential for the development of memory T cells, which rapidly populate the bodys diverse tissue sites during infancy. However, the degree to which tissue memory T cell responses in early life reflect those during adulthood is unclear. Here, we use single cell RNA-sequencing of resting and ex vivo activated T cells from lymphoid and mucosal tissues of infant (aged 2-9 months) and adult (aged 40-65 years) human organ donors to dissect the transcriptional programming of memory T cells over age. Infant memory T cells demonstrate a unique stem-like transcriptional profile and tissue adaptation program, yet exhibit reduced activation capacity and effector function relative to adults. Using CRISPR-Cas9 knockdown, we define Helios (IKZF2) as a critical transcriptional regulator of the infant-specific tissue adaptation program and restricted effector state. Our findings reveal key transcriptional mechanisms that control tissue T cell fate and function in early life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Szabo, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levitin, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connors, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thapa, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guyer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caron, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsumoto, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kubota, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brusko, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brusko, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farber, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sims, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.01.636039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional control of T cell tissue adaptation and effector function in infants and adults]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.05.636732v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovering Symbolic Cognitive Models from Human and Animal Behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.05.636732v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Symbolic models play a key role in cognitive science, expressing computationally precise hypotheses about how the brain implements a cognitive process. Identifying an appropriate model typically requires a great deal of effort and ingenuity on the part of a human scientist. Here, we adapt FunSearch Romera-Paredes et al. (2024), a recently developed tool that uses Large Language Models (LLMs) in an evolutionary algorithm, to automatically discover symbolic cognitive models that accurately capture human and animal behavior. We consider datasets from three species performing a classic reward-learning task that has been the focus of substantial modeling effort, and find that the discovered programs outperform state-of-the-art cognitive models for each. The discovered programs can readily be interpreted as hypotheses about human and animal cognition, instantiating interpretable symbolic learning and decision-making algorithms. Broadly, these results demonstrate the viability of using LLM-powered program synthesis to propose novel scientific hypotheses regarding mechanisms of human and animal cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Castro, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomasev, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anand, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohanta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elteto, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dabney, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novikov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eckstein, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daw, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stachenfeld, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.05.636732</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovering Symbolic Cognitive Models from Human and Animal Behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.05.636688v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EpiFoundation: A Foundation Model for Single-Cell ATAC-seq via Peak-to-Gene Alignment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.05.636688v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Foundation models exhibit strong capabilities for downstream tasks by learning generalized representations through self-supervised pre-training on large datasets. While several foundation models have been developed for single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) data, there is still a lack of models specifically tailored for single-cell ATAC-seq (scATAC-seq), which measures epigenetic information in individual cells. The principal challenge in developing such a model lies in the vast number of scATAC peaks and the significant sparsity of the data, which complicates the formulation of peak-to-peak correlations. To address this challenge, we introduce EpiFoundation, a foundation model for learning cell representations from the high-dimensional and sparse space of peaks. Epi-Foundation relies on an innovative cross-modality pre-training procedure with two key technical innovations. First, EpiFoundation exclusively processes the non-zero peak set, thereby enhancing the density of cell-specific information within the input data. Second, EpiFoundation utilizes dense gene expression information to supervise the pretraining process, aligning peak-to-gene correlations. EpiFoundation can handle various types of downstream tasks, including cell-type annotation, batch correction, and gene expression prediction. To train and validate EpiFoundation, we curated MiniAtlas, a dataset of 100,000+ single cells with paired scRNA-seq and scATAC-seq data, along with diverse test sets spanning various tissues and cell types for robust evaluation. EpiFoundation demonstrates state-of-the-art performance across multiple tissues and diverse downstream tasks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.05.636688</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EpiFoundation: A Foundation Model for Single-Cell ATAC-seq via Peak-to-Gene Alignment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.05.636730v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MethylProphet: A Generalized Gene-Contextual Model for Inferring Whole-Genome DNA Methylation Landscape 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.05.636730v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWDNA methylation (DNAm) is a key epigenetic modification that regulates gene expression and is pivotal in development and disease. However, profiling DNAm at genome scale is challenging: of [~]28 million CpG sites in the human genome, only about 1-3% are typically assayed in common datasets due to technological limitations and cost. Recent deep learning approaches, including masking-based generative Transformer models, have shown promise in capturing DNAm-gene expression relationships, but they rely on partially observed DNAm values for unmeasured CpGs and cannot be applied to completely unmeasured samples. To overcome this barrier, we introduce MethylProphet, a gene-guided, context-aware Transformer model for whole-genome DNAm inference without any measured DNAm input. MethylProphet compresses comprehensive gene expression profiles ([~]25K genes) through an efficient bottleneck multilayer perceptron, and encodes local CpG sequence context with a specialized DNA tokenizer. These representations are integrated by a Transformer encoder to predict site-specific methylation levels. Trained on large-scale pan-tissue whole-genome bisulfite sequencing data from ENCODE (1.6 billion CpG-sample pairs, [~]322 billion tokens), MethylProphet demonstrates strong performance in hold-out evaluations, accurately inferring DNAm at unmeasured CpGs and generalizing to unseen samples. Furthermore, application to TCGA pan-cancer data (chromosome 1, 9,194 samples; [~]450 million training pairs, 91 billion tokens) highlights its potential for pan-cancer whole-genome methylome imputation. MethylProphet offers a powerful and scalable foundation model for epigenetics, providing high-resolution methylation landscape reconstruction and advancing both biological research and precision medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.05.636730</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MethylProphet: A Generalized Gene-Contextual Model for Inferring Whole-Genome DNA Methylation Landscape]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.06.636901v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
From Mechanistic Interpretability to Mechanistic Biology: Training, Evaluating, and Interpreting Sparse Autoencoders on Protein Language Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.06.636901v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein language models (pLMs) are powerful predictors of protein structure and function, learning through unsupervised training on millions of protein sequences. pLMs are thought to capture common motifs in protein sequences, but the specifics of pLM features are not well understood. Identifying these features would not only shed light on how pLMs work, but potentially uncover novel protein biology--studying the model to study the biology. Motivated by this, we train sparse autoencoders (SAEs) on the residual stream of a pLM, ESM-2. By characterizing SAE features, we determine that pLMs use a combination of generic features and family-specific features to represent a protein. In addition, we demonstrate how known sequence determinants of properties such as thermostability and subcellular localization can be identified by linear probing of SAE features. For predictive features without known functional associations, we hypothesize their role in unknown mechanisms and provide visualization tools to aid their interpretation. Our study gives a better understanding of the limitations of pLMs, and demonstrates how SAE features can be used to help generate hypotheses for biological mechanisms. We release our code, model weights and feature visualizer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adams, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>AlQuraishi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.06.636901</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[From Mechanistic Interpretability to Mechanistic Biology: Training, Evaluating, and Interpreting Sparse Autoencoders on Protein Language Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.07.636917v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Niche-driven phenotypic plasticity and cis-regulatory dynamics of a revised model for intestinal secretory differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.07.636917v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HIGHLIGHTSO_LIDelineation of chromatin and mRNA dynamics of intestinal secretory differentiation
C_LIO_LIPaneth cells have few unique enhancers and share mRNAs and TFs with goblet cells
C_LIO_LIUnlike other secretory derivatives, goblet and Paneth cells are not specified per se
C_LIO_LINiche factors, especially BMP signaling, define goblet and Paneth phenotypes
C_LI

Enterocytes and four secretory cell types derive from stem cells located in intestinal crypts. Whereas secretory goblet and Paneth cells have long been considered distinct, we find high overlap in their transcripts and sites of accessible chromatin, in marked contrast to those of sibling enteroendocrine or tuft cells. Mouse and human goblet and Paneth cells express extraordinary fractions of selective antimicrobial genes, reflecting specific and variable gene responses to local niche signals. Wnt signaling retains few ATOH1+ secretory daughters in crypt bottoms, where an absence of BMP signaling potently induces Paneth features; those that move away from crypt bottoms acquire classic goblet properties. These post-mitotic cellular phenotypes and their underlying accessible cis-elements interconvert readily. Thus, goblet and Paneth properties represent alternative manifestations of a single versatile signal-responsive secretory cell. These findings reveal exquisite niche-dependent cell plasticity and the cis-regulatory dynamics of an updated unitarian model of the intestinal epithelial lineage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tei, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, P. N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malagola, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eskiocak, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraiczy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlov, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beyaz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>WANG, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shivdasani, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.07.636917</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Niche-driven phenotypic plasticity and cis-regulatory dynamics of a revised model for intestinal secretory differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.09.636592v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inducible re-epithelialization of cancer cells increases autophagy and DNA damage: implications for breast cancer dormancy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.09.636592v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epithelial lineage differentiation is pivotal to mammary gland development and it can pause metastasis of breast cancer (BC) by inducing tumor dormancy. To simulate this, we expressed epithelial genes in mesenchymal BC cells. Inducible expression of the epithelial OVOL genes in metastatic BC cells suppressed proliferation and migration. We found that C1ORF116, an OVOLs target, is susceptible to genetic and epigenetic aberrations in BC. It is regulated by steroids and functions as a putative autophagy receptor that inhibits antioxidants like thioredoxin. Accordingly, boosting epithelialization lowered glutathione, elevated reactive oxygen species and increased both DNA oxidation and double strand breaks. Epithelialization also associated with redistribution of NRF2 and an altered interplay among p38, ATM, and the other kinases regulating the DNA damage response. Hence, hormonal regulation of OVOLs and chronic stress might permit epithelial differentiation and retard exit from dormancy, while altering redox homeostasis and permitting DNA damage accumulation, which may awaken dormant tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Drago, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chattaerjee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simoni Nieves, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abedrabbo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genna, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uribe Rios, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindzen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sekar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aharoni, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhandari, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayalagu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwarzmuller, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarade, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohan-Raju, H.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karatekin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roncato, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eyal-Lubling, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keidar, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nof, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belugali Nataraj, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernshtein, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulhas Nair, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanghvi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pikarsky, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donzelli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blandino, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiemann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prywes, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rueda, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruppin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiloh, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahlhoff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarden, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.09.636592</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inducible re-epithelialization of cancer cells increases autophagy and DNA damage: implications for breast cancer dormancy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.11.636952v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning decouples accuracy and reaction time for rapid decisions in a transitive inference task 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.11.636952v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transitive inference (TI) is a cognitive process in which decisions are guided by internal representations of abstract relationships. While the mechanisms underlying transitive learning have been well studied, the dynamics of the decision-making process during learning and inference remain less clearly understood. In this study, we investigated whether a modeling framework traditionally applied to perceptual decision-making--the drift diffusion model (DDM)--can account for performance in a TI transfer task involving rapid decisions that deviate from standard accuracy and response time (RT) patterns. We trained six macaque monkeys on a TI transfer task, in which they learned the implied order of a novel list of seven images in each behavioral session, indicating their decisions with saccadic eye movements or reaching movements. Consistent learning of the list structure was achieved within 200-300 trials per session. Behavioral performance exhibited a symbolic distance effect, with accuracy increasing as the ordinal distance between items grew. Notably, RTs remained relatively stable across learning, despite improvements in accuracy. We applied a generalized DDM implementation (PyDDM; Shinn et al., 2020) to jointly fit accuracy and RT data. Model fits were achieved by incorporating both an increasing evidence accumulation rate and a collapsing decision bound, successfully capturing the RT distribution shapes observed during learning. Learning and transfer were fit by varying drift rate with little change in other parameters. Eye and reaching movements showed similar dynamics, with the difference in RT accounted for mainly by non-decision time. Our results highlight a distinct dynamical regime of the DDM framework, extending its applicability to cognitive domains involving symbolic reasoning and serial relational learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Silva, F. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terrace, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrera, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.11.636952</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning decouples accuracy and reaction time for rapid decisions in a transitive inference task]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.11.637559v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Annotation Comparison Explorer (ACE): connecting brain cell types across studies of health and Alzheimer's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.11.637559v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSingle-cell multiomic technologies have allowed unprecedented access to gene profiles of individual cells across species and organ systems, including the brain. The Allen Institute has created foundational atlases characterizing mammalian cell types in the adult mouse brain and the neocortex of humans with and without Alzheimers disease (AD). However, proliferation of public cell type classifications (or  taxonomies) by us and others creates a challenge for knowledge integration.

ResultsHere, we introduce Annotation Comparison Explorer (ACE), a web application for comparing cell type assignments and other cell-based annotations (e.g., donor demographics, anatomic locations, quality control metrics). ACE can filter cells and includes an interactive set of visualization tools, plot and data downloads, and statistics for comparing two or more taxonomy annotations alongside collected knowledge (e.g., cell type aliases, marker genes, abundance changes in disease). In this study we describe ACE functionality and present the following three ACE use cases. First, we demonstrate how a user can assign labels from the Seattle Alzheimers Disease Brain Cell Atlas (SEA-AD) taxonomy to their own cells and compare these  mappings to user-defined cell type assignments and other cell metadata, using a previous cell type classification from the Allen Institute and two independent studies of different brain diseases as inputs. Second, we extend this approach for comparison of ten published human AD studies previously reprocessed through a common data analysis pipeline, and identify congruent cell type abundance changes in AD, including a decrease in certain somatostatin interneurons. Finally, ACE includes translation tables between different mouse and human brain cell type taxonomies on Allen Brain Map, from initial studies in neocortex to more recent studies spanning the whole brain, along with a human immune cell atlas focused on peripheral blood mononuclear cells. These use cases represent three of many possible applications for ACE.

ConclusionsACE combines standard and custom visualizations into a user-friendly, open-source web tool for exploring categorical and numeric relationships and translating cell type classifications and knowledge across studies. ACE can be freely and publicly accessed at https://sea-ad.shinyapps.io/ACEapp/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miller, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Travaglini, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luquez, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hostetler, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oster, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasic, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.11.637559</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Annotation Comparison Explorer (ACE): connecting brain cell types across studies of health and Alzheimer's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.11.637768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Circuit-Based Understanding of Fine Spatial Scale Clustering of Orientation Tuning in Mouse Visual Cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.11.637768v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In sensory cortex of brain it is often the case that neurons are spatially organized by their functional properties. A hallmark of primary visual cortex (V1) in higher mammals is a columnar functional map, where neurons tuned to different stimuli features are regularly organized in space. However, rodent visual cortex is at odds with this rule and lacks any spatially ordered functional architecture, and rather neuron feature preference is haphazardly organized in patterns termed  salt-and-pepper. This sharp contrast in feature organization between the visual cortices of rodents and higher mammals has been a persistent mystery, fueled in part by abundant evidence of conserved cortical physiology between species. In this work, we applied a novel GCaMP indicator that are localized in the nucleus of neurons during two-photon imaging in mouse V1, which enabled us to overcome most spurious spatially correlated activity due to fluorescence contamination, and to ensure a faithful observation of functional organization over space. We found that the orientation tuning properties of distant neuron pairs (> 20 {micro}m) are irregularly and randomly organized, while neuron pairs that are extremely close (< 20 {micro}m) have strongly correlated orientation tuning, indicating a narrow yet strong spatially clustered organization of orientation preference, which we term  micro-clustered organization. Exploring a circuit-based model of recurrently coupled mouse V1 we derived two key predictions for the  micro-cluster: spatially localized recurrent connections over a comparable narrow spatial scale, and common relative spatial spreads of balanced excitation and inhibition in the network over broad spatial scales. These predictions are validated by both anatomical and optogenetic-based physiological circuit mapping experiments. Altogether, our work takes an important step in building a circuit-based theory of visual processing in mouse V1 over spatial scales that are often ignored, yet contain powerful synaptic interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gozel, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oldenburg, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dipoppa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adesnik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doiron, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.11.637768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Circuit-Based Understanding of Fine Spatial Scale Clustering of Orientation Tuning in Mouse Visual Cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.12.638008v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SA55 broadly neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 and robustly prevents viral escape by JN.1 sublineages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.12.638008v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Withdrawal StatementThe authors have withdrawn this manuscript because of a conflict of interest. Therefore, the authors do not wish this work to be cited as reference for the project. If you have any questions, please contact the corresponding author.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jian, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, Y. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ke, l.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.12.638008</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SA55 broadly neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 and robustly prevents viral escape by JN.1 sublineages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.13.635155v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MYRF is Essential in Mesothelial Cells to Promote Lung Development and Maturation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.13.635155v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mesothelium is a squamous monolayer that ensheathes internal organs, lines the body cavity, and the diaphragm. It serves as a protective barrier, coated in glycocalyx, and secretes lubricants to facilitate tissue movement. How the mesothelium forms is poorly understood. Here, we investigate Myrf, a transcription factor gene expressed in the mesothelium, because it carries variants in patients with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH), a disorder that affects the diaphragm, lung, and other organs. In mice, inactivation of Myrf early in organogenesis resulted in CDH and defective mesothelial specification, compromising its function as a signaling center for lung growth. Inactivation of Myrf later led to enhanced mesothelium differentiation into mesenchymal cell types through partial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), resulting in a unique accumulation of smooth muscle encasing the lung. In this role, MYRF functions in parallel with YAP/TAZ. Together, these findings establish MYRF as a critical regulator of mesothelium development, and when mutated, causes CDH.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luna, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verheyden, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCulley, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.13.635155</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MYRF is Essential in Mesothelial Cells to Promote Lung Development and Maturation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.15.638426v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A vector-based strategy for olfactory navigation in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.15.638426v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Odors serve as essential cues for navigation. Although tracking an odor plume has been modeled as a reflexive process, it remains unclear whether animals can use memories of their past odor encounters to infer the spatial structure of their chemical environment or their location within it. Here we developed a virtual-reality olfactory paradigm that allows head-fixed Drosophila to navigate structured chemical landscapes, offering insight into how memory mechanisms shape their navigational strategies. We found that flies track an appetitive odor corridor by following its boundary, alternating between rapid counterturns to exit the plume and directed returns to its edge. Using a combination of behavioral modeling, functional calcium imaging, and neural perturbations, we demonstrate that this  edge-tracking strategy relies on vector-based computations within the Drosophila central complex in which flies store and dynamically update memories of the direction to return them to the plumes boundary. Consistent with this, we find that FC2 neurons within the fan-shaped body, which encode a flys navigational goal, signal the direction back to the odor boundary when flies are outside the plume. Together, our studies suggest that flies leverage the plumes boundary as a dynamic landmark to guide their navigation, analogous to the memory-based strategies other insects use for long-distance migration or homing to their nests. Plume tracking thus uses components of a conserved navigational toolkit, enabling flies to use memory mechanisms to navigate through a complex shifting chemical landscape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Siliciano, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dowell, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eghbali, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhee, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruta, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.15.638426</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A vector-based strategy for olfactory navigation in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.12.637989v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improved Graph-based Antibody-aware Epitope Prediction with Protein Language Model-based Embeddings 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.12.637989v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The accurate identification of B-cell epitopes is critical in antibody design, diagnostics, and immunotherapies. Many in silico approaches have recently been proposed to predict epitopes, but these approaches struggle primarily because of the variational and conformational nature of epitopes. However, deep learning-based approaches have recently shown great promise in achieving better performance at the epitope prediction task. In this paper, we employ a graph convolutional network (GCN) coupled with pre-trained protein language model (PLM)-based embeddings for epitope prediction on a benchmark antibody-specific epitope prediction (AsEP) dataset. We explore the use of different PLM-embedding methods on the epitope prediction task and show that the choice of PLM embeddings impacts the performance. Specifically, we find that antibody-specific PLMs such as AntiBERTy and general PLMs such as ProtTrans and ESM-2 for antigens provide improved epitope prediction performance with an AUCROC of 0.65, precision of 0.28, and recall of 0.46. The source code is available at: https://github.com/mansoor181/walle-pp.git.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, I. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.12.637989</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improved Graph-based Antibody-aware Epitope Prediction with Protein Language Model-based Embeddings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.14.638364v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On inputs to deep learning for RNA 3D structure prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.14.638364v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Today, there are several effective deep learning models for predicting the 3D structure of proteins. Building on their success, models have been developed for predicting the 3D structure of non-coding RNAs. Unfortunately, these models are much less accurate than their protein counterparts. In this paper, we highlight differences between protein and RNA structure, and demonstrate methods for deep learning targeted at addressing those differences, with the aim of prompting discussion on these topics. We present an RNA-specific pipeline for generating structural Multiple Sequence Alignments (MSAs). Derived from the structural alignments, we introduce engineered evolutionary features that strongly inform RNA structure. Further, from the crystal structure, we derive structural features describing RNA base pairing. These evolutionary and structural features can be used in loss functions at different stages of training. Finally, we discuss different cropping strategies informed by RNA structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Szikszai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnus, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadyan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.14.638364</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On inputs to deep learning for RNA 3D structure prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.17.638713v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SUGP1 loss is the sole driver of SF3B1 hotspot mutant missplicing in cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.17.638713v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SF3B1 is the most frequently mutated splicing factor in cancer. Mechanistically, such mutations cause missplicing by promoting aberrant 3 splice site usage; however, how this occurs remains controversial. To address this issue, we employed a computational screen of 600 splicing-related proteins to identify those whose reduced expression recapitulated mutant SF3B1 splicing dysregulation. Strikingly, our analysis revealed only two proteins whose loss reproduced this effect. Extending our previous findings, loss of the G-patch protein SUGP1 recapitulated almost all splicing defects induced by SF3B1 hotspot mutations. Unexpectedly, loss of the RNA helicase Aquarius (AQR) reproduced [~]40% of these defects. However, we found that AQR knockdown caused significant SUGP1 missplicing and reduced protein levels, suggesting that AQR loss reproduced mutant SF3B1 splicing defects only indirectly. This study advances our understanding of missplicing caused by oncogenic SF3B1 mutations, and highlights the fundamental role of SUGP1 in this process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xing, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bak-Gordon, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manley, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.17.638713</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SUGP1 loss is the sole driver of SF3B1 hotspot mutant missplicing in cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.15.638447v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SUMO2 Promotes Histone Pre-mRNA Processing by Stabilizing Histone Locus Body Interactions and Facilitating U7 snRNP Assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.15.638447v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Histone mRNAs are the only non-polyadenylated mRNAs in eukaryotic cells and require specialized processing in the histone locus body (HLB), a nuclear body where essential processing factors, including the U7 snRNP, are concentrated. Recent studies have revealed that misregulation of histone pre-mRNA processing can lead to polyadenylation of histone mRNAs and disruption of histone protein homeostasis. Despite links to human disease, the factors contributing to polyadenylation of histone mRNAs and the mechanisms underlying HLB assembly and U7 snRNP biogenesis remain unclear. Here, we report novel functions of the small ubiquitin-related modifier 2 (SUMO2) in promoting histone pre-mRNA processing. Using a SUMO2 knockout osteosarcoma cell line, we identified a defect in 3 end cleavage and a global increase in histone mRNA polyadenylation. Subsequent analysis of HLBs revealed increased dynamics and reduced levels of the U7 snRNP complex. By over-expressing U7 snRNP-specific components, Lsm11 and U7 snRNA, we rescued U7 snRNP levels and processing defects in SUMO2 knockout cells. Through analysis of Lsm11, we identified a SUMO-interacting motif in its N-terminus required for efficient formation of U7 snRNP. Collectively, we demonstrate that SUMO2 promotes histone pre-mRNA 3 end processing by stabilizing HLB interactions and facilitating U7 snRNP assembly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skinner, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desotell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foley, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCaig, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marzluff, W. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matunis, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.15.638447</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SUMO2 Promotes Histone Pre-mRNA Processing by Stabilizing Histone Locus Body Interactions and Facilitating U7 snRNP Assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.17.638733v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The forkhead transcription factor FKH-7/FOXP acts in chemosensory neurons to regulate developmental decision-making 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.17.638733v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autism is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder with many associated genetic factors, including the forkhead transcription factor FOXP1. Although FOXP1s neuronal role is well-studied, the specific molecular consequences of different FOXP1 pathogenic variants in physiologically-relevant contexts are unknown. Here we ascribe the first function to Caenorhabditis elegans FKH-7/FOXP, which acts in two chemosensory neuron classes to promote the larval decision to enter the alternative, developmentally-arrested dauer life stage. We demonstrate that human FOXP1 can functionally substitute for C. elegans FKH-7 in these neurons and that engineering analogous FOXP1 hypomorphic missense mutations in the endogenous fkh-7 locus also impairs developmental decision-making. In a fkh-7/FOXP1 missense variant, single-cell transcriptomics identifies downregulated expression of autism-associated kcnl-2/KCNN2 calcium-activated potassium channel in a serotonergic sensory neuron. Our findings establish a novel framework linking two evolutionarily-conserved autism-associated genes for deeper characterization of variant-specific molecular pathology at single neuron resolution in the context of a developmental decision-making paradigm.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chai, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tischbirek, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, W.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sternberg, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.17.638733</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The forkhead transcription factor FKH-7/FOXP acts in chemosensory neurons to regulate developmental decision-making]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.18.638828v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AlphaFold as a Prior: Experimental StructureDetermination Conditioned on a Pretrained Neural Network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.18.638828v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in machine learning have transformed structural biology, enabling swift and accurate prediction of protein structure from sequence. However, challenges persist in capturing sidechain packing, condition-dependent conformational dynamics, and biomolecular interactions, primarily due to scarcity of high-quality training data. Emerging techniques, including cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) and high-throughput crystallography, promise vast new sources of structural data, but translating experimental observations into mechanistically interpretable atomic models remains a key bottleneck. Here, we address these challenges by improving the efficiency of structural analysis through combining experimental measurements with a landmark protein structure prediction method - AlphaFold2. We present an augmentation of AlphaFold2, ROCKET, that refines its predictions using cryo-EM, cryo-ET, and X-ray crystallography data, and demonstrate that this approach captures biologically important structural variation that AlphaFold2 does not. By performing structure optimization in the space of coevolutionary embeddings, rather than Cartesian coordinates, ROCKET automates difficult modeling tasks, such as flips of functional loops and domain rearrangements, that are beyond the scope of current state-of-the-art methods and, in some instances, even manual human modeling. The ability to efficiently sample these barrier-crossing rearrangements unlocks a new horizon for scalable and automated model building. Crucially, ROCKET does not require retraining of AlphaFold2 and is readily adaptable to multimers, ligand-cofolding, and other data modalities. Conversely, our differentiable crystal-lographic and cryo-EM target functions are capable of augmenting other structure prediction methods. ROCKET thus provides an extensible framework for the integration of experimental observables with biomolecular machine learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fadini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCoy, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terwilliger, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Read, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hekstra, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>AlQuraishi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.18.638828</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AlphaFold as a Prior: Experimental StructureDetermination Conditioned on a Pretrained Neural Network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.18.638918v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome modeling and design across all domains of life with Evo 2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.18.638918v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
All of life encodes information with DNA. While tools for sequencing, synthesis, and editing of genomic code have transformed biological research, intelligently composing new biological systems would also require a deep understanding of the immense complexity encoded by genomes. We introduce Evo 2, a biological foundation model trained on 9.3 trillion DNA base pairs from a highly curated genomic atlas spanning all domains of life. We train Evo 2 with 7B and 40B parameters to have an unprecedented 1 million token context window with single-nucleotide resolution. Evo 2 learns from DNA sequence alone to accurately predict the functional impacts of genetic variation--from noncoding pathogenic mutations to clinically significant BRCA1 variants--without task-specific finetuning. Applying mechanistic interpretability analyses, we reveal that Evo 2 autonomously learns a breadth of biological features, including exon-intron boundaries, transcription factor binding sites, protein structural elements, and prophage genomic regions. Beyond its predictive capabilities, Evo 2 generates mitochondrial, prokaryotic, and eukaryotic sequences at genome scale with greater naturalness and coherence than previous methods. Guiding Evo 2 via inference-time search enables controllable generation of epigenomic structure, for which we demonstrate the first inference-time scaling results in biology. We make Evo 2 fully open, including model parameters, training code, inference code, and the OpenGenome2 dataset, to accelerate the exploration and design of biological complexity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brixi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durrant, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ku, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brockman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merchant, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naghipourfar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricci-Tam, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taghibakshi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vorontsov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorton, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baccus, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillmann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ermon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilango, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janik, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, A. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mofrad, M. R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pannu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Re, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmok, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St. John, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zynda, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balsam, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collison, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-Boussard, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGrath, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>P</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.18.638918</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome modeling and design across all domains of life with Evo 2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.15.638440v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ScatTR: Estimating the Size of Long Tandem Repeat Expansions from Short-Reads 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.15.638440v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tandem repeats (TRs) are sequences of DNA where two or more base pairs are repeated back-to-back at specific locations in the genome. The expansions of TRs are implicated in over 50 conditions, including Friedreichs ataxia, autism, and cancer. However, accurately measuring the copy number of TRs is challenging, especially when their expansions are larger than the fragment sizes used in standard short-read genome sequencing. Here we introduce ScatTR, a novel computational method that leverages a maximum likelihood framework to estimate the copy number of large TR expansions from short-read sequencing data. ScatTR calculates the likelihood of different alignments between sequencing reads and reference sequences that represent various TR lengths and employs a Monte Carlo technique to find the best match. In simulated data, ScatTR outperforms state-of-the-art methods, particularly for TRs with longer motifs and those with lengths that greatly exceed typical sequencing fragment sizes. When applied to data from the 1000 Genomes Project, ScatTR detected potential large TR expansions that other methods missed, highlighting its ability to better identify genome-wide characterization of TR variation. ScatTR can be accessed via: https://github.com/g2lab/scattr.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Al-Abri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gursoy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.15.638440</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ScatTR: Estimating the Size of Long Tandem Repeat Expansions from Short-Reads]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.19.639186v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PRDM16 controls smooth muscle cell fate in atherosclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.19.639186v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) normally exist in a contractile state but can undergo fate switching to produce various cell phenotypes in response to pathologic stimuli1-3. In atherosclerosis, these phenotypically modulated SMCs regulate plaque composition and influence the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events4,5. We found that PRDM16, a transcription factor that is genetically associated with cardiovascular disease, is highly expressed in arterial SMCs and downregulated during SMC fate switching in human and mouse atherosclerosis. Loss of Prdm16 in SMCs of mice activates a synthetic modulation program under homeostatic conditions. Single cell analyses show that loss of Prdm16 drives a synthetic program in all SMC populations. Upon exposure to atherogenic stimuli, SMC-selective Prdm16 deficient mice develop SMC-rich, fibroproliferative plaques that contain few foam cells. Acute loss of Prdm16 results in the formation of collagen-rich lesions with thick fibrous caps. Reciprocally, increasing PRDM16 expression in SMCs blocks synthetic processes, including migration, proliferation, and fibrosis. Mechanistically, PRDM16 binds to chromatin and decreases activating histone marks at synthetic genes. Altogether, these results define PRDM16 as a critical determinant of SMC identity and atherosclerotic lesion composition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weller, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drareni, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbara, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, H. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winter, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auguste, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maegdefessel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutgens, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seale, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.19.639186</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PRDM16 controls smooth muscle cell fate in atherosclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.22.639679v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An updated catalogue of split-GAL4 driver lines for descending neurons in Drosophila melanogaster 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.22.639679v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Descending neurons (DNs) occupy a key position in the sensorimotor hierarchy, conveying signals from the brain to the rest of the body below the neck. In Drosophila melanogaster flies, approximately 480 DN cell types have been described from electron-microscopy image datasets. Genetic access to these cell types is crucial for further investigation of their role in generating behaviour. We previously conducted the first large-scale survey of Drosophila melanogaster DNs, describing 98 unique cell types from light microscopy and generating cell-type-specific split-Gal4 driver lines for 65 of them. Here, we extend our previous work, describing the morphology of 146 additional DN types from light microscopy, bringing the total number DN types identified in light microscopy datasets to 244, or roughly 50% of all DN types. In addition, we produced 500 new sparse split-Gal4 driver lines and compiled a list of previously published DN lines from the literature for a combined list of 806 split-Gal4 driver lines targeting 190 DN types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zung, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Namiki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meissner, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stürner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jefferis, G. S. X. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Managan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>FlyLight Project Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korff, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Card, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.22.639679</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An updated catalogue of split-GAL4 driver lines for descending neurons in Drosophila melanogaster]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.21.639584v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-omic subtypes of Alzheimer's dementia are differentially associated with psychological traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.21.639584v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ImportancePsychological traits reflecting neuroticism, depressive symptoms, loneliness, and purpose in life are risk factors of AD dementia; however, the underlying biologic mechanisms of these associations remain largely unknown.

ObjectiveTo examine whether one or more multi-omic brain molecular subtypes of AD is associated with neuroticism, depressive symptoms, loneliness, and/or purpose in life.

DesignTwo cohort-based studies; Religious Orders Study (ROS) and Rush Memory and Aging Project (MAP), both ongoing longitudinal clinical pathological studies that began enrollment in 1994 and 1997.

SettingOlder priests, nuns, and brothers from across the U.S. (ROS) and older adults from across the greater Chicago metropolitan area (MAP).

Participants822 decedents with multi-omic data from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

Exposure(s)Pseudotime, representing molecular distance from no cognitive impairment (NCI) to AD dementia, and three multi-omic brain molecular subtypes of AD dementia representing 3 omic pathways from no cognitive impairment (NCI) to AD dementia that differ by their omic constituents.

Main outcome(s) and measure(s)We first ran four separate linear regressions with neuroticism, depressive symptoms, loneliness, purpose in life as the outcomes, and pseudotime as the predictor, adjusting for age, sex and education. We then ran four separate analyses of covariance (ANCOVAs) with Bonferroni-corrected post-hoc tests to test whether the three multi-omic AD subtypes are differentially associated with the four traits, adjusting for the same covariates.

ResultPseudotime was positively associated (p<0.05) with neuroticism and loneliness. AD subtypes were differentially associated with the traits: AD subtypes 1 and 3 were associated with neuroticism; AD subtype 2 with depressive symptoms; AD subtype 3 with loneliness, and AD subtype 2 with purpose in life.

Conclusions and RelevanceThree multi-omic brain molecular subtypes of AD dementia differentially share omic features with four psychological risk factors of AD dementia. Our data provide novel insights into the biology underlying well-established associations between psychological traits and AD dementia.

Key pointsO_ST_ABSQuestionC_ST_ABSAre three distinct multi-omic brain molecular subtypes of Alzheimers disease (AD) dementia associated with four well-established psychological AD risk factors (neuroticism, depressive symptoms, loneliness and purpose in life)?

FindingsWe found differential associations: AD subtypes 1 and 3 were associated with neuroticism, AD subtype 2 was associated with depressive symptoms, AD subtype 3 was associated with loneliness; and AD subtype 2 was associated with purpose in life.

MeaningPsychological risk factors might be associated with AD dementia via shared multi-omic molecular pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zammit, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poole, V. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arfanakis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petyuk, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaddurah-Daouk, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iturria-Medina, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.21.639584</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-omic subtypes of Alzheimer's dementia are differentially associated with psychological traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.24.639850v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reproducible Brain Charts: An open data resource for mapping brain development and its associations with mental health 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.24.639850v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Major mental disorders are increasingly understood as disorders of brain development. Large and heterogeneous samples are required to define generalizable links between brain development and psychopathology. To this end, we introduce the Reproducible Brain Charts (RBC), an open data resource that integrates data from 5 large studies of brain development in youth from three continents (N=6,346; 45% Female). Confirmatory bifactor models were used to create harmonized psychiatric phenotypes that capture major dimensions of psychopathology. Following rigorous quality assurance, neuroimaging data were carefully curated and processed using consistent pipelines in a reproducible manner with DataLad, the Configurable Pipeline for the Analysis of Connectomes (C-PAC), and FreeSurfer. Initial analyses of RBC data emphasize the benefit of careful quality assurance and data harmonization in delineating developmental effects and associations with psychopathology. Critically, all RBC data - including harmonized psychiatric phenotypes, unprocessed images, and fully processed imaging derivatives - are openly shared without a data use agreement via the International Neuroimaging Data-sharing Initiative. Together, RBC facilitates large-scale, reproducible, and generalizable research in developmental and psychiatric neuroscience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shafiei, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esper, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cluce, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Covitz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giavasis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapera, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calkins, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colcombe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davatzikos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackowski, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokem, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohde, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinohara, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tottenham, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuo, X.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cieslak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franco, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salum, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milham, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satterthwaite, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.24.639850</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reproducible Brain Charts: An open data resource for mapping brain development and its associations with mental health]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.25.639746v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endogenously generated Dutch-type Aβ nonfibrillar aggregates dysregulate presynaptic neurotransmission in the absence of detectable inflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.25.639746v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structured AbstractO_ST_ABSBackgroundC_ST_ABSAPPE693Q ("Dutch") transgenic mice develop aging-related learning deficits and accumulate endogenously generated nonfibrillar aggregates of A{beta} (NFA-A{beta}) and APP -carboxy terminal fragments. NFA-A{beta} correlates with synaptic loss and memory deficits more closely than does fibrillar A{beta}.

MethodsWe assessed the physiological, transcriptomic, ultrastructural, histological, and metabolic changes associated with the accumulation of NFA of Dutch A{beta} in brains of APPE693Q mice.

ResultsAging-related accumulation of NFA-A{beta} in APPE693Q mice was revealed by A11 immunohistochemistry and cyclic D,L--peptide-FITC microscopy. Presynaptic termini of APPE693Q mice developed physiological abnormalities in post-tetanic potentiation, synaptic fatigue, synaptic vesicle replenishment, and an aging-related reduction in mitochondrial complex I activity. Single-cell RNA sequencing showed that excitatory neurons exhibited an altered transcriptomic profile involving "protein translation" and "oxidative phosphorylation".

DiscussionAccumulation of NFA-A{beta} alters neuronal metabolism but does not activate inflammation. Depletion of all forms of A{beta} may be required to eliminate A{beta} toxicity with anti-amyloid antibodies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Castranio, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varghese, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Argyrousi, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soderbergh, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bresnahan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lerner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garretti, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van de Loo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stimpson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talty, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glabe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivkov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lannfelt, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubell, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahimipour, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickstein, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gandy, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arancio, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrlich, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.25.639746</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endogenously generated Dutch-type Aβ nonfibrillar aggregates dysregulate presynaptic neurotransmission in the absence of detectable inflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.25.640131v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Derivation and analysis of human somatic sensory neuron subtypes facilitated through fluorescent hPSC reporters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.25.640131v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Peripheral sensory neuropathy (PSN) is associated with several devastating neurological conditions, yet effective strategies to prevent or alleviate the consequences of PSN are nearly non-existent. A major challenge in the development of better therapeutic interventions is the lack of appropriate human model systems. Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived somatosensory neurons present a promising strategy to overcome this issue but remain of limited translational utility, in part due to the low efficiency and lack of sensory subtype selectivity of the existing sensory neuron derivation protocols. To improve upon iPSC-based somatosensory disease models, we here describe the generation and validation of a genetic toolset to fluorescently label all or distinct (nociceptor, low threshold mechanoreceptor, and proprioceptor) somatosensory subtypes. These new resources will be transformative for hPSC-based approaches in PSN disease modeling - a critical step towards translating new findings into clinically relevant therapeutic strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Malka-Gibor, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Diaz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corneo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Nooij, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.25.640131</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Derivation and analysis of human somatic sensory neuron subtypes facilitated through fluorescent hPSC reporters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.25.640219v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A skeletal muscle-sympathetic nerve-intestine network underlies muscle inflammation and atrophy induced by immobilization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.25.640219v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immobility is a common cause of muscle atrophy, but the underlying mechanisms have remained unclear. Here we show that limb immobilization in mice elicits inflammation and atrophy of skeletal muscle that are preventable by neutralizing antibodies to the chemokine CXCL10. Limb immobilization also induced changes to the gut microbiota and intestinal inflammation, and either sterilization of the intestine with antibiotics or administration of 10-hydroxy-cis-12-octadecenoic acid--a linoleic acid-derived gut microbial metabolite--prevented intestinal and muscle inflammation as well as muscle atrophy induced by immobilization, implicating intestinal inflammation in muscle inflammation and atrophy. Limb immobilization activated sympathetic nerves and increased {beta}2-adrenergic receptor gene (Adrb2) expression in the intestine. Single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that, among cells expressing Adrb2 in the intestine, immobilization increased only the population of macrophages. Pharmacological inhibition or macrophage-specific ablation of Adrb2 prevented immobilization-induced intestinal and muscle inflammation. Our results thus implicate a previously unrecognized muscle-nerve-intestine network in immobilization-induced muscle atrophy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hirata, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hozumi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugawara, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hosokawa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uchiyama, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inoue, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishigaki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liyuan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niikura, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fukui, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuroda, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamakita, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumagai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirata, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karsenty, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohbayashi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yada, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasaki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogawa, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.25.640219</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A skeletal muscle-sympathetic nerve-intestine network underlies muscle inflammation and atrophy induced by immobilization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.26.640373v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proximity-labeling proteomics reveals remodeled interactomes and altered localization of pathogenic SHP2 variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.26.640373v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Missense mutations in PTPN11, which encodes the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2, are common in several developmental disorders and cancers. While many mutations disrupt auto-inhibition and hyperactivate SHP2, several do not enhance catalytic activity. Both activating and non-activating mutations could potentially drive pathogenic signaling by altering SHP2 interactions or localization. We employed proximity-labeling proteomics to map the interaction networks of wild-type SHP2, ten clinically-relevant mutants, and SHP2 bound to an inhibitor that stabilizes its auto-inhibited state. Our analyses revealed mutation- and inhibitor-dependent alterations in the SHP2 interactome, with several mutations also changing localization. Some mutants had increased mitochondrial localization and impacted mitochondrial function. This study provides a resource for exploring SHP2 signaling and offers new insights into the molecular basis of SHP2-driven diseases. Furthermore, this work highlights the capacity for proximity-labeling proteomics to detect missense-mutation-dependent changes in protein interactions and localization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van Vlimmeren, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voleti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krismer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaublomme, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.26.640373</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proximity-labeling proteomics reveals remodeled interactomes and altered localization of pathogenic SHP2 variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.28.640576v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamically rich states in balanced networks induced by single-neuron dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.28.640576v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Network states with rich dynamics and highly variable firing rates of individual neurons are prominent in experimental observations and thought to benefit complex information processing and learning. Such states have been proposed to arise from properties of network coupling, like a strong connectivity or slow synaptic dynamics. Here, we identify an alternative mechanism based on weak synaptic coupling and intrinsic cellular dynamics. We show that a switch in the cellular excitability class of action-potential generation (via a switch in the underlying mathematical bifurcation), further amplified by recurrent interactions, results in super-Poissonian spiking variability in random balanced networks. Information encoding is shifted to higher frequency bands and collective chaos in the network is enhanced when intrinsic cellular dynamics follow a saddle homoclinic orbit (HOM) bifurcation. The robust effect links the biophysics of individual neurons to collective dynamics of large random networks, highlighting the relevance of single-cell dynamics for computation in physiological and artificial networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Drangmeister, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelken, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schleimer, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiber, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.28.640576</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamically rich states in balanced networks induced by single-neuron dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.02.639893v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Portable transcranial therapeutic ultrasound enhances targeted gene delivery for Parkinson's disease: from rodent models to non-human primates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.02.639893v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene therapy for neurodegenerative diseases faces significant challenges due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which limits drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS). While clinical trials for Parkinsons disease (PD) have progressed, administration of vectors expressing enzymatic or neurotrophic factor transgenes have required extensive optimization of the delivery method to achieve potentially therapeutic levels of transgene expression. Focused ultrasound (FUS) combined with microbubbles has emerged as a promising non-invasive strategy to transiently open the BBB for targeted gene delivery via viral nanocarriers including recombinant adeno-associated viruses (AAVs). However, key factors influencing FUS-mediated AAV delivery, including dose distribution and therapeutic efficacy, remain underexplored in non-human primates (NHPs). Here, we evaluated the feasibility of AAV9-CAG-GFP delivery using two portable therapeutic ultrasound modalities: ultrasound-guided, spherically-focused FUS (USgFUS) and a novel low-frequency linear array configuration for imaging and therapy called theranostic ultrasound (ThUS). In mice, FUS-sonicated regions exhibited a 25-fold increase in AAV9 biodistribution compared to systemic injection alone. Extending this approach to NHPs, we observed up to a 200-fold increase in AAV9 DNA in treated brain regions, including PD-relevant structures. In assessing the translational therapeutic potential of this technique, ThUS-mediated AAV9-hSyn-hNTRN (human neurturin) delivery in a toxin mouse model of PD facilitated the rescue of up to 80% and 75% of degenerated dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and striatum, respectively. These findings demonstrate that portable ultrasound technologies can non-invasively enhance AAV9 delivery to targeted brain regions in both mice and NHPs relative to what can be achieved with intravenous (IV) delivery of the same capsid alone. With further development, these approaches may offer a clinically viable, non-invasive alternative for gene therapy in neurodegenerative diseases.

One sentence summaryBBB opening with portable therapeutic ultrasound non-invasively increased viral gene delivery to the brain after systemic AAV vector administration in mice and rhesus macaques.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Batts, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bae, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsitsos, F. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez-Gambin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorman, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsakri, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noel, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bendig, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiBenedetto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Castillo, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keleta, F. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caicedo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romanov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curley, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzhashiashvili, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walton-Gibbs, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollidge, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przedborski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramsburg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danos, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrera, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engel, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konofagou, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.02.639893</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Portable transcranial therapeutic ultrasound enhances targeted gene delivery for Parkinson's disease: from rodent models to non-human primates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.27.640377v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biopsychosocial Correlates of Resting and Stress-Reactive Salivary GDF15: Preliminary Findings 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.27.640377v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a biomarker of energetic stress related to aging, disease, and mitochondrial defects. We recently showed that GDF15 is quantifiable in saliva and acutely inducible by psychosocial stress. To date, the associations between GDF15 and biopsychosocial factors and individual characteristics remain unknown. Here, in a sample of healthy working adults (n = 198, 70% females), we first confirmed that salivary GDF15 reacts to acute psychosocial stress, peaking 10 min following a socio-evaluative stress paradigm (+28.3%, g = 0.50, p < 0.0001). We then explored associations between i) baseline GDF15 and ii) GDF15 stress reactivity and a variety of trait- and state-level biopsychosocial factors including sex and gender characteristics; measures of mental health, stress, and burnout; physical health and health behaviors; and anthropometric and blood-based metabolic biomarkers. Baseline salivary GDF15 was higher in men than in women and was positively correlated with testosterone, while negatively correlated with estrogen and traditionally feminine gender roles. Of the psychosocial factors examined, we found that work-related stress variables were most consistently related to GDF15, with work-related cynicism, burnout, and emotional exhaustion predicting higher GDF15 reactivity, while job-related autonomy and utilization of competence predicted smaller GDF15 responses. Consistent with GDF15s induction in metabolic and renal diseases, baseline GDF15 was also positively correlated with indirect markers of metabolic disease including waist-to-hip ratio, creatinine, and albumin. Finally, participants with greater GDF15 reactivity also exhibited greater cortisol reactivity, consistent with the role of GDF15 in stress regulation and energy mobilization. Together, this exploratory analysis of salivary GDF15 suggest new biological and psychosocial correlates, calling for large-scale studies connecting human experiences with biological markers of energetic stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trumpff, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juster, R.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.27.640377</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biopsychosocial Correlates of Resting and Stress-Reactive Salivary GDF15: Preliminary Findings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.04.640006v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decoding neuronal wiring by joint inference of cell identity and synaptic connectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.04.640006v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animal behaviors are executed by motor neurons (MNs), which receive information from complex pre-motor neuron (preMN) circuits and output commands to muscles. How motor circuits are established during development remains an important unsolved problem in neuroscience. Here we focus on the development of the motor circuits that control the movements of the adult legs in Drosophila melanogaster. After generating single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) datasets for leg MNs at multiple time points, we describe the time course of gene expression for multiple gene families. This analysis reveals that transcription factors (TFs) and cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) appear to drive the molecular diversity between individual MNs. In parallel, we introduce ConnectionMiner, a novel computational tool that integrates scRNAseq data with electron microscopy-derived connectomes. ConnectionMiner probabilistically refines ambiguous cell type annotations by leveraging neural wiring patterns, and, in turn, it identifies combinatorial gene expression signatures that correlate with synaptic connectivity strength. Applied to the Drosophila leg motor system, ConnectionMiner yields a comprehensive transcriptional annotation of both MNs and preMNs and uncovers candidate effector gene combinations that likely orchestrate the assembly of neural circuits from preMNs to MNs and ultimately to muscles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gupta, H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azevedo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sims, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varol, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.04.640006</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decoding neuronal wiring by joint inference of cell identity and synaptic connectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.28.640922v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic plasticity is a hallmark of metastatic pancreatic cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.28.640922v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metastasis is the leading cause of cancer deaths; nonetheless, how tumor cells adapt to vastly different organ contexts is largely unknown. To investigate this question, we generated a transcriptomic atlas of primary tumor and diverse metastatic samples from a patient with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma who underwent rapid autopsy. Unsupervised archetype analysis identified both shared and site-specific gene programs, including lipid metabolism and gastrointestinal programs prevalent in peritoneum and stomach wall lesions, respectively. We developed a probabilistic approach for inferring clonal phylogeny from single-cell and matched whole-exome data. Distantly related genetic clones in the peritoneum express the lipid metabolism program, likely due to signaling by the adipocyte-rich peritoneum environment, and cells in most clones express multiple programs, suggesting that transcriptomic plasticity is a prevalent feature of metastatic cells. These deeply annotated analyses using a patient-centric platform provide a model for investigating metastatic mechanisms and plasticity in advanced cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jimenez-Sanchez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Persad, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayashi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Umeda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masilionis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaligne, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Reilly, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazutis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawy, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe'er, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iacobuzio-Donahue, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe'er, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.28.640922</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic plasticity is a hallmark of metastatic pancreatic cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.04.641443v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assigning Targetable Molecular Pathways to Transdiagnostic Subgroups Across Autism and Related Neurodevelopmental Disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.04.641443v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Significant genetic, behavioural and neuroanatomic heterogeneity is common in autism spectrum- and related- neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). This heterogeneity constrains the development of effective therapies for diverse patients in precision medicine paradigms. This has led to the search for subgroups of individuals having common etiologic factors/biology (e.g., genetic pathways), thus creating potential uniformity in prognosis and/or treatment response. Despite NDDs having a strong genetic component, only ~15-20% of individuals will present with a specific rare genetic variant considered clinically pathogenic, and therefore, subtyping efforts tend to focus on using clinical, cognitive, and/or brain imaging phenotypes to group individuals. Here we delineated mechanisms via mouse to human translational neuroscience. Using MRI derived structural neuroanatomy and a spatial transcriptomic comparison, we linked subgroups of 135 NDD relevant mouse models (3,515 individual mice) separately to two human databases, with 1,234 and 1,015 human individuals with NDDs, composed of autism, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), other related NDDs, and typically developing controls. Subgroups were significantly linked by consistent neuroanatomy across all three datasets, mouse and human, indicating that direct cross-species subgrouping and translation is consistent and reproducible. Ultimately, four specific neuroanatomical clusters were found and linked to precise molecular mechanisms: two showing a chromatin/transcription motif, with one of those showing specific links to G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) and Notch signalling, and another two being mainly synaptic in origin, with one off those showing specific connections to axon guidance and Wnt signaling. Assigning molecular pathways, and thus genetic information, from the mouse to individual participants provides an insight into undetected and/or related genetic variants that could be working in combination or interacting with an environmental influence. Moreover, the subgroups found are transdiagnostic, including participants with autism, ADHD, and OCD, which indicates that NDDs as a whole can be subdivided into consistent neuroanatomical clusters with cohesive underlying biological mechanisms. This work allows us to bridge the gap between preclinical models and human disorders, linking previously idiopathic human patients to pertinent genetics, molecular mechanisms, and pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ellegood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beauchamp, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yee, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devenyi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziolkowski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Askalan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayub, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suetterlin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donovan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quesnel, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berube, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beversdorf, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjornsson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blakely, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crosbie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orr, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genestine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiCicco-Bloom, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fink, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asbury, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rilett, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincent, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frankland, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgiades, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penagarikano, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geschwind, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giger, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markx, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golzio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gozzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pacey, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hampson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, T.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yen, T.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsueh, Y.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.04.641443</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assigning Targetable Molecular Pathways to Transdiagnostic Subgroups Across Autism and Related Neurodevelopmental Disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.06.641914v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Independent Continuous Tracking of Multiple Agents in the Human Hippocampus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.06.641914v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The pursuit of fleeing prey is a core element of many species behavioral repertoires. It poses the difficult problem of continuous tracking of multiple agents, including both self and others. To understand how this tracking is implemented neurally, we examined responses of hippocampal neurons while humans performed a joystick-controlled continuous prey-pursuit task involving two simultaneously fleeing prey (and, in some cases, a predator) in a virtual open field. We found neural maps encoding the positions of all the agents. All maps were multiplexed in single neurons and were disambiguated by the use of the population coding principle of semi-orthogonal subspaces, which can facilitate cross-agent generalization. Some neurons, more common in the posterior hippocampus, had narrow tuning functions reminiscent of place cells, lower firing rates, and high information per spike; others, which were found in both anterior and posterior hippocampus, had broad tuning functions, higher firing rates, and less information per spike. Semi-orthogonalization was selectively associated with the broadly tuned neurons. These results suggest an answer to the problem of navigational individuation, that is, how mapping codes can distinguish different agents, and establish the neuronavigational foundations of pursuit.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chericoni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fine, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mickiewicz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathura, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adkinson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartoli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Provenza, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watrous, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, S. B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayden, B. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.06.641914</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Independent Continuous Tracking of Multiple Agents in the Human Hippocampus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.06.641938v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A chemical screen identifies p38 MAPK inhibition as a candidate neuroprotective strategy for combinatorial SMA therapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.06.641938v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by ubiquitous deficiency in the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein. The identification of effectors and modifiers of pathogenic events downstream of SMN deficiency is key to understanding disease mechanisms and broadening the range of targets for developing SMA therapies that can complement SMN upregulation. Here, we report a cell-based phenotypic screen for chemical modifiers of SMN biology that identified inhibitors of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) as suppressors of proliferation defects induced by SMN deficiency in mouse fibroblasts. We further show that SMN deficiency induces p38 MAPK activation and that pharmacological inhibition of this pathway improves motor function in SMA mice through SMN-independent neuroprotective effects. Using a highly optimized p38 MAPK inhibitor (MW150) and a specific paradigm of combinatorial treatment in SMA mice, we observed synergistic enhancement of the phenotypic benefit induced by either MW150 or an SMN-inducing drug alone. By promoting survival of motor neurons, pharmacological inhibition of p38 MAPK synergizes with SMN induction and enables enhanced synaptic rewiring of motor neurons within sensory-motor spinal circuits, resulting in increased motor function, weight gain, and survival of SMA mice. Together, our studies identify the p38 MAPK pathway as a therapeutic target and MW150 as a candidate pharmacological approach for SMN-independent neuroprotection with clinical relevance for combination therapy in SMA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carlini, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinoza-Derout, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Alstyne, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tisdale, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Workman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Triplett, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tattoli, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watterson, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellizzoni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.06.641938</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A chemical screen identifies p38 MAPK inhibition as a candidate neuroprotective strategy for combinatorial SMA therapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.07.641687v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two-timepoint assays of neural responses increase the sensitivity and specificity of single-cell whole-brain activity screens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.07.641687v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current approaches for surveying whole brains for neurons activated during a particular state typically rely on immediate early gene (IEG) expression. However, IEG expression is variable across subjects and brain areas, demanding large sample sizes. Further, it cannot determine if the same or different neurons respond to two events. To overcome these issues, we present a whole-brain screening method utilizing transgenic mice to label neurons activated at two timepoints. An imaging and analysis pipeline surveys activity in ~500 brain areas in different conditions. Compared to IEG methods, this approach reduces required sample sizes and enhances sensitivity and specificity. Finally, graph theoretical analyses are utilized to identify key circuit nodes - brain areas whose activity correlates with activity in other areas in a state-dependent manner. We validate this method by surveying whole-brain activity during hunger and satiety, and by investigating neural circuits activated by the GLP1 agonist semaglutide used to treat obesity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogerson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyzar, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berland, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerrero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammond, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrante, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzman, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.07.641687</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two-timepoint assays of neural responses increase the sensitivity and specificity of single-cell whole-brain activity screens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.07.641976v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct representations of an anxiogenic environment in different cell types of the ventral hippocampus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.07.641976v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In addition to its role in episodic memory and spatial navigation, the hippocampus has also been found to influence mood-related disorders such as anxiety and depression. These seemingly distinct roles are consistent with a functional dissociation between the two anatomical poles of the hippocampus: whereas the dorsal portion of the hippocampus in rodents is necessary for spatial tasks, the ventral portion controls affective behaviors. We have recently found that neurons in the ventral, but not dorsal, CA1 area of mice encode anxiety-related information (i.e. are "anxiety cells") in diverse defensive and exploratory behaviors. Still it is unclear how general threat-related information is computed within the hippocampal circuit. In this work, we have examined how distinct hippocampal subregions and cell types encode anxiety-related information by imaging calcium activity in large populations of genetically-defined neurons in the ventral hippocampus while mice explore the elevated plus maze (EPM), a conflict-based anxiety test. We compared the neural encoding of task-related features within the ventral CA1 (vCA1) and ventral dentate gyrus (vDG) regions in order to examine the emergence of anxiety-related activity through the hippocampal circuit. We found that granule cells (vGCs) of the vDG represented similar valence information to neurons in vCA1 in the form of arm-type specific encoding in the EPM, which suggests that encoding of anxiety-related features is already present at this first stage of hippocampal processing. When compared with ventral granule cells (vGCs), ventral mossy cells (vMCs) underlying the DG had stronger spatial encoding and less valence encoding, suggesting that they may be more functionally connected with the highly spatially sensitive dorsal hippocampus. Together these findings will help to understand the encoding of anxiety-related information in the hippocampus and how it relates to neural circuit defects in mood-related disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berry, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, W.-l.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogbu, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manfred, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tegang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fusi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacefield, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.07.641976</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct representations of an anxiogenic environment in different cell types of the ventral hippocampus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.07.642074v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alpha modulation of spiking activity across multiple brain regions in mice performing a tactile selective detection task 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.07.642074v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many cognitive and sensory processes are characterized by strong relationships between the timing of neuronal spiking and the phase of ongoing local field potential oscillations. The coupling of neuronal spiking in neocortex to the phase of alpha oscillations (8-12 Hz) has been well studied in nonhuman primates but remains largely unexplored in other mammals. How this alpha modulation of spiking differs between brain areas and cell types, as well as its role in sensory processing and decision making, are not well understood. We used Neuropixels 1.0 probes to chronically record neural activity from somatosensory cortex, prefrontal cortex, striatum, and amygdala in mice performing a whisker-based selective detection task. We observed strong spontaneous alpha modulation of single-neuron spiking activity during inter-trial intervals while mice performed the task. The prevalence and strength of alpha phase modulation differed significantly across regions and between cell types. Phase modulated neurons exhibited stronger responses to both go and no-go stimuli, as well as stronger motor- and reward-related changes in firing rate, than their unmodulated counterparts. The increased responsiveness of phase modulated neurons suggests they are innervated by more diverse populations. Alpha modulation of neuronal spiking during baseline activity also correlated with task performance. In particular, many neurons exhibited strong alpha modulation before correct trials, but not before incorrect trials. These data suggest that dysregulation of spiking activity with respect to alpha oscillations may characterize lapses in attention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kelley, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slater, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorrentino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noone, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sajda, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.07.642074</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alpha modulation of spiking activity across multiple brain regions in mice performing a tactile selective detection task]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.09.642133v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High throughput identification of genetic regulators of microglial inflammatory processes in Alzheimer's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.09.642133v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified over a hundred genetic risk factors for Alzheimers disease (AD), many of which are predominantly expressed in microglia. However, the pathogenic role for most of them remains unclear. To systematically investigate how AD GWAS variants influence human microglial inflammatory responses, we conducted CRISPR inhibition (CRISPRi) screens targeting 119 AD GWAS hits in hiPSC-derived microglia (iMGLs) and used the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to the viral mimic poly(I:C) as a functional readout. Top hits whose knockdown either increased or decreased ROS levels in response to poly(I:C) were further analyzed using CROP-seq to integrate CRISPRi with single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). This analysis identified 9 unique microglial clusters, including a poly(I:C)-driven inflammatory cluster 2. Emerging evidence supports a pathogenic role of viral infections in AD and cross comparison of our scRNA-seq data with iMGLs xenotransplanted into an AD mouse model shows significant overlap between our clusters and AD-relevant microglial clusters. Knockdown of MS4A6A and EED, which resulted in elevated ROS production in the presence of poly(I:C), increased the proportion of cluster 2 cells and induced functionally related changes in gene expression. In addition, KD of MS4A6 led to a reduction in the proportion of iMGLs in the DAM (disease associated microglia) cluster under all conditions, suggesting that this gene may modulate the DAM response. In contrast, KD of INPP5D or RAPEP1 which lead to low levels of ROS in the presence of poly(I:C), did not significantly affect the proportion of cells in cluster 2 but rather shaped the inflammatory response. This included the upregulation of an HLA-associated inflammatory cluster (cluster 6) by INPP5D knockdown under all conditions, independent of poly(I:C) stimulation. Importantly, KD of INPP5D or RAPEP1 had many shared differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under both vehicle and poly(I:C) treated conditions. Overall, our findings demonstrate that despite the diverse biological functions of AD GWAS variants, they converge functionally to regulate human microglial states and shape inflammatory responses relevant to AD pathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cardona, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angeles, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ifediora, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canoll, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teich, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hargus, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sproul, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.09.642133</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High throughput identification of genetic regulators of microglial inflammatory processes in Alzheimer's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.10.642493v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct cerebellar control over motor production in a species with extreme cerebellar enlargement 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.10.642493v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cerebellum is thought to fine-tune movement without being required for its production. However, this textbook view derives mainly from studies of mammalian species with highly developed cerebral cortices. Here we examined cerebellar function in the elephant-nose fish, a member of a family of African weakly electric fish (Mormyridae) in which the cerebellum is massively enlarged. The elephant-nose fish is named for a flexible facial appendage that is used to probe surfaces and extract prey from substrate. Results from microstimulation, electrophysiological recordings, and lesions support a direct role for the C1 region of the mormyrid cerebellum in controlling movement of this appendage. These findings suggest that the cerebellum is capable of performing functions typically ascribed to the cerebral cortex, emphasizing the importance of evolutionary history on the functional specialization of brain regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pedraja, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genecin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noone, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biderman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrlich, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawtell, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.10.642493</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct cerebellar control over motor production in a species with extreme cerebellar enlargement]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.04.641351v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deciphering Ibogaines Matrix Pharmacology: Multiple Transporter Modulation at Serotonin Synapses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.04.641351v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ibogaine is the main psychoactive alkaloid produced by the iboga tree (Tabernanthe iboga) that has a unique therapeutic potential across multiple indications, including opioid dependence, substance use disorders, depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and traumatic brain injury (TBI). We systematically examined the effects of ibogaine, its main metabolite noribogaine, and a series of iboga analogs at monoamine neurotransmitter transporters, some which have been linked to the oneiric and therapeutic effects of these substances. We report that ibogaine and noribogaine inhibit the transport function of the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) with sub-micromolar potency in cell-based fluorimetry assays and at individual synaptic vesicle clusters in mouse brain as demonstrated via two-photon microscopy. The iboga compounds also inhibit the plasma membrane monoamine transporters (MATs), prominently including the serotonin transporter (SERT), and a novel iboga target, the organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2). SERT transport inhibition was demonstrated in serotonin axons and soma in the brain and in rat brain synaptosomes, where ibogaine and its analogs did not act as substrate-type serotonin releasers. Noribogaine showed dual inhibition of VMAT2 and SERT with comparable potency, providing an explanatory model for the known neurochemical effects of ibogaine in rodents. Together, the updated profile of the monoamine transporter modulation offers insight into the complexity of the iboga pharmacology, which we termed "matrix pharmacology". The matrix pharmacology concept is outlined and used to explain why ibogaine and noribogaine do not induce catalepsy, as demonstrated in our study, in contrast to other VMAT2 inhibitors.

TOC Graphic

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hwu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Havel, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westergaard, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendieta, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serrano, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walther, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lankri, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selinger, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shern, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonders, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumann, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrera, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulzer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sames, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.04.641351</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deciphering Ibogaines Matrix Pharmacology: Multiple Transporter Modulation at Serotonin Synapses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.09.642146v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A cascade of structural rearrangements positions peptide release factor II for polypeptide hydrolysis on the ribosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.09.642146v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Peptide release factor II (RF2) catalyzes the release of the nascent polypeptide from the bacterial ribosomal complex during translation termination and a subset of ribosome rescue pathways. Despite its critical role, the mechanisms that govern RF2 function and regulation remain elusive. Here, using single-molecule fluorescence energy transfer (smFRET), we characterize the conformational landscape that RF2 explores on the ribosomal complex and show that RF2 binding and dissociation from the ribosome follows a series of conformational rearrangements which depend on its ribosomal binding platform. We also show how further interactions with the ribosomal complex are necessary to properly position RF2 for polypeptide release. This work investigates not only the dynamics RF2 undergoes while in complex with the ribosome, but also identifies a potential mechanism by which the regulation of these dynamics may be disrupted, which may be exploited for future development of broad-spectrum antibiotics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Michael, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinz-Thompson, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.09.642146</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A cascade of structural rearrangements positions peptide release factor II for polypeptide hydrolysis on the ribosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.10.642317v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Preventing neuropathy and improving anti-cancer chemotherapy with a carbazole-based compound 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.10.642317v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in cancer treatment have led to a steady increase in the rate of disease remission. However, while many treatment-related adverse effects gradually resolve after therapy, chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) often persists, with no means of prevention or direct treatment available. Herein, we present Carba1, a novel bi-functional carbazole that mitigates neuropathy through two distinct mechanisms. First, by interacting with tubulin, Carba1 reduces the required dose of taxanes, widely used chemotherapy drugs notorious for their toxic side effects, including CIPN. Second, Carba1 activates nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), the rate-limiting enzyme in the NAD salvage pathway, triggering a metabolic rewiring that enhances the resilience of neurons and Schwann cells against chemotherapy-induced toxicity. We demonstrate the neuroprotective efficacy of Carba1 both in vitro, against neurotoxicity induced by paclitaxel (PTX), cisplatin, and bortezomib, and in vivo in a rat model of PTX-induced neuropathy. Importantly, we establish that Carba1 does not compromise the therapeutic efficacy of PTX nor promotes tumor growth. Comparative analyses of Carba1 derivatives further suggest the potential of designing compounds with either dual synergistic and neuroprotective activity or exclusive neuroprotective properties. Altogether, our findings position Carba1 as a promising therapeutic candidate for preventing CIPN, with the potential, if successfully translated to clinical settings, to improve both the quality of life and treatment outcome for cancer patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bosc, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pero, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balayssac, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacquemot, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzanne, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vollaire, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cottet-Rousselle, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michallet, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villaret, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marais, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elena-Herrmann, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlattner, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mercier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Josserand, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thibert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dallemagne, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartolini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lafanechere, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.10.642317</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Preventing neuropathy and improving anti-cancer chemotherapy with a carbazole-based compound]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.13.643183v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rational redesign of antigen binding domain improves in vivo efficacy of CD22-CAR T cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.13.643183v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells targeted to CD19 are an effective therapy for B-lineage malignancies. However, about half of patients relapse and this therapeutic, often with antigen-negative disease, warranting the targeting of other antigens. CD22 represents another promising target, with highly restricted but ubiquitous expression across the B-lineage. However, despite promising preclinical work by several groups with CD22-targeted CAR T cells targeting of this antigen in the clinic has proven difficult, with many patients relapsing with CD22Lo leukemia, contrasting to complete loss of CD19 expression post CD19-CAR. While prior work has demonstrated that a CAR with so-called "tonic" antigen-independent signaling properties has proven to be highly efficacious, tonic signaling has been shown be detrimental to long-term T cell function. Here, we demonstrate a balance between binding affinity and antigen-independent tonic signaling (as determined by length of flexible linker) in determining CAR function. We show that maximal CAR function in the settings CD22Lo and WT leukemia is maintained by boosting binding affinity without shortening flexible linker to induce tonic signaling, establishing rational modification of antigen binding domain as an important approach for modulating the function of cellular therapeutics.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeGolier, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, Z. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leach, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brzezinski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimitrov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohler, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fry, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.13.643183</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rational redesign of antigen binding domain improves in vivo efficacy of CD22-CAR T cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.14.643370v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ontogeny of the spinal cord dorsal horn 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.14.643370v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dorsal horn of the mammalian spinal cord is an exquisite example of form serving function. It is comprised of diverse neuronal populations stacked into laminae, each of which receives different circuit connections and plays specialized roles in behavior. An outstanding question is how this organization emerges during development from an apparently homogeneous pool of neural progenitors. Here, we found that dorsal neurons are diversified by time, with families of related cell types born as temporal cohorts, and by a spatial-molecular gradient that specifies the full array of individual cell types. Excitatory dorsal neurons then settle in a chronotopic arrangement that transforms their progressive birthdates into anatomical order. This establishes the dorsal horn laminae, as these neurons are also required for spatial organization of inhibitory neurons and sensory axons. This work reveals essential ontogenetic principles that shape dorsal progenitors into the diverse cell types and architecture that subserve sensorimotor behavior.

Highlights- Temporal cohorts of late-born dorsal neurons give rise to neuronal families
- Sequentially-born excitatory neuron families form adjacent laminae
- Laminar structure specifically requires excitatory (but not inhibitory or sensory) neurons
- Graded expression of Zic transcription factors directs fine neuronal identity
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roome, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puarr, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nardini, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waclaw, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkell, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.14.643370</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ontogeny of the spinal cord dorsal horn]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.13.642871v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting Monoallelic CREBBP/EP300 Mutations in Germinal Center-Derived B-Cell Lymphoma with a First-in-Class Histone Acetyltransferase Activator 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.13.642871v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inactivating, monoallelic mutations in histone acetyltransferases (HATs) CREBBP/EP300 are common in germinal center (GC) B-cell lymphomas and are implicated in derangements of the GC reaction, evasion of immune surveillance, and disease initiation. This study evaluates a first-in-class HAT activator, YF2, as a way to allosterically induce the functional HAT allele. YF2 binds to the bromo/RING domains of CREBBP/p300, increasing enzyme auto-acetylation and activation, and is selectively cytotoxic in HAT-mutated lymphoma cell lines. YF2 induces CREBBP/p300-mediated acetylation of putative targets including H3K27, p53, and BCL6. Treatment with YF2 transcriptionally activates numerous immunological pathways and increases markers of antigen presentation. Furthermore, YF2 modulates the GC reaction and increases B-cell maturation. YF2 is well tolerated in vivo and improves survival in cell line- and patient-derived xenograft lymphoma mouse models. In summary, pharmacological activation of the functional HAT allele using YF2 effectively counteracts monoallelic CREBBP/EP300 mutations in GC B-cell lymphoma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piorczynski, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estrella, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricker, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pazos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolu, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryu Tiger, Y. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cremers, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandakumar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honig, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelleher, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camarillo, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abshiru, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amengual, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.13.642871</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting Monoallelic CREBBP/EP300 Mutations in Germinal Center-Derived B-Cell Lymphoma with a First-in-Class Histone Acetyltransferase Activator]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.14.643365v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HazardPyMatch: A Tool for identifying reproductive and other hazards in scientific laboratories 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.14.643365v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding and mitigating laboratory hazards is essential for fostering safe and inclusive research environments. However, conducting risk assessments can be challenging and time-consuming, especially for scientists who have new or specific concerns about hazard susceptibility, such as pregnant women. In response, using reproductive hazards as our primary example, we developed HazardPyMatch, a laboratory hazard screening tool designed to be implemented in laboratories across scientific disciplines to support efficient hazard management. HazardPyMatch is an accessible and user-friendly tool that enables scientists to quickly and easily systematically identify chemical hazards in laboratory chemical inventories and categorize these hazards in laboratory protocols.

MotivationA publicly accessible and easy-to-use resource did not exist to identify reproductive hazards in neuroscience laboratories. In response we developed the python workflow HazardPyMatch to address the need for a data-driven tool to catalog hazardous materials in laboratory settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parker, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zavitsanou, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liff, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeurissen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El Houda MIMOUNI, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Succi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liistro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.14.643365</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HazardPyMatch: A Tool for identifying reproductive and other hazards in scientific laboratories]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.18.638253v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantile-specific confounding: correction for subtle population stratification via quantile regression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.18.638253v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Subtle population structure remains a significant concern in genome-wide association studies. Using human height as an example, we show how quantile regression, a natural extension of linear regression, can better correct for subtle population structure due to its inherent ability to adjust for quantile-specific effects of covariates such as principal components. We utilize data from the UK biobank and the SardiNIA/ProgeNIA project for demonstration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masala, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiorillo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devoto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cucca, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ionita-Laza, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.18.638253</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantile-specific confounding: correction for subtle population stratification via quantile regression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.18.644053v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The carnosinase dipeptidase CNDP1 is a novel metabolic vulnerability in brain metastasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.18.644053v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain metastatic cells undergo metabolic adaptations, such as increased reliance on oxidative phosphorylation. Integrating proteomic and transcriptomic profiling of patient samples revealed a consistent upregulation of the carnosine dipeptidase-1 (CNDP1) in brain versus extracranial metastases. Carnosine is an abundant metabolite in brain and muscle, known to exert anti-proliferative effects on cancer cells. Here, we demonstrate that CNDP1 inhibition suppresses both the establishment and maintenance of melanoma brain metastasis while its ectopic expression is sufficient to confer brain metastatic potential to poorly metastatic cells. CNDP1 suppression results in activation of the Integrated Stress Response via Heme-Regulated Inhibitor Kinase and reprogrammed translation towards preferential expression of mitochondrial and survival transcripts. We further show that CNDP1 upregulation supports mitochondrial activity by limiting the levels of its substrate carnosine, a copper ionophore, thus protecting metastatic cells from carnosine-induced copper toxicity. Our studies reveal a novel metabolic adaptation during brain metastasis, which can be leveraged for therapeutic purposes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Munoz, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osorio-Vasquez, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katsara, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berico, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medellin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eskow, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibrahim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tagore, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DSouza, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vega-Saenz de Miera, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pacold, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levesque, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Possemato, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincent, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruggles, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biancur, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernando, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.18.644053</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The carnosinase dipeptidase CNDP1 is a novel metabolic vulnerability in brain metastasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.19.644183v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Na	V1.5 auxiliary subunit FGF13 modulates channels by regulating membrane cholesterol independent of channel binding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.19.644183v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fibroblast growth factor homologous factors (FHFs) bind to the cytoplasmic carboxy terminus of voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) and modulate channel function. Variants in FHFs or VGSCs perturbing that bimolecular interaction are associated with arrhythmias. Like some channel auxiliary subunits, FHFs exert additional cellular regulatory roles, but whether these alternative roles affect VGSC regulation is unknown. Using a separation-of-function strategy, we show that a structurally guided, binding incompetent mutant FGF13 (the major FHF in mouse heart), confers complete regulation of VGSC steady-state inactivation (SSI), the canonical effect of FHFs. In cardiomyocytes isolated from Fgf13 knockout mice, expression of the mutant FGF13 completely restores wild-type regulation of SSI. FGF13 regulation of SSI derives from effects on local accessible membrane cholesterol, which is unexpectedly polarized and concentrated in cardiomyocytes at the intercalated disc (ID) where most VGSCs localize. Fgf13 knockout eliminates the polarized cholesterol distribution and causes loss of VGSCs from the ID. Moreover, we show that the previously described FGF13-dependent stabilization of VGSC currents at elevated temperatures depends on the cholesterol mechanism. These results provide new insights into how FHFs affect VGSCs and alter the canonical model by which channel auxiliary exert influence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gade, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malvezzi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsui, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, C.-I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazdisnian, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marx, S. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maxfield, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitt, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.19.644183</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Na	V1.5 auxiliary subunit FGF13 modulates channels by regulating membrane cholesterol independent of channel binding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.19.644215v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ATP hydrolysis-driven structural transitions within the S. cerevisiae Rad51 and Dmc1 nucleoprotein filaments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.19.644215v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Homologous recombination (HR) is essential for the maintenance of genome stability and for generating genetic diversity during meiosis. The eukaryotic protein Rad51 is member of the Rad51/RecA family of DNA recombinases and is responsible for guiding the DNA pairing reactions that take place in HR during mitosis. Dmc1 is a meiosis-specific paralog of Rad51 and is responsible for the DNA pairing reactions that take place in HR during meiosis. Rad51 and Dmc1 are both ATP-dependent DNA-binding proteins and both form extended helical filaments on ssDNA which are key intermediates in HR. The stability of these nucleoprotein filaments is highly regulated and is also tightly coupled to nucleotide binding and hydrolysis. ATP binding promotes filament assembly whereas the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP reduces filament stability to promote filament disassembly. Here, we present CryoEM structures of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae recombinases Rad51 and Dmc1 in the ADP-bound states and provide a detailed structural comparison to the ATP-bound filaments. Our findings yield insights into the structural transitions that take place during the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and suggest a new model for how these structural changes may be linked to nucleoprotein filament disassembly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.19.644215</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ATP hydrolysis-driven structural transitions within the S. cerevisiae Rad51 and Dmc1 nucleoprotein filaments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.19.644049v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two Axes of White Matter Development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.19.644049v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite decades of neuroimaging research, how white matter develops along the length of major tracts in humans remains unknown. Here, we identify fundamental patterns of white matter maturation by examining developmental variation along major, long-range cortico-cortical tracts in youth ages 5-23 years using diffusion MRI from three large-scale, cross-sectional datasets (total N = 2,716). Across datasets, we delineate two replicable axes of human white matter development. First, we find a deep-to-superficial axis, in which superficial tract regions near the cortical surface exhibit greater age-related change than deep tract regions. Second, we demonstrate that the development of superficial tract regions aligns with the cortical hierarchy defined by the sensorimotor-association axis, with tract ends adjacent to sensorimotor cortices maturing earlier than those adjacent to association cortices. These results reveal developmental variation along tracts that conventional tract-average analyses have previously obscured, challenging the implicit assumption that white matter tracts mature uniformly along their length. Such developmental variation along tracts may have functional implications, including mitigating ephaptic coupling in densely packed deep tract regions and tuning neural synchrony through hierarchical development in superficial tract regions - ultimately refining neural transmission in youth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luo, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meisler, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sydnor, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander-Bloch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagautdinova, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barch, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassett, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davatzikos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franco, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldsmith, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaskir, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackey, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milham, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roalf, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shafiei, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinohara, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Somerville, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstein, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeatman, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cieslak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokem, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satterthwaite, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.19.644049</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two Axes of White Matter Development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.20.644323v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Translating the Post-Mortem Brain Multi-Omics Molecular Taxonomy of Alzheimer's Dementia to Living Humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.20.644323v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers disease (AD) dementia is characterized by significant molecular and phenotypic heterogeneity, which confounds its mechanistic understanding, diagnosis, and effective treatment. In this study, we harness the most comprehensive dataset of paired ante-mortem blood omics, clinical, psychological, and post-mortem brain multi-omics data and neuroimaging to extensively characterize and translate the molecular taxonomy of AD dementia to living individuals. First, utilizing a comprehensive integration of eight complementary molecular layers from brain multi-omics data (N = 1,189), we identified three distinct molecular AD dementia subtypes exhibiting strong associations with cognitive decline, sex, psychological traits, brain morphology, and characterized by specific cellular and molecular drivers involving immune, vascular, and oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Next, in a significant translational effort, we developed predictive models to convert these advanced brain-derived molecular profiles (AD dementia pseudotimes and subtypes) into blood-, MRI- and psychological traits-based markers. The translation results underscore both the promise of these models and the opportunities for further enhancement. Our findings enhance the understanding of AD heterogeneity, underscore the value of multi-scale molecular approaches for elucidating causal mechanisms, and lay the groundwork for the development of novel therapies in living persons that target multi-level brain molecular subtypes of AD dementia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iturria-Medina, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poole, V. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zammit, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Paiva Lopes, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vialle, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasaki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batalha, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Rodriguez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geddes, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abadir, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortlund, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnaider Beeri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchman, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgenstern, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaddurah-Daouk, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyss-Coray, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seyfried, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulakis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosa-Neto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.20.644323</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Translating the Post-Mortem Brain Multi-Omics Molecular Taxonomy of Alzheimer's Dementia to Living Humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.21.644350v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BAND: Behavior-Aligned Neural Dynamics is all you need to capture motor corrections 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.21.644350v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Movement is the result of complex, dynamic interaction between cortical and subcortical circuits. These dynamic interactions implement both feedforward motor control, arising from preparatory states, and feedback control, triggered by unexpected sensory events during movement. We show that the neural responses for feedback-driven control can be transient and small in variance, posing difficulties for unsupervised inference methods. We thus propose the Behavior-Aligned Neural Dynamics (BAND) model, which exploits semi-supervised learning to extract latent dynamics that predict both feedforward planned movement and unplanned feedback corrections. Our analysis suggests that motor corrections during movement 1) are encoded on the population level in small neural variability in primary motor (M1), but not dorsal premotor (PMd) cortex; 2) are transient; and 3) are driven by sensory feedback. Our work highlights the importance of targeted closed-loop aware methods to extract and study neural dynamics underlying complex behavioral phenomena.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kudryashova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurwitz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perich, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hennig, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.21.644350</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BAND: Behavior-Aligned Neural Dynamics is all you need to capture motor corrections]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.23.644792v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Theory of multiscale epithelial mechanics under stretch: from active gels to vertex models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.23.644792v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epithelial monolayers perform a variety of mechanical functions, which include maintaining a cohesive barrier or developing 3D shapes, while undergoing stretches over a wide range of magnitudes and loading rates. To perform these functions, they rely on a hierarchical organization, which spans molecules, cytoskeletal networks, adhesion complexes and junctional networks up to the tissue scale. While the molecular understanding and ability to manipulate cytoskeletal components within cells is rapidly increasing, how these components integrate to control tissue mechanics is far less understood, partly due to the disconnect between theoretical models of sub-cellular dynamics and those at a tissue scale. To fill this gap, here we propose a formalism bridging active-gel models of the actomyosin cortex and 3D vertex-like models at a tissue scale. We show that this unified framework recapitulates a number of seemingly disconnected epithelial time-dependent phenomenologies, including stress relaxation following stretch/unstretch maneuvers, active flattening after buckling, or nonreciprocal and non-affine pulsatile contractions. We further analyze tissue dynamics probed by a novel experimental setup operating in a pressure-controlled ensemble. Overall, the proposed framework systematically connects sub-cellular cortical dynamics and tissue mechanics, and ties a variety of epithelial phenomenologies to a common sub-cellular origin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ouzeri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kale, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chahare, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres-Sanchez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trepat, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arroyo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.23.644792</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Theory of multiscale epithelial mechanics under stretch: from active gels to vertex models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.24.644800v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Right-hemisphere frontoparietal oscillations precede conscious report of visual targets. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.24.644800v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
What neural events precede conscious reports? Hemisphere-asymmetric attentional networks are causally related to conscious perception (Bartolomeo et al., 2025; Kaufmann et al., 2024), but their spectrotemporal dynamics remain unclear. Here, we used magnetoencephalography to examine brain oscillations occurring in human participants (male and female) before a near-threshold target during the cue-target period. In 67% of trials, a supra-threshold visual cue appeared near the target placeholder box, indicating that the target would appear at that location (valid condition). In the remaining 33% of trials, the target appeared at the opposite location (invalid condition). We analyzed brain oscillations, coherence, and theta-gamma phase-amplitude (PAC) coupling in 18 regions of interest involved in attentional and perception (Martin-Signes et al., 2024). Results revealed that: (1) Report of validly cued targets was preceded by early ([~]58 ms post-cue) beta-band activity in the right-hemisphere superior parietal lobule. (2) Report of invalidly cued targets was preceded by late ([~]166 ms post-cue) beta-band activity in the right temporo-occipital (TO) region, PAC in the right lateral visual cortex, and low gamma coherence between this region and the left temporo-parietal junction, (3) Unreported invalidly cued targets were preceded by PAC in the right TO, and by high gamma coherence between this region and the right middle frontal gyrus suggesting a pre-target bias. We show that conscious report is preceded by temporally dissociable, frequency-specific reconfigurations of right-lateralized attentional networks, with an early parietal beta-mediated orienting window and a later ventral beta- and gamma-mediated window that predict conscious reports before target onset.

Significance statementConscious perception depends not only on sensory signals, but also on how attentional networks prepare the brain in advance. Using MEG and a spatial cueing task with near-threshold targets, we show distinct right-hemisphere beta- and gamma-band dynamics predicting whether an upcoming stimulus will be reported or missed. Validly cued reports rely on early beta activity in the right superior parietal lobule, whereas invalid reports and omission errors are linked to later beta activity in the right temporo-occipital region, early theta-gamma coupling between this region and the right middle frontal gyrus, and theta-gamma phase-amplitude coupling. These findings reveal hemisphere-asymmetric spectrotemporal signatures by which attention biases predictive processing and shapes the conscious report of future stimuli, informing theories of conscious perception.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spagna, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartolomeo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.24.644800</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Right-hemisphere frontoparietal oscillations precede conscious report of visual targets.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.24.645077v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein-primed DNA homopolymer synthesis by an antiviral reverse transcriptase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.24.645077v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria defend themselves from viral predation using diverse immune systems, many of which sense and target foreign DNA for degradation1. Defense-associated reverse transcriptase (DRT) systems provide an intriguing counterpoint to this strategy by leveraging DNA synthesis instead2,3. We and others recently showed that DRT2 systems use an RNA template to assemble a de novo gene, leading to expression of an antiviral effector protein, Neo4,5. It remains unknown whether similar mechanisms of defense are employed by other DRT families. Focusing on DRT9, here we uncover an unprecedented mechanism of DNA homopolymer synthesis, in which viral infection triggers polydeoxyadenylate (poly-dA) accumulation in the cell to drive abortive infection and population-level immunity. Cryo-EM structures reveal how a conserved noncoding RNA serves as both a structural scaffold and reverse transcription template to direct hexameric complex assembly and RNA-templated poly-dA synthesis. Remarkably, biochemical and functional experiments identify conserved tyrosine residues within the reverse transcriptase itself that prime DNA synthesis, leading to the formation of high-molecular weight protein-DNA covalent adducts. Synthesis of poly-dA in vivo is regulated by the competing activities of phage-encoded triggers and host-encoded silencers of DRT9. Collectively, our work unveils a novel nucleic acid-driven defense system that expands the paradigm of bacterial immunity and broadens the known functions of reverse transcriptases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zedaveinyte, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulber, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiegand, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkinson, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lampe, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berisa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiedenheft, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sternberg, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.24.645077</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein-primed DNA homopolymer synthesis by an antiviral reverse transcriptase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.25.645303v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CFTR function in alveolar type 1 cells drives lung liquid secretion and host defense 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.25.645303v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Loss of the liquid layer that lines the lungs air-facing surface underpins mechanisms of major lung diseases, but the development of therapies that restore liquid secretion is hampered by an incomplete understanding of the cell types that drive it. Here, we show CFTR function in alveolar type 1 (AT1) cells - a cell type that comprises 95% of the lung surface but is presumed to be unimportant in CFTR-related diseases - is critical to lung liquid secretion and the secretion-mediated clearance of particles and S. aureus from lung alveoli. Our findings reveal essential roles for AT1 cells in lung homeostasis and defense, and they call for a reevaluation of the role of AT1 cells in CFTR-related diseases. We suggest AT1 cells be considered key targets of secretion-restoring therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Suthakaran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Homami, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, S. K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sussman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Britto, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prince, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>May, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kathiriya, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hook, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.25.645303</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CFTR function in alveolar type 1 cells drives lung liquid secretion and host defense]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.26.645561v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for Rad54- and Hed1-mediated regulation of Rad51 during the transition from mitotic to meiotic recombination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.26.645561v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rad51 catalyzes the DNA pairing reactions that take place during homologous recombination (HR), and HR must be tightly regulated to ensure physiologically appropriate outcomes. Rad54 is an ATP-dependent DNA motor protein that stimulates Rad51 activity during mitosis. In meiosis Rad51 is downregulated by the protein Hed1, which blocks Rad54 binding to Rad51, and allows Dmc1 to function as the active recombinase. We currently have a poor understanding of the regulatory interplay between Rad54, Hed1, Rad51 and Dmc1. Here, we identify a conserved Rad51 interaction motif within Rad54, and we solve a CryoEM structure of this motif bound to Rad51. We also identify a distinct Rad51 interaction motif within Hed1 and solve its structure bound to Rad51. These structures explain how Rad54 engages Rad51 to promote recombination between sister chromatids during mitosis and how Rad51 is downregulated by Hed1 upon entry into meiosis such that its meiosis-specific homolog Dmc1 can promote recombination between homologous chromosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petassi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jessop, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matei, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morse, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raina, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.26.645561</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for Rad54- and Hed1-mediated regulation of Rad51 during the transition from mitotic to meiotic recombination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.27.645734v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A large-scale method to measure the absolute stoichiometries of protein Poly-ADP-Ribosylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.27.645734v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Poly-ADP-ribosylation (PARylation) is a reversible posttranslational modification that occurs in higher eukaryotes. While thousands of PARylated substrates have been identified, the specific biological functions of most PARylated proteins remain elusive. PARylation stoichiometry is a critical parameter to assess the potential functions of a PARylated protein. Here, we developed a large-scale strategy to measure the absolute stoichiometries of protein PARylation. By integrating mild cell lysis, boronate enrichment and carefully designed titration experiments, we were able to determine the PARylation stoichiometries for a total of 235 proteins. This approach enables the capture of all PARylation events on various amino acid acceptors. We revealed that PARylation occupancy spans over three orders of magnitude. However, most PARylation events occur at low stoichiometric values (median 0.578%). Notably, we observed that high stoichiometry PARylation (>1%) predominantly targets proteins involved in transcription regulation and chromatin remodeling. Thus, our study provides a systems-scale, quantitative view of PARylation stoichiometries under genotoxic conditions, which serves as invaluable resources for future functional studies of this important protein posttranslational modification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.27.645734</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A large-scale method to measure the absolute stoichiometries of protein Poly-ADP-Ribosylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.26.644761v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural Studies of an Anti-necroptosis Viral:Human Functional Hetero-amyloid M45:RIPK3 using SSNMR 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.26.644761v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The formation of RIP-homotypic interaction motif (RHIM)-based heteromeric amyloid assemblies between effector proteins such as RIPK1, ZBP1, or TRIF and the kinase RIPK3 serve as regulating signals for the necroptosis process, a key element of innate immune defense. Murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) expresses the M45-encoded viral inhibitor of RIP activation (vIRA) which inhibits necroptosis in a RHIM-dependent manner. A pivotal question is how viral M45 forms hetero-amyloids with RIPK3 to effectively create an inhibitory assembly. We report a novel high-resolution structure of the M45:RIPK3 complex where M45 and RIPK3 alternately stack in an amyloid-state structure. Mutagenesis of the residues flanking the IQIG tetrad in M45 results in specific impacts on co-assembly with RIPK3, indicating an extended interface in the heteromeric fibrils. Other key interactions support the formation of stable viral:host fibrils. The M45: RIPK3 hetero-amyloid is likely to act as an anti-necroptotic signal by competing with formation of other pro-necroptotic species and introducing a barrier to RIPK3 autophosphorylation.

Significance StatementThis study investigates the structural biology of the necroptotic pathway, an understudied programmed cell death mechanism that plays a crucial role in innate immunity and has implications for infectious diseases, cell cycle regulation, and cancer. We present the high-resolution structure of a cross-species hetero-amyloid in which M45, a murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) protein, co-assembles with human RIPK3 to inhibit necroptosis by competing with pro-necroptotic amyloids. Using solid-state NMR, cryo-EM, mutagenesis, and biophysical analyses, we uncover a novel structural paradigm for cross-species hetero-amyloids, shedding light on viral strategies to manipulate host immunity and protein interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varghese, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keeler, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, C. L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tetter, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semaan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilde, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S. H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouwer, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gambin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sierecki, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunde, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDermott, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.26.644761</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural Studies of an Anti-necroptosis Viral:Human Functional Hetero-amyloid M45:RIPK3 using SSNMR]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.26.645419v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic and Transcriptomic Signatures of SETD1A Disruption in Human Excitatory Neuron Development and Psychiatric Disease Risk 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.26.645419v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic disruption of SETD1A markedly increases the risk for schizophrenia. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms, we generated isogenic organoid models of the developing human cerebral cortex harboring a SETD1A loss-of-function schizophrenia risk mutation. Employing chromatin profiling combined with RNA sequencing, we identified high-confidence SETD1A target genes, analyzed the impact of the mutation on SETD1A binding and transcriptional regulation and validated key findings with orthogonal approaches. Disruption of SETD1A function disturbs the finely tuned temporal gene expression in the excitatory neuron lineage, yielding an aberrant transcriptional program that compromises key regulatory and metabolic pathways essential for neurodevelopmental transitions. Although overall SETD1A binding remains unchanged in mutant neurons, we identified localized alterations in SETD1A binding that correlate with shifts in H3K4me3 levels and gene expression. These changes are enriched at enhancer regions, suggesting that enhancer-regulated genes are especially vulnerable to SETD1A reduction. Notably, target genes with enhancer-bound SETD1A are primarily linked to neuronal functions while those with promoter-bound SETD1A are enriched for basic cellular functions. By mapping the SETD1A binding landscape in excitatory neurons of the human fetal frontal cortex and integrating multimodal neuroimaging and genetic datasets, we demonstrate that the genomic context of SETD1A binding differentially correlates with macroscale brain organization and establish a link between SETD1A-bound enhancers, schizophrenia-associated brain alterations and genetic susceptibility. Our study advances our understanding of the role of SETD1A binding patterns in schizophrenia pathogenesis, offering insights that may guide future therapeutic strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lendemeijer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markx, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kushner, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogos, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.26.645419</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic and Transcriptomic Signatures of SETD1A Disruption in Human Excitatory Neuron Development and Psychiatric Disease Risk]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.28.646008v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational Mechanisms of Temporal Anticipation in Perception and Action 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.28.646008v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To interact effectively with our surroundings, we rely on strategies to reduce uncertainty. One important source of information is temporal regularities, which enable us to form predictions about when events will occur, and through this, prepare for them in advance. Such preparation was shown to facilitate motor planning, yet the impact of temporal anticipation on perceptual acuity is unknown, and the cognitive computations underlying this process remain debated. To answer these questions, we administered a new difficult change discrimination task with variable anticipatory periods (N=142). We show that both perceptual sensitivity and motor responses are influenced by temporal structure. Using computational modelling, we show that the cognitive operation underlying this behavior is based on a logarithmic transformation of the event hazard rate (HR) and reveal a crucial role of temporal-estimation noise in shaping this computation, both when temporal information is encoded, and when it is decoded. Together, our results highlight the fundamental contribution of anticipation in directing behavior and advance our understanding of temporal processing in the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vishne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deouell, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landau, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.28.646008</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational Mechanisms of Temporal Anticipation in Perception and Action]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.28.645799v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rare mutations implicate CGE interneurons as a vulnerable axis of cognitive deficits across psychiatric disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.28.645799v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuropsychiatric disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia (SCZ) share genetic risk factors, including genes affected by rare high-penetrance single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and copy number variants (CNVs). ASD and SCZ exhibit both overlapping and distinct clinical phenotypes. Cognitive deficits and intellectual disability--critical predictors of long-term outcomes--are common to both conditions. To investigate shared and disorder-specific neurobiological impact of highly penetrant rare mutations in ASD and SCZ, we analyzed human single-nucleus whole-brain sequencing data to identify strongly affected brain cell types. Our analysis revealed caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived GABAergic interneurons as a key nexus for cognitive deficits across these disorders. Notably, genes within 22q11.2 deletions, known to confer a high risk for SCZ, ASD, and cognitive impairment, showed a strong expression bias toward vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing cells (VIP+) among CGE subtypes. To explore perturbations of VIP+ GABAergic interneurons in the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome in vivo, we examined their activity in the Df(16)A+/- mouse model during a spatial navigation task and observed reduced activity along with altered responses to random rewards. At the population level, VIP+ interneurons exhibited impaired spatial encoding and diminished subtype-specific activity suggesting deficient disinhibition in CA1 microcircuits in the hippocampus, a region essential for learning and memory. Overall, these results demonstrate the crucial role of CGE-derived interneurons in mediating cognitive processes that are disrupted across a range of psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herrlinger, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, B. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Losonczy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitkup, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.28.645799</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rare mutations implicate CGE interneurons as a vulnerable axis of cognitive deficits across psychiatric disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.28.645947v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bidirectional Modulation of Somatostatin-expressing Interneurons in the Basolateral Amygdala Reduces Neuropathic Pain Perception in Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.28.645947v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuropathic pain is characterized by mechanical allodynia and thermal (heat and cold) hypersensitivity, yet the underlying neural mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study examines the role of inhibitory interneurons in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) in modulating pain perception following nerve injury. Chemogenetic excitation of parvalbumin-positive (PV+) interneurons significantly alleviated mechanical allodynia but had minimal effects on thermal hypersensitivity. However, inhibition of PV+ interneurons did not produce significant changes in pain sensitivity, suggesting that reductions in perisomatic inhibition do not contribute to chronic pain states. In contrast, bidirectional modulation of somatostatin-positive (SST+) interneurons influenced pain perception in a modality-specific manner. Both excitation and inhibition of SST+ interneurons alleviated mechanical allodynia, indicating a potential compensatory role in nociceptive processing. Additionally, SST+ neuron excitation reduced cold hypersensitivity without affecting heat hypersensitivity, whereas inhibition improved heat hypersensitivity but not cold responses. These findings suggest that, in addition to PV+ neurons, SST+ interneurons in the BLA play a complex role in modulating neuropathic pain following nerve injury and may serve as a potential target for future neuromodulation interventions in chronic pain management.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Apte, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernald, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slater, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorrentino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youngerman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.28.645947</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bidirectional Modulation of Somatostatin-expressing Interneurons in the Basolateral Amygdala Reduces Neuropathic Pain Perception in Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.02.646746v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for Lamassu-based antiviral immunity and its evolution from DNA repair machinery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.02.646746v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial immune systems exhibit remarkable diversity and modularity, as a consequence of the continuous selective pressures imposed by phage predation. Despite recent mechanistic advances, the evolutionary origins of many antiphage immune systems remain elusive, especially for those that encode homologs of the Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes (SMC) superfamily, which are essential for chromosome maintenance and DNA repair across domains of life. Here, we elucidate the structural basis and evolutionary emergence of Lamassu, a bacterial immune system family featuring diverse effectors but a core conserved SMC-like sensor. Using cryo-EM, we determined structures of the Vibrio cholerae Lamassu complex in both apo- and dsDNA-bound states, revealing unexpected stoichiometry and topological architectures. We further demonstrate how Lamassu specifically senses dsDNA in vitro and phage replication origins in vivo, thereby triggering the formation of LmuA tetramers that activate the Cap4 nuclease domain. Our findings reveal that Lamassu evolved via exaptation of the bacterial Rad50-Mre11 DNA repair system to form a compact, modular sensor for viral replication, exemplifying how cellular machinery can be co-opted for novel immune functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haudiquet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakravarti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhiying, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrero del Valle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olinares, P. D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavenir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aït Ahmed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de la Cruz, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chait, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sternberg, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernheim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.02.646746</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for Lamassu-based antiviral immunity and its evolution from DNA repair machinery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.28.646066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brainwide genetic capture for conscious state transitions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.28.646066v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary AbstractSpatially integrated mechanisms of consciousness are unclear1,2. An approach to manipulate brainwide circuits regulating consciousness via synthetic central nervous system activation may pave the way for more precise transitions in consciousness and reveal underlying mechanisms. Toward this goal, we leverage anesthesia as a tool to probe consciousness at cellular resolution within the intact network. We perform brainwide chemogenetic capture3,4 of isoflurane anesthesia-activated circuitry in mice --in parallel with electrocorticography5, wireless mechano- acoustic recording of peripheral physiology6, and behavioral classification7,8-- to describe a synthetic state of altered consciousness generated in the absence of an anesthetic agent. We define patterns of activation under isoflurane using intact brain immediate early gene mapping9-12 combined with brainwide high density silicon probe recordings13. Our data identify subcortical hotspots of neural activity in an unconsciousness network that is globally characterized by increased functional connectivity driven by select nodes. We provide technical resources spanning brainwide single-cell resolution maps and neurophysiologic datasets of the isoflurane-rendered unconscious state, along with an approach to further probe its global cellular-level mechanisms. Together, we present the foundation for future research to refine this viral-genetic brainwide approach to generate synthetic conscious state transitions, such as sleep, stasis, analgesia or anesthesia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lazaro, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rijsketic, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murry, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarrete, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrow, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campuzano, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nota, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ressler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apley, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szelenyi, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilsson, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denny, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruchas, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heifets, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de la Iglesia, H. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golden, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heshmati, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.28.646066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brainwide genetic capture for conscious state transitions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.29.646054v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cationic amino acid identity and net charge influence condensate properties in E. coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.29.646054v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the formation of biomolecular condensates (BMC) in biological systems has proven to be a paradigm shift in our understanding of the subcellular organization of biomacromolecules. From RNA metabolism, stress response mechanisms, and amyloidogenic pathologies, condensates have been implicated to play a role in a myriad of cellular phenomena. Despite their near ubiquity, we still do no wholly understand how the primary sequence of biomolecules influences their biophysical and rheological properties. Here, we aim to understand the impact of primary cationic amino acid composition on the properties of condensates. Using engineered recombinant proteins, we show that the formation and phase boundaries of coacervates formed between proteins and RNA is dependent on the cationic amino acid identity, as well as the net charge of the protein involved in condensation. Despite the equivalent charge between arginine and lysine at physiological pH, arginine has been shown to promote increased encapsulation efficiency and salt stability, as well as reduced protein mobility within condensates. We show that arginine-tagged globular proteins also have a higher salt resistance in vitro when compared to similar lysine-tagged globular proteins. This translates to a cellular context in which arginine tagged proteins promote increased condensate formation in model E. coli cells. We were also able to observe a reduction in the total fluorescent recovery and protein mobility within arginine-based condensates via FRAP. Together, these results suggest that in addition to electrostatic interactions and disorder as the main driving forces of phase separation in biological contexts, the primary sequence and side chain composition of proteins plays a significant role in dictating dynamics of coacervates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kidane, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenfeld, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubbeldam, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paraan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obermeyer, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.29.646054</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cationic amino acid identity and net charge influence condensate properties in E. coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.01.646632v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhanced FLI1 accessibility mediates STAG2-mutant leukemogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.01.646632v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription factors (TFs) influencing cell fate can be dysregulated in cancer. FLI1 is crucial for hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSPC) function, with STAG2 regulating FLI1 target accessibility. STAG2 depletion enhances HSPC self-renewal, but its role in leukemic transformation is unclear. We uncovered that STAG2 loss maintains FLI1 target accessibility in murine HSPCs and enhances FLI1 binding in NPM1c leukemia. In our Stag2/Npm1c/+ murine model, myeloid-biased HSPCs with increased FLI1 accessibility are reservoirs for transformation, leading to a fully penetrant leukemia. STAG2 deleted NPM1c cell lines exhibit increased chromatin accessibility and chromatin-looping of key stem and leukemia genes including FLI1-target genes CD34 and MEN1. Similarly, enrichment for a CD34+ immunophenotype was observed in co-mutant leukemia patients. STAG2 deficient cells show increased chromatin-bound MENIN and increased sensitivity to MENIN inhibition. Our findings demonstrate that altered chromatin architecture can co-opt oncogenic TF signaling, such as FLI1, as a hallmark of leukemogenesis.

Key FindingsO_LILoss of STAG2 results in aberrant increased accessibility at FLI1 targets in mouse and human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells
C_LIO_LIIncreased accessibility results in an increased fraction of chromatin-bound FLI1, which overlap with NPM1c targets in STAG2 NPM1c AML cells
C_LIO_LIStag2 Npm1c co-mutation leads to dysplastic murine AML phenotype arising from myeloid biased progenitors that exhibit increased Fli1 target accessibility
C_LIO_LIIn addition to higher chromatin-bound FLI1, co-mutant cells have higher chromatin-bound MENIN, including at the HOXA cluster, rendering cells highly sensitive to MENIN inhibition.
C_LI

Statement of SignificanceHere, we identify enhanced FLI1 chromatin accessibility as a driver of stemness and leukemic transformation in STAG2 mutant leukemia. Through comprehensive in vivo and in vitro modeling, we demonstrate that altered chromatin architecture can co-opt oncogenic TF activity, like FLI1, to drive divergent leukemia development and therapeutic response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scoca, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Udoh, E.-o.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernando, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alija, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pantazi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudunagunta, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galang, A. M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhagat, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gebhard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visconte, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ondrejka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delwel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koche, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viny, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.01.646632</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhanced FLI1 accessibility mediates STAG2-mutant leukemogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.31.646212v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A proteogenomic tool uncovers protein markers for human microglial states 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.31.646212v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human microglial heterogeneity has been largely described using transcriptomic data. Here, we introduce a microglial proteomic data resource and a Cellular Indexing of Transcriptomes and Epitopes by Sequencing panel enhanced with antibodies targeting 17 microglial cell surface proteins (mCITE-Seq). We evaluated mCITE-Seq on HMC3 microglia-like cells, induced-pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia (iMG), and freshly isolated primary human microglia. We identified novel protein microglial markers such as CD51 and relate expression of 101 cell surface proteins to transcriptional programs. This results in the identification and validation of three protein marker combinations with which to purify microglia enriched with each of 23 transcriptional programs; for example, CD49D, HLA-DR and CD32 enrich for GPNMBhigh ("disease associated") microglia. Further, we identify and validate proteins - SIRPA, PDPN and CD162 - that differentiate microglia from infiltrating macrophages. The mCITE-Seq panel enables the transition from RNA-based classification and facilitates the functional characterization and harmonization of model systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haage, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bautista, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuddenham, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshe, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lama, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parghi, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buonfiglioli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furnari, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haq, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearse, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terzioglu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Touil, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noble, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkis, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shneider, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Witte, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young-Pearse, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riley, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canoll, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruce, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howden, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Strooper, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sher, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sproul, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olah, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taga, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caisheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujita, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petyuk, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.31.646212</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A proteogenomic tool uncovers protein markers for human microglial states]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.05.647372v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A transgene harboring the human Glucose Transporter1 (GLUT1) gene locus ameliorates disease in GLUT1 deficiency syndrome model mice. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.05.647372v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proper brain function relies on an adequate supply of energy - mainly glucose - to power neuronal activity. Delivery of this nutrient to the neuropil is mediated by the Glucose Transporter1 (GLUT1) protein. Perturbing glucose supply to the brain is profoundly damaging and exemplified by the neurodevelopmental disorder, GLUT1 deficiency syndrome (GLUT1DS). Resulting from haploinsufficiency of the SLC2A1 (GLUT1) gene, GLUT1DS is characterized by intractable infantile-onset seizures and a disabling movement disorder. Ketogenic diets, which supply the brain with an alternate energy source, ketone bodies, are currently the preferred therapeutic option for Glut1DS patients but do not address the underlying cause - low brain glucose - of the disease. One intuitively appealing therapeutic strategy that does, involves restoring GLUT1 levels to the patient brain. Here, we demonstrate that transgenic expression of the human GLUT1 genomic locus in a mouse model of GLUT1DS raises brain GLUT1 levels and reduces disease burden. Augmenting GLUT1 levels in mutants correspondingly raised cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) glucose levels, improved motor performance and reduced the frequency of seizures characteristically observed in GLUT1DS. Interestingly, the increased GLUT1 in mutants harboring the human GLUT1 locus was at least partly the result of an increase in murine Slc2a1 (Glut1) activity, most likely the effect of a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) embedded in the human transgene. Collectively, our work has not only shown that repleting human GLUT1 mitigates GLUT1DS but also has yielded transgenic mice that constitute a useful tool to test and optimize clinically promising agents designed to stimulate this gene for therapeutic purposes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monani, U. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.05.647372</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A transgene harboring the human Glucose Transporter1 (GLUT1) gene locus ameliorates disease in GLUT1 deficiency syndrome model mice.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.02.646877v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conserved energetic changes drive function in an ancient protein fold 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.02.646877v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While the ongoing revolution in structural biology offers an unprecedented understanding of the relationship between protein structure and function, it also confirms a puzzling, widely applicable principle: protein domains with highly conserved three-dimensional folds can perform radically disparate biochemical functions. To gain insight to this fundamental structural enigma, we mapped the energetic landscapes of a family of bacterial transcription factors and their anciently diverged structural homologs, the periplasmic binding proteins. Using hydrogen exchange/mass spectrometry, bioinformatics, X-ray crystallography, and molecular dynamics, we uncovered an unexpected contrast: despite binding the same sugars, the two families evolved unique "energetic blueprints" to support their distinct functional requirements. To test if differences in energetic ensembles have functional consequences, we rationally redesigned the protein fold for tunable ligand-driven transcriptional responses. Strikingly, energy-driven protein engineering produced synthetic transcription factors with the theoretically anticipated ligand-induced transcriptional outputs. Thus, decoding energetic blueprints among conserved protein folds provides a novel explanation for diverse functional adaptations, paves an alternative roadmap for protein design, and offers a new approach for engineering challenging drug targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wells, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sultanov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glasgow, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.02.646877</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conserved energetic changes drive function in an ancient protein fold]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.04.647165v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting specificity of TCR-pMHC interactions using machine learning and biophysical models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.04.647165v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the mechanism of T-cell activation and T-cell receptor (TCR) discrimination of MHC-presented epitope peptides (pMHCs) remains an open problem. Machine learning (ML)-based prediction of TCR specificity has gained considerable recent attention. However, the capacity of current models to generalize to peptides unseen during training is currently unknown. Here, we use a proprietary cancer-patient data set that profiles TCR binding to novel regions of peptide space to show that peptide generalization remains an unsolved problem. Specifically, we show that while ML methods have demonstrable utility in predicting TCR specificity for known peptides, they fail to generalize to novel peptides. We also show that physics-based methods utilizing classical energy functions outperform ML methods when predicting TCR binding to novel peptides but underperform them on known peptides. In light of these observations, we develop a new ML model that leverages general knowledge acquired by protein foundation models to achieve better or comparable performance than either ML or biophysical methods on both in- and out-of-distribution TCR-pMHC specificity prediction. We furthermore analyze model performance as a function of distance of TCR sequence specificity between the training and test sets to quantitatively characterize the generalization potential of any given TCR-pMHC model. Our analysis sheds light on the status of modeling TCR-pMHC interactions and suggests new paths forward for continued method development and data acquisition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Culka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lounsbury, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thrift, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nerli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikolenyi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orlova, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukhyala, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>AlQuraishi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.04.647165</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting specificity of TCR-pMHC interactions using machine learning and biophysical models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.07.647575v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endometrial cancer progression driven by PTEN-deficiency requires miR-424(322)~503. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.07.647575v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endometrial cancer is the most frequent type of cancer in the female reproductive tract. Loss-of-function alterations in PTEN, leading to enhanced PI3K/AKT activation, are among the most frequent molecular alterations in endometrial cancer. Increased PI3K/AKT signaling resulting from PTEN loss promotes cellular proliferation and confers resistance to TGF{beta}-mediated apoptosis, a key regulator of endometrial homeostasis. In this study, we have analyzed the role of miRNAs in driving these altered cellular responses. A comprehensive transcriptomic analysis of miRNA expression revealed the upregulation of several miRNAs caused by PTEN deficiency and/or TGF{beta} stimulation. The miR-424(322)[~]503 cluster drew our attention due to its involvement in regulating apoptosis and proliferation. However, miR-424(322)[~]503 cluster has a paradoxical role in cancer, exhibiting either oncogenic and tumor suppressive functions depending on cell type or context. To ascertain the function of miR-424(322)[~]503 in endometrial carcinogenesis caused by PTEN deficiency, we generated a double Pten/miR-424(322)[~]503 knock-out mice. We demonstrate that loss of miR-424(322)[~]503 impairs proliferation of both wild type or Pten deficient endometrial organoids by interfering with growth factor and PI3K/AKT signaling. Furthermore, the absence of miR-424(322)[~]503 restores TGF{beta}-induced apoptosis, which is otherwise compromised by PTEN deficiency. In vivo, Pten/miR-424(322)[~]503 knock-out mice exhibit reduced endometrial cancer progression compared to Pten deficient mice through a cell-autonomous mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vidal-Sabanes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonifaci, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navaridas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egea, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Encinas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Barrueco, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matias-Guiu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llobet-Navas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolcet, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.07.647575</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endometrial cancer progression driven by PTEN-deficiency requires miR-424(322)~503.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.09.647847v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tff2 marks gastric corpus progenitors that give rise to pyloric metaplasia/SPEM following injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.09.647847v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In BriefTu et al. show that Tff2+ corpus isthmus cells are TA progenitors, and they, not chief cells, are the primary source of SPEM following injury. Upon Kras mutation, these progenitors directly progress to dysplasia, bypassing metaplasia, highlighting them as a potential origin of gastric cancer.

HighlightsO_LITff2+ corpus cells are TA progenitors that give rise to secretory cells.
C_LIO_LITff2+ progenitors, not chief cells, are the primary source of SPEM after injury.
C_LIO_LIKras-mutant Tff2+ progenitors progress directly to dysplasia, bypassing metaplasia.
C_LIO_LIMulti-omics analysis reveals distinct trajectories for SPEM and gastric cancer.
C_LI



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=191 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/647847v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (46K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@48a2d1org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@b96642org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e89a4dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ea6a86_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOGraphical abstractC_FLOATNO C_FIG Pyloric metaplasia, also known as spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM), arises in the corpus in response to oxyntic atrophy, but its origin and role in gastric cancer remain poorly understood. Using Tff2-CreERT knockin mice, we identified highly proliferative Tff2+ progenitors in the corpus isthmus that give rise to multiple secretory lineages, including chief cells. While lacking long-term self-renewal ability, Tff2+ corpus progenitors rapidly expand to form short-term SPEM following acute injury or loss of chief cells. Genetic ablation of Tff2+ progenitors abrogated SPEM formation, while genetic ablation of GIF+ chief cells enhanced SPEM formation from Tff2+ progenitors. In response to H. pylori infection, Tff2+ progenitors progressed first to metaplasia and then later to dysplasia. Interestingly, induction of KrasG12D mutations in Tff2+ progenitors facilitated direct progression to dysplasia in part through the acquisition of stem cell-like properties. In contrast, Kras-mutated SPEM and chief cells were not able to progress to dysplasia. Tff2 mRNA was downregulated in isthmus cells during progression to dysplasia. Single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics of human tissues revealed distinct differentiation trajectories for SPEM and gastric cancer. These findings challenge the conventional interpretation of the stepwise progression through metaplasia and instead identify Tff2+ progenitor cells as potential cells of origin for SPEM and possibly for gastric cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiokawa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ochiai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobayashi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waterbury, Q. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamechek, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizuno, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayakawa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.09.647847</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tff2 marks gastric corpus progenitors that give rise to pyloric metaplasia/SPEM following injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.10.647998v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation of airway fumarate by host and pathogen promotes S. aureus pneumonia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.10.647998v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of healthcare-associated pneumonia, contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality worldwide. As a ubiquitous colonizer of the upper respiratory tract, S. aureus must undergo substantial metabolic adaptation to achieve persistent infection in the distinctive microenvironment of the lung. We observed that fumC, which encodes the enzyme that converts fumarate to malate, is highly conserved with low mutation rates in S. aureus isolates from chronic lung infections. Fumarate, a pro-inflammatory metabolite produced by macrophages during infection, is regulated by the host fumarate hydratase (FH) to limit inflammation. Here, we demonstrate that fumarate, which accumulates in the chronically infected lung, is detrimental to S. aureus, blocking primary metabolic pathways such as glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). This creates a metabolic bottleneck that drives staphylococcal FH (FumC) activity for airway adaptation. FumC not only degrades fumarate but also directs its utilization into critical pathways including the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, gluconeogenesis and hexosamine synthesis to maintain metabolic fitness and form a protective biofilm. Itaconate, another abundant immunometabolite in the infected airway enhances FumC activity, in synergy with fumarate. In a mouse model of pneumonia, a {Delta}fumC mutant displays significant attenuation compared to its parent and complemented strains, particularly in fumarate- and itaconate-replete conditions. Our findings underscore the pivotal role of immunometabolites in promoting S. aureus pulmonary adaptation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fucich, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giulieri, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wadhwa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rios, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henschel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyagi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olivier, F. A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monk, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sridhar, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drikic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bianco, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lohia, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beg, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Planet, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traven, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hachani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stinear, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howden, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyd, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riquelme, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prince, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.10.647998</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation of airway fumarate by host and pathogen promotes S. aureus pneumonia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.08.647600v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial Transcriptomics Using Archived Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Core Needle Biopsy Tissues Revealed Unique Transcriptomic Signatures in Kidney Transplant Rejections 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.08.647600v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clinical core needle biopsies present challenges for transcriptomic analysis due to limited tissue volume. In this study, we determined the feasibility of using spatial transcriptomics to evaluate rejection on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) core needle biopsies from human kidney allografts. We demonstrated that non-rejection, active antibody mediated rejection (AMR), acute cell mediated rejection (TCMR) and chronic active AMR have distinct transcriptomic signatures. Subclusters of monocytes/macrophages with high Fc gamma receptor IIIA (FCGR3A) expression were identified in C4d-positive active AMR and acute TCMR, and the spatial distribution of these cells corresponded to the characteristic histopathological features. Key markers related to monocyte/macrophage activation and innate alloantigen recognition were upregulated, along with metabolic pathways associated with trained immunity in AMR and TCMR. The discovery of unique transcriptomic signatures associated with AMR and TCMR facilitates the differentiation of acute kidney allograft rejections using spatial transcriptomic data derived from FFPE core needle biopsies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wongworawat, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nepal, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duhon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godzik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, V. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villicana, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuppan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Vera, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.08.647600</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial Transcriptomics Using Archived Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Core Needle Biopsy Tissues Revealed Unique Transcriptomic Signatures in Kidney Transplant Rejections]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.09.647907v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The E3 ligase HECTD4 regulates COX-2 dependent tumor progression and metastasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.09.647907v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
E3 ubiquitin ligases mediating turnover of proteins engaged in cancer progression point to key regulatory nodes. To uncover modifiers of metastatic competency, we conducted an in vivo genome-wide CRISPR-inactivation screen using cultured breast circulating tumor cells, following intravascular seeding and lung colonization. We identified HECTD4, a previously uncharacterized gene encoding a conserved potential HECT domain-containing ubiquitin transferase, as a potent tumor and metastasis suppressor. We show that purified HECTD4 mediates ubiquitin conjugation in vitro, and proteomic studies combined with ubiquitin remnant profiling identify a major degradation target as the prostaglandin synthetic enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2; PTGS2). In addition to COX-2 itself, HECTD4 targets its regulatory kinase MKK7. In breast cancer models, HECTD4 expression is induced as cells lose adherence to the matrix, and its depletion massively increases COX-2 expression, enhancing anchorage-independent proliferation and tumorigenesis. Genetic or pharmacologic suppression of COX-2 reverses the pro-tumorigenic and pro-metastatic phenotype of HECTD4-depleted cells. Thus, HECTD4 encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase that downregulates COX-2 suppressing anchorage-independence in epithelial cancer cells.

Significance StatementA genome-wide CRISPR-inactivation screen identified the previously uncharacterized E3 ubiquitin ligase HECTD4, as a tumor and metastasis suppressor, with COX-2 as its major degradation target. The pro-tumorigenic and pro-metastatic effect of HECTD4 suppression depends on COX-2 stabilization, which is critical for anchorage-independent growth, providing a basis for investigating COX-2 inhibition to prevent metastatic recurrence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vuille, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanriover, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Micalizzi, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebright, R. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Animesh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hajizadeh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholson, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaniewski, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wittner, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wesley, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grunewald, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szalay, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antmen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joung, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulhan, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elia, A. E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haas, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maheswaran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haber, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.09.647907</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The E3 ligase HECTD4 regulates COX-2 dependent tumor progression and metastasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.09.648011v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain Signal Variability During Rest as a Neural Mechanism Underlying Cognitive Reserve 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.09.648011v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundResting-state brain signal variability has been found to vary with age and cognitive function. Neural flexibility has been suggested as a neural mechanism underlying cognitive reserve (CR), a construct that describes better than expected cognition given brain status. Thus, we examined the associations between age, resting-state brain signal variability, cognition, and CR.

MethodAnalysis was based on resting-state functional neuroimaging data from 470 participants (aged 20-80 years) from the Reference Ability Neural Networks and the CR studies. Brain signal variability was quantified for each brain region as the log-transformed standard deviation of the time-varying blood-oxygen-dependent (BOLD) signal. We then derived variability patterns related to age, perceptual speed, fluid reasoning, episodic memory, and vocabulary using Scaled Subprofile Modelling principal component analysis. To perform the formal test whether these patterns fulfill the requirements for CR, we examined whether they explained additional variance in cognition beyond brain status, age, sex, and education, or moderated the brain status-cognition relationship. We additionally stratified all regression models by age (cutoff: 60 years) and sex.

ResultsBOLD signal variability showed an age-related increase in subcortical/medial brain regions, and an age-related decrease in cortical regions. It also met the CR test for speed (standardized regression coefficient ({beta})=0.251, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.118-0.384, pFDR<0.001), episodic memory ({beta}=0.344, CI: 0.200-0.489, pFDR<0.001), reasoning ({beta}=0.316, CI: 0.197-0.436, pFDR<0.001), and vocabulary ({beta}=0.270, CI: 0.167-0.373, pFDR<0.001). Associations were stronger in women for vocabulary and in young individuals for reasoning.

ConclusionsBOLD signal variability plays a role in aging and cognition and underlies CR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coors, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habeck, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.09.648011</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain Signal Variability During Rest as a Neural Mechanism Underlying Cognitive Reserve]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.09.648030v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deconvoluting single-cell transcriptomics reveals cellular programs regulated by cell-cell communication in colorectal cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.09.648030v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells within a tissue microenvironment communicate through intricate cell-cell communication (CCC) networks. In this meta-analysis of eight single-cell cohorts encompassing 153 patients and 279 samples, we advance the understanding of CCC networks in colorectal cancers through a novel analytical framework. Employing hierarchical topic modeling, we identify gene expression modules (GEMs) that mirror single-cell signaling states, crucial for deciphering the complexity of intercellular interactions. By applying causal discovery methods, we systematically uncover GEMs likely regulated by ligand-receptor signaling and cross-cell-type communication. This analysis reveals cross-cell-type CCC programs, marked by highly correlated GEMs across various cell types, shedding light on the intricate CCC networks within the tumor microenvironment. Spatial transcriptomics further validate these findings by demonstrating the co-localization of GEMs within CCC programs in distinct spatial domains, emphasizing the spatial dynamics of tumor intercellular communication. Our interactive website (http://44.192.10.166:3838/) and analytical framework equip researchers with powerful tools to explore these complex mechanisms, potentially uncovering novel drug targets and refining strategies for precision immunotherapies. This comprehensive study not only presents a detailed catalog of CCC networks driven by ligand-receptor interactions in colorectal cancer but also highlights the significance of integrating multi-sample and patient data to unravel the molecular underpinnings of cancer communication pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saeed, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paisley, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.09.648030</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deconvoluting single-cell transcriptomics reveals cellular programs regulated by cell-cell communication in colorectal cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.10.648258v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Item recognition is associated with gut microbiota composition in healthy humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.10.648258v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Murine studies show that the gut microbiota - the collection of the microbes residing in the large intestine - affects memory performance in the host. However, whether commensal gut bacteria are linked to human episodic memory remains unknown. Here, we investigated whether individual differences in episodic memory performance were associated with differences in the indigenous gut microbiota composition between individuals. We show that greater gut microbiota alpha diversity was associated with better item recognition and that gut microbiota dissimilarity index (beta diversity) between participants was associated with differences in their performance. Finally, our results suggest that Prevotella copri might play a role in the relationship between gut microbiota and human item recognition in healthy individuals. In a sample size larger than previous human studies and examining unmanipulated gut microbiota, we provide evidence that episodic memory in healthy humans is linked to their gut microbiota composition.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTUnderstanding the relationship between the gut microbiota - the collective of microbes in our gut - and human cognition represents a pivotal frontier in neuroscience. Our study dives into this quest by exploring the connection between the indigenous gut microbiota and episodic memory in healthy individuals. While prior research has illuminated this relationship in murine models, our study extends these findings to humans, providing compelling evidence that gut microbiota diversity and structural composition are associated with differences in episodic memory performance. By shifting the focus from probiotic-based interventions to the study of our commensal gut microbes, our findings shed light on how the gut microbiota, in its natural state, could be linked to interindividual differences in human cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oyarzun, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuntz, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, X. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davachi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huttenhower, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeDoux, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phelps, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.10.648258</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Item recognition is associated with gut microbiota composition in healthy humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.15.648856v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Muc6-expressing gastric isthmus progenitors contribute to regeneration and metaplasia supported by myeloid-mesenchymal interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.15.648856v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gastric mucosal homeostasis is maintained by tissue-resident stem and progenitor cells residing in the isthmus region. Following mucosal injury, surviving cells contribute to regeneration, coinciding with characteristic pathological changes such as atrophic gastritis and metaplasia. To comprehensively understand the cellular dynamics involved in this process, we performed single-cell and spatial transcriptomics using newly generated transgenic mice. In human samples and mouse models, loss of gastric chief cells precedes, and even induces, loss of parietal cells during the progression of atrophy and metaplasia, validating the causal relationship underlying the decrease of these two lineages. Single-cell analysis confirmed robust stemness and metaplastic changes in the Muc6-expressing neck lineage following either chief or parietal cell ablation, and lineage-tracing experiments revealed that Muc6-expressing isthmus progenitors serve as a source of metaplasia and regeneration. Mechanistically, mucosal injury recruits IL-1-expressing myeloid cells, which stimulates NRG1 production in stromal fibroblasts, leading to mucosal proliferation and regeneration mediated by Myc activation in isthmus progenitors. These findings highlight the injury-responsible stem cell-like function of Muc6-expressing isthmal progenitors, which play a critical role in mucosal homeostasis and disease progression.

Visual abstract

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwata, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsubosaka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinoshita, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinohara, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiokawa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oura, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hata, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurokawa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oya, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsuboi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ihara, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murakami, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiomi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uekura, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujiwara, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tateno, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizuno, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ushiku, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ijichi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirata, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasuga, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salama, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kakiuchi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishikawa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>WANG, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayakawa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujishiro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.15.648856</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Muc6-expressing gastric isthmus progenitors contribute to regeneration and metaplasia supported by myeloid-mesenchymal interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.16.649077v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single cell spatial transcriptomics integration deciphers the morphological heterogeneity of atherosclerotic carotid arteries 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.16.649077v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The process of arterial atherosclerosis is characterised by accumulation of lipids and fibrous material with accompanying inflammation. As plaques progress, they restrict blood flow and cause rupture, which results in life threatening organ ischemia and dysfunction. Although extensively studied, a clear understanding of plaque heterogeneity and mechanisms that trigger their destabilization remains elusive. Our study reveals the molecular microarchitecture of human carotid artery plaques, using bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing combined with single cell spatial transcriptomics, for which we present optimized cell segmentation algorithms. We identified distinct plaque morphologies linked to different cell type compositions, impacting early and advanced lesion formation, as well as destabilization. Spatial transcriptomics enabled us further to determine an inflammatory smooth muscle cell subtype, localize regions of neovascularization, and assign hotspots for macrophage activity within distinct cellular neighbourhoods across lesions. For different macrophage substates, we propose gradual and locally contained transdifferentiation of subluminal inflammatory HMOX1+ macrophages into a lipid-handling TREM2+ phenotype within border zones of the fibrous cap and necrotic core. Our findings provide insight into the complex heterogeneity of human atherosclerosis by unravelling location and proximity of different mural and immune cell substates involved in plaque progression and vulnerability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pauli, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peymani, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wettich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachs, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirth, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabas, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Branzan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prokisch, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menden, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maegdefessel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.16.649077</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single cell spatial transcriptomics integration deciphers the morphological heterogeneity of atherosclerotic carotid arteries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.11.648343v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alzheimer's disease and its co-pathologies: implications for hippocampal degeneration, cognitive decline, and the role of APOE ϵ4 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.11.648343v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
INTRODUCTIONIn neurodegenerative dementias, the co-occurrence and interaction of A{beta}, tau, and other pathological lesions confound their individual contributions to neurodegeneration and their modulation by risk factors.

METHODSWe analyzed 480 post-mortem human brains (ages 50-99) using regression and structural equation models to assess the relationships among A{beta}, tau, LATE-NC, -synuclein, other age-related lesions, and APOE {varepsilon}4, as well as their effects on CA1 neuronal density, brain weight, and cognitive status.

RESULTSA{beta}, tau, LATE-NC, and amygdala-predominant -synuclein pathology were highly interconnected. Tau was the strongest predictor of global neurodegeneration, while LATE-NC primarily, but not exclusively, affected hippocampal neuron loss. Small vessel disease correlated with both LATE-NC and -synuclein, while APOE {varepsilon}4 was mainly associated with extracellular and capillary A{beta}.

DISCUSSIONAlthough Alzheimers pathology plays a central role in brain degeneration, coexisting pathologies can both exacerbate and independently contribute to it. These factors should be considered in patient stratification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gawor, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verrept, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arekatla, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wouters, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronisz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hecht, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laureyssen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ver Donck, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahaije, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ospitalieri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandenbulcke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Arnim, C. A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghebremedhin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanseeuw, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandenberghe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaschko, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sifrim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sleegers, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thal, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tome, S. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.11.648343</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alzheimer's disease and its co-pathologies: implications for hippocampal degeneration, cognitive decline, and the role of APOE ϵ4]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.12.648539v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Switches from tonic to burst firing enable memory consolidation through late-phase synaptic plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.12.648539v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural circuits routinely alternate between input-driven tonic activity and collective burst firing. In the presence of Hebbian plasticity, bursts generate a robust attractor in weight space, creating a built-in drift that can be repurposed into a stabilizing trace of prior learning. We show that this phenomenon can be harnessed for memory consolidation through the introduction of a two-stage synaptic rule. The effective synaptic weight is defined as the product of a primary weight--updated by a Hebbian rule during both tonic and burst periods--and a secondary weight that updates in proportion with a coupling gain to the negative time-derivative of the primary weight. In a MNIST-like task, alternating tonic and burst epochs preserves earlier patterns, improves generalization to unseen inputs, and resists interference and noise, whereas replacing burst by quiescence or additional tonic epochs does not. Parameter sweeps reveal that coupling gain and the initial synaptic weights control whether bursts consolidate ("up-selection") or prune ("down-selection") synapses. Pairing the rule with alternative primary plasticity models yields distinct treatments of overlapping inputs, enabling either integration or separation. Studying switches in firing activity with a two-stage synaptic plasticity provides a plausible route to consolidation in biological and neuromorphic networks.

Significance StatementNeural circuits alternate between tonic spiking and burst firing, yet most models of synaptic plasticity are limited to a single firing regime. We introduce a two--stage synaptic rule in which a primary weight encodes activity during both states, while a secondary weight--engaged only during bursts-- stabilizes learning from tonic periods. In conductance-based networks and a pattern recognition task, this rule preserves memories, improves generalization, and resists interference, whereas quiescence or extended tonic activity do not. The model further shows that bursts can consolidate or prune synapses depending on coupling gain and initial conditions. These findings identify a plausible, biologically motivated mechanism for how activity state transitions shape memory consolidation.

Graphical abstract

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jacquerie, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyulmankov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sacre, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drion, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.12.648539</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Switches from tonic to burst firing enable memory consolidation through late-phase synaptic plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.15.648966v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A polymeric, PDMS-based large-scale skull replacement suitable for optical and mechanical access for long-term neuronal imaging, electrophysiology, and optogenetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.15.648966v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many techniques to record and manipulate neuronal activity across large portions of the vertebrate brain, such as widefield and two-photon calcium imaging, electrophysiology, and optogenetics, are now available. However, few effective approaches enable both optical and mechanical access to the brain. In this work, we offer an in-depth guide for synthesizing, implanting, and using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) windows as skull replacements for chronic optical neuronal imaging. Furthermore, we provide instructions to perform viral injections and multi-site silicon probe implantation.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/648966v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huis in 't Veld, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benedetti, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pontes Quero, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuste, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pennartz, C. M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olcese, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.15.648966</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A polymeric, PDMS-based large-scale skull replacement suitable for optical and mechanical access for long-term neuronal imaging, electrophysiology, and optogenetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.19.649570v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide mapping of mesoscale neuronal RNA organization and condensation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.19.649570v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Subcellular RNA organization can affect critical cellular functions. However, our understanding of RNA microenvironments, particularly biomolecular condensates, remains limited, largely due to a lack of technologies to comprehensively interrogate mesoscale RNA organization. Here, we adapt Split-Pool Recognition of Interactions by Tag Extension to map micron-scale RNA-RNA spatial proximity genome-wide across cell regions (RNA-SPRITE). Deploying RNA-SPRITE, we find extensive, conserved organization of mature mRNAs, with increased colocalization between mRNAs that share RNA-binding protein (RBP) motifs or encode functionally related proteins. Both effects are especially strong in dendrites and axons, suggesting prevalent mRNA co-regulation. Moreover, mRNAs with less compact folding, lower translation efficiency, and specific RBP motifs are more likely to be in RNA-rich condensates. However, perturbations that broadly dissolve or enhance condensation reveal that RBP motif and encoded protein-mediated colocalizations largely remain intact, independent of condensation. These results demonstrate the power of RNA-SPRITE in revealing critical aspects of RNAs functional organization.

In BriefUnbiased, genome-wide maps of RNA-RNA mesoscale spatial proximity uncover extensive subcellular organization and its governing principles.

HighlightsO_LIRNA-SPRITE reveals micron-scale RNA colocalization genome-wide across cell regions
C_LIO_LImRNA colocalization specificity is driven by shared motifs and encoded protein function
C_LIO_LImRNAs with less compact folding, lower translation efficiency, and distinct protein-binding motifs are more likely to be in condensates
C_LIO_LINeurites have a particularly high degree of sequence and function-dependent mRNA organization
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Becker, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinodoz, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comi, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimchi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brangwynne, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.19.649570</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide mapping of mesoscale neuronal RNA organization and condensation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.18.649583v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple human enhancer RNAs contain long translated open reading frames 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.18.649583v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) are transcribed by RNA polymerase II during enhancer activation but are typically rapidly degraded in the nucleus. During states of reduced RNA surveillance, however, eRNAs and other similar "noncoding" RNAs, including for example upstream antisense RNAs, are stabilized, and some are exported to the cytoplasm and can even be found on polysomes. Here, we report unexpectedly that [~]12% of human intergenic eRNAs contain long open reading frames (>300 nts), many of which can be actively translated, as determined by ribosome profiling, and produce proteins that accumulate in cells, as shown by mass spectrometry (MS) data. Focusing on the largest of the encoded proteins, which we designate as eORFs, and which can be up to [~]45 KDa, we found remarkably that most are highly basic, with pIs >11.5. This unusual chemistry reflects a striking overabundance of arginine residues, and occurs despite a relative paucity of lysines. Exogenous expression of the ten largest eORFs revealed that they accumulate stably in cells as full-length proteins, and most localize to the nucleus and associate with chromatin. Identification of interacting proteins by MS suggested possible roles for these proteins in several nuclear processes. The eORFs studied are well-conserved among primates, although they are largely absent from other mammals. Notably, several contain human-specific C-terminal extensions and display properties suggestive of de novo gene birth. In summary, we have discovered that a fraction of human eRNAs can function as mRNAs, revealing a new and unexpected role for these transcripts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vlasov, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogami, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valenzuela, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawaguchi, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manley, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.18.649583</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple human enhancer RNAs contain long translated open reading frames]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.18.647076v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single Cell Landscape of Sex-specific Drivers of Alzheimers Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.18.647076v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSex differences in Alzheimers disease (AD) have been documented for decades, and many sex-specific molecular contributors to AD have been discovered through bulk omics analysis of brain tissues. RNA sequencing (RNAseq) at single cell resolution provides an opportunity to characterize transcript associations with AD in a cell type-specific matter. Here, we investigated sex-specific gene expression associations with neuropathology and cognitive manifestation of AD (endophenotypes) leveraging a large single-nucleus transcriptomic dataset consisting of 1.64 million nuclei from dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) tissue of 424 unique donors from the Religious Orders Study and Memory and Aging Project (ROS/MAP; AD Knowledge Portal syn2580853).

MethodsROS/MAP single-nucleus RNAseq data (snRNA-seq) were processed through a rigorous pipeline. In total, eight major cell types from DLPFC were identified. We first performed sex-stratified and sex-interaction association analyses by fitting negative binomial mixed models in relation to {beta}-amyloid load (A{beta}), paired helical filament tau tangle density (tau), global cognitive performance at last visit, and longitudinal cognitive trajectory. We then conducted gene-set enrichment analysis to identify functional signaling pathways enriched for sex-specific associations. Lastly, we compared differential gene expression patterns and intercellular communication profiles between sexes and diagnostic groups among major cell types. For replication, sex-specific associations were examined using snRNA-seq derived from DLPFC tissue-derived of an independent set of 84 donors from The Seattle Alzheimers Disease Brain Cell Atlas (SEA-AD) study.

Results68% of the ROS/MAP participants were female, and 52% were diagnosed with AD dementia. We first identified several disease-dependent or sex-dependent cell subpopulations. Then we identified 2,660 sex-specific associations involving 2,110 genes with A{beta} (51%), tau (21%), and cognitive performance (29%). 60% female-specific associations were for A{beta}, and 49% male-specific associations were with tau. The vast majority (93%) of female protective associations were from neurons, and most (76%) of female risk associations were from glial cells. Nine of the female-specific associations involving eight unique genes were replicated in the SEA-AD cohort, including ADGRV1 and OR3A3 with A{beta}; IFI27L1, LYRM1, STAP2, and TSTD2 with tau; PDYN with global cognition; and TMEM50B with longitudinal cognitive decline. All replicated associations except TMEM50B were observed in neurons. Furthermore, the preponderance of protective female-specific associations in neurons was also recapitulated in the SEA-AD cohort. Sex-specific associations were enriched for genes in the immune, inflammation, and damage-related stress response pathways, and microglia presented the most sex-specific enriched pathways. Finally, we identified six ITGB1-mediated microglia-specific incoming signals that may play a role in female-specific risk for A{beta} accumulation.

ConclusionOur study highlights the transcriptome-wide, single-cell landscape of sex-specific molecular associations with AD neuropathology and cognitive decline. We delineate the full scope of sex-specific transcript associations, differential expression, signaling pathway, and cell-cell communication network changes in each major DLPFC cell type, while identifying and replicating several female-specific gene associations in neurons to help direct future mechanistic studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Travaglini, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabitto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keene, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaczorowski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harari, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumitrescu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohman, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.18.647076</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single Cell Landscape of Sex-specific Drivers of Alzheimers Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.17.649336v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanistic Insights into Proteomic Mutation-Phenotype Linkages from Tiling Mutagenesis Screens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.17.649336v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-throughput mutagenesis screens are powerful tools for mapping mutations to phenotypes. However, deciphering the molecular mechanisms that link mutations to phenotypic outcomes remains a significant challenge. Here, we present ProTiler-Mut, a versatile computational framework that harnesses tiling mutagenesis screens, which introduce variants across entire protein sequences, to facilitate investigation of mutation-to-phenotype associations at multiple levels, including individual residues, protein substructures, and protein-protein interactions (PPIs). As demonstrated through our analyses of base editing (BE) screens targeting DNA Damage Response (DDR) proteins and T cell regulators, ProTiler-Mut provides novel insights into the mutation-phenotype linkages, including: i) refined classification of mutation that reveals separation-of-function (SOF) category beyond the conventional binary classification of loss-of-function (LOF) and gain-of-function (GOF); ii) definition of phenotype-associated hotspot substructures that enable the inference of the function of unscreened pathogenic mutations; and iii) identification of phenotype-associated PPIs disrupted by functional mutations. Through ProTiler-Mut analyses, we identified a substructure harboring pathogenic GOF mutations that disrupt interactions between the kinases MAPK1 and RSK1, leading to MAPK1 activation and elevated expression of the immune checkpoint receptor PD-1. Furthermore, we demonstrate the applicability of ProTiler-Mut to various mutagenesis screening platforms, highlighting its broad utility and generalizability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayward, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leuzzi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaitsiankova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedford, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerois, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciccia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.17.649336</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanistic Insights into Proteomic Mutation-Phenotype Linkages from Tiling Mutagenesis Screens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.21.648805v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Effects of Antidepressants on the Hippocampus: A Meta-Analysis of Public Transcriptional Profiling Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.21.648805v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDepression can be treated with traditional antidepressant pharmaceuticals targeting monoaminergic function, as well as with a variety of non-traditional drug classes and neuromodulatory interventions, such as electroconvulsive therapy.

ObjectiveTo identify mechanisms of action shared across antidepressant treatment categories, we performed a systematic meta-analysis of public transcriptional profiling data from adult laboratory rodents (rats, mice). Our scope included clinically-used and clinically-effective antidepressant treatments, both pharmacological and neuromodulatory. The outcome variable was gene expression, as measured by microarray or RNA-Seq, from bulk dissected tissue from two brain regions linked to depression, the hippocampus and cortex.

MethodsRelevant datasets were identified in the Gemma database of curated, reprocessed transcriptional profiling data using pre-defined search terms and inclusion/exclusion criteria (hippocampus: 6-24-2024, cortex: 7-10-2024). Differential expression results were extracted for all available genes, minimizing bias. For each gene, a random effects meta-analysis model was fit to the antidepressant vs. control effect sizes (Log2 Fold Changes) from each study for each brain region, with exploratory analyses examining traditional and non-traditional antidepressant categories separately.

ResultsFor the hippocampus, 15 relevant studies were identified, containing 22 antidepressant vs. control group comparisons. These treatment comparisons represented a collective n=313 samples, approximately half of which received traditional versus non-traditional antidepressants. Of the 16,439 genes with stable meta-analysis estimates, 58 were consistently differentially expressed (False Discovery Rate (FDR)<0.05) following treatment. Antidepressant effects were enriched in gene sets related to stress regulation, brain growth and plasticity, vascular and glial function, and immune function. Comparisons with findings from single nucleus RNA-Seq confirmed antidepressant effects on specific hippocampal cell types, including promoting an immature phenotype in dentate granule neurons. For the cortex, 14 studies were identified, containing 17 antidepressant vs. control group comparisons (collective n=260). Of the 14,344 genes with stable meta-analysis estimates, only one was consistently differentially expressed (FDR<0.05: Atp6v1b2), but the overall pattern of expression correlated with that observed in the hippocampus.

ConclusionGenes and pathways that are consistently differentially expressed across treatment categories may serve as linchpins for antidepressant efficacy, providing promising targets for novel therapies. Future work should explore the relevance of these findings to human clinical populations, and explore potential heterogeneity introduced by sex, region, and drug category.

Key PointsO_LIDepression can be treated with traditional antidepressants targeting monoaminergic function, as well as multiple other drug classes and non-pharmaceutical interventions.
C_LIO_LIUnderstanding the congruent effects of different types of antidepressant treatments on sensitive brain regions, such as the hippocampus and cortex, can highlight essential mechanisms of action.
C_LIO_LIA meta-analysis of public transcriptional profiling datasets identified genes and functional gene sets that are differentially expressed across antidepressant categories.
C_LI

Plain Language SummaryMajor depressive disorder is characterized by persistent depressed mood and loss of interest and pleasure in life. Worldwide, an estimated 5% of adults suffer from depression, making it a leading cause of disability. The current standard of care for depressed individuals includes psychotherapy and antidepressant medications that enhance signaling by monoamine neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and norepinephrine. Other treatments include non-traditional antidepressants that function via alternative, often unknown, mechanisms. To identify mechanisms of action shared across different categories of antidepressants, we performed a meta-analysis using public datasets to characterize changes in gene expression (mRNA) following treatment with both traditional and non-traditional antidepressants. We focused on the hippocampus and cortex, which are two brain regions that are sensitive to both depression and antidepressant usage. We found 59 genes that had consistently higher or lower levels of expression (mRNA) across antidepressant categories. The functions associated with these genes were diverse, including regulation of stress response, the immune system, brain growth and adaptability. These genes are worth investigating further as potential linchpins for antidepressant efficacy or as targets for novel therapies.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=104 SRC="FIGDIR/small/648805v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Geoghegan, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagenauer, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinoza, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flandreau, E. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhuiyan, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mensch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akil, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.21.648805</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Effects of Antidepressants on the Hippocampus: A Meta-Analysis of Public Transcriptional Profiling Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.18.649618v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ontology-aware DNA methylation classification with a curated atlas ofhuman tissues and cell types 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.18.649618v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWDNA methylation (DNAm) is a core gene regulatory mechanism that captures cellular responses to short- and long-term stimuli such as environmental exposures, aging, and cellular differentiation. Although DNAm has proven valuable as a baseline biomarker for aging by enabling robust characterization of disease-associated methylation shifts associated with age, its potential to reveal analogous shifts in the context of tissue remains underex-plored. A major obstacle has been the absence of comprehensive, curated reference atlases spanning diverse normal human tissues, limiting most existing work to disease-subtype differentiation or localized tissue comparisons. To bridge this gap, we assemble the largest and most diverse atlas of exclusively healthy human tissue and cell samples profiled by 450K arrays, comprising of 16,959 samples across 86 tissues and cell types. Leveraging this resource, we introduce an ontology-aware classification framework that identifies robust CpG features associated with tissue and cell identity while integrating known anatomical and functional relationships (e.g., prefrontal cortex in the brain, leukocytes in blood). Our novel application of Minipatch learning distills a set of 190 CpG sites that can accurately support multi-label classification. We further validate our approach through an ontology-based label transfer task, demonstrating the effectiveness of ontology-informed learning to accurately predict relevant labels for 31 tissues and cell types not seen during training. These findings underscore the potential of our framework to enhance our understanding of healthy methylation landscapes and facilitate future applications in disease detection and personalized medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dannenfelser, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.18.649618</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ontology-aware DNA methylation classification with a curated atlas ofhuman tissues and cell types]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.20.649668v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BRCA2 reversion mutation-independent resistance to PARP inhibition in prostate cancer through loss of function perturbations in the DNA pre-replication complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.20.649668v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent approvals of PARP inhibitors (PARPi) for BRCA-mutant metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) necessitate an understanding of the factors that shape sensitivity and resistance. Reversion mutations that restore homologous recombination (HR) repair are detected in [~]50-80% of BRCA-mutant patients who respond but subsequently relapse, but there is currently little insight into why only [~]50% of BRCA-mutant patients display upfront resistance. To address this question, we performed a genome-wide CRISPR screen to identify genomic determinants of PARPi resistance in murine Brca2{Delta}/{Delta} prostate organoids genetically engineered in a manner that precludes the development of reversion mutations. Remarkably, we recovered multiple independent sgRNAs targeting three different members (Cdt1, Cdc6, Dbf4) of the DNA pre-replication complex (pre-RC), each of which independently conferred resistance to olaparib and the next generation PARP-1 selective inhibitor AZD5305. Moreover, sensitivity to PARP inhibition was restored in Brca2{Delta}/{Delta}, Cdc6-depleted prostate cells by knockdown of geminin, a negative regulator of Cdt1, further implicating the critical role of a functional pre-RC complex in PARPi sensitivity. Furthermore, [~]50% of CRPC tumors have copy number loss of pre-RC complex genes, particularly CDT1. Mechanistically, prostate cells with impaired pre-RC activity displayed rapid resolution of olaparib-induced DNA damage as well as protection from replication fork degradation caused by Brca2 loss, providing insight into how Brca2-mutant cancer cells can escape cell death from replication stress induced by PARP inhibition in the absence of HR repair. Of note, a pharmacologic inhibitor that targets the CDT1/geminin complex (AF615) restored sensitivity to AZD5305, providing a potential translational avenue to enhance sensitivity to PARP inhibition in BRCA-mutant cancers.

SignificanceHere, we address a major limitation in the effectiveness of PARP inhibitors in BRCA-mutant prostate cancer treatment: only [~]50% of patients respond despite clear genomic evidence of defective homologous recombination. Prior efforts to study PARP inhibitor resistance in prostate cancer have been plagued by the lack of suitable cell lines. We overcame this challenge using primary prostate organoids coupled with genome-wide CRISPR screening. The key finding is that loss of function mutations in the DNA pre-replication complex confer PARP inhibitor resistance. These genes map to chromosomal regions frequently lost in prostate cancer and could therefore serve as potential biomarkers of treatment response. Pharmacologic inhibition of geminin, a negative regulator of the pre-replication complex, can restore PARP inhibitor sensitivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pappas, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandakumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaClair, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang-Hobbs, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abida, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karthaus, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jasin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawyers, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.20.649668</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BRCA2 reversion mutation-independent resistance to PARP inhibition in prostate cancer through loss of function perturbations in the DNA pre-replication complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.21.649867v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential memory enrichment of cytotoxic CD4 T cells in Parkinson's disease patients reactive to α-synuclein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.21.649867v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease with a largely unknown etiology. Although the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta is the pathological hallmark of PD, neuroinflammation also plays a fundamental role in PD pathology. We have previously reported that PD patients have increased frequencies of T cell reactive to peptides from -synuclein (-syn). However, not all PD participants respond to -syn. Furthermore, we have previously found that CD4 T cells from PD participants responding to -syn (PD_R) are transcriptionally distinct from PD participants not responding to -syn (PD_NR). To gain further insight into the pathology of PD_R participants, we investigated surface protein expression of 11 proteins whose genes had previously been found to be differentially expressed when comparing PD_R and healthy control participants not responding to -syn (HC_NR). We found that Cadherin EGF LAG seven-pass G-type receptor 2 (CELSR2) was expressed on a significantly higher proportion of CD4 effector memory T cells (TEM) in PD_R compared to HC_NR. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of cells expressing or not expressing CELSR2 revealed that PD_R participants have elevated frequencies of activated TEM subsets and an almost complete loss of cytotoxic TEM cells. Flow cytometry analyses confirmed that Granulysin+ CD4 cytotoxic TEM cells are reduced in PD_R. Taken together, these results provide further insight into the perturbation of T cell subsets in PD_R, and highlights the need for further investigation into the role of Granulysin+ CD4 cytotoxic TEM in PD pathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Freuchet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johansson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frazier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litvan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcalay, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulzer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindestam Arlehamn, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sette, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.21.649867</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential memory enrichment of cytotoxic CD4 T cells in Parkinson's disease patients reactive to α-synuclein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.21.649871v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
T cell responses towards PINK1 and α-synuclein are elevated in prodromal Parkinson's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.21.649871v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A role of the immune system in Parkinsons disease (PD) progression has long been suspected due to the increased frequency of activated glial cells and infiltrating T cells into the substantia nigra. It was previously reported that PD donors have increased T cell responses towards PINK1 and -synuclein (-syn), two Lewy body-associated proteins. Further, T cell reactivity towards -syn was highest closer to disease onset, highlighting that autoreactive T cells might play a role in PD pathogenesis. However, whether T cell autoreactivity is present during prodromal PD is unknown. Here, we investigated T cell responses towards PINK1 and -syn in donors at high risk of developing PD (i.e. prodromal PD: genetic risk, hyposmia, and or REM sleep behavior disorder), in comparison to PD and healthy control donors. T cell reactivity to these two autoantigens was detected in prodromal PD at levels comparable to those detected in individuals with clinically diagnosed PD. Aligned with the increased incidence of PD in males, we found that males with PD, but not females, had elevated T cell reactivity compared to healthy controls. However, among prodromal PD donors, males and females had elevated T cell responses. These differing trends in reactivity highlights the need for further studies of the impact of biological sex on neuroinflammation and PD progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johansson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freuchet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michealis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frazier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litvan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcalay, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Standaert, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amara, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stover, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fon, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Postuma, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidney, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulzer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindestam Arlehamn, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sette, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.21.649871</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[T cell responses towards PINK1 and α-synuclein are elevated in prodromal Parkinson's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.23.650082v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary dynamics of FoxQ2 transcription factors across metazoans: A tale of three ancient paralogs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.23.650082v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
FoxQ2 is a highly conserved class of Forkhead-box transcription factors expressed on the anterior side of the body in cnidarians and bilaterians. Despite this conserved expression pattern, recent phylogenetic analyses have revealed a complex and rapid evolution of this class, with several taxon-specific duplications and losses. Until recently, FoxQ2 was thought to be lost in most vertebrate lineages, and its presence and localization in different vertebrate groups remains unclear.

To reconcile these conflicting reports of conservation and divergence, here we present a comprehensive analysis of the phylogenetic relationships and expression patterns of FoxQ2 genes across metazoans. By combining phylogenetics and synteny analyses of FoxQ2 sequences from 21 animal phyla, we uncover the presence of three ancient FoxQ2 paralogs in bilaterians, which we name FoxQ2a, FoxQ2b and FoxQ2c. All three FoxQ2 paralogs are present in the chordate lineage and two are conserved in vertebrates, indicating a richer repertoire of vertebrate Fox genes than previously estimated.

To investigate the expression of FoxQ2 genes across bilaterians, we mined expression data from existing single cell transcriptomic datasets of mollusk, acoel, amphioxus and zebrafish development, and expanded it using fluorescent in situ hybridization in amphioxus, lamprey, skate, zebrafish and chicken. Our analysis demonstrates the conserved anterior expression of FoxQ2a and FoxQ2b paralogs while also revealing a novel domain of FoxQ2c expression within the chordate endoderm, including in amphioxus, lamprey and skate. Finally, we devise a method to predict conserved transcription factor binding sites across the three extant amphioxus genera with specificity to developmental stage and cell-type identity. This suggests conserved regulatory interactions for the expression of FoxQ2a across deuterostomes.

Overall, this work clarifies the complex evolutionary history of FoxQ2 genes and identifies a newly discovered endodermally-expressed Fox gene, FoxQ2c. We further propose that the early duplication of FoxQ2a and FoxQ2b, along with their redundant functions, provided the ideal background for subfunctionalization, contributing to the fast evolutionary rate of FoxQ2 sequences observed in bilaterians.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gattoni, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>York, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keitley, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaBonne, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benito-Gutierrez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.23.650082</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary dynamics of FoxQ2 transcription factors across metazoans: A tale of three ancient paralogs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.25.650688v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Understanding Protein Language Model Scaling on Mutation Effect Prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.25.650688v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein language models, and models that incorporate structure or homologous sequences, estimate sequence likelihood p(sequence) that reflects the protein fitness landscape and is commonly used in mutation effect prediction and protein design. It is widely believed in deep learning field that larger model performs better across tasks. However, for fitness prediction, language model performance declines beyond a certain size, raising concerns about their scalability. Here, we showed that model size, training dataset, and stochastic elements can bias the predicted p(sequence) away from real fitness. Model performance on fitness prediction depends on how well p(sequence) matches evolutionary patterns in homologs, which is best achieved at a moderate p(sequence) level for most proteins. At extreme predicted wild-type sequence likelihoods, models predict uniformly low or high likelihoods for nearly all mutations, failing to reflect the real fitness landscape. Notably, larger models tend to predict proteins with higher p(sequence), which may exceed the moderate range and thus reduce performance. Our findings clarify the scaling behavior of protein models on fitness prediction and provide practical guidelines for their application and future development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zafar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.25.650688</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Understanding Protein Language Model Scaling on Mutation Effect Prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.25.650693v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
VGLL1 contributes to both the transcriptome and epigenome of the developing trophoblast compartment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.25.650693v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The trophectoderm (TE), the first lineage specified during mammalian development, initiates implantation and gives rise to placental trophoblasts. While animal models have elucidated key conserved signaling pathways involved in early TE specification, including BMP, WNT, and HIPPO, species-specific differences during early development emphasize the need for human-specific models. We previously identified VGLL1, a coactivator of TEAD transcription factors, as a human-specific placental marker. In this study, we employed a pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-based model of TE induction by BMP4 to investigate chromatin remodeling and transcriptional dynamics during TE formation. BMP4-induced chromatin accessibility changes promoted a trophoblast gene expression program, while mesoderm lineage markers were only transiently expressed upon canonical WNT activation. We found that VGLL1 was expressed downstream of key TE transcription factors (GATA2/3, TFAP2A/C) but was essential for establishment of full trophoblast identity by up-regulating EGFR and reinforcing GATA3 expression through positive feedback. Notably, VGLL1 enhanced canonical WNT signaling via direct regulation of WNT receptors and effectors. We also identified KDM6B, a histone demethylase that removes H3K27me3 repressive marks, as a direct VGLL1 target. KDM6B facilitated activation of bivalent promoters associated with TE markers, linking epigenetic regulation to lineage identity. Our findings establish a mechanistic framework positioning VGLL1 as a central regulator that integrates HIPPO, BMP, and WNT signaling pathways to drive establishment of human TE.

Statement of SignificanceEarly development of the human placenta is essential for pregnancy success, yet the mechanisms that guide placental lineage specification remain poorly defined. Using human stem cells, we show how signaling pathways and chromatin remodeling programs work together to direct formation of the trophectoderm, the earliest placental cell type. We identify VGLL1 as a key regulator linking multiple signaling networks to gene expression and epigenetic control. Our findings reveal a species-specific mechanism of placental initiation with broad implications for understanding reproductive disorders, pregnancy loss, and advancing stem cell-based models to study and potentially treat human placental disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Calderon, R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sah, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kittle, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaik, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chousal, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kallol, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bui, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morey, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fogarty, N. M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerri, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeHoff, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Home, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niakan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook-Andersen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisch, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soncin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.25.650693</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[VGLL1 contributes to both the transcriptome and epigenome of the developing trophoblast compartment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.29.651089v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Safety learning induces postsynaptic potentiation of direct pathway spiny projection neurons in the tail of the striatum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.29.651089v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The association of a sensory cue with an outcome is a crucial step in learning to identify safe versus threatening situations. Here we assessed how learned sound-safety association alters neuronal activity in tail of the striatum (TS), where auditory cortical and thalamic inputs converge. Prior to training, foot shock elicited responses by TS direct and indirect pathway spiny projection neurons (SPNs), while sound tones produced no response. However, once the sound association was learned, sound tones strongly activated TS SPNs, even when the animal was under anesthesia. This conditioned auditory response occurred concurrently with alterations of direct pathway SPNs in the TS, including increased responses to cortical and auditory thalamic inputs, increased excitatory response with an enhanced ratio of NMDA to AMPA receptors, decreased responses to inhibitory input, and increased dendritic spines. This convergence of postsynaptic changes provides responses to relevant auditory cues during associative learning.

TeaserSound-safety association enhances response to learned sound in striatal neurons via postsynaptic mechanisms
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stanley, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makowicz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cataldi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shashaank, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosharov, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacefield, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miniaci, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulzer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.29.651089</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Safety learning induces postsynaptic potentiation of direct pathway spiny projection neurons in the tail of the striatum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.26.650771v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Personalized Multiscale Modeling of Left Atrial Mechanics and Blood Flow 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.26.650771v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present a personalized multiscale mechanics model of the left atrium (LA) to simulate its deformation throughout the cardiac cycle and drive blood flow. Our patient data-driven model tightly integrates 3D structural mechanics of the LA myocardium, incorporating both passive and active components, with a 0D closed-loop lumped parameter network (LPN)-based circulatory system model. A finite element (FE) model of LA tissue is constructed from the patients images, assuming uniform thickness and employing rule-based fiber directions, a structurally based constitutive model for the passive mechanics, and a phenomenological contraction model while applying physiologically relevant boundary conditions. We then adopted a multi-step personalization approach, in which the LPN parameters with a surrogate LA model are first optimized to match cuff-based blood pressures and cardiac lumen volumes derived from time-resolved 3D gated computed tomography angiography (CTA) images. The surrogate LA pressure during passive expansion is used to estimate myocardial passive mechanics parameters and the reference unloaded configuration using an inverse finite element analysis (iFEA) framework. Finally, a robust multiscale coupling is applied between the iFEA-optimized FE model and the tuned 0D LPN model to characterize LA contraction. This effectively captures the 8-shaped pressure-volume curve and reasonably aligns with the image-based cavity volumes and deformation. The resulting simulation-predicted deformation is imposed as a moving-wall boundary condition to model atrial hemodynamics. Overall, this comprehensive digital twinning platform could be applied to study LA biomechanics in health and disease and assist in devising personalized treatment plans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, I. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vedula, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.26.650771</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Personalized Multiscale Modeling of Left Atrial Mechanics and Blood Flow]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.01.651544v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An open, fully-processed data resource for studying mood and sleep variability in the developing brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.01.651544v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain development during adolescence and early adulthood coincides with shifts in emotion regulation and sleep. Despite this, few existing datasets simultaneously characterize affective dynamics, sleep variation, and multimodal measures of brain development. Here, we describe the study protocol and initial release (n = 10) of an open data resource of neuroimaging paired with densely sampled behavioral measures in adolescents and young adults. All participants complete multi-echo functional MRI, compressed-sensing diffusion MRI, and advanced arterial spin-labeled MRI. Behavioral measures include ecological momentary assessment, actigraphy, extensive cognitive assessments, and detailed clinical phenotyping focused on emotion regulation. Raw and processed data are openly available without a data use agreement and will be regularly updated as accrual continues. Together, this resource will accelerate research on the links between mood, sleep, and brain development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brook, J. B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagautdinova, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rush, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander-Bloch, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baller, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calkins, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cieslak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Detre, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elliot, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fair, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gehrman, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laney, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laumann, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merikangas, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milham, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruparel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sevchik, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shanmugan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taso, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tisdall, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roalf, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satterthwaite, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.01.651544</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An open, fully-processed data resource for studying mood and sleep variability in the developing brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.29.651344v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
G2VTCR: predicting antigen binding specificity by Weisfeiler-Lehman graph embedding of T cell receptor sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.29.651344v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The binding of peptide-MHC complexes by T cell receptors (TCRs) is crucial for T cell antigen recognition in adaptive immunity. High-throughput multiplex assays have generated valuable data and insights about antigen specificity of TCRs. However, identifying which TCRs recognize which antigens remains a significant challenge due to the immense diversity of TCR. Here we describe G2VTCR (Graph2Vec-based Representation and Embedding of TCR and Targets for Enhanced Recognition Analysis), a computational method that uses atomic level graph embedding to predict TCR-antigen recognition. G2VTCR represents antigens and the third complementarity-determining region (CDR3) of TCR sequences using graphs, in which nodes encode atomic identities and edges encode chemical bonds between atoms, and then uses Weisfeiler-Lehman iterations to produce embeddings. The embeddings can be used for supervised classification tasks in TCR-antigen binding prediction and unsupervised clustering of TCRs. We evaluated G2VTCR using publicly available paired TCR-CDR3/antigen data generated by antigen-stimulation experiments. We show that G2VTCR has better performance in both classification and clustering than other embedding methods including pre-trained protein language models. We investigated the impact of Weisfeiler-Lehman iterations and the sample size of TCR CDR3 on classification performance. Our results highlight the utility of atomic level graphical embedding of immune repertoire sequences for antigen specificity prediction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.29.651344</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[G2VTCR: predicting antigen binding specificity by Weisfeiler-Lehman graph embedding of T cell receptor sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.04.652083v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CircRNA hypomethylation in the human amygdala implicates FKBP5 in alcohol use disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.04.652083v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome- and phenome-wide association studies implicate the RNA demethylase FTO in alcohol use disorder (AUD), yet the RNA methylation landscape in AUD remains poorly characterized. Analyzing postmortem human basolateral amygdala (BLA) tissue, a key brain region in AUD-related behaviors, we found extensive m6A hypomethylation uniquely affecting circular RNAs (circRNAs). Notably, FKBP5-hosted circRNAs (circFKBP5s) exhibited pronounced hypomethylation correlating with elevated expression of FKBP5 mRNA isoforms. These findings were replicated in an animal model of alcohol dependence. Predictive analyses suggest that circFKBP5s influence genes involved in neurodevelopmental processes and neuronal identity. These findings uncover a novel aspect of AUD neurobiology linked to circRNA methylation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghandour, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glausier, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asok, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colnaghi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kandel, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kandel, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Guglielmo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.-s. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melas, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.04.652083</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CircRNA hypomethylation in the human amygdala implicates FKBP5 in alcohol use disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.03.652068v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Env-antibody coevolution identifies B cell priming as the principal bottleneck to HIV-1 V2 apex broadly neutralizing antibody development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.03.652068v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) are rarely elicited during HIV-1 infection. To identify obstacles to bNAb development, we longitudinally studied 122 rhesus macaques infected by one of 16 different simian-human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs). We identified V2 apex as the most common bNAb target and a subset of Envs that preferentially elicited these antibodies. In 10 macaques, we delineated Env-antibody coevolution from B cell priming to bNAb development. Antibody phylogenies revealed permissive developmental pathways guided by evolving Envs that contained few mutations in or near the V2 apex C-strand, which were a sensitive indicator of apex-targeted responses. The absence of such mutations reflected a failure in bNAb priming. These results indicate that efficiency of B cell priming, and not complexities in Env-guided affinity maturation, is the primary obstacle to V2 apex bNAb elicitation in SHIV-infected macaques and identify specific HIV-1 Envs to advance as novel vaccine platforms.

One sentence summaryB cell priming is the primary bottleneck to HIV-1 V2 apex bNAb elicitation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Habib, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roark, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connell, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogarty, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchitto, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skelly, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carey, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sowers, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayyanathan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plante, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bibollet-Ruche, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agostino, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martella, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lora, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campion, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chowdhury, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amereh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Itallie, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiehe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, K. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cain, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batista, F. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burton, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrabi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulp, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haynes, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korber, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shap</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.03.652068</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Env-antibody coevolution identifies B cell priming as the principal bottleneck to HIV-1 V2 apex broadly neutralizing antibody development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.05.651897v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disrupted priming within draining lymph nodes drives immune quiescence in gastric cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.05.651897v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The gastric mucosa is characterized by continuous innate immune surveillance and inflammatory signaling, yet a high proportion of gastric carcinomas (GCs) are recalcitrant to immune-directed therapies. The mechanisms by which GCs evade adaptive immune surveillance within the highly antigenic microenvironment of the gastric mucosa remains unknown. To address this, we collected patient-matched tumor tissue, distant normal tissue, metastasis, and draining lymph nodes to generate a large-scale single-cell immune profiling dataset from 64 patients (n=179 samples, >150,000 cells). From single cell analysis, we identified two distinct sources of impaired tumor surveillance within tumor draining lymph nodes. First, we observed that a significant fraction of tumor draining lymph nodes had undergone cytokine-driven reprogramming, leading to reduced dendritic cell homing and limited T cell priming. Second, T cells undergoing successful activation exhibited limited expansion and constrained differentiation, marked by expression of the quiescence-associated transcription factor Kruppel-like Factor 2 (KLF2). Overexpression of KLF2 in primary T cells limited both their differentiation and cytotoxic capacity. These findings implicate both impaired T cell priming and KLF2-dependent T cell quiescence in limiting T cell immunity in gastric adenocarcinoma. We suggest these findings represent an emerging model for immune silencing in tumors developing from tissues with chronic inflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Salehi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stroobant, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lees, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimada, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abate, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zatzman, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceglia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laszkowska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maron, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McPherson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rusk, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Havasov, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drebin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janjigian, Y. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soldatov, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaligne, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strong, V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardhana, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.05.651897</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disrupted priming within draining lymph nodes drives immune quiescence in gastric cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.02.651730v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regenie.QRS: computationally efficient whole-genome quantile regression at biobank scale 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.02.651730v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genotype-phenotype associations can be context-dependent and dynamic in nature leading to heterogeneity of genetic effects across different parts of the phenotype distribution. Quantile regression, an alternative to linear regression for continuous phenotypes, is particularly well suited for detecting and characterizing heterogeneous genotype-phenotype associations. Here we propose a novel and computationally efficient whole-genome quantile regression technique, Regenie.QRS, for biobank-scale GWAS data with genetic structure. Our approach first estimates the polygenic effect, and then incorporates this effect as an offset in the non-mixed quantile regression model. Our simulations demonstrate robust control of type I error and higher power to detect heterogeneous associations relative to linear regression in GWAS, and improved power over the marginal quantile regression tests. We present applications using data from the UK Biobank and the ProgeNIA/SardiNIA project, where we show the advantages of Regenie.QRS in identifying and characterizing heterogeneous genetic effects. To cite just one interesting example, using quantile regression we are able to show that even though variants at the G6PC2 locus increase glucose levels, their effects are much stronger at lower quantiles of glucose level distribution than at higher quantiles, showing that G6PC2 serves as a guardian against low glucose levels without driving dangerous hyperglycemia, which may explain the lack of association with diabetes risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masala, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiorillo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devoto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cucca, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ionita-Laza, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.02.651730</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regenie.QRS: computationally efficient whole-genome quantile regression at biobank scale]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.02.651738v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A spatial code governs olfactory receptor choice and aligns sensory maps in the nose and brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.02.651738v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although topographical maps organize many peripheral sensory systems, it remains unclear whether olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) choose which of the [~]1100 odor receptors (ORs) to express based upon their spatial location in the olfactory epithelium (OE) or instead ORs are scattered randomly. Here we reveal that each OR is expressed at a precise mean position along the OE dorsoventral axis, thereby instantiating a receptor map. This patterning reflects the differential use, by precursors and mature OSNs, of a coherent gene expression program controlled by a spatially-varying retinoic acid gradient; this program -- which includes key transcription factors and axon guidance genes -- translates position into a spatially appropriate distribution of OR choices and aligns the epithelial map of OR identity with the glomerular map present in the olfactory bulb. These results identify a transcriptional code that distinguishes and spatially organizes the vast array of sensory channels that comprise the olfactory system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brann, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsukahara, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tau, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalloor, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubash, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thamarai Kannan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klimpert, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kollo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escamilla-Del-Arenal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bintu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bozza, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Datta, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.02.651738</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A spatial code governs olfactory receptor choice and aligns sensory maps in the nose and brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.02.651907v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A computational framework for mapping isoform landscape and regulatory mechanisms from spatial transcriptomics data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.02.651907v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcript diversity including splicing and alternative 3 end usage is crucial for cellular identity and adaptation, yet its spatial coordination remains poorly understood. Here, we present SPLISOSM (SpatiaL ISOform Statistical Modeling), a computational framework for detecting isoform-resolution patterns from spatial transcriptomics data. SPLISOSM leverages multivariate testing to account for spot- and isoform-level dependencies, demonstrating robust and theoretically grounded performance on sparse data. In the mouse brain, we identify over 1,000 spatially variable transcript diversity events, primarily in synaptic signaling pathways linked to neuropsychiatric disorders, and uncover both known and novel regulatory relationships with region-specific RNA binding proteins. We further show that these patterns are evolutionarily conserved between mouse and human prefrontal cortex. Analysis of human glioblastoma highlights pervasive transcript diversity in antigen presentation and adhesion genes associated with specific microenvironmental conditions. Together, we present a comprehensive spatial splicing analysis in the brain under normal and neoplastic conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Su, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schertzer, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lhakhang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, S.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabadan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.02.651907</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A computational framework for mapping isoform landscape and regulatory mechanisms from spatial transcriptomics data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.08.652856v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
No Evidence of Direct Activation of Human Neutrophil Responses by Multivalent Prefusion Trimeric SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein ex vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.08.652856v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) protein is essential for viral entry and serves as the primary immunogen in most COVID-19 vaccines. While its role in adaptive immunity is well defined, its potential to contribute directly to innate immune activation and remains incompletely understood. Neutrophils, in particular, are prominent effectors in COVID-19 severity, yet how they respond directly to the S protein presented in a multivalent format is unclear. Here, we investigated whether the S protein can directly activate human neutrophils ex vivo using two biologically relevant models: nanoparticles displaying multivalent stabilized prefusion trimeric S glycoprotein, and purified {beta}-propiolactone-inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virions. Neutrophils were exposed to nanoparticles or inactivated virus, either alone or pre-coated with monoclonal or polyclonal anti-S antibodies. Nanoparticles displaying Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Fusion (F) protein and purified {beta}-propiolactone-inactivated RSV served as comparators. Across all models and conditions tested, the S protein did not induce significant neutrophil responses. No consistent effects were observed on cell viability, surface marker expression, reactive oxygen species production, neutrophil extracellular trap formation, cytokine release, or inflammatory gene expression--even in the presence of anti-S antibodies mimicking immune complexes. Results with F-nanoparticles and inactivated RSV were similarly modest. These findings indicate that the trimeric prefusion S protein, whether displayed multivalently on nanoparticles or in the context of inactivated viral particles, is insufficient to trigger robust neutrophil activation. This work provides insight into the innate immune profile of the S protein and suggests that its use in vaccine platforms is unlikely to directly provoke neutrophil-mediated inflammatory responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fortin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huot, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caron, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laflamme, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagliuzza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chomont, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pouliot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grandvaux, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.08.652856</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[No Evidence of Direct Activation of Human Neutrophil Responses by Multivalent Prefusion Trimeric SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein ex vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.05.652112v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Th9-endothelial cell crosstalk promotes inflammatory atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.05.652112v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is a leading cause of death, and understanding its pathogenic drivers is critical for effective prevention and treatment. Inflammation has a critical role in ASCVD, and patients with inflammatory diseases are at increased risk. However, the key inflammatory mediator promoting ASCVD are incompletely understood, a major barrier when targeting inflammation to prevent ASCVD. Here, we found that interleukin-9 (IL-9) producing T helper cells (Th9) were significantly associated with ASCVD in patients with the autoimmune disease psoriasis. Th9 cells were poised to migrate to coronary vessels and were identified in atherosclerotic plaque. In vivo, murine inflammatory atherogenesis was prevented by IL-9 blockade and by IL-9 receptor (IL-9R) deletion in endothelial cells. In human arterial endothelial cells, IL-9R/STAT3 signaling promoted endothelial dysfunction, angiogenesis, and release of leukocyte chemoattractants. These findings suggest that in autoimmune diseases like psoriasis, Th9/IL-9 promote atherosclerosis by directly targeting endothelial cells, and that IL-9R/STAT3 signaling could be a promising therapeutic target for ASCVD.

eTOC SummaryBaral et. al. investigate individuals who are at high risk for atherosclerosis due to underlying inflammatory disease and use mouse models of cardiovascular disease to uncover a role for interleukin-9-producing T helper 9 cells in the pathogenesis of inflammatory atherosclerosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baral, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumer, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sylvester, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitakule, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodante, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez-Huerta, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taramangalam, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grogan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiraki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Son, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khillian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frischmeyer-Guerrerio, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milner, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell-Wiley, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falduto, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.05.652112</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Th9-endothelial cell crosstalk promotes inflammatory atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.06.652454v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromosomal instability shapes the tumor microenvironment of esophageal adenocarcinoma via a cGAS-chemokine-myeloid axis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.06.652454v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromosomal instability (CIN), a characteristic feature of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), drives tumor aggressiveness and therapy resistance, presenting an intractable problem in cancer treatment. CIN leads to constitutive stimulation of the innate immune cGAS-STING pathway, which has been typically linked to anti-tumor immunity. However, despite the high CIN burden in EAC, the cGAS- STING pathway remains largely intact.

To address this paradox, we developed novel esophageal cancer models, including a CIN-isogenic model, discovering myeloid-attracting chemokines - with the chemokine CXCL8 (IL-8) as a prominent hit - as conserved CIN-driven targets in EAC.

Using high-resolution multiplexed immunofluorescence microscopy, we quantified the extent of ongoing cGAS-activating CIN in human EAC tumors by measuring cGAS-positive micronuclei in tumor cells, validated by orthogonal whole-genome sequencing-based CIN metrics. By coupling in situ CIN assessment with single-nucleus RNA sequencing and multiplex immunophenotypic profiling, we found tumor cell-intrinsic innate immune activation and intratumoral myeloid cell inflammation as phenotypic consequences of CIN in EAC. Additionally, we identified increased tumor cell-intrinsic CXCL8 expression in CINhigh EAC, accounting for the inflammatory tumor microenvironment.

Using a novel signature of CIN, termed CINMN, which captures ongoing CIN-associated gene expression, we confirm poor patient outcomes in CINhigh tumors with signs of aberrantly rewired cGAS-STING pathway signaling.

Together, our findings help explain the counterintuitive maintenance and expression of cGAS-STING pathway components in aggressive, CINhigh tumors and emphasize the need to understand the contribution of CIN to the shaping of a pro-tumor immune landscape. Therapeutic strategies aimed at disrupting the cGAS-driven inflammation axis may be instrumental in improving patient outcomes in this aggressive cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beernaert, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jady-Clark, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramon-Gil, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawson, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodtman, Z. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tagore, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stihler, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erdal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Easton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Browne, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ash, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waddell, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crosby, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lord, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melero, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Andrea, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tijhuis, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foijer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammond, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akdemir, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leslie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parkes, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.06.652454</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromosomal instability shapes the tumor microenvironment of esophageal adenocarcinoma via a cGAS-chemokine-myeloid axis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.07.651953v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptation by stochastic tuning of gene expression in mammalian cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.07.651953v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells often face environmental challenges for which they lack pre-programmed regulatory responses. We have previously shown that yeast cells can, nevertheless, adapt to such unfamiliar conditions by a phenomenon we have termed stochastic tuning. In this process, cells use gene expression noise to randomly change the expression of individual genes and actively reinforce those changes that improve the overall health of the cell. Here, we provide experimental evidence for stochastic tuning in human cells adapting to the lethal chemotherapeutic agent methotrexate. As in yeast, the tuning process is not driven by mutations and is reversible upon removal of methotrexate challenge. We show that stochastic tuning is a conserved eukaryotic mechanism of cellular adaptation, and potentially a key factor in the phenomenon of cancer cell plasticity underlying chemotherapy resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Momen-Roknabadi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oikonomou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavazoie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.07.651953</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptation by stochastic tuning of gene expression in mammalian cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.08.652864v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
APOE genotype confers context dependent neurovascular vulnerability in immune-vascularized human forebrain organoids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.08.652864v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The APOE gene is a major genetic determinant of neurovascular and immune function, yet the mechanisms by which its isoforms modulate brain vulnerability to pathogenic stress remain incompletely understood. Here, we employ isogenic human iPSC-derived immune-vascularized--Forebrain Organoid-based Multicellular Assembled Cerebral Organoids (FORMA-COs)--to dissect isoform-specific responses to a clinically relevant viral challenge. We find that APOE2/2 and APOE4/4 FORMA-COs exhibit heightened viral RNA burden and distinct neuroinflammatory profiles compared to APOE3/3. Specifically, APOE4/4 promotes IL-1 and VEGFA induction, whereas APOE2/2 leads to elevated TNF-{beta} and VEGFA protein accumulation, indicating divergent pathways of injury. Integrated transcriptomic analyses, combined with known and predicted APOE protein-protein interaction networks, reveal genotype-dependent enrichment of cytokine signaling, angiogenic remodeling, and immune dysregulation. In vivo validation using humanized mouse models corroborates APOE genotype- specific vascular remodeling, microglial activation, and oligodendrocyte perturbation. These findings demonstrate that APOE genotype confers context-specific susceptibility to neuroimmune and vascular injury, providing insight into genetic risk mechanisms underlying infection-related and neurodegenerative brain disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bullen, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Condoleo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lissit, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarvis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neifert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.08.652864</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[APOE genotype confers context dependent neurovascular vulnerability in immune-vascularized human forebrain organoids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.09.653136v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain-wide cell-type-specific noradrenergic modulation of the transcriptome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.09.653136v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuromodulatory systems such as the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) system exert a widespread influence on brain function, yet the transcriptional consequences of such neuromodulatory perturbations remain largely unknown across the many unique cell types in the brain. In this study, we establish a generalizable framework to map brain-wide, cell-type-specific gene expression changes in mice following in vivo chemogenetic activation or inhibition of LC neurons. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing revealed that LC perturbation induces widespread but highly cell type- and region-specific transcriptional program changes, shaped by the distribution of adrenergic receptor subtypes. These findings support a model in which a shared global signal of neuromodulatory tone can produce discrete, context-dependent cellular outcomes through distinct molecular gating mechanisms of cell-type-specific adrenergic receptor subtype combinations. By establishing gene expression as a quantifiable metric of neuromodulatory control, this study lays the foundation for transcriptionally informed interventions capable of modulating brain functions with cellular precision.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Slater, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lantin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wellman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McFaline-Figueroa, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.09.653136</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain-wide cell-type-specific noradrenergic modulation of the transcriptome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.07.652715v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combining structural modeling and deep learning to calculate the E. coli protein interactome and functional networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.07.652715v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report on the integration of three methods that are computationally efficient enough to predict, on a proteome-wide scale, whether two proteins are likely to form a binary complex. The methods include PrePPI, which uses three-dimensional structure information as a basis for predictions, Topsy-Turvy which analyzes sequences using a protein language model, and ZEPPI which uses evolutionary information to evaluate protein-protein interfaces. We demonstrate how these methods can be integrated and validate the performance of the integrated method and its separate components at predicting E. coli protein-protein interactions through testing on the HINT high-quality literature-curated database of binary interactions. The integrated method identifies more high-confidence (FPR [&le;] 0.001) interactions ([~]20K) than any of the component methods. The AF3Complex algorithm was used to predict the structures of 400 protein-protein interactions, and 78% of the integrated method predictions resulted in models deemed accurate by the AF3Complex evaluation score. Notably, essentially all AF3Complex models have at least partially overlapping interfaces with PrePPI models of the complexes. Finally, we clustered the high-confidence E. coli interactome and obtained 385 subnetworks which have high functional coherence defined by enrichment of Gene Ontology Biological Process terms, thus, illustrating that our methods which contain no explicit functional information provide biologically meaningful protein interactions. Biological insights derived from the subnetworks, including the annotation of proteins of unknown function, are discussed in detail. Overall, independent validations support the accuracy of the comprehensive E. coli interactome we have presented.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naravane, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skolnick, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honig, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.07.652715</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combining structural modeling and deep learning to calculate the E. coli protein interactome and functional networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.12.653553v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distribution and structural diversity of Type IV internal ribosome entry sites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.12.653553v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Internal Ribosome Entry Sites (IRESs) are RNAs that facilitate cap- and end-independent translation initiation in eukaryotes. Type IV IRESs, which include the hepatitis C virus IRES, directly bind the 40S subunit and require only a subset of the canonical initiation factors to function. As the full diversity and species distribution of these IRESs was unknown, we sought to identify and classify their full architectural variation. Using a secondary structure homology-based search method, we identified 163 putative Type IV IRESs from viruses with diverse hosts and phylogeny, including the first example in a double stranded viral genome. Clustering analysis based on the presence and overall size of secondary structure elements yielded three distinct groups, differentiated by secondary structure expansions and deletions. Chemical probing of representative IRESs from each cluster validated the predicted secondary structures and in vitro translation assays showed that structural differences correlate with functional variation. Our findings reveal distinct structural adaptations and patterns within the Type IV IRESs that may influence IRES function and mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Segar, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherlock, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kieft, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.12.653553</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distribution and structural diversity of Type IV internal ribosome entry sites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.07.652771v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The contribution of the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system to the coupling between pupil-linked arousal and cortical state 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.07.652771v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how pupil-linked arousal couples with cortical state is crucial for uncovering the neural mechanisms underlying brain state-dependent cognitive and sensory processing. Pupil size fluctuations reflect rapid changes of the pupil-linked arousal system, indexing brain states as well as the activity of neuromodulatory systems, including the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) system. We investigated the relationship among phasic pupil dilation, cortical state, and neuromodulation by combining optogenetic LC stimulation with EEG recordings and pupillometry in awake mice. A comparison between EEG signals during spontaneous phasic pupil dilation and those during phasic pupil dilation evoked by LC stimulation revealed distinct EEG power spectrums, with LC activation driving strong modulation in the alpha and beta bands. Using machine learning techniques, we trained a convolutional neural network classifier to distinguish between types of pupil dilation based on the power dynamics of individual EEG frequency bands. The results confirmed that EEG features in the alpha, beta, and gamma bands differ markedly between spontaneous phasic arousal and LC stimulation-evoked arousal. Moreover, pharmacological manipulations to either block  or {beta} adrenergic receptors or agonize -2 adrenergic receptors were employed to explore how adrenergic receptors could influence the coupling between phasic pupil dilation and cortical state. With each manipulation uniquely modulating EEG power and pupil size, our results highlight the differentiated role of adrenergic receptors in the maintenance of coupling between pupil-linked arousal and cortical state. This study provides new insights into the complex relationship between pupil-linked arousal and cortical arousal state, underscoring the significant role of the LC-NE system in influencing these arousal states.

Significance StatementThis study reveals the role of the locus coeruleus in pupil-linked arousal coupling with cortical arousal state by uncovering the different relationships between LC stimulation-evoked versus spontaneous phasic pupil dilations and cortical EEG. By integrating machine learning and noradrenergic pharmacological manipulation, our findings highlight the distinct cortical state associated with spontaneous phasic arousal and LC stimulation-evoked arousal, as well as the crucial role of different subtypes of adrenergic receptors in mediating the coupling between pupil size and cortical state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weiss, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.07.652771</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The contribution of the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system to the coupling between pupil-linked arousal and cortical state]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.08.652977v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Probing the CaV1.2 interactome in heart failure identifies a positive modulator of inotropy and lusitropy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.08.652977v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMaladaptive changes in the function, expression and localization of proteins involved in calcium-handling worsen the impaired contractility of systolic heart failure (HF). Standard proteomics techniques require cell lysis and so are unable to characterize changes specific to the critical sub-cellular domain bounded by the T-tubule and the sarcoplasmic reticulum, known as the cardiac dyad. Traditional approaches are also less likely to capture low-affinity protein-protein interactions on lipid membranes. To improve our understanding of heart failure pathophysiology, we applied proximity proteomics to the cardiac dyad of mice with ischemic cardiomyopathy.

MethodsUsing two lines of transgenic mice expressing fusion proteins of the engineered ascorbate peroxidase APEX2 with subunits of the cardiac voltage gated calcium channel, CaV1.2, we labeled the dyad proteome of live, intact myocytes from healthy mice (N=6) and mice with coronary artery ligation HF (N=5) by peroxidase-catalyzed biotinylation. Quantitative mass spectrometry with isobaric tandem mass tags (TMT) was used to assess alterations in the local dyad proteome in myocytes from mice with chronic, remodeled HF. We subsequently generated a mouse with inducible cardiac overexpression of Galectin-1 to examine the effects of this protein on cardiac function and more specifically on the calcium-handling properties of mature myocytes, using cellular electrophysiology, calcium imaging, and echocardiography.

ResultsFrom mice with HF, we found significant enrichment of 43 proteins defined by their abundance and proximity to transgenic CaV1.2 1C channels, and a significant reduction in 22 proteins, out a of a total of 2326 proteins quantified. We also significantly enriched 286 proteins, and saw a reduction in 13 proteins, defined by proximity and abundance to CaV1.2 {beta}2B-subunits, out of a total 2236 proteins identified. Pathway analysis revealed HF is associated with increased abundance of components of the 26s proteasome and microtubules in the dyad, as well as the dimerizing, carbohydrate binding protein Galectin-1. Cardiac specific overexpression of Galectin-1 in healthy mice increases activation of CaV1.2 and the Ryanodine receptor and accelerates myocyte relaxation through phosphorylation of Phospholamban.

ConclusionsUsing proximity proteomics to examine the effects of HF in vivo, we find increased localization of Galectin-1 to the cardiac dyad, and that overexpression of Galectin-1 accelerates calcium kinetics in the heart.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodriques, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katchman, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zakharov, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalocsay, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisert, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradshaw, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiken, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saadallah, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fanourakis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Topkara, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kushner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.08.652977</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Probing the CaV1.2 interactome in heart failure identifies a positive modulator of inotropy and lusitropy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.12.653487v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cholinergic blockade reveals role for human hippocampal theta in encoding but not retrieval 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.12.653487v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cholinergic dysfunction is a hallmark of Alzheimers disease and other memory disorders. Yet, the neurophysiological mechanisms linking cholinergic signaling to memory remain poorly understood. In this study, we administered scopolamine, a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist, to neurosurgical patients with intracranial electrodes as they performed an associative recognition memory task. When scopolamine was present at encoding, we observed disruptions to hippocampal slow theta oscillations (2-4 Hz), with selective impairments to recollection-based memory. However, when scopolamine was present during retrieval alone, we observed disruptions to slow theta without impaired memory performance. These disruptions included dose-dependent reductions in theta power, theta phase reset, and encoding-retrieval pattern reinstatement. Together, our results challenge the notion that theta oscillations are necessary for memory retrieval, and instead suggest that theta universally reflects an encoding-related neural state. These findings motivate updates to current models of acetylcholines role in memory and may inform future therapies targeting rhythmic biomarkers of memory dysfunction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gedankien, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriegel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zabeh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonagh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lega, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.12.653487</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cholinergic blockade reveals role for human hippocampal theta in encoding but not retrieval]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.14.654005v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-type-specific synaptic scaling mechanisms differentially contribute to associative learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.14.654005v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Excitatory synaptic scaling regulates network dynamics by proportionally adjusting excitatory synaptic strengths after sensory perturbations. During associative learning, blocking excitatory scaling in conditioned taste aversion paradigms prolongs generalized aversive responses and delays memory specificity. Recent evidence also implicates inhibitory synaptic scaling in the regulation of network dynamics. Specifically, parvalbumin (PV)-expressing inhibitory neurons, targeting perisomatic regions of excitatory (E) pyramidal neurons, and somatostatin (SST)-expressing neurons, targeting distal dendrites, exhibit distinct scaling responses. This leaves open the question of how complex plasticity mechanisms regulate recurrent excitatory-inhibitory circuit dynamics in associative learning. Using computational approaches, we demonstrate that Hebbian plasticity drives memory generalization to novel stimuli not presented during conditioning. Following conditioning, diverse synaptic scaling mechanisms progressively induce memory specificity, which can be regulated by top-down inputs. Our results reveal that, in the absence of excitatory scaling, PV-to-E scaling can effectively compensate and rescue memory specificity, highlighting the presence of degenerate mechanisms in the brain. Notably, in the process of establishing memory specificity, excitatory scaling and PV-to-E scaling function synergistically, while concurrently opposing SST-to-E scaling. The synergistic and antagonistic plasticity mechanisms are orchestrated to shape the temporal evolution of memory representations, from generalized to precise.

Significance statementAssociative learning is a fundamental brain function that allows us to link experiences, adapt behavior, and form lasting memories. During this process, memory representations are shaped by synaptic scaling, a homeostatic plasticity mechanism that provides slow, negative feedback to regulate synaptic strengths and adjust network excitability. Operating at the synapses of diverse excitatory and inhibitory cell types, multiple forms of homeostatic plasticity influence the dynamics of associative learning. Here, we demonstrate that synergistic and antagonistic cell-type-specific synaptic scaling mechanisms operate at different types of inhibitory synapses to jointly govern the temporal evolution of memory representations. Through their interaction, they guide the transition from generalized to precise memories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Veneto, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kepce, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gjorgjieva, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.14.654005</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-type-specific synaptic scaling mechanisms differentially contribute to associative learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.10.653047v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pleasure in groove is associated with neuromelanin levels in the substantia nigra of younger healthy individuals: A neuromelanin-sensitive MRI study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.10.653047v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The pleasurable urge to move in response to music is called groove. Prior research has suggested a potential link between groove and dopamine function. However, no studies to date have directly investigated the relationship between the two. Here, we aimed to assess individual dopamine function in the substantia nigra of healthy individuals using neuromelanin-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging (NM-MRI), a non-invasive method associated with dopamine function, and to investigate the relationship between the individual dopamine proxy index and sensitivity to the groove experience. In this study, 15 younger (< 48 years) and 16 older ([greater double equals]48 years) healthy individuals participated. Participants listened to ten musical excerpts and rated the groove experience based on "pleasure" and "wanting to move." To assess whether the groove experience is related to NM levels, type of musical excerpts, and sex, we analyzed with linear mixed-effects regression models. The results showed that higher NM levels (p = 0.032) and male sex (p = 0.034) were associated with higher pleasure ratings in the younger group. For the "urge to move" ratings, type of musical excerpts was associated with ratings in both groups (ps < 0.001), where high-groove music (Janata et al., 2012) receiving higher ratings. Taken together, these results suggest that the "pleasure" aspect of the groove experience in younger individuals was related to dopamine levels in the substantia nigra, but may not be associated with the "urge to move." Thus, pleasure and the urge to move are likely to involve distinct dopaminergic pathways and mechanisms, warranting further investigation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Etani, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakajima, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Homma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaneko, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kondoh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarumi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsugawa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moriyama, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobari, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samma, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horga, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassidy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uchida, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujii, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.10.653047</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pleasure in groove is associated with neuromelanin levels in the substantia nigra of younger healthy individuals: A neuromelanin-sensitive MRI study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.15.653154v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-Cell RNA Sequencing and Inferred Protein Activity Analysis Reveal a Distinct Tumor Phenotype in Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer Patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.15.653154v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Colorectal cancer (CRC) diagnosed before age 50 years (early-onset CRC, EO-CRC) is rising at an alarming rate, yet its molecular and microenvironmental drivers remain poorly understood. EO-CRC is highly heterogeneous, and while subtle differences from late-onset CRC (LO-CRC) have been reported, their full extent remains unresolved due to the limited scope of previous studies. Here, we integrate public data with in-house clinical samples profiled by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and multiplex immunofluorescence (mIF) to compare EO-CRC and LO-CRC. Additionally, we employ gene regulatory network-based protein activity inference (VIPER), enabling a more precise characterization of key regulatory proteins driving tumor-stroma interactions. Our analysis reveals that EO-CRC and LO-CRC have a largely similar immune composition, challenging previous reports of an "immune-cold" phenotype in EO-CRC. However, we identify distinct stromal differences, including a significant enrichment of fibroblasts in EO-CRC. Notably, we define a previously unrecognized epithelial subpopulation in EO-CRC, marked by high expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5)--key mediators of inflammation-driven tumor progression and fibroblast recruitment. These findings suggest that EO-CRC may be driven by a tumor-intrinsic inflammatory phenotype with enhanced stromagenesis, providing new insights into potential mechanisms underlying its increasing incidence in young adults.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohen, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obradovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitani, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bethancourt, C.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunbar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cambuli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lengner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jakubikova, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blystone, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pumpalova, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dionigi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vickovic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, C.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabre, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.15.653154</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-Cell RNA Sequencing and Inferred Protein Activity Analysis Reveal a Distinct Tumor Phenotype in Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer Patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.15.654128v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oxytocin receptor absence reduces selectivity in peer relationships and alters neurochemical release dynamics in prairie voles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.15.654128v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Abstract/SummaryFriendships, or selective peer relationships, are a vital component of healthy social functioning in humans, while deficits in these relationships are associated with negative physical and mental health consequences. Like humans, prairie voles are among the few mammalian species that form selective social bonds with both peers and mates, making them an excellent model for the mechanistic investigation of selective social attachment. Here, we explored the role of oxytocin receptors in selective peer attachment using prairie voles lacking a functional oxytocin receptor gene (Oxtr1-/-). We found that Oxtr1-/- animals exhibited significant delays in peer relationship formation compared to wildtype animals. Oxytocin receptor function also contributed to the maintenance of peer bonds, as Oxtr1-/- voles displayed reduced relationship stability and lost selective attachments rapidly in a multi-chamber, group-living habitat. Oxtr1-/- voles also showed deficits in both general social reward as well as selective social reward for a peer partner over an unfamiliar conspecific. Evoked oxytocin release in the nucleus accumbens was reduced in Oxtr1-/- animals compared to their wildtype counterparts, indicating that these voles do not have a compensatory increase in oxytocinergic signaling. Together, these data indicate that oxytocin receptors influence the formation, persistence, and reward value of peer relationships.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Black, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komatsu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taskey, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serrano, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manoli, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beery, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.15.654128</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oxytocin receptor absence reduces selectivity in peer relationships and alters neurochemical release dynamics in prairie voles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.13.653874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pervasive homeobox gene function in the male-specific nervous system of Caenorhabditis elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.13.653874v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We explore here how neuronal cell type diversity is genetically delineated in the context of the large, but poorly studied male-specific nervous system of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Mostly during postembryonic development, the C. elegans male adds 93 male-specific neurons, falling into 25 cardinal classes, to the predominantly embryonically generated, sex-shared nervous system, comprised of 294 neurons (116 cardinal classes). Using engineered reporter alleles, we investigate here the expression pattern of 40 phylogenetically conserved homeodomain proteins within the male-specific nervous system of C. elegans, demonstrating that in aggregate, the expression of these homeodomain proteins covers each individual male-specific neuron. We show that the male-specific nervous system can be subdivided along the anterior/posterior axis in HOX cluster expression domains. The extent of our expression analysis predicts that each individual neuron class is likely defined by unique combinations of homeodomain proteins. Using a collection of newly available molecular markers, we undertake a mutant analysis of five of these genes (unc-30, unc-42, lim-6, lin-11, ttx-1) and identified defects in cell fate specification and/or male copulatory defects in each of these mutant strains. Our analysis expands our understanding of the importance of homeobox genes in nervous system development and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Digirolamo, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valperga, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molina-Garcia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kersh, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramadan, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrios, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.13.653874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pervasive homeobox gene function in the male-specific nervous system of Caenorhabditis elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.15.654234v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
When should adaptation arise from a polygenic response versus few large effect changes? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.15.654234v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The question of when adaptation involves genetic changes of large effect versus a polygenic response traces back to the foundation of evolutionary biology. While there are compelling reasons to expect polygenic adaptation to be common, direct evidence is still lacking. In turn, there are hundreds of examples of large effect adaptations across species, but it is unclear whether they are a common occurrence in any given species. Synthesizing the different lines of evidence is further complicated by differences in study designs. Here, we reframe this long-standing question in terms of properties of the trait under selection. We ask how the genetic basis of adaptation is expected to depend on key aspects of the genetic variation in the trait and on the extent of changes in selection pressures on it (i.e., the "traits ecology"). We consider a quantitative trait subject to stabilizing selection and model the response to selection when a population at mutation-selection-drift balance experiences a sudden shift in the optimal value. Using this model, we delimit how the contributions of large effect and polygenic changes to adaptation depend on the genetics and ecology of the trait, as well as on other salient factors. We thus formulate testable predictions about when different modes of adaptation are expected and outline a framework within which to interpret disparate sources of evidence about the genetic basis of adaptation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Milligan, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayward, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sella, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.15.654234</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[When should adaptation arise from a polygenic response versus few large effect changes?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.14.654069v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
fMRIPrep Lifespan: Extending A Robust Pipeline for Functional MRI Preprocessing to Developmental Neuroimaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.14.654069v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The adoption of a standardized preprocessing workflow is vital for fostering community, sharing, and reproducibility. fMRIPrep has been a critical advancement towards this end, however, it is limited in its capacity to be applied to data across the lifespan, starting from infancy. Here, we introduce fMRIPrep Lifespan, an extension of fMRIPrep that extends the standardized processing from childhood to senescence to include neonatal, infant, and toddler structural and functional MRI data preprocessing. This effort involves a NiPreps integration of 1) a workflow akin to fMRIPrep optimized for MRI data in the first years of life (previously NiBabies) and 2) upstream enhancements to the entire NiPreps suite, including multi-echo data processing, modularization of workflow components, and convergence of processing with other popular workflows (ABCD-BIDS, Human Connectome Project Pipelines). Using data from the Baby Connectome Project (participants 1-43 months of age), we demonstrate that fMRIPrep Lifespan produces high-quality outputs across a wide age range. Moving forward, the scalable, modular infrastructure of fMRIPrep Lifespan will ensure adaptability to data from birth to old age while maintaining robust and reproducible frameworks for functional MRI research across the lifespan.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goncalves, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madison, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCollum, r.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundquist, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fayzullobekova, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadera, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, H. H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houghton, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Styner, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexopoulos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smyser, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoyell, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koirala, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weldon, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermosillo, R. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vizioli, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yacoub, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wengler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satterthwaite, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elison, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markiewicz, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poldrack, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feczko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esteban, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fair, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.14.654069</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[fMRIPrep Lifespan: Extending A Robust Pipeline for Functional MRI Preprocessing to Developmental Neuroimaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.14.654071v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Anisotropic Reactive Viscoelastic Model of the Rhesus Macaque Cervix for Studying Cervical Remodeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.14.654071v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The uterine cervix is a soft biological tissue with critical biomechanical functions in pregnancy. It is a mechanical barrier that supports the growing fetus. As pregnancy progresses, the cervix becomes more compliant and eventually opens in late pregnancy to facilitate childbirth. This dual function is facilitated by extensive remodeling of the cervical extracellular matrix (ECM), giving rise to its complex time-dependent material properties. Premature cervical remodeling is known to result in preterm birth, defined as birth before 37 weeks of gestation. While previous work has studied cervical remodeling using various biomechanical methods, it remains unclear how the intrinsic or flow-independent viscoelastic behavior of the cervix is influenced by cervical remodeling. In this study, an anisotropic reactive viscoelastic material model was formulated and investigated under tensile deformation to understand material behavior in cervical remodeling. To calibrate the model, experimental force relaxation data was used from uniaxial tension tests on Rhesus macaque cervical specimens from four gestational time points. The results showed that cervical tissue equilibrium and instantaneous stiffness significantly decreased from the non-pregnant to the late pregnancy status. In addition, cervical tissue in the late third trimester relaxed faster to equilibrium than the other gestational groups, particularly at prescribed tensile strains greater than 30%. This fast relaxation to equilibrium helps the cervix dissipate tensile hoop stresses induced by the fetus during labor, preventing its rupture. This work provides insights into time-dependent cervical remodeling features, which are crucial for developing diagnostic methods and treatments for preterm birth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cordon, C. A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosado-Mendez, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ateshian, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feltovich, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.14.654071</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Anisotropic Reactive Viscoelastic Model of the Rhesus Macaque Cervix for Studying Cervical Remodeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.14.654155v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The thermal benefits of a mound-burrow system in a semi-desert Australian landscape: will this pebble fortress provide refuge from climate change? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.14.654155v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deserts are expected to warm and dry more than other ecoregions, making it critical to understand how arid-adapted animals might cope with increasing climate change. Plasticity in microclimatic niches created through the extended phenotype have been hypothesized to buffer desert-dwelling organisms from rapidly changing conditions. A unique example of the extended phenotype is the mound-burrow system of the western pebble mouse (Pseudomys chapmani), a small rodent that survives in one of Australias harshest environments. Here, using thermo-loggers and by obtaining mound measurements, we show that the mound-burrow system provides protection from prevailing desert conditions of both searing heat and freezing cold. We show that burrow depth and the height of the parapet around the entrance help maintain stable temperatures by warming in winter and cooling in spring. Burrows also had stable humidity levels relative to external fluctuations. We conclude that this unique pebble fortress is a critical resource that allows the species to persist in an extreme environment. We then applied modelling to assess how global warming has, and may continue to, influence(d) thermoregulation and behaviour, revealing that future summers in this extreme region may require refuge at an unachievable depth. Our study highlights the limits of the extended phenotype in buffering climate change impacts and raises concerns about the future of desert rodent populations in a rapidly warming world.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Firman, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubenstein, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.14.654155</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The thermal benefits of a mound-burrow system in a semi-desert Australian landscape: will this pebble fortress provide refuge from climate change?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.18.654722v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutation-selection-drift balance models of complex diseases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.18.654722v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic variation that influences complex disease susceptibility is introduced into the population by mutation and removed by natural selection and genetic drift. This mutation-selection-drift-balance (MSDB) shapes the prevalence of a disease and its genetic architecture. To date, however, MSDB has only been modeled for monogenic (Mendelian) diseases. Here, we develop a MSDB model for complex disease susceptibility: we assume that genotype relates to disease risk according to the canonical liability threshold model and that selection on variants affecting risk derives from the fitness cost of the disease, and focus on diseases that are highly polygenic, entail a substantial fitness cost, and are neither extremely common in the population nor exceedingly rare. Contrasting model predictions with GWAS and other findings in humans suggests that directional selection plays little role in shaping common genetic variation affecting complex disease susceptibility but might substantially affect rare, large effect variation. In turn, common variation affecting complex disease susceptibility appears to be dominated by pleiotropic stabilizing selection on other traits. Our results further suggest that current estimates of disease heritability are likely biased. More generally, our model provides a better understanding of the evolutionary processes that shape the architecture and prevalence of complex diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berg, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riall, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayward, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sella, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.18.654722</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutation-selection-drift balance models of complex diseases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.15.654129v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole-brain chemosensory responses of both C. elegans sexes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.15.654129v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sexually-dimorphic neural circuits play a critical role in shaping sex-specific animal behaviors. Maps of the structural dimorphisms in these circuits have been explored by analyzing "synaptic connectomes", electron micrograph reconstructions of synaptic connectivity. Nevertheless, recent studies in the model organism C. elegans have shown little to no correlation between the synaptic connectome and dynamic neural activity. Therefore, the extent of sexual dimorphism in functional neural activity remains unknown. To determine the extent of functional sexual-dimorphisms in C. elegans we compared activity, neuron-by-neuron, across all neurons in the heads of both sexes. To sample a broad view of responses to different sensory modalities, we tested a diverse panel of ethologically-relevant olfactory, gustatory, and chemical stimuli, representing both attractive and aversive cues. We found that nearly every sensory neuron responded dimorphically to at least one cue and monomorphically to other cues, indicating that sexually-dimorphic circuits are pervasive and stimulus dependent. This dimorphic and monomorphic activity was present to a lesser extent in downstream interneurons and even less so in motoneurons, implicating sensory neurons as the primary source and location of sexually-dimorphic activity. Comparing the functional activity we measured to the published synaptic connectomes of both sexes revealed that sexual dimorphism in functional connectivity was distinct from and complementary to sexual dimorphism in synaptic connectivity. Our results provide a first-of-its-kind comparison of whole-brain dynamics between sexes at the level of single neurons, serving as an extensive resource for further investigations of functional sex differences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seyedolmohadesin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torkashvand, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasouli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalinski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yemini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatachalam, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.15.654129</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole-brain chemosensory responses of both C. elegans sexes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.16.654477v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The antibacterial factor APOL3 couples lysosomal damage to mitochondrial DNA efflux and type I IFN induction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.16.654477v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lysosomal damage is an endogenous danger signal to the cell, but its significance for innate immunity and how specific signaling pathways are engaged by this stressor remain unclear. Here, we uncover an immune-inducible pathway that connects lysosomal damage to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) efflux and type I IFN production. Lysosomal damage elicits mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) via BAK/BAX macropores; however, the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) prevents wholesale mtDNA release in resting cells. Priming with type II IFN (IFN-{gamma}) induced the antibacterial effector apolipoprotein L-3 (APOL3), which upon transient lysosomal damage, targets mitochondria undergoing MOMP and selectively permeabilizes the IMM to enhance mtDNA release and activate cGAS/STING signaling. Biochemical and cellular reconstitution revealed that analogous to its bactericidal detergent-like mechanism, APOL3 solubilizes cardiolipin to permeabilize the IMM. Our findings illustrate how cells use an antibacterial protein to expedite the breakdown of endosymbiosis and facilitate a heightened response to injury and infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ritacco, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahnawaz, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oduguwa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawk, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vizcaino, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farber, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaudet, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.16.654477</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The antibacterial factor APOL3 couples lysosomal damage to mitochondrial DNA efflux and type I IFN induction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.20.655166v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of α-azacyclic acetamide-based inhibitors of P. falciparum Na+ pump (PfATP4) with fast-killing asexual blood-stage antimalarial activity by phenotypic screening 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.20.655166v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Malaria treatments are compromised by drug resistance, creating an urgent need to discover new drugs. We used a phenotypic high-throughput screening (HTS) platform to identify new antimalarials, uncovering three related pyrrole-, indole-, and indoline-based series with a shared -azacyclic acetamide core. These compounds showed fast-killing activity on asexual blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum parasites, were not cytotoxic, and disrupted parasite intracellular pH and Na+ regulation similarly to cipargamin (KAE609), a clinically advanced inhibitor of the P. falciparum Na+ pump (PfATP4). PfATP4 is localized to the parasite plasma membrane and is essential for maintaining a low cytosolic Na+ concentration. Resistance selections on P. falciparum parasites with two -azacyclic acetamide analogs identified mutations in PfATP4, and cross-resistance was observed across the -azacyclic acetamides and KAE609, confirming PfATP4 as the target. PfATP4 is a well-established antimalarial target, and identification of additional PfATP4 inhibitors provides alternative avenues to disrupt its function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Casas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imlay, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thathy, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deni, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehane, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawong, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fairhurst, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Striepen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niederstrasser, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Posner, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laleu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charman, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fidock, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ready, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.20.655166</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of α-azacyclic acetamide-based inhibitors of P. falciparum Na+ pump (PfATP4) with fast-killing asexual blood-stage antimalarial activity by phenotypic screening]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.16.654543v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accounting for uncertainty in residual variances improves calibration of the Sum of Single Effects model for small sample sizes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.16.654543v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Sum of Single Effects (SuSiE) model is a widely adopted method for genetic fine-mapping. We show that, in small-sample studies, the original SuSiE fitting procedure produces substantially higher rates of false positive findings. We show that a simple modification to SuSiE improves performance in small-sample studies. This modification is particularly important for emerging molecular QTL applications in rare cell types and primary tissues where sample sizes are inherently limited.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Denault, W. R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carbonetto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Consortium, T. A. s. D. F. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.16.654543</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accounting for uncertainty in residual variances improves calibration of the Sum of Single Effects model for small sample sizes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.19.654904v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain Multi-Omic Subtypes of Neuroticism Reveal Molecular Signatures linked to Alzheimer's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.19.654904v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ImportanceMolecular mechanisms linking neuroticism with Alzheimers disease traits are unknown.

ObjectiveTo identify molecular subtypes of neuroticism and examine their association with ADRD traits.

DesignThree ongoing cohort studies were used; Religious Orders Study (ROS), Rush Memory and Aging Project (MAP) and Minority Aging Research Study (MARS), that began enrollment in 1994, 1997, and 2004, respectively.

SettingOlder priests, nuns, and brothers from across the U.S. (ROS), older adults (MAP) and older African-American adults (MARS) from across the greater Chicago metropolitan area.

Participants1,028 decedents with multi-omic data from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), the anterior cingulate cortex (AC), and the posterior cingulate gyrus (PCG).

Exposure(s)Eight layers of omics (DNA methylation and histone acetylation from DLPFC; RNA seq from AC, DLPFC, and PCG, single-nucleus RNA, TMT proteomics and metabolomics from DLPFC) and Neuroticism using the 12-item version from the NEO Five-Factor Inventory.

Main outcome(s) and measure(s)Person-specific multi-omic molecular pseudotime representing molecular progression from low to high phenotypic expression of neuroticism, and three multi-omic brain molecular subtypes of neuroticism which represent distinct omic pathways from no/low neuroticism to high neuroticism that differ by their omic constituents.

Participants are exclusively assigned to the subtype which aligns mostly with their multi-omic profile.

ResultsThe top drivers of subtype differentiation were transcriptomic alterations across three brain regions (DLPFC, AC, PCG) which extensively and differentially characterized the subtypes. The subtypes were also differentially associated with AD pathology, temporal lobe atrophy, and AD dementia, with subtype N1 showing the strongest associations.

Conclusions and RelevanceNeuroticism may be driven by three distinct molecular subtypes, with subtype N1 driving ADRD-related associations, N2 showing some ADRD associations, and N3 being completely independent of these outcomes. Our data provide novel insights into the biology of individual differences in predispositions of neuroticism and its associations with ADRD traits.

Key pointsO_ST_ABSQuestionC_ST_ABSWhat are the brain multi-omics molecular signatures linking neuroticism with Alzheimers diseases and related dementias (AD/ADRDs)?

FindingsWe identified three distinct brain multi-omic molecular subtypes reflecting different molecular pathways underlying neuroticism. Top omic features of the subtypes were extensively and differentially characterized by transcriptomic alterations across three brain regions - dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and posterior cingulate gyrus. Subtype N1 was strongly associated with AD pathology, AD dementia, and temporal lobe atrophy.

MeaningThe association we typically observe between phenotypic neuroticism and ADRD clinical traits might be largely driven by a molecular pathway underlying this trait.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zammit, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopes, K. d. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batalha, C. M. P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poole, V. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasaki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapasi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seyfried, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaddurah-Daouk, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iturria-Medina, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.19.654904</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain Multi-Omic Subtypes of Neuroticism Reveal Molecular Signatures linked to Alzheimer's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.20.655228v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive Multimodal Profiling of Atherosclerosis Reveals Bhlhe40 as a Potential Regulator of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotypic Modulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.20.655228v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundVascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) play a central role in atherosclerosis by undergoing phenotypic modulation from a quiescent, contractile state to a range of synthetic phenotypes, including fibroblast-like, macrophage-like, and lipid-laden foam cell-like states. However, a comprehensive multimodal characterization and understanding of the transcriptional programs driving these transitions remain incomplete.

MethodsTo comprehensively define the phenotypic diversity of VSMCs during atherosclerosis progression, we performed in-depth profiling using cellular indexing of transcriptomes and epitopes by sequencing (CITE-seq) and bulk RNA sequencing in a VSMC lineage-tracing atherosclerotic mouse model. Insights from these datasets guided the design of targeted in vitro experiments to investigate candidate regulatory mechanisms.

ResultsSingle-cell multi-omics revealed extensive cellular heterogeneity within atherosclerotic plaques, including a rare population of VSMC-derived macrophage-like cells, whose presence was confirmed by histological analysis. These studies also identified a substantial population of VSMC-derived foam cells, comprising approximately 70% of all foam cells in the lesions. These cells exhibited activation of gene programs associated with lipid metabolism, proliferation, and tumor-like features. The transcription factor Bhlhe40 emerged as a key regulator of this phenotypic transition, with elevated expression in VSMC-derived foam cells during disease progression. Functional knockdown of Bhlhe40 suppressed VSMC phenotypic switching and foam cell characteristics, underscoring its potential role as a driver of VSMC modulation.

ConclusionsThese findings advance our understanding of VSMC phenotypic modulation in atherosclerosis and highlight Bhlhe40 as a key regulator of this process. Elucidating the mechanisms governing VSMC plasticity may offer new therapeutic opportunities to reduce cardiovascular risk by targeting disease-driving cellular transitions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ibikunle, C. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coronel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachs, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maegdefessel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tall, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bashore, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.20.655228</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive Multimodal Profiling of Atherosclerosis Reveals Bhlhe40 as a Potential Regulator of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotypic Modulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.22.655488v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early Indirect Neurogenesis transitions to late Direct Neurogenesis in mouse cerebral cortex development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.22.655488v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cerebral cortex must contain the appropriate numbers of neurons in each layer to acquire its proper functional organization. Accordingly, neurogenesis requires precise regulation along development. Cortical neurons are made either directly by Radial Glia Cells (RGCs) that self- consume, or indirectly from RGCs via Intermediate Progenitor Cells (IPCs) and largely preserving the RGC pool. According to the standing model of cortical development, Direct Neurogenesis predominates at early stages of development, and progressively shifts to Indirect Neurogenesis, which predominates at late stages. However, neurogenesis at early stages should be compatible with RGC amplification, and neurogenesis at late stages needs to involve RGC consumption, which seems in conflict with the standing model. Here we studied the modes of neurogenesis along cortical development using multiple approaches, including birthdating, live imaging and MADM clone labeling. Contrary to the established dogma, our data show that Indirect Neurogenesis clearly predominates at early developmental stages, gradually shifting to Direct Neurogenesis at late stages. These findings challenge the current model of cortical neurogenesis, and prompt a re-evaluation of previous and ongoing work about the genetic and molecular mechanisms regulating this process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cardenas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celik, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streicher, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Gonzalez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Valle Anton, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Negri, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez Ortuno, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hippenmeyer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borrell, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.22.655488</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early Indirect Neurogenesis transitions to late Direct Neurogenesis in mouse cerebral cortex development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.22.655581v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Physics-Informed Digital Twin Can Predict Cerebral Blood Flow and Cerebral Vascular Regulation Mechanisms in Neurocritical Care Patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.22.655581v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1Cerebral blood flow is vital for brain function and is acutely controlled through a set of physiological mechanisms known as cerebral vascular regulation (CVR)[1-3]. It remains challenging to directly measure the dynamics and function of individual CVR mechanisms[4], limiting our ability to understand and optimize brain perfusion, particularly for neurologically injured patients. Digital twins offer an ideal tool for overcoming this gap because they enable estimation, tracking, and forecasting of unmeasured physiological states[5, 6]. Here, we introduce CereBRLSIM (Cerebral Blood Regulation Latent State Inference and Modeling), a digital twin that integrates physiological knowledge and patient data to infer CVR function and predict cerebral dynamics. Using both in vivo experiments and simulated data, CereBRLSIM predicted cerebral hemodynamics with high accuracy and estimated the dynamics of myogenic, endothelial, and metabolic mechanisms underlying CVR. When personalized to neurocritical care patient data, CereBRLSIM differentiated cerebral hemodynamic phenotypes, predicted patient outcomes, and forecasted blood flow with significantly higher accuracy than machine learning models. This work provides a novel, interpretable, and clinically compatible approach for quantifying CVR function and forecasting cerebral blood flow, enabling new opportunities in precision diagnostics and foundational understanding of cerebral hemodynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Briggs, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>stroh, j. n.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foreman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tymko, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sirlanci, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ainslie, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benninger, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albers, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.22.655581</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Physics-Informed Digital Twin Can Predict Cerebral Blood Flow and Cerebral Vascular Regulation Mechanisms in Neurocritical Care Patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.22.655542v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Python Toolbox for Representational Similarity Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.22.655542v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Representational similarity analysis (RSA) is a method to characterize neural representations and evaluate computational models based on neural representational geometries. Here we present a wave of recent methodological advances, including improved measures of representational distances, evaluators for representational models, and statistical inference methods, which are available to the community in a new open-source toolbox in Python. The rsatoolbox enables neuroscientists to explore neural representational geometries and to evaluate neural network models, connecting theory to experiment in the new era of big models and big data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van den Bosch, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahbazi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charest, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diedrichsen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriegeskorte, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mur, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuett, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.22.655542</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Python Toolbox for Representational Similarity Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.23.655632v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tissue signatures of human macrophages during homeostasis and activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.23.655632v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human macrophages (M{Phi}s) reside in tissues and develop tissue-specific identities. While studies in mice have identified molecular signatures for site-specific M{Phi} differentiation, we know less about the transcriptional profiles of human M{Phi}s in distinct sites, including mucosal tissues and lymphoid organs during homeostasis and activation. Here, we use multimodal single-cell sequencing and ex vivo stimulation assays to define tissue signatures for populations of human M{Phi}s isolated from lungs, small intestine, spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes obtained from individual organ donors. Our results reveal distinct tissue-adapted gene and protein profiles of metabolic, adhesion, and immune interaction pathways, which are specific to M{Phi}s and not monocytes isolated from the same sites. These signatures exhibit homology to murine M{Phi}s from the same sites. Tissue-adapted M{Phi}s remained responsive to polarizing cytokine stimuli ex vivo, with upregulation of expected transcripts and secreted proteins, while retaining tissue-specific profiles. Together, our findings show how human M{Phi} identity is coupled to their site of residence for mucosal and lymphoid organs and is intrinsically maintained during activation and polarization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Caron, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Specht, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szabo, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sims, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farber, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.23.655632</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tissue signatures of human macrophages during homeostasis and activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.24.655962v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatiotemporal Single-Cell Analysis Reveals T Cell Clonal Dynamics and Phenotypic Plasticity in Human Graft-versus-Host Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.24.655962v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT) is curative for various hematologic diseases but often leads to acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), a potentially life-threatening complication. We leverage GVHD as a uniquely tractable disease model to dissect complex T-cell-mediated pathology in 27 alloHCT recipients. We integrate pre-transplant identification of alloreactive T-cells with longitudinal tracking across blood and gut, using mixed lymphocyte reaction-based clonal "fingerprinting", TCR clonotyping, single-cell RNA/TCR sequencing, and spatial transcriptomics. Using DecompTCR, a novel computational tool for longitudinal TCR analysis, we uncover clonal expansion programs linked to GVHD severity and TCR features. Multi-omics profiling of gut biopsies reveals enrichment and clonal expansion of CD8 effector and ZNF683(Hobit) resident memory T-cells, cytolytic remodeling of regulatory and unconventional T-cells, and localization of CD8 effector T-cells near intestinal stem cells in crypt loss regions. This framework defines dynamic immune circuit rewiring and phenotypic plasticity with implications for biomarkers and therapies.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=198 SRC="FIGDIR/small/655962v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@178b77dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@569226org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1951281org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f1e046_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LIPersistent expansion of diverse alloreactive T cell clones is a hallmark of severe GVHD
C_LIO_LIDecompTCR reveals dynamic clonal expansion programs linked to GVHD severity and clinical outcome
C_LIO_LICD8+ T cell clones exhibit phenotypic plasticity in vivo across intestinal tissue compartments in GVHD
C_LIO_LIHigh-resolution spatial profiling shows CD8+ effector T cells localize near intestinal stem cell niches and drive epithelial injury in GVHD
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uzuni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pressler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harle, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakrabarti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macedo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belay, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordillo, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raps, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J. Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nazaret, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuller, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azad, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chainani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrams, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Portillo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mapara, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alhamar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sykes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McFaline-Figueroa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azizi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reshef, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.24.655962</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatiotemporal Single-Cell Analysis Reveals T Cell Clonal Dynamics and Phenotypic Plasticity in Human Graft-versus-Host Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.28.656712v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative molecular cartography of emergency myelopoiesis reveals conserved modules of hematopoietic activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.28.656712v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) respond to infections, inflammation, and regenerative challenges using a collection of cellular and molecular mechanisms termed emergency myelopoiesis (EM) pathways. However, it remains unclear how various EM inducers regulate HSPCs using shared or distinct molecular mechanisms. Here, we generate a comprehensive and generalizable cell annotation method (HemaScribe) and a refined quantitative model of hematopoietic differentiation (HemaScape) using single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of HSPCs, which we apply to a broad range of EM modalities. We uncover multiple strategies to enhance myelopoiesis acting at different levels of the HSPC hierarchy, which are associated with both unique and shared transcriptional response modules. In particular, we identify a myeloid progenitor-based module of EM engagement across diverse inflammatory challenges, which informs outcome in adult and pediatric human acute myeloid leukemia. Collectively, our work illuminates fundamental regulatory mechanisms in hematopoietic regeneration that have direct translational applications in disease contexts.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LINew HemaScribe method for hematopoietic progenitor annotation in scRNA-seq datasets
C_LIO_LIDifferent emergency myelopoiesis (EM) inducers act at distinct hematopoiesis levels
C_LIO_LIUnique and shared transcriptional response modules enacted by different EM inducers
C_LIO_LIA myeloid progenitor EM module informs outcome in acute myeloid leukemia
C_LI

eTOC BLURBSwann et al. conduct comparative analysis of single cell RNA sequencing data from multiple emergency myelopoiesis models, finding that different perturbations act at various levels of the hematopoietic hierarchy and recruit distinct sets of molecular mechanisms to enhance myelopoiesis. In particular, they identify a conserved myeloid progenitor-based activation module across multiple disease conditions, which informs outcome in human acute myeloid leukemia.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=199 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/656712v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ffcd62org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@50eaeorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@6df44org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@12bfacf_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Swann, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fung, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, O. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lhakang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proven, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabadan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Passegue, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.28.656712</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative molecular cartography of emergency myelopoiesis reveals conserved modules of hematopoietic activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.26.655791v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Converging pathways: shared brain circuitry engaged by monoaminergic antidepressants, ketamine and psilocybin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.26.655791v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ketamine has transformed depression treatment by providing therapeutic relief within a single day, unlike monoaminergic antidepressants that require weeks to take effect. Here, we conducted whole-brain screening in mice to compare drug-evoked c-fos expression--acting as a marker of brain activity leading to protein synthesis-dependent forms of plasticity--following treatment with monoaminergic antidepressants, ketamine and psilocybin. Our findings reveal a shared limbic brain circuit comprising subcortical and frontal cortical regions, with a key distinction: c-fos-based activity in the prelimbic and infralimbic frontal cortex--areas strongly implicated in depression--was acutely induced by ketamine and high-dose psilocybin, but emerged only after chronic dosing with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine or psilocybin microdosing. These results suggest the existence of a core limbic subcortico-cortical circuit underlying antidepressant efficacy, provide mechanistic insight into the delayed therapeutic effects of monoaminergic antidepressants, and reveal a close similarity in brain activity evoked by monoaminergic antidepressants and psilocybin microdosing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joseph, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genovese, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maxwell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lieberman, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osten, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.26.655791</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Converging pathways: shared brain circuitry engaged by monoaminergic antidepressants, ketamine and psilocybin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.29.656908v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Context-Dependent Variability Of HIF Heterodimers Influences Interactions With Macromolecular And Small Molecule Partners 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.29.656908v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) are transcription factors that coordinate cellular responses to low oxygen levels, functioning as an /{beta} heterodimer which binds a short hypoxia response element (HRE) DNA sequence. Prior studies suggest HIF/HRE complexes are augmented by the binding of additional factors nearby, but those interactions are not well understood. Here, we integrated structural and biochemical approaches to investigate several functionally relevant HIF assemblies with other protein, small molecule, and DNA partners. First, we used cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) to establish HIF-1 and HIF-2 self-assemble to form novel "dimer-of-heterodimers" (DoHD) complexes on extended human EPO enhancer sequences, with one heterodimer bound at a canonical HRE site and the second binding in an inverted fashion to an HRE-adjacent sequence (HAS) 8 bp away. Consistent with ARNT PAS-B domains predominating interactions within a DoHD, we found HIF-1 and HIF-2 co-assemble mixed DoHD complexes on the same DNA. Second, we saw that despite the increased complexities of the larger complexes, ligands for the isolated ARNT or HIF-2 PAS-B domains are still capable of binding and disrupting both the heterodimer and DoHD complexes, albeit with variable potencies depending on the ligand. Finally, we combined cryo-EM and hydrogen- deuterium exchange by mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) to show how HIF-1 and HIF-2 heterodimers engage the transforming acidic coiled-coil containing protein 3 (TACC3) coactivator via both ARNT and HIF- subunits, though this was unseen in the larger DoHD. Our findings highlight the importance of both molecular context and dynamics in biomolecular complex formation, adding to the complexities of potential regulation.

Significance StatementHypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) are transcription factors that regulate oxygen-dependent cellular processes with implications in certain types of cancers. Current molecular structures of HIFs bound to short DNA fragments provide insights into their function, but leave open questions about how they bind longer natural DNA fragments and interact with small molecules and protein coactivators. Integrating structural and biochemical techniques, we discovered a novel assembly in which two HIFs bind together on a single extended DNA fragment, forming a "dimer-of-heterodimers", which exhibits some differences in ligand and coactivator binding than heterodimers or isolated PAS domains. Our studies highlight how functional contexts can shift structural paradigms and provide greater insight into the mechanisms by which HIFs and similar bHLH-PAS transcription factors operate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Closson, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiyani, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcelino, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isiorho, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagati, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardner, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.29.656908</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Context-Dependent Variability Of HIF Heterodimers Influences Interactions With Macromolecular And Small Molecule Partners]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.28.656689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular dynamics driving phenotypic divergence among KRAS mutants in pancreatic tumorigenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.28.656689v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inflammation in the pancreas drives acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM), a progenitor-like state that can be hijacked by mutant Kras in the formation of pancreatic cancer (PDAC). How these cell fate decisions vary according to KRAS mutation remains poorly understood. To define mutation-specific lineage reversion and tumor initiation, we implement novel Ptf1a-TdTomato mice and multiple KRAS mutants across an array of genetic, pharmacologic, and inflammatory perturbations in vivo. Whereas KRASG12D co-opts injury to enable lineage reversion, enhancer reprogramming, and tumor initiation, KRASG12R/V can initiate but not sustain dedifferentiated and neoplastic transcriptional and epigenetic programs. We find the KRASG12R/V defects consist of a failure to invoke robust EGFR signaling and activate Rac1/Vav1, with constitutive Akt activation in vivo sufficient to rescue the tumorigenic potential of KRASG12R. As the marked heterogeneity among KRAS variants begins early in tumorigenesis, these data are crucial to understanding mutation-specific oncogenic trajectories and directing the implementation of KRAS-directed therapeutics.

SIGNIFICANCEDefining how KRAS mutants drive distinct outcomes in human pancreatic cancer is critical for developing allele-specific therapeutic approaches. This study unveils a hierarchy among KRASG12D, KRASG12V, and KRASG12R to drive tumor initiation, owing to heterogeneous activation of EGFR, PI3K/AKT, and RAC1 signaling, thus revealing mutation-specific evolutionary paths in pancreatic tumorigenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grimont, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falvo, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sisso, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zumbo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cleveland, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaron, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osterhoudt, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zafra, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fall, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rendeiro, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hissong, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yantiss, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnuson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leach, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rustgi, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dow, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandwani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.28.656689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular dynamics driving phenotypic divergence among KRAS mutants in pancreatic tumorigenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.30.657022v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
From Morphology to Computation: How Synaptic Organization Shapes Place Fields in CA1 Pyramidal Neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.30.657022v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The synaptic mechanisms driving feature selectivity in specific neuron types remains a fundamental and unresolved challenge in neuroscience. In hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons (PNs), the development of place selectivity, manifested as place fields, is believed to result from dendritic integration of spatially distributed inputs combined with behavioral time scale plasticity (BTSP). BTSP involves dendritic spikes that temporally regulate synaptic potentiation and depotentiation. However, the role of excitatory (E) and inhibitory (I) synaptic distributions in the emergence of place specificity in CA1 PNs remains unclear, due to the lack of detailed synaptic reconstructions in vivo. Here, we present full synaptic reconstructions from individual CA1 PNs in the mouse hippocampus, revealing that these neurons receive approximately 10,000-15,000 E synapses and 900-1,400 I synapses. Computational modeling of biologically relevant E and I synaptic distributions shows that spatial tuning is preserved with co-tuned, spatially clustered E synapses, but disrupted when E distributions are randomized. Moreover, synapse clustering has a different contribution to spatial tuning in apical vs. basal domains. Our results reveal a complex and finely-tuned interplay between presynaptic input patterns and the spatial organization of their postsynaptic targets in dictating neuronal output in CA1 PNs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tasciotti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iascone, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavlis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammond, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Losonczy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polleaux, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poirazi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.30.657022</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[From Morphology to Computation: How Synaptic Organization Shapes Place Fields in CA1 Pyramidal Neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.30.657129v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Social experience alters behaviors by reprogramming the Fruitless pathway and circadian state in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.30.657129v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
From flies to humans, social experience affects various cognitive and behavioral processes. Previous studies have shown that group housing suppresses many behaviors like courtship, aggression, and feeding in Drosophila melanogaster, in addition to resetting the circadian state. Here, we focus on group housing-induced courtship suppression. To determine the mechanisms by which social experience modulates courtship behaviors, we performed bulk tissue RNAseq and single-cell RNAseq from cells expressing FruitlessM (FruM) and DoublesexM (DsxM), two transcription factors that label interconnected neural circuits for socially driven behaviors, from grouped or isolated male brains. These revealed that social isolation alters fru and dsx levels throughout the brain. Knocking down fruM in different fruM-positive neuron subpopulations in the brains has diverse effects on social experience-dependent changes in courtship. Furthermore, group housing increases the expression of stripe (sr) and Hormone receptor-like in 38 (Hr38) genes encoding neural activity-induced transcription factors in most neurons within social circuits. We found that knocking down sr in fruM-positive neurons effectively eliminates the impact of social experience by increasing courtship in group-housed males. Importantly, social experience also alters the expression of FruM/DsxM putative target genes regulating circadian states throughout the brain. Disrupting the function of multiple circadian genes diminishes the effect of group housing on courtship. Our findings suggest that group housing/social enrichment suppresses courtship by reprogramming the circadian arousal state, whereas courtship-elevating effects of social experience rely on unique influences of FruM expression and function in different neurons within social and clock circuits. These results are significant as they point to modulation of circadian arousal state as a possible central strategy for mediating the pleiotropic effects of social experience on organismal responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Du, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okuwa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozados Barreiro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotelo Fonseca, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mabuchi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appadoo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohrbach, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koruk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balkanli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yapici, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volkan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.30.657129</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Social experience alters behaviors by reprogramming the Fruitless pathway and circadian state in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.31.657193v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deciphering the combinatorial expression pattern and genetic regulatory mechanisms of Beats and Sides in the olfactory circuits of Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.31.657193v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the past decades, many critical molecular players have been uncovered to control distinct steps in olfactory circuit assembly in Drosophila. Among these, multi-member gene families of cell surface proteins are of interest because they can act as neuron-specific identification/recognition tags in combinations and contribute to circuit assembly in complex brains through their heterophilic or homophilic interactions. Recently, a multi-protein interactome has been described between the Beat and Side families of IgSF proteins. Here, we use the publicly available single-cell RNA-seq datasets and newly generated gene trap transgenic driver lines to probe the in vivo spatial expression pattern of the beat/side gene families in odorant receptor neurons (ORNs) and their synaptic target projection neurons (PNs). Our results revealed that each ORN and its synaptic target PN class expresses a class-specific combination of beat/side genes, hierarchically regulated by lineage-specific genetic programs. Though ORNs or PNs from closer lineages tend to possess more similar beat/side profiles, we also found many examples of divergence from this pattern among closely related ORNs and closely related PNs. To explore whether the class-specific combination of beats/sides defines ORN-PN matching specificity, we perturbed presynaptic beat-IIa and postsynaptic side-IV in two ORN-PN partners. However, disruption of Beat-IIa-Side-IV interaction did not produce any significant mistargeting in these two examined glomeruli. Though without affecting general glomerular targeting, knockdown of side in ORNs leads to the reduction of synaptic development. Interestingly, we found conserved expression patterns of beat/side orthologs across ORNs in ants and mosquitoes, indicating the shared regulatory strategies specifying the expression of these duplicated paralogs in insect evolution. Overall, this comprehensive analysis of expression patterns lays a foundation for in-depth functional investigations into how Beat/Side combinatorial expression contributes to the olfactory circuit assembly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duan, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okuwa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estrella, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeung, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rio, L. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vien, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volkan, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.31.657193</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deciphering the combinatorial expression pattern and genetic regulatory mechanisms of Beats and Sides in the olfactory circuits of Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.02.657064v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global Landscape of Human Kinase Motifs in Viral Proteomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.02.657064v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viruses are classically viewed as targets of host sensing, yet whether they also sense and respond to host cues remains largely unexplored. We propose that host-driven post-translational modification of viral proteins allows viruses to dynamically sense host cellular states. We annotated human kinase motifs in 1,505 viral proteomes and discovered an enrichment for stress, inflammation, and cell-cycle kinases. Mapping kinase motifs onto 21,606 viral protein structures and integrating with phosphoproteomics of infected cells revealed surface-accessible residues were preferentially phosphorylated, showed greater kinase specificity, and were under positive selection for stress and immune kinase motifs. Temporal phosphoproteomics of alphavirus-infected cells confirmed stress kinase activation and viral protein phosphorylation, and MAP kinase inhibition reduced alphavirus replication and phosphorylation of ERK and JNK motifs on viral proteins. Our findings suggest that viruses evolved as biosensors of the host signaling state, unveiling new antiviral opportunities aimed at disrupting virus decision-making.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alba, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winters, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makanani, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaushal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgado, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashley, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanc, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaron, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selby, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hur, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brent, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yip, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kassem, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wohlschlegel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fregoso, O. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, T.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouhaddou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.02.657064</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global Landscape of Human Kinase Motifs in Viral Proteomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.02.657444v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cytokine expression profile in the human brain of older adults 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.02.657444v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative condition linked to chronic neuroinflammation. This study investigates the cytokine gene expression profile in cortical tissue samples from elderly individuals with and without AD to identify potential biomarkers and enhance our understanding of disease pathogenesis. Utilizing high-depth RNA sequencing data, we identified a set of cytokines whose expression significantly associated with different aspects of the AD phenotype, including measures of neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid-{beta} deposition, and a person-specific rate of cognitive decline. Single-nucleus transcriptomics data facilitated the identification of specific cell types, such as microglia and oligodendrocytes, that significantly contribute to the inflammatory response in AD. Additionally, we observed a strong correlation between the expression of certain cytokines and genetic risk for the disease. Our findings indicate that cytokine-mediated neuroinflammation plays a vital role in AD progression and that modulating the immune response may offer a promising strategy for developing new therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Godoy, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vialle, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>dos Santos, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raittz, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasaki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guizelini, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopes, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.02.657444</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cytokine expression profile in the human brain of older adults]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.03.657675v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Implantable CMOS Deep-Brain Fluorescence Imager with Single-Neuron Resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.03.657675v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the advantages of optical imaging over electrophysiology, such as cell-type specificity, its application has been limited to the investigation of shallow brain regions (< 2 mm) because of the light scattering property of brain tissue. Passive optical conduits such as graded-index lenses and waveguides have permitted access to deeper locales but with restricted resolution and field of view, while creating massive lesions along the inserted path, with little pathway to improvement in the technology. As an alternative, we present the Acus device, an active implantable complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) neural imager with a 512-pixel silicon image sensor post- processed into a 4.1-mm-long, 120-m-wide shank with a collinear fiber for illumination, which is able to record transient fluorescent signals in deep brain regions at 400 frames/sec. Acus can achieve single-neuron resolution in functional imaging of GCaMP6s-expressing neurons at a frame rate of 400 frames/sec.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yilmaz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uguz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akrouh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taal, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andino-Pavlovsky, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabbri, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreaux, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roukes, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shepard, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.03.657675</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Implantable CMOS Deep-Brain Fluorescence Imager with Single-Neuron Resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.03.657754v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IL-18 inhibition enlarges lesions, necrotic cores and thickens fibrous caps in Jak2V617F clonal hematopoiesis-driven atherosclerosis. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.03.657754v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundInflammasome activation promotes atherosclerosis in clonal hematopoiesis (CH). Active inflammasomes secrete both IL-1{beta} and IL-18. Plasma IL-18 levels are elevated in Jak2VFCH. Genetic deficiency of IL-18 has been shown to reduce atherosclerosis in non-CH murine models. However, whether IL-18 inhibition promotes atherosclerosis in control or Jak2VF CH is unknown.

Methods and resultsLdlr-/- mice were transplanted with bone marrow (BM) from Mx1-cre Jak2VF (20%) and wild-type (80%) mice or with control BM, fed a Western-type diet (WTD) for 8, 10 or 16 weeks and administered control or IL-18 IgG from 4 weeks onwards.

IL-18 antibody treatment increased plaque collagen content and cap thickness. Unexpectedly, IL-18 antibody treatment increased the size of early lesions and promoted formation of advanced lesions with large necrotic cores in Jak2VF CH mice. IL-18 antibody treatment was associated with diminished interferon (IFN)-{gamma} and AIM2 levels and reduced macrophage pyroptosis especially in Jak2VF CH mice. However, IL-18 antibodies increased cleaved Caspase-3 and TUNEL+ macrophages (indicating increased apoptosis) and reduced efferocytosis. Sc-RNA-seq analysis showed that IL-18 antibody treatment reduced expression of MHC class II genes, a marker of IFN-{gamma} signaling, and of genes mediating efferocytosis (Mertk and Axl), in resident-like macrophage subpopulations in Jak2VF CH mice. Consistently, IFN-{gamma} injection increased Axl and Mertk expression in resident peritoneal macrophages.

ConclusionsDespite improvements in collagen and fibrous cap thickness in Jak2VF CH mice, IL-18 antibody treatment increased advanced necrotic lesions, reflecting a shift from pyroptotic to apoptotic cell death coupled with defective efferocytosis, events which were coordinated by reduced IFN-{gamma} signaling. These findings indicate a mixed atherosclerosis phenotype resulting from IL-18 inhibition, advocating for alternative therapeutic strategies.

Inhibition of IL-18 has been considered as a novel therapeutic approach to reduce atherosclerosis and stabilize atherosclerotic plaques. We show that IL-18 antibodies have adverse effects on atherosclerotic lesional necrosis, calling this approach into question.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=169 SRC="FIGDIR/small/657754v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (33K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@a93b2forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@6cc057org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c7afc5org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e4da82_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LIInflammasome activation produces active IL-1 and IL-18 and worsens atherosclerosis in clonal hematopoiesis (CH) however the contribution of IL-18 is unknown.
C_LIO_LIAntibody inhibition of IL-18 increased plaque collagen but also increased early lesion area and late lesions with large necrotic cores in Jak2VF CH mice.
C_LIO_LIThere was a reversal of AIM2 inflammasome activation but a switch to apoptosis which along with reduced efferocytosis increased necrosis
C_LIO_LIThese events appeared to be coordinated by reduced IFN-{gamma} which increased collagen but also decreased expression of efferocytotic genes. Our studies call into question whether inhibition of IL-18 would stabilize plaques in CH.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tavallaie, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardaway, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fidler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westerterp, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tall, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.03.657754</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IL-18 inhibition enlarges lesions, necrotic cores and thickens fibrous caps in Jak2V617F clonal hematopoiesis-driven atherosclerosis.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.04.653670v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early neuronal reprogramming and cell cycle reentry shape Alzheimer's disease progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.04.653670v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by hallmark pathologies, synaptic dysfunction, neuronal loss, gliosis and cognitive decline-dementia. Recent large-scale cell atlases of human AD brains exposed vulnerability of specific neuronal subtypes and highlighted early, coordinated glial responses, suggesting glial involvement in disease progression. However, the timing and nature of neuronal changes, differences between neuronal subtypes, and their coordination with glia remain unclear. Here, we used non-negative matrix factorization to identify co-expression gene programs in single-nucleus RNA profiles from the prefrontal cortex of 437 samples from donors whose clinical symptoms ranged between no cognitive impairment and AD dementia. This approach identified early coordinated transcriptional changes across all neuronal subtypes, preceding clinical symptoms of cognitive decline, and validated in independent snRNA-seq, proteomics, and ELISA datasets. We found neurons in AD undergo rapid modulation of synaptic genes, accompanied by convergence of neurons into two distinct programs: An oxidative stress and apoptosis program abundant in vulnerable neuronal subtypes, and a DNA damage and cell-cycle reentry program associated with resilient subtypes. Moreover, neuronal reprogramming was closely tied to glial responses, and diverged between AD to non-AD brain aging, suggesting neuro-glial coordinated reprogramming shapes the AD cascade and influences disease outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avni Lapidot, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habib, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.04.653670</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early neuronal reprogramming and cell cycle reentry shape Alzheimer's disease progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.05.657660v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PP2A METHYLESTERASE, PME-1, AND PP2A METHYLTRANSFERASE, LCMT-1, CONTROL SENSITIVITY TO IMPAIRMENTS CAUSED BY INJURY-RELATED OLIGOMERIC TAU 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.05.657660v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oligomeric species of tau are a hallmark of multiple neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimers disease (AD) and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). Given the evidence implicating protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) in the molecular pathogenesis of tau-related neurodegenerative disorders, we sought to determine whether manipulating the expression of enzymes that regulate PP2A activity, such as leucine carboxyl methyltransferase 1 (LCMT-1) and protein methyl esterase 1 (PME-1), might impact pathological responses to oligomeric tau. Here, we tested the effect of transgenic overexpression of LCMT-1 or PME-1 on cognitive and electrophysiological impairments caused by exposure to either recombinant oligomeric human tau or oligomeric tau prepared from mice subjected to blast-induced traumatic brain injury. We found that overexpression of LCMT-1 reduced sensitivity to tau-induced impairments, while overexpression of PME-1 increased sensitivity to these impairments. Moreover, we found that shockwave exposure increased the propensity of endogenous tau to form toxic oligomers. These results suggest that manipulating LCMT-1 or PME-1 activity may represent novel therapeutic approaches for disorders involving exposure to pathogenic forms of oligomeric tau.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sundaresh, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hue, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staniszewski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gill, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asam, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gnanaprakash, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acquarone, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanaan, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arancio, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholls, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.05.657660</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PP2A METHYLESTERASE, PME-1, AND PP2A METHYLTRANSFERASE, LCMT-1, CONTROL SENSITIVITY TO IMPAIRMENTS CAUSED BY INJURY-RELATED OLIGOMERIC TAU]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.05.658099v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Simultaneous cortical responses to multiple written words 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.05.658099v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We have learned much about the brain regions that support reading by measuring neuronal responses to single words, but we know little about how the brain processes multiple words simultaneously. This fMRI study fills that gap by varying the number of English words presented while holding the amount of visual stimulation constant. We adapted the "simultaneous suppression" paradigm, which has demonstrated that the response to multiple stimuli presented simultaneously is typically smaller than the sum of responses to the same stimuli presented sequentially. On each trial, participants viewed rapid sequences of three frames. Each frame contained two character strings, most of which were pseudo-letters with visual features matched to familiar letters. The experimental conditions differed in the number of English words in the sequence: zero words; one word; two words sequentially; or two words simultaneously. Behaviorally, participants performed worse at detecting two words presented simultaneously than sequentially. In the brain, the BOLD response increased linearly with the number of words presented in several reading-related regions of the left hemisphere: the inferior frontal sulcus, the intraparietal sulcus, the superior temporal sulcus, and text-selective occipito-temporal regions. But the mean response magnitudes did not differ between sequential and simultaneous presentation of two words. Nonetheless, the sensitivity of ventral temporal text-selective regions to two words lexical frequencies was attenuated by simultaneous presentation. This suggests that words were processed less deeply when they competed simultaneously. Our new paradigm, therefore, reveals processing capacity limits in the reading circuitry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chauhan, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCook, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latif, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.05.658099</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Simultaneous cortical responses to multiple written words]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.06.658274v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LIMD1 Loss Confers a GPX4-Dependent Cell State in Lung Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.06.658274v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
LIMD1 (LIM domains containing 1) is a bona-fide tumour suppressor gene frequently lost during the early stages of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) development, resulting in a worse outcome for LIMD1-deficient patients. LIMD1 deficiency is present in approximately 50% of NSCLC cases, representing at least 21,000 patients in the United Kingdom and 1.2 million worldwide. During cancer progression, cells can accumulate genetic changes that render them more dependent on certain genes for their survival. By performing CRISPR-Cas9 dropout screens, we identified GPX4 as a novel vulnerability in LIMD1 deficient LUAD cells. By targeting GPX4 using RNA interference (RNAi) and pharmacological intervention in our isogenic LUAD lines along with a non-transformed lung cell line, we validated GPX4 as a novel dependency in LIMD1 deficient cells. GPX4 is a key defence mechanism against ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of regulated cell death. This state of increased ferroptosis susceptibility upon LIMD1 loss is due to increased basal reactive oxygen species levels and lipid peroxidation. Importantly, targeting GPX4 with ferroptosis inducing agents in NSCLC patients with LIMD1 loss may represent a novel therapeutic strategy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grevitt, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marques, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Von Kriegsheim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stockwell, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finch, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peck, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharp, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.06.658274</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LIMD1 Loss Confers a GPX4-Dependent Cell State in Lung Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.06.658355v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TICKHUNTER: A Targeted Hybridization-Capture Sequencing Approach for the Detection and Characterization of Tick-borne Pathogens and Blood Meals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.06.658355v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ticks are vectors of many debilitating pathogens that are transmitted during blood meal acquisition. As both vector and pathogen species continue to emerge, there is a critical need for improved pathogen diagnostic and host remnant identification methods to develop interventions. Current pathogen detection methods are limited in their ability to subtype and detect emerging variants and non-vector borne "look-alike" diseases. Determination of tick blood meal sources is also an elusive step for understanding tick interactions with the biotic community in a given environment, with consequences for environmental management and disease prevention strategies. We have created an accessible hybridization capture next-generation sequencing panel called "TICKHUNTER" to improve molecular detection and subtyping of bacterial and parasitic pathogens in both clinical and tick samples. For disease ecology studies, the panel also detects host blood meal sources of interest. An alternative method for unbiased blood meal remnant analysis is also presented. We find that TICKHUNTER is a promising tool for effective and accurate detection of a variety of tick-borne pathogens, based on comparable linearity, limit of detection, sensitivity, and specificity to real-time PCR. Additionally, it can detect and characterize unexpected pathogens due to the large capacity for multiplexing and flexibility in variant detection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lilly, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plimpton, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murrell, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llanos-Soto, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zehr, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reboul, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sams, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabaawy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tallmadge, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladd-Wilson, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourgikos, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogels, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olarte-Castillo, X. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diuk-Wasser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.06.658355</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TICKHUNTER: A Targeted Hybridization-Capture Sequencing Approach for the Detection and Characterization of Tick-borne Pathogens and Blood Meals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.08.658352v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TITAN-RNA: A hybrid-capture sequencing panel detects known and unknown Flaviviridae for diagnostics and vector surveillance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.08.658352v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clinical testing and public health surveillance can be significantly improved by incorporating sequencing-based molecular detection and subtyping for real-time monitoring of virus evolution. With phylogenetic analysis used for speciation and variant subtyping, target analyte specificity can be relaxed well beyond typical parameters acceptable in PCR-based diagnostics. Hybrid capture is a promising way to enrich large numbers of sequences with maximal flexibility, using standard molecular biology laboratory equipment and small benchtop sequencers. Here, we report the development and bench validation of a hybrid capture based next-generation sequencing diagnostic panel for all known viral tick-borne pathogens, TITAN-RNA. Based on systematic testing with simulated novel viruses and field samples, we determined a 10% tolerance for evenly distributed mutations or 27% tolerance for naturally occurring viral divergence. The TITAN-RNA extrapolated limit of detection in blood is 19.1 genome copies by complementary log-log analysis, and linearity performance (R2 [&ge;] 0.99) is amenable for its use as a quantitative assay. As proof of principle for public health surveillance and evolutionary studies, we report two putatively novel segmented Flavi-like viruses in New York State, USA, identified from the invasive Haemaphysalis longicornis tick.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murrell, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabaawy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hashimoto, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceres, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zehr, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehane, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mader, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lilly, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plimpton, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reboul, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sams, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seiz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourgikos, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogels, C. B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciota, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnurr, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grenier, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berthet, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bento, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrington, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diuk-Wasser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olarte-Castillo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.08.658352</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TITAN-RNA: A hybrid-capture sequencing panel detects known and unknown Flaviviridae for diagnostics and vector surveillance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.03.657761v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uncovering Heterogeneous Effects via Localized Feature Selection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.03.657761v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying features that interact to trigger disease, while accounting for heterogeneity across diverse populations, is essential for the development of precision and targeted medicine. Despite the availability of vast and complex health-related datasets, most existing works focus on identifying disease-associated features at the population level or within a few subpopulations, often overlooking individual-level heterogeneity within these groups. To address this limitation, we propose a novel framework that utilizes localized test statistics to identify disease-associated features tailored to individual profiles. Our method leverages the recently developed knockoffs methodology to control the noise level of the selection set so that the results are replicable. Moreover, it allows for the discovery of hidden heterogeneous effects within the data, as demonstrated in an application to single-cell RNA sequencing data for Alzheimers disease. By aggregating localized feature selection results, our framework also enables powerful population-level feature selection. Our framework provides a powerful tool for exploratory studies of precision medicine, offering the potential to generate novel hypotheses for confirmatory biological experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butler, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edelson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longo, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ionita-laza, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabatti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Candes, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.03.657761</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uncovering Heterogeneous Effects via Localized Feature Selection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.05.657698v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Radiomic Approach to Clinical MRI Refines the Thalamus-Cognition Link in Multiple Sclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.05.657698v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background and ObjectivesRadiomics extracts imaging features that may not be detectable through conventional volumetric analyses. Given their role in multiple sclerosis (MS), we applied radiomics to thalamic nuclei and examined their associations with cognitive performance.

MethodsA total of 601 individuals were included (342 people with MS-PwMS from two cohorts, and 259 healthy controls-HC). Radiomic features (RF) and volumes were extracted from the whole thalamus, five thalamic nuclei, and the putamen segmented on 3D T1-weighted images. Cognitive performance was assessed using the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) and Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) in PwMS, and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) in HC. In the first MS cohort, multivariate linear regression in a discovery set (N=103) identified thalamus-derived RF associated with SDMT, which were retested in a replication set (N=63). Their associations with PASAT in a second MS cohort (N=176) and DSST in HC were also evaluated. We then tested whether the same RF, when extracted from the putamen, were associated with SDMT. LASSO models assessed the combined predictive value of RF and volumes.

Figure 2 presents an overview of the involvement of different cohorts in the study, outlining the specific study objectives and the statistical analysis approaches employed.

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=110 SRC="FIGDIR/small/657698v1_fig2.gif" ALT="Figure 2">
View larger version (40K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@6f1dd8org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@11069c6org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@905512org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c12171_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOFigure 2.C_FLOATNO Overview of the involvement of different cohorts in the study, specific study objectives and the statistical analysis approaches employed.

Abbreviations: SDMT: Symbol Digit Modalities Test, PASAT: Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test, DSST: Digit Symbol Substitution Test, LASSO: Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator.

C_FIG ResultsTwenty-eight RF-ROI pairs were associated with SDMT in the replication set (FDR<0.05). Of these, 24 were also associated with PASAT (FDR[&le;]0.03), and 2 with DSST. Only ventral nuclei volume showed replicated associations among volumetrics. Only 4 putamen-derived pairs were associated with SDMT (FDR=0.04). LASSO results confirmed RF outperformed volumes.

DiscussionRF extracted from the thalamus are strongly associated with cognitive performance in PwMS, outperforming volumetric measures and supporting their potential as sensitive imaging biomarkers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Buyukturkoglu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orellana, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozcelik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isenstein, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onomichi, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iqbal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeydan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kantarci, O. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riley, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.05.657698</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Radiomic Approach to Clinical MRI Refines the Thalamus-Cognition Link in Multiple Sclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.06.658371v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
G1 and G2 ApolipoproteinL1 modulate macrophage inflammation and lipid accumulation through the polyamine pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.06.658371v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The G1 and G2 variants of the gene encoding Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) increase risk for kidney disease and cardiometabolic traits. While previous studies have elucidated key mechanisms by which G1 and G2 APOL1 cause cellular inflammation and cytotoxicity, it remains unclear whether these mechanisms drive inflammation in G1 and G2 macrophages. In this study, we used mouse bone-marrow-derived macrophages and human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived macrophages to identify altered immune signaling and inflammatory activation caused by G1 and G2 APOL1. We demonstrated that G1 and G2 APOL1 increased lipid accumulation, pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, and inflammasome signaling; this inflammatory response was sustained when treated with anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10. Additionally, in G1 and G2 macrophages we observed increased mitochondrial size and elongation, oxidative phosphorylation, and glycolysis. Finally, we used unbiased metabolite analysis to identify an accumulation of polyamine spermidine and the enrichment of the spermidine synthesis pathway in G1 and G2 macrophages. When treated with polyamine inhibitor -difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), lipid accumulation and inflammasome gene expression decreased in G1 and G2 macrophages. Together, these findings establish the pro-inflammatory effects of G1 and G2 APOL1 in macrophages and identify a novel pathway which ameliorates G1 and G2 effects on cellular inflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kearney, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caza, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadi, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishibe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandel, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin Thorp, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.06.658371</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[G1 and G2 ApolipoproteinL1 modulate macrophage inflammation and lipid accumulation through the polyamine pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.06.658390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The vault particle is enclosed by a C13-symmetric cap with a positively charged exterior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.06.658390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vaults are some of the largest ribonucleoprotein complexes known, and are highly conserved across eukaryotes, but both their function and key details of their architecture remain unclear. While high-resolution structures of the vault shell are available, the architecture and symmetry of the cap at either end of the vault has remained unresolved. Here we present a 2.25 [A] cryo-EM structure of the vault cap, revealing an unexpected 13-fold symmetric arrangement that contrasts with the 39-fold symmetry of the vault body, with each repeating module of the cap formed by an asymmetric homotrimer of adjacent subunits, in which two C-termini remain in the vault interior, and one projects into the cytosol. The center of the cap features an unusual architecture reminiscent of the Stomatin, Flotillin and HflK/C (SPFH) superfamily, consisting of two concentric beta barrels surrounded by an interwoven two-layer stack of alpha-helices, with the innermost barrel forming a 15 [A] aperture connecting the interior of the vault with the cytosol. The vault cap features a positively charged exterior and a negatively charged interior surface, with implications for binding partner recruitment and putative binding of the vault particle to microtubules and lipid rafts. These findings uncover a new facet of vault particle architecture, and have implications for engineering and design of modified vault particles for therapeutic delivery, as well as providing new opportunities for interrogating the functional roles of the vault particle in biological systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vallese, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, O. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.06.658390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The vault particle is enclosed by a C13-symmetric cap with a positively charged exterior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.10.658865v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exapted CRISPR-Cas12f homologs drive RNA-guided transcription 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.10.658865v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial transcription initiation is a tightly regulated process that canonically relies on sequence-specific promoter recognition by dedicated sigma ({sigma}) factors, leading to functional DNA engagement by RNA polymerase (RNAP)1. Although the seven {sigma} factors in E. coli have been extensively characterized2, Bacteroidetes species encode dozens of specialized, extracytoplasmic function {sigma} factors ({sigma}E) whose precise roles are unknown, pointing to additional layers of regulatory potential3. Here we uncover an unprecedented mechanism of RNA-guided gene activation involving the coordinated action of {sigma}E factor in complex with nuclease-dead Cas12f (dCas12f). We screened a large set of genetically-linked dCas12f and {sigma}E homologs in E. coli using RIP-seq and ChIP-seq experiments, revealing systems that exhibited robust guide RNA enrichment and DNA target binding with a minimal 5'-G target-adjacent motif (TAM). Recruitment of {sigma}E was dependent on dCas12f and guide RNA (gRNA), suggesting direct protein-protein interactions, and co-expression experiments demonstrated that the dCas12f-gRNA-{sigma}E ternary complex was competent for programmable recruitment of the RNAP holoenzyme. Remarkably, dCas12f-RNA-{sigma}E complexes drove potent gene expression in the absence of any requisite promoter motifs, with de novo transcription start sites defined exclusively by the relative distance from the dCas12f-mediated R-loop. Our findings highlight a new paradigm of RNA-guided transcription (RGT) that embodies natural features reminiscent of CRISPRa technology developed by humans4,5.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, F. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiegand, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmieri, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass-Klaiber, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meers, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lampe, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sternberg, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.10.658865</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exapted CRISPR-Cas12f homologs drive RNA-guided transcription]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.10.658880v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis of RNA-guided transcription by a dCas12f-σE-RNAP complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.10.658880v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA-guided proteins have emerged as critical transcriptional regulators in both natural and engineered biological systems by modulating RNA polymerase (RNAP) and its associated factors1-3. In bacteria, diverse clades of repurposed TnpB and CRISPR-associated proteins repress gene expression by blocking transcription initiation or elongation, enabling non-canonical modes of regulatory control and adaptive immunity1,4,5. Intriguingly, a distinct class of nuclease-dead Cas12f homologs (dCas12f) instead activates gene expression through its association with unique extracytoplasmic function sigma factors ({sigma}E)6, though the molecular basis has remained elusive. Here we reveal a novel mode of RNA-guided transcription initiation by determining cryo-electron microscopy structures of the dCas12f-{sigma}E system from Flagellimonas taeanensis. We captured multiple conformational and compositional states, including the DNA-bound dCas12f-{sigma}E-RNAP holoenzyme complex, revealing how RNA-guided DNA binding leads to {sigma}E-RNAP recruitment and nascent mRNA synthesis at a precisely defined distance downstream of the R-loop. Rather than following the classical paradigm of {sigma}E-dependent promoter recognition, these studies show that recognition of the -35 element is largely supplanted by CRISPR-Cas targeting, while the melted -10 element is stabilized through unusual stacking interactions rather than insertion into the typical recognition pocket. Collectively, this work provides high-resolution insights into an unexpected mechanism of RNA-guided transcription, expanding our understanding of bacterial gene regulation and opening new avenues for programmable transcriptional control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, F. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiegand, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmieri, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sternberg, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.10.658880</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis of RNA-guided transcription by a dCas12f-σE-RNAP complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.10.658923v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
KRT6A and KRT17 mark distinct stem cell populations in the adult palpebral conjunctiva and Meibomian gland 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.10.658923v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeTo investigate whether KRT6A or KRT17 label self-renewing stem cells (SCs) in adult Meibomian gland (MG) and palpebral conjunctiva (PC) homeostasis and explore the mechanisms that regulate their expression in these tissues.

MethodsKRT6A and KRT17 expression in adult mouse MG and PC was examined by single nucleus RNA sequencing and immunofluorescence (IF). Bromodeoxyuridine pulse-chase assays were conducted to assess the turnover rate of PC progenitor cells. Lineage tracing experiments were performed using Krt6a-CreERT2and Krt17-CreERT2 mice carrying Rosa26RnTnG or Rosa26RmTmG reporter. As Hedgehog (Hh) signaling, the histone deacetylase HDAC3, and the transcription factor KLF4, regulate KRT6A and KRT17 in other contexts, IF was conducted to assess the in vivo effects of overexpression of the Hh pathway activator GLI2{Delta}N, and inducible epithelial deletion of Hdac3 or Klf4, on KRT6A and KRT17 expression in the MG and PC.

ResultsKRT6A and KRT17 are primarily expressed in the MG central duct and ductules. KRT6A also shows robust expression in PC. MG and PC epithelial progenitor cells turn over within 14 days. Lineage tracing indicated that Krt17 labels self-renewing SCs in the MG whereas Krt6a labels SCs in the PC. GLI2{Delta}N overexpression induced ectopic KRT17 expression in MG acini and PC but did not affect KRT6A expression in either MG or PC. Hdac3 deficiency caused expanded expression of KRT6A and KRT17 in MG acini and ectopic KRT17 expression in PC. Klf4 deletion resulted in ectopic KRT17 expression in PC but did not influence KRT6A expression in MG or PC.

ConclusionsKrt6a- and Krt17-expressing cells contribute to adult PC and MG homeostasis, respectively. KRT17 expression is enhanced by GLI2{Delta}N, and suppressed by HDAC3 and KLF4, whereas KRT6A expression is controlled only by HDAC3.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owens, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millar, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.10.658923</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[KRT6A and KRT17 mark distinct stem cell populations in the adult palpebral conjunctiva and Meibomian gland]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.10.658911v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conformational dynamics of the active state of β-arrestin 1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.10.658911v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
{beta}-arrestins ({beta}arr) regulate the signaling and trafficking of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in numerous physiological processes and have been implicated in various diseases. Structural and kinetic insights into how ligand-mediated GPCR activation drives {beta}arr coupling and activation remain limited, with the binding mechanism of the phosphorylated GPCR C-terminal tails, such as that of the vasopressin receptor-2 (V2Rpp), and the conformation of the entire {beta}arr tail in the active state still unknown. Here, we simulated both the basal and V2Rpp-bound states of {beta}arr1 with temperature replica-exchange molecular dynamics (TREMD) simulations to probe the activation mechanism of {beta}arr1. Compared to conventional MD, our TREMD simulations, employing an unprecedented 200-replica setup, significantly broadened conformational sampling while preserving the basal state. Our analysis showed that, without the bound Fab30 antibody fragment, the main body of V2Rpp-bound {beta}arr1 tended to transition toward the basal conformation; however, binding of V2Rpp in the N-domain groove allosterically oriented the finger loop to point upward for core engagement with a GPCR. Furthermore, V2Rpp dissociation events suggest that its binding involves a sliding movement along the N-domain groove, during which its phosphorylated residues p3 and p4 transiently occupy the S5 site to facilitate repositioning of p5 into the S5 site, thereby triggering a zippering process of p1 to p3. The dynamic 62-residue {beta}arr1 tail explored a vast conformational space, forming transient secondary structures, and could favorably anchor on the main bodys back side and within the central crest crevice. These findings elucidate key mechanistic steps underlying {beta}arr1 activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ngo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asher, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javitch, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.10.658911</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conformational dynamics of the active state of β-arrestin 1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.10.658982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A connectomic resource for neural cataloguing and circuit dissection of the larval zebrafish brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.10.658982v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present a correlated light and electron microscopy (CLEM) dataset from a 7-day-old larval zebrafish, integrating confocal imaging of genetically labeled excitatory (vglut2a) and inhibitory (gad1b) neurons with nanometer-resolution serial section EM. The dataset spans the brain and anterior spinal cord, capturing >180,000 segmented soma, >40,000 molecularly annotated neurons, and 30 million synapses, most of which were classified as excitatory, inhibitory, or modulatory. To characterize the directional flow of activity across the brain, we leverage the synaptic and cell body annotations to compute region-wise input and output drive indices at single cell resolution. We illustrate the datasets utility by dissecting and validating circuits in three distinct systems: water flow direction encoding in the lateral line, recurrent excitation and contralateral inhibition in a hindbrain motion integrator, and functionally relevant targeted long-range projections from a tegmental excitatory nucleus, demonstrating that this resource enables rigorous hypothesis testing as well as exploratory-driven circuit analysis. The dataset is integrated into an open-access platform optimized to facilitate community reconstruction and discovery efforts throughout the larval zebrafish brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Petkova, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Januszewski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blakely, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrera, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuhknecht, G. F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiller, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schalek, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boulanger-Weil, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peleg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troidl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar Vohra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapia, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, Z. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hebert, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavarino, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stingl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hockling, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hebling, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dvorak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faik, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner-Carena, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aley, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalyshkan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contreas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muthukumar, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vernaglia, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapia Carrasco, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melnychuck, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiMarti</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.10.658982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A connectomic resource for neural cataloguing and circuit dissection of the larval zebrafish brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.13.659552v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The nucleus forms a dynamic contact with the plasma membrane to maintain the glandular epithelial architecture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.13.659552v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The maintenance of epithelial architecture relies on precise mechanical and biochemical cues. Recent studies reveal an unexpected role for the nucleus in maintaining epithelial architecture, but how the nucleus is physically and molecularly integrated into epithelia remains unclear. Here, we identify a dynamic basal actin spot that links the nucleus to plasma membrane {beta}1-integrin through the linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) in 3D breast acini. Depletion of LINC complex nesprin-2G, SUNs or FHOD1 disrupts nuclear positioning and inhibits lumen formation. Activation of a nesprin-2 degron causes acute loss of the basal actin spot and collapse of acini. Active Src and {beta}1-integrin accumulate in the basal actin spot and Src activity is required to prevent collapse of acinar structure. These findings reveal an unexpected mode of nuclear-plasma membrane contact that we propose homeostatically regulates intracellular contractility through a Src signaling pathway to maintain global epithelial architecture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rayer, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mui, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pendyala, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rockenbach Zenzen, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antoku, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lele, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gundersen, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.13.659552</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The nucleus forms a dynamic contact with the plasma membrane to maintain the glandular epithelial architecture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.13.659598v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The nucleus activates mechano-responsiveness via FHOD-associated LINC complexes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.13.659598v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nucleus is the defining organelle of eukaryotic cells. It is usually considered a target organelle for cellular inputs. Here, we find that the nucleus is not simply a "passive" responder, but an active organelle directing the mechanical properties of the actin cytoskeleton it engages. Biochemically, interaction of FHOD formins with nesprin-2 of the nuclear LINC complex activates their actin bundling activity making them more potent than known bundlers like fascin or -actinin. In cells, FHOD-associated LINC complexes enhance the mechanical resistance of nuclear-engaged actin cables in polarizing fibroblasts and sarcomeres in developing cardiomyocytes. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy-associated variants of FHOD3 are defective in these processes. In mice, the FHOD3 R637P disease-causing allele results in embryonic lethality when homozygous and in stress-induced cardiac hypertrophy when heterozygous. These results show that the nucleus actively directs its mechanical environment and that disruption of this capability in heart leads to cardiac hypertrophy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Antoku, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gundersen, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worman, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrow, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fine, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kushner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dabhade, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.13.659598</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The nucleus activates mechano-responsiveness via FHOD-associated LINC complexes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.15.659774v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-resolution spatial mapping of cell state and lineage dynamics in vivo with PEtracer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.15.659774v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Charting the spatiotemporal dynamics of cell fate determination in development and disease is a long-standing objective in biology. Here we present the design, development, and extensive validation of PEtracer, a prime editing-based, evolving lineage tracing technology compatible with both single-cell sequencing and multimodal imaging methodologies to jointly profile cell state and lineage in dissociated cells or while preserving cellular context in tissues with high spatial resolution. Using PEtracer coupled with MERFISH spatial transcriptomic profiling in a syngeneic mouse model of tumor metastasis, we reconstruct the growth of individually-seeded tumors in vivo and uncover distinct modules of cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic factors that coordinate tumor growth. More generally, PEtracer enables systematic characterization of cell state and lineage relationships in intact tissues over biologically-relevant temporal and spatial scales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koblan, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yost, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colgan, W. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ergen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.15.659774</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-resolution spatial mapping of cell state and lineage dynamics in vivo with PEtracer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.15.659794v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generation of knock-in Cre and FlpO mouse lines for precise targeting of striatal projection neurons and dopaminergic neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.15.659794v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The basal ganglia and midbrain dopaminergic systems are critical for motor control, reward processing, and reinforcement learning, with dysfunction in these systems implicated in numerous neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. To enable precise genetic targeting of key neuronal populations, we generated and characterized five knock-in mouse lines: Drd1-Cre, Adora2a-Cre, Drd1-FlpO, Adora2a-FlpO, and DAT-FlpO. These lines allow for Cre-or FlpO-mediated recombination in dopamine D1 receptor-expressing spiny projection neurons (SPNs), adenosine A2a receptor-expressing SPNs, and dopamine transporter (DAT)-expressing neurons in the midbrain. Histological analyses confirmed recombinase activity in expected brain regions, and whole-cell electrophysiological recordings validated the intrinsic excitability profiles of each neuronal subpopulation. These tools provide high specificity and reliability for studying basal ganglia circuitry and dopaminergic neurons. By enabling targeted manipulations, these openly available knock-in lines will advance research into the neural mechanisms underlying motor control, reward, and neuropsychiatric diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Albarran, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fushiki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaimowitz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikoobakht, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sippy, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterka, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.15.659794</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generation of knock-in Cre and FlpO mouse lines for precise targeting of striatal projection neurons and dopaminergic neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.11.659120v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Hotspot Phosphorylation Site on SHP2 Drives Oncoprotein Activation and Drug Resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.11.659120v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SHP2 is a phosphatase and a critical mediator of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)-driven RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. Despite promising preclinical data, SHP2 inhibitors have shown minimal clinical efficacy, with no defined clinical mechanisms of primary resistance. Here, we elucidate phosphorylation of SHP2 at tyrosine 62 (pY62) as a hotspot phosphorylation site in the proteome and RTK-driven tumor types in patients. We demonstrate that SRC family kinases directly phosphorylate SHP2 at Y62, downstream of but not directly phosphorylated by RTKs. Using biochemical and biophysical analyses, we show that SHP2 Y62D enforces an open, active conformation, resulting in constitutive phosphatase activation that is sufficient to activate MAPK signaling and confer resistance to allosteric SHP2 inhibitors. These findings establish that SHP2 pY62 is a phosphorylation hotspot phenocopying mutational activation, a mechanism of primary resistance to SHP2 inhibitors, and a cancer drug target distinct from wildtype SHP2.

Statement of significanceThis study identifies phosphorylation of SHP2 at tyrosine 62 (pY62) as a conserved mechanism of resistance to allosteric SHP2 inhibitors. By stabilizing an open, active SHP2 conformation, pY62 phenocopies oncogenic PTPN11 mutations and sustains MAPK signaling across cancer types. These findings redefine SHP2 inhibitor resistance as a phosphorylation-driven, target-intrinsic process, nominate pY62 as a potential biomarker for therapeutic response, and propose phosphorylated SHP2 as a distinct drug target.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karunaraj, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheele, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathod, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrahamson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gokulu, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chowdhury, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazmi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hornbeck, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glasgow, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.11.659120</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Hotspot Phosphorylation Site on SHP2 Drives Oncoprotein Activation and Drug Resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.11.658931v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
APALORD: An R-based tool for differential alternative polyadenylation analysis of long-read RNA-seq data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.11.658931v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alternative polyadenylation (APA) is a critical co/post-transcriptional process that enhances RNA isoform diversity, regulating mRNA stability, localization and translation in a spatiotemporal manner. Over the past decade, long-read (LR) RNA sequencing techniques have advanced rapidly, producing datasets that could offer insights into APA mechanisms. Here we introduce APALORD (Alternative Polyadenylation Analysis of LOng-ReaDs), an R-based analysis tool for APA analysis of LR RNA-seq data. Leveraging precise 3 end information from 3-primed LR RNA-seq data, APALORD identifies polyadenylation sites (PASs) and quantifies PAS usage (PAU) at individual sites for each sample. It conducts APA analysis at the gene level (using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test) and at the level of individual PAS (using DEXSeq) across sample conditions. APALORD was applied to direct RNA-seq data from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and hESC-derived neurons. PASs were identified with high accuracy and a transcriptome-wide 3UTR lengthening trend was found, consistent with previous studies. APALORD analysis of PacBio cDNA data from human tissues confirmed a 3UTR lengthening trend in cortex compared to liver. R2C2 libraries generated on the Nanopore platform were analyzed with APALORD and it revealed APA change associated with polysome fractions in human neural progenitor cells. In summary, APALORD offers a comprehensive framework for differential APA analysis using LR RNA-Seq data, empowering researchers to investigate 3 end dynamics across diverse biological contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glatt-Deeley, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miura, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.11.658931</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[APALORD: An R-based tool for differential alternative polyadenylation analysis of long-read RNA-seq data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.11.659150v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Seahorse Metabolic Analysis for Human and Mouse Cardiac Organotypic Slices 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.11.659150v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mammalian heart relies on high rates of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to meet its energy demand, with fatty acids serving as the primary fuel source in healthy adult hearts. While metabolic flexibility, the ability to switch between metabolic fuel substrates, is known to change during development and cardiac diseases, standardized methods for assessing substrate usage in intact, living cardiac tissue remain limited. Here, we present a protocol that adapts the Seahorse Mito Fuel Flex Test for use in living organotypic cardiac slices. This method enables the quantification of fuel dependency and capacity for fatty acids (FA), glucose (GLC), and glutamine (GLN) by sequentially inhibiting their respective mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation pathways with the inhibitors etomoxir, UK5099, and BPTES. First, we validated the protocol by comparing results from organotypic cardiac slices to the standard published protocol using isolated adult mouse primary cardiomyocytes. Next, we demonstrated the sensitivity of this assay by modulating metabolism with AICAR, an AMPK activator, at varying concentrations, to demonstrate improved metabolism and then metabolic suppression at higher toxic doses. Finally, we applied this protocol to organotypic cardiac slices from different chambers of human donor hearts. This protocol provides a high-throughput, physiologically relevant platform for investigating cardiac metabolism, applicable across species and adaptable to other tissue types. It enables the study of metabolic remodeling in development and disease while overcoming the limitations of traditional cell-based assays by preserving native tissue architecture, physiology, and multicellular heterogeneity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trampel, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melisova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madrid, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Efimov, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.11.659150</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Seahorse Metabolic Analysis for Human and Mouse Cardiac Organotypic Slices]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.12.659380v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid acquisition of HIV-1 neutralization breadth in a rhesus V2 apex germline antibody mouse model after a single bolus immunization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.12.659380v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current vaccine strategies to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against HIV-1 generally propose complex, multi-boost immunization regimens. In rhesus macaques, SHIV infection has been observed to rapidly drive the development of some classes of bnAbs that share structural similarities with those in humans. Here, we generated a knockin mouse model with B cells bearing the unmutated common ancestor (UCA) of the V2 apex-targeted bnAb lineage, V033-a. A single immunization of mice with a germline-targeting native-like trimer was sufficient to recapitulate the ontogeny of the mature rhesus bnAb in knockin mice--including rare, disfavored somatic mutations--leading to the induction of antibodies that exhibited potent neutralization against both autologous and heterologous tier 2 viruses. A boost with Env escape mutant trimers further improved breadth and potency, and cryo-EM structure revealed the structural basis for heterologous neutralization breadth. Non-human primate and mouse models can thus combine with structure to serve as a platform for identifying and confirming immunogens that streamline HIV-vaccination regimens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habib, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roark, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akauliya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albowaidey, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amereh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avillion, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bottermann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhary, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callaghan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dye, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis-Pugh, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chowdhury, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maiorino, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villavicencio, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nedellec, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oberoi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sowers, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prum, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ssozi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warner, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weldon, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiehe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crispin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hahn, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burton, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irvine, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrabi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batista, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.12.659380</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid acquisition of HIV-1 neutralization breadth in a rhesus V2 apex germline antibody mouse model after a single bolus immunization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.12.659428v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pulsed-laser lensing for phase modulation in electron microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.12.659428v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phase contrast electron microscopy is fundamental for visualizing unstained biological specimens. Advances in electron detection have not yet overcome the low contrast caused by weak scattering. Here, we demonstrate that an orthogonal pulsed laser-electron beam interaction produces a pronounced peak phase shift of 430 radians through ponderomotive defocusing, leading to a maximum angular deflection of 45 {micro}rad. Experiments encompassing a variety of probe pulse energies and pump positions verified the properties of the electron pulses in a range of pulse durations from 5.8 {+/-} 1.9 ps to 13.4 {+/-} 0.9 ps and a width of 15.0 {+/-} 2.6 {micro}m at the interaction region. The stability of the beam was also tested across 10 hours of cumulative acquisition time, with only small variations in laboratory conditions resulting in a gradually shifting baseline measurement. Pulsed laser lensing of the electron beam offers the potential for refinement in phase shift and electron beam shaping with careful consideration to the overlap between laser and electron pulses. Calculations of phase shifts across a wide experimental envelope show that poorly chosen laser parameters can generate large incoherent distributions at both 30 keV and 300 keV. Thus, a delicate balance between laser and electron widths and pulse durations must be struck to adequately achieve uniform phase shifts, particularly when singling out specific beamlets in the back-focal-plane.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Du, D. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartnik, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, C. J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhry, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabachnik, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sallah, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogawa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Najafi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maxson, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzpatrick, A. W. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.12.659428</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pulsed-laser lensing for phase modulation in electron microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.16.657725v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Image-Based Meta- and Mega-Analysis (IBMMA): A Unified Framework for Large-Scale, Multi-Site, Neuroimaging Data Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.16.657725v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The increasing scale and complexity of neuroimaging datasets aggregated from multiple study sites present substantial analytic challenges, as existing statistical analysis tools struggle to handle missing voxel-data, suffer from limited computational speed and inefficient memory allocation, and are restricted in the types of statistical designs they are able to model. We introduce Image-Based Meta- & Mega-Analysis (IBMMA), a novel software package implemented in R and Python that provides a unified framework for analyzing diverse neuroimaging features, efficiently handles large-scale datasets through parallel processing, offers flexible statistical modeling options, and properly manages missing voxel-data commonly encountered in multi-site studies. IBMMA produced stronger effect sizes and revealed findings in brain regions that traditional software overlooked due to missing voxel-data resulting in gaps in brain coverage. IBMMA has the potential to accelerate discoveries in neuroscience and enhance the clinical utility of neuroimaging findings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steele, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morey, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez-Jimenez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pozzi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jameei, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmaal, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waller, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanshad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomopoulos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salminen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frijling, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veltman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawijn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Zuiden, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ipser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neria, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravid, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zilcha-Mano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazarov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huggins, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ressler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Rooij, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sierk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manthey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Wee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Werff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vermeiren, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmahl, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herzog, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rektor, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>i</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.16.657725</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Image-Based Meta- and Mega-Analysis (IBMMA): A Unified Framework for Large-Scale, Multi-Site, Neuroimaging Data Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.17.660125v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The contribution of native protein complexes to targeted protein degradation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.17.660125v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Targeted protein degradation (TPD) destroys proteins of interest (POIs) by hijacking the cellular proteolytic machinery. Most proteins in cells exist and function as part of multi-protein or macromolecular complexes, thereby allowing a single protein to control multiple biological processes. Therefore, when a small molecule degrader induces proximity between an E3 ligase and the POI, the macromolecular context of the POI potentially influences the degradation outcomes of the POI and of the complex components. Here, we explore degradation of the eight CK1-SACK1(A-H) (formerly known as FAM83A-H) complexes initiated by molecular glue degraders primarily designed to target Ser/Thr kinase CK1. We demonstrate that lenalidomide-derived degraders DEG-77 and SJ3149, which selectively target the CK1 isoform, co-degrade multiple SACK1(A-H) proteins. We show that the degradation of SACK1(A-H) proteins by DEG-77 and SJ3149 requires CK1, the CUL4ACRBN E3 ligase complex and the proteasome. In cells derived from palmoplantar keratoderma patients harbouring the CK1-binding deficient SACK1GR265P mutation, DEG-77 targets CK1 and mitotic SACK1D but not SACK1GR265P, highlighting the requirement for CK1-SACK1(A-H) interaction to achieve co-degradation. Our study underscores the importance of POI context in TPD and reinforces the potential for selectively targeting specific protein complexes for degradation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Glennie, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curnutt, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cartwright, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunbar, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatelier, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macartney, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sapkota, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.17.660125</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The contribution of native protein complexes to targeted protein degradation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.19.660369v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex bias determines MERS-CoV infection outcomes in a mouse model of differential pathogenicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.19.660369v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) causes a spectrum of disease outcomes in infected humans, ranging from asymptomatic or tolerant to lethal. While the virus itself contributes to pathogenesis, disease severity is primarily influenced by the hosts response to infection. One factor observed to impact the host response is sex, as epidemiological data indicates that male persons have a higher case fatality rate than females infected with MERS-CoV. However, the mechanism underlying this sex bias is unknown and disease course remains difficult to predict. This study investigates how male and female transgenic mice expressing humanized dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (hDPP4) respond to MERS-CoV infection following exposure to either a tolerance-inducing low dose or lethal high dose. We observed that female hDPP4 mice display dose-dependent tolerance to infection and males experienced uniformly lethal disease in both dosing groups. Longitudinal transcriptomic analysis revealed that males suppress innate and inflammatory responses early after infection, causing delayed induction of the host antiviral response. In contrast, high dose females mount an immediate and sustained interferon and inflammatory response, activating antiviral effectors and interferon-stimulated genes. Tolerant females displayed the greatest transcriptional control, showing no pathway enrichment and minimal changes in weight throughout infection. Our results suggest that the magnitude of the response is driven by dose while the nature of the response in shaped by sex. Females mount a more robust response to MERS-CoV infection, allowing females to tolerate low-dose infection but causing uncontrolled inflammation after high dose infection. In contrast, males experienced lethal outcomes regardless of dose. By examining the dynamics of sex-biased host transcriptional responses in determining disease severity, this study highlights the importance of sex as a biological variable in coronavirus pathogenesis research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Habbick, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bushmaker, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munster, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Doremalen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmussen, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.19.660369</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex bias determines MERS-CoV infection outcomes in a mouse model of differential pathogenicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.20.659510v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NKX2-5 congenital heart disease mutations show diverse loss and gain of epigenomic, biochemical and chromatin search functions underpinning pathogenicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.20.659510v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Congenital heart defects (CHD) occur in [~]1% of live births, with both inherited and acquired mutations and environmental factors known to contribute to causation. However, network perturbations and epigenetic changes in CHD remain poorly characterised. We report an integrated functional-epigenomics approach to understanding CHD, focusing on the cardiac homeodomain (HD) family transcription factor NKX2-5, mutations in which cause diverse congenital heart structural and conduction defects. We selected twelve NKX2-5 CHD-associated variants affecting different residue classes - DNA base-contacting, backbone-contacting, helix-stabilizing residues of the homeodomain, and those affecting other conserved protein:protein interaction (PPI) domains. In HL-1 cardiomyocytes, we profiled DNA targets of NKX2-5 wild type (WT) and variant proteins genome-wide using DamID, their DNA binding affinity and specificity using comprehensive protein binding microarrays, and PPI with known NKX2-5 cofactors using yeast 2-hybrid assay. We also undertook deep profiling of chromatin search and binding dynamics using single molecule tracking. Variants showed highly diverse but also class-specific behaviours with a range of severities. All variants failed to bind many WT targets but retained binding to a subset of core cardiomyocyte-related WT NKX2-5 targets, as well as hundreds of unique "off-targets", in part via a regulatory logic that included changes to DNA binding site specificity, homodimerization and lost or enhanced cofactor interactions. All variants tested showed altered chromatin search functions. Our data suggest that complex residue-by-residue scale epigenomic, biochemical and chromatin search perturbations, involving both loss- and gain-of-function, contribute to CHD phenotypes. These findings may inform precision molecular therapeutic approaches in patients with CHD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ward, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schonrock, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCann, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phanor, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kock, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurland, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walshe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alankarage, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunwoodie, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meunier, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francois, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bulyk, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramialison, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.20.659510</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NKX2-5 congenital heart disease mutations show diverse loss and gain of epigenomic, biochemical and chromatin search functions underpinning pathogenicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.17.660075v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parallel emergence of perisomatic inhibition and ripples in the developing hippocampal circuit 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.17.660075v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During hippocampal Sharp Wave Ripples, sequences of awake coding activities are replayed with a rhythmic timing and high level of synchrony favorable for synaptic plasticity and transfer of information to downstream structures. Previous work reported the emergence of ripples at P10 in the CA1 region, together with the development of inhibition. On the other hand, neither the relationships between perisomatic inhibition and ripples nor their developmental emergence have been investigated in CA3, in which ripples have a different frequency profile (90-110Hz instead of 140-200Hz in CA1), functional perisomatic inhibitory circuits have different properties, and some developmental aspects such as neurogenesis or interneuron maturation are early compared to CA1. We have here investigated the hypothesis of a conjoint and earlier appearance and maturation of ripples and perisomatic inhibition in the CA3 hippocampal region compared to CA1.

We report a parallel sequence of events in CA3 and CA1, starting with the early expression of perisomatic GABAergic synaptic activity combined with the emergence of ripple activity. Interestingly, perisomatic inhibition and ripple activity follow parallel maturation trajectories, beginning in CA3 at P7 with immature (i.e. not functional yet) inhibition and immature ripples (proto-ripples) with labile oscillatory frequency. Mature functional perisomatic inhibition and clear high-frequency ripple activity progressively emerge between P10 and P12, reaching adult-like properties by P13. A similarly progressive maturation of ripples occurs in CA1, from P11 to P15. The progressive emergence of functional inhibition and specific patterns of neuronal activity likely support the progressive emergence of cognitive function to which they are necessary prerequisite.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Da Silva, A. F. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubanet, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouault, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leinekugel, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.17.660075</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parallel emergence of perisomatic inhibition and ripples in the developing hippocampal circuit]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.23.661043v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HMMR/RHAMM recruits SACK1D/FAM83D-CK1α complex at the mitotic spindle to control spindle alignment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.23.661043v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SACK1D/FAM83D-CK1 complex assembles at the mitotic spindle to orchestrate proper spindle positioning and error-free progression through mitosis. The full molecular picture of how this complex assembles and disassembles over the cell division cycle remains to be fully defined. Here, we show that HMMR is critical for SACK1D-CK1 complex formation at the spindle, co-localizes with the SACK1D-CK1 complex throughout mitosis, and is necessary for correct mitotic spindle alignment. We find that HMMR binds to the C-terminal -helix of SACK1D, and this helix is also important for the mitotic interaction between SACK1D and CK1. We demonstrate that HMMR binding stabilizes SACK1D. We map the mitotic hyperphosphorylation sites on SACK1D and show that this hyperphosphorylation signals the destruction of SACK1D upon mitotic exit. The destruction also requires the C-terminal -helix of SACK1D, suggesting that hyperphosphorylation of SACK1D in mitosis potentially exposes the C-terminal degron sequences resident on SACK1D. This study provides key molecular insights into the assembly and fate of the HMMR-SACK1D-CK1 complex at the mitotic spindle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sapkota, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cartwright, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakarakanti, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunbar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulcher, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bader, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macartney, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.23.661043</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HMMR/RHAMM recruits SACK1D/FAM83D-CK1α complex at the mitotic spindle to control spindle alignment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.19.660545v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disrupted Energy Landscape in Individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment: Insights from Network Control Theory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.19.660545v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionPatients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) have shown disruptions in both brain structure and function, often studied separately. However, understanding the relationship between brain structure and function can provide valuable insights into this early stage of cognitive decline for better treatment strategies to avoid its progression. Network Control Theory (NCT) is a multi-modal approach that captures the alterations in the brains energetic landscape by combining the brains functional activity and the structural connectome. Our study aims to explore the differences in the brains energetic landscape between people with MCI and healthy controls (HC).

MethodsFour hundred ninety-nine HC and 55 MCI patients were included. First, k-means was applied to functional MRI (fMRI) time series to identify commonly recurring brain activity states. Second, NCT was used to calculate the minimum energy required to transition between these brain activity states, otherwise known as transition energy (TE). The entropy of the fMRI time series as well as PET-derived amyloid beta (A{beta}) and tau deposition were measured for each brain region. The TE and entropy were compared between MCI and HC at the network, regional, and global levels using linear models where age, sex, and intracranial volume were added as covariates. The association of TE and entropy with A{beta} and tau deposition was investigated in MCI patients using linear models where age, sex, and intracranial volume were controlled.

ResultsCommonly recurring brain activity states included those with high and low amplitude activity in visual (+/-), default mode (+/-), and dorsal attention (+/-) networks. Compared to HC, MCI patients required lower transition energy in the limbic network (adjusted p = 0.028). Decreased global entropy was observed in MCI patients compared to HC (p = 7.29e-7). There was a positive association between TE and entropy in the frontoparietal network (p = 7.03e-3). Increased global A{beta} was associated with higher global entropy in MCI patients ({rho} = 0.632, p = 0.041).

ConclusionLower TE in the limbic network in MCI patients may indicate either neurodegeneration-related neural loss and atrophy or a potential functional upregulation mechanism in this early stage of cognitive impairment. Future studies that include people with AD are needed to better characterize the changes in the energetic landscape in the later stages of cognitive impairment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Neumann, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razlighi, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devanand, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamison, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuceyeski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tozlu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.19.660545</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disrupted Energy Landscape in Individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment: Insights from Network Control Theory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.25.661482v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial Energy Transformation Capacity Influences Brain Activation During Sensory, Affective, and Cognitive Tasks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.25.661482v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain function relies on energy supplied by mitochondrial energy transformation, but how cellular energetics constrains neurological function and cognition remains poorly understood. Genetic defects in mitochondrial DNA cause rare mitochondrial diseases (MitoD) that offer a unique window to examine how mitochondria affects the brain and cognition, and the possibility to identify neural processes that are most energetically constrained. In this study, we assessed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) on 29 participants with MitoD and 62 matched controls during resting state and tasks probing cognitive (N-back task), affective (cold pain), and sensory (multisensory visual and auditory perception) functions. MitoD individuals exhibited significant cognitive deficits across a range of functions, including executive function and working memory, mental and physical fatigability, low exercise tolerance, and low mood. As expected, these deficits were accompanied by markedly elevated blood levels of metabolic stress markers, including GDF15 and FGF21. Surprisingly, overall BOLD fMRI activity and connectivity were largely intact across all tasks in MitoD individuals. However, those with more severe cognitive impairment and higher GDF15 levels showed reduced working memory-related BOLD activity, which in turn mediated poorer task performance. Conversely, individuals with relatively preserved cognitive function exhibited hyperactivation in working memory regions and working memory performance compared to controls, suggesting compensatory engagement of cortical systems in high-functioning MitoD individuals. These effects were weaker in the sensory domain and absent during affective (cold pain) processing. These data suggest that when mitochondrial energy transformation is limited, the brain operates an energy hierarchy that prioritizes essential functions such as affective responses while downregulating more energy-demanding, complex cognitive processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trumpff, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wager, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.25.661482</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial Energy Transformation Capacity Influences Brain Activation During Sensory, Affective, and Cognitive Tasks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.18.660345v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Behavioral heterogeneity in host-seeking and post-feedingsuppression among disease vector mosquitoes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.18.660345v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Female mosquitoes seek out vertebrate hosts and consume their blood to obtain nutrients necessary for egg production, but host preference and host-seeking strategies differ markedly across species. These behaviors are also modulated by internal physiological states, such as the suppression of host-seeking after a full blood meal, a phenomenon that varies in timing and duration across mosquito species. We established a behavior monitoring and classification pipeline to systematically compare baseline host-seeking behavior and post-blood meal suppression in Aedes, Anopheles, and Culex mosquitoes. We found distinct behavioral signatures and notable interspecific differences in the onset and duration of host-seeking suppression. While Aedes and Anopheles host-seeking behaviors have been extensively studied in laboratory settings, comparable behavioral data for Culex have been limited, making direct comparisons across all three genera difficult. Our findings establish a unified behavioral framework for mosquito host-seeking across key vector species, providing insight into the ecological and physiological factors that shape host interaction and offering a foundation for improved modeling of disease transmission and vector control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Uehara, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duvall, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.18.660345</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Behavioral heterogeneity in host-seeking and post-feedingsuppression among disease vector mosquitoes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.25.661491v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
US6 hijacks the peptide-loading complex by trapping transporter-chaperone dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.25.661491v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adaptive immune responses are initiated by major histocompatibility class I (MHC I) presentation of antigenic peptides on the cell surface. This process relies on the peptide-loading complex (PLC), a dynamic transporter-multichaperone assembly in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), to ensure high-fidelity selection, editing, and loading of peptides onto MHC I heterodimers1. The PLC is the primary target for viral immune evasion2, elicited in particular by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)3, causing lifelong infections with severe risks for immunocompromised individuals. While the overall architecture of the PLC is known4, how its activity is jeopardized by viral immune evasins remains unclear. Here, we present the 2.59-2.88 [A] cryogenic electron microscopy structure of native human PLC associated with the HCMV immune evasin US6. US6 inhibits the heterodimeric transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP1/2) by latching its transmembrane helix laterally onto TAP2 and using its central disulfide-rich domain to mimic a translocating peptide. This effectively plugs the ER-lumenal exit and locks TAP in an outward-facing open conformation with closed nucleotide-binding domains and asymmetrically occluded ATP and ADP. The structure also highlights the role of the unique N-terminal transmembrane domains of TAP as dynamic scaffolds that recruit the MHC I-specific chaperone tapasin by clamping its transmembrane helix to the core transmembrane domain of each transporter subunit. Our findings uncover the molecular mechanism of US6-mediated viral immune evasion and reveal potential targets for therapeutic modulation of antigen presentation in cancer and infectious diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stolz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Susac, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fahim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saggau, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancia, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trowitzsch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tampe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.25.661491</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[US6 hijacks the peptide-loading complex by trapping transporter-chaperone dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.25.661419v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long Noncoding RNAs Enforce Pancreatic Cancer Identity and Block Reprogramming 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.25.661419v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Yamanaka factors (OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and MYC; OSKM) can rejuvenate aging phenotypes in somatic cell types by resetting the epigenetic landscape. Curiously, most solid tumor cells remain largely resistant to reprogramming despite their well-documented plasticity, and the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, we combined genomic profiling and in vivo assays to investigate OSKM-mediated reprogramming of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). In the initial stages, we found that cancer-specific genes were refractory while mesodermal/ECM programs, normally silenced by PRC2, were aberrantly upregulated. A CRISPR interference screen for OSKM reprogramming coupled with functional analyses revealed that suppression of cancer-associated long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) erased malignant epithelial programs, restored tumor suppressor activity, and impaired tumorigenicity in vivo. We further identified that ATXN7L3-AS1 lncRNA sustains the PDAC malignant identity through its association with active epithelial oncogenic programs and poised PRC2-targeted developmental genes, thereby supporting both plasticity and memory. Thus, by exploring why cancer cells are resistant to reprogramming, we identify lncRNAs as gatekeepers of malignant identity, suggesting that targeting lncRNAs could be a generalizable therapeutic strategy in treating solid tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grygoryev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frankston, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rakshe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ekstrom, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manalo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tessier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow-Castro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Link, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keith, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheppard, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Remotti, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furth, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thakurela, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sears, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.25.661419</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long Noncoding RNAs Enforce Pancreatic Cancer Identity and Block Reprogramming]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.25.661622v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic Touchstone: Benchmarking Genomic Language Models in the Context of the Central Dogma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.25.661622v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The emergence of genomic language models (gLMs) has revolutionized the analysis of genomic sequences, enabling robust capture of biologically meaningful patterns from DNA sequences for an improved understanding of human genome-wide regulatory programs, variant pathogenicity and therapeutic discovery. Given that DNA serves as the foundational blueprint within the central dogma, the ultimate evaluation of a gLM is its ability to generalize across this entire biological cascade. However, existing evaluations lack this holistic and consistent framework, leaving researchers uncertain about which model best translates sequence understanding into downstream biological prediction. Here we present Genomic Touchstone, a comprehensive benchmark designed to evaluate gLMs across 36 diverse tasks and 88 datasets structured along the central dogmas modalities of DNA, RNA, and protein, encompassing 5.34 billion base pairs of genomic sequences. We evaluate 34 representative models encompassing transformers and convolutional neural networks, as well as emerging efficient architectures such as Hyena and Mamba. Our analysis yield four key insights. First, gLMs achieve comparable or superior performance on RNA and protein tasks compared to models pretrained on these molecules. Second, transformer-based models continue to lead in overall performance, yet efficient sequence models show promising task-specific capabilities and deserve further exploration. Third, the scaling behavior of gLMs remains incompletely understood. While longer input sequences and more diverse pretraining data consistently improve performance, increases in model size do not always translate into better results. Fourth, pretraining strategies, including the choice of training objectives and the composition of pretraining corpora, exert substantial influence on downstream generalization across different genomic contexts. Genomic Touchstone establishes a unified evaluation framework tailored to human genomics. By spanning multiple molecular modalities and biological tasks, it offers a valuable foundation for guiding future gLM design and understanding model generalizability in complex biological contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouyang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, K.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabadan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.25.661622</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic Touchstone: Benchmarking Genomic Language Models in the Context of the Central Dogma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.26.661795v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Red Blood Cell Transfusion is a Non-Canonical Immune Stimulus Characterized by the Suboptimal Induction of CD4+ T Cell Help 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.26.661795v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Red blood cell (RBC) alloimmunization to non-ABO antigens is a major clinical complication for chronically transfused patients. When exposed to transfused RBCs carrying foreign antigens, some patients generate IgG antibodies that target these antigens, creating potential barriers to future transfusions. Interestingly, other patients produce only IgM antibodies against the same non-ABO antigens, which generally have fewer clinical consequences. Despite the stark differences in their impact, the factors regulating IgM versus IgG production in response to transfused RBCs remain poorly understood. This study explores the balance between IgM and IgG production following transfusion, comparing it to the well-characterized antibody response induced by vaccination in mouse models. By directly assessing antibody levels following RBC transfusion versus Alum-adjuvanted vaccination, we demonstrate that transfusion of RBCs expressing a model antigen is a relatively weak inducer of IgG class switching. Additionally, loss-of-function experiments using CD40L blockade and CD4 depletion confirmed that T cell help is essential for class switching after transfusion but has no effect on IgM production. Most notably, providing supra-physiological levels of T cell help enhanced class switching in a dose-dependent manner after transfusion, whereas vaccination-induced class switching remained unaffected. These findings support a model in which the limited IgG class switching following transfusion stems from suboptimal T cell help compared to vaccination. Furthermore, they suggest that transfusion activates T cells through a non-canonical pathway, distinct from the mechanisms driving immune responses to standard Alum vaccination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Medved, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arneja, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hester, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnett, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boscia, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moscovich, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swain, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kodali, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorkelsdottir, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartzschild, C. J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muppidi, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherkaoui, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strand, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trubetskoy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern-Green, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarrah, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niebuhr, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salazar, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sannthanakrishnan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimring, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorham, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendrickson, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luckey, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.26.661795</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Red Blood Cell Transfusion is a Non-Canonical Immune Stimulus Characterized by the Suboptimal Induction of CD4+ T Cell Help]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.30.662374v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiplexed single-cell transcriptomics reveals diverse phenotypic outcomes for pathogenic SHP2 variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.30.662374v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2, encoded by PTPN11, is an important regulator of Ras/MAPK signaling that acts downstream of receptor tyrosine kinases and other transmembrane receptors. Germline PTPN11 mutations cause developmental disorders such as Noonan Syndrome, whereas somatic mutations drive various cancers. While many pathogenic mutations enhance SHP2 catalytic activity, others are inactivating or affect protein interactions, confounding our understanding of SHP2-driven disease. Here, we combine single-cell transcriptional profiling of cells expressing clinically diverse SHP2 variants with protein biochemistry, structural analysis, and cell biology to explain how pathogenic mutations dysregulate signaling. Our analyses reveal that loss of catalytic activity does not phenocopy SHP2 knock-out at the gene expression level, that some mechanistically distinct mutations have convergent phenotypic effects, and that different mutations at the same hotspot residue can yield divergent cell states. These findings provide a framework for understanding the connection between SHP2 structural perturbations, cellular outcomes, and human diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van Vlimmeren, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giglio, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McFaline-Figueroa, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.30.662374</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiplexed single-cell transcriptomics reveals diverse phenotypic outcomes for pathogenic SHP2 variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.02.662769v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perplexity as a Metric for Isoform Diversity in the Human Transcriptome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.02.662769v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Characterizing the extensive isoform diversity revealed by long-read RNA-sequencing remains challenging. After removal of technical artifacts, existing pipelines apply arbitrary expression thresholds that filter out bona fide transcript structures, misrepresenting diversity and hindering reproducibility. Instead of discarding isoforms, we propose a fundamentally distinct approach to quantifying isoform diversity using perplexity-the effective number of isoforms for a gene, derived from Shannon entropy-wherein every isoform, including low-abundance ones, contributes proportionally to a genes diversity. Analyzing 124 ENCODE4 PacBio datasets spanning 55 human cell types, we show that perplexity provides interpretable and reproducible isoform diversity measurements across genes, regulatory levels, and tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schertzer, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheynkman, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.02.662769</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perplexity as a Metric for Isoform Diversity in the Human Transcriptome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.30.662426v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiscale wrinkling dynamics in epithelial shells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.30.662426v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Thin shells buckle and wrinkle when compressed. While this behavior is generally detrimental in engineering, it has been widely implicated in epithelial morphogenesis and patterning during development. Yet the rules governing buckling of active viscoelastic shells like epithelia remain unclear. Here we delineate those rules by combining an experimental system that allows us to sculpt epithelial shells and subject them to controlled deflation with a 3D computational model linking cytoskeletal dynamics to tissue mechanics. Experiments and simulations across several orders of magnitude in time and space reveal that buckling emerges for fast deflation relative to the cortexs relaxation time, and is suppressed by high contractility. We show, further, that the tissue develops wrinkle patterns with different degrees of symmetry breaking that depend on its size and viscous confinement. Strikingly, we find that epithelial buckling is a multiscale phenomenon involving long-lived supracellular folds but also short-lived subcellular wrinkles in the actin cortex. Finally, by forming epithelial shells with anisotropic curvature we rationally direct buckling into predictable wrinkle patterns. Our study shows that epithelial tissues can be understood as hierarchical materials with mechanical instabilities that can be harnessed to engineer epithelial morphogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chahare, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouzeri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bal, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golde, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vilanova, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pujol-Vives, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roca-Cusachs, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trepat, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arroyo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.30.662426</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiscale wrinkling dynamics in epithelial shells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.30.662463v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Why are so many fusogens rod-shaped? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.30.662463v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Molecular fusogens catalyze membrane fusion for many basic biological processes. In eukaryotic cells, SNARE proteins drive membrane fusion for trafficking and for exocytic release in many contexts, from neurotransmission to enzymatic digestion, while other fusogens mediate cell-cell fusion for organ formation, placental development and gamete fusion. Enveloped viruses use glycoprotein fusogens for host cell entry and delivery of the viral genome. Despite this breadth of roles, a structural feature shared by many of these fusogens is their rod shape, conserved across the SNARE superfamily, the class I and II fusogen superfamilies and the class III fusogen family. Here we used highly coarse-grained molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to examine the collective behavior of rod-like fusogens on the microscopically long timescales of physiological membrane fusion. Rod-generated entropic forces maintained a cleared fusion site, squeezed and hemifused the membranes, and then expanded and ruptured the hemifused connection to yield fusion. More fusogens generated higher entropic forces and faster fusion, consistent with electrophysiological measurements at neuronal synapses. The required fusogenic feature was the rod shape, since simulated SNARE complexes, class II EFF-1 fusogens, and model rod-shaped complexes entropically drove fusion along similar pathways, whereas globular complexes failed. Thus, rod-like fusogens are optimally shaped generators of entropic forces that drive membrane fusion. These results suggest a universal rod-based fusion mechanism may have been the evolutionary driver of structural convergence among major classes of eukaryotic and viral fusogens.

SignificanceLarge classes of eukaryotic and viral membrane fusion complexes are rod-shaped, a common structural feature despite a multiplicity of functions, from neurotransmission to organogenesis to cell entry. Here we used coarse-grained molecular dynamics to access the millisecond timescales of physiological fusion. Simulations revealed a universal mechanism whereby, regardless of structural details, rod-shaped fusogens generate entropic forces that drive fusion. This suggests the mechanism was a major evolutionary driver of structural convergence and multiple transmissions between eukaryotic hosts and viruses. Rod-mediated fusion is faster with more fusogens, explaining why release at presynaptic nerve terminals is enhanced or suppressed depending on the number of active SNARE fusogens. Thus, modulation of SNARE numbers and fusogenicities may represent a significant mechanism of synaptic plasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Butu, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDargh, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Shaughnessy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.30.662463</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Why are so many fusogens rod-shaped?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.02.662771v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two parallel lineage-committed progenitors contribute to the developing brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.02.662771v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hindbrain is a life-sustaining brain region. In one model, a common neural progenitor generates all brain regions. Here our studies of mouse embryos and human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) support a different model: two parallel brain progenitors emerge simultaneously during gastrulation, anterior neural ectoderm (forebrain/midbrain progenitor) and posterior neural ectoderm (hindbrain progenitor). Not only are they lineage-committed to respectively form forebrain/midbrain vs. hindbrain in vitro, but they also have diverging chromatin landscapes foreshadowing future forebrain/midbrain vs. hindbrain identities. Leveraging these differences, we differentiated hPSCs into hindbrain rhombomere 5/6-specific motor neurons, hitherto difficult to generate in vitro. We postulate the brain is a composite organ emanating from two lineage-restricted progenitors; these dual progenitors may be evolutionarily conserved across 550 million years from hemichordates to mammals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dundes, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jokhai, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahsan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salomon-Shulman, R. E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanton, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, J. M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urrutia, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenfeld, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petkovic, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monje, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bronner, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowe, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loh, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.02.662771</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two parallel lineage-committed progenitors contribute to the developing brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.03.662989v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Connectome analysis of a cerebellum-like circuit for sensory prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.03.662989v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stable and accurate perception involves comparing incoming sensory input with internally- generated predictions 1-3. A mechanistic understanding of this process has been elusive due to the size and complexity of the relevant brain regions in mammals. Here we leverage connectomics to comprehensively map the cell types and synaptic connections underlying a well-characterized and ecologically relevant form of predictive sensory processing in the cerebellum-like electrosensory lobe (ELL) of weakly electric fish 4,5. Connectome analysis reveals highly-structured feedforward and recurrent synaptic connectivity mediating the cancellation of predictable electrosensory input. A computational model constrained by prior electrophysiological recordings shows how this connectivity supports the formation of predictions at multiple sites within the network and how the ELL solves a continual learning problem by maintaining fast and accurate predictions despite noise and changes in environmental context. Overall, these findings provide a blueprint for using connectomics to elucidate learning in vertebrate nervous systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perks, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petkova, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller, S. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genecin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghatare, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schalek, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Januszewski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lichtman, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawtell, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.03.662989</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Connectome analysis of a cerebellum-like circuit for sensory prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.02.662799v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The pathogenic E139D mutation stabilizes a non-canonical active state of the multi-domain phosphatase SHP2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.02.662799v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dysregulation of the phosphatase SHP2 is implicated in various diseases, including congenital disorders and cancer. SHP2 contains two phosphotyrosine-recognition domains (N-SH2 and C-SH2) and a protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) domain. The N-SH2 domain is critical for SHP2 regulation. In the auto-inhibited state, it binds to the PTP domain and blocks the active site, but phosphoprotein engagement destabilizes the N-SH2/PTP domain interaction, thereby exposing the active site. Many disease mutations in SHP2 are at the N-SH2/PTP interface, and they hyperactivate SHP2 by disrupting auto-inhibitory interactions. The activating E139D mutation represents an exception to this mechanism, as it resides in the C-SH2 domain and makes minimal interactions in auto-inhibited and active state crystal structures. In this study, using AlphaFold2 modeling and molecular dynamics simulations, we identify an alternative active conformation of SHP2, in which Glu139 interacts with Arg4 and Arg5 on the N-SH2 domain to stabilize a novel N-SH2/C-SH2 interface. Using double mutant cycles, we show that this active state is further stabilized by the E139D mutation. Finally, we demonstrate that the E139D mutation enforces an active conformation with distinct phosphoprotein binding preferences from canonical hyperactive mutants. Thus, our study reveals a novel mechanism for SHP2 dysregulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van Vlimmeren, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karandur, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Applebaum Licht, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.02.662799</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The pathogenic E139D mutation stabilizes a non-canonical active state of the multi-domain phosphatase SHP2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.04.663221v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CloneCoordinate: Open-source software for collaborative DNA construction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.04.663221v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Custom DNA constructs have never been more common or important in the life sciences. Many researchers therefore devote substantial time and effort to molecular cloning, aided by abundant computer-aided design tools. However, support for managing and documenting the construction process, and for effectively handling and reducing the frequency of setbacks, is lacking. To address this need, we developed CloneCoordinate, a free, open-source electronic laboratory notebook specifically designed for cloning and fully implemented in Google Sheets. By maintaining a real-time, automatically prioritized task list, a uniform physical sample inventory, and standardized data structures, CloneCoordinate enables productive, collaborative cloning for individuals or teams. We demonstrate how the information captured by CloneCoordinate can be leveraged to troubleshoot assembly problems and provide data-driven insights into cloning efficiency. CloneCoordinate offers a new and uniquely accessible model for how to carry out, and iteratively improve on, real-world DNA assembly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jeon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christ, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villegas Garcia, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyengar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niedeck, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeien, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashid, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seetharaman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soble, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berdy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitazono, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortiz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thuronyi, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.04.663221</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CloneCoordinate: Open-source software for collaborative DNA construction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.05.663273v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Music-evoked reactivation during continuous perception is associated with enhanced subsequent recall of naturalistic events 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.05.663273v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Music is a potent cue for recalling personal experiences, yet the neural basis of music-evoked memory remains elusive. We address this question by using the full-length film Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind to examine how repeated musical themes reactivate previously encoded events in cortex and shape next-day recall. Participants in an fMRI study viewed either the original film (with repeated musical themes) or a no-music version. By comparing neural activity patterns between these groups, we found that music-evoked reactivation of neural patterns linked to earlier scenes in the default mode network was associated with improved subsequent recall. This relationship was specific to the music condition and persisted when we controlled for a proxy measure of initial encoding strength (spatial intersubject correlation), suggesting that music-evoked reactivation may play a role in making event memories stick that is distinct from what happens at initial encoding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williams, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margulis, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldassano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasson, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.05.663273</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Music-evoked reactivation during continuous perception is associated with enhanced subsequent recall of naturalistic events]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.03.663064v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A New Computational Inverse Modeling Approach for Cellular Traction Force Microscopy that Accounts for Hydrogel Compressibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.03.663064v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We have recently documented significant compressible behaviors in hydrogels implemented in 3D traction force microscopy (TFM). Therefore, here we have developed a new computational pipeline that accounts for this observation. Additionally, the new method accurately recovers large ranges and spatial heterogeneity of hydrogel moduli induced by cellular remodeling associated with enhanced extracellular matrix secretion and MMP-degradation. The algorithm sought best fit of the 3D displacement field with a multi-stage approach, wherein the Tikhonov regularization parameter in L-BFGS was progressively lowered. Forward simulations were performed in FEniCS, with gradients computed with FEniCS-adjoint and MOOLA to weight degrees of freedom according to hydrogel volume affected. Once developed, we conducted a series of synthetic test cases applying actual cell geometries, experimentally-matched compressibility, and realistic displacements with experimental noise levels. Employing an incompressible material model resulted in predicted moduli with over 415% mean relative error and predicted strain energies 5-fold greater than the prescribed values. Moreover, errors in predicted traction forces were amplified by a factor of 10. Thus, accounting for hydrogel compressibility was critical for accurate hydrogel moduli and strain energy recovery. To demonstrate the utility of our approach, we applied it to TFM data of human mitral valve interstitial cells embedded in PEG hydrogels with pre-altered moduli of 54 Pa. We determined that J [isin] [0.45, 1.66] and local hydrogel moduli exhibited large variations, 3.6 Pa to 2.4 MPa. This study underscores the need for correct handling of hydrogel compressibility for accurate estimation of local hydrogel moduli and traction forces.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peery, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chemuturi, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrari, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sacks, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.03.663064</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A New Computational Inverse Modeling Approach for Cellular Traction Force Microscopy that Accounts for Hydrogel Compressibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.03.663089v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hydration free energy is a significant predictor of globular protein incorporation into condensates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.03.663089v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Membraneless organelles (MLOs) are assemblies of biomolecules, which function without a dividing lipid membrane in a cellular environment. These MLOs, termed biomolecular condensates, are commonly formed by the thermodynamic process of liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) and assembly of large numbers of proteins, nucleic acids and co-solvent molecules. Within MLOs, certain biomolecule types are particularly causative of phase separation, and are termed "scaffolds" as they provide the major driving forces for self-assembly. Other molecules that are present in a condensate, but are less causative than the scaffold molecules are termed "clients". Much effort has recently decoded many of the molecular interactions underlying LLPS in search of predicting equilibrium concentrations and materials properties of condensates. In this work, we provide a simple computational approach to predict the partitioning of globular protein clients into condensates primarily composed of disordered protein scaffolds. Specifically, we use multiple methods to calculate hydration free energy of a series of globular proteins, and find that hydration free energy is relatively well-correlated with the partition coefficient of these proteins into condensates. We then provide a comparison of different hydration free energy predictors and discuss why some may provide a more accurate prediction of partitioning. Finally, we discuss the shortcomings of hydration free energy as a predictor by identifying other possible confounding factors such as specific interactions, charge matching, and differential solvation inside a condensate, which will aid in making more robust predictions in future studies trained on more diverse data sets.

Significance StatementUnderstanding the extent to which molecules can partition into biomolecular condensates is crucial for deciphering cellular organization and function. This study introduces a simple computational approach to predict the partitioning of globular proteins into condensates using hydration free energy as a key predictor, which can be calculated from static globular protein structures. By comparing different hydration free energy predictors, we also higlight the limitations of relying solely on this hydration free energy, emphasizing the need to consider other molecular factors. We finally analyze the shortcomings of the hydration free energy precitions, and discuss other factors that contribute to partitioning of clients into condensates, namely specific interactions and net charge of the scaffold molecules, and different properties of water in the condensate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anderson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dignon, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.03.663089</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hydration free energy is a significant predictor of globular protein incorporation into condensates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.04.663209v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tendon fibroblast inflammatory responses depend on NF-κβ and JAK/STAT signaling and alter mechanotransduction pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.04.663209v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tendon pathologies, including both chronic injuries and acute tendon tears, are some of the most common musculoskeletal injuries. Recent studies have suggested the importance of inflammation in the healing process in both acute and chronic tendon injury. However, there remain gaps in knowledge that hinder progress in the development of therapeutics to improve healing. A more complete characterization of the inflammatory response in tendon is needed, by defining the relative roles of different molecular pathways, and determining how these pathways interact with tendon mechanobiology. To investigate these questions, an in vitro model was developed, wherein the complexity of the in vivo healing environment was simulated by applying M1 macrophage conditioned media (M1-CM) to tendon fibroblasts (TFs). Characterization of the M1-CM and its effect on TFs revealed a robust inflammatory response, including upregulation of over 500 genes and increased secretion of several cytokines in TFs. The NF-{kappa}{beta} and JAK/STAT signaling pathways were necessary for the response to M1-CM, and each pathway was responsible for different downstream responses to inflammation in TFs. When considering the role of mechanical loading in tendon responses to inflammation, it was found that TF responses to loading were altered by the presence of an inflammatory stimulus. Analysis of the genes that responded differently to loading with inflammation present suggested changes in pathways involving extracellular matrix organization and G protein signaling. Mathematical modeling based upon these results revealed time-dependent suppression of mechanosensitivity, suggesting that therapeutic timing of inflammatory or anti-inflammatory interventions could restore or attenuate mechanical responsiveness to modulate rehabilitation outcomes. Results reveal that inflammation disrupts mechanosensitivity in tendon healing, and suggest potential pathways for therapeutic intervention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sup, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genin, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomopoulos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.04.663209</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tendon fibroblast inflammatory responses depend on NF-κβ and JAK/STAT signaling and alter mechanotransduction pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.04.663211v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Musculoskeletal architecture of the shoulder: A comparative anatomy study in bats and mice informing human rotator cuff function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.04.663211v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Overhead motion in humans often leads to shoulder injuries, a consequence of the evolutionary trade-off in glenohumeral joint anatomy that balances stability with mobility. Bats consistently engage in overhead motion during flight, subjecting their shoulders to substantial loading throughout their relatively long lifespan. Remarkably, despite the demands placed on a bats shoulder, instability and rotator cuff tears, which could be fatal to bats in short order, are not observed in nature. We were thus inspired to study functional adaptations in the shoulders of bats that enable this overhead motion. Comparative anatomical studies of the shoulders of bats and mice, similarly-sized quadrupeds, were performed and interpreted using a mathematical model. Scapular anatomy indicated a more prominent role for the infraspinatus muscle in the bat compared to the mouse. Measurements of bat and mice shoulders revealed that the bat glenoid had a larger curvature and arc length than that of mice, providing a larger articulating surface area with and deeper enclosing surface of the humeral head. Modeling results predicted that the bat shoulder is stable over a dramatically larger range of angles compared to the mouse shoulder. These results suggested that adaptations to constraints imposed by the bony anatomy and rotator cuff tendons of the shoulder may contribute to the ability of bats to sustain overhead motion in a high stress, repeated loading environment without injury. Results suggest that bats have evolved unique adaptations in their glenohumeral bony anatomy that reduce stress on the supraspinatus, enhance joint stability, and optimize strength across a broad range of motion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kurtaliaj, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forrester, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swartz, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, W. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genin, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomopoulos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.04.663211</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Musculoskeletal architecture of the shoulder: A comparative anatomy study in bats and mice informing human rotator cuff function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.03.663009v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GREmLN: A Cellular Regulatory Network-Aware Transcriptomics Foundation Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.03.663009v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWThe ever-increasing availability of large-scale single-cell profiles presents an opportunity to develop foundation models to capture cell properties and behavior. However, standard language models such as transformers benefits from sequentially structured data with well defined absolute or relative positional relationships, while single cell RNA data have orderless gene features. Molecular-interaction graphs, such as gene regulatory networks (GRN) or protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, offer graph structure-based models that effectively encode both non-local gene token dependencies, as well as potential causal relationships. We introduce GREmLN (Gene Regulatory Embedding-based Large Neural model), a foundation model that leverages graph signal processing to embed gene token graph structure directly within its attention mechanism, producing biologically informed single cell specific gene embeddings. Our model faithfully captures transcriptomics landscapes and achieves superior performance relative to state-of-the-art baselines on cell type annotation, graph structure understanding, and fine-tuned reverse perturbation prediction tasks. It offers a unified and interpretable framework for learning high-capacity foundational representations that capture complex, long-range regulatory dependencies from high-dimensional single-cell transcriptomic data. Moreover, the incorporation of graph-structured inductive biases enables more parameter-efficient architectures and accelerates training convergence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swamy, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassius, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupire, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanatsoulis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paull, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>AlQuraishi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karaletsos, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.03.663009</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GREmLN: A Cellular Regulatory Network-Aware Transcriptomics Foundation Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.07.663268v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Avoidance engages dopaminergic punishment in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.07.663268v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It was classically suggested that behaviour can cause emotions (Darwin 1872). For example, smiling can make us feel happier, and in rodents the induced patterns of cardiac activity and breathing that are indicative of fear can in turn evoke it (Coles et al. 2022, Hsueh et al. 2023, Jhang et al. 2024). However, the adaptive significance of such feedback is unclear. We show that inducing backward movement, an element of avoidance behaviour in Drosophila, engages negative valence signals in these animals, and reveal the neuronal mechanisms and adaptive significance of this effect. We develop a paradigm with odours as conditioned stimuli paired with optogenetically induced backward movement instead of a punishing unconditioned stimulus, and combined these experiments with pharmacology, high-resolution video tracking, functional imaging, connectome analyses, and modelling. Our results show that backward movement engages dopaminergic punishment neurons and supports aversive memories. Such avoidance-to-punishment feedback counterbalances extinction learning and maintains learned avoidance, reducing the risk of further punishment. This can explain the long-standing "avoidance paradox", the observation that avoidance adaptively persists even when it is successful and no punishment is received (Bolles 1972). Our results provide a neurobiologically grounded argument for an integrated view of behaviour organization and valence processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koenig, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancini, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murakami, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bidaye, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heim, M.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owald, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majumder, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grunwald Kadow, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierzchlinska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litwin-Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnstedt, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerber, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.07.663268</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Avoidance engages dopaminergic punishment in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.08.663708v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of novel protective loci for executive function using the trail making test part B in the Long Life Family Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.08.663708v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Trail Making Test (TMT) Part B (TMT-B), a well-established assessment of cognitive function, is a frequent component of diagnostic assessments for Mild Cognitive Impairment and dementia in older adults. Identifying the genetic variants associated with the TMT-B will not only gain insights of genetic determinants of cognitive function, but also the molecular mechanisms for dementia. Published GWAS to date for TMT-B suffer from relatively low power due to the use of population level data and imputation methods. To address these deficits, we used a family-based study design to identify the genetic variants associated with the TMT-B incorporating both genome-wide linkage analysis (GWLS) and whole genome sequencing (WGS). As such, we examined the sequenced genetic determinants of TMT-B using GWLS in over 2000 participants from Long Life Family Study (LLFS). In GWLS, the estimated heritability of TMT-B was 0.29. We detected one significant linkage peak at 15q25 (LOD>3.0). Statistical fine-mapping nominated five variants including three SNPs (NTRK3-rs74031103, protective CEMIP-rs2271159, and protective AGBL1-rs4134376) and two INDELs (protective KLHL25-15:85882445:IND, and protective CEMIP-15:80893381:IND) contributing to the linkage peak. Four out of these five variants are protective for TMT-B. The rs2271159 SNP influences CEMIP expression in cerebellum and hippocampus, while the 15:80893381:IND modulates CEMIP expression in blood. Additionally, the variant rs4134376 is a basal ganglia-specific eQTL for AGBL1. In conclusion, we utilized GWLS, leveraged multi-omics data (whole genome sequence genomic data, transcriptomic data, and lipidomic data), and identified novel protective variants and genes for TMT-B performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cosentino, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moghaddam, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daw, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anema, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acharya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Province, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojczynski, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.08.663708</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of novel protective loci for executive function using the trail making test part B in the Long Life Family Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.09.663848v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fragment-Guided New Therapeutic Molecule Discovery and Mapping of Clinically Relevant Interactomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.09.663848v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Therapeutic interventions for complex diseases depend on the targeted modulation of key pathological pathways. While growing clinical needs continue to drive advancements in the drug discovery space, current strategies primarily rely on searching large volumes of chemical data without addressing the specific contributions of molecular features. Moreover, both clinicians and researchers recognize the need for improved drug discovery methods and characterization that could aid in clinical strategy selection. To address these challenges, we propose a new perspective on targeted therapy development as well as interactome mapping, utilizing molecular fragments. The present study focuses on therapeutic areas that represent emerging targets, namely JAK2 and GLP-1R, both of which have broad clinical potential. We developed a new self-adjusting neural network that enabled us to discover novel therapeutic candidates with improved in silico binding profiles, gain additional insights into drug-target binding that were not previously reported, and identify new metabolic trajectories. Importantly, our work revealed that even a small compound library can effectively generate lead candidates, expediting the search and exploration process. In addition, the fragment-guided bridging of chemical and biological spaces has revealed new opportunities for drug repurposing efforts and a means of improving the prediction of side effects. We concluded our study with insights into the recent high-profile clinical trial failure of danuglipron and how this could have been prevented with our methodology. Thus, building a robust in silico pipeline with integrated screening data can significantly reduce costs and guide therapy adoption. Furthermore, our proposed strategy highlights promising avenues for the discovery of new therapeutics and the development of clinical interventions.

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kanapeckaite, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okuyan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagg, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koster, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jancoriene, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakalauskaite, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brasiuniene, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Townsend-Nicholson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.09.663848</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fragment-Guided New Therapeutic Molecule Discovery and Mapping of Clinically Relevant Interactomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.10.664154v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Principled measures and estimates of trait polygenicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.10.664154v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The  polygenicity of traits is often invoked and sometimes quantified in quantitative, statistical, and human genetics. What do we mean by the polygenicity of a trait? We propose a principled definition that encompasses a range of polygenicity measures. We show that these measures satisfy certain mathematical properties, we argue that these properties are sensible if not necessary, and we show that, conversely, measures that satisfy these properties also satisfy our definition. We consider four specific measures in greater detail, describe how they differ and show that three of them can be estimated from GWAS summary statistics using an existing method, Fourier Mixture Regression. We estimate these measures for 36 traits in humans. We find a dearth of traits with polygenicity values that fall within the large gap between Mendelian and highly polygenic traits. We discuss the evolutionary and cellular processes underlying trait polygenicity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sella, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.10.664154</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Principled measures and estimates of trait polygenicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.10.664257v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Framed RSA: Representational comparisons that honor bothgeometry and population-mean response preferences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.10.664257v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Representational similarity analysis (RSA) characterizes the geometry of neural activity patterns elicited by different stimuli while discarding information about neural response preferences, regional population-mean activity and the absolute location and orientation of the patterns in the multivariate response space. Analyses of the tuning of individual neurons or voxels and of the population-mean activation are often performed separately from RSA and thought of as serving complementary purposes. When evaluating alternative representational models, invariance to certain aspects of the neural code is desirable because systems might use superficially different encodings to implement the same computations. However, neural preferences and regional-mean activation are arguably physiologically and mechanistically important, and so we may want for our models to predict them correctly. Here we introduce a novel analysis technique, framed RSA, which honors both the geometry and the population-mean preferences in evaluating model-predicted representations. To achieve this, we augment the set of patterns that define the geometry by two reference patterns: the zero-point (origin) and a uniform constant pattern in the multivariate response space, enabling RSA to incorporate information about the global location, orientation, and mean activation of neural population codes. First we present the mathematical and methodological underpinnings of framed RSA, including how it interacts with different RSA analysis choices, such as the use of cross-validated dissimilarity estimates and whitened RDM comparators. Second, we show empirically that framed RSA generally improves accuracy for both brain-region identification (using fMRI data from the Natural Scenes Dataset and the Things Ventral Stream Spiking Dataset) and deep-neural-network-layer identification relative to existing RSA approaches. By incorporating neural population preferences into model evaluation, framed RSA enables more mechanistically meaningful model comparisons and benefits from improved power for model-comparative inference.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriegeskorte, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.10.664257</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Framed RSA: Representational comparisons that honor bothgeometry and population-mean response preferences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.11.664387v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic imprinting drives epithelial memory during mucosal fungal infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.11.664387v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epithelial cells at barrier sites are emerging as active participants in innate immune memory, yet the underlying metabolic and epigenetic mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we uncover a previously unrecognized form of trained immunity in oral epithelial cells that enhances protection against fungal infection. Using a mouse model, we show that mucosal exposure to Candida albicans confers sustained protective memory that is independent of adaptive immunity and myeloid cells. Mechanistically, mucosal memory is driven by proline catabolism via proline dehydrogenase (Prodh) in epithelial cells, which sustains mitochondrial function, epigenetic remodeling, and promotes cytokine production upon secondary challenge. Unlike classical trained immunity in immune cells, epithelial memory is independent of glycolysis but partially sustained by fatty acid oxidation via carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I (CPT1). These findings uncover a distinct metabolic-epigenetic axis that underlines long-term epithelial memory in the oral mucosa and reveal novel non-hematopoietic mechanisms of mucosal defense against fungal pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sekar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solis, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millet, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tom, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quintanilla, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moyes, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossiter, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filler, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Netea, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yee, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swidergall, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.11.664387</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic imprinting drives epithelial memory during mucosal fungal infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.14.664803v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic remodeling of the pancreas immune landscape in obesity. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.14.664803v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obesity is a known risk factor for diseases of the pancreas, including diabetes, pancreatic cancer and pancreatitis, but mechanisms remain unclear. To elucidate how obesity impacts pancreatic immune homeostasis, we performed spatial, transcriptomic and functional profiling of human pancreatic immune cells from obese and non-obese organ donors. Obesity was associated with higher density of tissue resident memory T-cells (TRM) in the exocrine pancreas which display high cytotoxic functions and aggregated around macrophages. Single cell sequencing of pancreatic macrophages revealed two main subsets - FOLR2+ CD11c- fetal-derived macrophages with pro-repair and immunoregulatory function and a FOLR2- CD11c+ monocyte-derived macrophages with greater T-cell interactions and pro-inflammatory function. In obesity, the pancreatic macrophage landscape shifts to lower predominance of FOLR2+ CD11c- macrophages and higher FOLR2- CD11c+ macrophages which interact selectively with the TRM and inflamed exocrine epithelium. Together, these results identify macrophage-T cell circuits and immune epithelial interactions that fuel chronic pancreatic inflammation in obesity - a potential unifying mechanism for obesity-related pancreatic diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weisberg, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koshkin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanagala, K. K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichinger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chait, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shakil, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshikawa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakamoto, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reizis, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farber, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.14.664803</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic remodeling of the pancreas immune landscape in obesity.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.15.664931v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Benchmarking the Impact of Anatomical Segmentation on In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.15.664931v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeEstimation of metabolite concentrations in brain magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) requires correction for differences in tissue water content, relaxation properties, and the proportions of gray matter (GM), white matter (WM), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Accurate knowledge of the relative proportions of these tissue classes within the volume of interest is therefore essential for reliable quantification. Commonly used brain segmentation tools differ in their algorithms, priors, and implementation, potentially introducing variability in MRS-derived concentration estimates. This study investigates the impact of segmentation software on estimated absolute concentrations.

MethodsThree segmentation software tools, ANTs, FSL, and SPM, were evaluated. Segmentations were applied to an in vivo test-retest MR dataset to assess (1) differences in estimated tissue fractions, and (2) how these differences propagate into tissue-corrected metabolite concentrations. As an additional validity check and biological benchmark of segmentation performance, age-related associations with GM and total creatine (tCr) were examined.

ResultsSignificant differences (p < 0.0001) were observed in tissue fraction estimates between segmentation tools, leading to differences in metabolite concentration estimates of up to 9% under identical acquisition and modeling conditions. Although the strength of the correlation varied between segmentation methods, no statistically significant differences were found.

ConclusionThe choice of segmentation methodology contributed substantially to variability in MRS "absolute" metabolite concentration estimates. These results underscore the need for transparent segmentation reporting to ensure reproducibility and cross-study comparability in MRS research. Quantifying the segmentation-driven variability allows researchers to contextualize cross-study differences, helping determine whether observed effects are methodological or biologically meaningful.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Archibald, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Igwe, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaiser, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landheer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, J. L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zolch, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudmundson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zollner, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleischer, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Near, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikkelsen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.15.664931</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Benchmarking the Impact of Anatomical Segmentation on In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.16.664180v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Iron-regulated Signalling Pathway Controls Adipose Browning and Cancer Cachexia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.16.664180v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The browning and atrophy of white adipose tissue (WAT) are early events in cachexia, a lethal metabolic disorder affecting nearly half of cancer patients, including those with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA). Using patient-derived specimens and PDA mouse models, we identified perturbations in iron metabolism and proteinaceous methionine oxidation as key initiating events of adipose browning. In particular, the iron influxes that accompany WAT browning induce the activity of methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MSRA), an enzyme that reverses the oxidation of proteinaceous methionine residues. Mechanistically, iron coordination by the conserved iron-binding motifs (E203-xx-H206) of two MSRA polypeptides serves to multimerize, stabilize, and enzymatically activate MSRA. This in turns facilitates adipose browning by maintaining the reduced state of two methionines near the ATP-binding site of Protein Kinase A (PKA). Remarkably, in mouse models of PDA, MsrA deletion impairs WAT browning, significantly mitigates cachexia, and improves the overall survival of tumor-bearing animals. By establishing the iron-MSRA-PKA axis as a key nexus of cancer-associated cachexia, our study offers new perspectives for the treatment of this condition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nam, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixon, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmadi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schilling, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ichimiya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genkinger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caffrey, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klute, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swanson, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grandgenett, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollingsworth, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suguhara, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kluger, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrante, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chio, I. I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.16.664180</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Iron-regulated Signalling Pathway Controls Adipose Browning and Cancer Cachexia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.18.665596v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Advantages of outcrossing in Plasmodium falciparum: insights from genetic crosses using fluorescent labelled parasites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.18.665596v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Malaria parasites are obligately sexual hermaphrodite protozoans with gamete fusion occurring in the mosquito midgut, followed by meiosis and recombination. Malaria parasite populations show a spectrum of populations structures ranging from predominantly selfing to highly outcrossed. However, the fitness consequences of selfing and outcrossing for malaria parasites are poorly understood. This project was designed to investigate the dynamics of gamete fusion within the mosquito midgut and the relative fitness of selfed and outcrossed zygotes. We generated florescent-labelled clones of NF54 (mCherry), an African parasite, and NHP4026 (GFP), a Thai parasite, crossed these parasites, and scored genotypes of 8540 oocysts from 435 mosquitoes sampled from 7 to 14 days post infection. We observed decreasing proportions of outcrossed oocysts and increasing levels of inbreeding over the course of the infection in two independently replicated crosses. These results are consistent with the faster maturation of transmissible sporozoites derived from outcrossed compared with selfed oocysts. Our results suggest a substantial outcrossing advantage, perhaps because this allows for the removal of deleterious mutations accumulated during asexual parasite replication in the vertebrate host. We also found that selfed NF54 oocysts were larger than outcrossed or selfed NHP4026 oocysts, which may influence production of sporozoites and onward transmission. We conclude that fluorescent labelled parasites provide clear resolution of mating patterns, temporal dynamics and transmission potential of malaria parasites in mosquitoes. Importantly, faster maturation of outcrossed parasites can maximize levels of recombination in transmitted malaria parasite populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jutzeler, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abatiyow, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rezakhani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haile, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leeb, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kappe, S. H. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nosten, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheeseman, I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferdig, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaughan, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.18.665596</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Advantages of outcrossing in Plasmodium falciparum: insights from genetic crosses using fluorescent labelled parasites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.16.665135v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SOX9 is part of a combinatorial marker that reveals early development and embryological origins of the mouse brown adipose tissue depots 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.16.665135v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a mammalian thermogenic tissue that helps to maintain body temperature and provides important metabolic functions. Most brown adipocytes are located in structures called depots, and the development of depots is incompletely understood. Here, we define the embryonic positions in which the three major mouse BAT depots arise using a combination of morphological landmarks and expression of SOX9, a transcription factor that we find, by immunofluorescence and genetic lineage tracing, marks brown adipocyte progenitors from around the time of their exit from dermomyotome. Lineage tracing is also used to confirm the origin of the largest depot, interscapular BAT, in Pax7-positive dermomyotome of somites, and to show that the scapular BAT has a similar embryological origin, while cervical BAT arises from a somitic source outside of the Pax7 lineage. Finally, using Sox9 as part of a novel combinatorial marker, we profile the transcriptome of early brown adipocyte progenitors and pre-adipocytes and model their trajectory, revealing pathways including the paracrine signaling environment, in which brown adipocytes of the major depots likely arise. Our results apply to understanding the earliest stages of development of this novel mammalian tissue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brent, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sirkay, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mansfield, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.16.665135</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SOX9 is part of a combinatorial marker that reveals early development and embryological origins of the mouse brown adipose tissue depots]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.16.665151v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CAKUT variants in PRPF8, DYRK2, and CEP78: implications for splicing and ciliogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.16.665151v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionCongenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are the leading cause of chronic kidney disease in children and young adults. Although over 50 monogenic causes have been identified, many remain unresolved. PRPF8 is a core spliceosome component, essential for pre-mRNA splicing, and further localizes to the distal mother centriole to promote ciliogenesis.

MethodsWe performed trio exome sequencing in 208 CAKUT families and identified strong variants in PRPF8 and the EDD-DYRK2-DDB1VprBP complex. Functional validation included splicing assays in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling in RPE-1 cells, co-immunoprecipitation for protein complex assembly, and in situ hybridization in mouse embryos. Protein interactions were modeled using AlphaFold.

ResultsWe identified heterozygous de novo or inherited variants in PRPF8, DYRK2, DDB1, EDD and CEP78. Yeast assays revealed that while most PRPF8 variants preserved growth and splicing at consensus splice sites, the de novo PRPF8R1681W variant impaired splicing of non-consensus splice sites and was inviable at elevated temperature. CAKUT variants failed to rescue prp28-1 and U4-cs1 alleles but showed variant-specific synthetic interactions with brr2-1, including weak suppression or synthetic sickness at elevated temperatures. Shh signaling was reduced in [~]50% of PRPF8 variants expressed in RPE-1 cells. CEP78 truncating variants abrogated binding to CEP350 and VPRBP. Two DYRK2 variants disrupted EDD-DYRK2-DDB1VprBP complex formation without affecting kinase activity. In situ hybridization revealed strong Prpf8 expression in the developing collecting duct and urothelium.

ConclusionVariants in PRPF8 and components of the EDD-DYRK2-DDB1VprBP complex may contribute to CAKUT through impaired pre-mRNA splicing and defective ciliogenesis. These findings uncover an entirely new functional network of candidate genes for CAKUT and ciliopathies, significantly broadening our understanding of disease mechanisms and offering novel entry points for mechanistic studies.

Translational StatementOur study identifies a previously unrecognized molecular network involving PRPF8 and the EDD-DYRK2-DDB1VprBP complex, revealing a novel pathogenic mechanism in CAKUT. These results introduce a new class of candidate genes and pathways essential for kidney development. As the genetic etiology of CAKUT remains unknown in most patients, our findings underscore the need for targeted genetic testing and functional studies to enhance diagnosis, advance mechanistic insight, and enable more personalized clinical management.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Merz, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shril, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrocci, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rezi, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeps, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez-Izquierdo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergmann, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petriman, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolvenbach, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mertens, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johansen, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halbritter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilger, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hentges, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasouly, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gharavi, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorentzen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calzado, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kispert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshida, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedersen, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoskins, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buerger, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hildebrandt, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.16.665151</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CAKUT variants in PRPF8, DYRK2, and CEP78: implications for splicing and ciliogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.16.665230v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ras-Responsive Element Binding Protein 1 regulates survival of Group 3 medulloblastoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.16.665230v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor, and Group 3 (G3, MYC-driven) MB has the worst prognosis. Despite advances in molecular classification, oncogenic drivers of G3 MB remain poorly defined. To identify such drivers, we profiled transcription factor expression across MB subgroups. Our analysis revealed Ras-responsive element binding protein 1 (RREB1) as one of the most highly expressed transcription factors in G3 MB. RREB1 knockdown impaired cell proliferation in vitro and prolonged survival in orthotopic xenograft models, suggesting it plays a key role in regulating tumor growth. Mechanistically, RREB1 acts by enhancing transcription of TGF-{beta} pathway genes. Upstream, RREB1 expression is controlled by c-MET signaling, and the MET inhibitor SU11274 decreased RREB1 levels and MB cell viability. Local delivery of SU11274 in tumor-bearing mice suppressed RREB1 expression and extended survival. These results establish the c-MET/RREB1 axis as a critical oncogenic regulator and a promising therapeutic target in in high-risk MB.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beigi Masihi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chambers, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pampou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudenas, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torrejon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furnari, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chau, L. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GC, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapman, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skowron, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garzia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayrault, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Northcott, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wechsler-Reya, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.16.665230</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ras-Responsive Element Binding Protein 1 regulates survival of Group 3 medulloblastoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.18.662329v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antibody evasion and receptor binding of SARS-CoV-2 LP.8.1.1, NB.1.8.1, XFG, and related subvariants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.18.662329v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 continues to evolve, causing repeated waves of infections around the world. It is critical to understand the features of the virus that explain its growth advantages. Recently, the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron JN.1 subvariants KP.3.1.1 and XEC were outcompeted by later JN.1 progenies, most prominently LP.8.1 and LP.8.1.1. Other recent JN.1 subvariants, such as LF.7.2.1, which became prevalent in Asia, and MC.10.1, have also been under monitoring. Subsequently, NB.1.8.1 and XFG subvariants began increasing in prevalence, as well. We found that serum neutralizing antibody titers against LP.8.1, LP.8.1.1, LF.7, LF.7.2.1, MC.10.1 were similar to XEC in a cohort of 20 KP.2-based monovalent mRNA vaccine (KP.2 MV) recipients and in a cohort 20 adults who did not receive KP.2 MV. NB.1.8.1 and XFG were more evasive of serum neutralization than LP.8.1.1. We then characterized subvariant susceptibility to monoclonal antibody (mAb) neutralization using a panel of 12 mAbs spanning several epitopes on the SARS-CoV-2 spike, and found that LP.8.1 and XFG, MC.10.1 and NB.1.8.1, and LF.7.2.1 evade different classes of mAbs relative to earlier JN.1 subvariants, even if the tested polyclonal serum neutralizing antibody titers were not different overall. Next, we found that the receptor-binding affinity of LP.8.1 to ACE2 was the highest among the tested viruses, while that of LF.7.2.1 was lowest. Therefore, unlike most prior SARS-CoV-2 sublineage evolutionary trajectories, receptor-binding affinity, possibly reflecting enhanced transmissibility-and not increased antibody evasion-better explained the rise of LP.8.1, while the expansion of NB.1.8.1 and XFG again appear correlated with their enhanced antibody evasion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mellis, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzang, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gherasim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierce, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purpura, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.18.662329</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antibody evasion and receptor binding of SARS-CoV-2 LP.8.1.1, NB.1.8.1, XFG, and related subvariants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.17.664964v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Calcium Pump ATP2B1/PMCA1 Regulates CNS Vascular Development by Facilitating Norrin- and WNT7A/B-induced Frizzled4 signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.17.664964v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Frizzled4 (FZD4) is a receptor for Norrin and WNT7A/B ligands, is expressed in endothelial cells (ECs), is required for blood-CNS-barrier function as well as CNS angiogenesis, and transduces {beta}-catenin-dependent signaling. Despite its fundamental importance in neurovascular biology, including as drug target, the molecular mechanisms governing FZD4 regulation remain poorly understood. Here, we employed proximity biotinylation to identify proteins that regulate FZD4. We identified ATPase Plasma Membrane Ca{superscript 2} Transporting 1 (ATP2B1, also known as PMCA1) as a FZD4 proximity interactor. Functional analyses revealed that ATP2B1 depletion increased EC Ca2+ and significantly attenuated Norrin/Frizzled4 signaling. These effects of Atp2b1 deficiency were recapitulated by ionomycin-mediated elevation of intracellular Ca{superscript 2} and suppressed by inhibition of calcineurin/NFAT signaling. Endothelial-specific Atp2b1 deletion caused retinal vascular defects consistent with compromised Norrin/Frizzled4 signaling. In the developing brain, WNT7A/B pathway LOF phenotypes in Gpr124 KO mice were exacerbated by additional deletion of Atp2b1 in ECs. This study identifies ATP2B1 as a novel regulator of Norrin- and WNT7A/B-induced FZD4 signaling and suggests that in pathological contexts with elevated EC Ca2+-levels, EC function may be modulated by suppression of {beta}-catenin-dependent signaling. In addition, this mechanism may be relevant in the context of pharmacological approaches that transiently open the barrier for drug delivery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jo, H.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiffmeyer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odame, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinh, Q. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roux, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, K.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Junge, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.17.664964</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Calcium Pump ATP2B1/PMCA1 Regulates CNS Vascular Development by Facilitating Norrin- and WNT7A/B-induced Frizzled4 signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.20.665732v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dopamine release effects on striatal blood oxygenation and whole brain plasticity underlying associative learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.20.665732v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dopaminergic signaling in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) is central to reward-based learning, but its relationship to brain-wide hemodynamics remains unclear. Using concurrent fMRI and dopamine photometry in awake, behaving mice, we reveal that associative learning induces a gradual temporal shift in NAc blood oxygenation responses that mirrors dopamine release dynamics. This shift emerges with cue-reward learning and extends across a distributed network including prefrontal, insular, and hypothalamic regions. Further, dopamine transients tightly correspond with local BOLD signals, and variations in reward value modulate delayed BOLD responses in both the NAc and additional subcortical structures. Removing dopaminergic contributions abolishes this reward-related modulation, demonstrating that BOLD signals encode dopaminergic value prediction. These findings establish a mechanistic link between dopamine signaling and widespread neural plasticity during learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lawen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Succi, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lichtman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterka, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdus-Saboor, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahn, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.20.665732</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dopamine release effects on striatal blood oxygenation and whole brain plasticity underlying associative learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.21.665987v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hippocampal input-driven plasticity of prefrontal interneurons reveals a circuit basis for impaired spatial working memory. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.21.665987v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dynamic functional connectivity between the ventral hippocampus (vHPC) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is essential for spatial working memory (SWM). Interactions between vHPC projections and mPFC interneurons, and their plasticity, are uniquely positioned to influence SWM, yet the nature of these interactions remains unclear. Here, we combined in vivo optical stimulation of vHPC inputs to mPFC with calcium recordings of discrete mPFC interneuron populations in mice, revealing class-specific response profiles and plasticity. Repeated vHPC input stimulation persistently depressed activity in vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-expressing interneurons and potentiated activity in somatostatin-expressing interneurons. Ex vivo whole-cell electrophysiology and computational modeling revealed that these divergent effects likely arise from a primary weakening of monosynaptic vHPC input onto VIP interneurons. Leveraging this plasticity to inform the circuit interactions that support SWM, we found that mice with prior vHPC input stimulation displayed elevated VIP interneuron activity during the delay epoch in early SWM task training, and this enhanced activity correlated with poorer training performance. Accordingly, mice modeling the schizophrenia-predisposing 22q11.2 deletion syndrome with known SWM learning deficits recapitulated this aberrant VIP interneuron activity profile and showed reduced vHPC targeting of mPFC VIP interneurons. Together, these findings reveal novel cell-type-specific plasticity in cognition-supporting circuits and illustrate how reweighting of inputs to VIP interneurons may contribute to working memory dysfunction.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=190 SRC="FIGDIR/small/665987v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (61K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@29a326org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1964208org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c94e4corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1336edb_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG IN BRIEFSilverstein et al. investigated how ventral hippocampus (vHPC) inputs to medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) interact with mPFC interneuron populations to support spatial working memory (SWM) in mice. They show that repeated vHPC input stimulation that reduces vHPC drive onto vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) interneurons also elevates delay-related VIP interneuron activity in early SWM task training, and this enhanced activity correlates with poorer training performance. Mice modelling the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome--known to have SWM learning deficits--recapitulate this altered VIP interneuron activity and show reduced vHPC input targeting of VIP interneurons.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIRepeated stimulation of vHPC inputs to mPFC persistently depresses VIP interneuron activity and enhances SST interneuron activity in mice
C_LIO_LIBlunted monosynaptic drive onto mPFC VIP interneurons by repeated vHPC input stimulation plausibly reproduces in vivo activity changes
C_LIO_LIStimulated mice show heightened VIP interneuron activity during the delay epoch in early SWM task training that correlates with poorer training performance
C_LIO_LIMice modeling the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome with known SWM task learning deficits mirror this aberrant VIP interneuron activity profile and show reduced vHPC input targeting of VIP interneurons
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Silverstein, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarity, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaughan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarur, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikofsky, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsiang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loewinger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morales, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sohal, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tejeda, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kupferschmidt, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.21.665987</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hippocampal input-driven plasticity of prefrontal interneurons reveals a circuit basis for impaired spatial working memory.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.22.666153v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The multiplier benefits of integrating non-sewered and sewered wastewater treatment and sanitation processes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.22.666153v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This study showcases the beneficial integration of non-sewered sanitation systems (NSSS) with sewered wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Treating increasing fractions of influent wastewater loads via six different types of NSSS offered correspondingly increasing savings in operating energy costs at five WWTPs, employing a broad range of typically employed treatment processes. Two NSSS that treat both greywater and blackwater (gb-HRT) and blackwater alone (b-HRT) yielded the highest savings in annual operating energy costs across most WWTPs. Distinctly, NSSS involving urine-separation with and without internal recirculation promoted energy-positive operations, by enhancing anaerobic digestion in selected WWTPs. At the highest NSSS coverage tested (treating 50% of the influent sewage), savings in annual sewered WWTPs operating energy costs ranged from $76k to $800k and increased further to the range $301k to $1.1M annually with process optimization. Therefore, integration of NSSS with sewered WWTPs can improve overall treatment efficiency, while facilitating resilient sanitation practices.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kone, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandran, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.22.666153</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The multiplier benefits of integrating non-sewered and sewered wastewater treatment and sanitation processes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.21.665884v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diet-responsive proteogenomic effects following short-term restriction of animal products in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.21.665884v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The effect of diet on genetic regulation in humans remains largely unexplored. Here, we investigated gene-by-diet interactions in a unique group of apparently healthy individuals (N=200) who alternate between omnivory and dietary restriction of animal products for religious reasons. Using longitudinal plasma proteomic and genotypic data, we identified diet-responsive cis-protein quantitative trait loci (cis-pQTLs) including gain of genetic regulatory effects for LBR and MSRA, proteins linked to cholesterol and methionine metabolism respectively. LBR-associated diet-responsive cis-pQTL rs74148404 showed suggestive evidence of colocalization with obesity exclusively under dietary restriction, suggesting diet-dependent differential genetic risk for disease. Additionally, a novel dietary restriction-associated cis-pQTL for metabolic regulator FGF21 colocalized with eosinophil and platelet traits pointing to diet-sensitive immunometabolic signalling. By parallel profiling of a continuously omnivorous control group (N=211), we also uncovered seasonally dynamic gain and loss of genetic regulation for proteins linked to apoptosis in immune system pathways (MAVS, CASP3, PDLIM7 IL12RB1), effects likely masked by animal product restriction. These findings reveal dynamic diet- and season-sensitive regulatory mechanisms with implications for precision nutrition and individualized disease prevention strategies, and underscore the need to integrate environmental context into genetic studies of health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Simistiras, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bocher, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmanouil, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skoulakis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glentis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scarmeas, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeggini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouskas, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimas, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.21.665884</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diet-responsive proteogenomic effects following short-term restriction of animal products in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.24.666644v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Volumetric Differences of Thalamic Nuclei are Associated with Post-Trauma Psychopathology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.24.666644v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previous investigations of whole thalamus and thalamic nuclei volumes in post-trauma psychopathology have been sparse, limited in scope, and yielded inconsistent results. To address this, volumetric estimates of whole thalamus and thalamic nuclei were obtained from structural brain MRI scans from 2,058 participants across 20 worldwide sites in the ENIGMA PTSD working group. Thalamic volumes were compared between trauma-exposed participants with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (n=238), major depressive disorder (MDD) (n=184), comorbid PTSD+MDD (n=618), and trauma-exposed control participants (n=1,018). PTSD and MDD symptom severity, PTSD symptom clusters, and childhood trauma were similarly examined for associations with thalamic volume. Participants with PTSD only compared to controls had smaller thalamic nuclei volumes in sensorimotor nuclei, including the parafascicular (Pf), ventral anterior magnocellular (VAmc), medial pulvinar (PuM), and anterior pulvinar (PuA) nuclei of the thalamus. MDD only and comorbid PTSD+MDD participants exhibited smaller mediodorsal thalamus volumes compared to controls. Overall PTSD and MDD symptom severity negatively correlated with the volume of the mediodorsal thalamus. A significant interaction between PTSD and MDD severity was found, such that MDD severity was positively associated with thalamic volume only among individuals with high PTSD severity. Avoidance and hyperarousal symptoms of PTSD were positively associated with thalamic volume, while re- experiencing and negative mood/cognition symptoms were negatively associated with thalamic volume. Childhood physical and emotional abuse were positively and negatively associated with thalamic volume, respectively. Whole thalamus volume and volumes of the sensorimotor and limbic thalamus may play an important role in the development of PTSD and MDD in the aftermath of trauma exposure. The interaction between PTSD and MDD symptoms and contrasting effects across PTSD symptom clusters and types of childhood adversity suggests multiple neurobiological mechanisms are involved in shaping thalamic volume post-trauma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steele, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baird, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haswell, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangel-Jimenez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdallah, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angstadt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>August, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berg, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackford, J. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cisler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davenport, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Densmore, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Disner, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Hage, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etkin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frijling, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grupe, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herringa, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanshad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, S. B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanius, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazarov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liberzon, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lissek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manthey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maron-Katz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawijn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neria, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neufeld, R. W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nitschke, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olatunji, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.24.666644</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Volumetric Differences of Thalamic Nuclei are Associated with Post-Trauma Psychopathology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.22.666007v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Depot-Specific Roles for C/EBPα in White Adipose Tissue Development and Metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.22.666007v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rates of obesity and its associated metabolic comorbidities continue to rise in the developed world. It is well established that in obesity, the distribution and not just amount of excess white adipose tissue (WAT) correlates with a persons risk for comorbidities such as coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes. Thus, understanding the specific mechanisms that drive WAT development in specific adipose depots could elucidate novel mechanisms of metabolic disease. SNPs near the gene CEBPA have been associated with multiple cardiometabolic traits by human genome-wide association studies, including waist-to-hip ratio, suggesting that CEBPA regulates WAT distribution. CEBPA encodes a well characterized transcription factor (C/EBP) that is long recognized as a master regulator of adipocyte differentiation, yet depot-specific roles for C/EBP have not been previously described. To further investigate this genetic link, we generated mice with adipocyte-specific Cebpa knockout (Cebpa_ASKO) and found that these mice are almost entirely lacking gonadal WAT (gWAT) despite the inguinal WAT (iWAT) being present in near normal amounts. Despite developing, Cebpa_ASKO iWAT contains fewer and larger adipocytes, and fails to expand when challenged with high fat diet. RNA-seq and functional studies demonstrate evidence of altered lipid metabolism and adipocyte function in Cebpa_ASKO iWAT. Finally, Cebpa_ASKO mice have multiple other metabolic phenotypes, including lipid-laden BAT, increased hepatic triglycerides, and increased plasma cholesterol, all of which worsen with prolonged high fat diet feeding. Taken together, these data highlight depot-specific roles for C/EBP in adipose tissue development, as well as the importance of adipocyte C/EBP in maintaining metabolic homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodge, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maguire, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matias, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Himede, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez Pardo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cepeda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.22.666007</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Depot-Specific Roles for C/EBPα in White Adipose Tissue Development and Metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.22.666009v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Netrin-1 promotes pancreatic tumorigenesis and innervation through NEO1. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.22.666009v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nerves have been shown to regulate cancer progression. However, a clear demonstration of a role for axon guidance molecules in pancreatic tumorigenesis, innervation, and metastasis has been lacking. Using murine KrasG12D-mutant pancreatic organoids, we screened axon guidance molecules by qRT-PCR, identified Ntn1 upregulation, and then verified its in vivo upregulation during pancreatic tumorigenesis in humans and mice. NTN1 and its receptor NEO1 were upregulated in epithelial cells by the Kras mutation and {beta}-adrenergic signaling, in part, through the MAPK pathway. Ex-vivo culture of celiac ganglia showed that NTN1 promoted the axonogenesis of sympathetic neurons through the nerve NEO1 receptor. In the Pdx1-Cre;LSL-KrasG12D/+ model, Ntn1 knockout decreased sympathetic innervation and the development of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Treatment of pancreatic tumor organoids with recombinant NTN1 enhanced cell growth, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and cancer stemness with the upregulation of ZEB1 and SOX9 through NEO1-mediated activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK). In Pdx1-Cre;LSL-KrasG12D/+;LSL-Trp53R172H/+mice, Ntn1 knockout reduced innervation, FAK phosphorylation, and the features of EMT and stemness to extend mouse survival. In a liver metastasis model of PDAC (pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma), treatment with a NTN1-neutralizing antibody or tumoral knockdown of Neo1 reduced ZEB1 and SOX9 and decreased tumor progression. In contrast, Ntn1 overexpression promoted innervation and the progression of PDAC liver metastasis. These data suggest that the NTN1/NEO1 axis is a key regulator of PDAC progression, directly influencing cancer cell stemness and EMT, while indirectly promoting tumor growth through nerves. Inhibiting the NTN1/NEO1 axis could represent a potential therapeutic approach for PDAC.

Statement of SignificanceNTN1 promotes pancreatic tumorigenesis and metastasis directly and indirectly through nerves, highlighting the importance of tumor cell-nerve crosstalk in cancer. NTN1 blockade could represent a promising strategy for treating PDAC liver metastasis.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=88 SRC="FIGDIR/small/666009v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ochiai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobayashi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunagawa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baba, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malagola, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hata, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waterbury, Q. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamechek, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaBella, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugie, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iida, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enomoto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eltzschig, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palermo, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chio, I. I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olive, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.22.666009</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Netrin-1 promotes pancreatic tumorigenesis and innervation through NEO1.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.23.666334v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aggressive Cholesterol Lowering Normalizes Atherosclerosis Regression in Jak2V617F Clonal Hematopoiesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.23.666334v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe Jak2V617F (Jak2VF) mutation is an important cause of both clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) and myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). Mouse models of Jak2VF CHIP and MPN show accelerated atherosclerosis progression, driven by macrophage inflammasome activation. We undertook the present study to assess the hypothesis that ongoing inflammation would impede atherosclerosis resolution in Jak2VF mice.

Methods and ResultsChimeric Jak2VF/WT or control WT/WT bone marrow was transplanted into Ldlr-/-mice and, following 13-16 weeks of Western diet-induced atherosclerosis progression, cholesterol was lowered either moderately (to 200-300 mg/dl) or markedly (to 100 mg/dl). With moderate cholesterol lowering, there was impaired resolution of lesions in Jak2VFMPN mice compared to controls. However, with marked cholesterol lowering, progression of lesions was halted in both Jak2VF MPN and control mice while macrophage burden was decreased and lesional collagen was increased similarly in Jak2VFMPN and control mice.

Two mechanisms of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) lowering-induced suppression of inflammation in plaques were implicated: 1) reversal of increased proliferation, DNA damage and Absent in Melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasome activation specifically in Jak2VF macrophages and 2) markedly increased macrophage triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), c-myc expressing macrophages in both Jak2VF and control mice.

ConclusionsAggressive LDL lowering reverses inflammasome activation and induces pro-resolving changes in macrophages in Jak2VF MPN, halting atherosclerosis progression and promoting features of plaque stabilization. These findings suggest that aggressive LDL cholesterol lowering could reverse atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD) risk in individuals with JAK2VFCHIP or MPN.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hardaway, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fidler, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavallaie, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avrampou, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiavone, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tall, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.23.666334</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aggressive Cholesterol Lowering Normalizes Atherosclerosis Regression in Jak2V617F Clonal Hematopoiesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.23.666473v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FGF13 regulates cardiomyocyte impulse propagation via Cx43 trafficking independent of voltage-gated sodium channels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.23.666473v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundFibroblast growth factor homologous factor (FHF) variants associate with arrhythmias. Although FHFs are best characterized as regulators of voltage gated sodium channel (VGSC) gating, recent studies suggest broader, non-VGSC-related functions, including regulation of Cx43 gap junctions and/or hemichannels, mechanisms that have generally been understudied or disregarded.

MethodsWe assessed cardiac conduction and cardiomyocyte action potentials in mice with constitutive cardiac-specific Fgf13 ablation (cFgf13KO) while targeting Cx43 gap junctions and hemichannels pharmacologically. Using immunostaining and biochemistry, we characterized FGF13 regulation of Cx43 abundance and subcellular distribution. With proximity labeling proteomics, we investigated novel candidate mechanisms underlying FGF13 regulation of Cx43.

ResultsFGF13 ablation prolonged the QRS and QT intervals on the surface electrocardiogram. Carbenoxolone, a Cx43 gap junction uncoupler, markedly prolonged the QRS duration leading to conduction system block in cFgf13KO but not in WT mice. Optical mapping revealed markedly decreased conduction velocity (CV) during ventricular pacing. Microscopy revealed markedly perturbed trafficking of Cx43, reduced localization in the intercalated disc, and suggested decreased membrane Cx43 but increased Cx43 hemichannels in cardiomyocytes from cFgf13KOmice. Resting membrane potential (RMP) was depolarized and APD50 was prolonged in cFgf13KOcardiomyocytes. Both were restored towards wildtype (WT) values with Gap19 (a Cx43 hemichannel inhibitor), expression of FGF13, or expression of a mutant FGF13 incapable of binding to VGSCs, emphasizing VGSC-independent regulation by FGF13. To assess the functional impact of RMP depolarization, hearts were subjected to hypokalemia, which had no effect in WT hearts but fully rescued CV in cFgf13KO hearts. Proteomic analyses revealed candidate roles for FGF13 in the regulation of vesicular-mediated transport. Biochemistry and immunocytochemistry showed that FGF13 ablation destabilized microtubules and reduced the expression of tubulins and MAP4, the major cardiac microtubule regulator.

ConclusionsFGF13 regulates microtubule-dependent trafficking and targeting of Cx43, thereby impacting cardiac impulse propagation via VGSC-independent mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Das, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malvezzi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gade, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsui, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKay, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, E. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kushner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zelich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazdisnian, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiStefano, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roybal, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoll, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalocsay, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akar, F. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marx, S. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitt, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.23.666473</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FGF13 regulates cardiomyocyte impulse propagation via Cx43 trafficking independent of voltage-gated sodium channels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.24.666654v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A multimodal approach for visualization and identification of electrophysiological cell types in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.24.666654v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons of different types perform diverse computations and coordinate their activity during sensation, perception, and action. While electrophysiological recordings can measure the activity of many neurons simultaneously, identifying cell types during these experiments remains difficult. To identify cell types, we developed PhysMAP, a framework that weighs multiple electrophysiological modalities simultaneously to obtain interpretable multimodal representations. We apply PhysMAP to seven datasets and demonstrate that these multimodal representations are better aligned with known transcriptomically-defined cell types than any single modality alone. We then show that such alignment allows PhysMAP to better identify putative cell types in the absence of ground truth. We also demonstrate how annotated datasets can be used to infer multiple cell types simultaneously in unannotated datasets and show that the properties of inferred types are consistent with the known properties of these cell types. Finally, we provide a first-of-its-kind demonstration of how PhysMAP can help understand how multiple cell types interact to drive circuit dynamics. Collectively, these results demonstrate that multimodal representations from PhysMAP enable the study of multiple cell types simultaneously, thus providing insight into neural circuit dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gul, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heller, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakunina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shelton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinmetz, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurwitz, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaramillo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przytycki, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrasekaran, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.24.666654</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A multimodal approach for visualization and identification of electrophysiological cell types in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.28.667311v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CD33-CD45 Interaction Reveals a Mechanistic Link to Alzheimer's Disease Susceptibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.28.667311v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The innate immune gene CD33, encoding a myeloid inhibitory sialic acid-binding receptor, is associated with Alzheimers disease (AD) susceptibility. The AD-associated rs3865444CC risk variant reduces splicing of the sialic acid-binding domain and increases expression of the full-length (sialic acid-binding) CD33 isoform seven-fold compared to the rs3865444AA protective genotype. Here we identify CD45 as an immune cell-specific sialic acid-dependent cis CD33 binding partner, whose phosphatase activity is inhibited by CD33. Overexpression of CD33 or loss of CD45 contributes to impaired microglial clearance of amyloid beta and amyloid beta-induced loss of dendritic spines in microglial-neuronal co-cultures, aligning with a detrimental effect of CD33-mediated inhibition of CD45. CD33-CD45 interaction frequency was increased in monocytes from individuals with the rs3865444CC risk variant compared to rs3865444AA, as well as in AD compared to controls, independent of genotype. Furthermore, an interaction between CD33 and PTPRC (encoding CD45) gene expression in human brain tissue was associated with a pathological diagnosis of AD and global burden of AD pathology. Our findings thus establish a functional interaction between CD33 and CD45 relevant to AD susceptibility and systemic myeloid dysfunction in this disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rillahan, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatila, Z. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Virga, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamucci, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashid, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connor, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chintamen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guzman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taga, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St George-Hyslop, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardarajan, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohler, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schenone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elyaman, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradshaw, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.28.667311</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CD33-CD45 Interaction Reveals a Mechanistic Link to Alzheimer's Disease Susceptibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.29.667318v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CD33 and Clusterin Interact Biophysically and Genetically to Modulate Alzheimer Risk 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.29.667318v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report the results of structural, functional and genetic studies on the CD33 sialic acid- binding receptor that reveal how non-coding variants in CD33 alter risk for Alzheimers disease (AD). The full-length CD33M isoform, whose expression is upregulated by non-coding AD-risk alleles, preferentially forms dimers at the cell surface, where they interact with AD-related proteins (clusterin and A{beta}). This interaction induces CD33M inhibitory signalling and downregulates protective microglial functions including phagocytic removal of amyloid plaques. Human brain expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) and causal mediation analyses confirm that quantitative interactions between CLU and CD33 genotypes modulate AD phenotypes and suggest that genotypes at these loci might be used to personalise future therapeutic approaches. Our work also highlights several other unexpected aspects of CD33 biology, including a soluble shed extracellular fragment of CD33M and a similar soluble secreted product arising from a truncating mutation in the CD33 extracellular domain (CD33M{Delta}4bp).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dodd, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enomoto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sato, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acheson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghaffari, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sayn-Wittgenstein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dukas, G. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweizer Burguete, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kralovec, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashid, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamucci, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatila, Z. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardarajan, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taga, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabinovitch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rillahan, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bobkov, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sergienko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meadows, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qamar, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randle, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sevalle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohm, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikura, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satapathy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javitch, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraser, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.29.667318</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CD33 and Clusterin Interact Biophysically and Genetically to Modulate Alzheimer Risk]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.29.667530v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alteration of Water Exchange Rates Following Focused Ultrasound-Mediated BBB Opening in the Dorsal Striatum of Non-Human Primates: A Diffusion-Prepared pCASL Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.29.667530v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This study applied diffusion-prepared pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (DP-pCASL) to quantify cerebral blood flow (CBF), arterial transit time (ATT), and blood-brain barrier (BBB) water exchange rate (Kw) before and after focused ultrasound (FUS)-mediated blood-brain barrier opening (BBBO) in the dorsal striatum of four non-human primates. Six baseline and seven BBBO sessions were performed. DP-pCASL was acquired approximately 45 minutes after FUS sonication combined with intravenous microbubbles, and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted imaging was subsequently used to confirm the BBBO region. Whole-brain analyses revealed no significant changes in CBF or ATT following BBBO (permutation p > 0.05). Region-of-interest analysis within the sonicated caudate demonstrated a significant localized decrease in Kw, with median (IQR) values of 45.0 (40.6 - 55.6) min-1 at the BBBO site versus 61.6 (58.3 - 70.4) min-1 in the contralateral control region (p < 0.05), confirming spatially specific suppression of transendothelial water flux. In contrast, whole-brain Kw increased significantly following BBBO, with median (IQR) values of 49.8 (46.3 - 55.9) min-1 in non-BBBO sessions versus 59.4 (56.6 - 66.3) min-1 in BBBO sessions (p < 0.01), indicating a diffuse enhancement of water exchange across the brain. These findings establish DP-pCASL-derived Kw as a sensitive, non-contrast biomarker for both local and global BBB permeability changes induced by focused ultrasound, supporting its potential for longitudinal monitoring in preclinical and clinical neurotherapeutic applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz Silva, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanatkhani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konofagou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrera, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.29.667530</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alteration of Water Exchange Rates Following Focused Ultrasound-Mediated BBB Opening in the Dorsal Striatum of Non-Human Primates: A Diffusion-Prepared pCASL Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.31.667389v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Altered striatal dopamine regulation in ADGRL3 knockout mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.31.667389v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dopaminergic signaling is essential for regulating movement, learning, and reward. Disruptions in this system are linked to neuropsychiatric disorders such as ADHD. ADGRL3, an adhesion G protein-coupled receptor highly expressed in the brain, is genetically associated with increased ADHD risk. ADGRL3 knockout in animals alters expression of dopaminergic markers and induces dopamine-related behavioral changes. However, its precise role in modulating dopamine signaling remains unclear. We investigated how ADGRL3 knockout affects striatal dopamine release in mice using ex vivo fast-scan cyclic voltammetry and in vivo fiber photometry with a dopamine sensor. Ex vivo measurements showed increased electrically-evoked dopamine release across the striatum. Conversely, in vivo recordings revealed reduced task-induced dopamine signals in the nucleus accumbens during an operant fixed interval task. This reduction was not due to impaired dopamine availability, as amphetamine-evoked release was unchanged. These findings suggest ADGRL3 modulates dopamine release in complex ways via different pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perry-Hauser, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres-Herraez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boumhaouad, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makowicz, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowes, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denny, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulzer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosharov, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellendonk, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javitch, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.31.667389</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Altered striatal dopamine regulation in ADGRL3 knockout mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.31.667911v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fast photostimulus optimization for holographic control of neural ensemble activity in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.31.667911v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Determining the intricate structure and function of neural circuits requires the ability to precisely manipulate circuit activity. Two-photon holographic optogenetics has emerged as a powerful tool for achieving this via flexible excitation of user-defined neural ensembles. However, the precision of two-photon optogenetics has been constrained by off-target stimulation, an effect where proximal non-target neurons can be unintentionally activated due to imperfect spatial confinement of light onto target neurons. Here, we introduce a real-time computational method to mitigating off-target stimulation that first empirically samples each neurons sensitivity to stimulation at proximal locations, and then optimizes stimulation sites using a fast, interpretable model based on adaptive non-negative basis function regression (NBFR). NBFR is highly scalable, completing model fitting for hundreds of neurons in just a few seconds and then optimizing stimulation sites in several hundred milliseconds per stimulus - fast enough for most closed-loop behavioral experiments. We characterize the performance of our approach in both simulations and in vivo experiments in mouse hippocampus, showing its efficacy under realistic experimental conditions. Our results thus establish NBFR-based photostimulus optimization as an important addition to an emerging computational toolkit for precise yet scalable holographic optogenetics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Triplett, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bäumler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prodan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stonis, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterka, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Häusser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.31.667911</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fast photostimulus optimization for holographic control of neural ensemble activity in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.01.668154v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
STAT3 regulates basal cell identity and morphogenesis during early esophageal development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.01.668154v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The transcription factor STAT3 plays broad roles in epithelial biology, yet its function in human esophageal development remains undefined. Using 2D and 3D human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived platforms, we investigated how STAT3 regulates esophageal epithelial differentiation. We find that STAT3 is dispensable for definitive endoderm and anterior foregut endoderm specification but becomes essential during the transition to esophageal progenitor cells (EPCs). Inhibition of STAT3, via CRISPR-mediated knockout or siRNA, impairs the expression of key EPC and differentiation markers, including TP63, and disrupts 3D organoid formation. These defects are accompanied by reduced epithelial proliferation. Notably, STAT3 is highly expressed in human fetal esophageal tissues and hiPSC-derived organoids, while its deletion in the developing mouse esophagus does not affect epithelial architecture, highlighting species-specific differences. Together, these findings identify STAT3 as a critical determinant of basal cell identity and epithelial morphogenesis, revealing a developmental checkpoint in early human esophageal lineage commitment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kariuki, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitani, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Efe, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tekin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Que, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabre, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz-Acuna, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.01.668154</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[STAT3 regulates basal cell identity and morphogenesis during early esophageal development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.30.667695v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid remodeling of the human gut microbiome in response to short-term animal product restriction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.30.667695v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diet strongly influences the gut microbiome, which in turn influences health, yet the effects of dietary patterns on microbiome composition and function remain underexplored in humans. We profiled a unique group of apparently healthy individuals from Greece, who alternate between omnivory and restriction of animal products for religious reasons (periodically restricted group, N=200). Using 16S rRNA sequencing, plasma metabolomics, and proteomics, we assessed the impact of three-to-four weeks of dietary restriction on gut microbiome composition and function and also explored links with host plasma biology. We compared findings to a continuously omnivorous group profiled in parallel (non-restricted group, N=211). Animal product restriction was found to reduce microbial diversity, primarily affecting rare taxa, and altered the abundance of nearly one-third of bacterial genera. Functional shifts included downregulation of cholesterol biosynthesis and purine degradation pathways, alongside upregulation of microbial biosynthesis of vitamin B2 and tryptophan, suggesting compensatory microbial responses to dietary nutrient depletion. Multi-omic integration revealed four microbial-metabolite-protein clusters, including a diet-responsive module linking Negativibacillus with potent metabolic regulator FGF21 and intermediate-density lipoproteins. Our findings demonstrate rapid adaptive plasticity of the human gut microbiome in response to short-term dietary restriction and highlight candidate microbial and molecular pathways that may mediate effects of animal product restriction on health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Emmanouil, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anezaki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simistiras, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glentis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scarmeas, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatzis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouskas, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimas, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.30.667695</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid remodeling of the human gut microbiome in response to short-term animal product restriction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.01.667930v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structures of Naked Mole-Rat, Tuco-Tuco, and Guinea Pig Ribosomes: Is rRNA Fragmentation Linked to Translational Fidelity? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.01.667930v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribosomes are central to protein synthesis in all organisms. Among mammals, the ribosome functional core is highly conserved. Remarkably, two rodent species, the naked mole-rat (NMR) and tuco-tuco display fragmented 28S rRNA, coupled with high translational fidelity and long lifespan. The unusual ribosomal architecture in the NMR and tuco-tuco has been speculated to be linked to high translational fidelity. Here we show, by single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), that despite the fragmentation of their rRNA, NMR and tuco-tuco ribosomes retain their core functional architecture. Compared to ribosomes of the guinea pig, a phylogenetically related rodent without 28S rRNA fragmentation, ribosomes of NMR and tuco-tuco exhibit poorly resolved, certain expansion segments. In contrast, the structure of the guinea pig ribosome shows high similarity to human ribosome. Enhanced translational fidelity in the NMR and tuco-tuco may stem from subtle, allosteric effects in dynamics, linked to rRNA fragmentation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez-Vargas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maji, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ke, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nieb, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seluanov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorbunova, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.01.667930</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structures of Naked Mole-Rat, Tuco-Tuco, and Guinea Pig Ribosomes: Is rRNA Fragmentation Linked to Translational Fidelity?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.02.668171v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Habenular μ-opioid receptor knockout and chronic systemic receptor blockade promote negative affect and heighten nociceptive sensitivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.02.668171v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The -opioid receptor (MOR), a subtype of opioid G protein-coupled receptor, is expressed in multiple brain circuits and is particularly enriched in the habenula, a small epithalamic structure implicated in aversive states. MOR dysfunction has been linked to several psychiatric and nociceptive disorders. Identifying the key brain regions mediating the behavioral consequences of disrupted MOR signaling can shed light on the role of the opioid system in mood and pain regulation. In this study, we administered methocinnamox (MCAM), a long-acting, pseudo-irreversible MOR antagonist, acutely or chronically to adult C57BL/6J mice. A comprehensive behavioral battery was used to assess affective, social, and pain behavior. A single MCAM administration (10 mg/kg, s.c.) did not alter baseline behavior, but blocked opioid-induced analgesia, suggesting that basal {micro}-opioid tone does not contribute to these behaviors. In contrast, chronic MCAM administration (10 mg/kg, s.c., 3x/week for 4 weeks) led to increased anxiety-like behavior and decreased sociability, as well as enhanced mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. Remarkably, selective knockout of habenular MORs in adult Oprm1fl/fl mice reproduced key features of the chronic MCAM phenotype, including anxiety-like behavior and mechanical hyperalgesia. Together, these findings reveal that sustained inhibition of MOR signaling disrupts affective and nociceptive processing and highlight the habenula as a node mediating key behavioral deficits of disrupted opioid signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pekarskaya, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galiza Soares, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hough, F. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langreck, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucciarone, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javitch, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.02.668171</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Habenular μ-opioid receptor knockout and chronic systemic receptor blockade promote negative affect and heighten nociceptive sensitivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.03.668363v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reengineering the antigen optimization process for superior neoantigen vaccine design 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.03.668363v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying effective neoantigen sequences is essential for enhancing anti-tumor immunity. However, the vast sequence space (>109 possible peptides) and limited accuracy of existing immunogenicity predictors hinder efficient vaccine design for patient-specific human leukocyte antigens (HLAs). We present AlphaVacc, a deep reinforcement learning framework that integrates Monte Carlo Tree Search with a Transformer-based network to optimize antigenic peptides. AlphaVacc outperforms previous generative models in binding-affinity prediction. Experimental validation of 12 AlphaVacc-generated variants of the BING-4 peptide confirmed that 11 showed increased HLA-A*02:01 binding and 7 elicited significant T cell responses. Further testing of 16 single-mutation peptides confirmed computational predictions for 15 candidates, exhibiting a remarkable success rate. AlphaVacc thus provides a powerful tool for designing neoantigen-based cancer vaccines and may accelerate personalized immunotherapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buratto, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.03.668363</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reengineering the antigen optimization process for superior neoantigen vaccine design]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.04.662975v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Noise-driven morphogenesis independent of transcriptional regulatory programs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.04.662975v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Development is widely understood as a deterministic process driven by transcriptional programs that specify cell fate and orchestrate morphogenesis. However, this view overlooks pervasive stochasticity in gene expression, often considered an obstacle to reliable tissue patterning. Here, we introduce stochastic tuning-driven morphogenesis (STM), an alternative conceptualization of development in which noisy gene expression is not a nuisance but the primary driving force--guiding cell fates toward optimal multicellular configurations by a trial-and-error process analogous to reinforcement learning. STM operates independently of fixed transcriptional programs, instead relying on convergence of sensory information into signaling hubs, which by reinforcing random transcriptional changes, prospectively and contextually fine-tune gene expression along key developmental milestones. STM offers a fundamentally different view of development--one in which stochastic gene expression enables real-time optimization of gene expression toward multicellular objectives, implementing a self-organizing process that is inherently resistant to molecular and environmental fluctuations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Toppen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavazoie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.04.662975</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Noise-driven morphogenesis independent of transcriptional regulatory programs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.04.668551v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Miniaturized widefield microscope for high speed voltage imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.04.668551v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional imaging in freely moving animals with genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) will open new capabilities for neuroscientists to study the behavioral relevance of neural activity with high spatial and temporal precision. However, miniaturization of an imaging system with sufficient collection efficiency to resolve the small changes in fluorescence yield from voltage spikes, as well as development of efficient image sensors that are sufficiently fast to capture them, has proven challenging. We present a miniaturized microscope designed for voltage imaging, with a numerical aperture of 0.6, 250 m field of view and 1.3 mm working distance that weighs 16.4 g. We show it is capable of imaging in vivo voltage spikes from Voltron2 with a spike peak-to-noise ratio >3 at a framerate of 530 Hz.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saladrigas, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Speed, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zohrabi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miscles, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Futia, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kymissis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bright, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welle, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Restrepo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopinath, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.04.668551</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Miniaturized widefield microscope for high speed voltage imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.05.667241v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptome sequencing of Hodgkin lymphoma Hodgkin and Reed-Stenberg cells reveals escape from NK cell recognition and an unfolded protein response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.05.667241v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mutational profile of classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) overlaps with that of related B cell lymphomas, including primary mediastinal B cell lymphoma (PMBL), and yet these are different histologically and clinically. To discover the molecular features that distinguish cHL, we deployed flow cytometric cell sorting and low-input RNA sequencing to generate full transcriptome data from viable, isolated Hodgkin and Red-Sternberg (HRS) cells from eighteen primary tumors, alongside matched intra-tumoral non-neoplastic B cells and four cell lines. Comparison of HRS cells to normal cellular subsets revealed evidence of abortive plasma cell differentiation, with an unfolded protein response signature, shared with plasma cell neoplasms, but not other B-cell lymphoma types. Comparison of cHL to PMBL revealed similarities but also key differences in B cell differentiation programs accompanied by upregulation of genes involved in microtubule cytoskeleton organization in cHL, which may be related to the unique multinucleated nature of HRS cells. In HRS cells, we also observed a downregulation of SLAM family receptors, which are crucial for NK cell activation, providing a potential mechanism for immune evasion from NK-mediated killing.

STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCEThis study defines a unique transcriptional program in classic Hodgkin Lymphoma (cHL) marked by oncogenic signaling, chromatin integrity, DNA repair, and immune escape including loss of NK-activating receptors. HRS cells resemble plasma cells and have an unfolded protein response signature, which distinguishes them from diffuse large and primary mediastinal B cell lymphomas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roshal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, I. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinalankara, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reichel, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teater, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhinder, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zairis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovach, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oberley, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barth, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elemento, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melnick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabadan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chadburn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchionni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giulino-Roth, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cesarman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.05.667241</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptome sequencing of Hodgkin lymphoma Hodgkin and Reed-Stenberg cells reveals escape from NK cell recognition and an unfolded protein response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.05.668514v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TPClust: Temporal Profile-Guided Subtyping Using High-Dimensional Omics Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.05.668514v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clustering is widely used to identify subtypes in heterogeneous populations, yet most approaches rarely integrate longitudinal phenotypic trajectories with high-dimensional molecular profiles, limiting their ability to resolve biologically and clinically meaningful heterogeneity in progressive diseases. We developed TPClust, a supervised, semi-parametric clustering method that integrates high-dimensional omics data with longitudinal phenotypes including outcomes and covariates for outcome-guided subtyping. TPClust jointly models latent subtype membership and longitudinal outcome trajectories using multinomial logistic regression informed by molecular features selected via structured regularization, along with spline-based regression to capture subtype-specific, time-varying covariate effects. Simulations demonstrate valid inference for time-varying effects and robust feature selection. Applied to transcriptomic profiles and longitudinal cognitive data from 1,020 older adults in the Religious Orders Study and the Rush Memory and Aging Project, TPClust identified four aging subtypes including intermediate subtypes not captured by unimodal approaches with distinct cognitive trajectories, time-varying risk profiles, clinical and neuropathological features, and multimodal molecular signatures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardarajan, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.05.668514</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TPClust: Temporal Profile-Guided Subtyping Using High-Dimensional Omics Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.05.668707v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative analysis of plasma and bone marrow nutrient levels in pediatric B-ALL patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.05.668707v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nutrient availability in the tumor microenvironment is a key determinant of cancer progression and therapeutic response, yet the physiological nutrient environment for most cancers is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated nutrient levels in pediatric B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) patients across different subtypes undergoing chemotherapy, focusing on both bone marrow and circulation. Our analysis revealed distinct differences in nutrient profiles between leukemic and healthy plasma and among B-ALL subtypes, with hyperdiploid B-ALL exhibiting pronounced alterations in arginine and asymmetric dimethylarginine metabolism. Bone marrow and blood plasma exhibited largely similar metabolite profiles, even after chemotherapy, indicating these environments are metabolically comparable. Comparisons with renal cell carcinoma and non-small cell lung cancer highlighted a unique enrichment of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates in the circulation of B-ALL patients. These findings provide a comprehensive view of nutrient dynamics in pediatric B-ALL and identify metabolic alterations that could guide biomarker discovery and new therapeutic strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abbott, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munim, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagchi, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunchok, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waite, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiggers, C. R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimitrov, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knoechel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverman, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vander Heiden, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pikman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.05.668707</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative analysis of plasma and bone marrow nutrient levels in pediatric B-ALL patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.06.668974v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dual pathway regulation of castration response and ferroptosis in the prostate epithelium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.06.668974v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how sex hormones maintain tissue integrity--and how their disruption can promote cancer--is a central question in biology. In the prostate, androgen signaling is crucial for development, homeostasis, and cancer, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying tissue regression after androgen-deprivation have remained unknown. Here we show that castration induces epithelial regression via ferroptosis in the normal mouse and human prostate, as well as in prostate tumors. Using in vivo analyses in genetically-engineered mice, supported by validation in human organotypic cultures, we demonstrate that androgen receptor (AR) signaling controls castration response through two distinct pathways: an intrinsic luminal epithelial pathway regulated by the prostate-specific transcription factor NKX3.1, and an extrinsic stromal signal mediated by the secreted factor pleiotrophin (PTN). Together, these AR signaling pathways coordinately regulate biosynthesis of monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) phospholipids and GPX4 expression to suppress prostate epithelial ferroptosis. Our findings reveal a sex hormone-regulated ferroptotic program that governs tissue homeostasis and suggest that ferroptosis induction could represent a new therapeutic strategy for prostate cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zandkarimi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milner, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xuan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christin, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laplaca, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenberg, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chute, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hibshoosh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stockwell, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.06.668974</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dual pathway regulation of castration response and ferroptosis in the prostate epithelium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.08.669371v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-type-selective synaptogenesis during the development of excitatory connectivity in the mammalian neocortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.08.669371v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The function of mammalian neocortex relies on the timing of axon extension and establishment of cell-type-biased patterns of excitatory synaptic connections. A subtype of excitatory neurons, layer 6 corticothalamic neurons (L6CThNs), ultimately exhibit a marked preference for synapsing onto parvalbumin-positive (PV) inhibitory interneurons over more common excitatory cells in layers 6 and 4 (L6, L4). We show that the intracortical axons of L6CThNs develop in phases, elongating within L6, then pausing before extending translaminar branches into L4. Decreasing L6CThN excitability selectively enhanced axon growth in L6 but not later elaboration in L4. For both layers, we tested whether preferential synaptogenesis onto rarer PV interneurons, or promiscuous synapse formation followed by selective pruning, generated adult connectivity. We found that L6CThNs formed functional AMPA-receptor-containing synapses preferentially onto PV interneurons. Silent L6CThN synapses were not detected. Our findings show that cell-type-biased synaptogenesis underlies the formation of functional cell-type-specific excitatory connections in the neocortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gutman-Wei, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudarsanam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabalinan, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahid, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guzman Clavel, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spindler-Krage, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolodkin, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.08.669371</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-type-selective synaptogenesis during the development of excitatory connectivity in the mammalian neocortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.10.669386v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cis-regulatory evolution of Wnt-family genes contributes to a morphological difference between silkworm species. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.10.669386v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Closely related species often exhibit distinct morphologies that can contribute to species-specific adaptations and reproductive isolation. One example are Lepidopteran caterpillar appendages, such as the "caudal horn" of Bombycoidea moths, which have evolved substantial morphological diversity among species in this group. Using interspecific crosses, we identify the genetic basis of the caudal horn size difference between Bombyx mori and its closest relative B. mandarina. The three largest of eight QTL account for one third the mean horn length difference between the species. The largest of these, on chromosome 4, encompasses a conserved Wnt family gene cluster, key upstream regulators that are well-known for their roles in morphological diversification in animals. Using allele-specific expression analysis and CRISPR/Cas9 knockouts, we show that tissue-specific cis-regulatory changes to Wnt1 and Wnt6 contribute to the species difference in caudal horn size. This kind of modularity enables highly pleiotropic genes, including key upstream growth regulators, to contribute to the evolution of morphological traits without causing widespread deleterious effects.

SignificanceThis study explores the genetic basis of a distinct morphological trait that varies between two closely related moth species, providing insights into the evolution of morphological diversity. By identifying cis-regulatory changes in two Wnt family genes as major contributors, this work underscores the importance of developmental gene regulatory networks in shaping species-specific traits. The findings illustrate how even small modifications in major upstream regulator genes can drive significant phenotypic variation, revealing how genetic changes in key growth regulators fuel the diversification of form and function. These results advance our understanding of the mechanisms behind the evolution of complex morphological traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tomihara, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinharanda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taverner, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kors, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aardema, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holder, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poyraz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiuchi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andolfatto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.10.669386</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cis-regulatory evolution of Wnt-family genes contributes to a morphological difference between silkworm species.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.12.669924v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulatory network topology and the genetic architecture of gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.12.669924v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In human populations, most of the genetic variance in gene expression can be attributed to trans-acting expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) spread across the genome. However, in practice it is difficult to discover these eQTLs, and their cumulative effects on gene expression and complex traits are yet to be fully understood. Here, we assess how properties of the genetic architecture of gene expression constrain the space of plausible gene regulatory networks. We describe a structured causal model of gene expression regulation and consider how it interacts with biologically relevant properties of the gene regulatory network to alter the genomic distribution of expression heritability. Under our model, we find that the genetic architecture of gene expression is shaped in large part by local network motifs and by hub regulators that shorten paths through the network and act as key sources of trans-acting variance. Further, simulated networks with an enrichment of motifs and hub regulators best recapitulate the distribution of cis and trans heritability of gene expression as measured in a recent twin study. Taken together, our results suggest that the architecture of gene expression is sparser and more pleiotropic across genes than would be suggested by naive models of regulatory networks, which has important implications for future studies of complex traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aguirre, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spence, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sella, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pritchard, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.12.669924</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulatory network topology and the genetic architecture of gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.11.669689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Paired plus-minus sequencing is an ultra-high throughput and accurate method for dual strand sequencing of DNA molecules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.11.669689v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Distinguishing real biological variation in the form of single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) from errors is a major challenge for genome sequencing technologies. This is particularly true in settings where SNVs are at low frequency such as cancer detection through liquid biopsy, or human somatic mosaicism. State-of-the-art molecular denoising approaches for DNA sequencing rely on duplex sequencing, where both strands of a single DNA molecule are sequenced to discern true variants from errors arising from single stranded DNA damage. However, such duplex approaches typically require massive over-sequencing to overcome low capture rates of duplex molecules. To address these challenges, we introduce paired plus-minus sequencing (ppmSeq) technology, in which both DNA strands are partitioned and clonally amplified on sequencing beads through emulsion PCR. In this reaction, both strands of a double-stranded DNA molecule contribute to a single sequencing read, allowing for a duplex yield that scales linearly with sequencing coverage across a wide range of inputs (1.8-98 ng). We benchmarked ppmSeq against current duplex sequencing technologies, demonstrating superior duplex recovery with ppmSeq, with a rate of 44%{+/-}5.5% (compared to [~]5-11% for leading duplex technologies). Using both genomic as well as cell-free DNA, we established error rates for ppmSeq, which had residual SNV detection error rates as low as 7.98x10-8 for gDNA (using an end-repair protocol with dideoxy nucleotides) and 3.5x10-7{+/-}7.5x10-8 for cell-free DNA. To test the capabilities of ppmSeq for error-corrected whole-genome sequencing (WGS) for clinical application, we assessed circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) detection for disease monitoring in cancer patients. We demonstrated that ppmSeq enables powerful tumor-informed ctDNA detection at concentrations of 10-4 across most cancers, parts per million sensitivity in cancers with high mutation burden, and further increased sensitivity with higher sequencing depth. We then leveraged genome-wide trinucleotide mutation patterns characteristic of urothelial (APOBEC3-related and platinum exposure-related signatures) and lung (tobacco-exposure-related signatures) cancers to perform tumor-naive ctDNA detection, showing that ppmSeq can identify a disease-specific signal in plasma cell-free DNA without a matched tumor, and that this signal correlates with imaging-based disease metrics. Altogether, ppmSeq provides an error-corrected, cost-efficient and scalable approach for high-fidelity WGS that can be harnessed for challenging clinical applications and emerging frontiers in human somatic genetics where high accuracy is required for mutation identification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheng, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rusinek, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sossin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Widman, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiri, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krieger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirschberg, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tov, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilad, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaimovich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barad, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avaylon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajagopalan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potenski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prieto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furatero, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Runnels, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoag, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al Assaad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sigouros, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manohar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otilano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malbari, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elemento, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosquera, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altorki, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saxena, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callahan, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robine, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Germer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evrony, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faltas, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landau, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.11.669689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Paired plus-minus sequencing is an ultra-high throughput and accurate method for dual strand sequencing of DNA molecules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.13.670186v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recombinant proteasome provides new avenues for anti-malarial drug development. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.13.670186v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Plasmodium falciparum 20S proteasome (Pf20S) has emerged as a promising antimalarial target. Development of therapeutics to this target has previously relied on native purifications of Pf20S, which is challenging and has limited the scope of previous efforts. Here, we report an effective recombinant Pf20S platform to facilitate drug discovery. Proteasome assembly was carried out in insect cells by co-expressing all fourteen subunits along with the essential chaperone homolog, Ump1. Unexpectedly, the isolated proteins consisted of both a mature and an immature complex. Cryo-EM analysis of the immature complexes revealed structural insights detailing how Ump1 and the propeptides of the {beta}2 and {beta}5 subunits coordinate {beta}-ring assembly, which differ from human and yeast homologs. Biochemical validation confirmed that {beta}1, {beta}2, and {beta}5 subunits of the mature proteasome were catalytically active. Clinical proteasome inhibitors, bortezomib, carfilzomib and marizomib were potent but lacked Pf20S selectivity. However, the tripeptide-epoxyketone J-80 inhibited Pf20S {beta}5 with an IC50 of 22.4 nM and 90-fold selectivity over human {beta}5. Structural studies using cryo-EM elucidated the basis for the selective binding of J-80. Further evaluation of novel Pf20S-selective inhibitors such as the reversible TDI-8304 and irreversible analogs, 8304-vinyl sulfone and 8304-epoxyketone, confirmed their potency and selectivity over the human constitutive proteasome. This recombinant Pf20S platform facilitates detailed biochemical and structural studies, accelerating the development of selective antimalarial therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fajtova, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urich, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>da Silva, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>da Silva, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almaliti, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Hindy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boura, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fidock, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogyo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerwick, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donoghue, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.13.670186</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recombinant proteasome provides new avenues for anti-malarial drug development.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.12.668749v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic Shifts Reveal Alzheimer's Origins after Sustained Picomolar Aβ Exposure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.12.668749v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in sequencing have identified genetic risk factors for Alzheimers disease (AD), but the molecular mechanisms triggering disease onset remain unclear. While high brain levels of amyloid-beta (A{beta}) impair synaptic function and memory, exposure to low picomolar (pM) A{beta} concentrations - typical of healthy brains - enhances these functions, while sustained exposure results in impairment. To investigate this transition from physiological to pathological A{beta} activity, we profiled DNA methylation and gene expression in C57B16 mice subjected to prolonged pM A{beta}42 exposure. We identified differentially methylated and expressed genes, including those involved in synaptic function, associated with three phases: memory enhancement (brief exposure), a transitional state with intact memory (intermediate), and memory decline (prolonged). These gene sets may represent early molecular drivers of AD pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paquola, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acquarone, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staniszewski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teich, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arancio, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.12.668749</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic Shifts Reveal Alzheimer's Origins after Sustained Picomolar Aβ Exposure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.13.670004v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inverse expression of Ten3 and Lphn2 across the developing mouse brain reveals a global strategy for circuit assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.13.670004v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precise wiring of neural circuits requires molecular strategies that ensure accurate target selection across diverse brain regions. Here, we identify inverse expression between a ligand-receptor pair, Teneurin-3 (Ten3) and Latrophilin-2 (Lphn2), throughout the developing mouse brain. Ten3 and Lphn2 exhibit inverse expression gradients along a retinotopic axis orthogonal to the ephrin-A and EphA gradients; along the tonotopic axis across multiple brainstem auditory nuclei; and along the dorsomedial-ventrolateral axis in striatum and pallidum. Their inverse expression also creates discrete domains of cerebellar Purkinje cells and cerebellar nuclei along the mediolateral axis. Using conditional tag mice, we show that inverse Ten3 and Lphn2 expression patterns predict connectivity, following a 'Ten3 [-&gt;] Ten3, Lphn2 [-&gt;] Lphn2' rule in all above circuits. We further demonstrate a functional role for Lphn2 in executing this rule in Purkinje cells [-&gt;] cerebellar nuclei projection. Our findings reveal a global strategy of coordinating gene expression of key wiring molecules with circuit connectivity across the developing brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chon, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pederick, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rana, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.13.670004</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inverse expression of Ten3 and Lphn2 across the developing mouse brain reveals a global strategy for circuit assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.13.670023v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Consequences of Statistical Tests on Using Proxy Measurements in Place of Gold Standard Measurements: An Application to Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.13.670023v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The use of proxy measurements in biomedical science is ubiquitous, due to the infeasibility or unavailability of gold-standard (i.e., most precise, accurate, and/or validated) measurements. For example, in magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), short-echo time (TE) sequences are frequently employed to estimate difficult-to-measure metabolites such as GABA, despite J-difference editing being the recommended gold-standard for improved metabolic specificity. This work investigates the critical relationship between the correlation of proxy and gold-standard measurements and the associated false positive (FPR) and false negative (FNR) rates of statistical tests performed on proxy measurements. Through statistical simulations, we demonstrate that even moderately high correlations (0.6-0.7), reported in the literature for short-TE vs. J-edited estimated GABA, can lead to drastically inflated FPRs and FNRs. We show that these rates are highly sensitive to the magnitude of any introduced bias in the proxy measurement ({delta}) and the underlying true effect size ({Delta}). For instance, a small, unmeasured bias in short-TE estimated GABA, potentially arising from macromolecule contamination, can substantially inflate FPRs. Conversely, imperfect correlation can significantly reduce statistical power, leading to high FNRs, which may explain some discrepancies within the literature. Although this work focuses specifically on the relationship between short-TE and MEGA-edited GABA, the arguments presented here apply more broadly to other difficult-to-measure metabolites in MRS (e.g., glutathione, 2-hydroxyglutarate), or generally to any circumstance where statistical tests are performed on the readily available proxy measurements in place of gold-standard measurements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Treacy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juchem, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landheer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.13.670023</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Consequences of Statistical Tests on Using Proxy Measurements in Place of Gold Standard Measurements: An Application to Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.13.670106v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterizing Post-Mortem Brain Molecular Taxonomy of Cognitive Resilience and Translating it to Living Humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.13.670106v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here, we define cognitive resilience as slower or faster cognitive decline after we regress out the effects of common brain neuropathologies. Its understanding could provide important insights into the biology underlying cognitive health, enabling the development of more effective strategies to prevent cognitive decline and dementia. However, this requires the development of a practical method to quantify resilience and measure it in living individuals, as well as identifying heterogenous pathways associated with resilience in different individuals. Here, we approach this problem by using a data-driven framework to quantify and characterize molecular signatures underlying cognitive resilience. Using multimodal contrastive trajectory inference (mcTI) on bulk RNA sequencing and tandem mass tag (TMT) proteomic data from 898 post- mortem brain samples from the Religious Orders Study and the Rush Memory and Aging Project (ROSMAP), we derived individual-level molecular pseudotime values reflecting the molecular path from high to low resilience across individuals. Additionally, we identified two distinct molecular subtypes of resilience, each characterized by unique transcriptomic and proteomic signatures, and differing associations with several phenotypes. To translate our brain-derived pseudotime and subtypes to living individuals, we developed prediction models with paired genetics, ante-mortem blood omics, clinical, psychosocial, imaging and device data from the same individuals, demonstrating the potential to predict brain molecular resilience profiles in living persons. Our findings establish a framework for quantifying resilience based on multi- level molecular signatures, identify molecularly distinct resilience subtypes, and demonstrate the feasibility of translating brain-derived molecular profiles to living individuals--laying the groundwork for the development of targeted resilience-promoting interventions in cognitive aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Batalha, C. M. P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zammit, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poole, V. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchman, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopes, K. d. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vialle, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abadir, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nidadavolu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyss-Coray, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seyfried, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasaki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iturria-Medina, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.13.670106</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterizing Post-Mortem Brain Molecular Taxonomy of Cognitive Resilience and Translating it to Living Humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.14.670174v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MDS-associated SF3B1 mutations promote aberrant fate choice of hematopoietic stem cell via mis-splicing of mediator kinase module component CDK8 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.14.670174v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in RNA splicing factor SF3B1 are among the most common in MDS and are strongly associated with MDS with ring sideroblasts (MDS-RS). While aberrant splicing of terminal erythroid regulators has been implicated in MDS pathogenesis, the impact of SF3B1 mutations on early hematopoietic progenitor function remains unclear. Here, we identify CDK8, a key kinase of the mediator complex involved in transcriptional regulation, as a recurrent mis-spliced target in SF3B1-mutant MDS. Mutant SF3B1 induces cryptic 3' splice site selection in CDK8, leading to loss of CDK8 mRNA and protein. Using primary human HSPCs, our study identifies CDK8 as an important regulator of HSPC homeostasis and cell fate determination. CDK8 depletion results in expansion of HSPCs and shifts differentiation toward the erythroid and myeloid lineages, mirroring phenotypes observed in SF3B1-mutant MDS. Lastly, functional restoration of CDK8 rescues early erythroid phenotypes in SF3B1-mutant cells. These findings implicate CDK8 mis-splicing as a mechanistic driver of altered progenitor fate and dysplasia in SF3B1-mutant MDS, linking aberrant splicing to transcriptional dysregulation and hematopoietic lineage commitment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bonner, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsueh, T.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arriaga-Gomez, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkataraman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrell, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welner, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stirewalt, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doulatov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.14.670174</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MDS-associated SF3B1 mutations promote aberrant fate choice of hematopoietic stem cell via mis-splicing of mediator kinase module component CDK8]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.14.670362v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Depression symptoms enhance goal-directed behavior underuncertainty 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.14.670362v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A core premise in decision-making research is that beliefs about uncertain outcomes shape value-based choice: pessimistic expectations should reduce goal pursuit, whereas optimistic expectations should promote it. Depression provides a critical test of this assumption, as motivational symptoms such as apathy and anhedonia are linked to diminished expectations of success. Yet whether such biases actually impair goal-directed behavior, particularly when risk must be learned from experience, remains unknown. We developed a multi-step planning task in which participants (n = 384) learned the structure and risks of maze-like environments across two days, then chose between certain rewards and risky goals varying in reward magnitude and distance, with greater distance entailing higher compounding risk. Using transdiagnostic symptom factors, we observed a dissociation: individuals with elevated apathy-anhedonia reported lower subjective expectations of goal success, yet showed no reduction in risky goal pursuit. Instead, higher apathy-anhedonia was associated with enhanced performance, including stronger discrimination of goal values, increased model-based flexibility, and faster goal navigation. These effects were specific to apathy-anhedonia; other symptom factors, including worry and impulsivity, were unrelated to expectations or goal-directed behavior. Together, these findings demonstrate that pessimistic beliefs and goal-directed competence are dissociable, revealing that motivational symptoms can coexist with sharpened value-based planning when risk is learned from experience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russek, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutledge, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wimmer, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.14.670362</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Depression symptoms enhance goal-directed behavior underuncertainty]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.18.670850v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Revisiting alpha-theta cross-frequency dynamics during working memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.18.670850v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prior Electroencephalography (EEG) research has shown that during working memory delay, alpha (8-14 Hz) and theta (4-8 Hz) oscillations tend to form a 2:1 frequency ratio. According to the Binary Hierarchy Brain Body Oscillation Theory (BHBBOT), a recent model grounded in mathematical analysis, such harmonic (2:1) alpha:theta frequency configurations reflect enhanced connectivity between brain regions generating these rhythms. However, this prediction has not yet been empirically tested. In this study, we leveraged Information Theory and the Theory of Weakly Coupled Oscillators (TWCO) to examine whether the previously observed frequency modulations in alpha and theta rhythms during working memory are accompanied by changes in inter-areal connectivity. Contrary to the BHBBOT predictions, both Information Theory metrics and TWCO parameters showed that connectivity between frontal theta and parietal alpha rhythms was significantly reduced during the working-memory delay period (while the proportion of 2:1 ratios increased). In addition, phase locking value, a standard measure of synchrony, was also significantly reduced during working memory delay and was negatively associated with behavioural performance. In conclusion, our results show that the increased occurrence of 2:1 alpha:theta cross-frequency ratios during working memory reflects functional segregation (rather than integration) between frontal and parietal regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez Larios, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haegens, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.18.670850</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Revisiting alpha-theta cross-frequency dynamics during working memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.18.670869v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The TRP-channel painless mediates substrate stiffness sensing in the legs during Drosophila oviposition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.18.670869v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The distinct textural properties of fruits in varying stages of ripening present unique ecological opportunities for several species of fruit flies, resulting, over evolutionary times, in specialized egg-laying behaviors. In this study we identified a TrpA channel-dependent mechanosensory pathway in the legs, through the gene painless, that modulates the discernment of softer patches for oviposition in gravid D. melanogaster females. We report that the stiffness-sensing role of tarsi is mediated through external sensory organs housed, namely ventral mechanosensory bristles and subsets of campaniform sensilla present primarily at the joints between tarsomeres. Our findings provide new evidence that campaniform sensilla function as indirect stiffness sensors of oviposition substrates, owing to their placement at joints that experience maximal cuticular distortion. We show that Painless is expressed in mechanosensory neurons innervating peripheral organs where it likely participates in the transduction of stiffness-evoked stimuli. Furthermore, we observed that overexpression of painless in both campaniform sensilla and mechanosensory bristles partially rescues preference for the softer substrates in painless mutants, indicating that painless activity in these organs is necessary to mediate the preference. We propose that different interactions with a soft vs. a hard substrate (compression of the cuticle, distribution of contacts) results in differential mechanotransduction in painless-expressing neurons, determining oviposition preferences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ray, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braecker, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kourtidis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosher, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinges, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierzchlinska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bueschges, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cury, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gompel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.18.670869</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The TRP-channel painless mediates substrate stiffness sensing in the legs during Drosophila oviposition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.15.670438v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-Cell Characterization of Anterior Segment Development: Cell Types, Pathways, and Signals Driving Formation of the Trabecular Meshwork and Schlemm's Canal 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.15.670438v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Morphogenesis of the anterior segment (AS) is crucial for healthy ocular physiology and vision but is only partially understood. The Schlemms canal (SC) and trabecular meshwork (TM) are essential drainage tissues within the AS, and their proper development and function are critical for maintaining normal intraocular pressure; abnormalities in either tissue can result in elevated pressure and glaucoma. Here, we use single-cell transcriptomic profiling to provide high-resolution molecular detail of AS development with a particular focus on SC and TM. We report transcriptomes for [~]130,000 single cells at key developmental stages from postnatal day 2 (P2) to P60. We provide the first annotation of cell types across these developmental stages and crucial information about dynamic changes in pathways/gene expression. Further, we trace developmental trajectories for TM cell and SC endothelial cell (SEC) subtypes and determine genes and signaling networks driving their specific cell fates. We demonstrate dynamic changes in signaling interactions between SC and the TM cells during their synchronized development. Collectively, our data lay a deep molecular foundation for AS development that will direct understanding of normal ocular physiology, glaucoma, and other AS conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Balasubramanian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hannan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bupp-Chickering, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polanco, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhandari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peregrin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kizhatil, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.15.670438</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-Cell Characterization of Anterior Segment Development: Cell Types, Pathways, and Signals Driving Formation of the Trabecular Meshwork and Schlemm's Canal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.20.671248v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synaptic high-frequency jumping synchronises vision to high-speed behaviour 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.20.671248v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During high-speed behaviour, animals must synchronise perception and action despite rapid environmental and self-generated motion. How neural systems achieve such precision remains unclear. Here we show how the housefly (Musca domestica) maintains visual accuracy during fast motion. Using intracellular and photomechanical recordings during saccade-like stimulation, we traced information flow from photoreceptors to large monopolar cells (LMCs). Visual neurons achieved record-high information sampling ([~]2,500 bits{middle dot}s-1) and synaptic transmission ([~]4,100 bits{middle dot}s-1), far exceeding previous estimates. We identify a previously unknown mechanism - synaptic high-frequency jumping - in which photoreceptor-LMC synapses dynamically shift transmission toward higher frequencies during saccades, extending visual bandwidth to [~]1,000 Hz, effectively eliminating synaptic delays, and quadrupling classical flicker-fusion limits ([~]230 Hz). Behavioural experiments show flies respond synchronously within [~]13-20 ms, even before photoreceptor responses peak. A biophysically realistic model reveals how photomechanical-stochastic-refractory quantal sampling co-adapts with saccadic behaviour: through self-motion, flies efficiently translate image motion into temporally-precise, predictive high-speed vision.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mansour, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takalo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemppainen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bridges, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MaBouDi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohra, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anielska, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasas, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shukla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kittelmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouwendijk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mantell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duke, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazar, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verkade, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chittka, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juusola, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.20.671248</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synaptic high-frequency jumping synchronises vision to high-speed behaviour]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.20.671398v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MiR-23b Neutralization In Brain Endothelium Promotes Blood-Brain Barrier Repair Through Wnt/Beta-catenin Dependent And Independent Mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.20.671398v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an early and critical event in the pathogenesis of stroke and other central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Yet, therapeutic strategies to restore BBB integrity remain limited. Using an unbiased anti-miR library screen, we identify miR-23b as a negative regulator of BBB integrity in brain endothelial cells (BECs). Targeted inhibition of miR-23b with anti-miR -23b in BECs enhances junction protein expression, suppresses transcellular transport, and improves barrier function via Wnt/{beta}-catenin-dependent and -independent mechanisms. In a 3D microfluidic model, anti-miR-23b accelerates vessel maturation, enhances resilience to ischemic injury, and facilitates BBB repair. AAVBR1-mediated delivery of anti-miR-23b to brain endothelium reduces BBB leakage, infarct volume, neurological deficits, and mortality in the rodent transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAo). Thus, miR-23b is a critical regulator of cerebrovascular integrity, and anti-miR-23b may be a promising novel RNA-based therapeutic to enhance BBB repair in stroke and other CNS disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pedersen, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakanishi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krog, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krog, I. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jury, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Körbelin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agalliu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.20.671398</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MiR-23b Neutralization In Brain Endothelium Promotes Blood-Brain Barrier Repair Through Wnt/Beta-catenin Dependent And Independent Mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.21.671605v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HP1B and H3K9me3 Regulate Olfactory Receptor Choice and Transcriptional Identity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.21.671605v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diverse epigenetic regulatory mechanisms ensure and regulate cellular diversity. Among others, the histone 3 lysine 9 me3 (H3K9me3) post translational modification participates in silencing lineage-inappropriate genes. H3K9me3 restricts access of transcription factors and other regulatory proteins to cell-fate controlled genes. In mice, olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) express one olfactory receptor (OR) gene out of 2,600 possibilities. This monoallelic and stochastic OR choice happens as OSNs differentiate and undergo dramatic changes in nuclear architecture. OR genes from different chromosomes converge into specialized nuclear bodies and chromatin compartments as H3K9me3 and chromatin binding proteins including heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) are incorporated. In this work, we have uncovered an unexpected role for HP1{beta} in OR choice and neuronal identity that cannot be rescued by HP1 in vivo. With the use of a conditional knock-in mouse model that replaces HP1{beta} for HP1, we observe changes in H3K9me3 levels, DNA accessibility, and Hi-C contacts over OR gene clusters. These changes alter the expression patterns that partition the mouse olfactory epithelium into five OR expression zones, which results in a reduced OR repertoire leading to a loss of olfactory sensory neuron diversity. We propose that HP1{beta} modulates the competition of OR-promoters for enhancers to promote receptor diversity, by establishing repression gradients in a zonal fashion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Escamilla-del-Arenal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duffie, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shayya, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loconte, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ekman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Street, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canzio, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monahan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larabell, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lomvardas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.21.671605</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HP1B and H3K9me3 Regulate Olfactory Receptor Choice and Transcriptional Identity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.25.672025v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Cryptic Binding Pocket Regulates the Metal-Dependent Activity of Cas9 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.25.672025v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cas9 is a metal-dependent nuclease that has revolutionized gene editing across diverse cells and organisms exhibiting varying ion uptake, metabolism, and concentrations. However, how divalent metals impact its catalytic function, and consequently its editing efficiency in different cells, remains unclear. Here, extensive molecular simulations, Markov State Models, biochemical and NMR experiments, demonstrate that divalent metals - Mg2+, Ca2+, and Co2+ - promote activation of the catalytic HNH domain by binding within a dynamically forming divalent metal binding pocket (DBP) at the HNH-RuvC interface. Mutations in DBP residues disrupt HNH activation and impair the coupled catalytic activity of both nucleases, identifying this cryptic DBP as a key regulator of Cas9s metal-dependent activity. The ionic strength thereby promotes Cas9s conformational activation, while its catalytic activity is metal-specific. These findings are critical to improving the metal-dependent function of Cas9 and its use for genome editing in different cells and organisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahsan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strohkendl, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skeens, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisi, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palermo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.25.672025</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Cryptic Binding Pocket Regulates the Metal-Dependent Activity of Cas9]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.25.672202v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetics-to-structure multiscale analysis identifies disrupted calcium homeostasis as a mechanism of psychiatric disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.25.672202v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polygenic association studies implicate numerous genes in neuropsychiatric disorders, but linkage disequilibrium (LD) and cellular heterogeneity hinder mechanistic interpretation. Here, we integrate single-nucleus RNA-seq from human neurons with network inference and polygenic signal weighting to resolve pathway-level drivers. Neuron-resolved gene co-expression networks constructed across brain regions are reweighted by GWAS-derived polygenic signal (LD-aware heritability enrichment), prioritizing modules that disproportionately contribute to liability. Using this framework, we highlight the dysregulation of Ca2+ homeostasis as an etiological driver of neuropsychiatric disorders, and even relative to other neuronal gene sets, Ca2+ homeostasis exhibits the greatest concentration of rare variant signal. Furthermore, we find that a critical component of this molecular system, the P-type calcium ATPase ATP2B2, exhibits marked expression deficits in both nuclear transcriptomic and synaptic proteomic datasets derived from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortices of individuals with schizophrenia.

To connect sequence variation to structure and mechanism, we developed a residue-centric three-dimensional neighborhood analysis that integrates case-control missense variation with AlphaFold3 structural models to localize mutational hotspots of biological significance for downstream mechanistic interrogation. This approach identified an enrichment of deleterious missense variants - implicated across multiple neuropsychiatric disorders - that changed protein residues in close spatial proximity to both the Ca2+ permeation tunnel and the ATP:Mg2+ coordination site of ATP2B2. Cellular and biochemical analyses of the canonical Ca2+ binding site revealed clear loss-of-function effects, corroborating the earlier functional genomics evidence, and establishing a distinct molecular mechanism that converges on impaired Ca2+ extrusion, likely perturbing pre-and post-synaptic Ca2+ homeostatic equilibrium in excitatory neurons. Altogether, our study makes a significant contribution by linking genetic risk to neuronal dysfunction through a critical calcium signaling axis, offering mechanistic insight into the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders. In parallel, we develop a residue-centered 3D neighborhood framework that couples case-control genetics with structural models to discover pathogenic hotspots, generalizable across the proteome to any protein structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gerges, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straarup, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Brolosy, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satterstrom, F. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamitaki, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berretta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, J. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finucane, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stock, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nissen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarroll, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daly, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.25.672202</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetics-to-structure multiscale analysis identifies disrupted calcium homeostasis as a mechanism of psychiatric disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.23.671843v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiscale 3D whole joint cellular and molecular mapping dissects the relationship between structure and pain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.23.671843v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding musculoskeletal joints from a 3D multiscale perspective, from molecular to anatomical levels, is essential for resolving the confounding relationships between structure and pain, elucidating the intricate mechanisms regulating joint health and diseases, and developing new treatment strategies. Here, we introduce a musculoskeletal joint immunostaining and clearing (MUSIC) method specifically designed to overcome key challenges of immunostaining and optical clearing of intact joints. Coupled with large-field light sheet microscopy, our approach enables 3D high-resolution, microscale neurovascular mapping within the context of whole-joint anatomy without the need for image coregistration across various joints, including temporomandibular joints, knees, and spines, and multiple species, including mouse, rat, and pig. Our findings reveal 3D heterogeneous distributions of neurovascular networks and previously uncharacterized neurovascular pathways within joints. Using the proteoglycan 4 knockout (Prg4-/-) mouse model of joint degeneration, we identified significant alterations in joint-wide neurovascular architecture, highlighting neurovascular changes along degenerative processes. Furthermore, in a traumatic joint injury mouse model, we observed long-lasting pain behavior and a time-course 3D neurovascular remodeling preceding detectable joint morphological change, bridging microscale alterations with potential pain mechanisms. This platform offers a powerful tool for multiscale 3D analysis, enabling new insights into joint pathophysiology and intricate interplay among joint tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soundararajan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hepfer, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kheyfets, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alshanqiti, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tosa, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huh, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damon, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, M.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Embree, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.23.671843</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiscale 3D whole joint cellular and molecular mapping dissects the relationship between structure and pain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.25.672104v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A keratin bundling transition uncages the nucleus in stretchedepithelia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.25.672104v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is broad consensus that intermediate filaments play a key role in protecting cells and tissues from large deformations. However, little is known about how they fulfil this function. Here we demonstrate that epithelial cells undergo a slow adaptation to stretch that couples a star- bundling transition of keratin filaments and the escape of the nucleus from its keratin cage. The bundling transition begins with a depletion of keratin filaments at tri-cellular junctions followed by a progressive accumulation in thick bundles that bisect cell-cell junctions. Bundling is a cooperative process that initiates in a few scattered cells and propagates to their neighbours through desmosomes, leading to the growth of multicellular clusters that contain a percolated network of thick keratin bundles. Bundling dynamics are slow and strongly influenced by the interaction between actin and keratin. Informed by a computational model, we provide evidence that keratin bundling generates a compressive stress on the nucleus, which is relaxed by nuclear escape from the keratin cage. The topological transitions identified here provide epithelia with a multiscale mechanism to adapt to sustained stretch.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Golde, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pensalfini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chahare, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roca-Cusachs, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiche, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charras, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arroyo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trepat, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.25.672104</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A keratin bundling transition uncages the nucleus in stretchedepithelia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.25.672111v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Signaling Hub in the Mosquito Rectum Coordinates Reproductive Investment After Blood Feeding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.25.672111v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
After a blood meal, female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes suppress host-seeking while converting ingested nutrients into yolk protein for egg development. Neuropeptide Y-like Receptor 7 (NPYLR7) is required for this behavioral switch, but its physiological role and sites of action were unknown. We identify a specialized, non-neuronal population of npylr7-expressing cells in the rectal pads of the mosquito hindgut. While this tissue is associated with fluid and ion balance, npylr7 mutants maintain fluid regulation but show impaired oocyte provisioning. These cells display neuroendocrine features, including calcium responses to the NPYLR7 ligand RYamide and amino acids, as well as expression of neurotransmitter synthesis and vesicle release machinery. Vesicle recruitment occurs in these cells post-blood meal in wild-type, but not npylr7 mutants. Our findings reveal an unexpected role for NPYLR7 in a rectal cell population senses nutritional cues and communicates with the nervous system to regulate reproductive physiology, paralleling gut-brain circuits in mammals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Greppi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saltz, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duvall, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.25.672111</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Signaling Hub in the Mosquito Rectum Coordinates Reproductive Investment After Blood Feeding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.25.672146v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SAGA (Simplified Association Genomewide Analyses): a user-friendly Pipeline to Democratize Genome-Wide Association Studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.25.672146v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have enabled clinicians and researchers to identify genetic variants linked to complex traits and diseases(1-3). However, GWAS still face several challenges, particularly regarding accessibility and reproducibility (4-6). Conducting these analyses often requires substantial bioinformatics expertise for data preprocessing, software installation, and scripting(7-10). We then developed SAGA ("Simplified Association Genome-wide Analyses"), a BASH-based, open-source, fully automated pipeline that integrates three widely adopted tools--PLINK(11), GMMAT(12), and SAIGE(13)--for accessible, robust, and reproducible GWAS. After installation, users simply need to provide genotype and phenotype files in standard formats. The pipeline automates preprocessing, association testing, and visualization, outputting summary statistics, Manhattan plots, and quantile-quantile plots. SAGA enables robust GWAS for users without scripting experience, expanding access to complex genetic analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cieza, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruhela, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>tosto, g.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.25.672146</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SAGA (Simplified Association Genomewide Analyses): a user-friendly Pipeline to Democratize Genome-Wide Association Studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.25.672200v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automated image segmentation uncovers the role of CD74high human microglia in cognitive decline 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.25.672200v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The role of activated microglia in Alzheimers disease (AD) is well established; the proportion of stage III activated microglia has been associated with AD and cognitive decline, but this morphologically defined subtype is relatively uncommon (1-2% of microglia) and its cellular function is unknown. Single-cell RNA-sequencing revealed CD74 as a marker gene that is enriched in immunologically active microglial subtypes associated with AD. Here, we evaluated the relationship between CD74 expression, AD- related traits, and microglial morphology using dorsolateral prefrontal cortex samples from two brain collections (ROSMAP: n=63, NYBB: n=91). An image segmentation pipeline using CellProfiler was developed to extract features from entire tissue sections. The pipeline automatically delineated gray and white matter regions and segmented 1,120,780 gray matter microglia. In a meta-analysis of the two datasets, we find an increase in frequency of microglia with high CD74 expression (CD74high) in relation to AD dementia (p = 0.038), particularly in the phase of terminal, accelerated cognitive decline before death. These microglia have a more rounded, amoeboid shape (ROSMAP: p = 1.4x10-6; NYBB: p = 2x10-13) which is a characteristic morphology of activated stage III microglia. Results were consistent across both datasets, highlighting the robustness of our cellular segmentation approach. This study identifies a potential role for CD74high microglia and the CD74 ligand MIF in cognitive decline, and it provides evidence for a partially overlapping but distinct role for CD74high microglia and morphologically defined stage III microglia, whose functional properties have remained poorly understood. These CD74high microglia appear to be enriched for genes involved in cytokine response for class I and II antigen presentation, as well as regulation of T cell proliferation. These findings begin to link microglial subtypes defined by single-cell transcriptomic data with those characterized by classical morphological criteria to resolve the roles of different microglial functions to distinct stages in the trajectory to AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taga, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujita, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parghi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haage, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.25.672200</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automated image segmentation uncovers the role of CD74high human microglia in cognitive decline]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.27.672249v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Asymmetric Social Representations in the Prefrontal Cortex for Cooperative Behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.27.672249v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cooperation is a hallmark of social species, enabling individuals to achieve goals that are unattainable alone. Across species, cooperative behaviors are often organized by distinct social roles such as leaders and followers, yet the neural mechanisms supporting such role-based coordination remain elusive. Here we introduce a new paradigm for studying cooperation in mice, where pairs of animals engage in a joint spatial foraging task that naturally gives rise to stable leader-follower roles predictive of learning speed. Disruption of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) activity, particularly in followers, impairs cooperation and induces reciprocal shifts in how animals weigh self- and partner-related cues for decision-making. Calcium imaging reveals that mPFC encodes both leadership dynamics and an egocentric social value map of the partners position, each in an asymmetric, role-specific manner. Combining this behavior with a novel multi-agent inverse reinforcement learning framework, we identify latent value functions that guide cooperative decisions and are decodable from mPFC activity. These findings uncover fundamental neural computations that support cooperation, revealing how social roles shape decision-making in real time. Our work opens new avenues for investigating the cellular and circuit basis of social cognition and collective behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kempner, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singha, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winslow, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spangler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteway, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffer, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rungratsameetaweemana, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.27.672249</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Asymmetric Social Representations in the Prefrontal Cortex for Cooperative Behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.27.672403v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Repeated Viewing of a Narrative Movie Changes Event Timescales in The Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.27.672403v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many everyday experiences share a recurring structure: routines, familiar routes, rewatched films, and replayed songs. How do repeated encounters with such structure alter the brains representations of events? We hypothesized that, with repeated viewing of a film clip, event representations in the brain may adapt by becoming either finer (more detailed) or coarser (more generalized). To test this hypothesis, we analyzed data from 30 human participants (12 males, 18 females) who underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while watching three 90-second clips from "The Grand Budapest Hotel" six times each. We used hidden Markov models and pattern similarity analysis applied to searchlights across the brain to quantify the strength of event structure at different timescales for each clip presentation. We then tested how event structure strength changed at both slow and fast timescales with repeated viewings. Most brain regions exhibited stability in the strength of event structure at both slow and fast timescales. Other regions, however, showed flexible event representations that became more or less granular across repeated clip presentations. Notably, several brain regions exhibited consistent changes in the strength of event structure at a slow timescale across different movie clips. Furthermore, in lateral occipital cortex and middle temporal gyrus, slow timescale structure was correlated with subsequent memory for the clips. These results highlight that event dynamics in the brain are not fixed, but can change flexibly with experience.

Significance StatementMany day-to-day experiences recur over time, as we retrace the same route to work or listen to our favorite song on repeat. We asked how increasing familiarity with an experience changes the brains representations of it. Individuals repeatedly watched film clips while undergoing fMRI. We examined how the brains temporal representations of events in the clips changed with repeated viewing. As clips became familiar, some brain regions exhibited fine-tuned event representations that divided film clips into smaller events. Other brain regions showed coarser event representations that grouped previously distinct events. The strength of event structure at a coarse timescale was correlated with memory. These results show that the brain flexibly changes how it represents events as they become more familiar.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Al-Zahli, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldassano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.27.672403</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Repeated Viewing of a Narrative Movie Changes Event Timescales in The Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.30.673237v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Low nucleus to cytoplasmic ratio compromises cytokinesis, genome stability and development in haploid embryonic cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.30.673237v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mammalian species exist as diploid organisms, with only gametes existing as stable, nonproliferating haploids. Haploid mammalian pluripotent stem cells, in all derived species to date - mouse, human and rat - undergo spontaneous diploidization. Here, we investigated the mechanisms affecting the stability of the haploid state using the mouse and human embryo, as well as a human embryonic stem cells. We demonstrate that diploidization occurs early in preimplantation development and is often unproductive, with haploid embryos exhibiting decreased developmental potential. Haploid embryos show increased chromosome segregation errors at the first mitosis, failure to align chromosomes on the metaphase plate in the second mitosis. Delayed mitotic progression and failure to form a central spindle and a midbody are followed by cytokinesis failure, diploidization, increased DNA damage marked by {gamma}H2AX and RPA32 foci, and low developmental potential. By increasing the nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio in diploids, or reducing this ratio in haploids, these phenotypes can be induced in diploids or reduced in haploids. Changing ploidy alone from haploid to diploid without also adjusting nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio does not improve mitotic phenotypes and developmental outcomes. Thus, the most upstream driver responsible for the instability of the haploid state is a stage- specific ratio of nucleus to cell size.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zuccaro, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgieva, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amrane, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossman, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Los Angeles, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prosser, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lobo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.30.673237</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Low nucleus to cytoplasmic ratio compromises cytokinesis, genome stability and development in haploid embryonic cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.02.673664v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping early PRC2 nucleation sites upon Suz12 reintroduction reveals features of de novo Polycomb recruitment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.02.673664v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polycomb domains safeguard cell identity by maintaining lineage-specific chromatin states enriched in repressive histone modifications, preserving the epigenetic memory of cell lineages. While Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) can re-establish its occupancy after perturbation, the mechanisms that guide de novo Polycomb recruitment remain unclear. To address this, we engineered an auxin-inducible degradation system to reversibly deplete and reintroduce the endogenous PRC2 core subunit Suz12 in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). Genome-wide profiling at an early recovery time point revealed [~]1,100 PRC2 nucleation sites, characterized by rapid Suz12 and histone H3K27me3 re-accumulation with strong signal, with minimal impact on gene expression. These sites were significantly enriched at bivalent promoters, coinciding with unmethylated CpG islands and chromatin states associated with developmental regulation, and were largely conserved in differentiated cells. Motif analysis identified G/C-rich DNA sequences associated with E2F and zinc-finger proteins, alongside strong co-occupancy with MTF2 and JARID2, two PRC2 cofactors previously implicated in Polycomb targeting. Notably, a subset of nucleation sites overlapped with long-range chromatin interaction anchors in histone H3K27me3 HiChIP datasets. These findings reveal that PRC2 de novo nucleation sites are associated with a combination of chromatin states, DNA sequence features, cofactor co-occupancy and spatial genome organization, suggesting that epigenetic memory can be re-established through defined genomic and chromatin features.

Author summaryPolycomb group proteins are key epigenetic regulators that silence gene expression by establishing and dispersing repressive chromatin domains marked by histone modifications such as histone H3K27me3 and H2AK119ub1 and are critical for defining cell identity. During differentiation, Polycomb domains are dynamically redistributed, implying a mechanism for de novo targeting to specific loci. How the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) is initially recruited to these nucleation sites and which features stabilize its binding remain poorly understood. To explore this, we studied the characteristics of the de novo recruitment sites of PRC2 in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) using an auxin-inducible degradation (AID) system targeting PRC2 to deplete and reintroduce the core subunit Suz12. We identified recruitment sites after complete clearance of the histone H3K27me3 through ChIP-seq at a very early time point after Suz12 reintroduction. Most nucleation sites were located at bivalent promoters of developmental genes and correlated with unmethylated CpG islands. Motif analysis revealed over-represented sequences and accessory partners such as MTF2 and JARID2, along with long-range chromatin interactions. These nucleation sites were also conserved in differentiated cells, highlighting their potential role in developmental regulation. Our study provides insight into how Polycomb domains are established and how epigenetic memory is maintained in stem cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-Romero, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peralta-Alvarez, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roman-Figueroa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cano-Dominguez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soto-Nava, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Recillas-Targa, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poot-Hernandez, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furlan-Magaril, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avila-Rios, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valle-Garcia, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.02.673664</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping early PRC2 nucleation sites upon Suz12 reintroduction reveals features of de novo Polycomb recruitment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.29.672705v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluating Place Cell Detection Methods in Ratsand Humans: Implications for Cross-Species Spatial Coding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.29.672705v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Place cells, first identified in the rat hippocampus as neurons that fire selectively at specific locations, are central to investigations of the neural underpinnings of spatial navigation. With recent work with human patients, identifying and characterizing place cells across species has become increasingly important for understanding the extent to which decades of rodent research generalize to humans and uncovering principles of spatial cognition. One challenge, however, is that detection methods differ: rodent studies often rely on spatial information (SI), whereas human studies employ analysis of variance (ANOVA) - based approaches. These methodological differences may affect the identified place cell population, which complicates how their properties are interpreted and cross-species comparisons. To address this, we systematically applied multiple detection pipelines to human and rat datasets, supported by simulations that vary place-field properties. Our analyses and simulations demonstrate that spatial information and ANOVA-based approaches are responsive to distinct place field properties: spatial information primarily reflects the contrast between peak and average firing rates, while ANOVA emphasizes consistency across trials. Across species, rodent place cells revealed a broad spectrum of spatial tuning, including strongly tuned neurons with high spatial information (SI) and high ANOVA values. In contrast, human place cells lacked this strongly tuned population and exhibited a narrower distribution of tuning scores, concentrated at the lower end of both spatial tuning metrics. Despite these differences, both species had an overlapping population of neurons with weaker yet consistent spatial tuning, which may support important functional roles such as generalization and mixed selectivity. Together, our study provides a roadmap showing how spatial tuning metrics shape place cell detection and interpretation, while underscoring the functional importance of weaker-tuned neurons in cross-species comparisons.

Author SummaryPlace cells are neurons that become active in specific locations, and they play a critical role in how the brain supports navigation and memory. Place cells were first discovered in rats and later observed in humans, however, there has been a lack of direct comparisons between species using comparable approaches. Part of the difficulty doing so is that studies of rodent and human place cells have often relied on different analysis methods, making it difficult to determine if and how place-cell properties differ between species. To address this, in this study, we set out to understand how differences in place cell detection methods affect the identified place cell populations and interpretations of spatial coding across species.

To do so, we compared the most prevalent detection methods used in rodent and human research side by side, applying them to datasets from both species and to simulations. We found that different methods emphasize different features of spatial responses, which changes which neurons are identified as place cells. Across species, rat recordings revealed a wide range of spatial responses, from neurons with sharply localized activity to those with broader but reliable patterns. Human recordings, by contrast, were more concentrated at weaker but consistent levels of tuning. Importantly, these weaker but consistent responses reflect an overlapping population of neurons found in both species, which may serve similar functional roles in supporting flexible spatial memory and generalization. By separating methodological effects from biological differences, we lay the groundwork for future cross-species studies for spatial coding.

Materials Descriptions and Availability StatementsO_ST_ABSProject RepositoryC_ST_ABSThis project is openly available through an online project repository, which includes all the code used for data pre-processing and analysis.

Project Repository: https://github.com/HSUPipeline/PlaceCellMethods

DatasetThis project uses electrophysiological data collected from neurosurgical patients, as well as an open-access dataset of rat recordings from CRCNS.org: http://dx.doi.org/10.6080/K09G5JRZ The human data were collected as part of a previously published study and will be made available prior to publication [1]. A custom simulation framework was developed to evaluate place cell detection methods across species and will be released as part of the open-source SpikeTools repository prior to publication.

SoftwareAll code used and developed for this project was written in the Python programming language. The code is openly available, licensed for reuse, and deposited in the project repository.

Management of the dataset was conducted using the Human Single Unit (HSU) Pipeline:

https://github.com/HSUPipeline

Analyses of the single-neuron data were performed using the open-source SpikeTools toolbox:

https://github.com/spiketools/spiketools

Literature searches and related resources were organized using LISC, an open-source Python module for literature analysis.

https://github.com/HSUPipeline/Literature
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donoghue, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qasim, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.29.672705</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluating Place Cell Detection Methods in Ratsand Humans: Implications for Cross-Species Spatial Coding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.29.672901v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neurovascular Large artery dilatation increases the risk for Alzheimer's disease pathology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.29.672901v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers disease (AD) and related dementia cases are increasing globally, emphasizing the urgent need to clarify disease mechanisms for translational application in diagnoses and treatment. Vascular alterations represent a major pathological feature of AD, and beyond the well-established roles of small vessel disease and large artery atherosclerosis, our group has previously demonstrated that brain large artery dilatation is associated with elevated risk of dementia and Alzheimer pathology. The most severe manifestation of this non-atherosclerotic arterial phenotype is dolichoectasia, an enlargement of large blood vessels (Gutierrez et al., 2019; Melgarejo et al., 2024). Despite consistent epidemiological evidence across populations, the mechanistic link between arterial dilatation and AD remains poorly understood.

To address this gap, we induced dolichoectasia in AppNL-G-F mice, a model of amyloid pathology, by injecting elastase into the cisterna magna. After three months, brains were examined using biochemical and immunohistochemical methods. Elastase-treated mice exhibited a significant increase in amyloid plaques in the hippocampus (p = 0.021) and cortex (p = 0.029) compared with vehicle-treated controls. Neuronal loss was evident in the CA1 region of the hippocampus (p = 0.036), with a trend towards neurodegeneration in CA3 (p = 0.055). We also observed elevated p62 in the hippocampus and cortex (p = 0.009 and p = 0.001, respectively), suggesting impaired protein or autophagic-lysosomal clearance. Although no overt increase in neuroinflammation or astrogliosis was detected at this time point, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) levels were trending towards elevated levels (p = 0.058).

Combined, these findings indicate successful elastase-induced brain arterial dilatation accelerates AD-related pathology in AppNL-G-F mice, providing mechanistic evidence that large artery dilatation may contribute directly to Alzheimers disease progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Simpson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrone, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wear, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.29.672901</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neurovascular Large artery dilatation increases the risk for Alzheimer's disease pathology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.29.673124v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Limited generalizability of dynamic fMRI correlates of adolescent rumination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.29.673124v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rumination, or perseverative negative self-referential thinking, is a hallmark of depression. In adults, a dynamic resting-state fMRI model of trait rumination was recently identified through predictive modelling. In adolescents, a development period during which rumination and depression increase, the neurobiological correlates of ruminative thinking are less clear. In the current preregistered study, we examine dynamic connectivity correlates of self-reported rumination in the largest sample of adolescents to date (n = 443, containing clinical and non-clinical individuals). Notably, the adult model failed to generalize to our sample. In addition, linear models trained on default-mode network (DMN) connectivity, as well as whole-brain connectome models, failed to generalize to held-out data. In an exploratory random forest analysis, we found significant prediction performance of a model where increased variability between DMN-cerebellum, DMN-dorsal attention network, and DMN-DMN connections was nominally associated with higher rumination. However, the model did not generalize to an external sample with lower rumination scores and a distinct scanner protocol. Our findings illustrate the difficulty of characterizing the neurodevelopment of risk factors for depression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Treves, I. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spence, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pidvirny, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tierney, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kucyi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabrieli, J. D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auerbach, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webb, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.29.673124</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Limited generalizability of dynamic fMRI correlates of adolescent rumination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.02.673680v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterizing representational shaping of individual motor and object representations after sequence learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.02.673680v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Learning temporal regularities between pairs of events has been shown to shape neural representations in the medial temporal lobe, but it remains unclear whether representational changes generalize across memory domains. Here we used fMRI and multivoxel pattern similarity analyses to examine representational shaping as a consequence of motor and object sequence learning. Across two sessions, participants incidentally learned a fixed four-element sequence of finger movements or visual objects. We compared the pattern of blood oxygen level-dependent activity evoked by each object and finger movement before and after sequence learning. Analyses were performed on bilateral ROIs, including primary motor cortex (M1), lateral occipital complex (LOC), premotor cortex (PMC), striatum (STR) and the hippocampus (HC). Behaviorally, participants successfully learned the sequence in both domains. At the neural level, motor representations became more differentiated with learning in M1, PMC, STR, and HC, but not in LOC. This global differentiation was not specific to the sequence condition and was also observed after repeated co-occurrence of movements in a pseudorandom order. Critically, the HC differentiated between motor representations in the learned sequence in a unidirectional predictive manner whereby movements became more differentiated from the preceding than from the following element in the sequence. In contrast, object representations remained stable across sequence repetitions in all brain regions, even though participants successfully learned their temporal order.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dolfen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fias, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davachi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.02.673680</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterizing representational shaping of individual motor and object representations after sequence learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.03.674096v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extracellular activity of a bacterial protease associated with reduced phage infectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.03.674096v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To defend against bacteriophage (phage) infection, bacteria have developed various defense systems, dozens of which were discovered and mechanistically studied recently. To date, almost all defense systems whose mechanisms were deciphered were shown to operate within the bacterial cell. Here we describe a secreted protease from the Actinobacterium Salinispora mooreana which, when expressed heterologously in Streptomyces coelicolor, reduces titers of two taxonomically related Siphoviridae phages. Antiphage effects were maintained when concentrated supernatant from S. coelicolor expressing the Salinispora protease was added externally to phage-containing medium, even in the absence of bacterial cells, supporting an extracellular mechanism. We further show that phages can escape the antiphage effect of the Salinispora protease by mutating a tail-associated protein. The antiphage effect is associated with an increased proportion of phage particles devoid of DNA. Our data suggest antiphage activity of a secreted bacterial protease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herbst, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen Blechman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedorenko, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melamed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amitai, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorek, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.03.674096</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extracellular activity of a bacterial protease associated with reduced phage infectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.31.673305v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unraveling operational drivers of nitrous oxide emissions in biological wastewater treatment systems through machine learning analysis of multi-decadal datasets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.31.673305v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This study focused on the development of machine-learning- (ML) based strategies for mitigating nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from various wastewater treatment systems in the United States measured using a benchmark USEPA-endorsed protocol. Results revealed that in general, poor process performance correlated with higher N2O emissions. Specifically, local variables including zone-specific dissolved oxygen, ammonia, and nitrite concentrations and global variables including effluent nitrite and nitrate concentrations contributed positively towards N2O emissions from both aerobic and anoxic zones of the process bioreactors. The optimal operational conditions identified for minimizing N2O emissions included operation of aerobic and anoxic zones at DO < 4 mg O2 L-1 and < 1 mg O2 L-1, respectively, coupled with appropriate solids retention times (SRTs) that maximize process performance. Accordingly, our results strongly underscore the utility of ML models in combination with bioprocess fundamentals for predicting and mitigating N2O emissions, while concomitantly optimizing wastewater treatment operations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Augustine, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandran, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.31.673305</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unraveling operational drivers of nitrous oxide emissions in biological wastewater treatment systems through machine learning analysis of multi-decadal datasets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.02.670249v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural Compression and Entorhinal Vulnerability: Linking Tentorial Adjacency to Tau Burden and Dementia Progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.02.670249v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers disease (AD) is a growing public health crisis. The disease is defined neuropathologically by accumulation of amyloid-{beta} plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) composed of abnormal tau protein in the brain. Early neurofibrillary degeneration in the entorhinal cortex (EC) is a hallmark of AD and a critical initiating event in the hierarchical pathoanatomical progression. However, the factors triggering initial tau deposition in the EC remain unclear. We propose a novel biomechanical cascade hypothesis, positing that the unique anatomical inferomedial positioning of the EC, including proximity to the tentorial incisura (TI) and other skull base structures, renders it susceptible to very mild yet persistent age-related mechanical stress, analogous to the effects of repetitive mild traumatic brain injury, triggering tau pathology. To test this hypothesis, we developed a method to quantify Entorhinal-Tentorial (EC-TI) proximity and applied it to multimodal imaging data from the Alzheimers Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI; n=47). Based on this neuroanatomical contact coefficient (NCC), participants were heuristically stratified into high (n=24) and low (n=23) adjacency groups. When controlling for other risk factors, tau PET signal in the EC predicted conversion from mild cognitive impairment to AD only in the high-adjacency group (LLR p=0.009, tau PET in EC p=0.036). These findings identify EC-TI proximity as a novel and anatomically grounded biomarker of AD progression risk. More broadly, they suggest a previously unrecognized biomechanical contribution to the initiation of tau pathology in aging and sporadic AD, opening new avenues for early detection, risk stratification, and mechanistically targeted prevention strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franceschi, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crary, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Provenzano, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.02.670249</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural Compression and Entorhinal Vulnerability: Linking Tentorial Adjacency to Tau Burden and Dementia Progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.01.673527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early postpartum development of pup urine preference in mothers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.01.673527v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The transition to motherhood involves profound physiological and neural changes, including adaptations in the sensory systems that support infant care.1,2 While the olfactory system plays a critical role in guiding maternal behaviors such as pup retrieval and nesting,3,4 how olfactory processing itself is reshaped during motherhood remains poorly understood. Here, we show that first-time mothers develop a selective preference for pup urine following parturition and early postpartum care, a preference not observed for other social or neutral odors. Using odor preference assays combined with liquid and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, we identify specific volatile compounds in pup urine that may contribute to this maternal attraction. Disruption of olfactory input or restriction of contact chemosensation abolished the preference, indicating that both volatile and non-volatile sensory modalities contribute, likely through combined input from the main olfactory epithelium (MOE) and vomeronasal organ (VNO).5,6 Notably, this preference is absent in late-pregnant females, in mothers separated from pups at birth, and in virgins cohoused with pups or exposed to pup urine-highlighting that pup urine preference depends on the convergence of internal hormonal signals and external chemosensory cues.7,8 These findings reveal a previously unrecognized specificity in maternal olfactory behavior and provide insight into how motherhood modulates the sense of smell to support offspring recognition and care.

In BriefMaternal pup urine preference depends on both hormonal changes and chemosensory cues associated with motherhood.

HighlightsO_LIPup urine specifically attracts postpartum mothers but not virgin females
C_LIO_LIPup urine contains distinct volatile and non-volatile metabolites
C_LIO_LIPup urine preference requires both pup experience and the hormonal priming of motherhood
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Andreu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mimouni, N. E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, D.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stutzman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marlin, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.01.673527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early postpartum development of pup urine preference in mothers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.01.673596v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A neural network with episodic memory learns causal relationships between narrative events 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.01.673596v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans reflect on memories to make sense of ongoing events. Past work has shown that people retrieve causally related memories during comprehension, but the mechanisms underlying this process remain unclear. Here, we used a recurrent neural network augmented with a key-value episodic memory buffer and trained it to predict upcoming scenes while watching a television episode. At each time step, the model transformed the current scene into a value representing memory content and a key representing memory address, both stored as episodic memory. The model retrieved selective past values by applying self-attention over stored keys and integrated these memories with the current scene representation to generate predictions. The model retrieved memories similar to those retrieved by human participants watching the same episode during fMRI. Importantly, this similarity disappeared when causal relationships between events were controlled for. The model also represented causally related events with similar patterns, similar to how the human brain represents these events. These findings suggest that using two distinct memory representations allows the model to retrieve memories and organize events based on causal relationships, beyond semantic or perceptual similarities. Together, this work proposes a key-value episodic memory system as a candidate computational mechanism for how humans retrieve causally related memories to comprehend naturalistic events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leong, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ching, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zacks, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.01.673596</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A neural network with episodic memory learns causal relationships between narrative events]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.02.673826v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive analysis of pseudogene expression in human and macaque brains compared with other tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.02.673826v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although gene expression in the brain has been extensively investigated and compared to other tissues, the activity of pseudogenes has not been comprehensively surveyed. Here, leveraging large-scale RNA-seq data, we construct consistent pseudogene expression profiles in human and macaque brains and compare them to 29 other tissues. We further annotate pseudogenes with potential cellular roles based on co-clustering them with protein-coding genes. Notably, the majority of the expressed pseudogenes show elevated expression in the brain relative to other tissues, and these pseudogenes show broad and consistent expression patterns across brain subregions. Furthermore, spatiotemporal analyses reveal that pseudogenes in different brain subregions have greatly varying temporal trajectories (e.g., increasing vs. decreasing), in contrast to protein-coding genes that tend to be more uniform. Finally, we identify a set of pseudogenes exhibiting significant changes in neuropsychiatric disorders, some of which overlap with known brain eGenes (genes whose expression is associated with expression quantitative trait loci, eQTLs), as well as with genes implicated by genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Together, our study provides a public resource of pseudogene expression in human and macaque brains (in comparison to other tissues) and highlights aspects of pseudogene expression in brain development and pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sisu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Won, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.02.673826</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive analysis of pseudogene expression in human and macaque brains compared with other tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.05.674488v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complementary regulation of memory flexibility and stabilization by dentate gyrus granule cells and mossy cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.05.674488v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate memory formation requires hippocampal spatial representations to balance stability, for later recall, with flexibility, to incorporate new information. The dentate gyrus (DG) is essential to memory formation, but the distinct roles of its excitatory cell types, granule cells (GCs) and mossy cells (MCs), remain unclear. To evaluate how GC and MC activity affect hippocampal output, we recorded from CA1 using two-photon calcium imaging as head-fixed mice navigated familiar and novel virtual environments. DREADD-mediated MC inhibition disrupted initial map stabilization, decreasing spatial stability in novel, but not familiar, environments. In contrast, GC inhibition increased map stability in familiar, but not novel, environments by disrupting drift of spatial maps across distinct experiences (episodes) within an environment. These results reveal how distinct DG cell types support hippocampal memory formation in context-dependent ways; MCs promote stabilization of new spatial maps to support accurate memory recall, while GCs promote flexibility to update existing representations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>GoodSmith, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carson, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheffield, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.05.674488</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complementary regulation of memory flexibility and stabilization by dentate gyrus granule cells and mossy cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.05.674585v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sensory Compression as a Unifying Principle for Action Chunking and Time Coding in the Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.05.674585v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brain seamlessly transforms sensory information into precisely-timed movements, enabling us to type familiar words, play musical instruments, or perform complex motor routines with millisecond precision. This process often involves organizing actions into stereotyped "chunks". Intriguingly, brain regions that are critical for action chunking, such as the dorsolateral striatum (DLS), also exhibit neural dynamics that encode the passage of time. How such brain regions support both task-specific motor habits and task-invariant internal timing, two seemingly distinct functions, remains a fundamental question. Here we show, using recurrent neural network models, that these two functions emerge from a single computational principle: sensory compression, the functional compression of high-dimensional sensory information into a low-dimensional representation. We find that a sensory bottleneck forces the network to develop stable internal dynamics that implicitly encode time, which in turn serve as a scaffold upon which the brain learns action chunks in response to predictable environmental regularities. This mechanism unifies task-invariant time coding and sensory-guided motor timing as two outcomes of the same process of sensory compression, providing a general principle for how the brain mirrors environmental regularities in both internal stable neural trajectories and external consistent motor habits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Cauchois, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncker, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howlett, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattar, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.05.674585</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sensory Compression as a Unifying Principle for Action Chunking and Time Coding in the Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.03.673792v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disrupted Lipid Homeostasis as a Pathogenic Mechanism in ABCA7-Associated Alzheimers Disease Risk 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.03.673792v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
INTRODUCTIONABCA7 (ATP-binding cassette sub-family A member 7) encodes a lipid transporter linked to Alzheimers disease (AD). While common variants confer modest risk in Europeans, a 44-base pair deletion (rs142076058; p.Arg578Alafs) is a strong risk factor in African Americans (AA). Despite this, the biological consequences of this ancestry-specific variant are not well understood.

METHODSWe expressed the truncated ABCA7 protein in HEK and HepG2 cells to assess localization and lipid metabolism. Additionally, induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons carrying the deletion were compared with isogenic controls.

RESULTSThe truncated ABCA7 localized to the plasma membrane similarly to wild type but induced significant lipid droplet accumulation in HepG2 cells and iPSC-derived neurons.

DISCUSSIONThese findings show that the AA-specific ABCA7 deletion disrupts lipid regulation despite normal localization, suggesting a mechanistic link between impaired lipid homeostasis and increased AD risk. This work underscores the importance of ancestry-specific studies in AD research.

HighlightsO_LITruncated ABCA7 protein remains stable and correctly localizes to the plasma membrane in HEK293T cells.
C_LIO_LITruncated ABCA7 disrupts lipid droplet regulation in HepG2 cells.
C_LIO_LIABCA7 shows the highest expression in neurons among brain cell types.
C_LIO_LIABCA7 truncation impairs lipid metabolism in neurons.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pericak-Vance, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nam, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRosa, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayele, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitehead, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golightly, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starks, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laverde-Paz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cukier, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akinyemi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarfo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akpalu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuccaro, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caban-Holt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reitz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haines, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldie, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajabli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dykxhoorn, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.03.673792</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disrupted Lipid Homeostasis as a Pathogenic Mechanism in ABCA7-Associated Alzheimers Disease Risk]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.05.665822v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protective immunity against malaria by a nanoparticle CIS43-based junctional vaccine alone or in combination with R21 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.05.665822v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Repetitive display of the major repeats of the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP) is the basis for two WHO-recommended vaccines: RTS,S/AS01 and R21/Matrix-M. Recently, however, the CIS43 monoclonal antibody that preferentially targets the junctional region of PfCSP has been shown to be highly protective in humans, highlighting its junctional epitope as a key vaccine target. Here, we develop a vaccine based on the tandem repeats of the junctional epitope displayed on a self-assembling nanoparticle, and compare this CIS43-based junctional vaccine alone or in combination with the benchmark R21 vaccine, using both B cell analysis and monoclonal antibody isolation to define targeting of the immune response. Comparable reduction in liver burden was observed following vaccination with junctional and R21 vaccines at a dose of 1 g. At a dose of 0.25 g, a modest reduction of malaria-liver burden with the junctional vaccine was observed compared to R21. Further, combining junctional and R21 vaccines induced modestly enhanced protection compared to either vaccine alone. While the R21 vaccine elicited antibodies primarily against the major repeats, the junctional vaccine elicited antibodies against both junctional and major repeat regions. In vivo-B cell analysis and isolation of monoclonal antibodies confirmed differences in vaccine-induced antibody specificities. Altogether, these data suggest the nanoparticle-formatted tandem-repeated CIS43-junctional vaccine to be a promising approach to broaden immunity against malaria, either as a standalone intervention or in combination with R21.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIDeveloped a self-assembling nanoparticle-displayed junctional vaccine of PfCSP based on tandem repeats of the epitope preferentially targeted by the highly protective CIS43 antibody
C_LIO_LIThe CIS43-based junctional vaccine at low doses significantly reduced liver burden following malaria challenge in mice
C_LIO_LIFollowing either low or high doses of the junctional vaccine in naive mice, adoptively transferred B cells expressing the CIS43 inferred germline sequence yielded a high frequency of germinal center and ASC responses
C_LIO_LIThe CIS43-based junctional vaccine elicits antibodies against junctional and major repeat regions whereas the R21 vaccine elicits responses primarily against the major repeat region
C_LIO_LIAt low dose, the CIS43-based junctional vaccine given together with the R21 vaccine showed modestly improved control of liver burden compared to either vaccine alone
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koo, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Da Silva Pereira, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lofgren, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teng, I.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonilla, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerscher, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, W.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ransier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsybovsky, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weldon, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douek, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierson, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batista, F. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Idris, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seder, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.05.665822</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protective immunity against malaria by a nanoparticle CIS43-based junctional vaccine alone or in combination with R21]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.07.674717v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Motor cortex flexibly deploys a high-dimensional repertoire of subskills 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.07.674717v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Skilled movement often requires flexibly combining multiple subskills, each requiring dedicated control strategies and underlying computations. How the motor system achieves such versatility remains unclear. Using high-density Neuropixels recordings from primary motor cortex (M1) in macaques performing a challenging force-tracking task, we reveal that M1 activity is much higher-dimensional, and far more flexible, than traditionally assumed. Although our task employed only a single external degree of freedom, neural dynamics reflected transitions amongst many dimensions and multiple distinct computations. Different behavioral control strategies were associated with distinct neural locations and dimensions, sometimes used compositionally. Groups of population-level factors became active when a particular form of dynamics was needed, and remained silent otherwise. Neural activity was thus dominated by the engaged subskill, and could be very different even for matched motor output. These findings challenge prevailing views of M1, and reveal an unexpectedly flexible and high-dimensional neural system underlying skilled motor behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amematsro, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trautmann, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadlen, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolpert, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchland, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.07.674717</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Motor cortex flexibly deploys a high-dimensional repertoire of subskills]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.05.674051v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electrode position, size, and orientation determine efficacy of cervical epidural stimulation to recruit forelimb muscles in rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.05.674051v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Target engagement determines therapeutic efficacy. In spinal cord stimulation (SCS), efficacy depends on the attributes of the electrodes used to deliver stimulation, particularly their position, interelectrode distance, size, and current orientation. We tested the effects of these electrode parameters using cervical stimulation to elicit forelimb muscle responses in the rat. We implanted devices over the C6 dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) in eight rats and measured responses in six forelimb muscles. We used custom designed electrode arrays to systematically vary position, distance, and size with linear arrays, and current orientation with circular arrays. Stimulation consisted of biphasic and pseudomonophasic pulse shapes with bipolar or distant return, and a high-definition montage with four returns surrounding a central contact to increase local current density. Efficacy was calculated from the motor thresholds of recruitment curves, and parameters were compared using linear mixed models. For position, stimulation over the DREZ was most effective, reducing thresholds by 25.9% (p = 0.0002) relative to the midline; efficacy decreased as the electrode was positioned medial or lateral to the DREZ. For distance, placing the electrodes farther apart significantly improved efficacy (p = 0.0022). For size, large electrodes increased SCS efficacy, reducing thresholds by 21.5% (p = 0.0026) relative to small electrodes. After accounting for position and distance, current orientation did not affect SCS efficacy. Lastly, the high-definition montage decreased efficacy, increasing thresholds by 16.7% (p = 0.003) relative to monopolar stimulation with a distant return. In conclusion, electrode position, distance, and size had the greatest effect on SCS efficacy, with the optimal parameters combining large electrodes at the DREZ position with a distant return. These results have the potential to lower the current needed to engage cervical spinal circuitry and to inform the design of SCS systems to improve dexterity in people with neurological injury or disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pascual-Leone, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyagi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asan, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha-Flores, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Lopez, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voit, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McIntosh, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmel, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.05.674051</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electrode position, size, and orientation determine efficacy of cervical epidural stimulation to recruit forelimb muscles in rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.07.674724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of Sample Processing Errors in Microbiome Studies Using Host Genetic Profiles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.07.674724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In microbiome studies, sample processing errors are frequent and difficult to detect, especially in large studies involving multiple sites, personnel, and sample types. We present two complementary approaches to identify such errors using host DNA profiled via metagenomic sequencing of microbiome samples. The first approach compares host SNPs inferred from metagenomics to independently obtained genotypes (e.g., microarray genotypes) to match samples to their donors, while the second method compares metagenomics-inferred SNPs between samples to identify samples supplied by the same donor. Furthermore, we demonstrate that combining these methods with experimental metadata provides greater confidence in the identification of errors. Analyzing a longitudinal vaginal microbiome dataset, we demonstrate the ability of our approach to identify mislabeled samples. Using subsampling, we further show that our methods are robust to low sequencing coverage. Overall, our analysis highlights the frequency of processing errors in microbiome studies. We therefore recommend applying error-detection methods in all studies with suitable data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Urban, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kav, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kindschuh, W. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watters, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe'er, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uhlemann, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korem, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.07.674724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of Sample Processing Errors in Microbiome Studies Using Host Genetic Profiles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.08.674802v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenome-wide association study meta-analysis of wellbeing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.08.674802v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wellbeing is associated with both behavioral phenotypes as well as several key life outcomes, such as health, employment, and coping with stressful events. These phenotypes associated with wellbeing could be potential indicators of differential epigenetic patterns between individuals that differ in their levels of wellbeing. We performed the largest epigenome-wide (EWAS) meta-analysis of wellbeing to date by combining whole blood DNA methylation data (Illumina 450k array) from 13 cohorts from Europe, Australia, and the USA (N = 10,757 participants). After correcting for smoking and BMI, no epigenome-wide significant methylation sites were identified. We tested whether a weighted methylation score (MS) based on leave-one-cohort-out EWAS meta-analysis summary statistics predicted wellbeing in an independent cohort, and whether prediction was significant over and above the polygenic score (PGS) for wellbeing. The MS was associated with wellbeing (variance explained=0.22%, p=0.03) and was no longer significant after adding the polygenic score (PGS; variance explained=0.43%, p=0.0046, MS; variance explained=0.07%, p=0.2842). We further compared DNA methylation levels in 16 pairs of monozygotic twins discordant for wellbeing. These analyses revealed no significant within-pair DNA methylation differences at the top-sites from the meta-analysis or in MS. Our results suggest that larger EWAS meta-analyses with uniform phenotype assessment are required to identify methylation sites associated with wellbeing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bartels, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van de Weijer, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azcona Granada, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baselmans, B. M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suderman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soerensen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchwald, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulder, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luciano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonder, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhary, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowry, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lind, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debrabant, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ollikainen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felix, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiemeier, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gieger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldenberger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vokonas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baccarelli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaprio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Ijzendoorn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emeny, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deary, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franke, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McRae, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Dongen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.08.674802</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenome-wide association study meta-analysis of wellbeing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.08.674804v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PGRP-LA regulates peritrophic matrix synthesis and influences trypanosome infection outcomes in tsetse flies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.08.674804v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Peptidoglycan Recognition Proteins (PGRPs) are conserved pattern-recognition receptors that detect microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and activate host immune responses. Compared to other dipterans, the tsetse fly (Glossina morsitans morsitans) genome encodes only five PGRPs-PGRP-LA, -LB, -LC, -SA, and -SB - far fewer than most dipterans, likely reflecting its sterile blood diet and streamlined microbiota. Here, we identify PGRP-LA as a critical regulator of peritrophic matrix (PM) integrity in the cardia (proventriculus), the tissue responsible for PM production. The PM is a chitinous sleeve-like barrier that separates the midgut epithelium from the ingested bloodmeal, supporting digestive homeostasis and infection resistance. We show that pgrp-la is prominently expressed in the cardia, transiently induced after a bloodmeal in newly eclosed flies, and reinduced following subsequent feedings, likely in response to blood-constituents or mechanical stretch. This induction is sustained during microbial exposure and prolonged in trypanosome-infected flies. RNAi-mediated reduction of pgrp-la significantly increased the prevalence of midgut trypanosome infections, indicating a protective role during early infection. PGRP-LA did not mediate infection resistance via canonical IMD pathway signaling, as its silencing did not affect antimicrobial peptide expression. Instead, PGRP-LA modulated the expression of PM-associated genes and gut barrier integrity. Silencing pgrp-la reduced PM structure, increased midgut weights and enhanced fly survival following oral challenge with entomopathogen Serratia marcescens, likely due to earlier epithelial immune responses through a compromised PM. Similar phenotypes were observed when flies were fed anti-PGRP-LA antibodies, supporting a structural role for PGRP-LA. In addition, soluble variant surface glycoproteins (sVSGs) from trypanosomes and knockdown of microRNA-275 (miR-275), also decreased pgrp-la expression, suggesting that PGRP-LA is part of a broader regulatory network, including the miR-275/Wingless signaling. Collectively, our results identify PGRP-LA as novel regulator of PM biogenesis and vector competence in tsetse, expanding the functional repertoire of PGRPs in insect gut barrier maintenance beyond canonical immune signaling pathways.

Author SummaryInsect vectors such as tsetse flies can be infected with pathogens that cause devastating disease in mammals. To protect themselves insect vectors rely on pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that detect pathogens and activate the production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Physical barriers in the gut also play an important role in limiting infections. One such barrier is the peritrophic matrix (PM), a sleeve-like structure that lines the insect gut and separates the blood meal and its contents from the underlying cells. For trypanosome parasites, which cause sleeping sickness in humans, the PM is the first barrier they must traverse to colonize the tsetses gut. In this study, we identified a PRR, PGRP-LA, that, unlike related proteins in other insects that activate AMPs, regulates the integrity of the tsetses protective PM barrier. When PGRP-LA was disrupted, the gut barrier weakened, and flies became more susceptible to trypanosome infection. Our work highlights a previously unrecognized role for PGRP-LA in maintaining gut barrier integrity and suggest that targeting this pathway could be a strategy to help reduce parasite transmission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vigneron, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awuoche, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orfano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aksoy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aksoy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.08.674804</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PGRP-LA regulates peritrophic matrix synthesis and influences trypanosome infection outcomes in tsetse flies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.08.674935v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-resolution ab initio reconstruction enables cryo-EM structure determination of small particles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.08.674935v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite recent advances in data acquisition and algorithmic development, applying single particle cryogenic electron microscopy (cryoEM) to small proteins (<50kDa) remains challenging, even when high quality data are available, in part due to the lack of reliable low-resolution structural features to inform initial alignments. Here we present a workflow which effectively bypasses this step, by obtaining initial particle orientations directly from heterogeneous ab initio reconstruction in CryoSPARC solely using data at high spatial frequencies. Applying this approach, we solve the structure of a previously intractable protein in a publicly available dataset, iPKAc (EMPIAR-10252), 39 kDa, resolved at an estimated resolution of 2.7 [A] as well as a hemoglobin alpha-beta dimer (EMPIAR-10250) at 29kDa, resolved to an estimated resolution of 4 [A]. We also show that the Aca2-RNA complex (37kDa, EMPIAR-11918) can be resolved by this approach directly from a blob-picked particle stack, in a single round of heterogeneous ab initio reconstruction followed by local refinement. The map of iPKAc is of sufficient quality to autobuild 325 of 356 residues present in the original crystal structure using Modelangelo, and ordered ATP and magnesium ions can clearly be resolved. The Hb-dimer has clear secondary structural features, identifiable hemes, and visible bulky sidechains, consistent with the estimated resolution. We expect that this approach may be useful for cryo-EM analysis of other small particles near or below the theoretical size limit.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, O. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.08.674935</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-resolution ab initio reconstruction enables cryo-EM structure determination of small particles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.10.675475v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequential sampling from memory underlies perceptual decisions unyoked from actions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.10.675475v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Perceptual decision-making refers to the class of decisions in which sensory evidence is used to categorize percepts and guide actions. Conventionally, categorical decisions are thought to precede motor actions. However, recent studies in nonhuman primates challenge this assumption - when perceptual decisions were uncoupled from the actions they bear upon, animals postponed the decisions until relevant response options were revealed. To determine whether this postponement stems from cognitive limitations unique to nonhuman primates, we conducted a similar experiment with human subjects. Naive subjects viewed a random-dot motion (RDM) stimulus that was difficult to categorize. After a delay period following the RDM, two choice targets were presented and subjects decided which target lay closer to the perceived motion direction. Decision accuracy varied across subjects, reflecting individual differences in ability to integrate motion evidence. Notably, subjects with higher decision accuracy showed prolonged deliberation after choice-target presentation. Furthermore, the time they took to report their decisions depended on the strength of the motion evidence. This pattern of accuracy and decision reporting time could be accounted for by a bounded diffusion model in which subjects sequentially sample stored sensory information from memory during the target selection phase. When the RDM was challenging to categorize, the subsequent appearance of the targets provided a framework to interrogate stored evidence and render a decision. Our results reveal a strategic feature of working memory of retaining information based on its future utility. This observation opens new avenues for investigating how memory and decision-making interact.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharma, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadlen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shushruth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.10.675475</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequential sampling from memory underlies perceptual decisions unyoked from actions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.12.675921v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A comparison of movement-related neuronal activities in cerebellar- and basal ganglia-recipient regions of the macaque thalamus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.12.675921v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ventral lateral (VL) nucleus of the thalamus relays signals from the cerebellum (Cb) and basal ganglia (BG) to primary motor cortex (M1). In primates, glutamatergic Cb efferents from the deep cerebellar nuclei and GABAergic BG efferents from the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi) terminate in distinct subregions of VL: the posterior (VLp) and anterior (VLa) divisions, respectively. This anatomical segregation suggests that Cb- and BG-thalamocortical circuits may play distinct roles in motor control, which could be revealed by comparing movement-related activity in VLp and VLa. Here, we recorded single-unit activity from VLp and VLa, identified via electrical stimulation of superior cerebellar peduncle and GPi, during a choice reaction time reaching task. We also recorded from M1, which maintains bidirectional connections with both VLp and VLa. Peri-movement increases in firing began earlier in VLp than in VLa whereas decrease-type responses were more prevalent and prolonged in duration in VLa neurons as compared with VLp and M1. Time-resolved general linear model analysis showed dynamic encoding of task parameters, particularly movement direction, in all three regions. Direction encoding was strongest in M1, moderate in VLp, and weakest in VLa. Direction encoding in VLa also lagged behind that in M1 and VLp. Clustering analysis of direction encoding strength and timing revealed a subpopulation of VLp neurons that encoded direction particularly strongly during the reaction time period. These results highlight a limitation of traditional assumptions that activity characteristics are distributed homogeneously across neural populations and suggest a novel functional organization within VLp neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kase, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimnik, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearce, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.12.675921</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A comparison of movement-related neuronal activities in cerebellar- and basal ganglia-recipient regions of the macaque thalamus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.09.675230v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uncovering the features of Measles-targeting human antibodies elicited by the MMR vaccine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.09.675230v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Measles virus (MeV), a highly transmissible paramyxovirus, causes disease that can lead to severe complications and death, particularly in babies and young children. Deployment of the durable, highly effective, live-attenuated measles vaccine has saved an estimated 94 million lives in the past 50 years,1 yet the immunological explanation for this vaccines unique success and its landscape of antibody recognition remains unclear. Here we report the first panel of human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for the MeV hemagglutinin (H) and fusion (F) surface proteins, derived from the memory B cells of an MMR vaccinee. From over 100 cloned human mAbs, we mapped four major epitope clusters on H and another five major clusters on F, and structurally characterized 17 representative mAbs including one or more examples of each of the nine epitope clusters on the two surface antigens. We find that antibodies against both H and F can lead to potent virus neutralization and reduction of viral loads in vivo, including one mAb against F that reduces viral loads to below the limit of detection for all animals. High-resolution cryo-EM reveals contact sites of the most protective antibodies against both surface antigens. Discovery, characterization, and in vitro and in vivo success of these fully human mAbs now provide new avenues for prophylactic or therapeutic intervention against this re-emerging virus.

HighlightsO_LIA large panel of Measles-specific monoclonal antibodies was isolated from a human MMR vaccinee, years after vaccination.
C_LIO_LIStructural and biochemical mapping paints a landscape of antibody recognition with nine major competition groups, including four major sites on Hemagglutinin (H) and five on the fusion protein (F).
C_LIO_LIAntibodies against both H and F confer in vitro neutralization and in vivo protection, including, in one case, undetectable viral load after antibody treatment.
C_LIO_LIThe most protective H-specific mAbs, 4D08 and 1C08, target the receptor-binding site and the F-proximal outside of the H dimer, and likely function by interfering with receptor binding and H-F interactions, respectively.
C_LIO_LIThe most protective F-specific mAbs, 3A12 and 4F09, target the sides and apex of the prefusion F trimer, and likely function by locking F into its pre-fusion state
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Acciani, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zyla, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niemeyer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harkins, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parekh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pawlack, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacarbonara, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niewiesk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>POROTTO, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hastie, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saphire, E. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.09.675230</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uncovering the features of Measles-targeting human antibodies elicited by the MMR vaccine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.08.674799v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
VesiclePy: A Machine Learning Vesicle Analysis Toolbox for Volume Electron Microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.08.674799v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vesicles are critical components of neurons that package neurotransmitters and neuropeptides for their release, in order to communicate with other neurons and cells. However, due to their small size, the reconstruction of the full vesicle endowment across an entire neuronal morphology remains challenging. To achieve this, we have used, as a tool to identify and visualize vesicles, Volume Electron Microscopy (vEM), a method that has the nanoscale resolution to detect individual vesicle boundaries, content, and 3D locations. However, the large volume of vEM datasets poses a challenge in the segmentation, classification, and spatial analysis of tens of thousands of vesicles and their target cell in 3D. Here we report the development of VesiclePy, an integrated pipeline for automated segmentation, classification, proofreading, and spatial analysis of vesicles, relative to neuron masks in large-volume electron microscopy data. Our package integrates the efficiency of deep learning and the accuracy of human proofreading and provides a streamlined package in chunked processing and accurate indexing, localization, and visualization of single vesicle resolution in large vEM data. We demonstrate the viability of VesiclePy using high-pressure frozen serial EM data of Hydra vulgaris and quantify the performance of the package using ground truth manual annotations. We show that VesiclePy can process a multiterabyte serial EM dataset, efficiently annotate 53,851 vesicles from 20 complete neurons, and classify vesicles into 5 types. Each vesicle has a unique ID and 3D location for further spatial analysis in relation to neuron or non-neuronal targets nearby. Finally, by combining vesicle data and morphological information of each neuron, we can quantitatively cluster neurons into subtypes. VesiclePy is available at https://github.com/PytorchConnectomics/VesiclePy under an MIT license.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adhinarta, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gohain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nurkin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yakobe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuste, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.08.674799</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[VesiclePy: A Machine Learning Vesicle Analysis Toolbox for Volume Electron Microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.11.675319v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ALM enables contextual decision-making via dynamic reconfiguration of local circuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.11.675319v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cognitive operations often require flexible implementation of stimulus-response contingencies, depending on context. We developed an olfactory task in which mice learned to associate a test odor with a directional lick response, conditional on a preceding context odor drawn from a different odor set. Two-photon imaging revealed that anterior lateral motor cortex (ALM) contains distinct populations encoding context, test odors, and choice. Optogenetic silencing during the context and delay periods impaired performance, suggesting that ALM contributes to configuring the appropriate contingency. Although context odors that instructed the same mapping were represented by separate populations, their influence converged at the level of choice-selective neurons. A subpopulation of these neurons exhibited dual selectivity for context and choice, forming what we term "contingency neurons." These findings suggest that ALM supports flexible behavior not by abstracting over context cues, but by dynamically reconfiguring local circuits to route sensory input to the appropriate motor output.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rungratsameetaweemana, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterka, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadlen, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.11.675319</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ALM enables contextual decision-making via dynamic reconfiguration of local circuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.11.675358v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design principles of a membrane-spanning ubiquitin ligase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.11.675358v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Receptor-type E3 ubiquitin ligases are membrane-spanning assemblies that enable extracellular signals to directly control ubiquitylation in the cytoplasm. Despite playing widespread roles in tissue patterning and homeostasis, metabolism, and immunity, their structures and mechanisms remain poorly understood. Using cryo-electron microscopy, integrated with biophysical and functional studies, we visualized an E3 complex composed of two transmembrane proteins, MEGF8 and MOSMO, and the intracellular RING-family protein MGRN1. This MEGF8-MOSMO-MGRN1 (MMM) complex regulates left-right patterning of the body axis and the development of multiple organs, partly by attenuating signaling through the Hedgehog pathway. We find that the MMM complex functions like a fishing pole: a long, flexible helix attached to a membrane platform suspends an activated and precisely oriented RING domain--like a fishhook--to ubiquitylate the cytoplasmic surfaces of target receptors. Our structure explains how mutations in MEGF8 cause multi-organ birth defects in humans and defines a paradigm for receptor regulation by ubiquitylation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williams, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nocka, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parashara, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latorraca, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pusapati, G. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lartey, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milenkovic, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalk, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steyaert, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrique, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazan, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouse, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siebold, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohatgi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.11.675358</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design principles of a membrane-spanning ubiquitin ligase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.11.675466v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural and Mechanistic Basis for Antibody Neutralization of the Measles Fusion Protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.11.675466v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Measles virus (MeV) is a highly contagious viral pathogen and remains a major global health threat. Resurgent infections, driven by insufficient vaccine coverage, waning herd immunity, and the vulnerability of immunocompromised individuals, highlight the urgent need for effective countermeasures. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) represent a promising strategy, both as antiviral agents and as probes of viral entry mechanisms. While most vaccine-elicited neutralizing antibodies target the hemagglutinin (H) protein, emerging evidence suggests that antibodies against the fusion (F) protein are also potent inhibitors. Still, there is insufficient information on the target sites and activities of antibodies against the F protein. Like other class I fusion proteins, MeV F exists in a metastable prefusion state that undergoes dramatic conformational changes during viral entry.

Here, we selected four mAbs that recognize conformational patterns of F-prefusion and/or postfusion, characterized their epitopes, specificities, and antiviral activities. Structural analyses mapped antibody interactions onto pre- and postfusion F conformations, revealing that all three neutralizing mAbs are specific for the prefusion form, while the non-neutralizing mAb recognizes only the postfusion F. Biophysical and functional assays defined distinct mechanisms: neutralization occurs either by stabilizing the prefusion protein or by preventing the extended intermediate from completing fusion. We also describe a novel mechanism of neutralization in which an antibody prematurely triggers F activation but blocks the subsequent refolding required for viral entry. Together, these findings provide the first detailed mapping of neutralizing epitopes on the MeV F protein and establish a framework for the rational design of F-targeted intervention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zyla, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Della Marca, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacarbonara, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niemeyer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zipursky, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Clemente, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonathan-Trakht, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalantarov, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acciani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laterza, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vyshenska, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hastie, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvat, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greninger, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niewiesk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saphire, E. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>POROTTO, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.11.675466</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural and Mechanistic Basis for Antibody Neutralization of the Measles Fusion Protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.11.675497v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Double-CRISPR Knockout Simulation (DKOsim): A Monte-Carlo Randomization System to Model Cell Growth Behavior and Infer the Optimal Library Design for Growth-Based Double Knockout Screens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.11.675497v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in functional genomic technology, notably CRISPR using Cas9 or Cas12, now allow for large-scale double perturbation screens in which pairs of genes are inactivated, allowing for the experimental detection of genetic interactions (GIs). However, as it is not possible to validate GIs in high-throughput, there is no gold standard dataset where true interactions are known. Hence, we constructed a Double-CRISPR Knockout Simulation (DKOsim), which allows users to reproducibly generate synthetic simulation data where the single gene fitness effect of each gene and the interaction of each gene pair can be specified by the investigator. We adapted Monte-Carlo randomization methods to extend single knockout simulation methods to double knockout designs, which simulate the gene-gene interactions between all possible combinations of the input genes. Using DKOsim, we generated simulated datasets that closely resemble real double knockout CRISPR datasets in terms of Log Fold Change (LFC), GI distribution, and replicate correlation. We further inferred optimal CRISPR library designs by systematically investigating critical experimental parameters including depth of coverage, guide efficiency, and the variance of initial guide distribution. This simulation scheme will help to identify optimal computational methods for GI detection and aid in the design of future dual knockout CRISPR screens.

Author SummaryWe designed DKOsim to simulate CRISPR double knockout screens by modeling cell division behavior with both single knockout (SKO) and double knockout (DKO) constructs via Monte-Carlo randomization samplers. Running DKOsim at large scale, we identified the asymptotic tuning points that optimize genetic interaction (GI) identification performance by the delta-LFC (dLFC) method compared to the simulated truth. We show that DKOsim is tunable to approximate actual dual-CRISPR knockout screening data. Comparing replicate correlation from DKOsim with experimentally generated data, DKOsim can be tuned based on users desires to reproduce a similar level of randomness to that observed in variety CRISPR screening conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novelo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.11.675497</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Double-CRISPR Knockout Simulation (DKOsim): A Monte-Carlo Randomization System to Model Cell Growth Behavior and Infer the Optimal Library Design for Growth-Based Double Knockout Screens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.15.676324v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Hippocampus Rapidly Integrates Sequence Representations During Novel Multistep Predictions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.15.676324v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Memories for temporally extended sequences can be used adaptively to predict future events on multiple timescales, a function that relies on the hippocampus. For such predictions to be useful, they should be updated when environments change. We investigated how and when new learning shapes hippocampal representations of temporally extended sequences, and how this updating relates to flexible predictions about future events. Human participants learned sequences of environments in immersive virtual reality. They then learned novel environment transitions connecting previously separate sequences. During subsequent fMRI, participants predicted multiple steps into the future in both the newly connected sequence and control sequences that remained separate. The hippocampus integrated representations of the connected sequence, such that activity patterns became more similar across trials for the connected sequence vs. the unconnected sequences. These integrated sequence representations in the hippocampus emerged soon after learning, incorporated representations of the initial sequences as well as new activity patterns not previously present in either sequence, and predicted participants ability to update their predictions in behavior. Together, these results advance our understanding of how structured knowledge dynamically emerges in service of adaptive behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tarder-Stoll, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldassano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.15.676324</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Hippocampus Rapidly Integrates Sequence Representations During Novel Multistep Predictions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.15.676365v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spontaneous reinstatement of episodic memories in the developing human brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.15.676365v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hippocampus supports episodic memories in development, and yet how the brain stabilizes these memories determines their long-term accessibility. This study examined how episodic memories formed in development are stabilized and whether early-life experiences influence the neural mechanisms involved. Using fMRI and multivariate analyses, we tracked neural reinstatement of newly learned item-location-context associations in youth (N = 49; agemean = 11.68 years). Hippocampus and visual cortex activity during encoding predicted later memory success. Crucially, spontaneous reinstatement in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) during post-encoding rest also predicted memory. In a second sample (N = 32, agemean = 12.86 years) with early adversity, differential recruitment of the precuneus and visual cortex during encoding, and angular gyrus during reinstatement, was observed. These findings suggest that hippocampus and mPFC contribute to developmental memory stabilization in ways consistent with mature function, while differences in memory accessibility across developmental experiences arise from broader network adaptations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yates, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callaghan, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silvers, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VanTieghem, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choy, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Sullivan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davachi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tottenham, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.15.676365</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spontaneous reinstatement of episodic memories in the developing human brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.09.675258v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endothelial Type I Interferon signaling modulates the vascular response to ischemic brain injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.09.675258v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vascular normalization [stabilization of aberrant angiogenesis and restoration of blood-brain barrier (BBB)] is critical for reducing long-term secondary sequelae after ischemic stroke. How immune and developmental signaling pathways coordinate these processes is poorly understood. Here we identify a unique brain endothelial cell (BEC) type one interferon (IFN1) signature in human and mouse ischemic stroke tissue. By leveraging two clinically-relevant murine ischemic stroke models, single-cell transcriptomics, and BBB functional assays, we find that deletion of endothelial IFN1 receptor (Ifnar1) exacerbates post-stroke BBB disruption and expands a BEC population expressing angiogenic and immature BBB markers. Conversely, IFN{beta} administration after stroke reduces acute BBB disruption. Activation of IFN1 signaling in BECs in vitro reduces vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling to promote junctional stabilization, enhance barrier properties, and suppress angiogenic features. Thus, endogenous endothelial IFN1 signaling modulates BBB dysfunction and angiogenesis to promote vascular normalization after ischemic brain injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tuohy, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, P.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chelminski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muharremi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeSantis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamoul, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crary, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yen, J.-H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agalliu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.09.675258</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endothelial Type I Interferon signaling modulates the vascular response to ischemic brain injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.15.676376v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insular Traveling Waves Link Distributed Neural Dynamics to Human Memory Performance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.15.676376v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The insula is a critical brain region that plays a foundational role in adaptive human behaviors, with diverse subregions performing distinct functional roles. However, explaining how these insular subregions interact to support behaviors is elusive. Using direct recordings from humans performing a spatial episodic memory task, we show that traveling waves within the insula modulate neuronal interactions across insula subregions, by propagating in distinct spatial patterns during specific phases of memory. In addition to traveling plane waves, insula waves also propagated in complex, heterogenous spatial patterns across task conditions. Insular traveling waves correlated with memory success, highlighting the critical role of insular traveling waves in orchestrating memory performance. Our study suggests that insular traveling waves are a key mechanism for modulating interactions and neural coding across regions to support memory processing and potentially a biomarker for investigating dysfunctions in neurological disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Das, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.15.676376</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insular Traveling Waves Link Distributed Neural Dynamics to Human Memory Performance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.17.676722v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bayesian causal inference unifies perceptual and neuronal processing of center-surround motion in area MT 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.17.676722v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Center-surround interactions are a hallmark of visual processing and are especially prominent in area MT, where surround motion can either suppress or facilitate neuronal responses depending on context. However, existing mechanistic descriptions, including divisive normalization, do not explain the full diversity of these effects or their relationship to motion perception. Here, we show that both perceptual and neuronal center-surround phenomena can be understood as consequences of Bayesian causal inference over reference frames. Building on a normative model of motion perception, we derived predictions for the mean responses and variability of single MT neurons across the full fourdimensional space of center and surround directions and speeds. The model generates structured patterns of suppression, facilitation, and coordinate-frame selectivity that qualitatively match the diversity of center-surround effects reported in primate MT. Our results provide a unified computational account linking motion integration and segmentation in perception with contextual response modulation in MT, and yield testable predictions for how the visual system infers and represents reference frames.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lengyel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shivkumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeAngelis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haefner, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.17.676722</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bayesian causal inference unifies perceptual and neuronal processing of center-surround motion in area MT]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.17.676780v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell morphodynamics predict cell fate decisions during mucociliary epithelial differentiation. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.17.676780v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell state transitions underlie the emergence of diverse cell types and are traditionally defined by changes in gene expression. Yet these transitions also involve coordinated shifts in cell morphology and behaviour, which remain poorly characterized in densely packed epithelia. We developed a quantitative live-imaging and computational framework to track thousands of individual cells over time in the rapidly differentiating Xenopus mucociliary epithelium (MCE). From segmentations and trajectories, we extracted dynamic features-cell and nuclear shape, movement, position-to create a time-resolved morphodynamic dataset spanning the full course of differentiation. While single features showed high noise and low separability of ground-truth cell types, supervised machine learning revealed that integrating time-resolved features robustly predicts final cell fate. Gradient-boosted trees and multinomial logistic regression achieved moderate but consistent accuracy, especially for abundant epithelial lineages. Key discriminants included normalized Z-position, membrane-nucleus offset, and absolute experimental time, whereas movement contributed minimally to the results. Our results show that morphodynamic signatures encode predictive information about cell identity and provide a framework linking physical dynamics with molecular state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tolonen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beker, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapoor, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumitrascu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedzinski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.17.676780</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell morphodynamics predict cell fate decisions during mucociliary epithelial differentiation.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.17.676815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of Nuclear TDP-43 Impairs Lipid Metabolism in Microglia-Like Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.17.676815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease marked by progressive motor neuron loss, with TDP-43 pathology present in over 90% of cases. While neuroinflammation is a recognized hallmark, the role of microglia in ALS pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate that TDP-43 regulates microglial function via triglyceride metabolism. Using shRNA-mediated TARDBP knockdown in human monocyte-derived microglia-like cells (MDMi), we observed suppressed cholesterol biosynthesis, upregulation of fatty acid metabolism genes, lipid droplet accumulation, enhanced phagocytic activity, and increased IL-1{beta} production. Inhibiting diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) enzymes reduced lipid droplet formation, phagocytosis, and IL-1{beta}, directly linking the triglyceride pathway to microglial activation. Patient-derived MDMi from both sporadic and TARDBP-mutant ALS cases showed overlapping as well as distinct alterations, some of which were reversed by DGAT inhibition. Our findings identify dysregulated triglyceride metabolism as a novel pathway through which TDP-43 mediates microglial dysfunction, highlighting a potential therapeutic target for ALS.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=130 SRC="FIGDIR/small/676815v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (52K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@f10b2dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@114d48forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@8f25f9org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@63309_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LITDP-43 nuclear depletion causes increased LD, driven by triglyceride accumulation.
C_LIO_LITDP-43 nuclear depletion causes increased phagocytosis and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression.
C_LIO_LIInhibiting triglyceride synthesis using DGAT inhibitors rescues LD and pro-inflammatory phenotype in TDP-43 depleted MDMi
C_LIO_LIALS patient-derived MDMi display increased LD and IL1B expression, rescued by DGAT inhibitors
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kabra, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dressman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talcoff, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yidenk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rifai, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoover, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shneider, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elyaman, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Area-Gomez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradshaw, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.17.676815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of Nuclear TDP-43 Impairs Lipid Metabolism in Microglia-Like Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.15.676432v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prelamin A Does Not Promote Atherosclerosis or Vascular Smooth Muscle Loss 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.15.676432v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDHutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is an accelerated aging disorder characterized by numerous symptoms, including early-onset atherosclerosis, with most patients suffering fatal myocardial infarctions or strokes by the second decade of life. HGPS is caused by mutations in LMNA that lead to expression of an internally truncated, farnesylated prelamin A variant called progerin, which induces loss of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Some studies have also reported that accumulation of full-length farnesylated prelamin A, which is normally completely processed to mature non-farnesylated lamin A, can also drive vascular pathology during physiological aging.

METHODSTo assess the effects of prelamin A expression on atherosclerosis and aortic VSMCs, we used LmnaL648R/L648R mice that express a prelamin A variant with a lysine to arginine point mutation that prevents its processing to mature lamin A. To determine if prelamin A expression has an impact on atherosclerotic plaques, we crossed LmnaL648R/L648R mice to LDL receptor-deficient Ldlr-/- mice that develop hyperlipidemia on a high-fat diet.

RESULTSAtherosclerotic plaque lesion area and necrotic core area were not different in hyperlipidemic LmnaL648R/L648R mice that expressed only prelamin A, and no mature lamin A, compared to hyperlipidemic Lmna+/+ mice that expressed only fully-processed mature lamin A and no prelamin A. Additionally, exclusive prelamin A expression did not result in loss of aortic VSMCs or adventitial thickening in hyperlipidemic LmnaL648R/L648R mice with atherosclerosis at 28 weeks of age. Indeed, aortic vascular smooth muscle remained normal in older LmnaL648R/L648R mice at 52 weeks of age.

CONCLUSIONSIn contrast to the prelamin A variant progerin expressed in HGPS, prelamin A does not appear to cause vascular smooth muscle loss, promote atherosclerosis or drive vascular aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Östlund, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuriakose, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaelis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.15.676432</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prelamin A Does Not Promote Atherosclerosis or Vascular Smooth Muscle Loss]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.18.677212v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synaptic and neural pathway redundancy enables the robustness of a sensory-motor reflex and promotes predation escape in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.18.677212v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As a basic unit of the nervous system, the sensory-motor reflex circuit is fast and robust. However, it is not entirely clear how this robustness is achieved, given that various genetic perturbations can disrupt the function of the sensory neurons. By mapping the molecular basis of neuronal connections in the touch response circuit of Caenorhabditis elegans, we found prevalent genetic redundancy at neural pathway, synaptic, and molecular levels, which ensures that sensory signals can be relayed to command interneurons that control motor output. We also discovered developmental remodeling of the anterior circuit, which leads to the pruning of larval synapses, establishment of a second pathway that activates additional interneurons, and lateralization of the circuit. Finally, we found that the synapses that appeared to be functionally redundant in a simple touch assay contribute to the extent of reversal response in an additive manner, which may help the organism escape from predators.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fong, E. K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H. M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leifer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalfie, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.18.677212</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synaptic and neural pathway redundancy enables the robustness of a sensory-motor reflex and promotes predation escape in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.19.677202v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of the hemodynamic response function in default mode network subregions for task-evoked negative BOLD responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.19.677202v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While the hemodynamic response function (HRF) of the positive blood oxygenated level dependent (BOLD) signal is well characterized in the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) field, studies investigating the shape and properties of the negative BOLD HRF, often observed in the default mode network (DMN) regions, are rare. In this study, we first investigated the linearity of the task-evoked negative BOLD response (NBR) with respect to stimulus duration. Then, we obtained the shape of the HRF from each region of the DMN, using an in-house developed unbiased and robust iterative deconvolution technique. Our results demonstrated that each region of the DMN represented a unique HRF, which was not only substantially different from the HRF of the positive BOLD signal, but also different from the HRF extracted from the other DMN regions. We replicated these findings using different fMRI datasets with distinct task paradigms. When comparing the HRF across DMN sub-regions and across tasks, our results demonstrated a significantly higher inter-regional variability compared to inter-task variability. Furthermore, our performance correlation analysis illustrated that the HRFs in the DMN sub-regions extracted by our iterative FIR method were not biased by the task performance level. Altogether, we demonstrated the linearity of the NBR, introduced a robust HRF extraction approach to obtain a distinct HRF for each DMN sub-regions, which were different from the HRF of the positive BOLD signal. The results suggest there is possibility that each node of the DMN might have different underlying neural and/or vascular mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yazdi, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedaghat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hojjati, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozoria, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chernek, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calimag, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feiz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razlighi, Q. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.19.677202</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of the hemodynamic response function in default mode network subregions for task-evoked negative BOLD responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.17.676440v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RESTRICT-seq enables time-gated CRISPR screens and uncovers novel epigenetic dependencies of SCC resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.17.676440v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer cell evasion of therapy is a highly adaptive process that undermines the efficacy of many treatment strategies. A significant milestone in the study of these mechanisms has been the advent of pooled CRISPR knockout screens, which enable high-throughput, genome-wide interrogations of tumor dependencies and synthetic lethal interactions, advancing our understanding of how cancer cells adapt to and evade therapies. However, the utility of this approach diminishes when applied to dynamic biological contexts, where processes are transient and sensitive to routine cell culture manipulations that introduce noise and limit meaningful discoveries. To overcome these limitations, we present RESTRICT-seq, a next-generation pooled screening methodology that restricts Cas9 nuclear activation in controlled, repeated cycles. By confining Cas9 catalytic activity to strict temporal windows, RESTRICT-seq mitigates undesired fitness penalties that accumulate throughout CRISPR screens. When benchmarked against conventional pooled screens and standard inducible CRISPR protocols, RESTRICT-seq revealed significantly fewer divergent cell clones and increased signal-to-noise ratio, overcoming a key limitation of traditional methods. Leveraging RESTRICT-seq, we conducted a comprehensive functional survey of the druggable mammalian epigenome, uncovering several elusive epigenetic drivers of treatment resistance in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). This revealed PAK1 as a previously unrecognized mediator of cSCC resistance in human and mouse SCC, offering new insights into a prognostic marker and therapeutic target of high clinical significance. Our findings establish RESTRICT-seq as a powerful tool for extending the applicability of pooled CRISPR screens to dynamic and previously intractable biological contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ozcan, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amador, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Njiru, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ansari, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woappi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.17.676440</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RESTRICT-seq enables time-gated CRISPR screens and uncovers novel epigenetic dependencies of SCC resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.18.677082v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex differences in transcription-associated mutagenesis in the human germline 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.18.677082v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In humans, germline mutation rates are three- to four-fold higher in males than females, for largely unknown reasons. We investigated whether transcription, a well-documented source of both DNA damage and repair in somatic tissues, is associated with sex differences in germline mutations. To this end, we used expression data from male and female germline cells and phased de novo germline mutations from pedigrees. Focusing on protein-coding genes, we found no relationship between the male mutation rate and gene expression levels in the fetal germline or in adult testis tissue, despite evidence for transcriptional asymmetry. Individual stages of spermatogenesis differ in their contribution to mutation, however: expression levels in spermatogonial stem cells are significantly positively associated with paternal mutation rates, while those in primary spermatocytes are significantly negatively associated. Thus, transcription may have varying effects over male gametogenesis that are not readily detected from its cumulative effect on the total germline mutation rate. In females, by contrast, mutation rates increase significantly with transcription levels in the fetal germline, adult oocytes and adult ovary tissues, consistent with widespread transcription asymmetry. We confirm the difference between the sexes by analyzing phased mutations from three-generation pedigrees and the lack of an association in males by analyzing paternal mutations from seminiferous tubules and sperm. Thus, transcription has distinct effects on the mutation rate in the two sexes, leading to an increase in mutations in females but not males, in contrast to what one might expect from the overall paternal bias in germline mutations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wyman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>AGARWAL, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Manuel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spisak, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przeworski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.18.677082</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex differences in transcription-associated mutagenesis in the human germline]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.18.677227v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phytoplankton community structure and photophysiological strategies in the oligotrophic Indian Ocean spawning ground of Southern Bluefin Tuna 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.18.677227v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Argo Basin, a persistently oligotrophic seascape downstream of the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF), is the only known spawning ground of Southern Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus maccoyii). Its surface waters are capped by the warm, low saline, nitrate-depleted Pacific Ocean outflow, that leads to intense water-column stratification and chronic nutrient scarcity. During the BLOOFINZ campaign (R/V Roger Revelle, January-March 2022), we combined high-resolution underway surveys with Lagrangian experiments to examine hydrography, nutrient stoichiometry, and phytoplankton photophysiology across the basin. This study was motivated by the need to: 1) identify the phytoplankton communities capable of persisting in this nutrient-impoverished region, and 2) uncover the unique photophysiological traits that underpin their survival and growth, particularly under acute nitrate limitation. Nutrient fields revealed strongly negative N*, positive Si*, and elevated Si:P ratios, indicating a system of acute nitrate scarcity but with residual phosphate and latent silicate availability. Phytoplankton communities were dominated by the cyanobacteria, Prochlorococcus, whose survival strategies included small functional absorption cross section of PSII ({sigma}PSII), enhanced PSII connectivity (p), highly elastic and reversible diel photophysiology that balanced high-light stress and nitrogen scarcity. Longer turnover times especially {tau}2 ({micro}s; PSII-PSI electron transport) seen in the region around 115{degrees} and 120{degrees}E and at 15{degrees}S, and during Cycles 3 and 4 are indicative of populations that were being stressed by Fe limitation as well. Our inference of Prochlorococcus is supported by complimentary measurements of flow cytometry, phytoplankton pigment composition and microscopy all of which confirmed the dominance of Prochlorococcus in these nutrient impoverished waters. Our observations further indicate that mesoscale eddies generated by ITF-SICC (South Indian Counter Current) interactions, can episodically shoal the nutricline, triggering transient pulses of larger eukaryotes. Collectively, these results demonstrate how acute nitrate depletion, compounded by Fe stress, structures a microbial community finely tuned to oligotrophy and capable of sustaining a short food chain involving appendicularians that directly support larval tuna. The Argo Basin therefore exemplifies how circulation-nutrient coupling shapes microbial communities and ecosystem function within a globally significant spawning habitat.

Highlights1) Chronic nitrate limitation, with strongly negative N* and persistent N:P imbalance defines the Argo Basin while phosphate and silicate remain in relative excess.
2) Picocyanobacteria especially Prochlorococcus dominate the ecosystem, sustaining productivity under extreme oligotrophy through photophysiological strategies of reduced {sigma}PSII, enhanced PSII connectivity, and diel recovery from light stress.
3) Mesoscale eddies at the ITF-SICC front provide episodic relief, shoaling the nutricline and fueling transient pulses of larger phytoplankton that episodically reshape phytoplankton community structure and biomass
4) This oligotrophic-frontal seascape supports a short, efficient food web, enabling transfer of picophytoplankton to Southern Bluefin Tuna larvae via mainly appendicularians.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomes, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kranz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swalethorp, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tirkey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.18.677227</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phytoplankton community structure and photophysiological strategies in the oligotrophic Indian Ocean spawning ground of Southern Bluefin Tuna]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.19.677419v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metadomain and metaloop genome interactions in mammalian T cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.19.677419v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies have advanced our understanding of chromosomal organization and its principal role in gene regulation. However, most analyses have focused on short-range interactions (<2 Mb), limiting insight into broader regulatory architecture. In particular, the relationships between topologically associating domains (TADs), sub-TAD loops, long-range cross-TAD interactions, and higher-order chromosomal compartmentalization remain poorly understood. Here, we identify extensive multi-megabase and interchromosomal interactions (metaloops) in T lymphocytes, which organize into larger meta-TAD associations (metadomains). Metaloops bridge distal promoters and regulatory elements of key T cell-specific genes such as Ctla4, Ikzf2, Il2ra, Ets1, Lef1, Runx1, Bach2, Foxo1 and others, and are both shared and cell type-specific across functionally distinct T cell lineages. Reanalysis of published data confirms the reproducibility of these interactions in both mouse and human T cells and their dependence on superenhancers. Genome-wide clustering of metadomains reveals three interchromosomal hubs with distinct epigenomic profiles, including a superenhancer-enriched hub associated with T cell-specific gene activation. By integrating a compendium of new and public T cell epigenomic data, we infer distinct architectural factors associated with short-range loops and long-range metaloops. Altogether, our study reveals new features of T cell-specific 3D genome organization across scales, and our computational framework is broadly applicable to analyses of chromatin architecture across different cell types and experimental systems.

Highlights- Ultra-long-range (>2 Mb) chromatin interactions linked to gene regulation in T cells
- A new algorithm identifies distal and interchromosomal meta-TADs and metaloops
- An interchromosomal T cell-specific active hub emerges from metadomain clustering
- Epigenomic compendium implicates TFs associated with long-range interactions
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dolsten, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bing, X. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ke, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cafiero, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernando, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ploss, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schedl, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viny, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudensky, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pritykin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.19.677419</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metadomain and metaloop genome interactions in mammalian T cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.20.677429v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glucose promotes neuron morphology abnormalities and egg-laying defects dependentofthe serotonin signaling pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.20.677429v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A chronic hyperglycemic state can lead to neuropathological complications such as permanent nerve damage. Neuropathology is a debilitating ailment that affects nearly half of the individuals with diabetes, underscoring the relevance to investigate the impact of diet and glucose levels on the nervous system. Using the genetic model system Caenorhabditis elegans, we determined that a diet rich in glucose impacts biological processes dependent on neuronal function. The rate of intrauterine egg-hatching increased in animals fed a glucose diet and the inhibition of dopamine or serotonin is sufficient to counteract the impact of the glucose diet. The glucose-induced intrauterine egg-hatching phenotype is independent of the SER-1 and SER-7 receptors yet dependent on the DAF16/FOXO transcription factor. Furthermore, animals fed a glucose-supplemented diet displayed abnormal morphologies in the HSN and NSM serotonergic neurons and the HSN displayed axonal degeneration, which is a prominent pathological feature in neurological dysfunction and disease. Combined these data indicate that a glucose-diet affects nervous system and signaling pathways in C. elegans, which can be used to further model diet-induced neuropathy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruiz, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumesnil, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladage, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padilla, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.20.677429</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glucose promotes neuron morphology abnormalities and egg-laying defects dependentofthe serotonin signaling pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.20.677505v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BAG3 coordinates astrocytic proteostasis of Alzheimer's disease-linked proteins via proteasome, autophagy, and retromer complex interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.20.677505v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundBcl-2-associated athanogene 3 (BAG3) is a mediator of chaperone assisted selective autophagy, and in the brain, most highly expressed in astrocytes. However, its role in astrocytes remains poorly defined. Given the genetic and pathological links of BAG3 to proteostasis and neurodegenerative diseases, we investigated how BAG3 contributes to astrocyte function and Alzheimers disease (AD).

MethodsSnRNA-seq of the human brain determined cell type expression of BAG3. CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in human iPSCs, followed by tandem mass tag-mass spectrometry and RNA-sequencing was performed to assess proteomic and transcriptomic changes following BAG3 loss. Co-immunoprecipitation of BAG3 in human astrocytes defined the interactome, with top interactors being validated by western blot (WB), AlphaFold modeling, and proximity ligation assays. In astrocytes, autophagic flux, lysosomal phenotypes, proteasome activity, and endocytic uptake were measured in BAG3 KO and BAG3 WT. Finally, BAG3 expression was assessed in postmortem AD brain by WB and snRNA-seq, and its functional relevance to amyloid-{beta} (A{beta}) degradation was tested in co-cultures of BAG3 KO iAs with familial AD neurons.

ResultsIn human brain and iPSC models, BAG3 was most highly expressed in astrocytes. Further, BAG3 loss caused greater proteomic disruption in astrocytes than in neurons. In the absence of BAG3, astrocytes showed reduced autophagy, diminished lysosome abundance and activity, and decreased proteasome function. To uncover molecular binding partners of BAG3 that might influence these phenotypes, we performed co-immunoprecipitation, revealing interactions with HSPB8 and other heat shock proteins, proteasome regulators (PSMD5, PSMF1), and the retromer component, VPS35. Integration of BAG3 KO transcriptomic and proteomic datasets pinpointed AD-relevant proteins under post-translational control of BAG3, which included GFAP, BIN1, and HSPB8. HSPB8 levels were markedly reduced in BAG3-deficient astrocytes with overexpression partially rescuing its levels. Loss of astrocytic BAG3 impaired A{beta} clearance in co-culture with APP/PSEN1 mutant neurons, directly linking BAG3 to a disease-relevant astrocyte function. Finally, analysis of postmortem brain tissue revealed BAG3 marks a stress-responsive astrocyte subtype in the brain of aged individuals with AD.

ConclusionsBAG3 binds to key regulators of autophagy, proteasome activity, and retromer function to coordinate astrocyte proteostasis, lysosomal function, and A{beta} clearance. These findings position BAG3 as a potential therapeutic target and coordinator of glial protein quality control in neurodegeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Augur, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fogo, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benoit, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terzioglu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arbery, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comandante-Lou, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seyfried, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young-Pearse, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.20.677505</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BAG3 coordinates astrocytic proteostasis of Alzheimer's disease-linked proteins via proteasome, autophagy, and retromer complex interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.21.677617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Highly Selective 5-HT2B Receptor Antagonist MW073 Mitigates Aggressive Behavior in an Alzheimer Disease Mouse Model. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.21.677617v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1.Alzheimers disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder and the leading cause of dementia worldwide. Progressive synaptic and neuronal loss underlies the decline in cognition and daily functioning, often accompanied by behavioral and psychological symptoms. Among these, neuropsychiatric disturbances such as agitation and aggression affect 20-65% of patients and represent a major source of caregiver burden. The serotonin receptor antagonist MW073 has recently emerged as a potential therapeutic candidate, showing efficacy in counteracting A{beta}- and tau-induced synaptic and memory deficits in AD mouse models. Here, we investigated whether MW073 also mitigates aggressive behavior in Tg2576 mice, a widely used AD model that also displays heightened aggressiveness. Our findings demonstrate that MW073 significantly reduced aggressive tendencies in Tg2576 mice, suggesting that serotonergic modulation may represent a promising strategy to address both cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms of AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Acquarone, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staniszewski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watterson, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arancio, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.21.677617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Highly Selective 5-HT2B Receptor Antagonist MW073 Mitigates Aggressive Behavior in an Alzheimer Disease Mouse Model.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.21.677640v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Foxh1 is a locus-specific PRC2 recruiter governing germ layer silencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.21.677640v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) establishes H3K27me3 marks to shape spatiotemporal gene expression during embryogenesis. While its dysregulation is linked to developmental disorders, cancer, and aging, the mechanisms guiding PRC2 to specific genomic loci remain a subject of ongoing debate. A prevailing model proposes that PRC2 recruitment occurs via its intrinsic affinity for chromatin rather than through sequence-specific transcription factors. Here, we provide evidence that the maternally deposited pioneer transcription factor Foxh1 plays a critical role in directing PRC2 to specific genomic loci during zygotic genome activation in Xenopus. Foxh1 is a critical transcription factor mediating Nodal signaling, but it also plays an earlier role by pre-binding enhancers prior to signaling activation. This pre-binding is essential for forming enhanceosome complexes that trigger mesendodermal gene expression and drive gastrulation, in cooperation with other maternal transcription factors. Using maternal Foxh1-null embryos, we demonstrate that Foxh1 directly recruits Ezh2, the catalytic subunit of PRC2, to Foxh1-bound loci. Loss of Foxh1 impairs Ezh2 recruitment, leading to a global reduction in H3K27me3. These findings support a dual-function model in which Foxh1 not only activates endodermal gene expression in endoderm, but also recruits PRC2 to silence the same genes in ectoderm. This dual activity of Foxh1 allows the spatially coordinated epigenetic states of the endodermal gene regulatory program during early embryogenesis.

HighlightsO_LIFoxh1 recruits Ezh2 to deposit H3K27me3 at specific loci in early embryos
C_LIO_LIMaternal Foxh1 loss reduces H3K27me3 and disrupts lineage segregation
C_LIO_LIFoxh1 both activates and represses endoderm genes in a context-specific way
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cho, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendrickson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mar, N. Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blitz, I. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fish, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, K. W. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.21.677640</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Foxh1 is a locus-specific PRC2 recruiter governing germ layer silencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.22.677779v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of Task Similarity and Training Regimes on Cognitive Transfer and Interference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.22.677779v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Learning depends not only on the content of what we learn, but also on how we learn and on how experiences are structured over time. To investigate how task similarity and training regime interact during learning, we trained participants on spatial and conceptual learning tasks that shared either similar or distinct underlying structures, using either interleaved or blocked regimes. Interleaving the two tasks hindered performance when their structures were similar, compared to when they were different. In contrast, blocked training produced the opposite effect: it improved performance and facilitated transfer across similar tasks. This effect, however, emerged only when participants first learned the conceptual task, followed by the spatial task, suggesting an asymmetric interaction between task order and structural similarity. We also replicated our results using a neural network model, providing converging evidence for the computational principles governing the interplay between training regime and structural similarity in multi-task learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Menghi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vigano', S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elnagar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fusi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doeller, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.22.677779</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of Task Similarity and Training Regimes on Cognitive Transfer and Interference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.22.677893v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Establishing a continuum of cell types in the visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.22.677893v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mammalian cerebral cortex is composed of neurons whose properties vary in a continuous fashion rather than falling into discrete cell types. In the mouse visual cortex, excitatory neurons in layer 2 and 3 (L2/3) form such a continuum along cortical depth, patterned by the graded expression of hundreds of genes. Here we sought to understand how this continuum develops and contributes to cortical wiring. Using single-nucleus multiomics (RNA- and ATAC-Seq) and spatial transcriptomics, we show that the L2/3 continuum is established in two phases. During the first postnatal week, a genetically hardwired program establishes a primitive continuum of cell identities spanning the depth of L2/3. The second program, promoted by visual experience, is later superimposed upon the preexisting continuum. This second phase is driven by activity-regulated transcription factors that drive the L2/3 depth-dependent expression of genes linked to synaptic function and plasticity. We show that neurons at different positions along the L2/3 continuum project preferentially to distinct higher visual areas and that visual deprivation disrupts targeting to some higher visual areas while sparing others. Thus, cortical continua emerge through a stepwise process in which genetic programs and sensory experience specify neuronal identity and sculpt intracortical wiring specificity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butrus, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorzek, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirshahidi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tring, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suresh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleishman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ringach, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trachtenberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zipursky, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shekhar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.22.677893</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Establishing a continuum of cell types in the visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.21.677669v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bayesian inference of lineage trees by joint analysis of single-cell multimodal lineage-tracing data with BiLinT 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.21.677669v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The advent of single-cell lineage-tracing technologies has enabled simultaneous measurement of gene expression and lineage barcodes. However, integrating these modalities for high-resolution lineage reconstruction has remained challenging due to limitations of methods that analyze modalities separately. In response, we present BiLinT, a Bayesian framework for reconstructing high-resolution cell lineage trees by jointly modeling single-cell multimodal lineage-tracing data. BiLinT integrates lineage barcode evolution (modeled via a continuous-time Markov chain) and gene expression dynamics (modeled via an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process) within a unified probabilistic model. Applications to synthetic and real datasets demonstrate improved accuracy and reveal developmental fate biases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.21.677669</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bayesian inference of lineage trees by joint analysis of single-cell multimodal lineage-tracing data with BiLinT]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.23.678012v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Dual Assay to Compare Protein Levels and Toxicity of Alpha-Synuclein Variants: Acute Expression of Wild-Type versus S129A 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.23.678012v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons disease (PD) affects over 12 million people worldwide and has the fastest-growing global impact. The pathological hallmark is the presence of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, which are intraneuronal lesions enriched in aggregated alpha-synuclein (S) that is typically hyper-phosphorylated at serine 129. Therefore, lowering phosphoserine 129 (pS129) may be a viable therapeutic strategy to treat PD. However, pS129 has also been proposed to regulate synaptic transmission and S degradation. In both cases, inhibiting pS129 could be detrimental. Here, we developed a sensitive assay in a human neuroblastoma model and utilized it to assess the relative expression levels and cytotoxicity of pS129 by comparing S wild-type (WT) vs. S129A (pS129-deficient). We show that the S129A mutant does not affect the acute expression levels or toxicity of S in a transient transfection paradigm. This provides new insight into the intricate interplay between S, phosphorylation, toxicity, and degradation. Our assay provides a versatile platform for understanding disease-relevant mechanisms and opens novel avenues for the design of future therapeutic interventions in PD and other -synucleinopathies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramalingam, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dettmer, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.23.678012</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Dual Assay to Compare Protein Levels and Toxicity of Alpha-Synuclein Variants: Acute Expression of Wild-Type versus S129A]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.23.678110v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integration of aged brain multi-omics reveals cross-system mechanisms underlying Alzheimer's disease heterogeneity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.23.678110v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The molecular correlates of Alzheimers disease (AD) are increasingly being defined by omics. Yet, the findings from different data types or cohorts are often difficult to reconcile. Collecting multiple omics from the same individuals allows a comprehensive view of disease-related molecular mechanisms, while addressing conflicting findings derived from single omics. Such same-sample multi-omics can reveal, for instance, when changes observed in the transcriptome share distinct but coordinated signals in epigenetics and proteomics, relationships otherwise unclear. Here, we apply a data-driven multi-omic framework to integrate epigenomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic, and cell-type-specific population data from up to 1,358 aged human brain samples from the Religious Orders Study (ROS) and Rush Memory and Aging Project (MAP). We demonstrate the existence of sprawling cross-omics cross-system biological factors that also relate to AD phenotypes. The strongest AD-associated factor (factor 8) involved elevated immune activity at the epigenetic level, decreased expression of heat shock genes in the transcriptome, and disrupted energy metabolism and cytoskeletal dynamics in the proteome. We also showed immune-related factors (factors 2 and 3) with discordant enrichments, reflecting reactive-like glial subpopulations and protective contributions from surveillance microglia. Both were negatively associated with AD pathology, suggesting potential immune resilience mechanisms. Finally, unsupervised clustering of participants revealed eleven molecular subtypes of the aging brain, including three clusters strongly associated with AD but displaying distinct molecular signatures and phenotypic characteristics. Our findings provide a comprehensive map of molecular mechanisms underlying AD heterogeneity, highlighting the complex role of neuroinflammatory processes, and yielding potential novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for precision medicine approaches to AD treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scheidemantel, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Paiva Lopes, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaiteri, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchman, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasaki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raittz, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vialle, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.23.678110</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integration of aged brain multi-omics reveals cross-system mechanisms underlying Alzheimer's disease heterogeneity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.22.677768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Role of tankyrase scaffolding in the β-catenin destruction complex and WNT signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.22.677768v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aberrant WNT/{beta}-catenin signaling drives tumorigenesis and metastasis in cancer. Although enzymatic inhibitors of tankyrase (TNKS) effectively block AXIN degradation and stabilize the {beta}-catenin destruction complex (DC), they have demonstrated limited efficacy in various cancer models. Here we demonstrate that, unexpectedly, the induction of AXIN puncta represents a major barrier to achieving therapeutic efficacy. Mechanistically, catalytic inhibition of TNKS prevents TNKS turnover and drives its accumulation in the DC, wherein the scaffolding function of TNKS induces AXIN puncta formation, rigidifies the DC, and impedes {beta}-catenin turnover. Chemically induced degradation of TNKS overcomes this limitation by stabilizing AXIN without puncta formation, providing a deeper suppression of the WNT/{beta}-catenin pathway activity and the proliferation of colorectal cancer cells harboring dysfunctional APC mutations. Collectively, these findings provide an explanation for the unsatisfactory outcomes of drugging the WNT/{beta}-catenin signaling pathway by TNKS inhibitors and highlight TNKS degradation as a promising approach to treat WNT/{beta}-catenin-driven cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mender, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flusche, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarravarapu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemoff, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lum, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shay, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.22.677768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Role of tankyrase scaffolding in the β-catenin destruction complex and WNT signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.22.677860v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AMICI: Attention Mechanism Interpretation of Cell-cell Interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.22.677860v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial transcriptomic data enable study of cell-cell communication, yet current analysis tools often fail to provide dynamic, interpretable estimates of interactions and their spatial range across tissue. We present AMICI, an interpretable attention framework that jointly estimates interaction length scales, adaptively resolves sender-receiver subpopulations, and links communication to downstream gene programs. AMICI recovers ground-truth interactions in semi-synthetic data, uncovers gene programs linked to cell communication in the mouse cortex, and reveals length-scale-dependent tumor-immune signaling that reinforces estrogen receptor (ER) programs in breast cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nazaret, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ergen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plitas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azizi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.22.677860</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AMICI: Attention Mechanism Interpretation of Cell-cell Interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.19.676842v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Associations between reproduction-focused life strategy, sex and Borderline Personality Disorder symptom expression: Evidence from the NESARC national study. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.19.676842v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionBorderline personality disorder (BPD) features span internalizing and externalizing dimensions of psychopathology, and their expression varies across biological sexes. Despite substantial research efforts, major gaps remain in our understanding of this heterogeneity, particularly regarding its developmental underpinnings. Life history theory, a leading framework in evolutionary developmental biology, can help make sense of this heterogeneity.

MethodsIn a large nationally representative prospective survey (n = 34 653), the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), we used Multi-group MIMIC models to investigate whether and how the degree to which individuals trade off somatic maintenance against short-term reproductive goals relates to severity of BPD at a general and a single symptom level, and whether these associations differ between men and women in the general adult population.

ResultsMen and women prioritizing short-term reproductive goals over somatic maintenance were more likely to endorse each of the 9 DSM-IV BPD symptoms through higher BPD severity, and were more likely to express impulsivity (b=0.11; SE, 0.018; p<.001) and suicidal/self-mutilation behavior (b =0.24; SE, 0.026; p< .001) and less likely to endorse stress-related paranoid ideation (b=-0.066; SE, 0.023; p=.004). Finally, females with a reproduction-oriented life history strategy were more likely to endorse affective instability than males (Females: b=0.12; SE, 0.025; p<.001; Males: b=-0.015; SE, 0.044; p=0.73).

ConclusionsAn evolutionary-developmental framework, rooted in human life history theory can help make sense of the heterogeneous manifestations of BPD. Our work also opens the door for future research on the interplay of the reproduction/maintenance trade-off with other genetic and environmental factors and developmental processes in explaining the occurrence of BPD symptoms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baptista, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farkas, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoertel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olfson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Speranza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacquet, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.19.676842</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Associations between reproduction-focused life strategy, sex and Borderline Personality Disorder symptom expression: Evidence from the NESARC national study.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.22.677881v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Domain-Invariant Feature Learning for Patient-Level Phenotype Prediction from Single-Cell Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.22.677881v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate prediction of patient-level disease status from single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data is critical to enabling precision diagnostics. However, study-specific artifacts induce spurious correlations that limit generalization and interpretability. We studied this problem in the context of Multiple Instance Learning (MIL), a framework where each patient is modeled as a set of single-cell profiles. To improve robustness to domain shifts, we propose an adversarial and metric-based approach that learns domain-invariant representations while preserving task-relevant biological variation. We benchmarked our method on a systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) dataset with synthetically added spurious features and evaluated its performance on two real-world scRNA-seq atlases: a cross-tissue immune dataset and a COVID-19 severity atlas. Across all settings, we observed consistent improvements in out-of-domain accuracy and more biologically faithful model attributions. Our findings establish a new standard for robust, interpretable patient-level prediction under domain shifts using scRNA-seq.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zweig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azizi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.22.677881</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Domain-Invariant Feature Learning for Patient-Level Phenotype Prediction from Single-Cell Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.24.678200v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predictive gaze orienting during navigation in virtual reality 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.24.678200v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural vision is an active, predictive process guided by expectations about when and where information will appear. Yet how gaze is shaped in dynamic, multisensory environments remains poorly understood. Using immersive virtual reality with eye-tracking, we examined oculomotor behavior during naturalistic navigation. Participants cycled through a virtual city while avatar cyclists, first heard as overtaking them from behind via spatialized auditory cues, later became visible as they passed. Auditory cues triggered anticipatory gaze shifts to expected locations, indicating that eye movements were guided by auditory predictions rather than reactive visual responses. Violations of auditory-spatial expectations elicited longer fixations. Critically, removing auditory cues impaired predictive gaze orienting, delayed gaze orienting and increased collisions with obstacles. These findings demonstrate that auditory input fundamentally shapes predictive models guiding visual exploration and adaptive behavior in dynamic environments, underscoring the multisensory basis of active perception in real-world interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>KONDYLI, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leszczynski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.24.678200</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predictive gaze orienting during navigation in virtual reality]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.24.678397v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping disease critical spatially variable gene programs by integrating spatial transcriptomics with human genetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.24.678397v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial gene expression patterns underlie tissue organization, development, and disease, yet current methods for detecting spatially variable genes (SVGs) lack the flexibility to capture multi-scale structure, ensure robustness across platforms, and integrate with genetic data to assess disease relevance. We present Spacelink, a unified framework that models spatial variability of a gene at both whole-tissue and cell-type resolution using an adaptive mixture of data-driven spatial kernels and summarizes it using an Effective Spatial Variability (ESV) metric. Spacelink achieved up to 3.2x higher detection power over eight existing global SVG and cell-type SVG methods while showing consistently superior FDR control across 34 different simulation settings and also showed superior cross-platform concordance in matched tissue Visium and CosMx datasets. Applied to 3 healthy CosMx human tissues (brain cortex, lymph node, liver), Spacelink revealed that SVGs are highly informative for 113 complex traits and diseases (average N = 340,406). Spacelink showed up to 2.2x higher disease informativeness over competing methods in tissue-relevant complex diseases and traits, conditional on putative non-spatial expression-level confounders. Applied to a mouse organogenesis Stereo-seq atlas (8 developmental stages), Spacelink identified 145 genes with stage-associated ESV within brain independent of mean expression, that are enriched in pathways like Wnt signaling and Rap1 signaling characterizing early and late development, respectively. Integration with in vivo Perturb-seq targeting 35 de novo ASD risk genes revealed that perturbations in excitatory neurons and astrocytes preferentially altered spatially structured downstream gene programs (1.7- 2.2x higher average ESV across stages than other cell types), many of which were enriched for polygenic autism GWAS loci. In neurodegeneration, analysis of 32 Visium dorsolateral prefrontal cortex samples spanning Alzheimers disease (AD) pathology stages identified 334 genes with decreasing ESV along amyloid burden (enriched for glycolysis) and 216 genes with decreasing ESV along tau tangle accumulation (enriched for apoptotic pathways). Several AD risk genes (PKM, CLU, GPI) showed conserved reductions in spatial variability with AD pathology in both human and 5xFAD mouse, with PKM linking to a colocalized splicing QTL and amyloid burden QTL variant. These results highlight the utility of Spacelink in decoding spatially variable gene programs that connect tissue architecture to disease genetics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karaahmet, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulrich-Klein, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taga, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinello, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazumder, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dey, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.24.678397</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping disease critical spatially variable gene programs by integrating spatial transcriptomics with human genetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.25.678592v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A neural network model of free recall learns multiple memory strategies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.25.678592v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans exhibit structured patterns of memory recall, including a tendency to recall more recent information and to recall events in the same order they were experienced. Classic computational models explain these patterns by positing that memories incorporate the ongoing "temporal context", formed by smoothly integrating the stimulus history. However, it is unclear whether a single mechanism can account for the full repertoire of human memory strategies, as the optimal approach may be task-dependent. For example, human memory experts widely apply the "memory palace" strategy, which is empirically better but not captured by temporal context models. Here we show that neural networks optimized for free recall develop diverse retrieval strategies, with only some of them resembling temporal context models. The best-performing models discovered a stimulus-invariant index code that emphasizes the studied position of each list item, instead of its temporal context. This creates a stable scaffold for forward recall akin to the memory palace technique. This index code was more likely to emerge when networks were i) encouraged to recall all studied items rather than prioritizing a few items, and ii) prevented from relying on recency, resonating with human data. Our findings demonstrate that human-like recall patterns can arise from multiple distinct computational mechanisms, and that sequential retrieval using item index is an optimal strategy that explains expert-level recall performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattar, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.25.678592</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A neural network model of free recall learns multiple memory strategies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.24.677381v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integration of Multiomic and Multi-phenotypic Data Identifies Biological Pathways Associated with Physical Fitness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.24.677381v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Unraveling the complex associations between human phenotypes and molecular pathways can pave the way to improved health and performance, but faces a fundamental challenge: the measurable genes, proteins, and metabolites vastly outnumber the participants in even the largest studies, yielding spurious correlations. To address this imbalance, we have developed a bioinformatic framework and computational approach ("PhenoMol") to discover biological drivers of phenotypic characteristics that integrates all available phenotypic data predictive of outcomes and reduces multi-omic data dimensionality by generating "expression circuits" via graph theory constrained by prior biological knowledge of molecular interactions. We applied PhenoMol to analyze causal patterns and predict elite physical performance in a healthy cohort with deep physiological, physical, behavioral, cognitive, and molecular characterization. PhenoMol outperforms regression models based on equivalent analytic methodologies that do not employ network biology for dimensionality reduction. The PhenoMol software is provided for future studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alizadeh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graf, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misner, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginty, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donovan, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wickiser, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barringer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freisinger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermansen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonough, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loghin, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surrette, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boomhower, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenigk, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammond, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caron, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safa, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chadwick, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stacey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jobin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khinda, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chhabra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huynh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraenkel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marinelli, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.24.677381</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integration of Multiomic and Multi-phenotypic Data Identifies Biological Pathways Associated with Physical Fitness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.24.677899v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convection-enhanced delivery of dexamethasone in glioma suppresses myeloid inflammation while avoiding systemic toxicities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.24.677899v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dexamethasone is widely used to control cerebral edema and inflammation in glioblastoma, but its benefits are limited by systemic toxicities and adverse prognostic associations. We evaluated local administration via convection-enhanced delivery (CED) to maximize intratumoral anti-inflammatory effects by increasing local corticosteroid exposure while minimizing systemic exposure. In a syngeneic glioma mouse model, continuous intraparenchymal infusion of dexamethasone was well tolerated and associated with a modest but significant survival benefit versus vehicle. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) and immunohistochemistry showed attenuation of glioma-associated inflammation with downregulation of reactive microglial/macrophage programs and reduced tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells with a morphology consistent with a less activated state. Experiments in human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived microglia confirmed that dexamethasone directly suppresses inflammatory gene expression, indicating a conserved mechanism across species. Pharmacokinetic analyses supported preferential intratumoral distribution and reduced systemic exposure with CED compared with systemic dosing. These findings suggest that localized dexamethasone delivered by CED reprograms the glioma immune microenvironment and achieves steroid-sparing control of inflammation without the systemic adverse effects associated with standard therapy. This clinically translatable strategy may improve symptom management and provide a platform for integrating local immunomodulation with future glioblastoma therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rolfe, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadario, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teasley, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chabot, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ifediora, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winans, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khoury, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furnari, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotidis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stucke, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urena, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhyayula, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Argenziano, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sperring, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brand, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viswanathan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humala, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sims, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gill, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canoll, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruce, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.24.677899</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convection-enhanced delivery of dexamethasone in glioma suppresses myeloid inflammation while avoiding systemic toxicities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.25.678633v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complex Assembly and Activity States as Multifaceted Protein Attributes Explaining Phenotypic Variability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.25.678633v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell function studies primarily focus on measuring overall molecular abundances while often overlooking critical clues--including protein modifications and molecular interaction networks--that critically determine the functional properties of the cell. In prior work, we introduced a suite of methods to reveal context-specific transcription factor-gene regulatory networks, kinase-substrate networks, and protein interaction networks and leveraged them to gain deeper insights into transcriptional regulation and signal transduction. However, the complex interdependencies between these networks are still elusive. To address this challenge, we introduce a multi-omics framework, aimed at harnessing measured or inferred protein activity in context-specific networks, which yields deeper functional insights into mechanisms underlying molecular phenotypes, compared to protein abundance alone. As proof of concept, we utilized progressively differentiated instances of HeLa CCL2 and Kyoto cell lines to explore the role of protein complexes and interactions in cell doubling time and susceptibility to Salmonella Typhimurium infection. Notably, this analysis underscores the pivotal role of protein interaction networks in linking molecular profiles to phenotypic outcomes, thus providing a highly generalizable framework for multi-omics dataset analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosenberger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bludau, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martelli, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aebersold, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.25.678633</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complex Assembly and Activity States as Multifaceted Protein Attributes Explaining Phenotypic Variability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.24.678174v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Low-dimensional Manifold Representation of the Human Brain Aging Continuum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.24.678174v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain aging involves complex structural changes that challenge traditional analytical methods and hinder personalized assessment of brain health. Integrating regional brain alterations into a unified, interpretable representation is difficult due to the high dimensionality of neuroimaging data. Here, we projected regional brain volumes from the Human Connectome Project Aging Dataset onto a low-dimensional manifold that reflects underlying neuroanatomical constraints. We then built a transparent framework on the manifold to estimate brain age and identify key regional drivers of the estimate. By analyzing local neighborhoods on the manifold, we identified distinct structural aging trajectories, including pronounced frontal atrophy occurring predominantly in males. This approach provides a biologically interpretable means of characterizing individual brain-aging patterns, reveals heterogeneous aging pathways, and supports more personalized assessments and insights into the aging process.

TeaserA manifold representation can map brain aging patterns across regions and reveal distinct trajectories
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szczepanski, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rusinek, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.24.678174</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Low-dimensional Manifold Representation of the Human Brain Aging Continuum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.25.678277v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutation bias in driver genes reveals the distribution of effects of oncogenic mutations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.25.678277v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although many cancer driver genes have been identified, the full set of mutations within these genes that can promote tumorigenesis remains unknown. The contribution of a mutation depends on both its probability of occurrence and the selective advantage it confers. Here, we introduce a metric that quantifies how selection biases the spectrum of observed mutations in driver genes, and use it to develop a method estimating the number of driver mutations and their effect distribution at individual genes. Applying this framework to large cancer cohorts, we find that in most oncogenes, nearly all driver mutations have already been observed, whereas in most tumor-suppressor genes, the majority remain undiscovered. These results reveal fundamental differences in how mutation and selection shape mutational patterns across gene classes and provide a framework for interpreting newly detected variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stolyarova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazykin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.25.678277</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutation bias in driver genes reveals the distribution of effects of oncogenic mutations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.26.678870v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local thalamic interneurons drive spindle termination and enable sleep-dependent learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.26.678870v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The thalamus is central to fundamental brain functions including sensation, attention, and sleep through the precise generation and regulation of neuronal ensemble oscillatory activity. Sensory thalamic circuits are considered feedforward structures, lacking lateral connectivity, while recurrence in the network is mediated by interactions with inhibitory neurons of the thalamic reticular nucleus. Here, we define previously uncharacterized functional roles of local thalamic interneurons, a component of the sensory thalamus whose function has remained unexplored. We demonstrate that local interneuron activation induces rebound oscillations in thalamocortical relay neurons ex vivo and neocortical spindles in vivo, while their inhibition increases spindle occurrence, overall spindle duration and impairs sensory learning. Our findings reveal that local thalamic interneurons have shared and complementary functions to those of thalamic reticular neurons and are required for proper spindle formation and sleep-dependent learning. Together, this work establishes an important neural substrate of thalamocortical circuit function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Simko, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sung, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makinson, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.26.678870</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local thalamic interneurons drive spindle termination and enable sleep-dependent learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.25.678693v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ONC206 demonstrates potent anti-tumorigenic activity and is a potential novel therapeutic strategy for high-risk medulloblastoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.25.678693v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMedulloblastoma is the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor, and has an urgent need for novel treatment approaches. Dordaviprone (ONC201) and its chemical derivative with nanomolar potency, ONC206, induce apoptosis of cancer cells by activation of the mitochondrial caseinolytic protease P (ClpP). ONC206 is currently in Phase I clinical trials for pediatric patients with primary brain tumors.

MethodsIn this study, we evaluated the preclinical therapeutic effects of ONC206 in medulloblastoma and investigated its mechanism of action.

ResultsWe found evidence for high expression of ClpP at both the RNA and protein level in medulloblastoma tumors, compared to very low expression in normal brain tissue. In addition, we saw a pronounced reduction in cell viability of human Group 3 and Group 4 and murine SHH-driven and Group 3 medulloblastoma cells treated with ONC206 with low IC-50s. After treatment with ONC206, we observed an induction of integrated stress response and mitochondrial damage. To test the efficacy of ONC206 in vivo, we used murine models of SHH-driven and Group 3 medulloblastoma as well as Group 3 and Group 4 patient-derived xenografts (PDXs). ONC206 led to a significant prolongation of survival in both murine models, with the SHH mice demonstrating survival extension from 70 to 140 days. PDX-bearing mice also responded to ONC206, which led to a significant survival benefit.

ConclusionOur results highlight ONC206 as a novel therapeutic option for patients with high-risk medulloblastoma and provide strong rationale for testing the efficacy of ONC206 in the treatment of these patients.

Key points (2-3)ONC206 potently kills medulloblastoma cells by inducing integrated stress response and mitochondrial damage.

ONC206 prolongs survival of medulloblastoma-bearing mice in both murine and patient-derived xenograft models.

Importance of studyThere is an unmet need for better therapies for high-risk medulloblastoma patients. ONC201 has shown promising responses and recently received FDA approval for diffuse midline glioma. ONC206 is a chemical derivative with higher potency and better brain penetrance. In this study, we analyzed the therapeutic potential of ONC206 for high-risk medulloblastoma and found that the drug effectively killed mouse and human medulloblastoma cells with high nanomolar potency. We also saw that ONC206 very significantly prolonged survival of medulloblastoma-bearing mice, both in genetically engineered mouse models and patient-derived xenografts. Our study provides a strong rationale for testing the efficacy of ONC206 in the treatment of patients with medulloblastoma and has set the stage for a clinical trial with this agent in pediatric patients with recurrent malignant brain tumors, including medulloblastoma (NCT04732065).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tzaridis, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chien, F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malhotra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershon, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velazquez Vega, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schniederjan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sposito, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prabhu, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wechsler-Reya, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacDonald, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.25.678693</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ONC206 demonstrates potent anti-tumorigenic activity and is a potential novel therapeutic strategy for high-risk medulloblastoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.29.679340v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural Studies of Nedicistrovirus IRES-Driven, Initiation Factor-independent Translation Shed Light on Key Steps of Eukaryotic Translation Elongation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.29.679340v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We utilized the Nedicistrovirus (NediV) intergenic region (IGR) IRES-mediated, initiation factor-independent translation initiation system and determined high-resolution structures of 80S ribosome complexes with the NediV IRES in various functional states, including binary complexes, aminoacyl-tRNA-bound complexes, and complexes with elongation factor eEF2. In binary complexes, the NediV IRES primarily occupies the ribosomal P site, exhibiting conformational flexibility and engaging the ribosome at multiple interaction sites. Upon translocation, the IRES undergoes structural rearrangements, including destabilization of its PKI domain, facilitating the transition to canonical elongation. Crucially, we captured an eEF2-bound complex, along with an eEF1A-bound post-proofreading complex featuring a mismatched tRNA, the latter representing the first instance of a canonical elongation complex visualized in the presence of a natural, hydrolysable nucleotide and without the addition of any trapping agents. These findings provide a comprehensive structural overview of IGR IRES-mediated translation initiation and its transition to elongation, revealing key mechanistic details of viral translation and proofreading.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>De, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altomare, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abaeva, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadhwal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garg, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acosta-Reyes, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, Z. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pestova, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hellen, C. U. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.29.679340</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural Studies of Nedicistrovirus IRES-Driven, Initiation Factor-independent Translation Shed Light on Key Steps of Eukaryotic Translation Elongation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.29.678849v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain Region-Specific Epigenomic Reorganization and Altered Cell States in Alzheimer's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.29.678849v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying its region- and cell-type-specific pathogenesis remain poorly defined. Here, we generated a large-scale, single-cell multi-omic atlas--integrating DNA methylation and 3D genome architecture--from postmortem brain tissue of matched AD patients and cognitively normal controls. Samples were collected from three brain regions with distinct vulnerability to AD pathology: the temporal cortex (TC), primary visual cortex (VC), and prefrontal cortex (PFC). Our dataset comprises over 230,000 individual cells, spanning major neuronal and glial populations, and provides a high-resolution view of multi-layer epigenomic regulation. We identified widespread AD-associated DNA methylation changes and marked reorganization of 3D genome structure, including alterations in A/B compartments, topologically associating domains (TADs), and chromatin loops. These changes are strongly region-specific: TC displays pronounced hypermethylation, transcriptional downregulation, and elevated boundary density, whereas VC shows opposing trends and PFC an intermediate profile. We further uncovered previously unrecognized AD-associated glial and neuronal states defined by coordinated epigenomic dysregulation and recurrent genomic deletions, particularly near telomeric regions. This region-resolved, single-cell multi-omic atlas reveals divergent epigenomic trajectories across brain regions and cell types in AD, offering new mechanistic insights and a framework for targeted therapeutic strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berube, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castanon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komandur, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nery, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barragan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenworthy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valadon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altshul, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrella, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acerbo, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soma, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liem, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marrin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zemke, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oakley, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyman, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ecker, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.29.678849</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain Region-Specific Epigenomic Reorganization and Altered Cell States in Alzheimer's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.29.679208v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rare centenarian SIRT6 coding variants elevate SIRT6 protein levels and resist cellular senescence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.29.679208v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Centenarians provide valuable insights into the biological mechanisms underlying human longevity and potential gerotherapeutic targets. We previously identified two linked missense variants in SIRT6 that are enriched in Ashkenazi Jewish centenarians. To investigate their functional impact in physiologically relevant cellular contexts, we generated human embryonic stem cells carrying these variants through precise genomic knock-in and differentiated them into somatic lineages. Functional characterization revealed that the centenarian variants endogenously elevated SIRT6 protein levels through weakened interaction with vimentin, and altered SIRT6 enzymatic activities including enhanced mono-ADP-ribosyl transferase activity and reduced deacetylase activity. These variants delayed replicative and progerin-induced cellular senescence, preserving genome stability through maintenance of DNA repair pathways and suppression of transposable element derepression. Moreover, pharmacologically mimicking the centenarian variants using SIRT6 activator Fucoidan-FV partially ameliorated premature aging-associated molecular defects in progeria fibroblasts. Together, our findings demonstrate that rare centenarian variants exert multifaceted effects on SIRT6 and enhance cellular resilience, providing insights for developing geroprotective therapies informed by genetic discoveries in exceptionally long-lived individuals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suh, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.29.679208</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rare centenarian SIRT6 coding variants elevate SIRT6 protein levels and resist cellular senescence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.29.679215v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic CRISPR Screening of 9p21.3 Non-Coding Regions identifies Cis-Regulatory Elements of P16INK4a and P15INK4b Controlling Cellular Senescence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.29.679215v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular senescence is a hallmark of aging and a promising target for extending human healthspan. Senescence is often accompanied by upregulation of the key senescence marker gene CDKN2A, yet the mechanism underlying its transcriptional activation remains unclear due to complex cis-regulations within the 9p21.3 locus. Here, we performed complementary CRISPR activation and interference screens in human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) to systematically map non-coding cis-regulatory elements (CREs) at this locus that epigenetically regulate senescence. This approach revealed senescence-regulating CREs (SenReg-CREs) that bidirectionally modulate senescence through P16INK4a and P15INK4b. Notably, we identified a primate-specific short interspersed nuclear element (SINE) MIR3 embedded within the most potent distal SenReg-CRE. Deletion of this SINE:MIR3 accelerated senescence, revealing its potential insulator function in restraining CDKN2A/CDKN2B activation. Collectively, these findings reveal novel mechanisms underlying senescence-associated transcriptional activation of CDKN2A/CDKN2B and demonstrate that senescence is malleable through manipulation of regulatory element activity, highlighting the potential of epigenetically targeting these SenReg-CREs for senomorphic interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suh, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.29.679215</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic CRISPR Screening of 9p21.3 Non-Coding Regions identifies Cis-Regulatory Elements of P16INK4a and P15INK4b Controlling Cellular Senescence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.29.679390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-Neuron Encoding of Learnability in the Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.29.679390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In natural environments, associations that indicate true learnable regularities are intermixed with those that arise from random and ultimately unlearnable relationships between events. To efficiently allocate cognitive resources and avoid inferring spurious patterns, organisms must distinguish learnable from unlearnable associations, but the mechanisms underlying this ability are not understood. We recently showed that monkeys performing a transitive inference task, while discovering the true hidden order in learnable image sets, also behaved to varying degrees as if they inferred subjective order in objectively random (unlearnable) image sets. Here, we show that the ability to detect learnability is encoded by neurons in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC, area 24c). dACC neurons responded strongly after a decision outcome as reported in previous studies and, additionally, signaled whether a trial was from a learnable vs unlearnable set before outcome delivery, and showed interactions whereby their selectivity for the outcome (reward vs lack of reward) was stronger for learnable versus unlearnable sets. Learnability and interaction responses were independent of sensory or reward cues (which were equated for learnable and unlearnable sets) but their strength correlated with the monkeys ability to avoid inferring false order in unlearnable sets. The findings suggest that the dACC is part of a network that monitors learnability and enables animals to appropriately focus learning on true patterns while avoiding false inferences about spurious and random associations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrera, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottlieb, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.29.679390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-Neuron Encoding of Learnability in the Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.29.679212v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Benchmarking generative AI tools for literature retrieval and summarization in genomic variant interpretation. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.29.679212v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundGenerative AI is increasingly used to extract structured information across domains, but its reliability in academic and clinical research, where precision and accuracy are essential, remains largely unexplored. This study evaluates the ability of Large Language Models (LLMs)-based algorithms to generate accurate, literature-based summaries of human genomic variants, with a focus on real-world usability.

ResultsWe benchmarked five open-access generative AI platforms--ChatGPT, MistralAI, VarChat, Perplexity, and ScholarAI--across 40 curated variants equally divided between somatic and germline settings. For each variant, summary reports were generated and blindly evaluated by domain experts using five defined metrics. VarChat emerged as the top-ranked tool, showing the highest summarization accuracy, citation relevance, and robustness against hallucinations. Gpt-4o consistently ranked second, showing particularly stable robustness in conditions where the literature was scarce. Perplexity and ScholarAI, despite being literature-focused, ranked lowest across most metrics. Tool performance was strongly influenced by the availability of peer-reviewed literature, confirming that current generative models remain sensitive to data scarcity.

ConclusionsOur findings highlight the heterogeneity of current generative AI tools in genomic variant interpretation workflows. While some platforms already provide useful outputs, reliable integration into basic and clinical research requires expert validation and domain-related fine-tuning. This work provides for the first time a curated benchmark for assessing LLM-generated content in variant genomics and underscores the need for caution when using these tools to support variant interpretation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gazzo, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berardelli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biancospino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuollo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dei Zotti, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferraro, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tartarotti, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magni, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.29.679212</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Benchmarking generative AI tools for literature retrieval and summarization in genomic variant interpretation.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.29.679292v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vaccine Elicitation of HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies Against Both V2 Apex and Fusion Peptide in Rhesus Macaques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.29.679292v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Broadly neutralizing antibodies targeting multiple sites of HIV-1 Env vulnerability can be induced by infection, but simultaneous elicitation of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against multiple epitopes has not yet been achieved by vaccination. In this study, we designed a dual-epitope vaccine targeting both fusion peptide (FP) and V2 apex and evaluated its capacity to induce NAbs against both epitopes in rhesus macaques. This vaccine combined an FP conjugate with a cocktail of engineered Env trimers with enhanced V2 apex recognition and increased antigen retention in lymph nodes. Immunization of macaques with the dual-epitope vaccine elicited >1000-fold higher autologous tier 2-neutralization titers than the wildtype Env trimer and enhanced heterologous NAb breadth. Both FP and V2-apex monoclonal antibodies (mAb) were isolated from immunized macaques and showed heterologous neutralization with genetic and structural signatures that were similar to well-characterized FP and V2 apex bNAbs, although the V2 apex mAbs showed incomplete maturation. These results demonstrate proof-of-concept for simultaneous vaccine elicitation of NAbs against multiple sites of Env vulnerability, which will likely be critical for an effective HIV-1 vaccine.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIDesigned a dual-epitope vaccine targeting both fusion peptide (FP) and V2 apex
C_LIO_LIV2-SET Env trimer conferred higher binding of V2 apex bNAbs, longer retention in draining lymph nodes, and >1000-fold higher induction of autologous neutralization titers compared with wildtype Env trimer
C_LIO_LIDual-epitope vaccine enhanced serum tier 2 neutralization breadth
C_LIO_LIDual-epitope vaccine elicited FP- and V2 apex-specific neutralizing mAbs with genetic signatures similar to well-characterized FP and V2 apex bNAbs
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nkolola, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhari, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teng, I.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavine, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parchment, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sellers, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Dell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, A. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasrado, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biju, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carson, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morano, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mughal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roark, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schramm, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsybovsky, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Wazer, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutten, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langedijk, J. P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douek, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koup, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mascola, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doria-Rose, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korber, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seaman, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>P</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.29.679292</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vaccine Elicitation of HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies Against Both V2 Apex and Fusion Peptide in Rhesus Macaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.30.679624v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interferon Restores Antigen Presentation and Sensitizes Medulloblastoma to T Cell Killing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.30.679624v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Medulloblastomas are commonly considered immunologically cold and refractory to immunotherapy. One contributing factor to their low immunogenicity is impaired antigen presentation, which allows tumor cells to escape from cytotoxic T cells. Here we use a syngeneic mouse model of medulloblastoma to study the role of CD8+ T cells in medulloblastoma growth. We demonstrate that despite low expression of MHC Class I on tumor cells, depletion of CD8+ T cells accelerates tumor growth, whereas adoptive transfer of tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells prolongs survival. These anti-tumor effects rely on T cells secreting interferon gamma (IFN{gamma}), which induces MHC class I on tumor cells and facilitates tumor cell killing by T cells. Notably, this response is essential for CD8+ T cell-mediated tumor attack, as blocking IFN{gamma} signaling in vivo abrogates MHC class I induction and eliminates the beneficial effect of T cells. Importantly, delivering IFN{gamma} directly into tumors via convection-enhanced delivery (CED) enhances CD8+ T cell-mediated killing of tumor cells and significantly prolongs survival in tumor-bearing mice. These studies highlight the importance of T cells in controlling brain tumor growth and the value of IFN{gamma} as an adjuvant for T cell-based immunotherapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eisemann, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masihi, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzaridis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pister, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youm, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chambers, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wenzel, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pomeroy, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesirov, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraenkel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagchi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wechsler-Reya, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.30.679624</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interferon Restores Antigen Presentation and Sensitizes Medulloblastoma to T Cell Killing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.30.679638v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transfer of graded information through gated receptivity to widely broadcast signals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.30.679638v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Making accurate decisions requires the brain to maintain evolving representations of the evidence supporting different possible choices. The population of neurons that maintains this evolving representation may change over the course of the decision-making process. Such changes may result from a switch in the set of neurons representing the relevant behavioral output or a switch in the set of neurons receiving task-relevant information. Recent work has shown how intervening actions like eye movements or navigation to a new location can shift the set of neurons that encode subsequent inputs and outputs. Here, we present a computational model of how analog-valued information that supports an evolving decision can be flexibly transferred between populations of neurons without changing the synaptic connectivity of the underlying network. This is accomplished through a dynamic gating mechanism in which information is widely broadcast throughout a network, but only those neurons receiving a gating signal are receptive to this information. Using this framework, we provide a mechanistic explanation for recent experimental results in which information supporting an evolving decision was shown to be transferred between different populations of parietal cortex neurons during intervening smooth pursuit and saccadic eye movements. This mechanism enables organisms to maintain a continuous decision process despite changing frames of reference, offering a potentially general framework for cognitive continuity in dynamic environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brown, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>So, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadlen, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.30.679638</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transfer of graded information through gated receptivity to widely broadcast signals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.01.679848v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Age-Related Decline in NCKX4-Mediated Calcium Clearance Accelerates Aortic Remodeling and Drives Early Vascular Aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.01.679848v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging is the primary nonmodifiable risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), with older women facing a greater risk of CVDs than age-matched men. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) dysfunction and impaired calcium (Ca2+) handling are recognized as central contributors to arterial stiffening and calcification. However, the molecular and functional determinants of Ca2+ clearance in vascular aging remains a topic of ongoing research. We identify the (Na+)-sodium/Ca2+-calcium (K+)-potassium-dependent exchanger 4 (NCKX4) as a critical functional regulator of VSMCs Ca{superscript 2} clearance and vascular integrity. We demonstrate that NCKX4 (coded by Slc24A4) expression is markedly reduced in aorta of aged (72-78 weeks) mice, with a pronounced decline in females. Functional assays revealed impaired Ca2+ clearance in both aged and Nckx4-/- VSMCs, which was accompanied by increased calcification. Histomorphometric analyses of young Nckx4-/- mice revealed fragmentation of elastic fibers, collagen accumulation, wall thickening, and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, all hallmarks of vascular aging that closely resembled those of aged wild-type mice. Transcriptomic profiling of VSMCs showed that loss of NCKX4 alters pathways linked to Ca2+-integrin signaling, ECM turnover, and mineralization, including dysregulation of protective anchorage integrins, microfibril-stabilizing, osteogenic drivers and pro-fibrotic integrins. These findings support a model in which impaired Ca2+ clearance promotes maladaptive inside-out integrin signaling, disrupting VSMCs anchorage, ECM homeostasis, and mineralization processes. Collectively, our results establish NCKX4 as a previously unrecognized determinant of vascular aging, whose decline accelerates premature arterial remodeling and calcification. This study positions NCKX4 as a potential mechanistic link between age, sex-dependent vulnerability, and vascular stiffening, with implications for novel therapeutic strategies targeting Ca2+ handling in CVDs prevention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bomfim, G. H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asam, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitaishvili, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguiar, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zorn, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramasamy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aouizerat, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacruz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.01.679848</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Age-Related Decline in NCKX4-Mediated Calcium Clearance Accelerates Aortic Remodeling and Drives Early Vascular Aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.01.679862v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A conserved logic for the development of cortical layering in tetrapods 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.01.679862v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolutionary origin of the cerebral cortex, a brain region typically defined by the presence of neuronal layers, remains elusive. While mammals and reptiles have a layered cortex, the amphibian pallium (dorsal telencephalon) is considered unlayered. Here, we identify distinct superficial- and deep-layer neurons in the salamander pallium. Like in mammals, these layers develop sequentially from multipotent radial glia and intermediate progenitor cells. Using lineage tracing and scRNA-seq, we reveal conserved principles of cortical development, including the temporal patterning of radial glia and the association of neuronal birthdate, molecular identity, and projection type. Our findings indicate that the mammalian cortex evolved from this ancestral developmental template through the inversion of the corticogenesis gradient, from outside-in to inside-out, and the diversification of neuronal differentiation programs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deryckere, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhary, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Limperis, L. K. V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Affatato, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woych, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gumnit, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortega Gurrola, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satija, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tosches, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.01.679862</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A conserved logic for the development of cortical layering in tetrapods]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.02.676593v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Suppressing cortical glutamatergic neurons produces paradoxical interictal discharges and seizures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.02.676593v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionSeizures are traditionally attributed to excessive excitation or deficient inhibition, yet recent clinical and slice data show they can also paradoxically arise when inhibition outweighs excitation. We chemogenetically suppressed neocortical glutamatergic neurons to test whether such suppression elicits epileptic activity in vivo.

MethodsCaMKII-driven Gi-coupled hM4Di or Gq-coupled hM3Dq Designer Receptor Exclusively Activated by Designer Drug (DREADDs) were expressed in cortical glutamatergic neurons of Rasgrf2-jGCaMP8m and wildtype C57BL/6J mice. Widefield calcium imaging and 32-channel transparent electrocorticography were performed before and after systemic clozapine-N-oxide (CNO; 1.25-5 mg kg {superscript 1}).

ResultsDREADD activation induced intermittent, large-amplitude, synchronized calcium transients confined to the CaMKII-hM4Di focus, accompanied by focal ECoG spikes that persisted for >3 h and sometimes evolved into seizures. By contrast, CNO activation of excitatory neurons via CaMKII-hM3Dq DREADDs desynchronized activity without epileptiform discharges. The same process duplicated in wild-type animals provoked similar epileptiform discharges.

ConclusionSelective suppression of excitation can paradoxically drive cortical networks into hypersynchronous, epileptic states, challenging the simple excess-excitation model of ictogenesis. These findings highlight that seizures may result from relative inhibitory dominance, and that considering this  excess inhibition mechanism could inspire new therapeutic approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gill, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schevon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liou, J.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.02.676593</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Suppressing cortical glutamatergic neurons produces paradoxical interictal discharges and seizures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.30.679646v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Retinoic acid production via the ray-finned fish gene beta-carotene oxygenase 1-like is essential for juvenile development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.30.679646v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In vertebrates, vitamin A (VA) is crucial for development, tissue homeostasis, vision, and immunity. Retinal, a form of VA, is produced via enzymatic cleavage of {beta}-carotene by beta-carotene oxygenase 1 (bco1) and bco1-like (bco1l). While bco1 is found across vertebrate taxa, bco1l is a paralog of bco1 that we discover to have evolved in the ray-finned fishes, the most abundant, speciose, and commercially important group of fishes. We investigated the function of bco1l in ray-finned Siamese fighting fish, commonly known as betta, an emerging model for genetics and development. Using CRISPR-Cas9 knockouts, we find that lack of bco1l results in reduced VA and elevated {beta}-carotene in larvae, starting when animals have exhausted their yolk supply of retinal, followed by stunted growth and death during juvenile development. Exogenous retinoic acid rescues the mutation, demonstrating its deficiency causes these defects. bco1l is 4x more abundant than bco1 in the intestine. This, coupled with the inability of bco1 to sustain VA production in the bco1l mutant, indicates that bco1l is the primary enzyme for dietary carotenoid conversion into retinal. Our results show that VA production by bco1l is required for post-embryonic development, and that bco1l became essential after evolving via duplication of bco1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krupa, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villamayor, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandara, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmiotti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Lintig, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bendesky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.30.679646</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Retinoic acid production via the ray-finned fish gene beta-carotene oxygenase 1-like is essential for juvenile development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.02.680008v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanical coordination between anaphase A and B drives asymmetric chromosome segregation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.02.680008v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromosome segregation during anaphase occurs through two mechanistically distinct processes: anaphase A, in which chromosomes move toward spindle poles, and anaphase B, in which the anaphase spindle elongates through cortical astral microtubule pulling forces. Caenorhabditis elegans embryos have been thought to rely primarily on anaphase B, with little to no contribution from anaphase A. Here, we uncover a novel anaphase A mechanism in C. elegans embryos, driven by the kinesin-13 KLP-7MCAK and opposed by the kinesin-12 KLP-18. We found that the extent of chromosome segregation during anaphase A is asymmetrically regulated by cell polarity cues and modulated by mechanical tension within the spindle, generated by opposing forces acting on chromosomes and spindle poles. Additionally, we found that the contribution of anaphase A to chromosome segregation increases progressively across early embryonic divisions. These findings uncover an unexpected role for anaphase A in early C. elegans development and reveal a KLP-7MCAK-dependent mechanical coordination between anaphase A and anaphase B driven chromosome segregation.

eTOC summaryDias Maia Henriques et al. uncover an anaphase A pathway, driven by the kinesin-13 KLP-7 and opposed by the kinesin-12 KLP-18, that contributes to chromosome segregation in early C. elegans embryos. Its activity is regulated by spindle tension, cell polarity cues, and progressively increases during early embryonic divisions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dias Maia Henriques, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dmitrieff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minc, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canman, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumont, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maton, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.02.680008</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanical coordination between anaphase A and B drives asymmetric chromosome segregation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.02.680067v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell nanodroplet processing proteomics pipeline for analysis of human-derived microglia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.02.680067v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell omics tools provide unique insights into heterogeneous cell populations and their responses to stimuli. For example, single-cell RNA sequencing has identified several transcriptionally distinct populations of microglia, which are resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS) that are responsive to CNS injury, infection, and neurodegeneration. To date, single cell studies of microglia have focused on RNA-sequencing or cytometry by time of flight (CyTOF) which provide indirect readouts of protein abundance or quantification of a limited number of targets. Herein, we present a workflow based on FACS-assisted isolation, cryopreservation and nanodroplet-based processing for single-cell mass spectrometry proteomics analysis of the postmortem human brain cortex-derived microglia. From a single microglial cell, 1039 proteins could be identified on average. As a proof-of-principle we applied single-cell proteomics for exploring the heterogeneity of brain microglia at the cellular level. This pilot proteomics data partially recapitulates the prior microglia subtypes. Specifically, we determined mitochondrial proteins, in particular members of NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I), cytochrome b-c1 (Complex III), cytochrome c oxidase (Complex IV), F1-ATPase (Complex V), and Na+/K+-ATPase complex drive variation across microglia. This pipeline offers the potential for identifying functionally and analytically relevant protein targets for microglia in Alzheimers disease and other neurological disorders.

Significance of StudyMicroglia are a key brain cell type that may contribute to pathogenesis in neurodegenerative disease. Transcriptomic profiling of microglia from the central nervous system of humans and animal models has identified several subtypes of microglia, and complementary proteomic profiling of microglia is likely to provide functionally and therapeutically relevant targets, however single-proteomics studies of human-derived microglia are lacking. This work describes a label-free, single-cell proteomics approach for microglia isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting from a human donor that yields comparable numbers of identifications in comparison to prior single-cell RNA sequencing studies of microglia. This approach holds promise for enabling large-scale proteomics-based subtyping of microglia and studying their roles in neurodegenerative diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ives, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulcher, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bautista, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitata, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petyuk, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.02.680067</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell nanodroplet processing proteomics pipeline for analysis of human-derived microglia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.03.680404v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design of TCR-mimicking binders for pHLA with high potency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.03.680404v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rational design of high-specificity binders to peptide-HLA (pHLA) complexes remains a major challenge in personalized immunotherapy, particularly for shared neoantigens with single-point mutations. To address this, we have developed an integrated framework that combines knowledge-based deep learning with physics-based simulation for the design of highly specific pHLA binders. Applied to p53 R175H-HLA-A*02:01, molecular-dynamics-guided electrostatic filtering yielded nanomolar binders with >10-fold selectivity over wild type. Motivated by the challenge of KRAS G12V-HLA-A*03:01, which lacks electrostatic cues, we implemented message-passing neural network (MPNN)-based optimization strategies to broaden binder design beyond charge-dependent interfaces. When reapplied to p53 R175H, these strategies improved success rates from 2/5 to 5/5, with most candidates exhibiting minimal or no binding to the wild-type complex. Chimera-based and residue-retention approaches within the MPNN optimization further expanded the sequence-structure search space while preserving critical hotspot interactions. This integrated framework thus enables the design of nanomolar, mutation-selective binders to pHLA complexes, advancing next-generation personalized cancer immunotherapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xie, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, S.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buratto, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.03.680404</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design of TCR-mimicking binders for pHLA with high potency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.04.680485v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Statistical and Evolutionary Analysis of Sequenced DNA from Breast Cancer FFPE Specimens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.04.680485v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDespite the introduction of instant freezing of tumor specimens, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) blocks of tissue are still commonplace in clinical practice and constitute an important reference for genetic epidemiology of cancer. We carried out a study of a collection of breast tumors paired with lymph-node metastases and analyzed using advanced computational methods, to determine how much information can be obtained from mid-depth whole-exome bulk DNA sequencing.

MethodsWe gathered 15 paired (primary and an involved lymph node) excised breast tumors of different molecular subtypes (HER2+, triple negative, luminal A and luminal B HER2-), from the National Research Institute of Oncology, Krakow (Poland) Branch. FFPE specimens contained typical artifacts, manifesting themselves in spurious DNA variant calls. We used several bioinformatics tools to remove the artifacts and analyzed the exomic data, using both commercial and original in-house computational techniques.

ResultsWe used several of recent bioinformatics tools to remove the FFPE artifacts and found a serious dispersal of outcomes. After calibration, a series of analyses was performed, including copy number study, resulting in ploidy levels ranging from 1 to 5 (average of 2.5). Positive association was found between the frequency of oncogenes relative to tumor suppressor genes and DNA copy number. In addition, we carried out analyses of the clonal structure of the data using original computational methods based on evolutionary modeling. Interesting results concerning clonal structure, early tumor expansion, and interdependence of the primary tumor and lymph node metastases have been obtained.

ConclusionsDespite the imperfections of the FFPE data, many important features of molecular evolution of tumor DNA can be recovered from routine clinical samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kurpas, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kus, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaksik, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinh, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamczyk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majchrzyk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimmel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.04.680485</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Statistical and Evolutionary Analysis of Sequenced DNA from Breast Cancer FFPE Specimens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.04.680473v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-immersion Oblique Plane Microscope (miOPM): A reconfigurable platform for high-resolution Light-Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.04.680473v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Light-Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy (LSFM) enables gentle, rapid, and efficient volumetric imaging of biological specimens. Despite its potential, LSFM has fragmented into multiple variants, each narrowly optimized for specific samples or imaging regimes, limiting its broad applicability. To overcome this barrier, we introduce the multi-immersion oblique plane microscope (miOPM), an adaptable LSFM platform for high-resolution imaging ranging from subcellular dynamics to whole organisms and cleared tissues. miOPM uniquely supports seamless interchangeability of oil, water, and air objectives, and maintains diffraction limited performance across a refractive index range of 1.33 - 1.51. It is compatible with standard sample mounting, current clearing protocols and high-throughput 3D imaging. We leverage miOPM to image diverse biological specimens at multiple spatial scales. By greatly expanding the adaptability and ease of use of LSFM, miOPM is poised to democratize advanced three-dimensional imaging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millett-Sikking, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galecki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daetwyler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monistrol, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, F. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marlar-Pavey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturm, G. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shalizi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomer, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, B.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahmoradian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dean, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiolka, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.04.680473</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-immersion Oblique Plane Microscope (miOPM): A reconfigurable platform for high-resolution Light-Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.05.680583v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Macroecological Laws Can Naturally Arise from Chaotic Internal Species Dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.05.680583v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macroecological relationships that connect various statistical descriptors of long-term and short-term species dynamics represent some of the most general laws in ecology and biology. These macroecological laws have been observed across diverse ecologies of plants and animals, and more recently, also in microbiota. Yet it remains unclear why strikingly similar macroecological relationships often arise in very different biological communities and various environmental contexts. Here, we investigated whether chaotic internal dynamics in spatially heterogeneous communities could underlie multiple macroecological relationships. Our analyses reveal that very general constraints on species interactions and spatial migration parameters can simultaneously lead to multiple macroecological laws found in microbial ecosystems without requiring external sources of noise. Our study also identifies the mechanistic origins of many empirically observed macroecological relationships, such as Taylors law, anomalous abundance diffusion, the Laplace distribution of short-term abundance changes, and the distribution of species residence times. Overall, we demonstrate how macroecological laws can arise from interaction-driven chaotic dynamics and common ecological constraints, thereby providing a unifying explanation for their widespread prevalence in nature.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tchourine, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carballo-Pacheco, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitkup, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.05.680583</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Macroecological Laws Can Naturally Arise from Chaotic Internal Species Dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.06.680746v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A parietal grid-like code rotates with cognitive maps but lags rapid behavioral transfer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.06.680746v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neural grid code has been proposed to provide a mechanism for generalization and transfer of relational knowledge between situations enabling rapid adaptation of behavior in novel circumstances. However, to date, very little is known about the dynamics with which grid representations change at context transitions, or how such dynamics relate to downstream behavioral adaptation. Here we tested whether grid representations measured with fMRI rotate to match behavioral goals at context transitions and whether such rotations underlie knowledge transfer. Human participants performed a task that included unsignaled state changes at which the position of multiple target locations abruptly and synchronously rotated by the same degree. After state changes, participants were able to leverage the relative positions of the targets to rapidly infer locations, even novel ones, constituting a form of zero-shot transfer. We observed a cognitive grid-like code in the right posterior parietal cortex with a consistent phase angle that rotated with the relative positions of the targets. However, this rotation was too slow to account for rapid improvements in performance after a state change, and instead these improvements were more closely related to representations of the identity and location of spatial targets in the frontoparietal and orbitofrontal cortex, respectively. Our results highlight the ability of humans to rapidly transfer knowledge and demonstrate that a parietal grid-like code rotates into behaviorally relevant reference frames, but raise questions about the function of such rotations, pointing instead to alternate neural mechanisms for rapid knowledge transfer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, L. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaidya, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akhmetzhanova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruinsma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nassar, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.06.680746</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A parietal grid-like code rotates with cognitive maps but lags rapid behavioral transfer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.07.681056v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human AUTS2 regulates neurodevelopmental pathways via dual DNA/RNA binding. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.07.681056v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The AUTS2 gene is implicated in neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders, with patient mutations leading to intellectual disability, microcephaly, and autistic behavior. While AUTS2s chromatin-and RNA-related functions are recognized, its direct binding to RNA in human neural progenitors has not been previously demonstrated. Here, we used ChIP-seq and eCLIP-seq in human neural progenitor cells (NPCs) to map AUTS2s chromatin targets and, for the first time, its direct RNA interactome. AUTS2 knockdown in NPCs led to widespread gene expression changes and impaired cell proliferation, migration, and neurite outgrowth. Integrated analysis revealed downregulation of Wnt pathway genes, notably WNT7A, among targets directly bound by AUTS2 at both chromatin and RNA levels. Supplementation with WNT7A rescued cellular phenotypes in AUTS2-deficient NPCs, underscoring the significance of Wnt signaling. These findings highlight AUTS2s central role in human neurodevelopment and provide mechanistic insight into how its disruption may contribute to the pathology of neurodevelopmental disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saia-Cereda, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flanagan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elmsaouri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steiner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benassi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reis-de-Oliveira, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteley, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrabhatta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendes, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randolph-Moore, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xenitopoulos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jetzer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oefner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchetto, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.07.681056</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human AUTS2 regulates neurodevelopmental pathways via dual DNA/RNA binding.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.08.678256v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
African Green Monkeys Respond to Synthetic AB Oligomers with Persistent Alzheimers-like Activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.08.678256v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wild African green monkeys (AGMs) provide a promising alternative to congenic rodent models because of their closer evolutionary relationship to humans and natural genetic variation. They share key physiological and biochemical traits with humans, including lifespan, neuroanatomy, vascular structure, and inflammatory responses. Unlike rodents, AGMs naturally develop Alzheimers-like amyloid-{beta} (A{beta}) plaques and tau tangles with age. Immunohistochemical studies further show that AGMs inoculated with synthetic A{beta} oligomers (A{beta}O) exhibit hyperphosphorylated tau and neuroinflammation one year later, in the absence of overt neurodegeneration. The AGM body size permits collection of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and CSF derived extracellular vesicles (EV) from living individuals, which are key sources of Alzheimers disease biomarkers that can be monitored during disease progression. Here, we evaluate A{beta}O treated AGMs at the systems level using proteomics of CSF and phosphatidylserine affinity isolated EVs (EVps). We optimized a workflow to obtain paired CSF and EVps proteomics from <1 mL volumes, i.e. comparable to human liquid biopsy. Our measurements reveal robust, persistent AD-like responses at the biochemical level without overt loss of cognitive function. As such, these findings in AGMs suggest potential alternatives for disease tracking or point to protective mechanisms for limiting disease progression in AD.

HighlightsO_LIDual proteomics of African green monkeys transiently challenged with synthetic A{beta} oligomers (A{beta}O)
C_LIO_LIPhosphotidylserine (TIM4) based workflow enables CSF and EV profiling using clinical volumes
C_LIO_LIOne year post-A{beta}O: vascular-inflammatory pathways rise; neuronal-axonal pathways fall
C_LIO_LIA{beta}Os drive human-AD-like proteome shifts on time scales shorter than cognitive decline
C_LI

In briefWild African green monkeys (AGMs) offer a translational model for early Alzheimers biology, with physiology more similar to humans. We transiently exposed AGMs to synthetic A{beta} oligomers and, 12 months later, profiled paired proteomes from whole CSF and a CSF subcompartment enriched for extracellular vesicles. Despite no overt cognitive decline, AGM proteomes showed persistent Alzheimers-like remodeling, particularly in vascular, inflammatory, and neuronal systems. Parallel analysis of the CSF subcompartment revealed proteins and pathways under-represented in bulk CSF, sharpening disease-relevant signals and candidate biomarkers. This systems-level, longitudinal study establishes AGMs as a powerful platform for liquid biopsy discovery and illuminates basic biology of molecular responses to soluble A{beta} oligomers accompany and potentially protect against neurodegeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brown, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grasty, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzigurski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geradi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawrence, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elsworth, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawrence, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gursoy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miranker, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.08.678256</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[African Green Monkeys Respond to Synthetic AB Oligomers with Persistent Alzheimers-like Activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.08.680712v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel, small molecules targeting the 5-HT4R receptor protect against stress-induced maladapative behavior with efficacy across age 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.08.680712v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDStress is a risk factor for developing psychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD). Compounds targeting the serotonin type 4 receptor (5-HT4R) hold promise as novel rapid-acting treatments of mood disorders. However, a lack of selectivity and numerous side effects have been limiting factors for their clinical use. Here, we developed and characterized novel-composition 5-HT4R compounds in mouse models of stress.

METHODSThree 5-HT4R-targeting compounds were designed and synthesized based on PF-04995274, a high-affinity 5-HT4R ligand reported to be a partial agonist. G-protein assays were utilized to characterize molecular activity. Saline, PF-04995274, or a novel compound were administered before or after stress in male and female mice. Drug effects were assayed using behavioral paradigms. Patch clamp electrophysiology was used to determine the effect of drug on glutamatergic activity in hippocampal Cornu Ammonis 3 (CA3).

RESULTSProphylactic administration of DL5, DL7, or DL8 was effective at reducing stress-induced maladaptive behaviors in male and female mice; DL7 and DL8 were effective when administered after stress. When administered following learned helplessness (LH), DL7 reduced behavioral despair and increased c-Fos in the dentate gyrus (DG) and CA3. All novel compounds attenuated large-amplitude AMPA receptor-mediated bursts in ventral CA3 (vCA3). In aged male mice, prophylactic DL7 reduced behavioral despair.

CONCLUSIONSThese results characterize novel 5-HT4R-targeting compounds for stress-induced psychiatric disease with the potential to address unmet needs in adult and aged patients with stress-induced psychiatric illness. Future work will characterize their mechanism of action with the goal of clinical development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ravenelle, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, S.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedersen, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendez-David, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luna, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javitch, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denny, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.08.680712</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel, small molecules targeting the 5-HT4R receptor protect against stress-induced maladapative behavior with efficacy across age]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.08.681012v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A scalable proteogenomic framework for dissecting phospho-signaling pathways in primary immune cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.08.681012v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Signaling networks modulated by post-translational modifications orchestrate cellular responses to external cues. Traditional approaches to study these pathways lack the throughput to systematically capture the causal architecture of these signaling pathways at scale. Here, we present an integrated proteogenomic framework that combines saturating genetic perturbations with high-throughput proteomics to systematically map cytokine-induced signaling in primary human T cells. Supporting this framework is simplePhos, a streamlined, low-input phosphoproteomics workflow that enables scalable, time-resolved analysis without the requirement for specialized equipment or robotics. We extensively validate the simplePhos pipeline by applying inflammatory stimuli, including type I and II interferons, lipopolysaccharide, and Sendai virus to primary T cells and myeloid cells, establishing foundational datasets in these treatment contexts. Ultimately, using type I interferon signaling in genetically modified T cells as a model, we demonstrate that combined application of genetic alterations and proteomic analyses can map key signaling nodes in primary immune cells. This represents a powerful strategy to mechanistically interrogate phospho-signaling networks in human immune cells, with broad applications in translational immunology and therapeutic development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beusch, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morningstar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semaan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monaco, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welbourn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swaldi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, J.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenney, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sousa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakai, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akiyama, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saeed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.08.681012</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A scalable proteogenomic framework for dissecting phospho-signaling pathways in primary immune cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.08.681081v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanobody-Driven Stabilization Synergistically Rescues F508del-CFTR and Reveals an Alternative Active State of the Channel 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.08.681081v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Defects in protein trafficking underlie many genetic diseases, including cystic fibrosis (CF), where the common F508del mutation destabilizes the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) channel, leading to its degradation. To enhance current CFTR modulator therapies, we used lipid nanoparticles to deliver mRNA encoding T2a, a nanobody that thermally stabilizes CFTR by binding nucleotide-binding domain 1 (NBD1). When combined with clinically-approved correctors, T2a significantly improved F508del-CFTR maturation, plasma membrane expression, and channel activity. Single-channel recording revealed that nanobody binding sustained channel activity by promoting both full and sub-conductance gating states and protecting F508del-CFTR against thermal deactivation. Cryo-EM analysis identified a novel conformation of CFTR where NBD1 adopts an alternative geometry enabling pore formation in the absence of NBD dimerization. Our findings establish a new paradigm to correct protein trafficking by stabilizing misfolded domains with targeted nanobodies and demonstrate a broadly applicable framework to treat CF and related protein misfolding diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Overtus, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubil, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charlick, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paige, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loughlin, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrat, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balazs, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kappes, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mall, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheppard, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Govaerts, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.08.681081</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanobody-Driven Stabilization Synergistically Rescues F508del-CFTR and Reveals an Alternative Active State of the Channel]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.07.681039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stabilized Full-Length Measles Fusion Protein Elicits Potent Immunity and Protection In Vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.07.681039v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Measles virus (MeV) is a highly contagious pathogen that causes significant morbidity and mortality in populations with low vaccination coverage. Infection typically leads to immune amnesia and, in rare cases, fatal neurological disease. While current live-attenuated vaccines are highly effective, they primarily elicit neutralizing antibodies against the hemagglutinin (H) glycoprotein, with a less robust response to the fusion (F) protein, a key protein for viral entry. To improve the immunogenicity of the F protein, we designed and characterized stabilized, prefusion MeV F protein antigens. We engineered both soluble ectodomains (FECTO) and full-length, membrane-embedded proteins (FFL) with mutations that confer thermal stability. Cryo-electron microscopy confirmed that these engineered antigens faithfully maintain the native prefusion conformation. When evaluated in a cotton rat model, immunization with either FECTO or FFL constructs induced neutralizing antibodies and elicited protection against viral challenge. The most stable full-length construct (FFL 3M) elicited a more potent neutralizing antibody response than its ectodomain counterpart. Importantly, no evidence of vaccine-enhanced respiratory disease was observed. These findings establish that a thermostable, full-length F protein is a superior immunogen to its soluble ectodomain. This work presents a promising candidate for next-generation, non-replicating measles vaccines intended to complement current vaccination strategies and provide a safe option for immunocompromised individuals and others who cannot receive live-virus vaccines.

One-Sentence SummaryA prefusion-stabilized, full-length measles Fusion glycoprotein immunogen induces strong neutralizing responses and offers protection against challenge with wild-type virus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zyla, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zipursky, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marca, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacarbonara, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niemeyer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Predella, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stearns, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leedale, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tay, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acciani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clemente, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parekh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avalos, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGill, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorrello, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hastie, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alabi, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snijder, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moscona, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greninger, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niewiesk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saphire, E. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porotto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.07.681039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stabilized Full-Length Measles Fusion Protein Elicits Potent Immunity and Protection In Vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.09.680999v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sexual dimorphism in the complete connectome of the Drosophila male central nervous system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.09.680999v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sex differences in behaviour exist across all animals, typically under strong genetic regulation. In Drosophila, fruitless/doublesex transcription factors can identify dimorphic neurons but their organisation into functional circuits remains unclear.

We present the connectome of the entire Drosophila male central nervous system. This contains 166,691 neurons spanning the brain and nerve cord, fully proofread and annotated including fruitless/doublesex expression and 11,691 types. We provide the first comprehensive comparison between male and female brain connectomes to synaptic resolution, finding 7,205 isomorphic, 114 dimorphic, 262 male-specific and 69 female-specific types.

This resource enables analysis of full sensory-to-motor circuits underlying complex behaviours and the impact of dimorphic elements. Sex-specific/dimorphic neurons are concentrated in higher brain centres while the sensory and motor periphery are largely isomorphic. Within higher centres, male-specific connections are organised into hotspots defined by male-specific neurons or arbours. Numerous circuit switches reroute sensory information to form antagonistic circuits controlling opposing behaviours.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckett, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlegel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Januszewski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marin, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nern, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preibisch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takemura, S.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fragniere, A. M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Champion, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adjavon, D.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gkantia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayworth, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kampf, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ordish, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paterson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuerner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trautman, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whittle, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnett, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoeller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loesche, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pietzsch, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pleijzier, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badalamente, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bates, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogovic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cachero, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canino, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaisrisawatsuk, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clements, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.09.680999</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sexual dimorphism in the complete connectome of the Drosophila male central nervous system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.03.680091v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel post-translational modification of fimbriae drives pathogenicity in Klebsiella pneumoniae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.03.680091v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacteria, including carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKp), are a public health emergency. The predominant CRKp sequence type worldwide is ST258. However, the factors underlying ST258s epidemic success are not well defined. The understudied two-component system CrrAB is a genomic feature of ST258 and has been hypothesized to contribute to its global dominance. Despite this, the molecular details underpinning CrrABs contribution to ST258 pathogenicity are not well understood. We used RNA-sequencing to identify the regulon of CrrA and found that CrrAB induces the expression of a novel gene, encoding Crr-regulated fimbriae modifying protein (CfmP). CfmP post-translationally modifies fimbriae to significantly increase host cell adhesion and high bacterial loads within the host, consequently increasing ST258 virulence. CrrAB also drives high antibiotic resistance in CRKp. Thus, our data places CrrAB at the intersection of virulence and antibiotic resistance supporting its function as an important regulatory system driving the pathogenicity of ST258.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dobihal, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrera, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trent, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uhlemann, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.03.680091</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel post-translational modification of fimbriae drives pathogenicity in Klebsiella pneumoniae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.10.681681v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The neural computations underlying context dependent attribute-based valuation of complex stimuli. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.10.681681v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adaptive decision making requires value computations to be flexible because we often need to value a stimulus differently as the context changes. A stimulus might be highly desirable in one context but completely unappealing in another. However, it is not known how the brain can support such flexible modulation of overall stimulus value. Here we test a model of flexible value construction whereby individual attributes of a stimulus are converted into contextually dependent attribute-specific value representations before being combined into an overall integrated stimulus value. To test this framework, human participants (online n=95, MRI n=35) provided ratings for 75 unique high-dimensional clothing stimuli under three instructed  goal-contexts designed to elicit differences in overall value judgments for the items. Integrated value ratings for each stimulus were found to be goal-context dependent, while individual stimulus-attributes varied markedly in how they contributed to value ratings across goal contexts. In the fMRI data, representations of the absolute levels of particular attributes were revealed in visual areas. In contrast, encoding of individual attributes in value space, alongside integrated overall stimulus value, was present within distinct regions of prefrontal cortex. More specifically, behaviorally relevant attributes in value space and integrated stimulus value were found in vmPFC and dmPFC respectively. These findings indicate that the construction of value for high-dimensional stimuli is achieved through the computation of goal-context-dependent attributes in value space, providing mechanistic insight into how the brain can flexibly modulate stimulus-values as context changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fransen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Man, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iigaya, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O`Doherty, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.10.681681</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The neural computations underlying context dependent attribute-based valuation of complex stimuli.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.11.681805v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large-scale single-cell phylogenetic mapping of clonal evolution in the human aging esophagus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.11.681805v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human somatic genome evolves throughout our lifespan, producing mosaic individuals comprising clones harboring different mutations across tissues. While clonal expansions in the hematopoietic system have been extensively characterized and reported to be nearly ubiquitous, clonal mosaicism (CM) has more recently also been described across multiple solid tissues. However, outstanding questions remain about the parameters and processes of human somatic evolution in non-cancerous solid human tissues, including when clones arise, how they evolve over time, and what mechanisms lead to their expansion. Questions of timing and clonal dynamics can be addressed through phylogenetic reconstruction, which serves as a  temporal microscope, while uncovering the mechanisms of expansion necessitates simultaneous phenotypic profiling. To address this gap, here we develop Single-cell Miniaturized Automated Reverse Transcription and Primary Template-directed Amplification (SMART-PTA) for joint single-cell whole-genome and whole-transcriptome sequencing for large scale and cost efficient interrogation of solid tissue CM. We established a workflow that generates hundreds of matched single-cell whole genome and transcriptome libraries within a week. We profiled phenotypically normal esophagus tissue from four aged donors and used somatic variants to build high-resolution single-cell lineages from >2,700 cells with accompanying transcriptomic information, reconstructing >70 years of somatic evolution. T cell expansions identified from T cell receptor (TCR) sequences validated the clonal structure of the single-nucleotide variant (SNV)-based phylogenies and phylogenetic cross-correlation analysis showed that epithelial cells had higher degrees of shared ancestry by spatial location compared to immune cells. Mapping mutation signatures to the phylogenetic tree revealed the emergence of tobacco/alcohol exposure-related signatures later in life, consistent with the donors exposure histories. We identified variants in driver genes that were previously reported in the phenotypically normal esophagus, detecting clonal expansions harboring mutations in genes including TP53 and FAT1. We mapped the evolution of clones with both monoallelic as well as biallelic TP53 loss, including a clone associated with high expression of cell cycling genes and higher chromosome instability. Leveraging the matched transcriptome data, we uncovered cell type biases in mutant clones, with a higher proportion of TP53 or FAT1-mutant cells in an earlier basal epithelial cell state compared to wild-type cells. We further observed copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity (CNLOH) events on chromosome 9q that spanned the NOTCH1 locus in up to [~]35% of epithelial cells. Mapping CNLOH events to the phylogenetic tree revealed a striking pattern in which CNLOH was separately acquired many times, reflecting convergent evolution. Cells with CNLOH events were biased towards the earlier basal epithelial state, suggestive of a selective advantage that leads to prevalent recurrence of chr9q CNLOH. Together, we demonstrate that SMART-PTA is an efficient, scalable approach for single-cell whole-genome and whole-transcriptome profiling to build phenotypically annotated single-cell phylogenies with enough throughput and power for application to normal tissue somatic evolution. Moreover, we reconstruct the evolutionary history of the esophageal epithelium at high scale and resolution, providing a window into the dynamics and processes that shape clonal expansions in phenotypically normal tissues throughout a lifespan.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prieto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zinno, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Midler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huuhtanen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raviram, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fotopoulou, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruthen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajagopalan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiffman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D Avino, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotelo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omans, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garces, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pradhan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robine, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potenski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godfrey, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kakiuchi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yokoyama, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogawa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrams, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raimondi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landau, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.11.681805</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large-scale single-cell phylogenetic mapping of clonal evolution in the human aging esophagus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.11.681836v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CoxMDS: Multiple Data Splitting for High-dimensional Mediation Analysis with Survival Outcomes in Epigenome-wide Studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.11.681836v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Causal mediation analysis investigates whether the effect of an exposure on an outcome operates through intermediate variables known as mediators. Although progress has been made in high-dimensional mediation analysis, current methods do not reliably control the false discovery rate (FDR) in finite samples, especially when mediators are moderately to highly correlated or follow non-Gaussian distributions. These challenges frequently arise in DNA methylation studies. We introduce CoxMDS, a multiple data splitting method that uses Cox proportional hazards models to identify putative causal mediators for survival outcomes. CoxMDS ensures finite-sample FDR control even in the presence of correlated or non-Gaussian mediators. Through simulations, CoxMDS is shown to maintain FDR control and achieve higher statistical power compared with existing approaches. In applications to DNA methylation data with survival outcomes, CoxMDS identified eight CpG sites in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) that are consistent with the hypothesis that DNA methylation may mediate the effect of smoking on lung cancer survival, and two CpG sites in the Alzheimers Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) that are consistent with the hypothesis that DNA methylation may mediate the effect of smoking on time to Alzheimers disease conversion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navas-Acien, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardarajan, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belsky, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baccarelli, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.11.681836</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CoxMDS: Multiple Data Splitting for High-dimensional Mediation Analysis with Survival Outcomes in Epigenome-wide Studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.12.681832v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional regulation of disease-relevant microglial activation programs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.12.681832v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microglia, the brains innate immune cells, can adopt a wide variety of activation states relevant to health and disease. Dysregulation of microglial activation occurs in numerous brain disorders, and driving or inhibiting specific states could be therapeutic. To discover regulators of microglial activation states, we conducted CRISPR interference screens in iPSC-derived microglia for inhibitors and activators of six microglial states. We identified transcriptional regulators for each of these states and characterized 31 regulators at the single-cell transcriptomic and cell-surface proteome level in two distinct iPSC-derived microglia models. Finally, we functionally characterized several regulators. STAT2 knockdown inhibits interferon response and lysosomal function. PRDM1 knockdown drives disease-associated and lipid-rich signatures and enhanced phagocytosis. DNMT1 knockdown results in widespread loss of methylation, activating negative regulators of interferon signaling. These findings provide a framework to direct microglial activation to selectively enrich microglial activation states, define their functional outputs, and inform future therapies.

HighlightsO_LICRISPRi screening reveals novel regulators of six microglia activation states
C_LIO_LIMulti-modal single-cell screens highlight differences between mRNA and protein level expression
C_LIO_LIiPSC-microglia models show different baseline distributions of activation states
C_LIO_LILoss of DNMT1 leads to widespread DNA demethylation, promoting some states but limiting the interferon-response state
C_LIO_LILoss of PRDM1 drives microglial disease-associated state
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McQuade, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colias, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillo, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haage, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshe, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujita, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ta, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teter, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chasins, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nunez, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kampmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.12.681832</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional regulation of disease-relevant microglial activation programs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.12.681859v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resolving Cellular Morphology in the Human Brain with Multiparametric Diffusion MR Spectroscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.12.681859v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance spectroscopy (dMRS) is a unique, non-invasive technique capable of probing cell-type specific morphology. However, conventional dMRS methods are limited in their ability to provide detailed morphological information. This study demonstrates the potential of a multiparametric dMRS approach, combining diffusion-time dependent and double-diffusion encoding MR spectroscopy, to characterize soma and neurite morphology of neuronal and glial cells. This methodology holds promise for developing biomarkers for the diagnosis, monitoring, and phenotyping of neurological pathologies, like Alzheimers Disease, Parkinsons Disease, or Multiple Sclerosis, where alterations in soma and neurite morphology are reported.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Doering, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roeseler, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simsek, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afzali, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreis, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landheer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valette, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palombo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.12.681859</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resolving Cellular Morphology in the Human Brain with Multiparametric Diffusion MR Spectroscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.12.681609v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic elucidation and pharmacologic targeting on non-oncogene dependencies in imatinib-resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.12.681609v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) with imatinib and other KIT-targeting drugs, has been effective. However, most patients with advanced GIST eventually develop imatinib-resistance and succumb to disease. We have developed mutation-agnostic, network-based methodologies to systematically elucidate and pharmacologically target Master Regulator (MR) proteins representing critical non-oncogene dependencies of cancer cells. Unsupervised, MR-based clustering of 34 GIST patient tumor samples produced two clusters clearly separating imatinib-resistant vs. sensitive tumors. High-throughput profiling of transcriptional responses by two GIST cell lines to FDA approved and late-stage experimental drugs identified six candidate drugs that reversed the MR activity of imatinib-resistant GIST. Predictions were validated in two imatinib-resistant, patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models. The top prediction, linifanib, induced marked tumor growth inhibition in both PDXs across a wide dose range, while selinexor was also effective compared to imatinib. We confirmed in vivo MR activity reversal by these drugs, but not by ineffective drugs.

Statement of SignificanceWe leveraged our network-based platforms, OncoTreat and OncoTarget, to characterize Master Regulators of imatinib-resistance in GIST and identify candidate MR-targeting drugs, an unmet clinical need. Top predicted drugs were successfully validated in cognate PDXs, thus providing a path for translation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mundi, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grunn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kojadinovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Realubit, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caescu, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hibshoosh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aburi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingham, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothschild, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.12.681609</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic elucidation and pharmacologic targeting on non-oncogene dependencies in imatinib-resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.13.682102v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifying Uncertainty in Polygenic Risk Scores Using Conformalized Quantile Regression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.13.682102v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polygenic risk scores (PRS) are widely used in post-GWAS analyses to predict complex traits across humans, animals, and plants. While significant progress has been made in developing new PRS methods, much less attention has been given to quantifying the uncertainty associated with these predictions. In this work, we propose a method for individualized uncertainty quantification based on quantile regression. When paired with conformal prediction, this approach enables the construction of prediction intervals with guaranteed coverage, offering lower and upper bounds within which the phenotype is likely to fall with high probability. We apply this framework to data from the UK Biobank and the ProgeNIA/SardiNIA studies, showing that the resulting prediction intervals: (1) maintain valid coverage under minimal model assumptions, (2) provide more realistic individualized estimates of uncertainty by allowing for asymmetry and individual-specific interval lengths, and (3) exhibit reduced uncertainty compared to existing methods. Overall, we present a novel framework for individualized uncertainty quantification in PRS analyses and highlight the importance of incorporating uncertainty into predictive modeling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogdan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masala, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiorillo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devoto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cucca, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ionita-Laza, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.13.682102</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifying Uncertainty in Polygenic Risk Scores Using Conformalized Quantile Regression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.13.682208v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tubulin autoregulation factors SCAPER and TTC5 recruit γ-tubulin to non-centrosomal MTOCs for neuronal microtubule nucleation and axon regeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.13.682208v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal function and survival depend on highly stereotyped non-centrosomal microtubule (MT) arrays. How these arrays form remains poorly understood. Here we identified a role for SCAPER and TTC5, two factors previously implicated in tubulin mRNA autoregulation, in controlling neuronal MT content through {gamma}-tubulin-dependent nucleation. In C. elegans neurons, loss of scpr-1, ttc-5, or both reduced MT numbers to a similar degree as depletion of {gamma}-tubulin, the main MT nucleator. Using conditional single-cell degradation alleles and endogenous tagging, we find that {gamma}-tubulin nucleates MTs in the neuronal cell body from endosomal puncta, and that scpr-1 and ttc-5 are required to recruit {gamma}-tubulin to these structures. SCPR-1 is also instructive, as its overexpression drastically increases {gamma}-tubulin levels and enhances MT density. We propose that these mechanisms are conserved since human SCAPER rescues C. elegans mutants, and SCAPER knockdown in rat hippocampal neurons reduces both {gamma}-tubulin clustering at presynaptic sites and activity-dependent synaptic MT nucleation. Finally, while scpr-1, ttc-5, and{gamma} -tubulin are not required for developmental axon elongation, they are essential for regeneration, where SCPR-1 directs {gamma}-tubulin to the growth cone to facilitate regrowth following injury. These findings reveal mechanisms governing neuronal cytoskeleton assembly and function, and suggest potential crosstalk between tubulin autoregulation and microtubule nucleation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>XIE, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comincini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davison, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammarlund, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartolini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yogev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.13.682208</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tubulin autoregulation factors SCAPER and TTC5 recruit γ-tubulin to non-centrosomal MTOCs for neuronal microtubule nucleation and axon regeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.14.682454v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural and dynamic studies uncover a distinct allosteric modulatory site at the mu-opioid receptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.14.682454v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of the  opioid receptor (MOR) offer a promising path toward safer opioid therapeutics, yet their mechanisms of action remain poorly understood. Here, we uncover the structural and mechanistic basis of BMS-986187, a chemically distinct MOR PAM with in vivo efficacy, using an integrated approach combining cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM), molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, signaling assays, and site-directed mutagenesis. We identify a previously uncharacterized allosteric site for BMS-986187, a lipid-facing pocket formed by MOR transmembrane helices 2, 3, and 4, distinct from sites occupied by other known MOR PAMs or negative allosteric modulators. BMS-986187 engages both receptor residues and a neighboring cholesterol molecule, suggesting a cooperative ligand-lipid mechanism. Our studies pinpoint residues essential for allosteric modulation, while information-theory analysis of MD trajectories uncovers specific allosteric communication pathways linking the PAM site to both the orthosteric agonist DAMGO and the G protein interface. Together, these findings redefine the landscape of MOR allosteric modulation by revealing a novel binding site, a potentially lipid-sensitive allosteric mechanism, and the molecular wiring of long-range communication within MOR. This work provides a new molecular framework for the rational design of PAMs targeting opioid receptors with improved precision and possible therapeutic potential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konovalov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parpounas, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Provasi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zilberg, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filizola, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wacker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.14.682454</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural and dynamic studies uncover a distinct allosteric modulatory site at the mu-opioid receptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.14.682397v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HXMS: a standardized file format for HX/MS data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.14.682397v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationHydrogen/deuterium exchange-mass spectrometry (HX-MS) is a rapidly expanding technique used to investigate protein conformational ensembles. The growing popularity and utility of HX-MS has driven the development of diverse instrumentation and software, resulting in inconsistent, non-standardized data analysis and representation. Most HX-MS data formats also employ only mean deuteration representations of the data rather than full isotopic mass spectra, which reduces the information content of the data and limits downstream quantitative analysis.

ResultsInspired by reliable protein structure and genomics data formats, we present HXMS, a unified, lightweight, scalable, and human-readable file format for HX-MS data. The HXMS format preserves the isotopic mass envelopes for all peptides, captures the full experimental time-course including fully deuterated control samples, and contains all other key information. It supports multimodal distributions, post-translational modifications (PTMs), and experimental replicates. To promote compatibility with existing HX-MS workflows, we also developed PFLink, a Python package that converts exported data files from commonly used HX-MS software to the HXMS format. PFLink and the HXMS format will enable more quantitative, higher-resolution data processing, improved data sharing and storage among HX-MS practitioners, future machine learning applications, and further developments in HX-MS analysis.

Availability and implementationPFLink is publicly available to install locally on HuggingFace, alongside documentation, or use online at HuggingFace (https://huggingface.co/spaces/glasgow-lab/PFlink). The supplemental information includes sample input files, sample HXMS files, and a generic unfilled PFlink custom CSV file that users may populate with key experimental conditions and results, which can then be read and converted into the HXMS format.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weber, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascal, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glasgow, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.14.682397</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HXMS: a standardized file format for HX/MS data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.16.682844v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antiviral reverse transcriptases reveal the evolutionary origin of telomerase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.16.682844v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Defense-associated reverse transcriptases (DRTs) employ diverse and distinctive mechanisms of cDNA synthesis to protect bacteria against viral infection. However, much of DRT family diversity remains unstudied. Here we identify a new antiviral defense system, DRT10, that associates with a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) to catalyze processive, protein-primed synthesis of tandem-repeat DNA. Repeat addition is dictated by sequence and structural features of the ncRNA that have direct parallels in the RNA component of telomerase. Remarkably, a phylogenetic analysis of RTs across domains of life reveals an unexpected link between DRT10 and telomerase that is further supported by structural comparisons and mechanistic evidence. These findings expand the repertoire of reverse transcription mechanisms in antiviral defense and point to a bacterial origin for telomerase.

One-Sentence SummaryInsights from antiviral defense systems reveal an unexpected bacterial origin for the mechanism of chromosome maintenance by eukaryotic telomerase.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mestre, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiegand, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinilla-Redondo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sternberg, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.16.682844</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antiviral reverse transcriptases reveal the evolutionary origin of telomerase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.16.682888v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identity and functions of monoaminergic neurons in the predatory nematode Pristionchus pacificus reveal nervous system conservation and divergence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.16.682888v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Changes in neurotransmitter usage in homologous neurons may drive evolutionary adaptations in neural circuits across animal phylogeny. The predatory nematode Pristionchus pacificus can be used as a model system to examine nervous system evolution by comparing neurotransmitter expression with that of C. elegans and other nematodes. Here we characterize P. pacificus neurotransmitter expression and function in specific neurons, focusing on its complete set of monoaminergic neurons. We discover patterns of conservation as well as novelties. We examine the roles of monoamines in specific behaviors using neurotransmitter synthesis and vesicular transporter mutants, finding possible differences in the control of host-finding and dispersal behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Loer, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramadan, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hampton, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernal, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carstensen, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivard, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okumura, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lightfoot, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.16.682888</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identity and functions of monoaminergic neurons in the predatory nematode Pristionchus pacificus reveal nervous system conservation and divergence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.17.682903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evidence for an energetic trade-off model linking inflammaging and immunosenescence in the US Health and Retirement Study and UK Biobank 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.17.682903v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Later life is characterized by the development of chronic inflammation, termed inflammaging, alongside changes in immune cell profiles, or immunosenescence. While these features contribute to health risk, they have also been interpreted as adaptive remodeling of the immune system in response to accumulating somatic damage. Here we consider a recently developed theoretical framework to understand these processes as interrelated: the Brain-Body Energy Conservation model of aging. This model views functional declines, such as immunosenescence, as part of an energy conserving response to the rising energy expenditure of inflammaging. This response promotes short term survival against somatic damage at the expense of future health risk. For example, naive T cells, which enhance defense against future infections, decline with age. We find evidence consistent with this model in the US Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and UK Biobank (UKB). TNFR1, a key marker of inflammaging, mediated 10% and 5% of the age-related declines in naive CD4T and CD8T cells respectively in the HRS (n = 8,261). Consistent with an impaired immune response to future infections, TNFR1 also mediated 16% of the age-related increased risk of hospitalization or death from COVID-19 in the UKB (n = 522 hospitalized or died, full sample n = 40,638). GDF15, which is produced in response to metabolic stress and has been found to induce immune tolerance in response to chronic inflammation, mediated 28% of the TNFR1-related COVID-19 health risk, as well as 38% of the age-related increased risk independent of TNFR1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aronoff, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franck, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trumble, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.17.682903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evidence for an energetic trade-off model linking inflammaging and immunosenescence in the US Health and Retirement Study and UK Biobank]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.17.683162v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling Alzheimer's Disease with APOE4 Neuron-Glial Brain Assembloids Reveals IGFBPs as Therapeutic Targets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.17.683162v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers disease (AD) research has been hindered by the lack of models that faithfully recapitulate the full profile of disease progression in a human genetic background. We developed a 3D assembloid model ("Masteroid") using iPSC-derived neurons, astrocytes, and microglia from APOE4/4 and isogenic control lines. Neurons were seeded with tau oligomers, then combined with astrocytes and microglia to form mature 3D Masteroids, followed by amyloid-{beta} oligomer exposure. After four weeks, AD-Masteroids exhibited hallmark pathologies, including extracellular amyloid-{beta} deposits, intracellular tau aggregation, neurodegeneration, astrogliosis, and microglial activation, with APOE4 exacerbating all phenotypes. Single-cell RNA sequencing further identified novel roles of IGFBP pathways in amyloid-{beta} and tau-mediated pathology. This innovative platform provides a robust system to dissect cellular and molecular mechanisms of AD progression and offers a powerful tool for therapeutic discovery.

HighlightsO_LIThe 3D human neuron-glia assembloid ("Masteroid"), composed of neurons, astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes, faithfully recapitulates human brain ultrastructure and intercellular interactions.
C_LIO_LIExposure to oligomeric tau and A{beta} induced hallmark Alzheimers pathologies, including amyloid deposition, tau aggregation, neurodegeneration, and gliosis.
C_LIO_LIThe APOE4 genotype exacerbated all pathological features, highlighting its role in driving multicellular interactions that accelerate disease progression.
C_LIO_LIThe IGF signaling axis was identified as a key mediator of A{beta}- and tau-induced pathology and a potential therapeutic target.
C_LI

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=183 SRC="FIGDIR/small/683162v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (51K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@f91740org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@165726eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@13b957forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d40307_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sherman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shichman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ide, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>lee, s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gniadzik, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sol-Church, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapur, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erisir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.17.683162</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling Alzheimer's Disease with APOE4 Neuron-Glial Brain Assembloids Reveals IGFBPs as Therapeutic Targets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.17.683190v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Map of spiking activity underlying change detection in the mouse visual system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.17.683190v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visual behavior requires coordinated activity across hierarchically organized brain circuits. Understanding this complexity demands datasets that are both large-scale (sampling many areas) and dense (recording many neurons in each area). Here we present a database of spiking activity across the mouse visual system--including thalamus, cortex, and midbrain--while mice perform an image change detection task. Using Neuropixels probes, we record from >75,000 high-quality units in 54 mice, mapping area-, cortical layer-, and cell type-specific coding of sensory and motor information. Modulation by task-engagement increased across the thalamocortical hierarchy but was strongest in the midbrain. Novel images modulated cortical (but not thalamic) responses through delayed recurrent activity. Population decoding and optogenetics identified a critical decision window for change detection and revealed that mice use an adaptation-based rather than image-comparison strategy. This comprehensive resource provides a valuable substrate for understanding sensorimotor computations in neural networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bennett, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gale, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heller, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belski, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zobeiri, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amster, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkhipov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cahoon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldejon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casal, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrett, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillis, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grasso, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardcastle, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hytnen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ledochowitsch, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>L'Heureux, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mastrovito, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McBride, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mihalas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mochizuki, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nayan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>North, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ollerenshaw, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouellette, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhoads, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronellenfitch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroedter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegle, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slaughterbeck, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swapp, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taormina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wakeman, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waughman, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williford, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ph</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.17.683190</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Map of spiking activity underlying change detection in the mouse visual system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.19.682634v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Precision targeting of autoreactive B cells in systemic lupus erythematosus using anti-9G4 idiotope synthetic immune receptor T cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.19.682634v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies can induce drug-free remission in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but indiscriminate B cell targeting causes immunosuppression, unnecessary infections, and cytokine toxicities that preclude widespread use. Here, we overcome this by targeting the 9G4 idiotope, a shared structural feature of pathogenic B cell receptors encoded by the IGHV4-34 gene. We engineered anti-9G4 CAR-T cells and chimeric TCR-T cells to selectively eliminate autoreactive B cells while preserving protective immunity. Both platforms eradicated autoreactive B cells and autoantibodies in vitro and in vivo, spared normal B cells, and markedly reduced cytokine release compared to conventional CAR-T cells. This precision extended to cold agglutinin disease and lymphoma. These findings establish a framework for IGHV idiotope-directed cellular therapies for treating autoimmune and neoplastic diseases while preserving immune competence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mog, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gliech, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferris, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moritz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awosika, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiNapoli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glavaris, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaeo, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcou, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearlman, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmedna, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bugrovsky, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bettegowda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duarte-Alvarado, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petri, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinzler, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrade, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konig, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.19.682634</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Precision targeting of autoreactive B cells in systemic lupus erythematosus using anti-9G4 idiotope synthetic immune receptor T cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.20.683556v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3D Contractile and Remodeling Behaviors of Functionally Normal and Prolapsed Human Mitral Valve Interstitial Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.20.683556v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) can lead to heart failure, arrhythmia, and death. The only treatments available for MVP are replacement or repair; alternative therapies remain elusive due to lack of knowledge of the underlying pathological processes. The goal of the present study was thus to explore how MVP affects human mitral valve interstitial cell (hMVICs) extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and basal contractility characteristics. Isolated MVP and physiologically normal hMVICs were embedded in poly(ethylene) glycolbased hydrogels containing fluorescent fiducial markers and 3D traction force microscopy via inverse modeling was employed to determine the local change in hMVIC hydrogels due to enzymatic degradation and collagen deposition. Results indicated pronounced hydrogel softening occurred generally further from the hMVICs, whereas stiffening occurred in close proximity to hMVICs due to collagen deposition as verified by collagen-staining. MVP hMVICs induced greater hydrogel stiffening and less degradation than normal hMVICs. Interestingly, even though MVP hMVICs had higher basal contractile displacements, their corresponding traction forces and hydrogel strain energy densities were significantly lower than those of normal hMVICs. These findings elucidate, for the first time, that MVP hMVICs have significantly altered biophysical contractile and ECM remodeling behaviors compared to normal hMVICs.

Simple SummaryWhen a mitral heart valve gets thick, stiffened, and degraded, it can flip backwards (prolapse), causing blood to flow the wrong way. This can cause heart failure, arrhythmia, or even death. The only treatment for mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is surgery. To pave the way for a medication, this study aimed to understand how cells that maintain the mitral valve, mitral valve interstitial cells (MVICs), act on their surrounding tissue. The mechanical properties of the MVICs were tested, including how much they contract and how much they pull on their surroundings. Also, the mechanical properties that the MVICs place on their surroundings were tested, like how much they stiffen and degrade the tissue and how much energy is stored in the tissue as the MVICs contract. Compared to normal MVICs, we found that MVP MVICs stiffen their surroundings more and degrade their surroundings less. We also found that even though MVP MVICs contract more than normal MVICs, the energy that they place on their surroundings is less than that of normal MVICs, indicating that MVP MVICs are less mechanically effective. This is the first time that this ineffectiveness has been seen and may be key to targeting MVP with future medications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>West, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peery, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chemuturi, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrari, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sacks, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.20.683556</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3D Contractile and Remodeling Behaviors of Functionally Normal and Prolapsed Human Mitral Valve Interstitial Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.21.683535v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generative inference unifies feedback processing for learning and perception in natural and artificial vision 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.21.683535v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We understand how neurons respond selectively to patterns in visual input to support object recognition; however, how these circuits support perceptual grouping, illusory percepts, and imagination is not understood. These perceptual experiences are thought to require combining what we have learned about the world with incoming sensory signals, yet the neural mechanism for this integration remains unclear. Here we show that networks tuned for object recognition implicitly learn the distribution of their input, which can be accessed through feedback connections that tune synaptic weights. We introduce Generative Inference, a computational framework in which feedback pathways that adjust connection weights during learning are repurposed during perception to combine learned knowledge with sensory input, fulfilling flexible inference goals such as increasing confidence. Generative Inference enables networks tuned solely for recognition to spontaneously produce perceptual grouping, illusory contours, shape completion, and pattern formation resembling imagination, while preserving their recognition abilities. The framework reproduces neural signatures observed across perceptual experiments: delayed responses in feedback-receiving layers of early visual cortex that disappear when feedback connections are disrupted. We show that, under stated assumptions, gradients of classification error approximate directions that are informative about the data distribution, establishing a theoretical connection between recognition and generation. Together, these findings show that pattern recognition and pattern generation rely on a shared computational substrate through dual use of feedback pathways. This principle explains how neural systems recognize familiar objects reliably while remaining flexible enough to interpret incomplete or ambiguous information, and suggests that reusing learning signals for perception may be a general feature of both biological brains and artificial networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Toosi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.21.683535</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generative inference unifies feedback processing for learning and perception in natural and artificial vision]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.21.683770v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FLASH Radiotherapy Mitigates Radiation-Induced Lymphopenia and Prevents Immunosuppression via Chk1-STAT3 Axis Modulation in a Preclinical Thoracic Irradiation Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.21.683770v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background and AimsRadiation-induced lymphopenia (RIL) is a frequent side effect of conventional radiation therapy (CONV RT), due to the high radiosensitivity of circulating lymphocytes. Ultra-high dose rate "FLASH" RT may preferentially spare normal tissue while maintaining tumor control. This study evaluates the impact of single-fraction and multi-fraction thoracic FLASH RT on lymphocyte preservation, apoptosis, and immunosuppressive signaling in mice.

MethodsWe compared the immunological impact of thoracic FLASH RT and CONV RT in C57BL/6 mice using single-fraction (17 Gy) and multi-fraction (2 Gy x 5) regimens using the Mobetron (IntraOp). Longitudinal blood sampling was performed at multiple time-points post-irradiation through facial vein bleed with flow cytometry analysis for CD4+, CD8+, CD19+, and NK cells to assess lymphocyte counts, apoptotic lymphocytes through Annexin V staining, and immune suppression by examining regulatory T cells (Tregs) and PD-1/PD-L1 expression. Mechanistic studies included immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses of splenic tissues to evaluate Chk1 and STAT3 signaling pathways.

ResultsIn single-fraction RT, FLASH significantly reduced lung and heart fibrosis (p < 0.0001) at 28 weeks post-RT. The FLASH effect was also seen acutely on circulating immune cells, with significantly reduced lymphocyte apoptosis and accelerated recovery of CD4, CD8, CD3, NK, and B cell populations compared to CONV RT in both single-fraction and multi-fraction regimens. Conversely, CONV RT induced long-lasting increases in Tregs and sustained PD-1 and PD-L1 expression on T- and B-cells at 2- and 5-months post-irradiation in both fractionation regimens. Within the spleen, we also found CONV RT induced sustained activation of the Chk1-STAT3 pathway in CD45+ immune cells, which correlates with increased PD-1/PD-L1 expression.

ConclusionFLASH RT mitigates RIL, reduces lymphocyte apoptosis, and prevents long-term immunosuppression by reduced activation of the Chk1-STAT3 pathway. These findings suggest FLASH RT may confer immunological advantages over CONV RT to enhance therapeutic efficacy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aggarwal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neill, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velasquez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beddar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koong, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schueler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.21.683770</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FLASH Radiotherapy Mitigates Radiation-Induced Lymphopenia and Prevents Immunosuppression via Chk1-STAT3 Axis Modulation in a Preclinical Thoracic Irradiation Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.21.683809v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A machine learning method for calculating highly localized protein stabilities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.21.683809v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The residue-level free energy of opening ({Delta}Gop) is the ultimate thermodynamic descriptor of localized protein stability, providing valuable information about the protein ensemble at physiologically relevant timescales and conditions. PFNet instantly determines {Delta}Gop for arbitrarily large proteins and complexes from conventional peptide-level hydrogen exchange/mass spectrometry (HX/MS) datasets. It unlocks the full potential of HX/MS, democratizing the method and establishing quantitative, scalable and accessible analysis (https://github.com/glasgowlab/PFNet).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McBride, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reckers, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glasgow, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.21.683809</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A machine learning method for calculating highly localized protein stabilities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.22.684023v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Germline-targeting HIV immunogen induces cross-neutralizing antibodies in outbred macaques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.22.684023v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Germline-targeting-(GT) is a promising strategy to activate rare broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb)-producing B cells against HIV, but induction of such responses in outbred animals has not been achieved. Using antibody-guided structure-based design, we engineered a germline-targeting trimer immunogen Q23-APEX-GT2 that primes diverse V2-apex bnAb precursors. Q23-APEX-GT2 efficiently activated V2-apex-specific B cells in humanized knock-in mice and consistently elicited immunofocused antibody responses in rhesus macaques, priming multiple long CDRH3-loop bnAb-B cell lineages. Monoclonal antibodies from immunized macaques exhibited broad heterologous HIV trimer binding and cross-neutralization. Atomic-level structural studies confirmed precise epitope targeting and revealed CDRH3-paratope configurations that mirrored those of human V2-apex bnAbs. This study provides proof-of-principle for successful priming and maturation of authentic V2-apex bnAb precursors in outbred macaques, underscoring the potential of V2-apex-targeted vaccines.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIEngineered Q23-APEX-GT2 trimer to stimulate diverse V2-apex bnAb B cell precursors
C_LIO_LIQ23-APEX-GT2 primed rare V2-apex bnAb B cells in mice and outbred rhesus macaques
C_LIO_LIQ23-APEX-GT2 elicited immunofocused antibody responses and diverse V2-apex B cell lineages with desirable long-CDRH3 paratope properties
C_LIO_LIQ23-APEX-GT2 alone induced V2-apex antibodies with broad HIV trimer binding and modest neutralization breadth
C_LIO_LIStructural analysis confirmed bnAb site targeting, mirroring human and rhesus V2-apex bnAbs
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mishra, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roark, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callaghan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, W.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vo, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avillion, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habib, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bibollet-Ruche, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giese, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Somanathan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chowdhury, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oberoi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amereh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kassab, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjio, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrabi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randall, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Maas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Akiva, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaczmarek-Michaels, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>plante, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martella, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skelly, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurtado, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dueker, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capozzola, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nedellec, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozorowski, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falcone, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carfi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Himansu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crispin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hahn, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briney,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.22.684023</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Germline-targeting HIV immunogen induces cross-neutralizing antibodies in outbred macaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.24.684424v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-Class Classification of Cannabis and Alcohol Use Disorder: Identifying Common and Substance-Specific Neural Circuits. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.24.684424v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Machine learning approaches have advanced the identification of neural signatures of substance use, particularly through case-control comparisons and network-level analyses. However, most studies have focused on single substances in isolation, making it difficult to directly compare shared and distinct network computations and limiting their generalizability, given that many individuals engage in polysubstance use. Here, we introduce an explainable, connectivity-based multiclass classification framework that models distributed brain network organization to delineate both shared and substance-specific mechanisms of addiction. This design enables direct comparison among cannabis users, alcohol users, and controls, revealing network computations that uniquely differentiate each group. Using functional connectivity features from cue-induced craving tasks, we classified cannabis users (n=166), alcohol users (n=101), and healthy controls (n=238), achieving high out-of-sample accuracy (87% for cannabis, 69% for alcohol, and 73% for controls). Functional connectivity-based models consistently outperformed activation-based models, highlighting the importance of inter-regional network properties for biomarker development. Network analysis further revealed dorsal prefrontal, cingulate, and precuneus hubs consistent with meta-analytic craving networks and substance-specific connectivity motifs enhanced prefrontal coupling in cannabis users and greater insular-striatal integration in alcohol users. These results demonstrate that distinct network configurations define different substance-use profiles, advancing interpretable biomarkers for addiction neuroscience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kato, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heflin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiore, V. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filbey, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.24.684424</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-Class Classification of Cannabis and Alcohol Use Disorder: Identifying Common and Substance-Specific Neural Circuits.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.25.684210v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modular Noncovalent Functionalization of Electrospun Piezoelectric Scaffolds with Bioactive Nanocarriers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.25.684210v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electrospun scaffolds offer a promising platform for immune-instructive materials, but stable and modular functionalization with bioactive signals remains a technical challenge. Here, we develop a surface coating strategy for electrospun scaffolds that consist of poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) (PVDF-TrFE), a piezoelectric polymer, using electrostatic adsorption of charged nanoparticles. We show that under certain conditions, these piezoelectric scaffolds are suitable substrates for electrostatic self-assembly, and that the density of nanoparticle coatings can be tuned by adjusting buffer pH, ionic strength, and nanoparticle concentration. This approach enables robust and uniform coating of both polymeric nanoparticles and soft nanocarriers such as liposomes, without requiring covalent surface modification. Liposome-coated scaffolds are cytocompatible with adherent epithelial and suspension immune cells and support lipid exchange at the cell-material interface. Using a supramolecular tethering strategy, we use liposome coatings to present interleukin-15 (IL-15) from the scaffold surface and demonstrate localized, sustained cytokine signaling. Together, these findings establish a modular approach for post-fabrication, noncovalent scaffold functionalization with bioactive nanocarriers, offering new opportunities for tissue and immune engineering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bortel, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chowdhury, S. S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uvaldo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arinzeh, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.25.684210</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modular Noncovalent Functionalization of Electrospun Piezoelectric Scaffolds with Bioactive Nanocarriers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.25.684508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brendo: an open resource for uniquely transcribed genes in brain endothelial cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.25.684508v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a critical role in central nervous system homeostasis, yet comprehensive transcriptional profiling of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) remains limited. Leveraging the increasing availability of publicly accessible bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) datasets, we developed an integrated analytical framework to identify genes selectively enriched in BMECs compared to endothelial cells (ECs) from other tissues. To address the substantial batch effects inherent to multi-source bulk RNA-seq data, we combined two differential expression strategies, rank aggregation methods, and extensive quality controls. Our analysis incorporated EC samples from 16 different tissues and employed robust statistical workflows to mitigate technical confounders while preserving biologically meaningful signals. Validation using known BBB markers and independent proteomic evidence confirmed the reliability of our approach.

We present Brendo (Brain Endothelial Open Resource), an open-access web platform providing searchable, filterable, and downloadable data on differentially expressed genes in BMECs. Brendo enables an in-depth exploration of brain endothelial gene expression and offers broader applications across vascular biology by supporting cross-tissue EC comparisons. The workflow described is adaptable to other biological contexts, promoting the systematic reuse of public bulk RNA-seq datasets for target discovery. Collectively, this resource provides a foundation for advancing BBB-targeted therapeutic strategies and highlights the value of open data integration in transcriptomic research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beker, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramezani Khorsand, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adebali, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mustafaoglu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.25.684508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brendo: an open resource for uniquely transcribed genes in brain endothelial cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.22.683868v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibitory control and error processing in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A mega-analysis of task-based fMRI data by the ENIGMA-OCD consortium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.22.683868v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveObsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic condition in which impaired inhibitory control and excessive error monitoring may contribute to the maintenance of obsessions and compulsions. This mega-analysis investigates neural activation during response inhibition and error processing using adult and pediatric data from the ENIGMA-OCD consortium and the ABCD study.

MethodsIndividual participant data was uniformly processed using HALFpipe to extract statistical maps for response inhibition and error processing contrasts. Bayesian multilevel models were used to assess regional and whole-brain effects of OCD, with additional analyses examining the association between the OCD clinical profile and task-related activation.

ResultsAcross inhibitory control tasks, both individuals with OCD and control participants showed robust activation in regions implicated in response inhibition and error processing. During response inhibition, compared to controls, adults with OCD showed stronger somatomotor cortex activation, while children with OCD showed stronger occipital cortex activation. Children with likely OCD from the ABCD cohort showed reduced activity in the frontoparietal network in the anterior insula/frontal operculum region. During error processing, relative to controls, adults with OCD showed weaker activation in fronto-striatal regions, while children with OCD showed stronger activation in frontoparietal and attention networks. Greater OCD symptom severity was associated with weaker task-related activation in adults and stronger activation in children during response inhibition.

ConclusionCase-control differences in brain activation during inhibitory control varied by age group and task contrast. Symptom severity emerged as the main clinical correlate of activation during inhibition, suggesting that inhibitory control deficits in OCD may be both state-dependent and developmentally specific.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dzinalija, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Heuvel, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Araujo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balachander, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beucke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandeis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brem, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buitelaar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castelo-Branco, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eng, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzsimmons, S. M. D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fortea, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fullana, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grutzmann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huijser, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Joode, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kathmann, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, J. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Zalacain, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menchon, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van de Mortel, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanaswamy, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ousdal, O. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Postma, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Manrique, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Rooij, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shivakumar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soriano-Mas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomopoulos, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.22.683868</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibitory control and error processing in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A mega-analysis of task-based fMRI data by the ENIGMA-OCD consortium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.26.684684v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A workflow using diaPASEF global quantitative proteomic analysis reveals extracellular vesicle biomarker candidates for non-invasive diagnostics in non-small cell lung cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.26.684684v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lung cancer is the second most diagnosed cancer in the world. Non-small cell lung cancer is the most common type of lung cancer in the United States. Tissue biopsy is the gold standard for detecting lung cancer but is highly invasive as it necessitates the extraction of a sample of tissue for histologic analysis. It also carries risks of bleeding and/or infection and is inconvenient from a patient perspective. The development of a minimally invasive test, such as one utilizing a blood or urine sample, and capable of providing accurate results for lung cancer detection and/or subtyping, would significantly enhance the clinical landscape and streamline patient care. In this study we utilize A549 and H1299 human lung cancer cell lines, differing in cell type, location within the lung, and genetic composition (Kras & p53 status), and employ diaPASEF for global quantitative proteomic analysis. We demonstrate that extracellular vesicle protein content provides enhanced resolution to differentiate between these two cell lines relative to protein lysate content and reveals alterations in signaling. Protein clusters are identified showing enrichment for distinct biological processes representing multiple gene ontology categories unique to each lung cancer subtype-oxidative phosphorylation, apical junction, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. We subsequently delineate a short list of urine-detectable protein candidates that is prognostic in a second cohort of lung cancer patients. This list of protein candidates may be useful for the development of a non-invasive test to distinguish between these two subtypes of human lung cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vij, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurnia, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimapanat, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soni, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rai, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.26.684684</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A workflow using diaPASEF global quantitative proteomic analysis reveals extracellular vesicle biomarker candidates for non-invasive diagnostics in non-small cell lung cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.27.684807v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitofusin agonists enhances long-term engraftment and potency of cultured hematopoietic stem cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.27.684807v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Umbilical cord blood (CBU) is a valuable source of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) due to its superior donor compatibility and lower incidence of graft-versus-host disease. However, its limited HSC content restricts its use in adult transplantation, necessitating new targets for ex vivo expansion and improved HSC potency. Mitofusin 2 (MFN2), a mitochondrial membrane fusion protein, is necessary for preserving HSC function and agonists of mitofusin activity have been characterized. We report that ex vivo culture of CBU HSCs with mitofusin agonists (MAs) enhances long-term repopulating activity by over five-fold in both primary and secondary transplantation assays without changes of total nucleated cells or phenotypic HSCs. Mechanistically, MA-treated HSCs show suppressed protein synthesis, increased autophagic flux, and elevated lysosomal acidification. Transcriptomic analysis implicates downregulation of MTOR signaling, and immunoprecipitation studies confirm a direct interaction between MFN2 and MTOR. These data support a model in which fusion-competent MFN2 sequesters MTOR, promoting a catabolic state that preserves HSC potency. Our findings suggest a novel MFN2-MTOR regulatory axis that enhances the functional expansion of human HSCs for potential therapeutic application.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Biondo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Candelaria, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLaughlin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillyer, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snoeck, H.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luchsinger, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.27.684807</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitofusin agonists enhances long-term engraftment and potency of cultured hematopoietic stem cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.27.684958v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Macrophage EHD1 promotes inflammation and stabilizes sortilin to accelerate atherosclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.27.684958v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMacrophages are key players in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. They trigger immune responses through their cell-surface receptors. However, how macrophages regulate those receptors in response to pro-inflammatory stimuli is not completely understood. Endocytic membrane trafficking involving receptor internalization, followed by endosomal transport and recycling of the internalized receptors, plays essential roles in balancing cell-surface receptors to meet cellular needs. Here, we explored the role of the endocytic regulator EHD1 in immune responses in macrophages and determined its contribution to atherosclerosis progression.

MethodsEHD1 expression profiles in mouse and human plaques were determined by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and immunofluorescence staining. Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) by transplanting bone marrow cells from Ehd1-/- or littermate wild-type mice to irradiated Ldlr-/- mice was performed to determine the effect of EHD1 deletion on atherosclerosis progression. In vitro mechanistic studies including inflammation signaling and endocytosis assays were performed in bone marrow-derived macrophages.

ResultsEHD1 expression in macrophages is enhanced as atherosclerosis progresses in both mice and humans. Histological analysis of aortic root sections from BMT mice showed that EHD1 deletion reduces lesion size. ScRNA-seq of aortic CD45+ cells demonstrated that EHD1 deletion attenuates pro-inflammatory responses and cell-cell interactions. Mechanistic studies revealed that EHD1 accelerates the endocytic recycling of TNFR2 and activates NF-kB, leading to increased expression of inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, EHD1 interacts with retromer and stabilizes sortilin, a retrograde cargo of retromer and a risk factor for atherosclerosis.

ConclusionsEHD1 promotes inflammation by enhancing TNFR2-NF-kB signaling and stabilizing sortilin, leading to accelerated atherosclerosis. Our study reveals novel roles for EHD1-mediated membrane trafficking in macrophage function and paves the way to innovative therapeutic strategies that aim to address dysregulated membrane trafficking in atherosclerosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cai, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traylor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rom, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovacic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fidler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yurdagul, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orr, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.27.684958</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Macrophage EHD1 promotes inflammation and stabilizes sortilin to accelerate atherosclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.28.685099v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A non-invasive method to genotype cephalopod sex by quantitative PCR 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.28.685099v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coleoid cephalopods (cuttlefish, octopus, and squid) are emerging model organisms in neuroscience, development, and evolutionary biology, and are of major economic importance in global fisheries. However, they are notoriously difficult and expensive to culture. The ability to determine sex early in development would enable more efficient and sustainable population management in both laboratory and wild settings. Here, we present a non-invasive method to genotype the sex of dwarf cuttlefish (Ascarosepion bandense) as young as three hours post-hatching using a skin swab and quantitative PCR assay, which detects a two-fold dosage difference between ZZ and Z0 sex chromosomes of males and females, respectively. Furthermore, we designed and validated primers for four additional cephalopod research species with assembled genomes (Octopus bimaculoides, Sepia officinalis, Euprymna berryi, Doryteuthis pealeii), and for a wild-caught species of economic value (Illex illecebrosus) using low-coverage whole genome sequencing data. This method enables accurate sex determination from hatchlings to adults across cephalopods, independent of genome quality or availability.

HighlightsO_LIThe Z sex chromosome was identified in multiple cuttlefish, squid, and octopus species.
C_LIO_LIA sensitive quantitative PCR assay can genotype ZZ/Z0 sex in each species.
C_LIO_LILow-coverage short-read sequencing data is sufficient to design effective primers.
C_LIO_LIqPCR on non-invasive skin swabs enables genotyping of living animals.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rubino, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffing, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbons, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Small, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desvignes, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pessutti, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkhipkin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shcherbich, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Postlethwait, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kern, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montague, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.28.685099</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A non-invasive method to genotype cephalopod sex by quantitative PCR]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.29.684532v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nuclear Packing Sets Fluidity Along the Epithelial to Mesenchymal Spectrum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.29.684532v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Investigations of jamming in cancer have produced numerous phase diagrams intending to map fluidity across the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Here, we use coalescence of homotypic and heterotypic multicellular spheroids to examine and carefully probe these phase spaces. Small changes in cellular EMT status result in full traversal of the solid-to-fluid continuum. We propose that stiff nuclei impede cell motion and spheroid coalescence and find that by softening nuclei, fluidization of an otherwise solid-like system occurs. Changes in fluidity during coalescence is fully captured by static cellular properties, such as internuclear spacing and nuclear shape, that can be assessed in individual non-interacting spheroids. We combine these quantities into an effective nuclear packing metric that depends on nuclear occupancy and nuclear elongation. Together, these findings reveal that nuclear morphology and packing act as important indicators and determinants of fluidity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devanny, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.29.684532</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nuclear Packing Sets Fluidity Along the Epithelial to Mesenchymal Spectrum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.29.685266v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Crosstalk between the Methyl-Cytosine Dioxygenase TET3 and the Methyl-CpG-binding protein MECP2 Controls Neuronal Maturation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.29.685266v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Active DNA demethylation depends on Ten-Eleven-Translocation (TET) enzymes, which oxidize 5-methylcytosine (mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (hmC) and further derivatives. Mutations in TET3, encoding the predominant neuronal isoform, lead to Beck-Fahrner syndrome, a neurodevelopmental disorder. Using human iPSC-derived neurons, we show that TET3 is dispensable for neuronal specification but critical for subsequent maturation. Differentiating TET3-deficient neurons exhibit delayed transcriptional and proteomic transitions, altered synaptic signatures, and impaired network activity, indicating delayed functional maturation. Mechanistically, we identified an interaction between TET3 and the mC/hmC-binding protein MECP2, pathogenic variants of which cause Rett syndrome. MECP2 negatively regulates TET3 activity, as demonstrated in functional assays and by inverse hmC patterns in MECP2- and TET3-deficient neurons. Despite this, MECP2- and TET3-deficient neurons exhibit highly similar phenotypes later in differentiation. Our findings uncover a functional interplay between TET3 and MECP2 that coordinates DNA methylation and chromatin dynamics during neuronal maturation, suggesting a shared pathogenic mechanism in Beck-Fahrner and Rett syndromes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Traube, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gasparoni, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geserich, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sepulveda, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angel, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habibey, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Splith, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gokce, G. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giorgio, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernardini, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachsse, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bickerstaff-Westbrook, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carell, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busskamp, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michalakis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.29.685266</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Crosstalk between the Methyl-Cytosine Dioxygenase TET3 and the Methyl-CpG-binding protein MECP2 Controls Neuronal Maturation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.29.685101v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cross-species connectome comparisons reveal the network attributes of memory capacity and time series prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.29.685101v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brains connectome provides a powerful blueprint for designing efficient neural networks, yet the impact of incorporating its intricate, non-random architecture into machine learning models remains underexplored. Here, we integrate empirical structural connectomes from four model species--fruit fly, mouse, rat, and macaque--as the recurrent layer in echo state networks (ESNs). We demonstrate that biologically realized networks, particularly the macaque connectome, achieve superior performance in chaotic time series prediction and exhibit higher memory capacity compared to randomly shuffled controls. This computational advantage correlates with small-world topology, which scales with phylogenetic level. Crucially, we identify that weakly connected but highly central nodes are essential for optimal network dynamics; their targeted perturbation significantly degrades performance. Furthermore, functional connectomes from Alzheimers disease patients show computational deficits resembling those induced by weak-tie disruption in healthy networks. Our findings establish that evolved connectome topology is fundamental to efficient information processing, providing key principles for bio-inspired artificial intelligence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>She, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.29.685101</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cross-species connectome comparisons reveal the network attributes of memory capacity and time series prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.30.685526v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pharmacological reduction of neutrophil infiltration reduces Clostridioides difficile infection severity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.30.685526v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clostridioides difficile is the leading cause of nosocomial infections and an urgent public health threat. This bacterial pathogen is challenging to treat due to antibiotic resistance and high recurrence rates, highlighting the need for additional therapeutic strategies. The host inflammatory response is a major driver of C. difficile-associated disease and associated with worse clinical outcomes. Currently, few strategies targeting the inflammatory response have been leveraged to treat CDI. Here, we show that administration of the prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) analog misoprostol markedly reduces CDI severity by modulating host immune responses. During CDI, misoprostol decreases circulating neutrophils and limits infiltration into the colon, reducing epithelial damage, intestinal pathology, and infection severity. Additionally, misoprostol reduces serum granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), an important cytokine in neutrophil mobilization, controlling neutrophil levels during CDI. Together, these findings highlight neutrophil infiltration as a key driver of C. difficile-associated disease and identify innate immune modulation as a potential host-directed therapeutic strategy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Keenan, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soto Ocana, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furth, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bee, G. C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldridge, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamantino, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cadwell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronoff, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zackular, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.30.685526</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pharmacological reduction of neutrophil infiltration reduces Clostridioides difficile infection severity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.30.685561v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pan-cancer 3D genomic analysis revealed extremely long Polycomb loops as the biomarker for sensitivity to Polycomb inhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.30.685561v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polycomb targeted loci form long-range chromatin interactions independent of CTCF-cohesion and are demarcated by low DNA methylation(1-3). Polycomb targets form extremely long-range loops (long Polycomb loops) that can separate anchors up to 60 Mb. These loops predominantly occur in cells of self-renewal status, such as human hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC), but rarely in cell lines.

To identify long Polycomb loops in cancer, we initiated a pan-cancer survey of long Polycomb loops in a collection of 264 tumor samples (33 acute myeloid leukemias, 17 T cell lymphoblastic leukemia, 29 Breast cancer samples, 63 pediatric brain tumors, 70 prostate cancers, and 42 colon cancers). We found most cancers, including all prostate cancers and colon cancers, lack long Polycomb loops except pediatric brain tumors and certain AMLs.

In pediatric brain tumors, we found 30% of the ependymoma PFA subtype (which shows globally depleted H3K27me3) notably displayed strong long Polycomb loop interactions. AML displayed more diverse levels of long Polycomb loop interactions. Most AMLs lost both long Polycomb loops with Polycomb binding loss at the loop anchors. Whereas 10% of AMLs retain long Polycomb loops as strong as in HSCs. These AMLs recurrently carry mutations in CEBPA and STAG2, which are not associated with the Polycomb complex or DNA methylation machinery. We found that long Polycomb loop strong AML is sensitive to EZH2 inhibition, which induces cell differentiation. Conversely, PRC1 component dependency can be used to predict long Polycomb loop formation in B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines.

Our analysis suggests that the oncogenesis process antagonizes the long Polycomb loop maintenance in most cancers, yet certain cancers may still preserve strong long Polycomb loops from cell-of-origin. The maintenance of long Polycomb loops sensitizes cells to Polycomb inhibition, indicating that such loops could be an epigenomic biomarker for pharmacological or genetic Polycomb inhibition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanovello, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X. Q. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.30.685561</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pan-cancer 3D genomic analysis revealed extremely long Polycomb loops as the biomarker for sensitivity to Polycomb inhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.30.685642v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sensory receptor expansion and neural accommodation in butterfly color vision 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.30.685642v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolution of complex brains required existing neurons and neural circuits to accommodate new inputs. The genetic and developmental mechanisms that enable such integration are largely unknown. Butterflies evolved more complex retinal mosaics through the addition of a second R7 color photoreceptor per ommatidium (unit eye). In Drosophila, the unique R7 makes a stochastic choice to express one of two opsin genes. In butterflies, the two R7s make independent stochastic cell fate choices in each ommatidium, producing three ommatidial types instead of two. Here, we investigate the developmental basis of this change and how the butterfly brain accommodates expanded sensory receptor input. We first identified the changes in gene expression that cause a second R7 cell to be specified. We then modified Drosophila retinas to have butterfly-like transcription factor expression, causing recruitment of an additional R7. The two R7s make independent stochastic choices, like butterflies, leading to three stochastically distributed ommatidial types. In Drosophila, the two R7 subtypes connect to their target neurons, either yDm8 or pDm8. Dm8 neurons of both types are born in excess and Dm8s that do not find connections with their cognate y or pR7s undergo apoptosis. In the presence of extra R7s in butterfly-like fly retinas, additional Dm8s are retained, leading to two Dm8s per medulla column that make appropriate connections with the matching R7 subtypes, facilitating the expansion of color vision. We propose that the presence of cells that would otherwise die provide developmental flexibility that can allow brains to accommodate newly evolved inputs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ainsworth, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donati, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ragsac, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genduso, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andre, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomlinson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.30.685642</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sensory receptor expansion and neural accommodation in butterfly color vision]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.30.684657v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shared Binding Site but Divergent Resistance Profiles Uncover Novel Resistance Mechanisms in Plasmodium HSP90 Inhibitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.30.684657v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drug resistance is a widespread problem across therapeutic areas including malaria, but what accounts for resistance propensity remains poorly understood. Here, we reveal that two HSP90 inhibitors targeting the identical ATP-binding site exhibit dramatically different resistance profiles in P. falciparum. Geldanamycin readily selected 10 distinct resistance mutations conferring up to 22-fold resistance, while AUY-922 required 44 weeks to yield a single A41S mutation with only 2-fold resistance to AUY-922 but not to geldanamycin. Resistance mapping in parasites and yeast revealed geldanamycin resistance mutations distributed throughout the binding pocket whereas AUY-922 resistance mutations localized close to the ATP-binding site. Unexpectedly, the A41S mutation enhanced AUY-922 binding affinity without changing geldanamycin binding. In silico analysis suggested this enhancement occurs through additional hydrogen bonding, yet stronger binding correlated with resistance. In yeast, A41S had opposite effects, hypersensitizing cells to all HSP90 inhibitors tested. Additionally, conditional HSP90 knockdown increased geldanamycin sensitivity but left AUY-922 activity unaffected, indicating different target dependencies despite shared binding sites. Based on these data, we propose a multi-target hypothesis where AUY-922s lower resistance risk stems from engaging multiple HSP90 family members. Our findings reveal how enhanced drug-target binding can paradoxically correlate with resistance and demonstrate that resistance risk cannot be predicted from binding site identity alone, providing insights for developing more durable drugs across therapeutic areas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ko, F.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lukens, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Souza, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ndiaye, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okombo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uhlemann, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boonyalai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumpornsin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girling, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasaje, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godoy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ottilie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durst, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niles, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fidock, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirth, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winzeler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.30.684657</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shared Binding Site but Divergent Resistance Profiles Uncover Novel Resistance Mechanisms in Plasmodium HSP90 Inhibitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.31.684900v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural heterogeneity shapes the temporal structure of human working memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.31.684900v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Working memory (WM) enables temporary retention of information essential for flexible cognition. Although persistent population activity has long been regarded as a principal mechanism of memory maintenance, continuous single-neuron firing is energetically demanding and difficult to reconcile with the heterogeneous firing properties of cortical neurons. Applying single-trial analyses to a dataset of 902 neurons recorded from 21 neurosurgical patients performing a WM task, we found that maintenance was supported by transient, burst-like episodes of coordinated activity rather than sustained firing. Cross-temporal decoding exhibited localized generalization, and decoding accuracy increased with wider temporal windows, indicating that apparent persistence can emerge from temporally interleaved activity across neurons. We further developed a feature-based, putative cell-type classifier that revealed distinct circuit contributions: pyramidal neurons expressed content in burst-aligned events during maintenance, whereas interneurons were strongly modulated by memory load and behavior. Together, these findings reconcile dynamic and persistent accounts, indicating that human WM can emerge from temporally interleaved, cell-type-specific dynamics that provide a flexible and potentially metabolically efficient substrate for maintaining information over time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kussovska, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rungratsameetaweemana, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.31.684900</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural heterogeneity shapes the temporal structure of human working memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.31.685813v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
KIF5A binds RNA to orchestrate synaptic mRNA localization and stress granules in ALS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.31.685813v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal health depends on the precise transport and local translation of mRNAs to maintain synaptic function across highly polarized cellular architecture. While kinesin motor proteins are known to mediate mRNA transport, the specificity and direct involvement of individual kinesins as RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that KIF5A, a neuron-specific kinesin implicated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), functions as an RBP. We show that KIF5A directly binds mRNAs encoding synaptic ribosomal proteins and is required for their synaptic localization and for maintaining normal synaptic composition and function. Additionally, we show ALS-linked KIF5A mutations confer gain-of-function properties, enhancing mRNA binding, increasing synaptic ribosomal protein accumulation, inducing neuronal hyperexcitability, and impairing stress responses. These findings reveal a previously unrecognized mechanism by which mutant KIF5A disrupts synaptic homeostasis. Our work positions a kinesin motor protein as an RBP with critical roles in mRNA transport, local translation, and stress response.

HighlightsO_LIKIF5A interacts with mRNA encoding synaptic ribosomal proteins
C_LIO_LIKIF5A is required for normal synaptic composition and function
C_LIO_LIKIF5A binds to G3BP1 and G3BP1 stress granule associated proteins
C_LIO_LIKIF5A mutant ALS patient-derived motor neurons have abnormal synaptic function and stress response
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Le, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mumford, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizrahi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoover, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mei, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothamel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Her, H.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blue, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shneider, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.31.685813</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[KIF5A binds RNA to orchestrate synaptic mRNA localization and stress granules in ALS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.31.685835v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic background and transient prenatal disruption of vitamin A signaling determine susceptibility to airway hyperresponsiveness in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.31.685835v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Airway structural changes and hyperresponsiveness (AHR), hallmarks of asthma, are crucially influenced by genetic variations and adverse exposures. While intrauterine environmental perturbations leading to dysfunctional lung development have been linked to adult pulmonary disease, still little is known about the developmental events leading to these postnatal abnormalities. Here, we provide evidence of genetic background playing a key role in this process. Using A/J and C57BL/6J mice known for their distinct susceptibility to AHR, we show that A/J but not C57BL/6J develop an aberrant airway smooth muscle (SM) program and AHR in adulthood when exposed transiently to a vitamin A/retinoic acid (RA)-disrupted intrauterine environment in vivo by a maternal BMS493 administration. Single nuclei multiomics analysis identified a subpopulation of mesenchymal cells that overactivated TGF{beta} targets in response to BMS selectively in A/J, but not C57BL/6J, embryonic lungs. These cells, localized to sites of airway SM initiation, exhibited robust BMS-mediated upregulation of SMAD2/3 targets, including regulators of SM program Pdgfra and Tnc, and showed stable cell proportions despite the marked transcriptional rewiring following RA disruption. These findings identify TGF{beta}-activating mesenchymal cells as a critical niche responsive to RA signaling and reveal how genetic background determines developmental susceptibility to micronutrient perturbations with long-term impact on airway function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Otoshi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kameshwar, A. K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotton, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardell, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiangyi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsuno, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajaram, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharpton, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quadro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardoso, W. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.31.685835</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic background and transient prenatal disruption of vitamin A signaling determine susceptibility to airway hyperresponsiveness in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.31.685901v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SNNs Are Not Transformers (Yet): The Architectural Problems for SNNs in Modeling Long-Range Dependencies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.31.685901v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spiking neural networks (SNNs) have attracted growing interest for their ability to operate efficiently on low-power neuromorphic hardware, offering a biologically grounded route toward energy-efficient computation. However, despite advances in large-scale neuromorphic systems capable of simulating millions of spiking neurons and synapses, SNNs continue to underperform state-of-the-art (SOTA) artificial neural networks (ANNs) on complex sequence-processing tasks.

Here, we present an explicit covering-number bound analysis for SNNs based on the non-leaky integrate and fire (nLIF) model. Leveraging recent work on causal partitions and local Lipschitz continuity, we derive a global Lipschitz constant and show that the sample complexity of nLIF networks scales quadratically with input sequence length. We analytically compare these bounds with those of Transformer and recurrent neural network (RNN) architectures, revealing fundamental constraints on how current SNNs process long-range dependencies. Finally, we show that these theoretical assumptions align with known cortical mechanisms, particularly inhibitory normalization and refractoriness, and discuss their implications for developing future neuromorphic architectures that more closely approximate biological computation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fishell, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honnuraiah, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.31.685901</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SNNs Are Not Transformers (Yet): The Architectural Problems for SNNs in Modeling Long-Range Dependencies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.01.686018v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long-term Locus Coeruleus Stimulation Exacerbates Tau Pathology in PS19 Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.01.686018v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAlzheimers disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-{beta} (A{beta}) plaques and hyperphosphorylated Tau tangles. The locus coeruleus (LC) is among the first brain regions to show degeneration and Tau pathology during the early stages of AD. Previous studies have demonstrated that short-term chemogenetic LC stimulation can improve memory performance in the TgF344-AD rat model, while long-term norepinephrine (NE) reuptake inhibition can worsen memory deficits in the ADLPTau mouse model. However, the effects of long-term LC stimulation in Tau mouse models on memory, synaptic plasticity, and tauopathy remain unclear.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the impact of long-term locus coeruleus stimulation on memory, synaptic plasticity, and tauopathy in PS19 mice using behavioral paradigms, electrophysiological recordings, and immunohistochemical analysis.

MethodsThe radial arm water maze and fear conditioning test were conducted to assess memory performance in PS19 mice with and without long-term LC stimulation. Hippocampal long-term potentiation was recorded to evaluate the effect of long-term LC stimulation on synaptic plasticity. Immunohistochemistry was employed to examine Tau phosphorylation, neurodegeneration, and neuroinflammation.

ResultsLong-term LC stimulation in PS19 mice exacerbated spatial memory deficits in the water maze, impaired contextual fear memory, reduced hippocampal LTP, and increased AEP expression, Tau hyperphosphorylation, and astrocyte activation.

ConclusionLong-term LC stimulation may exacerbate memory deficits in PS19 mice by impairing synaptic plasticity and increasing neural degeneration in the hippocampus. Elevated norepinephrine levels resulting from long-term LC stimulation may increase AEP expression, contributing to Tau hyperphosphorylation in the LC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wellman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Argyrousi, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arancio, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.01.686018</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long-term Locus Coeruleus Stimulation Exacerbates Tau Pathology in PS19 Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.02.685475v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hybrid Solid-Liquid Optics Enable Scalable, High-Resolution, Multi-Immersion Light-Sheet Microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.02.685475v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modern biology increasingly depends on data-driven discovery, requiring scalable and affordable high-content 3D imaging across molecular to organ scales. Although tissue clearing, expansion microscopy, and light-sheet microscopy (LSM) enable subcellular-resolution imaging of intact specimens, their scalability remains fundamentally limited by detection optics: immersion objectives deliver high-resolution, aberration-free imaging but with short working distances, high cost, and multi-immersion incompatibility, while air objectives offer long working distances and portability at lower cost but suffer from severe aberrations and reduced photon collection when imaging immersed samples. We introduce the Hybrid Solid-Liquid Immersion Lens (HySIL) framework, which pairs an off-the-shelf solid optical component with a refractive index-matched liquid to precompensate aberrations and enhance resolution. Building on HySIL, we developed SCOPE and Super-SCOPE, objective-agnostic imaging devices achieving submicron lateral resolution (<0.75 {micro}m) across centimeter-scale samples using inexpensive air objectives with >30 mm working distances. Integration with a low-cost LSM platform yielded a compact, scalable system demonstrated for multi-immersion, multi-color, subcellular-resolution mapping of cleared or expanded mouse, salamander, and cavefish brains, human iPSC-derived organoids, and 3D histopathology of breast tissue. HySIL and SCOPE establish an accessible foundation for scalable, high-resolution volumetric imaging, advancing data-driven biological discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Affatato, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fay, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guttikonda, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noble, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haydock, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mapa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De La Cruz, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kowalko, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tosches, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerfen, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makinson, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hibshoosh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.02.685475</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hybrid Solid-Liquid Optics Enable Scalable, High-Resolution, Multi-Immersion Light-Sheet Microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.02.686117v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alzheimer's Disease Risk Variants Interact with Amyloid-beta to Modulate Monocyte Function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.02.686117v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While genetics implicate a central role for dysregulated innate immunity in Alzheimers disease (AD), the contributions of peripheral myeloid cells, such as monocytes, have been largely overlooked in favor of microglia. Here, we investigate whether AD associated loci, specifically rs3865444 in the CD33 locus and rs1057233 in the SPI1 locus, converge on shared functional pathways in monocytes in the context of amyloid-beta peptide 1-42 (A{beta}1-42) as an immune stimulus. To do so, we isolated monocytes from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy individuals and exposed them to aggregated A{beta}1-42. In this study, we identify functional convergence of the CD33 and SPI1 AD risk variants in the context of aggregated A{beta}, both resulting in reduced phagocytosis and loss of surface TREM2 expression, demonstrating an interaction between genetics and environment to reduce myeloid cell fitness. These findings highlight that peripheral monocytes, like brain-resident microglia, are genetically and functionally linked to AD risk, underscoring their importance as accessible immune cells that contribute to disease susceptibility and progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chatila, Z. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradshaw, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.02.686117</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alzheimer's Disease Risk Variants Interact with Amyloid-beta to Modulate Monocyte Function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.02.686137v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MERFISH+, a large-scale, multi-omics spatial technology resolves the molecular holograms of the 3D human developing heart 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.02.686137v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hybridization-based spatial transcriptomics technologies have advanced our ability to map cellular and subcellular organization in complex tissues. However, existing methods remain constrained in gene coverage, multimodal compatibility, and scalability. Here, we present MERFISH+, an enhanced version of Multiplexed Error-Robust Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization (MERFISH), which integrates chemical probe anchoring in protective hydrogels with high-throughput microfluidics and microscopy. This optimized design supports robust and repeated hybridization cycles across an entire centimeter-scale tissue sample. MERFISH+ allowed to simultaneously quantify over 1,800 genes and resolve the 3D organization of chromatin loci and their associated epigenomic marks in developing human hearts. Using a generative integration framework for spatial multimodal data (Spateo-VI), we harmonized these MERFISH+ transcriptomic and chromatin data to reconstruct a 3D spatially-resolved multi-omic atlas of the developing human heart at subcellular resolution capturing 3.1 million cells across 34 distinct populations. This 3D atlas provides a holistic view of an entire organ enabling the characterization of 3D cellular neighborhoods and transcriptional gradients of substructures such as the descending arteries. Thus, MERFISH+ offers a robust, large-format platform for spatial multi-omics that enables high resolution mapping of gene expression at subcellular resolution and the characterization of cellular organization within 3D organs.

One Sentence SummaryMERFISH+ is an spatial multi-omics platform that integrates hydrogel-based probe anchoring, automated high-throughput microfluidics, and large-format multimodal data production to enable comprehensive, subcellular resolution mapping of gene expression and chromatin organization across millions of cells within complex developing human organs.

HighlightsO_LIMERFISH+ expands MERFISH capabilities to measure >1,800 genes and at whole-organ 3D imaging scale
C_LIO_LICombines chemical probe anchoring with high-throughput volumetric microscopy and microfluidics
C_LIO_LIGenerates a 3D molecular atlas of a developing human heart with > 3.1 million cells at subcellular resolution
C_LIO_LIIntroduces Spateo-VI, a novel generative framework integrating 3D multimodal datasets
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kern, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eschbach, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farah, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tai, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenie, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padilla, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moghadami, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellison, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chi, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bintu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.02.686137</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MERFISH+, a large-scale, multi-omics spatial technology resolves the molecular holograms of the 3D human developing heart]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.03.686225v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hidden Spirals Reveal Neurocomputational Mechanisms of Traveling Waves in Human Memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.03.686225v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Traveling waves are neural oscillations that progressively propagate across the cortex in specific directions and spatial patterns, however, their underlying mechanisms remain elusive. To probe their mechanisms, we analyzed direct brain recordings from humans performing a working memory task using empirical statistical modeling and computational modeling. By using independent component analysis, we showed that traveling waves propagated along the cortex in complex spatial patterns that correlated with behaviors such as memory encoding, maintenance, and retrieval. We also applied a novel computational model to identify novel complex spatial patterns, using coupled phase oscillators to reveal hidden spirals that were not clearly visible in the original recordings. The orientation of these hidden spirals distinguished between separate cognitive states, such as memory encoding and retrieval. Our simultaneous empirical and computational modeling provides a general framework to probe the functional significance and neurocomputational mechanisms underlying a diverse range of spatial patterns of traveling waves. Importantly, our novel model-based analytical approach can identify new types of traveling waves in the brain that are missed with conventional analysis approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Das, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zabeh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ermentrout, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.03.686225</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hidden Spirals Reveal Neurocomputational Mechanisms of Traveling Waves in Human Memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.03.686160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-ancestry Transcriptome-Wide Association Study Reveals Shared and Population-Specific Genetic Effects in Alzheimer's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.03.686160v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers disease (AD) risk differs across ancestral populations, yet most genetic studies have focused on Non-Hispanic White (NHW) cohorts. We conducted a multi-population transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) using whole-blood RNA-seq and genotype data from reported NHW (n=235), African American (AA; n=224), and Hispanic (HISP; n=292) participants in MAGENTA. Using SuShiE for multi-population fine-mapping, we identified credible sets of eQTLs for 8,748 genes and improved fine-mapping precision relative to analyses using fewer populations. eQTL effects were largely shared across populations, with population-specific regulation for a subset of genes. Population-stratified TWAS and sample size-weighted meta-analysis (FUSION + MAFOCUS) prioritized and and fine-mapped nine genes (FDR<0.05, PIP>0.8), including established AD loci (BIN1, PTK2B, DMPK) with consistent effects across populations. Importantly, at BIN1 we fine-mapped regulatory variants associated with gene expression and AD risk beyond the GWAS index SNP--most notably rs11682128, which is only in modest LD with rs6733839 (r^2{approx}0.34)--demonstrating that multi-population TWAS can implicate additional functional variants not captured by single-SNP GWAS signals. We also discovered a novel association between COG4 expression and AD in NHW, implicating Golgi apparatus function. Using independent SuShiE-derived models from TOPMed MESA (PBMC), several associations replicated directionally across ancestries, with statistical significance most evident in NHW. Our results show that multi-population fine-mapping improves eQTL resolution and TWAS interpretability, reveals regulatory variants beyond GWAS index SNPs, and underscores the need to expand non-European AD cohorts to resolve shared and population-specific mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mews, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benchek, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reitz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naj, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Below, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tosto, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornejo-Olivas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrd, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feliciano-Astacio, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajabli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunkle, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pericak-Vance, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haines, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griswold, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bush, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.03.686160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-ancestry Transcriptome-Wide Association Study Reveals Shared and Population-Specific Genetic Effects in Alzheimer's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.04.686576v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MotifAE Reveals Functional Motifs from Protein Language Model: Unsupervised Discovery and Interpretability Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.04.686576v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein language models (pLMs) learn sequence patterns at evolutionary scale, but these patterns remain inaccessible within these "black box" models. To discover them, we developed MotifAE, an unsupervised framework based on the sparse autoencoder (SAE) architecture that projects pLM embeddings into an interpretable, sparse latent space. MotifAE introduces an additional smoothness loss to encourage coherent feature activation, which markedly improves the identification of known functional motifs compared to the standard SAE. The sequence patterns captured by MotifAE exhibit rich diversity, align with known functional motifs, and are reflected in the models weight space. Beyond short motifs, MotifAE also captures structural domains, with latent feature activation scores correlating with residue importance for different domain functions. By aligning MotifAE features with experimental data, we further identified features associated with domain folding stability. These features enable the prediction of a stability-specific fitness landscape that improves stability prediction and supports the engineering of domains with enhanced stability. Overall, MotifAE provides a general framework for systematic sequence pattern discovery and interpretation, with the potential to advance protein function analysis, mutation effect interpretation, and rational protein engineering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.04.686576</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MotifAE Reveals Functional Motifs from Protein Language Model: Unsupervised Discovery and Interpretability Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.04.686593v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of Phytoplankton-Excreted Metabolites Mediating Carbon Flux through the Surface Ocean 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.04.686593v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The marine labile dissolved organic carbon (DOC) pool is a dynamic reservoir of thousands of molecules that cycles approximately one-quarter of Earths primary production within days to weeks. After excretion by phytoplankton and other microbes, metabolites are rapidly consumed, resulting in low standing concentrations (picomolar to low nanomolar). Despite the decades-long search for labile DOC sources and molecular identities, marine phytoplankton exometabolomes are not well characterized, largely due to difficulties in measuring small polar molecules in saline water. Here, we profiled the exometabolomes of six axenic phytoplankton species representing key functional groups including a diatom (Thalassiosira pseudonana CCMP1335), a picoeukaryote (Micromonas commoda RCC299), a coccolithophore (Gephyrocapsa huxleyi CCMP371), a diazotrophic cyanobacterium (Crocosphaera watsonii WH8501), and two picocyanobacteria (Prochlorococcus marinus MIT 9301 and Synechococcus WH8102). From these cultures, we quantified 56 amine- and alcohol-containing exometabolites representing 11 compound classes which in sum comprised up to 23.4% of phytoplankton-excreted DOC. We estimated that these phytoplankton-derived exometabolites could supply up to 5% of the daily carbon quota of the dominant heterotrophic bacterium SAR11 in the surface ocean. Substantial variations in exometabolite identity and concentration across phytoplankton taxa underscore taxonomic diversity as a key driver in the supply and composition of labile DOC. This taxonomic variation predicts geographic and seasonal differences in the distribution of marine dissolved metabolites that underpin the cycling of labile DOC back to CO2. Overall, our work suggests that phytoplankton exometabolites are key chemical currencies that mediate significant carbon fluxes within the oceans carbon cycle.

Significance StatementPhytoplankton exometabolites are key components of the marine labile dissolved organic carbon (DOC) pool, which drives major a fraction of the oceanic carbon flux. Yet, their composition and flux are poorly constrained. Leveraging new methods, we quantified amine- and alcohol-containing exometabolites in diverse phytoplankton and found they varied taxonomically. These exometabolites accounted for up to 23.4% of excreted DOC, potentially supporting a sizable fraction of the global heterotrophic growth. Integrating our results with ecological models suggest that exometabolite composition varies geographically and seasonally in response to changing phytoplankton community structures. Our findings illuminate the long-standing "black box" of labile DOC and link taxonomic diversity to the chemical currencies underpinning the microbe-metabolite networks at the heart of the marine carbon cycle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salcedo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longnecker, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soule, M. C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haley, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swarr, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braakman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyhrman, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kujawinski, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.04.686593</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of Phytoplankton-Excreted Metabolites Mediating Carbon Flux through the Surface Ocean]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.04.684929v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phospho 394Y LCK flow-cytometry readout predicts dasatinib sensitivity in paediatric T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.04.684929v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Children with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL) who relapse or fail induction have poor outcomes. A subset of cases shows glucocorticoid resistance reversible by dasatinib through inhibition of LCK-dependent signalling. To identify a practical biomarker of dasatinib response, we compared in-vitro drug sensitivity with basal phosphorylation of pre-TCR pathway proteins in 28 paediatric T-ALL patient-derived xenografts (PDX). Phospho-flow cytometry quantified LCK (pY394), ZAP70 (pY319) and CD3{zeta} (pY142), normalised to internal controls. Dasatinib IC50 values correlated significantly with pLCK and pZAP70, with pLCK providing the best single-marker performance across clinically relevant thresholds. Logistic, ROC and precision-recall analyses confirmed that pLCK alone achieved excellent classification (AUC [&ge;] 0.9), while multivariate models added minimal predictive value. Model selection using LASSO and Bayesian Information Criterion further supported pLCK as the dominant predictor. These findings establish pLCK as a robust, scalable biomarker of dasatinib sensitivity suitable for diagnostic integration. A multicentre international validation programme is underway to harmonise pLCK assay protocols, expand testing across biobanks, and assess clinical feasibility in newly diagnosed and relapsed patients within the ALLTogether and HEM-iSMART trials respectively.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>POLL, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rauwolf, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bornhauser, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulozik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourquin, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irving, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Delft, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.04.684929</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phospho 394Y LCK flow-cytometry readout predicts dasatinib sensitivity in paediatric T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.04.686660v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct Optical Quantification of Chain Collapse, Reduced Dielectric, and Water Release Driving Protein Phase Separation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.04.686660v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biomolecular condensates represent unique microenvironments that organize intracellular biology and promote biochemical reactions. However, the biomolecular interactions driving condensate phase separation are often weak, transient, and heterogeneous. Investigating the structural biology and chemical properties of condensate interiors has therefore proven experimentally challenging, often requiring the use of perturbative probes. To overcome this challenge, we combine label-free optical scattering and vibrational spectroscopy approaches spanning ultraviolet, visible, mid-infrared, and terahertz wavelengths with deep-learning-based ensemble prediction of intrinsically disordered protein conformations. Our experimental and computational results reveal that the intrinsically disordered N-terminal domain of the RNA Deadbox helicase 4 (DDX4) deviates from random coil behavior and undergoes chain collapse that correlates with phase separation, which leads to lower dielectric and reduced water content inside condensates. Our data support a model of DDX4 phase separation whereby chain collapse, reduced dielectric, and water release enhance the strength of multivalent protein-protein interactions within condensates, driving condensate growth and phase separation through positive feedback. Our study addresses the critical driving forces of biomolecular phase separation across a range of length scales, providing quantitative insights into protein-protein/protein-solvent interactions and the chemical properties of condensate interiors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perets, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spies, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheong, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asamoto, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holehouse, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, E. C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.04.686660</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct Optical Quantification of Chain Collapse, Reduced Dielectric, and Water Release Driving Protein Phase Separation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.06.685907v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping unsolved lipidomes accelerates lipid discovery in major bacterial pathogens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.06.685907v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Unlike gene-first approaches to understanding bacterial pathogenesis, molecule-forward discovery can uncover unexpected chemical diversity. Here, new lipidomic analytical methods and quality metrics defined the large scope of unknown lipids in the worlds deadliest pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). This map allowed rapid discovery of Mtb lysyldiacylglycerol linked to the biosynthetic gene lysX, which controls in vivo infection outcomes in moth larvae, mice, guinea pigs, and here, zebrafish. A broader search for orthologous lysyltransferase domains identified the Staphylococcus aureus virulence gene mprF, where the same lipoamino acid was shown to be a previously unknown biosynthetic product. Thus, lipidomic mapping showed that the cell envelope composition of well-studied bacterial pathogens remains substantially unsolved and offers a new way to generate lists of discoverable lipids to accelerate molecular discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nair, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vossenberg, M. R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munsamy-Govender, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xet-Mull, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babunovic, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, T.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhee, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rock, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Jong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minnaard, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayfield, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobin, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moody, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.06.685907</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping unsolved lipidomes accelerates lipid discovery in major bacterial pathogens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.07.687224v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Histone H1 Promotes Silencing of Unintegrated HIV-1 DNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.07.687224v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In eukaryotic cells, genomic DNA is packaged into chromatin with nucleosomes formed by core histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4, and further stabilized by the linker histone H1. During the early stages of retroviral infection, such as with murine leukemia virus (MLV) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), host core and H1 histones are rapidly deposited onto unintegrated viral DNAs upon nuclear entry. These unintegrated viral DNAs are transcriptionally silenced through histone post-translational modifications (PTMs), including high levels of H3K9 trimethylation and low levels of H3 acetylation. Linker histone H1 is closely associated with chromatin compaction and histone PTMs, suggesting a potential role in regulating retroviral DNA fate. In this study, we demonstrate that simultaneous knockdown of four somatic H1 variants (H1.2, H1.3, H1.4, and H1.5) in K562 cells reverses the silencing of unintegrated HIV-1 DNA, resulting in increased viral expression. Notably, this effect was specific to HIV-1, as the same H1 depletion did not alter the silencing of MLV unintegrated DNA. These results reveal distinct roles of H1 in regulating HIV-1 and MLV unintegrated DNA expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilton, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skoultchi, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.07.687224</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Histone H1 Promotes Silencing of Unintegrated HIV-1 DNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.07.687201v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drosophila HS dendrites are resilient to adult-onset deficits in mitochondrial dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.07.687201v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial transport, fusion, and fission are necessary for neuronal development, but the role of mitochondrial dynamics in neuronal maintenance remains unclear. In this work, we employed functional in vivo imaging of neurons in the Drosophila visual system, HS ("horizontal system") cells, to determine how adult-onset deficits in mitochondrial dynamics affect mitochondrial localization, local regulation of ATP, and dendrite maintenance. In mature HS neurons, inhibition of mitochondrial transport or fusion depleted mitochondria from the dendrite over time but, surprisingly, had no effect on dendrite morphology. Moreover, adult-restricted mitochondrial mis- localization affected neither visual stimulus-driven dendritic calcium responses nor local, dynamic regulation of ATP levels. In contrast, when induced during development, the same perturbations caused mitochondrial mis-localization, loss of dendrite complexity, abrogation of stimulus-locked calcium responses and ATP fluctuations, and age-dependent dendrite degeneration. Thus, although mitochondrial dynamics are necessary during neuronal development, mature dendrites are capable of maintaining form and function in vivo in the absence of properly-positioned mitochondria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, H. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fortson, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burton, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitbeck, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robles, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bortey, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalai, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Napoleone, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnhart, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.07.687201</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drosophila HS dendrites are resilient to adult-onset deficits in mitochondrial dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.06.686966v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuropathological Correlates of Apathy Progression in Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias: A Longitudinal NACC Cohort Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.06.686966v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveApathy is a prevalent and disabling symptom in Alzheimers disease and related dementias, yet its progression across neuropathological subtypes remains incompletely understood. This cohort study investigates longitudinal changes in apathy and their associations with major neuropathologies using data from the National Alzheimers Coordinating Center.

MethodsWe analyzed 1,488 participants with autopsy-confirmed neuropathology and at least two caregiver-reported NPI-Q assessments. Generalized linear mixed models were used to assess associations between apathy and six neuropathologies--Alzheimers disease (AD), Lewy body disease (LBD), frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), hippocampal sclerosis (HS), cerebrovascular disease (CVD), and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). with time modeled as years to death and including interaction terms. Sex-stratified analyses were also conducted. All models were adjusted for age at death, sex, and NPI-Q total score excluding apathy.

ResultsApathy prevalence increased over time across all pathology groups. FTLD (OR = 2.11, 95% CI: 1.32-3.39) and HS (OR = 2.23, 95% CI: 1.38-3.60) were consistently associated with higher odds of apathy throughout the disease course. No significant interaction effect was observed in any of the neuropathologies. In sex-stratified analyses, FTLD (OR=2.58, 95% CI 1.40-4.77), HS (OR=2.48, 95% CI 1.29-4.77), and LBD (OR=1.64, 95% CI 1.03-2.61) were significantly associated with apathy in males, while only HS (OR=2.18, 95% CI 1.06-4.47) remained significant in females.

InterpretationApathy severity varied by neuropathologies but progressed similarly over time. The elevated burden in FTLD and HS, particularly among males, underscores the importance of stratified approaches to early detection and intervention targeting apathy in ADRDs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devanand, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.06.686966</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuropathological Correlates of Apathy Progression in Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias: A Longitudinal NACC Cohort Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.08.687405v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lightweight open-source fine-tuning of SAM2 enables domain-specific microscopy segmentation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.08.687405v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantitation of structures is a critical step in analyzing images. Automated segmentation of biological samples remains a central challenge in microscopy, where variations in signal/noise, intensity, texture, and edges hinder accurate delineation of cellular and tissue structures. Adaptations of foundation models such as Segment Anything Model (SAM) remain computationally intensive and require large training datasets. Here, we introduce a lightweight, open-source Google Colab pipeline that enables efficient fine-tuning of SAM2 on domain-specific datasets without additional architectural layers or specialized hardware. By coupling mask-decoder fine-tuning with biologically informed post-processing, our framework achieves robust segmentation across diverse imaging modalities. Applied to hippocampal segmentation in brain images and single-cell segmentation in cell images, fine-tuned SAM2 demonstrates substantial gains of accuracy relative to basic SAM2 and matches leading tools. This work establishes a scalable and accessible paradigm for domain-specific adaptations of SAM2 in microscopy, lowering computational and data barriers to advanced image segmentation.

HighlightsO_LILightweight fine-tuning with no added architectural complexity.
C_LIO_LIHigh segmentation accuracy (Dice/Jaccard scores) achieved with small datasets.
C_LIO_LICross-domain generalization across tissue and cell imaging with biologically informed post-processing.
C_LIO_LIComparable or superior performance to widely used tools (Cellpose, Imaris, ilastik) at substantially lower computational cost.
C_LIO_LIOpen-source and executable in a single Colab notebook, ensuring reproducibility and accessibility for non-computational users.
C_LIO_LITurnkey adaptability, allowing researchers to transform raw microscopy data into fine-tuned SAM2 models with minimal input.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhat, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selvan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okekenwa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dechkounian, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.08.687405</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lightweight open-source fine-tuning of SAM2 enables domain-specific microscopy segmentation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.10.687579v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Colibactin-producing E. coli promote carcinogenesis of gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma and simultaneously induce autophagy and differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.10.687579v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background & AimsGastroesophageal adenocarcinoma (GEAC) is a malignancy of the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) and is associated with reflux of gastroduodenal contents and Barretts Esophagus (BE). A shift towards gram-negative bacteria in the microbiota of the GEJ additionally promotes inflammation and likely carcinogenesis. Enterobacteriaceae are enriched in advanced stages of GEAC development, and members of this family can produce colibactin, a genotoxin implicated in DNA damage and tumor progression. We aimed to validate these observations and investigate the effect of E. coli with or without colibactin production on GEAC-carcinogenesis.

MethodsBacteria were profiled in human biopsies with imaging and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Organoids of our L2-IL1B mouse model of GEAC were exposed to E. coli with colibactin (CoPEC) and without colibactin production (noCoPEC) via organoid microinjection. The phenotypic and transcriptomic changes in the organoids after the coculture with E. coli were evaluated via histology and single-cell RNA sequencing.

ResultsIn human specimens, we observed an infiltration of bacteria in GEJ-tissue upon tumor formation and detected Enterobacteriaceae in one third of BE-patients. CoPEC-injected organoids exhibited high rates of proliferation and DNA damage, and an upregulation of cancer-associated genes and pathways. Furthermore, genes and pathways associated with immune activation, defense mechanisms, metabolic reprogramming, autophagy and differentiation were upregulated in CoPEC-injected organoids.

ConclusionIn addition to the enrichment of Enterobacteriaceae in the GEJ-tissue of patients at late stages of GEAC, we show that the exposure of colibactin-producing E. coli to murine BE-organoids promotes genetic instability and proliferation, and the activation of cancer-associated pathways, while also activating autophagy and enhancing intercellular homeostasis. This indicates that colibactin-producing E. coli have a dual effect on early stages of GEAC-carcinogenesis.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=120 SRC="FIGDIR/small/687579v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Proano Vasco, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obwegs, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruder, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritzkowski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houle, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klaas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoemig, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammad-Shahi, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bittinger, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rustgi, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falk, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thimme, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stecher, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobrindt, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrams, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quante, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.10.687579</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Colibactin-producing E. coli promote carcinogenesis of gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma and simultaneously induce autophagy and differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.10.687682v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Revisiting the evidence for long-lived balancing selection in humans. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.10.687682v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Balancing selection maintains variation in a population longer than expected under neutrality. In humans, there are dozens of tentative candidate loci for balancing selection, but only a handful of well-characterized examples, which are either evolutionarily recent alleles or ancient variants shared across species identical by descent ("trans-species polymorphisms"). Here, we look for evidence of balancing selection over a range of timescales, by taking an approach that does not rely on a demographic model or assumptions about the specific mode of balancing selection. Analyzing whole genome sequencing data from 2504 humans and 59 chimpanzees, we identify common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are identical in the two species. This set includes recurrent mutations, a subset of which may be maintained by balancing selection in one or both species, as well as potential trans-species polymorphisms. Using allele ages estimated from ancestral recombination graph reconstructions in humans, we show that shared SNPs are enriched for older alleles as compared to matched human SNPs that are not shared with chimpanzees. On this basis, we estimate that balancing selection has maintained over one thousand alleles in humans longer than expected by chance. Moreover, we identify over 50 trans-species polymorphisms, including an intriguing case that includes an eQTL for the gene MUC7. However, we also estimate a minimum false discovery rate for any allele age cut-off of [~]70%; as we show, even among the trans-species polymorphisms, many may be shared between humans and chimpanzees simply by chance. Thus, while our empirical approach establishes that there are numerous loci under balancing selection yet to be found, the specific targets remain difficult to identify without independent lines of evidence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Munby, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przeworski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.10.687682</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Revisiting the evidence for long-lived balancing selection in humans.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.10.687633v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Open, Fully-processed, Longitudinal Data Resource to Study Brain Development and Transdiagnostic Executive Function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.10.687633v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Executive function (EF) develops rapidly during adolescence. However, deficits in EF also emerge in adolescence, representing a transdiagnostic symptom associated with many forms of psychopathology. To promote transdiagnostic research on EF during development, we introduce a new data resource - the Penn Longitudinal Executive functioning in Adolescent Development study (Penn LEAD) - that combines longitudinal multi-modal imaging data with rich clinical and cognitive phenotyping. These data include 225 imaging sessions from 132 individuals (8-16 years old at the time of enrollment) who are typically developing (27.3%), or meet criteria for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (20.5%) or the psychosis-spectrum (52.3%). In addition to phenotypic data from multiple cognitive tasks focused on EF, the study includes data from structural MRI, diffusion MRI, n-back task fMRI, resting-state fMRI, and arterial spin-labeled MRI. Notably, all raw data, fully-processed derived data, and detailed quality control recommendations are publicly shared on OpenNeuro. We anticipate that such analysis-ready data will accelerate research on EF development in psychiatry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sevchik, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shafiei, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murtha, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linguiti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodrick, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brook, J. B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cieslak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flook, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meisler, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruparel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rush, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singleton, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salunke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassett, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calkins, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elliott, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinohara, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tisdall, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roalf, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satterthwaite, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.10.687633</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Open, Fully-processed, Longitudinal Data Resource to Study Brain Development and Transdiagnostic Executive Function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.10.687667v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fosl2 regulates the transition from parietal epithelial cells to myofibroblasts in the kidney 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.10.687667v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Activation and proliferation of parietal epithelial cells (PECs), located along the inner rim of Bowmans capsule, drives disease progression in subtypes of glomerulonephritis and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. In examining the mechanisms contributing to PEC activation two established mouse models were utilized in this study, nephrotoxic serum nephritis (transient model) and podocyte-specific Klf4 knockout (progressive model). A role for transcription factor FRA2 (Fosl2) was uncovered through single nuclear multiomic approaches relating to the regulation of PEC transcriptional/chromatin dynamics. Co-immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry assessed the FRA2 protein interactome in cultured PECs, revealing a potential role for FRA2 in alternative splicing. Fosl2 expression was then blunted through CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing in cultured PECs, revealing reduced proliferative capacity and the downregulation of myofibroblast markers. In-vivo genetic lineage tracing of PECs after nephrotoxic serum revealed PEC-to-myofibroblast trans-differentiation events. Finally, immunostaining of human kidney biopsies with varied subtypes of glomerulonephritis confirmed Fosl2 expression in activated PECs within crescentic lesions, with single cell deconvolution strategies assigning PEC-skewed proportion ratios to bulk RNA-seq patient data from the NEPTUNE consortium. These results suggest that FRA2 (Fosl2) directs a conserved molecular program of PEC-specific responses in subtypes of glomerulonephritis and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bronstein, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estrada, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Revelo, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheikh, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haley, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Agati, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salant, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallipattu, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.10.687667</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fosl2 regulates the transition from parietal epithelial cells to myofibroblasts in the kidney]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.11.687663v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fast-conducting mechanonociceptors uniquely engage reflexive and affective pain circuitry to drive protective responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.11.687663v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nociceptors detect damaging stimuli and evoke pain in healthy animals. We conducted an optogenetic activation screen to identify genetically defined nociceptor populations that elicit place aversion and nocifensive behaviors in response to stimulation. Smr2Cre- and Bmpr1bCre-labeled A{delta} high-threshold mechanoreceptors (HTMRs) emerged as two of the few nociceptor populations, and we focused on investigating their physiological, morphological, functional, and synaptic properties. These neurons densely innervate skin and other organs, are activated only by intense, potentially damaging stimuli, and are necessary for protective responses to sharp mechanical stimuli. Centrally, A{delta}-HTMRs projections span multiple spinal segments and terminate across spinal cord laminae, forming strong, monosynaptic connections onto anterolateral tract projection neurons, including antenna cells of the deep dorsal horn. A{delta}-HTMRs also engage a local spinal reflex circuit enabling a remarkably rapid limb withdrawal. Thus, A{delta}-HTMRs are myelinated nociceptors with unique properties that can be exploited for development of new analgesics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lezgiyeva, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeLisle, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fullam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obeidat, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turecek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alkislar, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehnert, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Garcia, R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivakumar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazor, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garibyan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emanuel, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malfait, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginty, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.11.687663</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fast-conducting mechanonociceptors uniquely engage reflexive and affective pain circuitry to drive protective responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.11.687826v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple patterns of selectivity in superior colliculus control visual search 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.11.687826v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visual search is a ubiquitous behavior for many animal species, but efficient search performance requires a relatively complex integration of target guidance and behavioral history signals. In this study, we investigate how the superior colliculus (SC), a midbrain area implicated in the control of overt spatial attention, integrates these two control signals in a multi-target search task. Monkeys made sequences of saccades to stimuli presented in a grid while searching for a "true" (reward eliciting) target amid color-coded targets and distractors. The efficient performance of this task requires integrating a target guidance signal with a history of previously fixated locations in order to guide search to new potential targets that might offer reward. Theories of systems neuroscience suggest that this multi-factor search behavior might be controlled using either mixed selectivity, dynamic selectivity, or pure selectivity. We find evidence for SC neurons exhibiting each of these patterns and conclude that this brain structure participates in circuits representing target similarity and previously fixated locations, in addition to a circuit responsible for integrating these signals using the mechanisms of dynamic and mixed selectivity. We also introduce a novel time-series partial information decomposition analysis that provides a rich and direct view of how a neuron allocates its representational capacity. These findings support an emerging view of the superior colliculus as much more than a bottom-up priority map, but instead an important site for the flexible cognitive control of visually-guided behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leite, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adeli, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McPeek, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zelinsky, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.11.687826</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple patterns of selectivity in superior colliculus control visual search]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.11.687891v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Investigating the Effects of APOE Genotype on Intracellular Cholesterol and the Endolysosomal System in the Aging Mouse Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.11.687891v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Individuals who possess the {varepsilon}4 allele of apolipoprotein E (APOE) are at a significantly increased risk for developing Alzheimers disease (AD). However, the precise reason for this association is not fully understood. Beyond its effects on amyloid and tau, APOE also influences fundamental cellular processes in the brain, including cholesterol trafficking between cells and within the endolysosomal system, which may be a critical component of the APOE4-associated vulnerability to AD. Here, we examined how APOE genotype, sex, and aging alter intracellular cholesterol processing and the endolysosomal system in the mouse brain. Using the novel cholesterol-binding probe D4H*-mCherry, we quantified intracellular cholesterol levels, the levels of early endosomes (Rab5), late endosomes (CD63), and lysosomes (LAMP1), and the colocalization of cholesterol with these endolysosomal compartments. This analysis was performed in the cortex, hippocampus, and entorhinal cortex of young, middle-aged, and old APOE2, APOE3, and APOE4 mice. Our analysis revealed region-specific changes in intracellular cholesterol and the endolysosomal system in response to aging, sex, and APOE genotype. Notably, young APOE4 mice showed reduced cholesterol within early and late endosomes, but increased lysosomal abundance, suggesting impaired cholesterol processing. These APOE4-specific effects were less apparent in older animals. These effects were strongly modified by sex, with female APOE4 mice exhibiting elevated lysosomal cholesterol in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex at old age, indicating sex-dependent susceptibility. Together, these results reveal that APOE genotype, age, and sex interact to influence endolysosomal cholesterol homeostasis, with female APOE4 mice showing the greatest dysregulation. These findings suggest that early and region-specific endolysosomal defects may contribute to the heightened AD risk associated with APOE4, particularly in females.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Leeuw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuriel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.11.687891</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Investigating the Effects of APOE Genotype on Intracellular Cholesterol and the Endolysosomal System in the Aging Mouse Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.13.687606v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stress resilience is associated with transcriptional remodeling in the VTA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.13.687606v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Individual responses to chronic stress vary, with some individuals remaining resilient while others exhibit susceptibility. The ventral tegmental area (VTA), a region involved in reward learning, and the lateral habenula (LHb), a region involved in aversive learning, have been implicated in the pathophysiology of stress-related mood disorders. Here, we seek to understand the molecular adaptations in these regions at the level of single cells that mediate susceptibility versus resilience. In particular, it remains unclear whether, at the level of gene expression, different cell types within different brain regions mediate stress susceptibility versus resilience, or if these phenotypes are mediated by distinct trajectories within the same cell types. To address this gap, we performed single-nucleus RNA-sequencing of LHb and VTA of mice subjected to chronic social defeat stress. While we found minimal gene expression changes in the LHb after stress, the VTA exhibited widespread, cell type-specific transcriptional remodeling in resilient individuals and few gene expression changes in susceptible individuals. Across VTA cell types, resilience was associated with the coordinated upregulation of genes involved in intercellular signaling and neural communication, with maintenance of receptor-ligand interaction strength in resilience that was not present in susceptibility. Within VTA neurons, gene expression changes were most prominent in glutamatergic and dopaminergic clusters. Multivariate analyses of dopamine and glutamate subclusters showed that resilient neurons diverged more from control than susceptible neurons, but along a similar trajectory, supporting a model in which resilience reflects greater stress-related adaptations in these cell types. Together, these findings highlight the VTA as a key site of molecular plasticity in stress resilience and therefore a potential therapeutic target.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Minerva, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMannon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhukovskaya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witten, I. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pena, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.13.687606</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stress resilience is associated with transcriptional remodeling in the VTA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.14.688347v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The phenotypic landscape of the mycobacterial cell 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.14.688347v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Mycobacteriales are an order of diverse bacteria that thrive in many environmental and host-associated niches. Because the most notorious member of this clade, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is a major human pathogen, research on Mycobacteriales has focused on pathogenesis, and, as a consequence, many fundamental aspects of Mycobacterial biology remain understudied. Here, we address this gap by performing a genome-wide CRISPRi chemical genomics screen using a diverse set of >35 antibiotics, detergents, and other anti-microbials predominantly targeting the cell envelope of Mycobacterium smegmatis, a saprophytic model Mycobacterium. We highlight new information derived from this screen, including the identification of novel functions for previously uncharacterized conserved and essential genes (in mycolic acid and arabinogalactan synthesis), the discovery of a new drug scaffold/protein target pair, and insights into the mechanism of action of two commonly used antibiotics. These data are also a valuable resource for the mycobacterial research community, as they provide thousands of novel phenotypes for uncharacterized genes and meaningful phenotypic correlations between annotated and uncharacterized genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herrera, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Todor, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkhart, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Billings, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warner, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sayegh, N. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosch, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiessling, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancia, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rock, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.14.688347</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The phenotypic landscape of the mycobacterial cell]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.14.687752v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatially Mapping the Mechanical and Structural Properties of the Seedling Uterine Fibroid-Myometrium Interface 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.14.687752v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Uterine fibroids (leiomyomas) are highly prevalent, noncancerous tumors canonically described as stiff and collagen-dense. Still, the mechanical heterogeneity within uterine fibroids and the alterations that occur at the fibroid-myometrium interface remain poorly understood. This study quantitatively maps the local mechanical, structural, and compositional properties of seedling uterine fibroids (< 1 cm) at the interface region. Relative to patient-matched myometrial tissues, uterine fibroids exhibited increased stiffness, decreased permeability, increased diffusivity, decreased hydration, greater collagen content, and distinct collagen organization. At the fibroid-myometrium interface, a band of aligned myometrial fibers immediately adjacent to the fibroid was observed, and heterogeneous spatial patterns in elastic modulus and permeability were identified. Ultimately, this study establishes foundational knowledge on the mechanics and structure of seedling uterine fibroids, facilitating future developments of clinically translatable detection tools.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fodera, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutcu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joasil, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Therien, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Advincula, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendon, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oyen, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korem, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.14.687752</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatially Mapping the Mechanical and Structural Properties of the Seedling Uterine Fibroid-Myometrium Interface]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.18.688276v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstructing the emergence of the human chorion via HIPPO-mediated trophoblast induction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.18.688276v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The first lineage decision in the mammalian blastocyst commits outer cells to the trophectoderm and initiates the trajectory that gives rise to the placental chorion. The molecular sequence that unfolds downstream of HIPPO pathway inactivation, linking human trophectoderm specification to the early organization of the chorion, has remained unknown. Here, we establish a developmentally informed model that leverages HIPPO pathway modulation to induce the native trophectoderm trajectory in the absence of exogenous BMP or WNT signaling. We first transiently reset primed human pluripotent stem cells into a trophectoderm-competent ground state, followed by LATS kinase inhibition to set the trajectory in motion. To benchmark fidelity, we built an embryo-chorion single-cell reference integrating published early human and placental transcriptomes and applied a computational stage-matching tool to align our cultures to natural development. Stage matching revealed an ordered progression along the trophectoderm trajectory from early TE to post-implantation trophoblast. With extended culture, all major cell types of the nascent chorion emerged, encompassing both trophoblast and chorionic mesoderm lineages. Within the trophoblast, we identified proliferative and non-cycling villous cytotrophoblast, a columnar population connecting villous and extravillous domains, as well as syncytia and extravillous subtypes. When cultured in suspension, these lineages self-organized into three-dimensional organoids that recapitulated the stromal-epithelial architecture and proliferative-syncytial polarity of the emergent chorion. We identified CLDN6 as a defining surface marker of columnar trophoblast, the population that bridges villous and extravillous compartments. Prospective isolation of living CLDN6+ trophoblast revealed their capacity to reacquire a proliferative villous state and, under directed cues, generate both syncytial and extravillous fates, confirming their proposed dual developmental potential within the chorion. Together, these findings establish a developmentally informed framework that connects human trophectoderm specification to the emergent chorion and provides a dynamic platform for investigating the earliest steps of placental specification and the origins of implantation disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reis, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piszker, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyd, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petropoulos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simunovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.18.688276</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstructing the emergence of the human chorion via HIPPO-mediated trophoblast induction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.18.688292v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CANVAS causing AAGGG repeat expansions cause tissue-specific reduction in RFC1 expression and increase sensitivity to DNA damage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.18.688292v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biallelic AAGGG expansions in Replication Factor Complex Subunit 1 (RFC1) are associated with cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy, vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS) and are increasingly recognised as a common cause of adult-onset ataxia and sensory neuropathy. However, the disease-causing mechanisms remain unclear. Here we leveraged in vitro assays, post-mortem brain tissue, patient-derived cell lines and a neuronal Drosophila model to demonstrate that AAGGG expansions are associated with tissue-specific reductions in the expression of RFC1 transcript, along with impaired RFC1 function and increased sensitivity to DNA damage from platinum-based drugs. CRISPR/Cas9 excision of the AAGGG repeat and flanking AluSx3 element normalized RFC1 expression in iPSC-derived neurons and rescued the DNA damage response, providing a framework for future therapeutic strategies. We also show that these biological findings are clinically relevant in heterozygous AAGGG expansion carriers, who display an increased risk and severity of neuropathy with platinum-based chemotherapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Curro, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominik, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Facchini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnekenberg, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perini, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronco, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rugginini, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bione, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tagliaferri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grupelli, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowe, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vegezzi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simone, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abati, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velasco, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sereno, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez-Gutierrez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alberti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khurana, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attems, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troakes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gustavsson, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lignani, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sleigh, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucci, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fratta, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isaacs, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaunmuktane, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przedborski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houlden, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryten, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavaletti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Argyri</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.18.688292</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CANVAS causing AAGGG repeat expansions cause tissue-specific reduction in RFC1 expression and increase sensitivity to DNA damage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.18.689025v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Reversible Mitochondrial ROS Probe for Monitoring Mitophagy Dynamics: Development and Application of MitoFlare 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.18.689025v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial dysfunction and defective mitophagy are defining features of numerous neurodegenerative and metabolic disorders, yet existing tools provide limited ability to quantify mitophagy dynamics in real time within living, post-mitotic cells. Here we present MitoFlare, a mitochondria-targeted, reversible mtROS-responsive fluorogenic probe that enables continuous, non-genetic visualization of mitochondrial oxidative activation and turnover. MitoFlare incorporates dual TEMPO nitroxide quenchers into a long-wavelength rhodamine scaffold, producing >95% basal quenching and rapid, fully reversible fluorescence activation in response to mitochondrial superoxide, hydroxyl radicals, lipid-derived peroxyl species, and peroxynitrite. When combined with LysoTracker Green, MitoFlare forms a dual-probe imaging platform that resolves the entire mitophagy cascade with high spatial and temporal fidelity in intact PC12 neuronal cells.

Using this platform, we established a quantitative framework comprising three mechanistically distinct metrics: (i) a proximity index that reports early mitochondrial engagement with lysosomes, (ii) Manders M1 coefficient that captures mid-stage mitochondria-lysosome fusion and mitophagosome formation, and (iii) a quenching/swelling index that resolves terminal lysosomal degradation. Nutrient deprivation induced a complete, temporally ordered mitophagy program, including mtROS priming, Parkin-OPTN-associated fusion, and efficient acidification-dependent cargo degradation. In contrast, inhibition of v-ATPase with bafilomycin A1 arrested mitophagy at the fusion stage, resulting in persistent redox-active mitochondrial cargo that failed to undergo lysosomal digestion. Importantly, MitoFlares reversible redox chemistry uniquely revealed accumulation of undegraded, oxidatively active mitochondrial remnants within non-acidified vesicles--pathological intermediates that are undetectable using irreversible ROS dyes or genetically encoded reporters.

These findings demonstrate that mitophagy proceeds through discrete, redox-regulated and lysosome-dependent phases that can be quantitatively mapped in real time. By enabling synchronized measurement of oxidative activation, organelle trafficking, fusion, and degradation, the MitoFlare-LysoTracker system establishes a new benchmark for dynamic mitophagy analysis in physiologically relevant models. This platform provides a powerful foundation for mechanistic interrogation of mitochondrial quality control and for accelerating the discovery of therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring mitophagic fidelity in neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and metabolic diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ju, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.18.689025</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Reversible Mitochondrial ROS Probe for Monitoring Mitophagy Dynamics: Development and Application of MitoFlare]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.18.689095v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 Orf9b suppresses the Tom70-Hsp90 interaction to evade innate immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.18.689095v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Tom70-Hsp90 interaction is critical for activating MAVS-mediated interferon (IFN) production. Upon RNA virus infection, cytosolic Hsp90 recruits key innate immune signaling proteins to MAVS on mitochondria through its interaction with Tom70. To evade this innate immune response, the SARS-CoV-2 protein Orf9b binds to Tom70, thereby disrupting the Tom70-Hsp90 interaction and suppressing IFN production. Despite its importance, the molecular mechanism underlying Orf9b-mediated inhibition of IFN signaling remains unclear. Here, using an integrative approach combining cryo-electron microscopy, 19F NMR spectroscopy, and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), we show that Orf9b inhibits Hsp90 binding to Tom70 through a bipartite mechanism. The helix and intrinsically disordered tail of Orf9b sterically block the access of two distinct structural units of Hsp90 to Tom70. We also find that Orf9b-mediated allosteric conformational changes in Tom70 do not contribute to the inhibition of the Hsp90 binding. Comprehensive structural, thermodynamic, and kinetic analyses further reveal that Orf9b primarily slows the association kinetics between Hsp90 and Tom70. Collectively, our results provide a high-resolution mechanistic framework for understanding Orf9b-mediated suppression of the host innate immune response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sherer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastiray, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molugu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Igumenova, T. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.18.689095</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 Orf9b suppresses the Tom70-Hsp90 interaction to evade innate immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.19.689327v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Copper-Free Click Chemistry Enables High-Fidelity Engineering of Mitochondria Targeted Brain-Derived Exosomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.19.689327v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disorders, including hypertension and cardiovascular disease, yet strategies for safe and precise mitochondrial-targeted delivery remain limited. Here, we establish strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) as a biocompatible, high-fidelity chemical platform for engineering mitochondria-targeted brain-derived exosomes (BR-EVs). Copper-free click conjugation of a mitochondrial-targeting ligand (e.g. Cy5-DBCO) under mild aqueous conditions preserved vesicle morphology (30-150 nm core; 120-200 nm hydrodynamic), proteomic composition, and uptake dynamics. Time-course imaging and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) revealed unaltered endocytic kinetics, >75 % mitochondrial colocalization, and intact organelle architecture. In vivo neuroinflammation and biodistribution analyses demonstrated immunological neutrality, strong central nervous system retention, and minimal peripheral dispersion following intracerebroventricular administration. Proteomic profiling of unlabeled Sprague-Dawley (SD) and hypertensive Dahl salt-sensitive (DSS) BR-EVs uncovered hypertension-driven enrichment of oxidative and complement pathways correlating with mitochondrial fragmentation and reactive oxygen species generation in neuronal cultures. These findings establish SPAAC-mediated ligand conjugation as a biocompatible and chemically precise approach for generating mitochondria-targeted exosomes that preserve exosomal identity, biodistribution, and signaling fidelity--advancing a foundational platform for organelle-specific delivery and mechanistic imaging in the central nervous system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ju, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.19.689327</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Copper-Free Click Chemistry Enables High-Fidelity Engineering of Mitochondria Targeted Brain-Derived Exosomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.20.689508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A reference genome and transcriptome of haustorial development in Pedicularis groenlandica reveal diverse trajectories of haustoria-associated gene evolution in parasitic plants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.20.689508v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LINovel traits frequently evolve by co-opting existing genetic pathways through direct repurposing of existing genes or neofunctionalization of duplicated genes. Parasitism represents a major innovation in plants, where a novel organ--the haustorium--evolved to penetrate hosts and extract water and nutrients. Previous studies hypothesized that haustoria-associated genes primarily evolve from root and pollen-associated pathways.
C_LIO_LITo examine evolutionary trajectories of haustoria-associated genes, we generated a chromosome-scale genome of Pedicularis groenlandica (Orobanchaceae) and sampled transcriptomes throughout haustorial development. We examined differential expression of haustoria-associated genes and their paralogs and investigated orthology among haustoria-associated genes in five parasitic plants.
C_LIO_LIWe identified 5,635 haustoria-associated genes in P. groenlandica, of which a greater proportion were associated with pollen tubes (67%) than roots (33%), evidenced by being differentially expressed in pollen tubes, nested within pollen tube-associated gene families, or both. Haustoria-associated genes with paralogs that arose after the evolution of parasitism in Orobanchaceae are more likely to be uniquely expressed in haustoria, consistent with neofunctionalization.
C_LIO_LIOur results support both pleiotropy and neofunctionalization as mechanisms by which genetic pathways are co-opted for haustorial function. Haustoria-associated genes are highly lineage-specific, highlighting a dynamic and ongoing process of haustorial co-option of genes among parasitic plant lineages.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohen, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chomentowska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eaton, D. A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.20.689508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A reference genome and transcriptome of haustorial development in Pedicularis groenlandica reveal diverse trajectories of haustoria-associated gene evolution in parasitic plants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.20.689521v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ARCADIA Reveals Spatially Dependent Transcriptional Programs through Integration of scRNA-seq and Spatial Proteomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.20.689521v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationCellular states are strongly influenced by spatial context, but single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) loses information about local tissue organization, while spatial proteomic assays capture limited marker panels that constrain transcriptomic inference. Integrating these modalities can elucidate how spatial niches shape transcriptional programs, yet existing approaches depend on either feature-level correspondence such as gene-protein linkage or cell-level barcode pairing, which is often unavailable.

ResultsWe present ARCADIA (ARchetype-based Clustering and Alignment with Dual Integrative Autoencoders), a generative framework for cross-modal integration that operates without cell barcode pairing and does not assume direct feature-to-feature correspondence. ARCADIA identifies modality-specific archetypes, i.e., convex combinations of cells representing extreme phenotypic states, and aligns these anchors across modalities by minimizing the discrepancy between their cell-type composition profiles. The aligned archetypes define a shared coordinate system that anchors dual variational autoencoders (VAEs) trained with cross-modal geometric regularization, preserving archetype structure and spatial neighborhood information while enabling bidirectional translation between modalities. On semi-synthetic CITE-seq data, ARCADIA outperforms existing weak-linkage methods. Applied to independent human tonsil scRNA-seq and CODEX data, ARCADIA reconstructs known tissue architecture and reveals spatially dependent transcriptional programs linking B-cell maturation and T-cell activation or exhaustion to microenvironmental niches.

Availability and ImplementationSource code is accessible at https://github.com/azizilab/ARCADIA_public. Reproducibility scripts and data are available at https://github.com/azizilab/arcadia_reproducibility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rozenman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffer-Hawlik, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Djedjos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azizi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.20.689521</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ARCADIA Reveals Spatially Dependent Transcriptional Programs through Integration of scRNA-seq and Spatial Proteomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.21.689547v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SPRINT-MS: A high-throughput platform for identifying protein-protein interactions using pooled IP-MS and sparse signal recovery. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.21.689547v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present SPRINT-MS (SParse Reconstruction of INTeractions by Mass Spectrometry), an integrated experimental and computational platform to accelerate the discovery of protein-protein interactions (PPIs). PPIs, which govern critical cellular and physiological processes such as development and disease, form extensive networks that vary across time, conditions, and cell types, creating a complex, high-dimensionality problem. Thus, there is a pressing need for universally applicable tools capable of mapping and quantifying PPI networks and their context-dependent dynamics with high efficiency. SPRINT-MS combines an innovative antibody (or lysate) pooling scheme, immunopurification-mass spectrometry (IP-MS), and a novel sparse signal reconstruction algorithm to enable pooled PPI capture experiments. This approach increases throughput by an order of magnitude, while reducing sample input requirements. We demonstrate that SPRINT-MS, applied to 30 bait proteins of interest via either antibody or lysate pooling, is comparable to standard individual IP-MS experiments in the identification of PPIs and recapitulation of known interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Street, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majumdar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothamel, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogus, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brar, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rube, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.21.689547</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SPRINT-MS: A high-throughput platform for identifying protein-protein interactions using pooled IP-MS and sparse signal recovery.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.21.689741v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic variation of human G6PD impacts Red Blood Cell transfusion efficacy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.21.689741v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, the most common human enzymopathy, affects 6% of the global population, yet its impact on blood storage and transfusion efficacy remains undefined. We integrated genome-metabolome-proteome analyses of 13,091 blood donors (362 G6PD SNPs), validated in a recalled cohort (n=643), linked donor-recipient databases, humanized mouse models (canonical, African A- [V68M+N126D], Mediterranean [S188F]), and a prospective sickle cell disease study. Common G6PD variants reduced protein abundance, reprogrammed redox metabolism, and increased storage hemolysis. In mice, G6PD-deficient RBCs showed lower post-transfusion recovery, higher oxidative stress, and impaired renal oxygenation. Clinically, recipients of G6PD-deficient units exhibited smaller hemoglobin increments and reduced RBC L{superscript 1}Cr-survival (-8% at 24 h; -12% at 4 weeks). Structural studies revealed kinetic fragility for A- and thermodynamic fragility for Med-, linking genotype to protein instability and transfusion outcome. These findings identify donor G6PD genotype as a determinant of transfusion efficacy, supporting genotype-aware inventory-management strategies.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/689741v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karafin, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Issaian, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bevers, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reisz, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keele, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzieciatkowska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cendali, F. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haiman, Z. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Key, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemkov, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephenson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palha, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legenzov, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamb, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norris, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busch, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vallese, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitalnik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kao, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roubinian, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janetzko, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenmesser, E. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimring, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buehler, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Alessandro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.21.689741</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic variation of human G6PD impacts Red Blood Cell transfusion efficacy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.21.689793v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A gene expression atlas of a juvenile nervous system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.21.689793v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although the fundamental architecture of metazoan nervous systems is typically established in the embryo, substantial numbers of neurons are added during post-natal development while existing neurons expand in size, refine connectivity, and undergo additional differentiation. To reveal the underlying molecular determinants of post-embryonic neurogenesis and maturation, we have produced gene expression profiles of all neuron types and their progenitors in the first larval stage (L1) of C. elegans. Comparisons of the L1 profile to the embryo and to the later L4 larval stage identified thousands of differentially expressed genes across individual neurons throughout the nervous system. Key neuropeptide signaling networks, for example, are remodeled during larval development. Gene regulatory network analysis revealed potential transcription factors driving the temporal changes in gene expression across the nervous system, including a broad role for the heterochronic gene lin-14. We utilized available connectomic data of juvenile animals in combination with our neuron-specific atlas to identify potential molecular determinants of membrane contact and synaptic connectivity. These expression data are available through a user-friendly interface at CeNGEN.org for independent investigations of the maturation, connectivity and function of a developing nervous system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taylor, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ripoll-Sanchez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valperga, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McWhirter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barney, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkinson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinreb, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolfson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pattee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merritt, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eroglu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majeed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grundvig, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Child, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vertes, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafer, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varol, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammarlund, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.21.689793</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A gene expression atlas of a juvenile nervous system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.23.690048v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A generalizable cross-continent prediction of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma using the oral microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.23.690048v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a disease with limited tools for early screening and a poor prognosis. Symptoms typically appear late, and early cancer is hard to detect without endoscopic screening, which is inaccessible in most high-risk areas. Saliva is easily accessible, and its microbiome composition can serve as a marker for upper gastrointestinal tract disease. We studied the potential utility of an oral microbiome signature for ESCC in South Africa, a region with a high incidence of the disease. In a cohort of 48 ESCC patients and 110 controls, we found marked alterations in the oral microbiome in patients with ESCC, including significantly reduced alpha diversity and increased Fusobacterium nucleatum. We devised machine learning models that classify ESCC using microbiome data, finding good performance on held-out samples (area under receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.96), and demonstrated generalization to data across independent studies conducted in different geographic regions (0.64-0.81). Overall, our results demonstrate the potential of the oral microbiome to serve as a non-invasive screening tool for ESCC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>ElNaggar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prodehl, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marumo, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, M. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathew, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruff, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neugut, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rustgi, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uhlemann, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korem, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrams, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.23.690048</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A generalizable cross-continent prediction of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma using the oral microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.22.689946v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct NIR Reflectance Spectra Associated with Foliar Symptoms of Beech Leaf Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.22.689946v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Beech leaf disease (BLD) is an epidemic spreading among American beech (Fagus grandifolia) populations, with characteristic symptoms including dark green, yellow, or brown bands of thickened leaf tissue between secondary veins. Whereas near infrared (NIR) light is reflected by leaf tissue structure, here we used multispectral NIR imaging to distinguish symptomatic from asymptomatic leaf reflectance, as well as to distinguish between different expressions of symptoms (dark green, yellow, and brown bands) within symptomatic leaves. Key findings include significantly higher NIR reflectance in dark green bands of symptomatic tissue compared to asymptomatic tissue ({lambda} = 840, 860, 900, 940, and 980 nm; [~]26.2%, 25.9%, 35.0%, 35.3%, and 32.5% increase respectively). A partial least squares regression model predicted 97% of variation in symptomatic vs. asymptomatic NIR reflectance was attributed primarily to the increase in spongy mesophyll thickness and overall leaf thickness in symptomatic tissue. Water infiltration of the intercellular airspaces in symptomatic and asymptomatic leaves removed differences in NIR reflectance, supporting a mechanistic link between increased NIR reflectance and the foliar symptoms of BLD. Our results highlight the interaction of leaf internal architecture with NIR wavelengths, and informs the development of targeted remote sensing tools, with implications for detecting even early-stage symptoms of BLD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moore, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dabydeen, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salha, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bichler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borsuk, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.22.689946</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct NIR Reflectance Spectra Associated with Foliar Symptoms of Beech Leaf Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.24.690211v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative metagenomics using pan-metagenomics graphs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.24.690211v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying microbial genomic factors underlying human phenotypes is a key goal of microbiome research. Sequence graphs are a highly effective tool for genome comparisons because they enable high-resolution de novo analyses that capture and contextualize complex genomic variation. However, applying sequence graphs to complex microbial communities remains challenging due to the scale and complexity of metagenomic data. Existing multi-sample sequence graphs used in these settings are highly complex, computationally expensive, less accurate than single-sample alternatives, and often involve arbitrary coarse-graining. Here, we present copangraph, a multi-sample sequence-graph-based analysis framework for comprehensive comparisons of genomic variation across metagenomes. Copangraph uses a novel homology-based graph, which provides both non-arbitrary, evolutionary-motivated grouping of sequences into the same node as well as flexibility in the scale of variation represented by the graph. Its construction relies on hybrid coassembly, a new coassembly approach in which single-sample graphs are first constructed separately and are then merged to create a multi-sample graph. We also present an algorithm that uses paired-end reads to improve detection of contiguous genomic regions, increasing accuracy. Our results demonstrate that copangraph captures sequence and variant information more accurately than alternative methods, provides graphs that are more suitable for comparative analysis than de Bruijn graphs, and is computationally tractable. We show that copangraph reflects meaningful metagenomic variation across diverse scenarios. Importantly, it enables significantly better performance than other metagenomic representations when predicting the gut colonization trajectories of Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus. Our results underscore the value of our multi-sample, graph-based framework for comparative metagenomic analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coleman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mametyarova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaznaev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meydan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simkhovich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seeram, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nobel, Y. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kav, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe'er, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uhlemann, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korem, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.24.690211</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative metagenomics using pan-metagenomics graphs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.25.690444v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synaptopodin KO rat for assessing the dendritic spine apparatus and axonal cisternal organelle in synaptic plasticity, development, and behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.25.690444v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The actin-binding protein synaptopodin (Synpo) regulates the cytoskeleton and intracellular Ca2+ and is important for long-term potentiation (LTP) and learning. The inconsistent onset age for LTP in mice makes their Synpo knockout (KO) a suboptimal developmental model. Hence, we generated Synpo KO rats using CRISPR-Cas9. Synpo KO rats are viable with reduced body weight and bone length after postnatal days (P)35-P45. Their basal kidney function is normal. 3D reconstruction from electron microscopy reveals the absence of the Synpo-dependent dendritic spine apparatus and cisternal organelles in the axon initial segment (AIS), which may contribute to reduced LTP in the KO rat. Inhibitory synapses in the wild-type AIS appear preferentially clustered near cisternal organelles--a pattern disrupted in the KO, where synapses appear more uniformly distributed. The consistent developmental profile of LTP in the rat makes this KO a robust model to assess Synpo function in development, synaptic plasticity, and behavior.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/690444v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuwajima, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostrovskaya, O. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirk, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alario, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xaymongkhol, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasad, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.25.690444</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synaptopodin KO rat for assessing the dendritic spine apparatus and axonal cisternal organelle in synaptic plasticity, development, and behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.25.690439v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
mfSuSiE enables multi-cell-type fine-mapping and multi-omic integration of chromatin accessibility QTLs in aging brain. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.25.690439v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Molecular quantitative trait locus (QTL) studies increasingly profile chromatin accessibility, histone modifications, DNA methylation, RNA modifications such as N6-methyladenosine (m6A), and transcription across multiple cell types using high-throughput sequencing, generating dense base-pair-resolved measurements. The conventional approach of testing each variant against each molecular feature independently suffers from severe multiple testing burden and ignores linkage disequilibrium and spatial correlation. Existing fine-mapping methods only partially address these challenges and are sub-optimal for analyzing such datasets: multivariate approaches such as mvSuSiE jointly analyze multiple molecular contexts but are designed for a single trait value per context and cannot accommodate thousands of base-resolution measurements per context, while functional approaches such as fSuSiE model spatial structure across thousands of measurements but analyze each context separately. Here, we introduce mfSuSiE, which integrates multivariate analysis with wavelet-based functional regression to jointly fine-map thousands of base-resolution traits across multiple cell types. In simulations, mfSuSiE identified causal variants and affected molecular features more accurately than fSuSiE, while mvSuSiE cannot be applied to this type of data. Applied to single-nucleus chromatin accessibility data from six brain cell types from postmortem aging human brains, mfSuSiE substantially increased discovery and resolution, with substantial power gains for cell types with limited samples. Multi-cell-type analysis revealed extensive sharing of regulatory effects on chromatin accessibility (caQTL). Importantly, mfSuSiE produces Bayesian inference compatible with the SuSiE framework, enabling systematic multi-omic integration. Applied to Alzheimers disease loci, we integrated caQTL with expression QTLs, epigenomic QTLs, and GWAS, observing regulatory patterns suggesting complex mechanisms at loci including EARS2, CHRNE, SCIMP, and RABEP1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Alzheimer's Disease Functional Genomics Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denault, W. R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.25.690439</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[mfSuSiE enables multi-cell-type fine-mapping and multi-omic integration of chromatin accessibility QTLs in aging brain.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.25.690514v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SuSiE 2.0: improved methods and implementations for genetic fine-mapping and phenotype prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.25.690514v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sum of Single Effects regression (SuSiE) has become widely adopted for genetic fine-mapping, yet its original implementation faces architectural limitations that hinder extensibility and performance. We present SuSiE 2.0, featuring a modular redesign for extensibility, up to 5x speed improvements for summary statistics applications, and several useful extensions including SuSiE-ash, a new method that improves calibration when strong signals coexist with moderate effects. Simulations and real data benchmarks demonstrate performance across diverse genetic architectures, highlighting improved calibration of SuSiE-ash for fine-mapping under complex polygenic backgrounds with 1.5-3x FDR reduction while maintaining power, and revealing SuSiE-based methods as effective yet underappreciated tools for TWAS prediction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCreight, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gan, H.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carbonetto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denault, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.25.690514</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SuSiE 2.0: improved methods and implementations for genetic fine-mapping and phenotype prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.25.690197v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Upregulation of MAM by C99 disrupts ACSL4 activity and phospholipid homeostasis in Alzheimer disease. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.25.690197v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The structure and function of cellular and intracellular membranes are critically governed by the fatty acid (FA) composition of phospholipids (PLs), which is dynamically regulated by a network of enzymes that fine-tune lipid species according to cellular demands.

In this study, we identify a mechanism through which the formation of mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes (MAMs) modulates the activity of the acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4), an enzyme that channels polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) into phosphatidylcholine (PC) via the Lands cycle. Through integrated biochemical, proteomic, and lipidomic analyses in both cellular and animal models, we demonstrate that MAM formation enhances ACSL4 activity, promoting arachidonic acid (AA) activation and its preferential incorporation into PC in concert with the MAM-localized lysophospholipid acyltransferase 4 (LPCAT4).

Our findings further uncover an unexpected link between this pathway and the pathogenesis of Alzheimers disease (AD). We show that elevated levels of C99--the {beta}-secretase cleavage product of amyloid precursor protein (APP)--induce MAM remodeling through cholesterol clustering, which in turn activates ACSL4 and alters PC composition. This effect is mirrored in AD models as well as in fibroblasts, neurons, and immune cells derived from both familial and sporadic AD patients, all of which exhibit chronically increased C99 levels, heightened ACSL4 activity, and enrichment of PUFA-containing PC species, leading to lipid imbalance and membrane dysfunction.

Together, these results establish MAMs as dynamic lipid-regulatory hubs that coordinate ACSL4-dependent membrane remodeling and highlight the contribution of MAM dysregulation to lipid abnormalities observed in AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Montesinos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salomon-Cruz, I. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agudelo-castrillon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uceda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrer, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anton-Barros, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-lopez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larrea, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velasco, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Bernal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benitez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schon, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardona-Gomez, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Area-Gomez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.25.690197</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Upregulation of MAM by C99 disrupts ACSL4 activity and phospholipid homeostasis in Alzheimer disease.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.29.691178v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep Red Blood Cell Proteome Defines the Band 3 N-Terminus Interactome as a Regulator of Hypoxic Adaptation via BLVRB-Dependent S-Nitroso Transfer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.29.691178v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Red blood cells (RBCs) have long been regarded as passive oxygen carriers, yet growing evidence reveals a complex, dynamic proteome independent of de novo gene expression. Here, we define the erythrocyte as an oxygen-responsive system organized around a Band 3 (SLC4A1)-centered metabolon. Using deep proteomics of ultra-pure RBCs and cross-linking interactomics, we identify biliverdin reductase B (BLVRB) as a previously unrecognized Band 3 interactor that binds the N-terminal cytosolic domain under normoxia and dissociates under hypoxia, when band 3-deoxyhemoglobin interactions increase threefold. This reversible interaction forms an oxygen-sensitive switch coupling structural, redox, and metabolic remodeling. In humanized mice, truncation of the Band 3 N-terminus disrupted glycolytic activation, reduced 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate synthesis, and impaired exercise tolerance despite preserved cardiopulmonary function, establishing the physiological relevance of this module. Population-scale proteome quantitative trait locus (pQTL) analyses revealed coordinated variation of SLC4A1 and BLVRB abundance but minimal association of biliverdin levels with BLVRB genotype, suggesting alternative functions beyond heme catabolism. Mechanistically, BLVRB Cys109 acts as a nitric oxide (NO) relay, trans-nitrosating glycolytic enzymes such as GAPDH at active site Cys152, transiently inhibiting glycolysis. This S-nitrosation-mediated feedback mirrors conserved mechanisms in plants, where GAPDH-SNO redirects carbon flow toward the Calvin-Benson cycle under nitrosative stress, revealing an evolutionary convergence in gas-responsive metabolic control. Collectively, our findings define a Band 3-BLVRB-hemoglobin axis that links oxygen sensing, NO signaling, and redox homeostasis, providing a unifying model for how an anucleate cell achieves environmental adaptability through reversible protein-protein interactions and post-translational chemistry.

Graphic abstractIssaian et al. define the most comprehensive proteome of ultra-pure human red blood cells (3,775 proteins) and map the O2-dependent interactome, revealing a Band 3-BLVRB-hemoglobin module that links oxygen sensing to metabolic remodeling via reversible inhibitory S-nitrosation of GAPDH C152. In plants this redirects carbon toward photosynthesis, illustrating a conserved NO-dependent metabolic reprogramming mechanism across oxygen-regulated systems.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/691178v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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C_LIO_LICross-linking proteomics maps an oxygen-sensitive Band 3-centered interactome
C_LIO_LIO2-dependent BLVRB-Band 3 binding regulates metabolism via S-nitrosation of GAPDH
C_LIO_LIBand 3 N-terminus is required for hypoxic remodeling and exercise tolerance in vivo
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Issaian, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzieciatkowska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bevers, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zohreh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saviola, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redzic, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reisz, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keele, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cendali, F. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haiman, Z. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemkov, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephenson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisk, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vallese, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doctor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irwin, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohandas, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimring, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenmesser, E. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Alessandro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.29.691178</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep Red Blood Cell Proteome Defines the Band 3 N-Terminus Interactome as a Regulator of Hypoxic Adaptation via BLVRB-Dependent S-Nitroso Transfer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.26.690853v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robust Integration of Sparse Single-Cell Alternative Splicing and Gene Expression Data with SpliceVI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.26.690853v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alternative splicing (AS) and gene expression (GE) are tightly related regulatory processes, critical for defining cell types and states, yet are rarely modeled together in single-cell analyses. This hinders a comprehensive understanding of cellular identity. We address this by introducing SpliceVI, adapted from MultiVI (Multi-modal Variational Inference) to specifically handle AS. Applied to a large multisample mouse Smart-seq2 dataset (n = 142, 315 cells/nuclei), SpliceVI jointly learns from both AS and GE using a partial variational autoencoder that effectively handles the sparsity and missingness of splicing data. We show that SpliceVIs joint embeddings are more expressive and informative of biological correlates like age than a GE-only approach (scVI). SpliceVI also uncovers splicingbased differences between neuronal subclusters. This approach reveals the distinct yet synergistic relationship between AS and GE in shaping cellular diversity in mouse.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vaidyanathan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isaev, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zweig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.26.690853</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robust Integration of Sparse Single-Cell Alternative Splicing and Gene Expression Data with SpliceVI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.27.690951v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GPTAnno: Ontology-tree-guided hierarchical cell type annotation based on GPT models for single-cell data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.27.690951v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell type annotation is critical for interpreting single-cell transcriptomic data but remains challenging due to uncertain cellular clustering granularity and inconsistent labeling across studies. Here we present GPTAnno, an automated, ontology-tree-guided, uncertainty-aware, hierarchical cell type annotation method based on GPT models. GPTAnno directly handles gene expression matrices, integrates multi-resolution clustering with large language model reasoning constrained by the cell ontology to produce standardized, ontology-aware, and reproducible annotations with automatic resolution selection. GPTAnno selects optimal clustering resolutions based on the annotation distance on the ontology tree and quantifies annotation uncertainty to flag ambiguous clusters for expert review. Benchmarking across twelve large-scale datasets demonstrates GPTAnnos superior accuracy on annotating cell types across various species, tissues, and disease contexts against existing methods. Implemented in R and Python with Seurat and Scanpy compatibility, GPTAnno allows simple inputs to streamline the reproducible annotation, considerably reducing human efforts in repeated reclustering, assigning and examining the labels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.27.690951</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GPTAnno: Ontology-tree-guided hierarchical cell type annotation based on GPT models for single-cell data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.11.28.691183v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
miR-424(322)~503 impairs colon cancer progression driven by PTEN deficiency. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.11.28.691183v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide, with molecular subtypes and signaling pathways playing critical roles in its progression. The miR-424(322)[~]503 cluster, comprising miR-424 and miR-503, has been implicated in various malignancies, exhibiting dual roles as tumor suppressors or oncogenes depending on the context. However, its function in CRC remains poorly understood. This study investigates the role of the miR-424(322)[~]503 cluster in CRC driven by PTEN deficiency using genetically modified mouse models. Our findings reveal that the loss of miR-424(322)[~]503 significantly exacerbates CRC progression in PTEN-deficient mice. Double knockout (dKO) mice lacking both PTEN and miR-424(322)[~]503 exhibited a higher number and larger size of colorectal lesions compared to PTEN-deficient counterparts. Histological analysis demonstrated increased severity of dysplasia and adenocarcinoma development in dKO mice. Mechanistically, while Wnt/{beta}-catenin signaling remained unaltered, transcriptomic analyses highlighted dysregulation of MAPK and TGF{beta} pathways, alongside epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related gene signatures. Protein-level validation confirmed hyperactivation of MAPK (ERK1/2 and p38) and TGF{beta} signaling, as well as elevated cyclin D1 expression in dKO colonic tissues. These results underscore the tumor-suppressive role of the miR-424(322)[~]503 cluster in CRC by modulating key oncogenic pathways such as MAPK and TGF{beta}. Our study provides novel insights into the interplay between PTEN loss and miRNA regulation in CRC pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vidal-Sabanes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonifaci, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navaridas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egea, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Encinas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Barrueco, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matias-Guiu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llobet-Navas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llobet-Navas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolcet, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.11.28.691183</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[miR-424(322)~503 impairs colon cancer progression driven by PTEN deficiency.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.01.691576v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DENDRO: Recovery and denoising of whole-tree dendritic voltagefrom 2D voltage movies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.01.691576v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to image voltage at high spatiotemporal resolution across an entire dendritic tree would represent a major advance in systems and circuit neuroscience. Recent advances in genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) have brought this possibility closer to reality. However, due to fundamental tradeoffs between imaging speed, resolution, SNR, and volume, this goal has remained out of reach. Here we develop a computational method that fuses 3D anatomical information with 2D voltage video data, yielding full time-varying 3D voltage estimates. Our method, termed DENDRO, comprises two steps. In step one, we use the anatomical data to build a microscope model which maps from voltages along the tree to observed fluorescence at the imaging plane. By exploiting local spatial smoothness of the voltage signal, we parameterize the voltage signal using a set of local basis functions, which reduces the dimensionality of the problem and allows us to approximately invert the microscope model. This step leverages spatial but not temporal smoothness of the underlying signal and yields noisy 3D estimates. In step two, we train a lightweight self-supervised neural network to perform spatiotemporal denoising of the inferred voltages. On simulated data, we find that DENDRO is able to recover voltages at high accuracy across an entire dendritic tree. On real voltage movies from hippocampal slices, DENDRO recovers known dendritic phenomena at single trial resolution and millisecond time-scales, and allows visualization of backpropagating action potentials in 3D.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Antin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasarkar, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferah, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.01.691576</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DENDRO: Recovery and denoising of whole-tree dendritic voltagefrom 2D voltage movies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.02.691881v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Attention modulates hippocampal sharp-wave ripples in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.02.691881v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hippocampal sharp-wave ripples (SWRs) are high-frequency events critical for memory consolidation, typically studied during sleep and quiet wakefulness. Emerging evidence suggests that SWRs also occur during active behavior, yet their role in awake cognition remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that changes in sustained attention modulate both the occurrence of SWRs and their temporal alignment to ongoing hippocampal oscillations. Using intracranial EEG recordings from epilepsy patients performing a sustained attention to response task (SART), we first identified attentional states based on behavioral variability and subjective reports. Next, we observed that SWRs were more frequent during high-attention periods, despite the absence of memory demands. Importantly, SWRs during low-attention periods showed higher phase synchrony with low-frequency oscillations (theta to lower beta) indicating increased endogenous coordination of SWRs under low attentional focus. These findings show that SWRs are dynamically regulated by attentional engagement, supporting a broader role for ripples in active cognitive processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Domagala, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaieb, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surges, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mormann, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leszczynski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.02.691881</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Attention modulates hippocampal sharp-wave ripples in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.03.692128v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Striatal ensembles specify and control granular forelimb actions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.03.692128v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability of the brain to control specific fine actions is crucial for survival. Although striatal dysfunction underlies numerous movement disorders1-9, its activity has classically been studied in the context of movement reinforcement and invigoration 5,10-13. Recent studies have revealed that striatal activity encodes specific whole-body 14,15 and forelimb movements16,17. However, it is unclear if this activity actually controls specific movements. We developed a closed-loop system to identify and manipulate action-specific neuronal ensembles in real time using holographic optogenetics through a GRIN lens. We designed an isometric force task in which mice performed push or pull actions on an immobile joystick without overt kinematics--actions that engage the same forelimb muscles but with different activation patterns. Using 2-photon calcium imaging, we simultaneously recorded D1- and D2-medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in the dorsolateral striatum - classically viewed as promoting versus inhibiting movement2,3,18 - and found that both populations equally encoded isometric action identity. Stimulation of action-specific D1- and D2-MSN ensembles increased ongoing force, but only when the stimulated ensemble was congruent with the ongoing action. These results reveal that specific ensembles of D1- and D2-MSNs control specific actions, as granular as distinct muscle activation patterns of the same forelimb. These findings provide a novel framework for understanding how striatal dysfunction can produce highly specific movement impairments in Huntingtons disease2,9 and dystonia2,6.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues-Vaz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Athalye, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterka, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.03.692128</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Striatal ensembles specify and control granular forelimb actions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.03.692149v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbiome-behavior coupling shapes infant adaptation to early maternal unpredictability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.03.692149v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We asked whether infant microbiome composition, together with infants behavioral responses to early maternal unpredictability, can offer novel mechanistic insights into behavioral phenotypic variation in human development. Maternal unpredictability was computed as the entropy rate of transitions among maternal sensory signals during naturalistic mother-infant interaction (n=256 dyads; 2-6 months). Infant visual orienting behavior (VOB) was indexed by infants simultaneous gaze shifts to and from the mother. Higher maternal unpredictability predicted more frequent VOB shifts, indicating a mature-for-age profile, and longitudinally forecast poorer inhibitory control at 19-28 months. A subgroup of infants with high maternal unpredictability and high VOB had inhibitory control outcomes closer to those of infants who experienced low maternal unpredictability, suggesting VOB strategy might buffer against the effects of high maternal unpredictability. In participants with metagenomic data (n=93), VOB was associated with taxonomic and functional gut microbial profiles along a Bifidobacterium breve to Bifidobacterium longum axis. Neuroactive gene-set enrichment analysis linked VOB to increase in tryptophan synthesis and glutamate synthesis genes. In contrast, maternal unpredictability showed depletions of GABA and tryptophan synthesis in the unique-effects model and, when VOB and the maternal unpredictability by VOB term were included, enrichment of acetate synthesis and quinolinic acid degradation. Notably, the maternal unpredictability by VOB interactions for tryptophan and glutamate were negative, indicating that the VOB-pathway coupling attenuates as unpredictability increases. Together, these findings support a framework in which maternal unpredictability is the environmental challenge, infant VOB expresses the behavioral strategy, and microbial metabolism modulates whether that strategy is biochemically feasible.

TeaserInfant gut microbiome is linked to infant behavioral responses to maternal unpredictability, which in turn impacts how they learn to control their actions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bottino, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forest, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonham, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zieff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miles, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herr, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinoza-Heredia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Amato, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mbale, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fifer, W. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabard-Durnam, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klepac-Ceraj, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donald, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.03.692149</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbiome-behavior coupling shapes infant adaptation to early maternal unpredictability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.03.692237v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Behavioral Opportunism and Altered Dopamine  Dynamics in Mice Exposed to Early Life Adversity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.03.692237v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Early life adversity (ELA) confers risk for reward-related psychopathologies. These risks may stem from adaptations optimizing reward pursuit in anticipation of unreliable, resource poor environments. One rational adaptation to poor, unreliable environments is Behavioral Opportunism: updating expectations more slowly and acting vigorously only when reward is immediately available. To systematically test the impact of ELA on behavioral strategies and underlying reward processing mechanisms, we exposed mice to resource restriction (limited bedding and nesting materials for 7 days) to manipulate the reliability and quality of early life care. Subsequently, we tested adults reward learning and decision making in a two-arm bandit task and recorded dopamine signaling using dLight1.2 fiber photometry in the nucleus accumbens core. Exposure to ELA led to poorer choice discrimination, impaired learning, and decreased adaptation to changes in reward availability. Furthermore, ELA mice were slower to choose between levers but were faster to retrieve immediately available rewards when delivered, consistent with a strategy of behavioral opportunism. Dopamine signaling predicted behavior in both rearing conditions, and its fluctuations were strongly predictive of faster retrieval in ELA mice and an increased likelihood of choice repetition, implying that aberrant dopamine signals underlie slowed learning and vigorous action for immediately available rewards. To understand key features of maternal interactions driving these effects, we used home cage video monitoring to quantify maternal behaviors, continuously, across early life. We found that specific experiential outcomes, such as maternal kicking, intensified behavioral opportunism in adults, predicting poorer bandit task performance beyond the group effect of ELA. Behavioral opportunism provides an explanatory framework for interpreting altered reward processing and reward pursuit in adulthood for individuals exposed to ELA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gallo, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamid, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaskir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ofray, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demaestri, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>More, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bath, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.03.692237</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Behavioral Opportunism and Altered Dopamine  Dynamics in Mice Exposed to Early Life Adversity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.04.691257v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vivo imaging of reactive oxygen species after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury: a large animal multimodal imaging and transcriptomic study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.04.691257v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundReactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), but in-vivo data on the spatial myocardial distribution and systemic effects of ROS after IRI remain limited. This multimodal CMR and PET/CT study aimed to non-invasively image ROS activity in a clinically-relevant swine model of IRI using [18F]ROStrace, a fluorine-18-labeled analogue of dihydroethidium (DHE), and to investigate regional changes in ROS activity in the infarcted myocardium during the subacute post-IRI phase.

MethodsIRI was induced by percutaneous occlusion of the left anterior descending artery for 90 minutes in swine (N=9). CMR and whole-body PET/CT imaging with [18F]ROStrace were performed before myocardial infarction (MI) and 3-5 days post-MI to assess ROS in non-infarct myocardium, lungs, bone marrow, spleen and skeletal muscle. Late gadolinium enhanced CMR was performed to structurally characterize infarct regions. Post-MI, in vivo [18F]ROStrace signal in infarcted myocardium was compared with remote, non-infarcted myocardium and validated via ex vivo DHE fluorescent imaging. Bulk RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) and Gene Ontology pathway analysis were conducted on biopsies from infarct and remote myocardial tissue to identify differentially expressed genes and pathways connected to oxidative stress.

ResultsDuring the subacute phase following MI, [18F]ROStrace fractional uptake rate (FUR; min-1) was significantly increased in skeletal muscle, compared to baseline (0.011{+/-}0.003 vs 0.016{+/-}0.005, p=0.04), with a trend toward increased FUR in bone marrow (0.046{+/-}0.009 vs 0.056{+/-}0.011, p=0.12) and the left ventricular free wall (0.067{+/-}0.007 vs 0.073{+/-}0.010, p=0.15). Within the myocardium, [18F]ROStrace FUR ((min-1)/(mL/min/g)) was significantly higher in infarcted compared to non-infarcted myocardium regions (0.110{+/-}0.034, vs 0.148{+/-}0.035, p=0.0005). DHE staining confirmed elevated ROS levels in the infarcted myocardium. RNA-seq identified 8,707 differentially expressed genes between infarct and remote myocardium, with downregulated pathways in the infarct associated with mitochondrial function, cellular respiration, and metabolic adaptation.

ConclusionThis study demonstrated MI ROS imaging using [18F]ROStrace using a whole-body PET/CT scanner and structural assessment with CMR. Systemic and myocardial increases in ROS activity were observed post-MI, accompanied by substantial molecular alterations in infarcted tissue. These findings show potential imaging strategies to evaluate therapeutic targets that can mitigate oxidative stress after MI.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Swago, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camillo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillero, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pei, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsourkas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrari, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McManus, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mach, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karp, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tschabrunn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrari, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witschey, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bravo, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.04.691257</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vivo imaging of reactive oxygen species after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury: a large animal multimodal imaging and transcriptomic study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.04.689698v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rare longevity-associated variants, including a reduced-function mutation in cGAS, identified in multigenerational long-lived families 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.04.689698v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Life expectancy has steadily increased in the last two centuries, while healthspan has been lagging behind. Survival into extreme ages strongly clusters within families which often exhibit a delayed onset of (multi)morbidity, yet the underlying protective genetic mechanisms are still largely undefined. We performed affected sib-pair linkage analysis in 212 sibships enriched for ancestral longevity and identified four genomic regions (LODmax [&ge;]3.0) at 1q21.1, 6p24.3, 6q14.3, and 19p13.3. Within these regions, we prioritized 12 rare protein-altering variants in seven candidate genes (NUP210L, SLC27A3, CD1A, CGAS, IBTK, RARS2, and SH2D3A) located in longevity-associated loci. Notably, a missense variant in CGAS (rs200818241), was present in two sibships. Using human- and mouse-based cell models, we showed that rs200818241 reduced protein stability and attenuated activation of the canonical cGAS-STING pathway in a cell-type specific manner. This dampened signalling mitigated inflammation and delayed cellular senescence, mechanisms that may contribute to the survival advantage of CGAS variant carriers. Our findings indicate novel rare variants and candidate genes linked to familial longevity and highlight the cGAS-STING pathway as a potential contributor to the protective mechanisms underlying human longevity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Putter, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gehrmann, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolbe, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakenberg, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suchiman, H. E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trompet, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballhysa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antebi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Berg, N. M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nebel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beekman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suh, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slagboom, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deelen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.04.689698</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rare longevity-associated variants, including a reduced-function mutation in cGAS, identified in multigenerational long-lived families]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.05.692364v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tether-mediated extraction of myelinoid bodies by microglia and astrocytes can maintain myelin integrity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.05.692364v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oligodendrocytes make myelin for the electrical insulation of axons and saltatory impulse conduction. Myelin lipids and proteins undergo a slow turnover, but exactly how the multilamellar and compacted membrane sheaths are remodeled without compromising myelin sheath integrity has remained puzzling, in particular at advanced age when myelin abnormalities increase. Earlier EM studies had suggested myelin membranes are shed and subsequently phagocytosed by microglia. However, the formation of multilamellar myelinoid bodies (MBs), leaving a well-ordered myelin sheath behind, is difficult to reconcile with simple shedding mechanisms. Here, we show by three-dimensional FIB-SEM reconstructions of optic nerves in mice and by two-photon live-imaging of myelinated cortical slices that MBs are initially connected to their parental sheaths by long tethers, which are stretched by trogocytosing microglia and astrocytes. We observe ruptured tethers attached to both MBs and sheaths, suggesting a novel mechanism of tension-driven tether scission. Importantly, the successive fusion of the corresponding innermost myelin membranes in an extended tether can preserve myelin sheath integrity. Thus, the remodeling by tether-mediated MB extraction emerges as a mechanism of physiological maintenance of myelin sheaths in the CNS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spaete, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higgins, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangana, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komarek, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teymouri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerwig, U. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melzer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadowski, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruhwedel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janjic, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lodder, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dwork, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kole, M. H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steyer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moebius, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nave, K.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goebbels, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.05.692364</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tether-mediated extraction of myelinoid bodies by microglia and astrocytes can maintain myelin integrity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.05.692581v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electroconvulsive Therapy Induces Dopaminergic Axon Regeneration, Corticostriatal Remodeling, and Restoration of Motor Function in Parkinsonian Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.05.692581v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons disease (PD) is characterized by the progressive degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic neurons with loss of axonal dopamine neurotransmission in the dorsal striatum, leading to striatal circuit dysfunction and debilitating motor symptoms. Current therapies provide symptomatic relief but do not restore lost neuronal function. Decades of clinical observations have reported the unexpected observation that electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), a standard treatment for refractory neuropsychiatric disorders, can incidentally alleviate motor symptoms in PD patients, yet the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we report that in the unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) mouse model of PD, two weeks of repeated ECT produced robust and sustained motor recovery, with improvements in locomotion and sensorimotor asymmetry persisting for at least 30 days post-treatment. Remarkably, ECT induced dopaminergic axonal sprouting from surviving dopaminergic neurons with cell bodies located at the substantia nigra-ventral tegmental border, leading to a partial recovery of striatal dopaminergic axonal reinnervation. In striatal direct pathway spiny projection neurons (dSPNs), which exhibit pathological hyperexcitability and spine loss following dopamine depletion, ECT normalized both corticostriatal synaptic responses and spine density. Consistently, ECT upregulated gene transcripts involved in cytoskeletal remodeling while downregulating those associated with glutamatergic signaling and neuronal excitability. These changes were accompanied by a coordinated transcriptional shift toward enhanced mitochondrial anabolic capacity and energy production, including increased expression of genes involved in ATP and Coenzyme Q biosynthesis. Together, these findings demonstrate that ECT can partially restore basal ganglia circuitry following dopamine depletion and provide a basis for further study of its potential as a noninvasive, disease-modifying intervention for PD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Frank, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bendig, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monzel, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boumhaouad, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosharov, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulzer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.05.692581</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electroconvulsive Therapy Induces Dopaminergic Axon Regeneration, Corticostriatal Remodeling, and Restoration of Motor Function in Parkinsonian Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.06.692615v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Graph embeddings for identifying symmetries in connectomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.06.692615v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In many circuit models of neural computation, synaptic connections between neurons are organized according to their tuning to the variables being processed. The connectivities of canonical neural network models of head direction, spatial navigation, and orientation selectivity obey this principle and contain symmetries related to the angular and spatial variables they operate on. We develop a graph embedding algorithm to identify such symmetries. The algorithm segregates structure related to cell type from that related to the symmetries we seek to identify, distinguishing it from standard embedding methods. Our method successfully identifies rotational and translational symmetries in heading direction and visual projection neuron circuits using a connectome of the adult Drosophila brain, and it also identifies a toroidal symmetry in a synthetic connectome of grid cells in the medial entorhinal cortex. Such embedding geometries reveal the latent variables that are processed by a neural circuit and which cell types are responsible for this computation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litwin-Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.06.692615</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Graph embeddings for identifying symmetries in connectomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.08.693079v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteasome activator Blm10 maintains cellular proteostatic balance and gamete quality in budding yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.08.693079v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The proteasome is the central macromolecular complex that is responsible for regulated protein degradation in eukaryotic cells. Its best characterized substrates are ubiquitinated proteins that are targeted to the 26S proteasome complex, consisting of a 19S regulatory particle (RP) capping the barrel-shaped 20S core peptidase (CP). The CP can interact with other caps that modulate its function, including Blm10/PA200, a large monomeric protein whose biological function is not well understood. Blm10 is highly upregulated during gametogenesis in budding yeast, suggestive of a natural stage-specific modulation of proteasome composition. Here, we investigate the function Blm10 during yeast gametogenesis, identifying it as a weak activator of the proteasome that can displace the 19S RP from the CP. Due to this competition for the CP, overexpression of Blm10 can lead to attenuation of ubiquitin-dependent degradation and consequent proteostatic defects. Cells lacking Blm10 also display markers of proteostatic stress, including Hsp104 foci and heat sensitivity, suggesting that Blm10 safeguards normal proteostatic balance. We find that Blm10 is important for maintaining gamete fitness and ensuring normal rejuvenation of aged cells following gametogenesis. Overall, our data suggest a role for Blm10-proteasomes in maintaining gamete proteostasis through fine-tuning of proteasome activity and prevention of protein aggregation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reyes, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos-Ortiz, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doron-Mandel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brar, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.08.693079</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteasome activator Blm10 maintains cellular proteostatic balance and gamete quality in budding yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.09.693245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perturbational single-cell profiling of patient tumors defines lineage- and context-specific programs of innate immune resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.09.693245v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractDespite promise in preclinical models, most immuno-oncology drug candidates fail in clinical trials. These failures reflect limitations in our ability to directly model the response of human tumor and immune cells to immunotherapies. To address this gap and test the effect of innate immune agonists, we developed PERCEPT, an approach that uses ex vivo perturbational single-cell RNA sequencing to compare the response of immunomodulatory treatments with unstimulated controls directly in patient samples. Using PERCEPT, we tested cytokines and innate immune agonists in melanoma and Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) and identified the dsRNA mimetic, RIG-I agonist, Stem Loop RNA (SLR) 14 as a powerful inducer of anti-viral states and enhancer of T cell activation. We compared transcriptional  responder and  non-responder patient samples and identified midkine (MDK), a multifunctional cytokine, as a potent repressor of IFN signaling in both tumor and immune cells. MDK expression dampened MHC-I presentation in human tumor cells and reduced activation of antigen-presenting cells, disrupting tumor immunity at multiple levels. In contrast to prior studies, we identified MDK as specifically enriched in neuroendocrine cancers such as MCC and small cell lung cancer compared with melanoma, suggesting the importance of lineage- and context-specific targeting. Our results demonstrate the utility of high-dimensional controlled perturbation of patient samples to identify mechanisms of innate immune response and resistance and demonstrate an actionable path towards clinical development of MDK-inhibiting therapies including FDA-approved ALK inhibitors in neuroendocrine cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perry, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fei, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nassar, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghadermarzi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackie, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clulo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouerghi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumit, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaskolko, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyrysyuk, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lum, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naqash, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elliott, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanderwalde, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capelletti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adeyelu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barry, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hugaboom, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacchiocchi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kluger, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosenberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasaki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braun, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clune, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Dijk, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olino, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishizuka, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.09.693245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perturbational single-cell profiling of patient tumors defines lineage- and context-specific programs of innate immune resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.09.693255v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
VIP-OT: Dissecting Single-Cell Biochemical State Dynamics under Perturbation via Vibrational Painting and Optimal Transport 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.09.693255v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dissecting the heterogeneous response of individual cells towards genetic and chemical perturbations is central to understanding the dynamic functions of cells and multicellular systems. However, characterizing and modeling how individual cells transition between different states remains a major challenge. Vibrational imaging provides high-content, biochemically informative, label-free molecular fingerprints of single cells but it remains at its infancy for dynamic or predictive analysis of cell state transition. Here, we introduce Vibrational Painting-Optimal Transport (VIP-OT), an integrated experimental-computational framework that overcomes this fundamental limitation. VIP-OT couples multiplexed infrared (IR) and Raman imaging with optimal transport to computationally reconstruct single-cell perturbation trajectories from unpaired population snapshots. When applying to over 22,000 single-cell spectra profiles from human breast adenocarcinoma cells under 16 drug treatments, this framework can retrospectively trace drug response heterogeneity back to baseline metabolic states. We leverage the inferred cell pairings to develop a machine learning model that accurately predicts the full post-treatment metabolic state of individual cells from their pre-treatment spectra. Furthermore, by modeling transitions across dose gradients, we introduce the concept of Spectral Velocity to map dynamic response trajectories and resolve drug combination effects into distinct, path-dependent molecular routes. Together, VIP-OT opens a new direction for dissecting heterogeneous perturbation responses at single cell resolution and serves as a foundation for building virtual simulators of cells under perturbations through high-throughput, high-content, and low-cost vibrational imaging, as well as interpretable in silico modeling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stark, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, T. N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.09.693255</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[VIP-OT: Dissecting Single-Cell Biochemical State Dynamics under Perturbation via Vibrational Painting and Optimal Transport]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.10.693470v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Speaker Identity is Robustly Encoded in Spatial Patterns of Intracranial EEG for Attention Decoding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.10.693470v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human auditory cortex robustly tracks attended speech, yet it remains unclear if speaker identity is encoded in spatial patterns of neural activity independent of temporal dynamics. Here, we demonstrate that the identity of an attended speaker is reliably reflected in distinct, time-invariant spatial activation maps in human intracranial EEG (iEEG). Leveraging these "neural fingerprints", we developed a novel framework for Auditory Attention Decoding (AAD) that shifts from traditional temporal envelope tracking to spatial speaker identification. By decoupling the decoding of "who" is speaking from "when" they are speaking, our modular system achieves state-of-the-art speech extraction, particularly in short time windows (<2 seconds) where temporal models typically fail. Furthermore, we observed a reciprocal shift in neural activity during attentional switches, confirming that these spatial codes dynamically track listener intent. These findings establish that speaker identity is a robust, spatially distributed feature in the auditory cortex, offering a high-speed, complementary mechanism for neuro-steered hearing technologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dindar, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhari, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bickel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schevon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKhann, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flinker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesgarani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.10.693470</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Speaker Identity is Robustly Encoded in Spatial Patterns of Intracranial EEG for Attention Decoding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.12.693832v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A theory of multi-task computation and task selection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.12.693832v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural activity during the performance of a stereotyped behavioral task is often described as low-dimensional, occupying only a limited region in the space of all firing-rate patterns. This region has been referred to as the "neural manifold" associated with a task. More recently, recordings of neural activity in animals challenged to perform multiple tasks have suggested that each task is associated with a different low-dimensional manifold. What connectivity structures underlie this flexibility in neural dynamics, and how is interference between the dynamics associated with different tasks avoided? We develop a theoretical model for multi-task computation in nonlinear recurrent neural networks whose connectivity is constructed as a weighted sum of many low-rank components, each encoding the dynamics associated with a different task. The model demonstrates that interference between different tasks dynamics limits flexible multi-tasking and can lead to chaotic fluctuations. However, small modulations of a networks effective connectivity overcome this interference. We derive the conditions that enable such task selection and characterize both single-neuron and population statistics in task-selected and unselected states. The model reveals the requirements for a single network to produce distinct dynamics confined to distinct neural manifolds and suggests circuit mechanisms that support this capability. Using the model, we propose different hypotheses for explaining the origin of high-dimensional neural activity in large-scale recordings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marschall, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litwin-Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.12.693832</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A theory of multi-task computation and task selection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.10.693435v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Over-Reliance on Prior Expectations in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.10.693435v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cognitive impairment is a common and disabling feature of multiple sclerosis (MS). Bayesian models of perception and action provide a powerful framework to better understand how cognitive processes are altered in MS. In this case-control study, we employed a time reproduction paradigm within a Bayesian framework to investigate the underlying mechanisms of cognitive dysfunction in patients with relapsing-remitting MS. We applied a modified Bayesian observer model, which partitions time reproduction into three stages: sensory measurement, time estimation, and motor response. We found that both MS and control groups showed a systematic bias in reproducing time, overestimating short intervals and underestimating long intervals. This bias was significantly larger in patients with MS compared with controls, reflecting an over-reliance on prior expectations relative to sensory-motor information. Computational modeling indicated that this increased bias in the MS group was driven by greater measurement noise during the sensory stage. Moreover, central tendency bias increases with age in healthy participants as reliance on prior expectations becomes stronger than sensory-motor evidence. Interestingly, we found that this age-related effect on bias was absent in patients with MS. Further analysis showed both younger and older patients performed equally biased, and their performance was similar to older healthy participants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pourmohammadi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rezaei, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adibi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dehghani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorji, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sima, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adibi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanayei, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.10.693435</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Over-Reliance on Prior Expectations in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.10.693481v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcranial Focused Ultrasound of the Human Subgenual Anterior Cingulate Reconfigures Resting State Connectivity: A Sham-Controlled fMRI Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.10.693481v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation (tFUS) can modulate human brain activity, but its impact on large-scale functional connectivity (FC) in vivo remains incompletely characterized. Here we asked whether brief tFUS to the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) modulates its FC with other brain regions. In a sham-controlled, within-subject study of healthy adults (N = 16), we measured resting-state blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) activity with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) before, during, and after five minutes of tFUS (i.e., five 20-second sonications followed by 40 second pauses). Subject-level sgACC-whole-brain FC was analyzed with a linear mixed-effects model (fixed: time, condition, timexcondition; random: subject). tFUS increased sgACC-whole brain connectivity after sonication relative to sham. A smaller, non-significant trend was observed during sonication. Baseline-controlled analyses were employed to rule out the possibility that the observed increase in FC was due to a "regression to the mean" effect. Interestingly, network-level analysis revealed a clear disassociation in the evolution of resting-state FC across the 15 minute recordings: during sham sessions, the sgACCs connectivity with the default mode network (DMN) increased, while FC with other networks was largely unchanged. On the other hand, active tFUS led to a notable increase in FC with non-DMN networks (especially the cognitive control network), while connectivity with the DMN was stable. These results provide whole-brain evidence that tFUS reconfigures network dynamics in the human brain, motivating clinical applications to disorders characterized by dysregulated brain activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Malave, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valera, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birnbaum, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konofagou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dmochowski, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.10.693481</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcranial Focused Ultrasound of the Human Subgenual Anterior Cingulate Reconfigures Resting State Connectivity: A Sham-Controlled fMRI Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.10.693486v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conserved Landscape of Chemokine Receptor Co-expression Defines the Functional States of CD8+ T Cells in Melanoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.10.693486v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer immunotherapies, from checkpoint blockade to adoptive cell therapies like tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), have revolutionized cancer treatment but are limited by variable efficacy and significant toxicities. A central challenge is identifying ideal T-cell populations that effectively eliminate tumors without causing off-target damage, a distinction not captured by existing biomarkers. We show that co-expression patterns of chemokine receptors (CRs) CXCR3, CCR5, and CXCR6 on CD8+ T cells provide a functional "code" defining subsets with divergent roles in on-target immunity versus off-target inflammation. In mouse and human melanoma, a triple-positive (CXCR3+CCR5+CXCR6+) T-cell subset is essential for tumor control, and its genetic signature correlates with positive clinical response, while a distinct CCR5+CXCR6+ subset drives liver immune-related adverse events (IRAEs). Crucially, this CR code reveals that immunotherapy actively reshapes T-cell trafficking patterns, uncovering profound heterogeneity within conventional populations and distinguishing potent anti-tumor progenitors from cells predisposed to exhaustion or off-target migration. This work establishes CR co-expression as a practical tool, providing a surface marker-based strategy to identify and enrich optimized T cells for adoptive therapies, thereby offering a framework to uncouple efficacy from toxicity.

One Sentence SummaryCo-expression of CCR5, CXCR6, and CXCR3 provides a functional code that separates T-cell-mediated anti-tumor efficacy from off-target toxicity, enabling the selection of superior cells for safer and more effective cancer immunotherapies.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=120 SRC="FIGDIR/small/693486v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (29K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@19b0f44org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1076129org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@17c0be6org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@f14893_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LI{middle dot} CXCR6, CXCR3 and CCR5 co-expression signature stratifies patient survival in human melanoma
C_LIO_LI{middle dot} CD8+ T cells co-expressing CXCR6, CXCR3 and CCR5 are critical effectors with high proliferative, cytotoxic, and activation profile in human and mice melanoma
C_LIO_LI{middle dot} CD8+ T cells co-expressing CXCR6, CXCR3 and CCR5 drive anti-tumoral responses during checkpoint blockade in both human and mice
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Macedo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harle, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffer-Hawlik, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahon-Skates, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matschiner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belay, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saenger, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azizi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reshef, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.10.693486</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conserved Landscape of Chemokine Receptor Co-expression Defines the Functional States of CD8+ T Cells in Melanoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.12.693948v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A neuron type-specific microexon in Ank3/ankyrin-G modulates calcium activity and neuronal excitability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.12.693948v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies have revealed many alternative exons differentially spliced across diverse neuron types in the mammalian brain, but their links to neuronal physiology remain unclear. Here we characterize a deeply conserved microexon E35a in Ank3 encoding ankyrin-G (AnkG), a multifaceted adaptor protein best known as a master organizer of the axon initial segment (AIS) and as a leading genetic risk factor for bipolar disorder. E35a is predominantly skipped in cortical glutamatergic neurons but included in cortical GABAergic neurons and cerebellar neurons, which is dictated by multiple neuronal splicing factors. In E35a-deletion mice we generated, interneurons show increased excitability and somatic Ca2+ activity, without disruption in AIS. Biochemical analyses suggest that E35a inclusion facilitates AnkG interaction with a protein complex involving inositol trisphosphate receptors (InsP3Rs) important for intracellular Ca2+ signaling. Alternative splicing therefore allows AnkG to modulate neuron type-specific excitability in addition to its ubiquitous pan-neuronal role in organizing the AIS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dermentzaki, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balbo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estrada, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zazhytska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, Y.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafikian, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valenzuela, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ustienenko, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lovett, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waites, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wichterle, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Au, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lomvardas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.12.693948</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A neuron type-specific microexon in Ank3/ankyrin-G modulates calcium activity and neuronal excitability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.11.693778v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Personalized biventricular mechanics and sensitivity to model morphology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.11.693778v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWWe present a computational framework for constructing patient-specific models of cardiac mechanics based on standard clinical data, including electrocardiogram (ECG), cuff blood pressure, and electrocardiography-gated computed tomography angiography (CTA) imaging. The model is coupled to a closed-loop lumped parameter network (LPN) circulatory model and incorporates rule-based fiber architecture, as well as spatially varying epicardial boundary conditions to approximate surrounding tissue support. Model parameters are personalized through a multistep procedure that sequentially tunes circulatory dynamics, passive mechanics, and active contraction. The resulting personalized BiV model closely matches clinical pressure and volume measurements and reasonably agrees with image-based myocardial deformation. To assess the impact of anatomical model choice, we compare the BiV model to two commonly-used simplifications: a truncated BiV (t-BiV) model cut at the basal plane and a left ventricle-only (LV) model. For these models, we also evaluate their sensitivity to plausible variations in boundary conditions and contractile strength. With all other inputs held fixed, the LV model exhibits similar global pressure/volume behavior, despite moderate differences in regional deformation. In contrast, the t-BiV model produces substantial differences in both global function and local myocardial mechanics. These results suggest that while LV-only models may be sufficient for biomechanical studies, truncation at the basal plane strongly impacts model outputs and should be used with caution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brown, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salvador, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ennis, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, I. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vedula, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsden, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.11.693778</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Personalized biventricular mechanics and sensitivity to model morphology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.13.693955v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parallel neuronal ensembles control behavior across sensorimotor levels in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.13.693955v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nervous systems can process information in serial or in parallel, trading off efficiency for flexibility and speed. How these network architectures are implemented across sensorimotor pathways to control behavior is unclear. We investigate this tradeoff directly in Drosophila by comparing neuronal circuits underlying landing and takeoff, behaviors transforming similar visual cues to whole-body motor output. Using a whole-CNS connectome, electrophysiology, and behavioral analysis, we reconstruct the complete feedforward pathway for landing, including visual feature detectors, a dedicated ensemble of descending neurons (DNs), and a core premotor circuit in the nerve cord. Comparison to the takeoff pathway reveals that, despite encoding the same sensory feature and engaging similar muscle groups, neuronal circuits controlling the two behaviors are separated at every sensorimotor level. Extending this analysis to the complete DN population reveals a blueprint for descending motor control: DNs across the behavioral space utilized by the fly are organized as a set of parallel, loosely-overlapping ensembles that form a continuum from command-like control, with individual DNs determining behavioral output, to population coding, with multiple DNs controlling behavior synergistically. Distinct combinations of sensory feature detectors differentially recruit DN ensembles to enable flexible, context-dependent behavioral control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liessem, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asinof, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nern, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumathipala, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erginkaya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dallmann, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Card, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ache, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.13.693955</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parallel neuronal ensembles control behavior across sensorimotor levels in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.14.694183v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
From labels to latents: revealing state-dependent hippocampal computations with Jump Latent Variable Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.14.694183v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural activity is usually interpreted by imposing external labels (e.g., stimuli or position during locomotion) and decoding within that space (e.g. replay). While powerful, such supervision can mask structure in the data that do not correspond to the label. Unsupervised methods, in turn, often assume smooth latent dynamics and miss genuine discontinuities. We introduce a conceptually simple, computationally efficient latent variable model that infers both (i) the latent variables organizing population activity and (ii) whether their dynamics are continuous or fragmented in time. Fitting reduces to an expectation-maximization (EM) procedure that alternates two operations familiar to systems neuroscience--tuning-curve estimation and label decoding--without requiring external labels. Applied to rodent hippocampal spike recordings, the model reveals distinct population patterns at the same physical position that supervised spatial decoding fails to detect. While learned latents exhibit place-field-like tuning, their reactivation patterns are better distinguished by behavioral states. The model further identifies a continuity-fragmentation axis that characterizes population activities across sleep-wake brain states that is modulated by cholinergic inputs. By not relying on externally imposed spatial labels, our approach exposes structure that supervised approaches obscure and provides a powerful tool for datasets lacking behavioral tracking.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zutshi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huszar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karadas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buzsaki, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.14.694183</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[From labels to latents: revealing state-dependent hippocampal computations with Jump Latent Variable Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.17.694518v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Primate-specific adaptation of Ku protects transcriptomic integrity by suppressing Alu-mediated alternative splicing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.17.694518v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate pre-mRNA splicing is essential for the transfer of genetic information but faces unique challenge in higher primates due to the massive expansion of intronic Alu elements1-3. While studying Ku, the Ku70/Ku80 heterodimer best known for initiating non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) by encircling DNA ends4, we discovered that Ku expression increased markedly during primate evolution in parallel with Alu expansion5. Ku binds double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) stem-loops, including those at the antisense Alu (asAlu) elements within introns5. Here, we show that Ku-depletion in human cells has a broad impact on splicing largely independent of cell-cycle states, NHEJ, or innate immune signaling, significantly affecting ~8-10% of quantifiable alternative splicing events. Mechanistically, Ku directly binds exonic asAlu to prevent their aberrant inclusion and binds asAlu within inverted-repeat Alu (irAlu) pairs flanking canonical exons to prevent exon skipping6. Among human tissues, Ku expression in the brain is consistently ~50% lower, correlating with more permissive expression of Alu-derived splice variants, particularly those encoding mitochondrial proteins and RNA-binding factors. Correspondingly, heterozygous Ku loss in patient causes developmental delay, neurological dysfunction, and acidosis. Together our findings identified Ku as a critical suppressor of Alu-associated alternative splicing co-opted during evolution with implications for primate brain function and human disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moakley, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gennarino, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.17.694518</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Primate-specific adaptation of Ku protects transcriptomic integrity by suppressing Alu-mediated alternative splicing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.18.693686v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wavelet Based Whole Genome Doubling Aware Single Cell Copy Number Calling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.18.693686v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in single cell whole genome sequencing enable profiling of the copy number state of thousands of cells with minimal sequencing bias across the genome. The Direct Library Preparation + technique is an whole genome amplification-free single cell whole genome sequencing method that achieves high throughput by fragmenting each cells genome and ligating sequencing adapters using a modified Tn5 transposase, and sequencing to less than 0.1x coverage. Despite recent advances in experimental approaches, data analysis of single cell whole genome sequencing lags behind and the existing methods are not optimized for the analysis of frozen samples with variable DNA preservation. Furthermore, existing tools predominantly rely on read depth ratio in predefined genomic bins to call copy number, making whole genome duplication unidentifiable. To address this, we introduce Songbird, a single cell whole genome sequencing copy number caller that is whole genome duplication sensitive, and outperforms existing tools both in breakpoints identification and true copy number detection. We demonstrate that Songbird is robust down to extremely low coverage, adaptable to a variety of genome versions (hg19, hg38, hs.1), and is extensible to other single cell whole genome sequencing methods that rely on Tn5 tagmentation to fragment the genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wesley, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wos, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Germer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maniatis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinh, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robine, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavare, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nowicki-Osuch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.18.693686</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wavelet Based Whole Genome Doubling Aware Single Cell Copy Number Calling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.18.694964v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
One More Lap: Environmental Modulation of Small-Scale Exploration in Weakly Electric Fish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.18.694964v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals actively explore their surroundings to efficiently obtain resources, relying on the sensory modalities available to them. In South American weakly electric fish, self-generated electric organ discharges (EODs) create a short-range "sensory bubble" that, together with locomotion, supports exploration. This behavior relies on the coordinated modulation of spatial movement and electromotor activity, reflected in changes in EOD rate (EODr). However, how these components are engaged in natural contexts, and which conditions are sufficient to elicit exploration, remain poorly understood. Here, we examined how environmental and contextual factors modulate exploratory behavior in Gymnotus omarorum by combining a minimalistic laboratory assay with multi-day recordings in a seminatural arena. In laboratory tanks, freely moving fish showed minimal locomotor activity, which increased only when darkness and a novel electrosensory stimulus co-occurred, indicating strong context dependence and gating by chronobiological and motivational factors. By contrast, under seminatural conditions preserving natural light and temperature cycles, fish exhibited robust nocturnal rhythms in both locomotor activity and EODr. Chronobiological analysis revealed that the electrosensory rhythm consistently preceded the locomotor rhythm, with individual phase differences correlated across behaviors. These results show that exploration is a temporally organized behavior arising from coordinated modulation of sensory and motor systems. By linking electrosensory activity, locomotion, and circadian timing under ecologically relevant conditions, this study provides insight into how animals regulate sensory sampling and movement during exploration.

Summary statementExploration in Gymnotus omarorum is a temporally organized behavior arising from coordinated circadian modulation of electrosensory activity and locomotion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vazquez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gascue, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quintana, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedraja, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Migliaro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.18.694964</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[One More Lap: Environmental Modulation of Small-Scale Exploration in Weakly Electric Fish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.18.695086v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visual input drives diverse ER calcium signals in neurons in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.18.695086v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has long been thought to shape calcium signals in neurons, but stimulus-driven ER calcium fluctuations have not been directly measured in vivo. To measure neuronal ER calcium signals in vivo, we paired visual stimulus presentation with two photon imaging of ER and cytosolic calcium reporters in four different cell types in the Drosophila visual system. We found that visual input elicits diverse ER calcium signals, with the ER acting as a calcium sink or source depending on the cell type, subcellular compartment (dendrite versus axon), and type of visual stimulus. ER calcium signals were not simply a reflection of cytosolic signals, indicating that the ER, rather than acting as a passive calcium buffer, actively processes calcium signals in neurons in a context-specific fashion. Thus, ER-based signal processing may contribute to functional diversity across neuronal cell types, thereby enhancing the computational capacity of neural circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Delgado, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wass, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lefebvre, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotla, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnhart, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.18.695086</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visual input drives diverse ER calcium signals in neurons in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.19.695231v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial proteomic mapping of the human and mouse retina using IBEX 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.19.695231v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeTo generate a comparative spatial proteomic atlas of the human and mouse retina using a refined highly multiplexed immunohistochemistry technique called Iterative Bleaching Extends Multiplexity (IBEX).

MethodsWe refined the IBEX workflow by integrating an antibody removal option alongside chemical bleaching. This dual strategy enabled removal of the entire antibody complex allowing for the flexible use of antibodies from the same host species across iterative cycles. Spatial proteomic data were cross-correlated to existing scRNAseq datasets. We also coupled this workflow with super-resolution imaging via deconvolution and applied it to the retina of healthy human, mouse and the Crb1rd8 mouse model.

ResultsWe successfully imaged over 25 protein markers on human and mouse tissue sections, to generate spatial atlases of the major retinal cell populations. Cross-species protein expression was compared to scRNAseq datasets to identify protein and transcript disparities. Super-resolution IBEX delineated the ultrastructural features of the outer limiting membrane (OLM), identifying CD44 as a core structural component tightly co-localised with a highly organised F-actin belt within Muller glial endfeet. Using the Crb1rd8 mouse model, disruption of this complex was spatially associated with rosette formation and OLM structural failure.

ConclusionSpatial proteomic atlases of the human and mouse retina were generated and correlated to transcriptional data, revealing insights into the arrangement of major retinal cell populations and OLM structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kubiak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzieniak, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fowler, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avient, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charbit, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.19.695231</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial proteomic mapping of the human and mouse retina using IBEX]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.19.695426v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Correlative Ultrastructural Mapping of Lewy Pathology Reveals Regional Diversity in Parkinsons and Dementia with Lewy bodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.19.695426v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lewy body diseases, including Parkinsons disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), are defined by neuronal accumulation of misfolded -synuclein (-Syn), yet the ultrastructural diversity of these inclusions across brain regions and disease contexts remains unclear. Here, we applied large-scale correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) to map -Syn pathology across cortical regions (entorhinal cortex, ENT; anterior cingulate cortex, AC; hippocampal CA2 region) and substantia nigra (SN) in clinically and pathologically confirmed PD and DLB donors. We identified pronounced regional heterogeneity in Lewy pathology, with cortical inclusions showing diverse maturation stages at the ultrastructural level, ranging from low-density fibrils interspersed with organelles to highly compact fibrillar inclusions. In the SN of DLB donors, we observed the full range of classical nigral LB morphologies previously described in PD. We additionally characterized diverse neuritic -Syn pathologies in DLB and identified a distinct population of electron-dense, degenerating, -Syn-positive cortical neurons not previously reported. Importantly, we found no significant difference in LB ultrastructure between PD and DLB in either cortical or nigral pathology. In contrast, quantitative analysis of >10,000 mitochondria revealed disease- and region-specific signatures of altered mitochondrial homeostasis. Specifically, the density of mitochondria increased in both PD and DLB, but mitochondrial swelling occurred exclusively in PD and was confined to the SN. These findings indicate that LB ultrastructure alone does not distinguish PD from DLB; instead, mitochondrial morphology provides a more sensitive readout of disease identity and regional susceptibility. Overall, we provide a high-resolution framework for human Lewy pathology in PD and DLB, revealing that ultrastructural responses to -Syn pathology are driven primarily by neuronal identity and regional vulnerability. Our results highlight the need for disease- and region-specific models that capture human phenotypes to advance mechanistic understanding and therapeutic targeting of synucleinopathies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shafiei, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proniakova, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simjanoska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sjodal, A. M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stähli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aaron, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krause, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wittwer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radecke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stahlberg, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van de Berg, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.19.695426</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Correlative Ultrastructural Mapping of Lewy Pathology Reveals Regional Diversity in Parkinsons and Dementia with Lewy bodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.19.695482v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
What sets the mutation rate of a cell type in an animal species? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.19.695482v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Germline mutation rates per generation are strikingly similar across animals, despite vast differences in life histories. Analogously, in at least one somatic cell type, mutation rates at the end of lifespan are comparable across mammals. These observations point to a key role for natural selection in shaping mutation rates. In this essay, we summarize the patterns identified to date and outline existing theories for how selection pressures might shape mutation rates in animal germline and soma. We argue that an understanding of what sets the mutation rate of a given cell type in a species requires better integration of genetics and development with population processes of selection and genetic drift.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Manuel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przeworski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spisak, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stolyarova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.19.695482</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[What sets the mutation rate of a cell type in an animal species?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.20.695698v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Longitudinal Neurocognitive Trajectories in a Large Cohort of Youth Who Use Cannabis: Combining Self-Report and Toxicology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.20.695698v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adolescents experience extensive neurocognitive development, with cannabis use potentially impacting developmental trajectories. Here, we comprehensively assess the influence of adolescent cannabis use onset on neurocognitive trajectories and consider how recent delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) may influence neurocognition. We use the large, diverse longitudinal Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study dataset, combining self-reported substance use with objective toxicological tests (hair, urine, breath, oral fluid). Longitudinal mixed methods of the full cohort (n=11,036, ages 9-17; 47% Female/53% Male) investigate time-varying cannabis onset on neurocognitive performance. Primary model covariates include sociodemographics, family history of substance use disorder, prenatal substance exposure, early psychopathology, other substance use, and nesting for participant ID, study site, and family ID. Secondarily, in participants with repeat toxicological hair testing (n=645; 38% Female/62% Male) at ages 12-16, we consider the influence of THC v. CBD v.

Controls. Primary models included false discovery rate corrections (FDR-p<.05) while secondary models were interpreted at p<.01. Cannabis group interacted with age to show altered neurocognitive trajectories across domains (immediate recall and delayed memory, processing speed, inhibitory control, visuospatial processing, language, and working memory; {beta}s=-0.11- - 0.52). Secondary models indicated hair-identified THC exposure*age predicted worse episodic memory than in Controls ({beta}=-0.60, p=.007), with no difference between CBD exposed and Controls. Data suggest those who use cannabis show likely pre-existing better cognitive performance during late childhood, with reduced improvement or flattened trajectories over time. These neurocognitive trajectories in youth (ages 9-17) who initiate cannabis use were demonstrated after accounting for within-person change and numerous known confounds and improving accuracy in identifying cannabis use through incorporating toxicological measures. Continued monitoring of this cohort will clarify cannabinoid-cognition relationships into young adulthood, including the impact of timing of cannabis use initiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wade, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visontay, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szpak, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisdahl, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huestis, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncalves, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrne, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mewton, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobus, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapert, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.20.695698</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Longitudinal Neurocognitive Trajectories in a Large Cohort of Youth Who Use Cannabis: Combining Self-Report and Toxicology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.22.695505v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diverse infections transcriptionally reprogram the intestinal epithelium and epithelial-immune cell interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.22.695505v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The distal small intestine plays vital roles in host physiology by regulating nutrient and fluid homeostasis. Despite being impacted in Crohns disease and a major target for a range of infections, we know relatively little about the complexity of cellular responses and cell-cell communication in the ileum during infection. Single cell and spatial transcriptomics have emerged as powerful technologies to study tissue heterogeneity in the gut, but these tools have focused on the large intestine, in part due to the accessibility of this tissue for biopsies and its importance in cancer. Here we present GutPath, an atlas of over 500,000 single cells with RNA and protein expression profiles for 91 cell states in the ileum across diverse infectious archetypes. We show that GutPath accurately captures established immune responses to infection while revealing pathogen-specific responses in enterocytes. To highlight the discovery potential of this atlas, we identify a novel enterocyte cell state present during Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection that is spatially linked to bacterial load and tissue pathology. GutPath establishes a much-needed resource for the immunology community that will accelerate the study of the transcriptional diversity of cellular landscapes in the small intestine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hart, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merolle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haskins, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohn, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bobba, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cadwell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yano, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallbank, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutillo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The MIST Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanov, I. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Striepen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodsky, I. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Artis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beiting, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.22.695505</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diverse infections transcriptionally reprogram the intestinal epithelium and epithelial-immune cell interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.26.696633v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stemness factor Mex3a times translation and protein trafficking to ensure robust differentiation of olfactory sensory neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.26.696633v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During the switch from progenitor to differentiated cell, cellular physiology must change to accommodate increased translation and trafficking of membrane-bound proteins. We identify RNA-binding and E3 ubiquitin ligase Mex3a as a key driver of proper neuronal differentiation by regulating mRNA translation and trafficking of cell surface proteins in the context of Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) signaling. Loss of Mex3a in immature olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) leads to defects in cilia structure, cell surface protein expression, and planar cell polarity in mature OSNs. Proteomics reveal a Mex3a-dependent decrease in proteins related to vesicle transport, lipid metabolism, and ribosome biogenesis. We identify RNA and ubiquitin targets of Mex3a and provide evidence that Mex3a may confer K27 ubiquitin linkage on substrates. Finally, modulating cellular levels of Mex3a changes the recruitment of translation factors Serbp1 and p-eEF2 to ribosomes with possible effects on translation. Our data reveal how a stemness factor regulates development post-transcriptionally and post-translationally to ensure robust differentiation.

HighlightsLoss of stemness factor Mex3a in immature olfactory neurons leads to defects in mature olfactory neurons.

Translation/Trafficking of cell surface proteins, cilia structure, and planar cell polarity are compromised in the absence of Mex3a.

Mex3a may confer K27 ubiquitination on stress granule protein Serbp1 and ribosome protein Rps7.

Mex3a levels are associated with Serbp1 and p-eEF2 recruitment to ribosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Escamilla-del-Arenal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kodra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shayya, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ugurbil, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stathi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keskin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pulupa, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lomvardas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duffie, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.26.696633</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stemness factor Mex3a times translation and protein trafficking to ensure robust differentiation of olfactory sensory neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.27.696673v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TMPO promotes cellular dissemination and metastasis in circulating tumor cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.27.696673v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metastasis--the process by which cancer cells spread beyond the primary tumor to distant organs--accounts for the vast majority of cancer-related deaths. To elucidate mechanisms underlying dissemination and metastasis in prostate cancer, we have investigated circulating tumor cells (CTCs) obtained from genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs). The phenotypic and molecular properties of the CTCs, and organoids derived from these CTCs, closely model the tumor and metastatic phenotypes of their parental GEMMs. Moreover, organoids derived from individual CTCs exhibit molecular and morphological heterogeneity that is associated with distinct metabolic states as well as differences in human prostate cancer outcome. Using computational systems analyses, we have identified TMPO, encoding the nuclear membrane protein lamina-associated polypeptide 2 (Lap2), as a key driver of this heterogeneity. TMPO activity is upregulated in advanced human prostate tumors, metastases, and CTCs, and is associated with adverse clinical outcome. Our findings indicate that TMPO promotes dissemination and metastasis in vivo by enhancing survival in conditions of metabolic stress, and reveal a novel mechanistic link between CTC heterogeneity, stress adaptation, and metastatic potential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giacobbe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obradovic, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedraz-Valdunciel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fanelli, G. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixon, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nam, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picech, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laplaca, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Virk, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Bernardo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chui, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arriaga, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nunes de Almeida, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maheswaran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harber, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyamoto, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nanus, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tagawa, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chio, C. I. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giannakakou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sims, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abate-Shen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.27.696673</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TMPO promotes cellular dissemination and metastasis in circulating tumor cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.28.696772v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Profiling tyrosine kinase substrate recognition using bacterial peptide display and deep sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.28.696772v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tyrosine kinases control a wide range of cell signaling pathways that are central to human physiology, and they are dysregulated in a variety of human diseases, most notably cancers. Our understanding of tyrosine kinase biology hinges upon a clear delineation of their protein substrates. Thus, much effort has been invested into defining the substrate specificities of tyrosine kinases, which is partly driven by recognition of the amino acid sequences surrounding the phospho-acceptor tyrosine residues. Numerous methods have been developed to profile tyrosine kinase sequence recognition, and these approaches have collectively demonstrated that different tyrosine kinases have distinct substrate sequence preferences. Here, we describe one such method that combines bacterial peptide display and deep sequencing to study tyrosine kinase substrate preferences. Our approach enables rapid measurement of relative phosphorylation efficiencies for thousands of peptides simultaneously. The genetically-encoded nature of the peptide libraries used with this method allows for facile and cheap construction of libraries tailored to answer a variety questions. Notably, our approach is compatible with genetic code expansion via Amber codon suppression, which allows for the construction and screening of libraries containing non-canonical amino acids. Importantly, results from this assay correlate strongly with quantitative measurements of enzyme kinetics, they corroborate previously reported tyrosine kinase substrate preferences, and they can reveal new insights into tyrosine kinase substrate specificity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.28.696772</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Profiling tyrosine kinase substrate recognition using bacterial peptide display and deep sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.30.696949v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Template-based RNA structure prediction advanced through a blind code competition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.30.696949v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Automatically predicting RNA 3D structure from sequence remains an unsolved challenge in biology and biotechnology. Here, we describe a Kaggle code competition engaging over 1700 teams and 43 previously unreleased structures to tackle this challenge. The top three submitted algorithms achieved scores within statistical error of the winners of the recent CASP16 competition. Unexpectedly, the top Kaggle strategy involved a pipeline for discovering 3D templates, without the use of deep learning. We integrated this template-modeling pipeline and other Kaggle strategies to develop a single model RNAPro that retrospectively outperformed individual Kaggle models on the same test set. These results suggest a growing importance of template-based modeling in RNA structure prediction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oda, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heng, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kowerko, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sampathkumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enrique Gomez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshizawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuraishi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogawa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paullier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, T.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirano, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gezelle, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haack, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jadhav, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koirala, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kretsch, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewicka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piccirilli, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudolfs, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steckelberg, A.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toor, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demkin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hummer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kryshtafovyc</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.30.696949</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Template-based RNA structure prediction advanced through a blind code competition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.30.696685v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Novel Therapeutic Approach: Notch Inhibition Enhances Radiotherapy and Checkpoint Blockade Therapy via Reprogramming of the Tumor Microenvironment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.30.696685v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundHigh-dose radiotherapy (HDRT) is highly immunogenic, promoting tumor antigen release and enhancing responses to immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI). However, HDRT also induces an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) that limits therapeutic benefit. The Notch signaling pathway is a key regulator of immune and stromal cell function. We hypothesized that pharmacologic inhibition of Notch signaling with a {gamma}-secretase inhibitor (GSI), AL101, would overcome radiation-induced immunosuppression and synergistically enhance antitumor efficacy when combined with HDRT and anti-PD-1(aPD-1) therapy.

MethodsSyngeneic neuroblastoma (9464D) and triple-negative breast cancer (EO771) tumors were established in C57BL/6 mice and athymic nude mice. Mice received GSI AL101 (6.5{square}mg/kg daily x10), a single 12{square}Gy dose of RT (Day 3), and aPD-1 antibody (200{square}{micro}g, Days 0, 3, and 6) for triple combination therapy. A subset of mice were sacrificed on Day 10 for mechanistic studies; the remainder were followed for survival and were euthanized when tumors reached 1.5{square}cm3. Tumors were analyzed by spectral flow cytometry and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). Histological image analysis of lung metastases was performed to quantify metastasis area relative to total lung area.

ResultsThe triple combination of RT + GSI+ aPD-1 resulted in synergistic and durable tumor growth inhibition and significantly prolonged survival in both 9464D and EO771 models. In contrast, neither GSI nor aPD-1 treatment alone significantly impacted tumor growth. Dual therapy with RT + GSI modestly improved survival compared with RT alone. The triple combination regimen also markedly reduced lung metastases at the survival endpoint in EO771-bearing mice. These effects were abrogated in athymic nude mice, confirming an immune-dependent mechanism. ScRNA-seq revealed that RT alone increased exhausted T cells and immunosuppressive M2-like macrophages, whereas triple therapy reversed these effects, significantly reducing exhausted T cells while increasing activated CD8 T cells, M1-like macrophages, and monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (M-MDSC). Moreover, triple therapy also restored CD103 dendritic cells--specialized for antigen cross-presentation--within the TME. Spectral flow cytometry corroborated these findings, demonstrating that GSI combined with RT + aPD-1 reprograms the TME toward an immunostimulatory state.

ConclusionsThis study demonstrates the novel repurposing of GSI therapy to remodel the immunosuppressive TME induced by radiation and enhance the efficacy of HDRT combined with ICI. Triple therapy activates CD8 T cells, reduces Tregs and exhausted T cells, restores cross-presenting dendritic cells, and reverses myeloid-driven suppression, supporting Notch blockade as a promising immuno-radiotherapeutic strategy with strong translational potential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connolly, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanpouille-Box, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shawber, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanguri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamashiro, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connolly, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.30.696685</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Novel Therapeutic Approach: Notch Inhibition Enhances Radiotherapy and Checkpoint Blockade Therapy via Reprogramming of the Tumor Microenvironment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.30.697078v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expression of the human immunomodulatory protein, human B7-1 (CD80), accelerates neuroinflammation, synaptic loss, microvascular instability and lethality in a murine model of Alzheimers Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.30.697078v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immune-mediated inflammatory processes play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimers disease (AD). However, immune loci exhibit significant sequence diversity, with human proteins sharing only [~]45-70% identity with their murine orthologs. This divergence contributes to the inability of many established mouse models to accurately capture key neuroinflammatory mechanisms relevant to human AD. We recently identified that the human, but not murine, immunomodulatory protein B7-1 (CD80) activates the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75), a function arising from evolutionary divergence in human B7-1. This discovery provides an opportunity to directly interrogate the role of this interaction in disease progression using a well-characterized murine model of mutant A{beta} overexpression (CRND8). We generated a mouse line in which murine B7-1 was replaced with a chimeric human:murine B7-1 that retains normal interactions with CTLA-4 and CD28, while gaining the ability to bind p75, and evaluated its effects in CRND8 mice. Expression of human:murine B7-1 in vivo resulted in increased lethality, accelerated neuroinflammation of resident glia, more rapid synaptic and dendritic loss, and enhanced microvascular compromise in the subiculum compared to CRND8 mice expressing murine B7-1. Together, these findings identify the human B7-1:p75 interaction as a previously unrecognized contributor to AD pathogenesis and a potential therapeutic target in a brain region critical for learning and memory that is affected in early stages of disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Danelon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrett-Thomson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morano, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constanza, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kermani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almo, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hempstead, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.30.697078</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expression of the human immunomodulatory protein, human B7-1 (CD80), accelerates neuroinflammation, synaptic loss, microvascular instability and lethality in a murine model of Alzheimers Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.30.697080v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aging-associated alternative splicing programs conserved between human and mouse tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.30.697080v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alternative splicing is a key gene regulatory process that diversifies the proteome and controls gene dosage. Previous studies have detected aging-associated splicing changes across various tissues. However, their use of bulk RNA-seq obfuscates the impacted cell-types and may confound cell-type proportion changes with cell-intrinsic ones. We present a framework that first assembles and maps alternative splicing events in appropriate single cell RNA-seq data (scRNA-seq), then applies LeafletFA, a probabilistic model that discovers coordinated splicing programs (SPs) without requiring prior knowledge of cell types or clinical information, such as age. Applying this framework to over 200,000 cells from mouse and human Smart-seq2 multi-tissue atlases, we discovered global and cell type specific aging-associated SPs. In mice, integrating SPs with gene expression significantly improved age prediction in 46 of 76 tissue-cell types tested. We identified the RNA-binding protein Snrnp70 as a key upstream mediator driving the shift from youthful to aged SPs. To test evolutionary conservation of these patterns, we employed transfer learning to map the murine splicing dictionary onto human transcriptomes. This revealed a conserved "youth" program (SP4) that is maintained in quiescent endothelial tissues but lost in high-turnover organs. We identified a conserved, age-dependent alternative 5 splice site usage in the splicing factor SRSF5 as a molecular marker of this program in both species. Our work establishes alternative splicing as a coordinated, evolutionarily conserved dimension of cellular aging and provides LeafletFA as an open-source tool for single-cell splicing analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Isaev, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.30.697080</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aging-associated alternative splicing programs conserved between human and mouse tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.01.697313v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lab-on-a-3D-Printer for Democratized Reconfigurable Digital Microfluidics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.01.697313v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Automation in the life sciences remains dominated by expensive, centralized robotic systems, leaving most laboratories unable to access precision robotic liquid handling. Here we present the Lab-on-a-3D-Printer (Lo3DP), a reconfigurable robotic microfluidic platform that repurposes the motion control, thermal regulation, and open-source programmability of consumer 3D printers to deliver laboratory-grade automation at a hardware cost below $500. By replacing the extruder with a multifunctional magnetic toolhead, Lo3DP actuates ferrofluid droplets with sub-100 {micro}m positioning accuracy and programmable volume control spanning 0.5-25 {micro}L, enabling the full repertoire of digital microfluidic operations within inexpensive laser-cut chips (<$3). We quantitatively validate system performance through long-term droplet transport exceeding 40,000 s without degradation, automated serial dilutions with high linearity (R{superscript 2} [&ge;] 0.99), and fully automated colorimetric nucleic acid amplification assays whose results match conventional benchtop workflows under tightly regulated isothermal conditions (CV {approx} 0.3%). By harnessing the global economies of scale of consumer 3D printers, Lo3DP provides accurate, reproducible, and programmable assay automation at a fraction of the cost and footprint of conventional systems, establishing a practical path toward desktop-scale, democratized laboratory robotics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ye, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schremmer, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncharov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, G.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajasenan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonough, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozcan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Carlo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.01.697313</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lab-on-a-3D-Printer for Democratized Reconfigurable Digital Microfluidics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.02.697443v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conformational changes upon pore blocker removal reveal conductive states of TMEM16A 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.02.697443v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TMEM16A is a Ca2+-activated anion channel that provides direct electrical feedback to the plasma membrane in response to intracellular Ca2+. Its conductive state remains unresolved, leaving questions about gating, Cl- permeation, and modulation by Ca2+, depolarization, and lipids. To investigate the open state, we performed molecular dynamics simulations of TMEM16A bound to the putative open-state blocker 1PBC. After inhibitor removal, the putative, pore-lining helix TM4 developed kinks at two sites: an upper site that opens the pore for Cl- permeation, and a deeper site causing constriction. A conserved hydrophobic network between TM3 and TM4 persisted in most open structures but separated during extreme dilation, allowing lipids to transiently block the pore. Patch-clamp recordings indicated that the intact network promotes activation. Further simulations yielded >60 Cl- permeation events and a single-channel conductance matching experiments. Additional electrostatic and kinetic modeling indicated that TMEM16As transition from outward-rectification to Ohmic conductance with increasing Ca2+ results from a weak voltage dependence of Ca2+ binding, which act cooperatively to open the pore.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIRemoval of the inhibitor 1PBC from TMEM16A induces spontaneous transitions to ion conductive and non-conductive states via bending in TM4 at two different locations.
C_LIO_LISimulations suggest that the open state is stabilized by a small hydrophobic network between TM3 and 4 and disrupting this network biases channel closure in electrophysiological recordings.
C_LIO_LIA kinetic model of conduction based on energetics from the all-atom MD simulations coupled to continuum calculations gives a linear current-voltage curve consistent with the fully open conformation and removal of 1 Ca2+ switches to an outwardly rectifying state via electrostatic influence on the Cl- energy profile. However, the rectification is too weak to match experiment, but a cooperative model of Ca2+ binding with weak voltage-dependence does match experiment.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stephens, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcoline, F. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grabe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.02.697443</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conformational changes upon pore blocker removal reveal conductive states of TMEM16A]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.01.697290v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A panoramic view of the expression and function of the Doublesex/DMRT gene family in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.01.697290v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Throughout the animal kingdom, sex determination and sexual differentiation are orchestrated by a strikingly diverse set of regulatory factors. The only type of molecules consistently deployed during sexual differentiation are members of the Doublesex/Mab-3-related transcription factor (DMRT) family. Although each animal genome codes for a multitude of DMRT family members, in no species has the full array of DMRT genes been comprehensively analyzed across the entire animal, in all sexes and throughout development. Hence, the extent of deployment of DMRT genes in sexual differentiation remains unknown. We describe here the first genome- and nervous system-wide expression and functional analysis of all members of the DMRT gene family. Leveraging genome-engineered reporter alleles of all ten DMRT genes of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, we find that six DMRTs display sexually dimorphic expression in somatic and/or reproductive tissues, including in cell and tissue types not previously known to be sexually dimorphic. In the nervous system, DMRT protein expression covers many, though not all, known sexually dimorphic neuron types. Analyses of DMRT null mutant alleles reveal a suite of neuronal differentiation defects, ranging from altered neurotransmitter identities and switched neuropeptide signatures to impaired glia-to-neuron transdifferentiation. Several DMRT proteins do not exhibit sexually dimorphic expression, indicating roles beyond sexual differentiation. Similar comprehensive analyses of DMRT genes in other organisms may help to better understand the extent and regulation of sex-specific cellular differentiation programs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oren-Suissa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.01.697290</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A panoramic view of the expression and function of the Doublesex/DMRT gene family in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.03.697434v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LP.8.1-directed COVID-19 mRNA vaccines boost neutralizing antibodies and mitigate ancestral immune imprinting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.03.697434v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As SARS-CoV-2 evolves, it evades existing immunity elicited by exposure to earlier strains of the virus. In response, vaccine manufacturers have updated COVID-19 vaccines annually since 2022, though immune imprinting to the ancestral strain has blunted antibody responses to modern viral variants. In early 2025, the JN.1 subvariant LP.8.1 was dominant and manufacturers updated mRNA vaccine formulations to target LP.8.1 (LP.8.1 MV). However, by late 2025, other subvariants were dominant (XFG and NB.1.8.1) or emerging (e.g., PE.1.4, BA.3.2, PY.1.1.1) around the world. It is critical to understand the extent to which updated vaccine boosters elicit titers against both their target strain and recent variants. Further, it is important to quantify the extent to which immune imprinting continues to shape antiviral immune responses. Using pseudoviruses, we measured neutralizing antibody titers against a panel of 11 SARS-CoV-2 variants in serum samples from 36 adult participants in the United States before and approximately 1 month after LP.8.1 MV booster. We found that neutralizing antibody titers were substantially increased by the boost, with the greatest increases elicited against LP.8.1 and XFG. For the first time since 2022, post-boost titers were higher against the homologous vaccine target (LP.8.1) than against D614G (representing the ancestral strain). Combined, these results indicate that ancestral immune imprinting is mitigated to the greatest extent observed to date by LP.8.1 MV. Lastly, for a subset of participants, we measured neutralizing titers at approximately 4 months post-booster and found that LP.8.1-directed antibody titers were durable, with an estimated average half-life of approximately 66 days.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mellis, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gherasim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierce, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.03.697434</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LP.8.1-directed COVID-19 mRNA vaccines boost neutralizing antibodies and mitigate ancestral immune imprinting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.05.697602v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elements of Olfactory Intelligence in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.05.697602v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to make the world of odorants intelligible is a key capability of the Drosophila olfactory system that we shall call olfactory intelligence. We argue that olfactory intelligence does not only arise in the form of associative learning in the Mushroom Body, but can be seen throughout the first three stages of the early olfactory system: the Antenna, the Antennal Lobe and the Mushroom Body Calyx, where encoding and processing of odorants take places. Characterizing the structure and logic of the code underlying the spike trains accessing the memory in the Mushroom Body is a major challenge in neuroscience.

To address this challenge and unveil the key elements of olfactory intelligence, we extensively model the function of the Drosophila early olfactory system from its intriguing connectome. We start by modeling the space of odorants using constructs of both semantic and syntactic information. Odorant semantics concerns the identity of odorants while odorant syntax pertains to their concentration amplitude. These odorant attributes are multiplicatively coupled in the process of olfactory transduction. To make the world of odorants intelligible, we establish that the Drosophila Antennal Lobe and Calyx largely reduce the concentration dependency of the odorant information from the confounding representation of the Antenna, and thereby disentangle the odorant semantic information from the odorant syntactic information. We also introduce a novel time and rank-based representation of Kenyon Cell (KC) outputs, called the marked first spike sequence code. We compare the cumulative inter-spike interval statistics of odorant semantics and introduce a novel distance measure for the accurate classification of odorant semantics.

Computationally, these elements of olfactory intelligence are realized by a class of differential divisive normalization processors (DNPs) modeling the feedback circuits in the Antennal Lobe facilitated by Local Neurons and in the Calyx by the Anterior Paired Lateral (APL) neuron. The marked first spike sequence code at the output of the DNP circuit of the Calyx provides a novel representation of the odorant semantics. The code reflects the amplitude ranking that drives the KCs in the time domain. Strikingly, the APL feedback not only removes the con-centration dependency of the KC outputs, but also increases the ranking distance between the marked first spike sequence codes representing different odorant identities. Thus, the rank-based representation supports accurate classification of odorant semantics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lazar, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.05.697602</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elements of Olfactory Intelligence in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.06.698049v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A PIWI protein-dependent DNA N6-adenine methylation pathway in Oxytricha protects genomic sequences from deletion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.06.698049v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ciliate Oxytricha undergoes massive genome rearrangements during development to produce a functional nucleus from an encrypted zygotic genome. PIWI-interacting small RNAs protect DNA regions against deletion, but how that protective mark is established has been a mystery. Recently our lab discovered MTA1, a methyltransferase that catalyzes DNA N6-adenine (6mA) methylation. Both MTA1 and the Oxytricha Piwi protein, Otiwi1, are required for development, and Otiwi1 mutation eliminates 6mA signal. To examine the role of 6mA, we analyzed its genome-wide distribution across development in wild-type and MTA1 mutant backcrossed cells. We find specific and abundant enrichment on retained sequences, suggesting a protective role for this epigenetic mark. Furthermore, programmed retention of a DNA region that is normally deleted leads to accumulation of new 6mA marks on the ectopically retained DNA sequence. Together, these results suggest that piRNA-guided 6mA DNA methylation leads to protection of DNA sequences against deletion during nuclear differentiation.

HighlightsO_LIDNA N6-methyladenine accumulates on retained DNA regions during Oxytricha development.
C_LIO_LImta1 mutant backcrosses have disrupted DNA methylation and a developmental delay.
C_LIO_LIDNA N6-adenine methylation during genome rearrangement requires the presence of Otiwi1.
C_LIO_LIProgrammed retention of a germline-limited region leads to developmental methylation.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Angelova, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villano, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aslan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esteve, P.-O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jack, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pradhan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landweber, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.06.698049</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A PIWI protein-dependent DNA N6-adenine methylation pathway in Oxytricha protects genomic sequences from deletion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.07.698044v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural representations supporting generalization under continual learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.07.698044v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Abstraction and generalization are essential for flexible decision-making in novel situations. Recent work in humans and monkeys has shown how abstract variables are encoded by the representational geometry of neural population activity. However, these observations--which are typically made after learning has converged--demonstrate the product of abstraction, but not the process by which abstract knowledge is learned: how are the inputs from concrete experiences transformed into abstract knowledge, and how do neural circuits perform these operations and relay this knowledge? To address these questions, we developed a factorized model of temporal abstraction that builds on the successor representation. The model disentangles the contributions of different levels of abstract learning--from stimulus-stimulus associations to a generalizable task schema--in the form of a factorized prediction error that relates the change in relational knowledge to a predicted change in representational geometry on each trial. We fit the model to the behavior of human participants performing a context-dependent decision task during fMRI. The model captured the learning dynamics at multiple timescales, including the increasing contribution of generalization as participants transferred abstracted relational knowledge between novel task instances. In fMRI, BOLD activity in hippocampus--where, in past work, abstract knowledge was represented after learning--was increasingly attributed to the acquisition of abstract knowledge based on generalization. A similar temporal pattern was observed in entorhinal cortex, a putative source of low-dimensional structural information, and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), which may depend on relational knowledge to represent state relationships as a cognitive map that guides choices. Indeed, individual variation in the generalization signal in OFC correlated with behavioral performance on key trials that required relational knowledge. Our findings show how the brain regions previously shown to represent abstract knowledge after learning also support the process of abstraction as it evolves from learning concrete associations to a generalizable schema. Our approach offers a computational framework for disentangling the operations driving abstract learning and probing their neural correlates in the dynamics of representational geometry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kimmel, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stachenfeld, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriegeskorte, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fusi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzman, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shohamy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.07.698044</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural representations supporting generalization under continual learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.07.698143v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global context rapidly shapes sensory responses in V1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.07.698143v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Context modulates sensory processing in the cerebral cortex by suppressing responses to expected stimuli and enhancing responses to unexpected ones. Recent proposals argue that early sensory areas such as primary visual cortex (V1) are shaped only by local context, including recent stimulus history, whereas modulation by global context, such as learned temporal structure, is present exclusively in higher cortical areas. This view is incompatible with predictive coding theories. To directly dissociate local and global contextual influences, we used a global/local oddball paradigm in which mice viewed five-item sequences. Across conditions, sequence structure was held constant while stimulus identity and predictability were selectively manipulated, allowing the isolation of response modulations due to local deviance, global expectation, and stimulus repetition independently. In the canonical sequence (AAAA-B), B is locally deviant but globally predictable. Using two-photon calcium imaging and LFP recordings in mouse V1, we found that global predictability abolished context modulation: responses to B were equivalent to those evoked by a random sequence control (e.g., CDEAB). This effect emerged rapidly, after only <10 sequence repetitions, demonstrating fast learning of global structure. When the stimulus was globally deviant, either by replacing B with a novel stimulus (AAAA-C) or by presenting B unpredictably in a standard oddball paradigm, V1 exhibited robust response enhancement. These effects required feedback from anterior cingulate area (ACa), establishing a causal role for higher cortical circuits in conveying global predictions to V1. Strikingly, when an additional A replaced B (AAAA-A), responses were strongly suppressed despite global deviance, indicating that stimulus-specific adaptation may constrain the expression of global prediction error signals in early sensory cortex.

HighlightsGlobal context rapidly modulates neural responses in V1

Global deviations, but not predictable local deviants, elicit enhanced responses

Downstream brain region ACa is necessary for global context modulation in V1

Standard oddball paradigms involve higher-order contextual modulation
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peterka, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imai, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hornick, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rachmany, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallimore, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hockley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamm, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.07.698143</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global context rapidly shapes sensory responses in V1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.07.698192v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electrostatic Self-Assembly of Protein Nanoparticles from Intrinsically Disordered Polypeptide and Globular Protein Pairs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.07.698192v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intracellular delivery of folded, functional proteins remains a critical barrier to realizing the full potential of protein therapeutics. We present a fully aqueous, genetically encoded platform for assembling micellar protein nanoparticles via electrostatic coacervation between anionic globular proteins and multi-domain intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) composed of a neutral elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) domain and a cationic disordered histone-derived domain (H5). This biosynthetic system allows modular control over charge density, neutral domain length, and stoichiometry, enabling the formation of homogeneous micellar nanoparticles with high protein payload retention under mild, biologically relevant conditions without organic solvents or covalent modification.

Unlike amphiphilic micelle systems, globular proteins in this approach act as both cargo and assembly drivers, providing a direct handle to tune encapsulation. Nanoparticle assembly was characterized with a suite of complementary techniques including DLS, FCS, TEM, and SAXS, enabling detailed analysis of nanoparticle structure, size, and composition. The system exhibits remarkable tolerance to different formulations, consistently producing well-defined particles with low dispersity. This expanded design space arises from the use of structured, charge-regulating proteins and confers exceptional versatility in formulation. Different charge fractions modulate not only nanoparticle size but also physicochemical properties such as core density and cargo loading, which may be critical for tuning nanoparticle stability and performance. Together, these features establish a robust and programmable platform for protein-based nanoparticle engineering with potential application in intracellular protein delivery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahn, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jen, M. S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, Y. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elbaum, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gang, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obermeyer, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.07.698192</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electrostatic Self-Assembly of Protein Nanoparticles from Intrinsically Disordered Polypeptide and Globular Protein Pairs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.08.698362v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CD2AP's structure and oligomerization are compromised by the K301M mutation: implications for Nephrotic syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.08.698362v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionThe podocyte slit diaphragm (SD) is a complex filtration unit localized to the blood and urine interface and governs the glomerular selectivity. However, the greater details of the SD composition and the mechanism of assembly of the SD protein as a macromolecular complex remain elusive. CD2-associated protein (CD2AP) serves as a central scaffold within the SD, and mutations in CD2AP are strongly associated with nephrotic syndrome (NS) and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). However, the mechanisms by which such mutations alter the architecture and higher-order organization of CD2AP are poorly understood.

MethodsWe employed biophysical, structural, and proteomic approaches to investigate the impact of the disease-associated K301M mutation on CD2AP structure and its interaction with Podocin. Oligomerization was analyzed using size-exclusion chromatography, blue native PAGE, Dynamic light scattering, and small-angle X-ray scattering. Secondary and tertiary structural properties were assessed by far- and near-UV circular dichroism, thermal denaturation, and intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy. CD2AP-podocin interactions were quantified using in vitro pulldown and surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and mutation-dependent changes in interaction networks were examined through interactome profiling.

ResultsWild-type (WT) CD2AP assembled into flexible higher-order oligomers ([~]9-12-mers), whereas the K301M variant collapsed into lower-order species ([~]3-6-mers), indicating destabilization of the coiled-coil assembly interface. Spectroscopic analyses revealed subtle secondary-structure rearrangements, but profound tertiary packing defects, as well as reduced and markedly diminished thermal resilience in the mutant. SPR analysis demonstrated loss of binding between Podocin and mutant CD2AP, whereas WT CD2AP showed high-affinity interaction (KD = 211 nM) with Podocin. Complementary interactome profiling revealed widespread rewiring of protein-protein interactions in the case of mutant CD2AP, characterized by the loss of core partners and the emergence of aberrant associations.

ConclusionThese findings define a mechanistic model in which the K301M mutation destabilizes CD2AP oligomerization, disrupts podocin recognition, and remodels interaction networks essential for SD stability. This work signifies the importance of CD2AP in SD assembly and the permselective filtration function of the kidney, and the impact of a single mutation in the pathogenesis of NS and FSGS.

Translational Statement: Inherited nephrotic syndrome, characterized by heavy proteinuria, frequently arises from mutations in scaffolding proteins of the slit-diaphragm (SD). This study demonstrates that the nephrotic syndrome-associated K301M mutation in CD2-associated protein (CD2AP) compromises higher-order oligomerization, abolishes its binding to the binding partner (Podocin), and reshapes protein-protein interaction networks that are critical for SD assembly and stability. By establishing a direct link between mutation-induced collapse of CD2AP architecture and loss of podocyte scaffolding function, these findings provide mechanistic insight into the pathogenesis of CD2AP-associated proteinuric kidney disease. The results further identify oligomeric assembly interfaces as potential targets for therapeutic strategies aimed at preserving the integrity of the SD and glomerular filtration function.



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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qadri, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trapathi, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faheem, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meshram, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddem,, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandran, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasupulati, A. k.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.08.698362</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CD2AP's structure and oligomerization are compromised by the K301M mutation: implications for Nephrotic syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.08.698516v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping kinase-dependent tumor immune adaptation with multiplexed single-cell CRISPR screens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.08.698516v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immune dysfunction in cancer is enacted by multiple programs, including tumor cell-intrinsic responses to distinct immune subpopulations. A subset of these immune evasion programs can be systematically recapitulated through direct tumor-immune interactions in vitro. Here, we present an integrated, high-throughput single-cell CRISPR screening framework focused on the protein kinome for mapping the tumor-intrinsic regulation of T cell-driven immune pressure in glioblastoma (GBM). We combine pooled CRISPR interference and activation (CRISPRi/a) with immune-matched NY-ESO-1 antigen-specific allogeneic GBM-T cell co-culture and massively multiplexed single-cell transcriptomics to systematically quantify how genetic perturbation reshapes baseline tumor state and adaptive responses across graded effector-to-target ratios. We further leverage deep generative models for analyzing pooled CRISPR screens to decipher the effects of genetic perturbations on the mechanisms of tumor resistance. This framework resolves distinct modules of immune evasion and survival, including the regulation of the antigen-presentation machinery, interferon/NF-{kappa}B signaling, oxidative stress resilience, and checkpoint/cytokine programs, while identifying perturbations that reroute the continuous tumor transcriptional trajectory induced by T cell engagement. A secondary chemical screen in patient-derived GBM cultures identified putative kinase targets of immune evasion phenotypes (e.g., EPHA2 and PDGFRA), whose inhibition leads to the blockade of evasive programs and enhances T cell-mediated GBM killing. Together, this workflow provides a scalable blueprint for comprehensive charting of the genetic control of tumor-immune interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giglio, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaikunthan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naqvi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milea, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khanshali, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoonen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraidenburg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malinowski, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ligon, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabadan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azizi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McFaline-Figueroa, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.08.698516</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping kinase-dependent tumor immune adaptation with multiplexed single-cell CRISPR screens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.09.698515v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel imprinting cluster at the porcine CRSP complex locus defines a species-specific imprinted domain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.09.698515v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundGenomic imprinting is an epigenetic phenomenon that results in parent-of-origin-specific gene expression and has been extensively characterized in mice and humans. However, in pigs, imprinting has been investigated primarily through analyses of orthologs of known imprinted genes in mice and humans. The objective of this study was to examine DNA methylation status and gene expression at a porcine locus containing newly identified imprinted calcitonin receptor-stimulating peptide (CRSP)-encoding genes, to compare orthologous loci in mice and humans, and to investigate a potential underlying mechanism.

ResultsAnalyses of differentially methylated regions (DMRs) between porcine parthenogenetic embryos and biparental controls revealed multiple parental DMRs at a locus we term the CRSP complex locus, which harbors CRSP-encoding genes that likely arose through gene duplication. In contrast, orthologous genomic intervals in mice and humans exhibited unmethylated promoters and lacked evidence of imprinting. Consistently, CRSP-encoding genes in pigs showed parent-of-origin-specific monoallelic expression, whereas genes within the orthologous locus in mice and humans were biallelically expressed. Further analysis indicated that porcine CRSP promoters are embedded within oocyte-expressed alternative transcripts and co-occurred with DNA methylation, suggesting a transcription-dependent imprinting mechanism.

ConclusionsOur comparative analyses identified CRSP-encoding genes at the porcine CRSP complex locus as novel imprinted genes, indicating species-specific evolution of this imprinted domain. The results further suggest that lineage-specific gene duplication may have contributed to the emergence of imprinting at this locus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, I.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, M.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, I.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.09.698515</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel imprinting cluster at the porcine CRSP complex locus defines a species-specific imprinted domain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.09.698664v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chronic ER Stress Disrupts Mitochondrial-Associated ER Membrane Integrity in Corneal Endothelial Cells. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.09.698664v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeFuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) is an age-related degenerative disease of the corneal endothelium cells (CEnCs), affecting 4% of the US population over 40. While Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondrial stress have been independently associated with FECD pathogenesis, few studies have examined ER-mitochondrial interactions/ER-mitochondrial contact sites/mitochondria-associated ER membrane (MAM), or MAM proteins, and their contribution to ER and mitochondrial stress in FECD. This study aims to characterize alterations in MAMs and identify key MAM proteins associated with ER and mitochondrial stress in FECD.

MethodHuman corneal endothelial cell line (HCEnC-21T) and Fuchs corneal endothelial cell line (F35T) were cultured and subjected to ER stressor tunicamycin (1, 10 g/ml) for 6 and 24 hours. MAM proteins were isolated by subcellular fractionation, and key ER and mitochondrial-damage-sensor proteins, such as PERK and Parkin, respectively, were identified by immunoblotting. ER-mitochondrial contact sites were quantified using the MAM plasmid and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in normal and Fuchs cell lines, as well as in human tissues under chronic ER stress.

ResultsER-mitochondrial contact distance significantly increased in Fuchs tissues compared with normal tissues, and a similar increase was observed in 21T cell line after tunicamycin treatment. There was a significant increase in the intensity of the MAM plasmid upon tunicamycin treatment at 6 hours in the 21T cell line compared to the non-treated control. However, MAM plasmid intensity significantly decreased at 24 hours compared to 6 hours post-tunicamycin treatment in 21T cell line. Analysis of MAM function by quantifying phosphatidylserine synthase 1 (PSS1 [gene PTDSS1]) expression in 21T cells showed a reduction in PTDSS1 expression after 24 hours of tunicamycin treatment. ER stress protein PERK and mitochondria damage sensor protein (Parkin) significantly increased in the MAM fraction after tunicamycin at 24 hours in 21T cell line.

ConclusionsFuchs cell lines and tissues demonstrate decreased ER-mitochondrial interactions/MAMs, which are also seen in 21T cell line after chronic ER stress. Under chronic ER stress, ER and mitochondrial stress mediator proteins are translocated to MAM. This study highlights the importance of MAMs as a potential mediator of ER-mitochondria crosstalk in degenerating corneal endothelial cells for FECD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akram, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qureshi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steidl, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritzer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, F. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.09.698664</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chronic ER Stress Disrupts Mitochondrial-Associated ER Membrane Integrity in Corneal Endothelial Cells.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.10.698805v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Behavioral Signatures of Post-Decisional Attention in Preferential Choice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.10.698805v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Attention plays a key role in decision-making by directing limited cognitive resources to relevant information. It has been proposed that attention also biases the decision process, due to a multiplicative interaction between attention and subjective value (e.g., Krajbich et al., 2010). We tested two predictions of models that posit a causal multiplicative effect of attention on decision formation: (i) the last fixation should be more informative about the choice when the overall value of the alternatives is high, and (ii) more attention should be directed to the chosen option when choices conflict with stated preferences than when they do not. Reanalyzing data from a food-choice task (Krajbich et al., 2010), we found no evidence supporting these predictions. A similar discrepancy with the data is observed in recent normative models, which propose that gaze allocation arises from a process of Bayesian inference about the latent values of the alternatives (Callaway et al., 2021; Jang et al., 2021). An alternative model where attention reflects choices after the decision has completed, explains key observations, including the last-fixation bias, the gaze-cascade effect and the effect of the overall value of the alternatives on response times. However, this model does not fully account for the association between dwell time and choice. We conclude that gaze behavior prior to the choice report likely reflects both decisional and post-decisional processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zylberberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krajbich, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadlen, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.10.698805</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Behavioral Signatures of Post-Decisional Attention in Preferential Choice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.10.698835v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A robust human airway organoid platform enables scalable expansion and trajectory mapping of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.10.698835v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNECs) are rare chemosensory epithelial cells, facultative stem cells, and a cell-of-origin for neuroendocrine lung cancers, yet the mechanisms governing their differentiation and heterogeneity are poorly understood. Here we establish NEr-fAOs, a human fetal airway organoid platform that robustly enriches PNECs, and identify a cooperative requirement for dual GSK3 and NOTCH inhibition to drive directed PNEC differentiation. This strategy yields stable cultures with up to 60-fold expansion of PNECs whose transcriptomes closely match fetal and adult PNECs. In addition to PNEC-enrichment, NEr-fAOs retain diverse airway epithelial cell types, preserving epithelial complexity. Time-resolved single-cell transcriptomics maps PNEC trajectories in NEr-fAOs, resolving precursor and mature states. Comparative analyses further reveal a distal airway bias in NEr-fAOs and enrichment for lower-airway progenitors. NEr-fAOs thus provide a scalable, tractable platform to dissect human PNEC biology and distal airway progenitor hierarchies relevant to lung development, cancer, and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Candeli, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>den Hartigh, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Villacana, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Gonzales, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gandhi, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sgualdino, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spence, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Sousa Lopes, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McFaline-Figueroa, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clevers, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dayton, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.10.698835</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A robust human airway organoid platform enables scalable expansion and trajectory mapping of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.12.697845v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MTFP1 preserves β-cell cristae structure and bioenergetics to ensure insulin release and glucose homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.12.697845v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic {beta}-cells are uniquely dependent on mitochondrial metabolism to couple glucose sensing to insulin secretion, a process impaired in diabetes.

Mitochondrial fission process 1 (MTFP1) is an inner mitochondrial membrane protein that plays pleiotropic, tissue-specific roles in mitochondrial function and dynamics. Our previous work has identified Mtfp1 mRNA as a target for miR-125b, a microRNA that negatively regulates insulin secretion from {beta}-cells. Nevertheless, the function of MTFP1 in these cells remained unexplored.

Here, we show that MTFP1 is essential for normal glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in mouse and human cell lines and islets, and that mice with {beta}-cell-specific elimination of MTFP1 develop glucose intolerance. Whereas {beta}-cell survival and mitochondrial content were unaffected, oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production were sharply lowered. These changes were accompanied by disruption of mitochondrial cristae structure and a reduced contact surface with the endoplasmic reticulum, providing a mechanistic basis for defective stimulus-secretion coupling. Conversely, MTFP1 overexpression in mouse and human islets sufficed to improve mitochondrial respiration and GSIS. Finally, MTFP1 downregulation blocked the positive effects of miR-125b elimination in GSIS and mitochondrial respiration, unveiling MTFP1 as a downstream effector of miR-125b.

Together, our findings identify MTFP1 as a critical regulator of {beta}-cell mitochondrial architecture and function, necessary for efficient insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis, and a potential therapeutic target to enhance {beta}-cell bioenergetic resilience in diabetes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sarwat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paszek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostinelli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mihalovits, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutter, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Sanchez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.12.697845</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MTFP1 preserves β-cell cristae structure and bioenergetics to ensure insulin release and glucose homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.13.699069v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A conserved C. elegans zinc finger-homeodomain protein, ZFH-2, continuously required for structural integrity and function of alimentary tract and gonad 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.13.699069v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An unusually large transcription factor arose at the base of bilaterian evolution through domain shuffling that recombined many copies of two distinct DNA binding domains, C2H2-type zinc fingers and homeodomains. The function of this deeply conserved type of protein remains poorly characterized. We describe here the complete and complex expression pattern of its sole C. elegans representative, ZFH-2, throughout development and adulthood. We show that animals lacking this protein display defects in proper alimentary tract formation and starve to death in the first larval stage with an apparent inability to ingest food. Conditional removal of ZFH-2 at post-developmental stages reveals a continuous function of this protein in enabling food ingestion and demonstrates additional essential functions for the formation of other, postembryonically generated tubular structures. Even though ZFH-2 is broadly expressed throughout the nervous system, we detected no obvious defects in neuronal development or function in zfh-2 null mutants. Genome-engineered alleles indicate that while a large part of the protein is dispensable, at least a subset of the homeodomains are critical determinants for the essential functions of this protein.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sussfeld, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sural, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merritt, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramadan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.13.699069</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A conserved C. elegans zinc finger-homeodomain protein, ZFH-2, continuously required for structural integrity and function of alimentary tract and gonad]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.13.699238v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dose-dependent power and connectivity modulation of low frequency oscillations through transcranial magnetic stimulation in non-human primates. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.13.699238v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a powerful non-invasive tool for safely modulating neural activity in humans. In particular, the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is a common target site for clinical interventions in disorders such as treatment-resistant depression. Yet, clinical trials investigating the efficacy of TMS often lack neural markers of target engagement of the DLPFC. Local field potentials (LFPs), such as prefrontal theta oscillations, have been implicated in the clinical symptoms of these disorders. However, non-invasive electroencephalography (EEG) recordings in humans are limited by their spatial resolution and challenges of interpreting EEG signals. In this study, we investigate the effects of single-pulse TMS applied to the left prefrontal cortex in non-human primates on LFPs recorded through intracranial EEG. Compared to sham TMS, the intensity of active TMS pulses scaled with LFP power changes in a 1-13 Hz range at contacts close to the stimulation site in the prefrontal cortex (e.g., caudate nucleus, anterior cingulate cortex, insular cortex) as well as contacts that were more distal (e.g., posterior cingulate cortex, temporal lobe). To test how TMS modulates connectivity between these regions, we conducted a phase-based connectivity analysis. TMS pulses initially enhanced and then disrupted connectivity at 1-13 Hz between the stimulation site and other contacts. Connectivity rebounded approximately 1500 ms post-stimulation. Only the initial enhancement in connectivity scaled with TMS intensity. Our results demonstrate a dose-dependent power modulation of low frequency LFPs across prefrontal, parietal and temporal cortical regions by single pulses. Furthermore, they show that TMS applied over the left prefrontal cortex can enhance and interrupt short- and long-range connectivity. Our study advances the understanding of the effects of TMS on brain oscillations and connectivity with direct relevance for clinical applications in neuromodulation therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Güth, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perera, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linn, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masiello, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butler, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russ, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falchier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opitz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.13.699238</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dose-dependent power and connectivity modulation of low frequency oscillations through transcranial magnetic stimulation in non-human primates.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.14.699497v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The geometry of context-dependent biased decisions during learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.14.699497v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adaptive behavior requires inferring latent context and rapidly adjusting decisions in response to changing environmental contingencies. We investigated how reward context is learned, represented, and updated during decision making. We recorded large populations of neurons in lateral prefrontal cortex while macaque monkeys learned a direction-discrimination task in which reward contingencies alternated unpredictably between favoring leftward and rightward choices. Once trained, monkeys inferred context switches from a single unexpected outcome, immediately adjusting both choice bias and reaction times--hallmarks of model-based inference. Early in learning, however, adaptation unfolded gradually across multiple trials. Neural population analyses revealed that reward context was encoded through systematic shifts in the geometry of neural representations. Accumulated sensory evidence (decision variable) and choice were organized along curvilinear decision manifolds, which were displaced across contexts primarily along the decision-variable axis. This geometry naturally implemented context-dependent biases: a fixed linear readout generated different choice tendencies across contexts without remapping. Longitudinal recordings further showed that, with learning, these representational transitions between manifolds became faster, mirroring the emergence of one-trial behavioral generalization. Recurrent neural networks trained on the same task reproduced both the behavioral signatures and the context-dependent geometric shifts. Together, these findings identify a mechanism by which prefrontal circuits support hierarchical inference: reward context is encoded as structured shifts in representational geometry, enabling rapid generalization and flexible control of decision policies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nogueira, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esteki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fusi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.14.699497</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The geometry of context-dependent biased decisions during learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.15.699736v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
4D multimodal wound healing atlas reveals organ-level controls of repair phase transitions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.15.699736v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep skin wounds demand tightly coordinated communication across diverse tissue systems, yet knowledge of the molecular logic governing organ-scale injury response remains incomplete. Existing wound atlases profile fragments of this process, capturing limited tissue groups and healing phases, obscuring how whole organs synchronize repair. Here, we present the Organ-Scale Wound Healing Atlas (OWHA), a 4D multimodal omnibus that integrates snRNA-seq, scRNA-seq, CITE-seq and high-definition spatial transcriptomics to reconstruct the complete spatial and temporal choreography of mammalian wound healing at single cell resolution. OWHA profiles over 725,000 murine single-cell and spatial transcriptomes encompassing the entire wound healing process from early to late healing phases across the vast skin microanatomical tissue niches. This omnibus overcomes long-standing technical limitations, enabling robust resolution of adipocytes, Schwann cells, fragile epithelial intermediates, and over 100 precisely annotated cell states, including populations missed in prior wound databases. This revealed that wound repair proceeds through sharp transcriptional and cellular inflection points driven by Central Orchestrator populations that coordinate healing via synchronized transcriptional activation and direct cross-tissue signaling. Key among these is a Sox6+ Tspear+ Il20ra+ keratinocyte subpopulation (Basal IV), detectable only through snRNA-seq but entirely missed by conventional wound atlasing. After injury, Basal IV cells deviate from canonical differentiation programs and adopt a neurovasculogenic signaling state during the proliferation phase, forming a transient spatially privileged regulatory hub at the wound edge. This epithelial-anchored niche spatially aligns Basal IV keratinocytes with proliferative endothelial cells, Pericytes, and Repair Schwann Cells, synchronizing re-epithelialization, angiogenesis, and neurite guidance. Mechanistically, this is orchestrated by a conserved Sema3C-Nrp1/Nrp2 axis that coordinates epithelial-vascular-neuronal crosstalk at the wound site. Cross-species integration confirms that the Basal IV/SEMA3C axis is conserved in human skin, yet undetected by conventional scRNA-seq human atlases due to dissociation-induced artifacts - underscoring the critical need for multimodal atlasing to accurately capture organ-scale physiology. Notably, the Basal IV/SEMA3C circuitry is selectively disrupted in human diabetic wounds, but topical Sema3C treatments restores peri-wound angiogenic sprouting and accelerates re-epithelialization of diabetic ulcers in vivo. OWHA establishes the first 4D, organ-scale molecular blueprint of mammalian wound healing, creating a foundational platform for decoding systems-level principles of repair and regeneration for tissue wounds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Woappi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin Cheong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Deursen, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amador, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.15.699736</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[4D multimodal wound healing atlas reveals organ-level controls of repair phase transitions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.15.699760v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Preoptic Neurocircuit That Modulates Metabolic Flexibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.15.699760v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precise, dynamic control of metabolic fuel usage in response to environmental challenges such as altered food availability or temperature change is essential for animal survival. In mammals, metabolic flexibility--the capacity to shift cellular metabolism between carbohydrate and fatty acid oxidation--is understood to be largely regulated by circulating hormones such as insulin and glucagon. However, the role of the central nervous system in coordinating fuel selection and tissue metabolic tuning remains underexplored. Here, we investigated the mechanisms that mediate metabolic reprogramming following the acute activation of torpor-associated glutamatergic Adcyap1+ torpor-regulating neurons in the anteroventral preoptic area (avPOAVglut2/PACAP). The activation of these neurons rapidly shifts whole-body fuel use from glucose to fatty acids, irrespective of fuel/food availability. This shift is associated with reduced glucose utilization stemming from the transient induction of selective insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. We find that this reduction in skeletal muscle glucose metabolism does not require direct muscle innervation but is rather mediated in part via corticosterone. In contrast to their activation, avPOAVglut2/PACAP neuronal silencing results in improved glucose tolerance, demonstrating powerful bidirectional control of tissue-specific glucose metabolism, whole-body glucose levels, and fuel usage. Together, our findings uncover a novel POA -skeletal muscle pathway that dynamically controls glucose utilization and metabolic flexibility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roessler, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alkire, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nigrin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reid, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortopassi, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waite, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linnehan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffith, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madigan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunchok, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banks, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulte, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, B.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hrvatin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.15.699760</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Preoptic Neurocircuit That Modulates Metabolic Flexibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.15.699680v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phosphorylation of Cyclophilin-D is Not Required for Regulation of The Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore by GSK3β 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.15.699680v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic inhibition of cyclophilin D (CypD) delays the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) and therefore reduces necrotic cell death. Elucidation of factors that impact CypD activity is therefore key to understanding the regulation of MPTP opening. Glycogen synthase kinase-3{beta} (GSK3{beta}) is a serine/threonine kinase that has been shown to modulate MPTP and cell death, potentially through phosphorylation of CypD. Therefore, we hypothesized that the mitochondrial fraction of GSK3{beta} directly phosphorylates CypD and promotes opening of MPTP. Overexpression of full length GSK3{beta} in mouse embryonic fibroblasts sensitized the MPTP and exacerbated oxidative stress-induced necrosis. In contrast, genetic inhibition of GSK3{beta} protected against oxidant-induced cytotoxicity but did not affect the MPTP. Recombinant GSK3{beta} could directly bind to and phosphorylate recombinant CypD. Mass spectrometry revealed several putative GSK3{beta} phosphorylation sites on CypD. However, mutation of these sites did not affect the peptidyl prolyl isomerase activity of CypD and reconstitution of these phosphomutants in CypD-deficient cells increased MPTP sensitivity and oxidative-induced cell death to the same extent as wild-type CypD. Further, targeted overexpression of either wild-type or kinase-inactive GSK3{beta} in the mitochondrial matrix did not impact MPTP or cell death. Moreover, while proteinase-K digestion of cardiac mitochondria showed a significant amount of GSK3{beta} in the mitochondria, it was not localized to the matrix. Finally, overexpression of GSK3{beta} was still able to increase MPTP sensitivity and oxidative stress-induced death in CypD-null cells. Taken together, these data indicate that, while GSK3{beta} can modulate MPTP, this appears to be independent of GSK3{beta}s interaction with, or phosphorylation of CypD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alex, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klutho, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez-Aguilar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baines, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.15.699680</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phosphorylation of Cyclophilin-D is Not Required for Regulation of The Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore by GSK3β]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.16.699887v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Behavioral state-dependent norepinephrine dynamics in the primary somatosensory and prefrontal cortices during tactile detection tasks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.16.699887v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals must integrate sensory information, ignore behaviorally irrelevant stimuli, and respond to behaviorally relevant stimuli to find food, find mates, avoid predators, and ultimately survive. In mammals, these goal-directed behaviors require the coordinated activity of many brain regions, including sensory and prefrontal cortices as well as neuromodulatory brainstem nuclei like the locus coeruleus (LC), which is the brains primary source of norepinephrine. Norepinephrine resulting from LC activity and arousal indexed by pupil size exert strong influences on goal-directed behavior. We explored the relationships between pupil size, cortical noradrenergic dynamics, and behavior in a tactile signal detection task. We monitored pupil dynamics and fluorescent GRABNE signals in somatosensory and prefrontal cortices simultaneously during task execution and found that pupil size and synchronization of GRABNE signals at baseline were strong predictors of whether animals chose to respond but not baseline cortical GRABNE levels. We also employed a generalized linear model - hidden Markov model (GLM-HMM) framework to identify distinct, stable behavioral states throughout the task that optimally account for task performance. We found distinct psychometric curves, task-evoked pupil dynamics, and cortical NE dynamics across these behavioral states.

Significance StatementBehavioral state strongly shapes goal-directed behavior, which in turn depends on the coordinated activity of distributed brain regions, including the sensory and prefrontal cortices. By simultaneously measuring pupil size and cortical norepinephrine dynamics, and by identifying psychophysically distinct behavioral states during a tactile detection task, this study establishes a mechanistic link between pupil-linked arousal, norepinephrine signaling in somatosensory and prefrontal cortices, and behavioral outcomes. These findings provide new insight into how the locus coeruleus - norepinephrine system regulates perception and decision-making.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kelley, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lantin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slater, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorrentino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.16.699887</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Behavioral state-dependent norepinephrine dynamics in the primary somatosensory and prefrontal cortices during tactile detection tasks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.16.700032v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dysregulated TGFb-ERK Signaling Drives Aberrant Extracellular Matrix Production in Noonan Syndrome-Associated Pulmonary Valve Stenosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.16.700032v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pulmonary valve stenosis (PVS) is the most common congenital heart defect in Noonan syndrome (NS) and related RASopathies, yet the molecular mechanisms linking pathogenic variants to the valve pathology remain poorly defined. Here, we utilized a human iPSC-based valve differentiation platform to generate the cardiac valve cell lineages--including fibrosa and spongiosa valve interstitial cell (VIC) subtypes. CRISPR-edited iPSCs harboring NS gain-of-function RAS/MAPK and Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NSML) dominant-negative RAS/MAPK variants exhibited early defects in mesodermal and endocardial specification in all genotypes. Additionally, NS-iPSC endocardial cells exhibited defects in endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) specifically towards fibrosa VICs, which was most pronounced in PTPN11N308D (N308D) cells. Single-cell transcriptomics revealed widespread dysregulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) programs in N308D fibrosa VICs, including increased expression of collagens and proteoglycans, as well as dysregulation of multiple genes involved in ECM remodeling. We also detected activation of RAS-MAPK, TGF{beta}, and fibrosis-associated pathways in our transcriptional dataset. Mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics confirmed coordinated increases in ERK, PKC, and stress-related kinases, as well as enhanced activity of the TGF{beta} receptor. Functionally, N308D fibrosa VICs exhibited exaggerated upregulation of ECM genes in the presence of TGF{beta}2 ligand, suggesting that these cells are hypersensitive to TGF{beta} stimulation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that this pathological ECM-program occurs independently of BAMBI, a negative regulator of TGF{beta} signaling that was found to be decreased in N308D fibrosa VICs. Lastly, we performed histopathological analyses of stenotic pulmonary valves from two NS infants, which demonstrated marked overproduction and disorganization of ECM, mirroring the findings from our iPSC-based disease model. Together, our data reveal a central mechanism where NS-associated alleles sensitize fibrosa VICs to TGF{beta}, which leads to aberrant downstream signaling and drives the pathological ECM program in NS-associated PVS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, C. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidoli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charytonowicz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazine, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikryukov, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdul-Ghafar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahn, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porter, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katzman, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carreon, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubmacher, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lincoln, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelb, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.16.700032</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dysregulated TGFb-ERK Signaling Drives Aberrant Extracellular Matrix Production in Noonan Syndrome-Associated Pulmonary Valve Stenosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.16.700033v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative transcriptomics analysis of histone deacetylases, transcription factors, and ion channel genes in human iPSC-cardiomyocytes vs. the adult human heart 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.16.700033v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epigenetic modulators such as histone deacetylases (HDACs) and histone acetyltransferases (HATs) are known master regulators of gene expression that substantially impact cardiac electrophysiology. Novel pharmacological agents, HDAC inhibitors, are rapidly emerging as treatments for cancer and immune diseases, and their effects on cardiac ion channels (ICs) are of great interest. We used small interfering RNAs to individually suppress each of the known HDACs, including sirtuins (SIRTs), in human induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs), iCell2. Follow-up deep-sequencing allowed comparison to identically processed and normalized RNA sequencing data from adult human left ventricle (LV) from the GTEx database. The transcriptomics analysis revealed high similarity of gene expression patterns for cardiac ICs (with some differences in calcium influx and calcium buffering related genes), as well as strong co-regulation by cardiac transcription factors (TFs) and HDACs/SIRTs in both hiPSC-CMs and the adult LV. Partial least square regression models helped visualize links between HDACs/HATs, TFs, and cardiac ICs and helped identify potential key regulators of cardiac IC transcription. Powerful TFs, including MEF2A, GATA4, 6 exerted positive effect on IC genes while RUNX1 and SHMT2 were distinct negative regulators in both sample types; TRIM28 was found to serve opposite roles in the two sample types. In functional measurements, HDAC suppression primarily increased excitability, while SIRT suppression decreased excitability, in line with transcriptomic links. Our analysis offers insights about the role of epigenetic modifiers in regulating cardiac electrophysiology and informs the utility of hiPSC-CM as a scalable experimental model for cardiotoxicity testing of HDAC inhibitors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pozo, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pressler, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Entcheva, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.16.700033</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative transcriptomics analysis of histone deacetylases, transcription factors, and ion channel genes in human iPSC-cardiomyocytes vs. the adult human heart]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.18.700232v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cancer drives atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability by inducing pathological angiogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.18.700232v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death for many cancer survivors, a phenomenon traditionally attributed to shared risk factors and cardiotoxic chemotherapies. Here, we hypothesized that cancer may also directly promote atherosclerosis. Propensity-matched analyses confirmed significantly elevated cardiovascular event rates amongst cancer patients, independent of comorbidities such as smoking. Atheroprone mice implanted with colorectal tumors demonstrated accelerated features of plaque vulnerability, driven by pathological angiogenesis and intraplaque hemorrhage. Mechanistically, tumor-secreted TNF- induced the pro-angiogenic factor LRG1 across multiple murine models and human plaques. Therapeutic interventions targeting these pathways, including with FDA-approved cytokine inhibitors or tumor resection, prevented plaque destabilization in mice and reduced coronary revascularization rates in patients. Together, these findings suggest that cancer may causally promote CVD and unveil novel translational strategies for cancer survivors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarr, K.-U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baylis, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, V. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heemelaar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Scheidt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krefting, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachs, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wettich, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winter, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adkar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nead, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maegdefessel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schunkert, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neilan, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leeper, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.18.700232</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cancer drives atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability by inducing pathological angiogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.19.700454v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
sf-pediatric: A robust and age-adaptable end-to-end pipeline for pediatric diffusion MRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.19.700454v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diffusion MRI (dMRI) provides a powerful, non-invasive window into white matter (WM) development. Yet, most existing processing pipelines are not well-suited to the rapidly evolving neurophysiology of the pediatric brain. Here, we introduce sf-pediatric, a scalable, end-to-end, age-adaptable dMRI pipeline that integrates normative models of brain diffusivities to enable optimal subject-specific analysis from birth through 18 years old. Leveraging normative trajectories derived from nearly 2,000 participants from six cohorts, sf-pediatric dynamically calibrates diffusion priors, template selection, segmentation, and WM atlases based on the subjects age. By incorporating automatic quality control into a portable, tested, containerized, open-access, and press-button framework across computing environments, sf-pediatric provides a robust pipeline for large-scale pediatric dMRI studies. We validated this approach by showing improved local modeling and cortical fanning while preserving reproducibility and the ability to derive brain-behavior relationships. Additionally, we demonstrated robust recovery of known developmental trajectories of WM microstructure and connectome-derived network organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gagnon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bore, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valcourt Caron, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edde, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thoumyre, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lepage, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talati, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Posner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouellet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunet, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takser, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rheault, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Descoteaux, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.19.700454</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[sf-pediatric: A robust and age-adaptable end-to-end pipeline for pediatric diffusion MRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.17.700100v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Memory erasure by dopamine-gated retrospective learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.17.700100v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Erasing outdated memories is crucial for adaptive behavior. Yet once a cue-outcome association is learned, repeated cue exposure without outcome suppresses conditioned behavior without erasing the underlying memory. This allows rapid behavioral recovery when outcomes are reintroduced. Here, we confirm this limitation for standard "prospective extinction" protocols that present cues without the associated outcome, but show that true memory erasure is achieved by inverting the paradigm: presenting outcomes without associated cues, i.e., "retrospective extinction". We demonstrate that orbitofrontal cortex activity at outcome is necessary for the rapid behavioral recovery following prospective extinction, and that mesolimbic dopamine activity at outcome is necessary for retrospective extinction. These findings reconceptualize extinction mechanisms and suggest complementary strategies to mitigate relapse and erase maladaptive memories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jeong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zsembik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farouq, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belur, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, S. M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garr, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janak, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leyton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Namboodiri, V. M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.17.700100</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Memory erasure by dopamine-gated retrospective learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.20.700111v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Opposite Effects of Alpha Oscillations on Mind-Wandering With Eyes Open and Closed 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.20.700111v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spontaneous fluctuations in brain activity are thought to underlie mind-wandering, moments when mental experience becomes unrelated to what one is currently doing. A large body of research has investigated ongoing neural oscillations in the alpha band (7-14 Hz), reflecting changes in arousal and attention. However, studies disagree whether the power of alpha oscillations increases or decreases during mind-wandering compared to on-task focus. We hypothesized that these opposite effects arise from differences in eye state across studies, as eye closure increases alpha power and can reverse alphas relationship with sleepiness, which is itself related to mind-wandering. To test this, we recorded EEG while male and female participants with eyes either open or closed were probed to report whether they were focused on the auditory attention task or mind-wandering, as well as how sleepy they were. Consistent with our hypothesis, we found that increased alpha power made both mind-wandering and sleepiness more likely in the eyes-open group but less likely in the eyes-closed group. A systematic review of past literature largely replicated these opposite relationships across eye states in different paradigms. We propose that these results reflect an inverted-U relationship between alpha power and mind-wandering, formed by a positive relationship at low alpha power values typical of eyes-open states and a negative relationship at high alpha power values typical of eyes-closed states. By sampling alpha power across eye states in the same paradigm, this work reconciles contradictions in prior literature and clarifies how ongoing neural oscillations reflect the stream of mental experiences.

Significance StatementBrain signals tracked with electroencephalography (EEG) can provide a read-out of a persons current mental experience. Increases in a brain signal called alpha oscillations usually indicate sleepiness when recorded with eyes open. Surprisingly, the read-out can be reversed when eyes are closed: increases in alpha oscillations indicate alertness. Here, we found that this reversal explains the puzzling relationship between alpha oscillations and mind-wandering, when mental experience becomes unrelated to the task-at-hand. In moments of increased alpha, participants with eyes open reported more mind-wandering and sleepiness, whereas participants with eyes closed reported more on-task focus and alertness. One intriguing possibility is that decreases in arousal reflected by changes in alpha oscillations trigger episodes of mind-wandering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thielking, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramsey, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samaha, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrillon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iemi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.20.700111</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Opposite Effects of Alpha Oscillations on Mind-Wandering With Eyes Open and Closed]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.22.701043v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Harnessing Biological Variability for Mechanistic Inference: A Practical Stochastic Framework 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.22.701043v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inter-individual variability is often treated as noise, yet its temporal evolution can reveal regulatory mechanisms hidden from mean behavior. We present a stochastic framework that exploits fluctuations to infer regulatory mechanisms in cell population dynamics. Focusing on adult neural stem cells, we build a state-dependent stochastic model of transitions between quiescent and active states and derive a diffusion approximation for mean and variance trajectories of observable quantities. Applied to longitudinal data from wild-type and interferon-receptor knockout mice, we show that distinct mechanisms produce similar mean dynamics but different fluctuation patterns. Fitting both mean and variance dynamics reveals proliferationrate regulation as the dominant driver of fluctuation amplitude, while activation and self-renewal mainly shape mean behavior and long-term fate. In wild-type mice all three processes are regulated, but knockout mice lose activation control. This demonstrates that stochastic variability is a valuable source of mechanistic information beyond average dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danciu, D.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klawe, F. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marciniak-Czochra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.22.701043</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Harnessing Biological Variability for Mechanistic Inference: A Practical Stochastic Framework]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.21.700785v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Validation of differentiated sinoatrial-like hiPSCs as a model of native sinus node myocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.21.700785v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundHuman induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) constitute an attractive system for basic research and pharmacologic screening of new molecules of clinical interest. Numerous protocols aiming at differentiating atrial- or ventricular-like cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) are available. Conversely, only a few are available for obtaining patient-derived sinoatrial node-like pacemaker myocytes (PM-hiPSC-CMs).

Here we validate a new protocol to differentiate mature PM-hiPSC-CMs as a model of native sinoatrial node (SAN) myocytes.

MethodsWe generated PM-hiPSC-CMs through a 2D matrix-sandwich method promoting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and small molecule-based temporal modulation of Wnt signaling pathway. In addition, we treated our cells with triiodothyronine, dexamethasone and intracellular cyclic AMP (DTA) to enhance expression of proteins involved in intracellular Ca2+ handling.

ResultsProteomic analyses showed expression of key SAN proteins in DTA-treated PM-hiPSC-CMs. Importantly, expression of proteins related to Ca2+ handling was increased in DTA-treated PM-hiPSC-CMs compared to untreated ones. DTA-treated PM-hiPSC-CMs displayed action potentials, ionic currents and intracellular Ca2+ dynamics typical of native SAN. In addition, pacemaker activity responded to both {beta}-adrenergic and muscarinic stimulation.

ConclusionsOur data indicate that the differentiation protocol effectively generates PM-hiPSC-CMs with typical native human SAN features. This protocol may serve as a potential approach to generate PM-hiPSC-CMs from patients with history of sinoatrial node disfunction (SND) carrying different mutations in ion channels underlying pacemaking. In addition, these in vitro models of SND could be used for testing long-term vector-based gene therapeutic strategies to handle bradycardia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Torre, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sleiman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dridi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charrabi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mekrane, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angelini, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talssi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soni, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Biase, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faure- Gautron, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seyer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Tombe, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marks, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasquie, J.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacampagne, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangoni, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesirca, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meli, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.21.700785</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Validation of differentiated sinoatrial-like hiPSCs as a model of native sinus node myocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.22.701045v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uncovering Dynamic Neural Information Flow with Continuous-Time Weighted Dynamic Bayesian Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.22.701045v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how information dynamically flows within neural systems is a crucial problem in neuroscience. Traditional approaches often assume stationary or quasi-stationary functional networks, which fail to capture the time-varying dynamics of interactions among neural variables. To address this limitation, we introduce Continuous-Time weighted Dynamic Bayesian Networks (CTwDBN), a non-stationary graphical modeling framework for uncovering smoothly time-varying conditional dependencies. Validation on synthetic datasets demonstrated that CTwDBN reliably recovers the structure and dynamics of ground-truth information flow. Application to electrophysiological recordings during a guided saccade task revealed temporal fluctuations in conditional dependencies in the cortical network that persisted an order of magnitude longer than the receptive field dynamics. In the resting-state cortex, CTwDBN revealed persistent fluctuations within a low-dimensional dependency space reflecting canonical anatomical motifs. These results highlight CTwDBN as a versatile analytical framework for capturing dynamic information flow in neural systems with broad applicability to complex biological and artificial systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sheffield, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denagamage, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandy, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jadi, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.22.701045</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uncovering Dynamic Neural Information Flow with Continuous-Time Weighted Dynamic Bayesian Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.23.701239v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Opening the black box: a modular approach to spike sorting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.23.701239v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spike sorting is an algorithmic process to extract the activity of individual neurons from extracellular electrophysiology recordings. With the ballooning use of high density probes, such as Neuropixels, this essential processing step is increasingly becoming time consuming and computationally expensive. Although many software tools have been proposed to address spike sorting, they are usually constructed and benchmarked as monolithic "black boxes", making it difficult to factor out the effects of individual algorithmic steps on the final outcome, especially when varying datasets and parameters. To address this issue, we developed a modular and common framework to develop, benchmark, and assemble the key computational steps that are used in state-of-the-art spike sorting algorithms. Relying on fast and efficient ground truth generation of biophysically plausible recordings, we show that we are able to individually benchmark and precisely quantify the performance of different steps in a spike sorting pipeline (peak detection, feature extraction and clustering, and template matching). We then leverage these results to create a modular component-based spike sorters that can outperform Kilosort4 on large and dense simulated recordings. In addition, we find that the major bottleneck of all modern spike sorting pipelines is in the physical motion of probes, regardless of the drift-correction strategy. The presented component-based spike sorting framework has the potential to foster community engagement in the field by lowering the barrier to contributions, and provides a flexible yet powerful framework to construct end-to-end spike sorting solutions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garcia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halcrow, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Windolf, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenzie, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adkisson-Floro, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayorquin, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dichter, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buccino, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yger, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.23.701239</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Opening the black box: a modular approach to spike sorting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.24.701523v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stress adaptation pathways and HA-CD44 signaling maintain the survival of pancreatic cancer cells with centrosome amplification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.24.701523v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Centrosome amplification (CA) is a hallmark of aggressive cancers, including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), and is linked to genomic instability and poor prognosis. While CA promotes tumor evolution, it also imposes substantial intracellular stress that cells must overcome to survive. However, the specific metabolic adaptations that enable cancer cells to tolerate stress induced by supernumerary centrosomes remain poorly understood. Here, we show that PDAC cells with CA acquire distinct metabolic dependencies that sustain survival. A metabolism-focused CRISPR-Cas9 screen, coupled with functional validations, identified critical vulnerabilities in three inter-connected axes: redox homeostasis, nucleotide sugar metabolism, and the unfolded protein response (UPR). Specifically, CA elevates intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), creating a reliance on glutamine metabolism and NRF2-driven antioxidant signaling. CRISPR screen hits in the hexosamine and uronic acid pathways revealed dependencies that converge on hyaluronic acid (HA) metabolism, and functional assays demonstrated that the HA-CD44 axis is required for centrosome clustering and mitotic fidelity, with its disruption increasing lethal multipolar divisions. In parallel, CA activated all branches of the UPR, and both hyper-activation and suppression of ER stress proved detrimental, indicating a finely tuned proteostatic equilibrium is essential for adaptation. Together, these findings show that, in a PLK4-driven model, centrosome-amplified cells rely on coordinated redox control, proteostatic buffering, and extracellular matrix signaling to tolerate CA-induced stress, revealing selective vulnerabilities that could be therapeutically exploited to target aggressive, therapy-resistant tumor subpopulations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ozcan, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goksel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalkan, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cicek, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanevetci, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acilan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.24.701523</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stress adaptation pathways and HA-CD44 signaling maintain the survival of pancreatic cancer cells with centrosome amplification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.25.701545v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proximity labeling reveals cell cycle-specific NEK2 interactions and a regulatory axis controlling NUSAP1 stability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.25.701545v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
NEK2 is a cell cycle-regulated kinase best known for its role in centrosome separation, yet the phase-specific organization of its interaction network has remained unclear. Here, we combine a doxycycline-inducible TurboID system with mass spectrometry to generate a cell cycle-resolved NEK2 interactome in synchronized U2OS cells. Using generalized additive models (GAMs), we identified different enrichment trajectories of the NEK2 interacting proteins across G1/S, late S, and G2/M, linking NEK2 to chromosome and spindle regulation, RNA-ribonucleoprotein processes, vesicle/lysosome compartments, and ubiquitin-associated pathways. Targeted validations (streptavidin pull-down, co-immunoprecipitation, and immunofluorescence) confirmed the interaction and binding for selected partners. Focusing on NUSAP1, NEK2 induction led to rapid loss of NUSAP1 protein without changes in mRNA levels, and this decrease was blocked by the proteasome inhibitor MG-132. Consistently, NUSAP1 exhibited slower decay in cycloheximide chase assays and reduced ubiquitination in NEK2 knockout cells, indicating NEK2-dependent proteasomal turnover. Global proteomic analysis of NEK2-deficient cells revealed widespread remodeling of protein abundance, including increased NUSAP1 and decreased KIF2C, accompanied by coordinated changes in pathways governing mitotic progression, microtubule organization, and ubiquitin-mediated protein turnover. Together, these findings provide a dynamic map of the NEK2 interactome across the cell cycle and uncover a NEK2-NUSAP1 degradation pathway, offering a framework to study how kinase interactomes are remodeled by cell cycle progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cicek, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozcan, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanevetci, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalkan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozkan, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozlu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acilan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.25.701545</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proximity labeling reveals cell cycle-specific NEK2 interactions and a regulatory axis controlling NUSAP1 stability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.26.701894v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Function with Nanobodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.26.701894v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein is essential for viral RNA packaging, replication, and immune modulation. Despite its central role, the mechanistic contributions of its individual domains, the N-terminal domain (NTD), C-terminal domain (CTD), and the intrinsically flexible linker (LINK), remain poorly defined, largely due to the proteins structural complexity. In this study, we developed a panel of twelve alpaca-derived nanobodies (VHHs) targeting the NTD, CTD, and LINK regions of N. Using ELISA and biolayer interferometry, we characterized their binding affinities, and we mapped their epitopes via hydrogen-deuterium exchange-mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) and structural modeling. When expressed intracellularly, these VHHs inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection. In vitro, they disrupted phase separation of the N protein, a critical step in viral replication. Strikingly, VHHs targeting each domain independently blocked both phase condensation and viral replication, underscoring the functional importance of all three regions. These findings establish domain-specific VHHs as versatile tools for dissecting N biology, with promising therapeutic potential.

ImportanceSARS-CoV-2 and emerging coronaviruses remain a major global health threat, yet critical gaps persist in our understanding of their molecular pathogenesis. The nucleocapsid (N) protein, the most abundantly expressed SARS-CoV-2 antigen, plays essential roles beyond genome packaging, including immune evasion and intracellular organization. Here, we generate and characterize a panel of domain-specific nanobodies (VHHs) that enable precise dissection of Ns functional architecture. Using integrated biochemical, structural, and virological approaches, we uncover distinct mechanisms of viral inhibition, including disruption of phase condensation through a conserved linker region. These findings address long-standing knowledge gaps about a multifunctional viral protein and establish VHHs as powerful, modular tools for probing coronavirus biology, with broad potential for therapeutic, diagnostic, and cell biology applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weinstein, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bates, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anastas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alfahdli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trank-Green, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McBride, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burke, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barklis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tafesse, F. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.26.701894</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Function with Nanobodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.26.701784v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EZH2 Inhibition Reshapes 3D Chromatin Architecture to Induce Immunogenic Phenotype in Small Cell Lung Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.26.701784v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe histone methyltransferase EZH2, enzymatic core of the trimeric polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), has been shown to promote small cell lung cancer (SCLC) survival through epigenetic silencing of multiple targets including Class I MHC molecules (HLA-A/B) and DNA repair factors (SLFN11). Treatment of SCLC cells with EZH2 inhibitors in vitro can reactivate expression of these genes and result in therapeutic response to immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) and chemotherapy. Here, we investigate the impact of EZH1/2 dual inhibition on 3D chromatin structure and its relationship to transcriptional regulation in neuroendocrine (NE) SCLC.

ResultsEmploying Micro-C, a micrococcal nuclease-based 3D genome mapping technique, we show that EZH1/2 inhibition with Valemetostat induced significant changes at multiple genome organizational levels (compartment, topological associated domain, and chromatin loop) without incurring cell death in NE SCLC. Alterations in 3D genome permissive for transcriptional activation were correlated with increased chromatin accessibility (ATAC-sequencing) and expression of target genes (transcriptome profiling). Known transcription factor motif discovery revealed enrichment of non-NE motifs (e.g., REST) in regions with gained chromatin accessibility in Valemetostat-treated cells, consistent with results from gene set enrichment analysis demonstrating NE to non-neuroendocrine lineage shift. Notably, EZH1/2 inhibition reactivated Class I MHC expression by facilitating enhancer-promoter looping.

ConclusionOur results demonstrate that repression of a subset of EZH2 targets including Class I MHC genes is affected through modulation of 3D genome structure to the level of chromatin looping and further support clinical investigation of EZH2 inhibition in boosting therapeutic efficacy of ICI in SCLC patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parveen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adhinaveni, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choppavarapu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leone, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Sarkar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, V. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.-Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.26.701784</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EZH2 Inhibition Reshapes 3D Chromatin Architecture to Induce Immunogenic Phenotype in Small Cell Lung Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.27.699126v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interferon Beta Drives Therapy Resistance in a Patient Derived Model of High Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.27.699126v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer cell-autonomous type 1 interferon (IFN-1) production and signaling is frequently activated in response to DNA damage and has been associated with the development of therapy resistance in several cancer types. However, its cell-autonomous role in driving resistance in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC), a disease defined by near-universal exposure to genotoxic therapy as frontline treatment, remains unclear. Specifically, whether IFN-1 functions in HGSOC as only a response to genotoxic stress or can independently act in driving resistance phenotypes has not been studied. Utilizing a syngeneic patient-derived model of cisplatin-sensitive (SE) and -resistant (CR) HGSOC, we demonstrate that chronic cisplatin exposure is associated with enrichment of IFN-1 signaling and the interferon-related DNA damage resistance signature (IRDS). Acute cisplatin treatment elicited dynamic, temporal IFN-1 signaling and responses in both sensitive and resistant cells, indicating a conserved stress response in resistant cells. Chronic, low-level exposure to exogenous IFN{beta}, in the absence of a DNA-damaging agent, was sufficient to phenocopy several features of chronic cisplatin driven resistance, including reduced therapeutic sensitivity, cell cycle arrest, and decreased proliferation. Notably, IFN{beta} driven resistance occurred without sustained IRDS or canonical interferon stimulated gene (ISG) induction, revealing alternative mechanisms for IFN-1 mediated therapy resistance. Together, these findings identify IFN{beta} as a functional driver of the development of resistance-associated phenotypes and highlight cell-autonomous IFN-1 signaling as a potential biomarker for resistance and a therapeutic target in platinum-resistant disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Conant, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGivney, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayyadevara, V. S. S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asariah, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coats, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ioffe, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurtz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unternaehrer, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.27.699126</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interferon Beta Drives Therapy Resistance in a Patient Derived Model of High Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.27.702099v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct allosteric remodeling of HIV-1 Env dynamics on virions by gp41-directed antibodies reveals two modes of neutralization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.27.702099v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env), a gp120-gp41 trimer, undergoes coordinated conformational changes that drive membrane fusion and allow immune evasion by transiently concealing neutralization-sensitive epitopes. Most broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) target gp120, whereas a distinct subset recognizes conserved gp41 regions, such as the fusion peptide and the membrane-proximal external region; however, their impact on Env dynamics and associated neutralization mechanisms remains unclear. Using bioorthogonal tagging for single-molecule FRET, we monitored real-time bNAb-induced conformational sampling of Env on intact virions. Most gp41-directed bNAbs allosterically stabilized the prefusion-closed (PC) state, whereas the bivalent 10E8.4/iMab favored both PC and CD4-bound open (predominant) states. Antibodies redistributed the conformational populations of Env with modest kinetic effects, preserving the sequential transition pathway. These findings reveal two modes of neutralization for gp41-directed antibodies, fixing the prefusion-closed conformation and opening it up - in both cases, with neutralization occurring via long-range allosteric control of Env dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonepudi, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katte, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awuah, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acharya, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.27.702099</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct allosteric remodeling of HIV-1 Env dynamics on virions by gp41-directed antibodies reveals two modes of neutralization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.22.701181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine Learning Ensemble Reveals Distinct Molecular Pathways of Retinal Damage in Spaceflown Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.22.701181v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSpaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) poses significant risks to astronaut visual health during long-duration missions, yet its underlying molecular mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Oxidative stress and apoptosis are candidate molecular drivers, but their transcriptomic signatures in spaceflight-exposed retinal tissue have not been systematically characterized.

MethodsWe applied a machine learning ensemble of linear regression models to predict two ocular phenotypes: 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) immunostaining as a marker of lipid peroxidation-mediated oxidative damage; and TUNEL positivity as a marker of apoptotic cell death. In this observational study, we use bulk retinal gene expression data obtained from a controlled experiment with ground control and spaceflown mice to predict these phenotypes. Gene Ontology pathway enrichment was performed on the most predictive gene sets for each phenotype.

ResultsThe 4-HNE phenotype was predicted by genes that converge on membrane-associated pathways, photoreceptor protein modification, synaptic dysfunction, and extracellular matrix dysregulation, including B2m, Tf, Cnga1, mt-Nd1, Snap25, and Efemp1. The genes predicting the TUNEL phenotype revealed a distinct signature emphasizing stress-induced apoptosis, rod photoreceptor degeneration, and endoplasmic reticulum dysfunction, with Ddit4, Nrl, Rom1, Reep6, and Gabarapl1 emerging as central regulators.

ConclusionsOxidative lipid peroxidation and apoptotic cell death represent complementary and molecularly distinct pathological mechanisms in spaceflight-exposed murine retinal tissue. The gene signatures provide a putative molecular framework for developing noninvasive biomarkers and therapeutic targets to monitor and protect astronaut visual health during long-duration and deep-space missions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Casaletto, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathod, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adapala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prajapati, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nautiyal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayaraman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boddu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shastry, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosaraju, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paley, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uribe, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahid, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivas, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Della Monica, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hitt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volkan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kharya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaul, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, N. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couderc, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paladugu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiremath, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pathak, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dogra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samaddar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopinath, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pala, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mundackal Thomas, D</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.22.701181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine Learning Ensemble Reveals Distinct Molecular Pathways of Retinal Damage in Spaceflown Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.28.702307v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hemodynamic Analysis of a Repaired Ascending Aorta with Preserved Aortic Root 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.28.702307v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeTo evaluate the hemodynamic impact of restoring a normal sino-tubular junction (STJ) following a novel Hegar dilator-based procedure in patients undergoing root-sparing ascending thoracic aortic aneurysm (ATAA) repair using computational modeling.

MethodsWe retrospectively selected an ATAA patient who underwent pre- and postoperative gated computed tomography angiography (CTA). We developed a novel workflow to segment the lumen, thick-walled aorta, and aortic valve from CTA images for subsequent blood flow analysis using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and fluid-structure interaction (FSI). Morphological and hemodynamic characteristics of the root were quantified and compared against those of a control subject, with no noted ascending aortic dilation. The models sensitivity to graft properties and leaflet material heterogeneity was analyzed.

ResultsBoth CFD and FSI results showed that the postoperative geometry reconstructed with a normal STJ profile reintroduces sinus vortices during peak systole, similar to the control subject, but were absent pre-surgery. Accounting for aortic valve leaflets in FSI studies yielded qualitatively similar results to the CFD cases, albeit with locally elevated velocities, time-averaged wall shear stress (TAWSS), and energy dissipation, likely due to the dynamically changing orifice area and differing profiles of the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT).

ConclusionWe demonstrated that the novel Hegar dilator-based STJ reconstruction restores normal blood flow patterns, highlighting the importance of reprofiling the aortic sinuses and STJ. The study also highlights the models sensitivities, particularly the LVOT shape and leaflet morphology and mobility, and may assist planning STJ reconstruction to yield optimal hemodynamics before intervention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhai, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitada, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takayama, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vedula, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.28.702307</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hemodynamic Analysis of a Repaired Ascending Aorta with Preserved Aortic Root]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.29.702507v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development and field test of an intervention to reduce conflict in faculty-doctoral student mentoring relationships 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.29.702507v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mentoring is a critical component of graduate education. However, conflicts can occur between faculty mentors and their graduate students, which can undermine the quality of these relationships. We leveraged attribution theory and relationship science to develop a novel professional development intervention that combines attribution retraining to enhance faculty beliefs that they can improve their mentoring relationships, and conflict management training to build faculty skills in having productive problem-solving conversations with their graduate students. We piloted and refined the intervention, then conducted a field test of the intervention with life science faculty (n = 71) from U.S. universities. Participants were randomly assigned to an asynchronous self-guided condition or to a self-guided + synchronous facilitated peer discussion condition. We measured faculty beliefs, perceived skills, and self-reported behaviors when encountering conflicts before and after participating in the intervention. Faculty in both conditions reported significant reductions in the frequency of conflicts with their students, the time and energy they spent addressing conflicts, and the extent to which conflicts disrupted their research productivity. Faculty also expressed increased confidence that they could manage conflicts. Our results suggest that the intervention has the potential to improve faculty capacity to effectively navigate conflicts with their graduate students.

Highlight summaryA mentoring intervention for faculty combining attribution-retraining and conflict management skill-building strengthened faculty self-efficacy and motivational beliefs and reduced mentoring conflicts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tuma, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenzweig, E. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavner, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolan, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.29.702507</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development and field test of an intervention to reduce conflict in faculty-doctoral student mentoring relationships]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.27.702095v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Active strains in the basal organ of Corti in gerbil 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.27.702095v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has allowed in vivo recording of sound-induced vibrations of different regions within the organ of Corti complex (OCC), including the basilar membrane (BM), outer hair cell/Deiters cell (OHC/DC) region, and reticular lamina (RL). In the hook region of the gerbil cochlea, where measurements can be made with a substantially transverse optical axis, the three regions have different and characteristic motion responses: The OHC/DC region has greater motions than the other two regions at frequencies below the best frequency (sub-BF); the RL region typically has the greatest BF peak and smallest sub-BF motion. The phase of the OHC/DC-region motion increasingly lags BM motion phase as frequency increases; the RL-region motion phase leads BM, but with a relatively small value. All three regions are compressively nonlinear in the BF peak, but only the OHC/DC region shows sub-BF compressive nonlinearity. In this paper, we describe the strain that exists within the RL and OHC-body regions. These strains are large where the motion varies over short distances, and a region of large strain can be as short as a single 2.7 {micro}m measurement pixel, or extend over several pixels, with the extensive strains appearing more often at 70 than at 50 dB SPL. Beyond the region of large strain, over a distance that can exceed 20 m, the OHC/DC region displays nearly unvarying motion spatially -- this region appears to vibrate as a body.

Statement of SignificanceThe sensory tissue of the cochlea responds actively to a sound stimulus: cell-based forces amplify and enhance the vibration of the sensory tissue. Measurements employing optical coherence tomography have identified major vibration patterns along a sensory-tissue-spanning line that includes the active outer hair cells. In this article, we describe the transitional motion between these major vibration regions and the motion strains that exist as vibration morphs from one region to the next. The findings are presented in frequency response curves to convey the frequency tuning and its stimulus-level dependence, and in one-dimensional heat maps to convey the extent of regional motions and strains. These findings fuel and constrain conceptual and physics-based models of cochlear amplification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wong, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strimbu, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.27.702095</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Active strains in the basal organ of Corti in gerbil]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.29.702547v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decoding the MYC locus reveals a druggable ultraconserved RNA element 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.29.702547v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human genome is dominated by noncoding sequences, most of which are poorly conserved across species. How genetic information is distributed between coding and noncoding regions remains a fundamental unresolved question. Using CRISPR saturation mutagenesis at base-pair resolution, we mapped the functional fitness landscape of the 10-kb human MYC locus with a near-PAMless, high-fidelity SpRY-Cas9. This unbiased interrogation revealed that the majority (67%) of functionally essential base-pairs in this locus are noncoding. Paradoxically, the phenotypic impact of noncoding sequences correlates inversely with evolutionary conservation, driven in part by rapidly diverging cis-regulatory DNA elements that remain functionally constrained in humans. Within this landscape, we identified an ultraconserved RNA element in the 3 untranslated region (UTR) that is indispensable for MYC-dependent cancer cells. Remarkably, steric-blocking antisense oligos targeting this RNA element selectively eliminate MYC-addicted cancer cells by suppressing MYC function without reducing MYC abundance. Mechanistically, this 3' UTR element promotes perinuclear localization of MYC mRNA and efficient nuclear import of the short-lived MYC protein, enabling its function as a nuclear transcription factor. Together, these findings highlight noncoding sequences as major carriers of functional genetic information, provide a comprehensive fitness map of the MYC locus, and uncover a therapeutically actionable RNA element that disables MYC-driven cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>FNU, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aparicio, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalicki, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trehan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotlevi, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Que, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.29.702547</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decoding the MYC locus reveals a druggable ultraconserved RNA element]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.29.702553v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contrasting controls on tree methane emissions in upland and wetland forests 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.29.702553v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trees can produce, consume, transport, and emit methane (CH), yet the environmental controls and mechanisms underlying these fluxes remain poorly understood. We combined 1,640 stem-chamber observations (2023-2025) with tower-based meteorology, soil moisture and temperature networks, water table monitoring, and non-destructive tomography to test how hydrology, energy balance, species identity, and internal wood condition regulate stem CH flux. Wetland trees emitted approximately 40-fold more CH than upland trees (1.96 vs. 0.05 nmol m-{superscript 2} s-{superscript 1}). At the wetland, a three-way interaction between soil temperature, water table depth, and species explained 65% of flux variance, consistent with soil-derived CH transport through stems. The wetland specialist Nyssa sylvatica emitted an order of magnitude more CH than co-occurring generalists, likely reflecting flood-tolerance adaptations that enhance gas transport. In contrast, upland fluxes showed minimal environmental control (R{superscript 2} < 9%), with most variance occurring as unexplained temporal variation within individual trees--a pattern suggesting competing methanogenic and methanotrophic processes operating near equilibrium. Internal wood condition, assessed via acoustic and electrical resistance tomography, had opposite effects across sites: decay increased emissions in upland trees, likely by creating anaerobic microsites for in situ production, while decay decreased net emissions in wetland trees, likely by impairing transport of soil-derived CH more than it enhanced in situ production. Together, these results indicate that the dominant controls on tree CH flux differ fundamentally between wetland and upland forests, underscoring the need to represent hydrologic setting, species composition, and tree condition when scaling forest CH contributions to regional budgets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gewirtzman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hegwood, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burrows, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jurado, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthes, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.29.702553</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contrasting controls on tree methane emissions in upland and wetland forests]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.29.702673v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting neutron radiation exposure characteristics from an in vitro human skin model using RNA-seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.29.702673v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate assessment of low-dose neutron radiation exposure remains a central challenge in biodosimetry, particularly for applications requiring non-invasive sample types such as skin. Here, we characterized the transcriptional response of a three-dimensional in vitro human skin model (EpiDermFT) to neutron irradiation at doses up to 0.75 Gy, measured from pre-exposure through a 14-day post-exposure period. RNA sequencing revealed greater than 800 significantly altered genes, including upregulation of FOS, FOSB, CDKN1A, MDM2, and GADD45A, and downregulation of NRG1, H3C11, and CENPX. Gene ontology enrichment indicated activation of DNA damage checkpoint signaling, cell cycle arrest, and stress-response pathways, alongside suppression of nucleosome assembly and DNA replication processes. Machine learning models trained on transcriptomic features exhibited strong predictive performance across biodosimetric endpoints. Classification models accurately distinguished irradiated from sham samples (AUC > 0.99), and regression models achieved high accuracy for estimating both absorbed dose (R2 = 0.97) and days post-exposure (R2 = 0.99). The latter, while highly predictive, may partially reflect transcriptional shifts associated with progressive degradation of the in vitro tissue model over time. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that RNA-based molecular signatures from human skin tissue provide a robust framework for quantitative estimation of neutron radiation exposure and temporal response dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gardner, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeSassier, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gil, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werth, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pont, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garty, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheuermann, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cocola, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grice, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>June, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaccaro, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tashner, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hewitt, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.29.702673</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting neutron radiation exposure characteristics from an in vitro human skin model using RNA-seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.29.702530v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissociable Effects of Early and Adolescent Adversity on Emotional Contagion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.29.702530v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundEarly-life adversity can alter emotional and social development and increase vulnerability to later life stress. We investigated how early adverse experiences (EAE) and later adverse experiences (LAE) shape adult emotional contagion (EC) responses in female and male rats.

MethodsEAE was induced using the limited bedding and nesting model during the first postnatal week. LAE was induced via footshocks during adolescence. In adulthood, male and female rats underwent an EC test in which observers witnessed a conspecific receiving footshocks.

ResultsAdolescence-footshock exposed observers showed cingulate cortex-associated increased immobility, proximity, and attention toward distressed conspecifics during adulthood, compared to adult-exposed and sham animals, both in male and female animals. While EAE did alter maternal care, pup stress physiology, and pup weight, we found evidence that it did not alter immobility during EC. However, female demonstrators paired with EAE observers showed increased immobility, linked to a reduced rate and lower frequency of the observers 50-kHz vocalizations. Mediation analysis revealed that a shift toward lower-frequency 50-kHz vocalizations specifically mediated this effect, suggesting a sex-specific pathway by which early adversity shapes social behavior.

ConclusionsEarly and adolescent adversity influenced distinct aspects of emotional contagion: EAE mediated an observer-to-demonstrator emotional transfer during EC, while LAE impacted a demonstrator-to-observer transfer, with no evidence of additive effects. Our results highlight developmentally specific and sex-dependent mechanisms by which early and later adversity alter social-affective responses in adulthood.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maldonado, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berretta, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canicatti, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soyman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuturela, L. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajendran, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadeghi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babiczky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goebel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krugers, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keysers, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazzola, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.29.702530</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissociable Effects of Early and Adolescent Adversity on Emotional Contagion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.30.702627v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IDH-mutant inhibitors enhance the sensitivity of IDH1-mutant gliomas to cysteine-methionine deprivation and ferroptosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.30.702627v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cysteine is essential for synthesizing glutathione, the brains main antioxidant, and cysteine deprivation can trigger ferroptosis. Here, using a new mouse model of IDH1-mutant glioma that recapitulates the characteristics of human IDH1-mutant low-grade gliomas, we demonstrate that IDH1-mutant glioma cells are significantly more vulnerable to cysteine deprivation alone or in combination with the ferroptosis inducer RSL3, compared to IDH1-wildtype glioma cells. In addition, treatments with the IDH-mutant inhibitors vorasidenib and ivosidenib further sensitize the cells to ferroptosis. Metabolomics analysis reveals that IDH1-mutant cells have altered cysteine and methionine metabolism with deficiency in transsulfuration, which is further exacerbated by cysteine-methionine deprivation and IDH-mutant inhibitors. Furthermore, dietary cysteine-methionine deprivation alone or in combination with convection-enhanced delivery of RSL3 or ivosidenib in vivo significantly prolongs survival of IDH1-mutant tumor-bearing mice. Our findings suggest that targeting cysteine and methionine metabolism in combination with IDH-mutant inhibition provides promising therapeutic strategies for IDH1-mutant gliomas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Canoll, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mela, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brand, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dovas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humala, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanangat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leskinen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhyayula, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gill, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegelin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sims, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stockwell, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruce, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.30.702627</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IDH-mutant inhibitors enhance the sensitivity of IDH1-mutant gliomas to cysteine-methionine deprivation and ferroptosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.31.703048v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficient task generalization and humanlike face perception in models that learn to discriminate face geometry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.31.703048v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Artificial deep neural networks (DNNs) can excel at face recognition from 2D photographs where both shape and appearance cues abound; however, DNNs have rarely been challenged to recognize faces strictly based on face geometry. Here, we show that DNNs, even those fine-tuned on face photographs, had almost no generalization performance to a new geometry-based face task, while in the opposite direction, networks fine-tuned only on geometrically defined, textureless faces readily generalized to textured faces. To learn geometry in a more practical setting with colored and textured faces, we trained discrimination on face emotion in addition to face identity, which resulted in less texture bias and generalized well across face tasks. Learning in this way from just four individuals and their expressions generalized to unseen individuals, even exceeding standard models which are trained on classifying hundreds of face identities. Compared to standard models, emotion and identity trained models developed more humanlike errors in the identities or emotions that they confused. This novel method learns in a humanlike manner using only a few individuals but enriched with expressions that widely vary face geometry - similar to early human experience during child-parent interactions. Thus, this bioinspired work has broad implications for how moving toward humanlike learning of geometry in artificial vision can be both highly sample efficient and highly performing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ying, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeon, Y.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Issa, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.31.703048</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficient task generalization and humanlike face perception in models that learn to discriminate face geometry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.02.703166v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-Cell Atlas of Transcription and Chromatin States Reveals Regulatory Programs in the Human Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.02.703166v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Directly measuring chromatin states alongside transcription is essential for understanding how cell-type-specific regulatory programs are established and maintained in the adult human brain. We present a large-scale single-cell multimodal atlas generated by jointly profiling transcriptome with active (H3K27ac) and repressive (H3K27me3) histone modifications across 18 brain regions. We profile >750,000 nuclei spanning 160 cell types and integrate these data with chromatin accessibility, DNA methylation, 3D genome architecture, and spatial transcriptome. This framework annotates >500,000 regulatory elements and resolves cell-type-specific chromatin states. We link enhancers to target genes, infer gene regulatory networks, and classify chromatin interactions, revealing neuron-enriched long-range Polycomb repression of developmental genes. Integrating these maps with GWAS data and sequence-based model prioritizes noncoding variants, effector genes, and vulnerable cell types for neuropsychiatric disorders. Finally, cross-species comparisons show conserved activation but more divergent repression. Together, this study provides a functional reference for interpreting noncoding variants, epigenetic memory, and brain organization.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIJoint single-cell profiling of transcriptomes with active or repressive histone modification in >750,000 nuclei across adult human brain.
C_LIO_LIChromatin state annotation of >500,000 candidate cis-regulatory elements distinguishes active enhancers from accessible and Polycomb-repressed regions.
C_LIO_LICell-type-resolved regulatory networks and sequence-based deep learning model prioritize functional neuropsychiatric risk variants.
C_LIO_LISpatial epigenomic imputation reveals laminar layer-specific Polycomb repression programs.
C_LIO_LIIntegration with 3D genome architecture reveals neuron-specific super long-range chromatin loops silencing early developmental genes.
C_LIO_LIEvolutionary analysis uncovers conserved active regulatory grammar but divergent repressive landscape.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rink, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baez-Becerra, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armand, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boone, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Indralingam, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loe, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barcoma, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willier, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knutson, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arzavala, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bikkina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schenker-Ahmed, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kern, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tai, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olness, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moghadami, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barragan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owens, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>OConnor, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liem, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marrin, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alt, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emerson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osteen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodge, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keene,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.02.703166</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-Cell Atlas of Transcription and Chromatin States Reveals Regulatory Programs in the Human Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.03.703645v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell Multiome Analysis of Chromatin State and Transcriptome in the Human Basal Ganglia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.03.703645v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The basal ganglia play essential roles in motor control, emotion, learning and reward processing. Their dysfunction contributes to many neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, the gene regulatory programs defining basal ganglia cell-type identity and function remain poorly understood, limiting interpretation of disease-associated non-coding variants. Here, we present the first single-cell multiome atlas of histone modifications and transcriptomes across eight basal ganglia regions from neurotypical adult human donors. Joint profiling reveals cell-type-specific deployment of active and repressive cis-regulatory elements and gene regulatory networks, and suggests a combinatorial homeobox transcription factor code underlying cell identity. Integration with matched spatial transcriptomic MERFISH data uncovers regional heterogeneity of epigenomic landscapes. Comparative analysis between human and mouse medium spiny neurons uncovers conservation of core gene regulatory features. This atlas interprets non-coding risk variants of neuropsychiatric disorders and supports the development of a deep learning model to predict gene regulation and functional effects of disease-associated variants.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIJoint single-cell profiling of transcriptomes and three histone modifications across eight human basal ganglia regions characterizes active and repressive chromatin states at cell-type resolution.
C_LIO_LICell-type-specific gene regulatory programs decode combinatorial homeobox TF grammar governing the identity and diversification of basal ganglia neurons.
C_LIO_LIIntergrative analyses link noncoding neuropsychiatric risk variants to specific cell types, regulatory elements, and candidate target genes.
C_LIO_LIA sequence-to-function deep-learning model predicts gene regulation from DNA sequence and prioritizes functional disease-associated variants.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rink, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baez-Becerra, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Indralingam, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loe, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kern, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boone, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olness, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barragan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osgood, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owens, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schenker-Ahmed, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barcoma, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willier, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knutson, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arzavala, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundaram, G. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bikkina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>OConnor, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liem, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marrin, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alt, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zemke, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johansen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>B</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.03.703645</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell Multiome Analysis of Chromatin State and Transcriptome in the Human Basal Ganglia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.02.703244v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ACE-2-like Enzymatic Activity in Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Monoclonal Antibodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.02.703244v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many people with acute COVID-19 have clinical disease not clearly attributable to viral replication and many COVID-19 convalescents are affected by post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC, or long COVID, LC). LC has severely affected public health and economies worldwide. Features of LC including blood pressure dysregulation, coagulopathies, high levels of inflammation, and neuropsychiatric complaints. The mechanisms responsible for the pathogenesis of some COVID-19 clinical features and LC have not been well established. The host cell receptor for SARS-CoV-2 is human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which binds the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) to initiate infection. We hypothesized that some people may produce anti-RBD antibodies that sufficiently resemble ACE2 structure to have ACE2-like catalytic activity after infection. Those antibodies, ACE2-like abzymes, may contribute to the pathogenesis of LC. Our previous studies showed that ACE2-like activity was associated with immunoglobulin in some acute and convalescent COVID-19 patients. ACE2-like catalytic activity correlated with blood pressure changes following a moderate exercise challenge in people convalescing from COVID-19. To further establish that ACE2-like activity could be attributed to antibodies, we screened human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein from 3 different research centers and others purchased from a commercial source for ACE2-like catalytic activity. We identified 4 human monoclonal antibodies with ACE2-like catalytic activity. The ACE2-like catalytic activity of these mAbs was not inhibited by MLN-4760, a compound that inhibits native human ACE2 catalytic activity, nor by EDTA, unlike native ACE2, a Zinc metalloprotease, but was inhibited by an overlapping pool of spike peptides. Enzyme kinetic studies showed that the mAbs had substantially lower Vmax and Km values than native ACE2. The data therefore suggested that the antibodies cleave ACE2 substrate via a different mechanism than native ACE2. The identification of specific mAbs with ACE2-like catalytic activity supports the hypothesis that antibodies induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection could help mediate the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and LC, and more generally, the hypothesis that catalytic antibodies induced by infectious agents can contribute to disease pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehl, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>No, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livingston, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quintero Barbosa, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayashi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serrero, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bortz, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowe, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeichner, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.02.703244</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ACE-2-like Enzymatic Activity in Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Monoclonal Antibodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.03.703214v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gum Odina, a novel prebiotic, promotes the expression of sealing tight junction proteins in colon organoids developed from the C57BL/6 mice model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.03.703214v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Maintaining gut-microbiome homeostasis is the biggest issue worldwide as per public health concerns. Gut probiotics not only inhibit pathogen invasion in the systemic circulation but also help us metabolize complex food. Therefore, for decades, gut dysbiosis has been proven to be the gateway to several diseases, leading to comorbidity and even mortality. Prebiotics are natural products, mainly nondigestible food ingredients, that help the selective growth of probiotic bacteria in the gut. This study focuses on the novel Gum-Odina (GO) prebiotic and its efficacy on gut microbial metabolite modulation and maintaining gut barrier integrity. Gut wall enterocytes are integrated by a series of tight junctional (TJ) proteins. This study explains the effect of GO prebiotic-modulated gut metabolites on tight-junctional (TJ) protein expression in a murine colon Organoid model. Fecal microbiota from a colitis patient were used to inoculate the SHIME gut simulator, comprising a colitis control run and a Gum-Odina-supplemented run to enrich commensal bacteria selectively. Metabolites from both groups were then applied to healthy colon organoids. According to the mRNA expression analysis, tight junctional sealing proteins such as Zonula occludens, or ZO-1, Occludin, Claudin-1, 4, and 5 were significantly upregulated in the colon organoids upon Gum-Odina administration, whereas no change in the Junctional Adhesion Molecule-A or JAM-A was observed. Downregulation of sealing TJ proteins is the Hallmark of Leaky gut, which was successfully reversed using the Gum-Odina supplement. Hence, Gum-Odina prebiotics have a promising capability to reduce colitis-induced gut permeability and can be considered to be a therapeutic agent in the future.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sikdar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitra, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samanta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.03.703214</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gum Odina, a novel prebiotic, promotes the expression of sealing tight junction proteins in colon organoids developed from the C57BL/6 mice model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.04.703836v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Th17 effector cytokines induce shared and distinct microglial and endothelial cell responses in post-streptococcal encephalitis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.04.703836v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) infections can lead to neuropsychiatric sequelae in children, yet the mechanisms driving post-infectious brain pathology remain poorly defined. In a mouse disease model, Th17 lymphocytes induce microglial activation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction, and neural circuit impairment; however, the transcriptional programs underlying these effects, and the specific Th17-derived cytokines involved are unclear. Using mouse genetics, single-cell RNA sequencing, and spatial transcriptomics, we show that GAS infections induce inflammatory gene programs in microglia and brain endothelial cells (BECs), accompanied by downregulation of BBB-associated transcripts in BECs. Spatial transcriptomic analyses reveal that GAS-responsive microglia are enriched near infiltrating T cells. Several chemokines upregulated in microglia following GAS infection in mice are elevated in sera from affected patients. Conditional ablation of GM-CSF in CD4+ T cells partially attenuates microglial chemokine gene expression, but does not restore BBB integrity. Neutralization of IL-17A partially rescues BBB transcriptional changes in BECs and reduces microglial chemokine expression; however, compensatory peripheral immune responses associated with persistent infection exacerbate BBB disruption. In contrast, microglia/macrophage-specific deletion of IL-17 receptor A partially rescues BBB deficits following GAS infection. Together, these findings identify IL-17A-IL-17RA signaling in microglia as a critical driver of BBB dysfunction after GAS infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wayne, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akcan, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faust, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duran-Laforet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamoul, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bremner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ampatey, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akcan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciric, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delaney, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swedo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafer, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutforth, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agalliu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.04.703836</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Th17 effector cytokines induce shared and distinct microglial and endothelial cell responses in post-streptococcal encephalitis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.04.703875v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineered probiotics for tumor-targeted combination chemoimmunotherapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.04.703875v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Achieving tumor-specific delivery and sustained activation of both cytotoxic and immune-modulating agents remains a critical challenge in chemoimmunotherapy. Here, we present a bacterial platform engineered to combine enzyme/prodrug chemotherapy with immunotherapy, where tumor-homing E. coli Nissle 1917 expresses cytosine deaminase to convert the prodrug 5-fluorocytosine into the cytotoxic drug 5-fluorouracil within tumors. Concurrently, the engineered bacteria produce an IL-15 superagonist and a PD-L1 blocking nanobody to mitigate the immunosuppressive effects of tumor-localized chemotherapy. This platform demonstrated potent antitumor effects in the murine MC38 solid tumor model. Mechanistic studies showed that the combination therapy enhances activation of antigen-presenting cells, T cells and natural killer cells, while reducing immunosuppressive populations. In summary, our approach integrates enzyme/prodrug therapy and immunotherapy into a single bacterial delivery system, overcoming the limitations of conventional therapies and offering a scalable and precision-engineered strategy with an improved safety profile for synergistic cancer treatment.

One Sentence SummaryA precision-engineered bacterial platform integrates enzyme/prodrug chemotherapy and immunotherapy to drive synergistic antitumor responses with enhanced safety, offering promise for clinical translation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mariuzza, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de los Santos-Alexis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danino, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arpaia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.04.703875</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineered probiotics for tumor-targeted combination chemoimmunotherapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.05.704047v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bidirectional allosteric ligand regulation in a central glycolytic enzyme 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.05.704047v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Allosteric regulation enables fine-tuned control of enzyme activity in response to cellular signals, yet its molecular basis often remains unclear. Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK), the rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis, is a paradigmatic, well-conserved system whose reaction kinetics conform to the Monod-Wyman-Changeux model of allostery. However, X-ray crystal structures of bacterial PFK orthologs in distinct ligand-bound states do not show the consistent, concerted structural rearrangements expected for classical "relaxed" and "tense" states, revealing a decades-long disconnect between structure and function. We resolve this paradox by integrating biophysical and computational approaches to show that activator and inhibitor binding to the same allosteric pocket differentially reweight the conformational ensemble of Escherichia coli PFK. Activator binding stabilizes conformational substates that preorganize the catalytic site, whereas inhibitor binding upweights apo-like, catalytically incompetent substates. These findings establish an ensemble-based mechanism for PFK regulation and provide an energetic framework for understanding the expanded allosteric architecture of higher PFK orthologs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sundberg, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glasgow, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.05.704047</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bidirectional allosteric ligand regulation in a central glycolytic enzyme]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.05.704068v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Results of a large scale study of the binding of 50 type IIinhibitors to 348 kinases: The role of protein reorganization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.05.704068v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Kinase family proteins constitute the second largest protein class targeted in drug development efforts, most prominently to treat cancer, but also several other diseases associated with kinase dysfunction. In this work we focus on type II kinase inhibitors which bind to the "classical" inactive conformation of the protein kinase catalytic domain where the DFG motif has a "DFG-out" orientation and the activation loop is folded. Many Tyrosine kinases (TKs) exhibit strong binding affinity with a wide spectrum of type II inhibitors while serine/threonine kinases (STKs) often bind more weakly. Recent work suggests this difference is largely due to differences in the folded to extended conformational equilibrium of the activation loop between TKs vs. STKs. The binding affinity of a type II inhibitor to its kinase target can be decomposed into a sum of two contributions: (1) the free energy cost to reorganize the protein from the active to inactive state, and (2) the binding affinity of the type II inhibitor to the inactive kinase conformation. In previous work we used a Potts statistical energy potential based on sequence co-variation to thread sequences over ensembles of active and inactive kinase structures. The threading function was used to estimate the free energy cost to reorganize kinases from the active to classical inactive conformation, and we showed that this estimator is consistent with the results of molecular dynamics free energy simulations for a small set of STKs and TKs. In the current study, we analyze the results of a large-scale study of the binding affinities of 50 type II inhibitors to 348 kinases, of which the results for 16 of the 50 type II inhibitors were reported in an earlier study (the "Davis dataset"); the binding data for the remaining 34 type II inhibitors to the panel of 348 kinases were recently obtained (the "Schrodinger dataset"). We use the Potts statistical energy model to investigate the contribution of protein reorganization to the selectivity of the large kinase panel against the set of 50 type II inhibitors, and find that protein reorganization makes a significant contribution to the selectivity. The AUC of the receiver-operator characteristic curve is [~]0.8. We report the results of an internal "blind test", that shows how Potts threading energies can provide more accurate estimates of kinase selectivity than corresponding predictions using experimental results of small sample size. We discuss why two STK phylogenetic kinase families, STE and CMGC, appear to contain many outliers, and how to improve the ability to predict kinase selectivity with a more complete analysis of the kinase conformational landscape. We compare the performance of Potts threading for predicting binding properties of the large set of (50) Type II inhibitors to 348 kinases, with those of a sequence-based purely machine learning model, DeepDTAGen, a publicly available machine learning model that was trained on the complete Davis dataset, including both Type I and Type II kinase inhibitors. We observe that DeepDTAGen performs well on binding predictions for the 16 type II inhibitors in the Davis dataset, but performs poorly on binding predictions for the 34 type II inhibitors against 348 kinases in the Schrodinger dataset.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vardanyan, V. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haldane, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coskun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lihan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friesner, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.05.704068</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Results of a large scale study of the binding of 50 type IIinhibitors to 348 kinases: The role of protein reorganization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.07.704566v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
When attention falters: brain, breathing, and behavioral signals of lapses in interoceptive attention 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.07.704566v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mind{square}body practices like meditation and yoga, which are widely used to support mental health, involve paying attention to internal bodily sensations like the breath. During these practices, individuals often report "interoceptive lapses," moments when attention drifts away from the body. While lapses in attention to the external world have been widely studied, far less is known about physiological and neural signals that temporally predict when attention to internal sensations falters. Interoceptive lapses may share markers with exteroceptive attention lapses--such as reaction time variability and changes in default-mode network (DMN) connectivity--but may also depend on distinct brain systems and breathing physiology. To test these possibilities, we examined behavioral, physiological and neural changes preceding lapses in a convenience sample of 93 adolescents with depressive symptoms. Participants performed a 20-minute breath counting task in the fMRI scanner with simultaneous breath recordings. Lapses were defined as moments when counting errors occurred. The sample was split into a training and validation sample, and machine learning models predicting attentional lapses were tested. The strongest predictors were timing and variability of button responses (AUCs > 0.75). Breathing variability and breathing-behavior coupling showed smaller but generalizable predictive value (AUCs < 0.65). Whole-brain connectivity models also predicted lapses (AUC {approx} 0.65) and incorporated regions within the DMN, dorsal, and ventral attention networks--overlapping with systems implicated in exteroceptive attention-- as well as the somatomotor network. Further, models that included brain connectivity marginally outperformed behavior-only models. Together, these findings suggest that interoceptive lapses reflect both shared mechanisms with exteroceptive attention failures and additional contributions from brain systems involved in bodily representation and sensory pathways. Although generalizability is limited by the clinical sample and absence of an exteroceptive comparison task, these results highlight candidate brain-body markers of interoceptive attention that may inform real-time monitoring during mind-body interventions and improve understanding of interoceptive disturbance in affective disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Treves, I. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaffer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Decker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tierney, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auerbach, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webb, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.07.704566</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[When attention falters: brain, breathing, and behavioral signals of lapses in interoceptive attention]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.08.704635v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LineageSim: A Single-Cell Lineage Simulator with Fate-Aware Gene Expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.08.704635v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell lineage data paired with gene expression are critical for developing computational methods in developmental biology. Since experimental lineage tracing is often technically limited, robust simulations are necessary to provide the ground truth for rigorous validation. However, existing simulators generate largely Markovian gene expression, failing to encode the fate bias observed in real biological systems, where progenitor states exhibit early signatures of future commitment. Consequently, they cannot support the training and evaluation of computational methods that model long-range temporal dependencies. We present LineageSim, a generative framework that introduces fate-aware gene expression, where progenitor states carry latent signals of their descendants terminal fates. This framework establishes a new class of benchmarks for cell fate prediction algorithms. We validate the presence of these temporal signals by training a logistic regression baseline, which achieves 68.3% balanced accuracy. This confirms that the generated data contain subtle but recoverable fate information, in contrast to existing simulators, where such predictive signals are systematically absent.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lai, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadria, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.08.704635</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LineageSim: A Single-Cell Lineage Simulator with Fate-Aware Gene Expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.08.704713v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CoPrimeEEG: CRT-Guided Dual-Branch Reconstruction from Co-Prime Sub-Nyquist EEG 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.08.704713v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present CoPrimeEEG, a neural reconstruction framework that unifies co-prime sub-Nyquist sampling theory with a CRT-guided learning objective for EEG. Two low-rate streams obtained by co-prime decimations feed a dual-branch convolutional encoder whose fused representation is upsampled to reconstruct high-rate EEG while jointly predicting a temporal usefulness mask and canonical bandpower features. We derive a principled loss with four terms: (i) waveform fidelity, (ii) mask sparsity and smoothness, (iii) bandpower supervision in the log-domain, and (iv) a CRT-consistency term enforcing agreement between the reconstruction and its co-prime downsampled counterparts. On real EEG data, CoPrimeEEG achieves state-of-the-art reconstruction quality across MSE, MAE, correlation, SNR, and PSNR while using fewer parameters. The approach provides a practical path to low-power EEG acquisition with high-fidelity downstream analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.08.704713</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CoPrimeEEG: CRT-Guided Dual-Branch Reconstruction from Co-Prime Sub-Nyquist EEG]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.09.704846v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A pilot study for whole proteome tagging in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.09.704846v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tagging all proteins encoded by an animal genome with a fluorescent tag would open many windows to the discovery of unexpected patterns of protein expression and localization. To scale such an approach, it would be beneficial to introduce multiple, spectrally distinct fluorophore tags in parallel. As a first step in this direction, we undertook a pilot study in the nematode C. elegans, in which we set out to tag 30 different genetic loci with three different fluorophores, with 3 tags being introduced at a time. By choosing essential genes, predicted based on transcriptomics to cover a range of expression levels, we explore issues relating to disrupting gene function and visibility of tagged proteins. We demonstrate that such a tagging approach is highly efficient and indeed reveals unanticipated patterns of cellular sites of expression, as well as subcellular protein localization. We hope that this pilot study will motivate attempts to scale this tagging approach to more loci and, ultimately, the whole genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eroglu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.09.704846</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A pilot study for whole proteome tagging in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.09.704431v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3D Visualization and Proteomic Analysis of Human Cardiac Transthyretin Amyloidosis Tissue Reveals Microangiopathy and Capillary Occlusion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.09.704431v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWO_ST_ABSBackgroundC_ST_ABSTransthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR) is a progressive, degenerative disease affecting the heart and other organ systems, as well as the peripheral, autonomic, and central nervous systems. Although pharmacological and genetic evidence establishes aggregation as a driver of ATTR pathology, the mechanism by which aggregation compromises post-mitotic tissue function is poorly understood. We utilized bottom-up proteomics on wild-type (WT) human cardiac (WT/WT genotype) and V122I human cardiac (V122I/WT genotype) tissue, combined with tissue clearing technology to create an optically transparent tissue architecture to visualize three-dimensional relationships, to better understand TTR cardiomyopathy (CM).

MethodsFlash-frozen 0.5 mm cardiac tissue slices from human subjects with end-stage WT-TTR CM, end-stage V122I CM, and slices from an age-matched human control were used for these experiments. Fibril extraction from diseased tissue followed published protocols. Strong denaturant-mediated proteome tissue extraction on samples from each subject facilitated bottom-up proteomics by using liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS)/MS. Tissue clearing was performed on 0.5 mm cardiac slices utilizing a lauryl sulfate-based lipid removal strategy. Slices were stained using indirect immunofluorescence with antibodies to protein targets identified by proteomics. We used an antibody to non-native TTR and AmyTracker 480 (an oligothiophene dye that binds to amyloid fibrils) to image TTR deposits. ATTR fibrils were characterized structurally using cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) followed by helical reconstruction.

ResultsProteomic cardiac analysis afforded high spectral counts for transthyretin (TTR) and proteins typically associated with amyloid fibrils, e.g. serum amyloid P (APCS). Fibril and cardiac homogenate proteomics revealed high levels of angiogenic and hemostatic proteins, including those composing the complement and coagulation cascades. 3D imaging revealed loss of normal microvascular architecture in CM samples with regions of hyper- and hypovascularization. Microvascular obstruction by capillary thrombosis was also observed in CM. ATTR fibrils adopted the common spearhead fold and were decorated with collagen VI (COLVI), an extracellular matrix component.

ConclusionsWe hypothesize that ATTR CM is a microangiopathy driven by capillary bed thrombo-inflammation and dysregulated angiogenic revascularization. Phenotypic convergence of WT ATTR CM and V122I ATTR CM was observed via proteomics, 3D imaging, and ex vivo fibril characterization by cryo-EM. We provide evidence of capillary thrombosis in ex vivo ATTR CM tissue. Vasodilation and increased capillary permeability expose components of the vascular basement membrane (VBM) to misfolded TTR. These components are known to promote TTR aggregation and stabilize amyloid fibrils in the extracellular space. Congestion of the VBM prevents appropriate revascularization, reducing cardiac exertional capacity over time, leading to heart failure. Our ATTR CM heart tissue proteomics data shows significant overlap with the proteomic profiles of human AD brain tissues, revealing key amyloid, coagulation, complement, and angiogenesis proteins being changed in amyloidoses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Donnelly, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaefer, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massey, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ash, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nugroho, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaeger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neill, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maurer, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powers, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lander, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.09.704431</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3D Visualization and Proteomic Analysis of Human Cardiac Transthyretin Amyloidosis Tissue Reveals Microangiopathy and Capillary Occlusion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.09.704912v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
miR-940 suppresses ferroptosis by controlling expression of key regulatory genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.09.704912v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ferroptosis is a form of regulated cell death that is characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. This process is regulated by specific metabolites, the lipid composition of the cells, redox-active iron, and antioxidant mechanisms. Although numerous regulators have been identified over the past decade, exploring other mechanisms, particularly from non-coding genomic regions, can build a thorough understanding of the multifaceted regulatory processes underlying ferroptosis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a crucial role in gene regulation and cellular functions. Through a CRISPR KO screen, we identified miR-940 as a negative regulator of ferroptosis. Overexpression of miR-940 in several cell lines consistently suppressed ferroptosis induced by system xc- inhibition. Notably, multiple cancer patient cohorts with elevated miR-940 levels exhibit reduced survival. Integrated bioinformatic, transcriptomic, and proteomic analyses revealed that miR-940 decreases the expression of ACSL4, LPCAT3, DMT1, and NCOA4, and simultaneously increases levels of GPX4. Pharmacological inhibition of GPX4 attenuated the protective effect of miR-940, indicating that its primary anti-ferroptotic activity is mediated through GPX4. Overall, this gene rewiring is associated with reduced levels of redox-active iron and diminished lipid peroxidation, consistent with ferroptosis suppression. These findings suggest that miR-940 coordinates ferroptosis inhibition, which presents a novel regulatory layer for therapeutic exploration in susceptible cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kolak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tschuck, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaemena, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klimm, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galhoz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ringelstetter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fennell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merl-Pham, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Artati, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strasser, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garippa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witting, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zischka, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schick, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hauck, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menden, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincendeau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stockwell, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadian, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.09.704912</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[miR-940 suppresses ferroptosis by controlling expression of key regulatory genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.09.704936v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
External validation and time-stability analysis of STARE, a blood-free quantification tool for irreversible PET tracers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.09.704936v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rationale"Gold standard" blood-based quantification of dynamic 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) data has limited practical clinical applications due to cost and complexity of data collection and analysis. We previously presented a blood-free quantification alternative, STARE (Source-to-Target Automatic Rotating Estimation), that was validated on 18F-FDG data acquired on a ECAT EXACT HR+ scanner. Here, we extend that initial work by externally validating STARE using within-subject data acquired with both a Siemens Biograph mCT scanner and a portable Brain Biosciences CerePET scanner.

MethodsPerformance was assessed by comparing regional net influx rates (Ki) estimated using STARE and the standard blood-based Patlak approach. Twenty participants underwent 60-minute 18F-FDG scans, on two different days, once in each scanner. The time-stability of both STARE- and Patlak-based Ki estimates was evaluated by applying each method to the first 20 (STARE only), 30, 40, and 50 minutes of data.

ResultsSTARE demonstrated high correlation with Patlak Ki estimates across both scanner types, particularly in the Biograph mCT (r = 0.93), with lower correlation in the CerePET (r = 0.71). In the Biograph dataset, STARE provided reliable Ki estimates at all evaluated scan durations (20 minutes and above), while in the CerePET dataset, only the 50-minute duration yielded STARE Ki estimates that were not significantly different from the full 60 minutes. The Patlak approach provided Ki estimates at 40 minutes scan duration and above that did not differ from the 60-min scan results in both datasets.

ConclusionSTARE is a viable, noninvasive alternative to traditional blood-based quantification of dynamic 18F-FDG PET data, facilitating shorter, blood-free acquisition. This advancement could make dynamic 18F-FDG PET imaging more accessible and comfortable for patients, promoting broader clinical adoption.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Laurell, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anishenko, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shkolnik, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogden, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beylin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanderigo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.09.704936</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[External validation and time-stability analysis of STARE, a blood-free quantification tool for irreversible PET tracers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.10.705013v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Grasping at the organization of object knowledge: testing different object-related dimensions as organizational principles of ventral temporal cortex. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.10.705013v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In our daily lives we encounter a myriad of things with which we might need to interact as we navigate our environment. Mental representations of these things must be computed and stored in our brains to be manipulated to support cognition. How are such representations organized in the brain? Several proposals have been put forth on what the principles of organization of object information in the brain might be: within ventral temporal cortex - regions thought to support object recognition - possible dimensions include the animacy status of target stimuli, their real size, their texture and material properties, and potentially their graspable status, amongst others. Here we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and multivariate approaches to discriminate patterns of activation for different categories of objects to test the role of these dimensions as organizing principles of object information in the brain. We show that pattern discriminability between different categories of objects does not seem to follow differences in their animacy status in any continuous way. Moreover, graspability of the target stimuli and their haptic texture properties are better predictors of representational content within ventral temporal cortex than animacy and real size. These results are in line with recent studies demonstrating the importance of computational contingencies superimposed by bi-directional functional coupling between parietal regions dedicated to the processing of object manipulation and grasping and ventral temporal regions responsible for object recognition, potentially involving material and texture processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Serriere, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Argiris, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giorjiani, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergstrom, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walbrin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almeida, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.10.705013</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Grasping at the organization of object knowledge: testing different object-related dimensions as organizational principles of ventral temporal cortex.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.10.704921v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromosomal instability and chromosome 17p loss drive convergentNDE1 synthetic lethality in metastatic cancer cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.10.704921v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies have identified recurrent features of metastatic cancer cells such as their increased chromosomal instability (CIN) and frequent loss of the short arm of chromosome 17 (Chr17p). However, it remains unclear whether these features induce synthetic lethal vulnerabilities that can be used to specifically target metastatic disease. Using whole-genome CRISPR/Cas9 loss-of-function screens performed in matched primary and CIN-high brain-metastatic tumor models, we discovered that brain-metastatic cells exhibit increased sensitivity to the loss of diverse regulators of chromosome segregation. Knockout of one such regulator, NDE1, selectively inhibited the growth of brain-metastatic models in vitro and in vivo, an effect driven by the loss of STAG2 and consequent induction of CIN. Surprisingly, dependence on NDE1 was also highly correlated with loss of Chr17p across hundreds of cancer cell lines in DepMap, the result of losing the NDE1 paralog NDEL1, which resides at this locus. CIN and Chr17p loss are thus independently sufficient to drive NDE1 dependence in brain-metastatic cells, and the presence of both features increases NDE1 dependence additively. These findings demonstrate that metastasis evolution endows cancer cells with specific vulnerabilities, including one that is driven by two recurrently altered molecular features of metastatic disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Teddy, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoj, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caci, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Killarney, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Yishay, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-David, U. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.10.704921</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromosomal instability and chromosome 17p loss drive convergentNDE1 synthetic lethality in metastatic cancer cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.10.705117v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
4,5-dihydroxyhexanoic acid is a robust circulating and urine marker of mitochondrial disease and its severity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.10.705117v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Management of patients with mitochondrial respiratory chain diseases is challenging, in part because of our incomplete understanding of pathogenesis and a lack of biomarkers. Unknown metabolites account for >90% of detected features in modern metabolomics experiments and hold immense untapped promise for new basic and biomedical research. We recently used mass spectrometry-based metabolomics to identify and validate 19 circulating blood-based biomarkers for patients with the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) m.3243A>G pathogenic variant, which is the most frequent cause of the mitochondrial disorder MELAS (mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes). However, the most significantly changing biomarker corresponded to an "unknown" metabolite. Here, we combine cheminformatics with analytical chemistry and identify that feature as 4,5-dihydroxyhexanoic acid (4,5-DHHA), a metabolite previously associated with inherited defects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) catabolism, but with no prior links to mitochondrial respiratory chain disorders. We validate this finding in an independent MELAS cohort and further show that 4,5-DHHA levels correlate with disease severity and are elevated in patients with other forms of mitochondrial disease and sepsis. Furthermore, brain 4,5-DHHA levels were elevated in two genetic mouse models of mitochondrial disease. In vitro and tissue culture experiments indicate that 4,5-DHHA is generated when the GABA catabolite succinic semialdehyde reacts with an intermediate of the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction and is sensitive to mitochondrial complex I function. Our work identifies 4,5-DHHA as a robust plasma and urine marker of mitochondrial dysfunction in humans and reveals new connections between the respiratory chain and GABA metabolism.

Significance StatementInborn errors of the mitochondrial respiratory chain cause severe, progressive diseases, yet effective treatments and biomarkers remain limited. Modern metabolomics detects thousands of molecules in biofluids, but the vast majority are unidentified. In this study, we investigate the most significantly altered blood metabolite in patients with the most common mitochondrial disease - MELAS (mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes) - and identify it as an 4,5-dihydroxyhexanoic acid (4,5-DHHA). We show that 4,5-DHHA is reproducibly elevated and correlates with severity. Levels are increased across multiple mitochondrial disorders as well as in sepsis and rise when respiratory chain function is impaired. These findings establish 4,5-DHHA as a promising biomarker of mitochondrial dysfunction and reveal a link to dysregulated GABA metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Skinner, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miranda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Struhl, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schleifer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henke, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clardy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Vivo, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schon, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelstad, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegmund, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laprise, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Des Rosiers, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mootha, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.10.705117</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[4,5-dihydroxyhexanoic acid is a robust circulating and urine marker of mitochondrial disease and its severity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.15.704070v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SMARCAL1 is a candidate therapeutic target for ALT-positive tumors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.15.704070v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A significant subset of tumors, including over 50% of osteosarcomas--an aggressive bone malignancy affecting children, adolescents, and young adults--relies on alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT), a telomerase-independent, DNA repair-based mechanism for telomere elongation. The overall 5-year survival rate for osteosarcoma patients is [~]65%, underlying the need to develop novel targeted therapies. Through the Cancer Dependency Map, we identify SMARCAL1, a DNA translocase previously shown to remodel stalled replication forks, as a top selective dependency factor in telomerase-negative tumors. Using a panel of ALT-positive and ALT-negative cancer cell lines, as well as osteosarcoma patient-derived xenograft cells, we confirm that ALT-positive cells are uniquely sensitive to the loss of SMARCAL1, whose depletion exacerbates ALT-dependent phenotypes and telomeric DNA damage. Notably, we demonstrate that suppressing ALT abrogates their dependency on SMARCAL1. Mechanistically, we show that SMARCAL1 loss leads to telomeric ssDNA accumulation in ALT-positive cells, dependent in part on DNA repriming mediated by the DNA primase/polymerase PRIMPOL. Moreover, SMARCAL1s ssDNA annealing activity counteracts DNA unwinding by the BLM helicase, limiting telomeric ssDNA accumulation and DNA damage in ALT-positive cells. Importantly, SMARCAL1 depletion induces senescence in ALT-positive cancer cells, rendering them susceptible to treatment with senolytic agents. Together, these findings establish SMARCAL1 as a key regulator of ALT metabolism and highlight SMARCAL1 as a promising therapeutic target for ALT-positive tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taglialatela, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azeroglu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dello Stritto, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gouge, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lama-Diaz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaitsiankova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leuzzi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dela Cruz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, Z. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kung, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cejka, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denchi, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciccia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.15.704070</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SMARCAL1 is a candidate therapeutic target for ALT-positive tumors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.16.706152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Privacy-Preserving Pangenome Graphs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.16.706152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human pangenome reference, often represented as a graph, promises to capture genetic diversity across populations, but open release of individual haplotypes raises significant privacy concerns, including risks of re-identification and inference of sensitive traits. To address these challenges, we introduce PanMixer, a framework for privacy-preserving pangenome graph releases that selectively obfuscates an individuals haplotypes while retaining the utility of the reference graph. PanMixer formulates the privacy-utility trade-off as a knapsack problem, where privacy risk is quantified using information theory and utility is measured using graph properties. Using the recently released draft human pangenome containing 47 individuals, we show that PanMixer robustly reduces re-identification risk under linkage attacks and genome reconstruction attempts. We also show that PanMixer preserves the accuracy of key downstream applications, including allele frequency estimation, linkage disequilibrium analysis, and read mapping. By addressing privacy concerns, PanMixer enables the inclusion of individuals, particularly those from underrepresented populations, who might otherwise be reluctant to contribute but seek representation in future genomic studies. Our results provide both a practical tool and a generalizable framework for balancing privacy and utility in future large-scale pangenome references.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blindenbach, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gursoy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.16.706152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Privacy-Preserving Pangenome Graphs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.16.706191v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Private Information Leakage from Polygenic Risk Scores 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.16.706191v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polygenic Risk Scores (PRSs) estimate the likelihood of individuals to develop complex diseases based on their genetic variations. While their use in clinical practice and direct-to-consumer genetic testing is growing, the privacy implications of publicly sharing PRS values are often underestimated. In this work, we demonstrate that PRSs can be exploited to recover genotypes and to de-anonymize individuals. We describe how to reconstruct a portion of an individuals genome from a single PRS value by using dynamic programming and population-based likelihood estimation, which we experimentally demonstrate on PRS panels of up 50 variants. We highlight the risks of combining multiple, even larger-panel PRSs to improve genotype-recovery accuracy, which can lead to the re-identification of individuals or their relatives in genomic databases or to the prediction of additional health risks, not originally associated with the disclosed PRSs. We then develop an analytical frame-work to assess the privacy risk of releasing individual PRS values and provide a potential solution for sharing PRS models without decreasing their utility. Our tool and instructions to reproduce our calculations can be found at https://github.com/G2Lab/prs-privacy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nikitin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gursoy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.16.706191</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Private Information Leakage from Polygenic Risk Scores]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.16.706245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wayfarer: A multiscale framework for spatial analysis of tumor progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.16.706245v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial biology spans multiple length scales, from intracellular organization to tissue-level architecture. Spatial transcriptomics captures this structure, yet most analyses operate at a single spatial resolution, implicitly assuming that biological organization is scale-consistent. In practice, spatial autocorrelation and co-localization are functions of scale, and conclusions can depend on arbitrary aggregation choices.

Here we present Wayfarer, a multiscale framework for spatial -omics that tracks how spatial association metrics evolve across nested spatial aggregations, enabling statistical comparison of multiscale structure across biological conditions. Using Xenium data from lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), we show that spatial patterns often co-exist at fine and coarse scales and that progression is accompanied by reproducible shifts in scale-response profiles. These include increased fine-scale coherence of ERBB2-high tumor regions and coarse-scale clustering of immune-associated markers that are not apparent at a single resolution. Wayfarer converts spatial aggregation from a confounder into a diagnostic signal and is implemented as an R package to be released through Bioconductor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moses, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herault, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumitrascu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.16.706245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wayfarer: A multiscale framework for spatial analysis of tumor progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.17.706429v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NanoHIVSeq: A Long-Read Bioinformatics Pipeline for High-Throughput Processing of HIV Env Sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.17.706429v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-throughput sequencing of the HIV-1 envelope (Env) gene from viral quasispecies is essential for epidemiology, virus-antibody coevolution studies, and evaluating therapeutics, but the conventional single-genome amplification (SGA) coupled with Sanger sequencing is labor-intensive and low-throughput. Oxford Nanopore Technology (ONT) offers long-read sequencing advantages, but high error rates (1-7%) poses a challenge in identifying biological variants from sequencing artifacts. Without unique molecular identifiers (UMIs), which lose DNA template and add complexity in library preparation, here we introduce NanoHIVSeq, a UMI-free and reference-free bioinformatics pipeline that processes ONT data from bulk Env PCR amplicons through multistep clustering, consensus polishing, indel correction, denoising, and genotyping to recover functional full-length Env variants. By leveraging advanced ONT duplex sequencing technology, NanoHIVSeq was assessed using plasmid env and bulk HIV reservoir datasets, demonstrating high robustness, recovery rate, reproducibility, and accuracy (>99.9% or >Q30) comparable to UMI approaches. Our findings indicated that NanoHIVSeq allows flexible and simplified ONT library preparation for reproducible and efficient Env sequencing especially for large cohorts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McWhirter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.17.706429</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NanoHIVSeq: A Long-Read Bioinformatics Pipeline for High-Throughput Processing of HIV Env Sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.19.706886v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Isogenic cortical organoids enable precision targeting of APP variant-specific pathways in Alzheimer's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.19.706886v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers disease (AD) lacks disease-modifying therapies, in part due to the limitations of existing disease models, which have struggled to capture the early pathogenic events leading to neuronal degeneration. Unfortunately, recent therapies targeting hallmarks of AD have proven inefficient in humans, and it is thus necessary to identify alternative targets. Here, by generating an isogenic panel of hiPSC-derived cortical organoids carrying familial AD-associated APP variants or the protective A673T variant, we identified distinct, actionable pathogenic pathways specific to each variant. Proteomic analyses revealed variant-specific molecular disruptions: A673V organoids show impairments in proteostasis and cholesterol metabolism, whereas KM670/671NL organoids exhibit mitochondrial bioenergetic defects. These signatures overlapped with dysregulated proteins in post-mortem AD brains, demonstrating the reliability of our in vitro model. Importantly, targeted interventions restored neuronal survival in a variant-specific manner: overexpression of the master regulator of lysosomal biogenesis, TFEB, rescued A673V neurons, while ferroptosis inhibition selectively protected KM670/671NL neurons. Overall, our results indicate that differential treatments can be tailored based on distinct genetic backgrounds, supporting the development of precision medicine approaches in AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grass, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cosacak, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ordureau, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kavali, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldarelli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiao, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardarajan, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulo, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marass, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kizil, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Muela, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.19.706886</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Isogenic cortical organoids enable precision targeting of APP variant-specific pathways in Alzheimer's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.19.706908v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemical activation of mitophagy via the N-degron pathway alleviates mitochondrial neuropathies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.19.706908v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pharmacological activation of mitophagy offers a promising strategy to eliminate dysfunctional mitochondria that drive neurodegenerative and ischemic pathologies; however, the clinical translation of mitophagy inducers remains challenging. Here, we developed ATB1071, an orally bioavailable chemical N-degron that activates p62-mediated mitophagy through both Parkin-independent pathways involving NIPSNAP1 and NIPSNAP2, and a Parkin-dependent pathway involving the substrate EBP1/PA2G4. In Ndufs4-/- mice, a Leigh syndrome (LS) model, ATB1071 induced mitophagy in the brain and exerted therapeutic benefits by reducing neuroinflammation, improving neuromuscular coordination, and extending lifespan. In cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (IR) model mice, ATB1071 markedly reduced infarct volume and neuronal death, and ameliorated multiple behavioral deficits through EBP1-dependent mitophagy. Pharmacokinetic (PK) and toxicological evaluation identify ATB1071 as a promising preclinical therapeutic candidate for alleviating mitochondria-associated neurological injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kwon, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, B.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Son, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, D.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heo, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suh, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, W.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, Y. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.19.706908</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemical activation of mitophagy via the N-degron pathway alleviates mitochondrial neuropathies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.19.706929v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A universal platform for simultaneous TCRα/β removal enables safer and more potent TCR therapies and autoimmune modeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.19.706929v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adoptive T-cell therapies using tumour-specific T-cell receptors (TCRs) are limited by competition with endogenous receptors, which impairs efficacy and poses risks of off-target autoreactivity. Here we present a CRISPR-based platform that completely and selectively eliminates both endogenous TCR- and -{beta} chains without affecting introduced transgenic TCRs, irrespective of codon optimization. This approach achieves >90% deletion efficiency in Jurkat and primary human T cells, markedly enhancing the expression, pairing fidelity, and functional potency of transgenic receptors. Using a clinically relevant HLA-A*02:01-restricted DMF5 TCR, we show that dual TCR ablation boosts antigen-specific activation and cytotoxicity in vitro and significantly enhances tumor clearance in vivo in human immune system (HIS) mice, while preventing graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Targeted locus amplification revealed that CRISPR-induced double-strand breaks did not alter lentiviral integration profiles, confirming genomic safety. Extending this approach to four insulin-reactive TCRs demonstrated that removal of endogenous receptors increased transduction efficiency and functional activity, with one (1E6) showing selective activation and infiltration of stem cell-derived islet grafts (SC-islets) in vivo. This study establishes a universal, safe, and scalable genome-editing platform for generating functionally precise human T cells. By integrating cancer immunotherapy and autoimmune disease modelling within a single framework, it provides a strong preclinical rationale for dual endogenous TCR removal as a route to improved specificity, safety, and therapeutic efficacy in TCR-based cell therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zanetti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legut, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fathi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suek, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teteloshvili, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traum, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaestner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bremer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sewell, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parent, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creusot, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sykes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khosravi Maharlooei, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.19.706929</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A universal platform for simultaneous TCRα/β removal enables safer and more potent TCR therapies and autoimmune modeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.20.706349v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Scalable Design for Proximity-Inducing Molecules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.20.706349v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chimeric molecules, which bring together an effector enzyme and a protein-of-interest (POI) to add/remove post-translational modifications (PTMs), are furnishing transformative modalities (e.g., PROTACs). However, these chimeras scalability is limited as they employ rare, non-inhibitory binders of effectors. We report GRoup-transfer chimeras for Inducing Proximity (GRIPs) that employ abundantly available effectors inhibitors to append POI binder on the effector using group-transfer handles. To demonstrate scalability, we develop 6 GRIPs classes for 3 PTMs utilizing diverse inhibitor, spanning 16 effector-POI pairs. Furthermore, we report a toolbox of 42 tunable group-transfer handles for Cys/Lys residues and [~]5000 inhibitor-residue pairs for diverse effectors. Using global proteomics, we confirm the specificity for group transfer and PTM editing. GRIPs endowed new functionalities to POI drugs, including preventing rebound signaling upon drug withdrawal, a more potent/persistent inhibition, and inhibitor-induced pathway activation in 4 fully-endogenous systems. In diverse hemi-endogenous systems (tagged POI), GRIPs induced condensate formation with reduced off-targets, cleared pathogenic PTMs, and initiated PTM crosstalk. Overall, GRIPs provide a scalable and versatile platform for PTM editing.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=184 SRC="FIGDIR/small/706349v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (41K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@132f70dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@f9aa62org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@12143edorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@f296d4_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karaj, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatarangan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sindi, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siriwongsup, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pergu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vedagopuram, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kailass, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fung, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tefera, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhaliwal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhary, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keyes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadagopan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boatner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fehl, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Backus, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhary, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.20.706349</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Scalable Design for Proximity-Inducing Molecules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.20.707118v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CLADES - Contrastive Learning Augmented DifferEntial Splicing with Orthologous Positive Pairs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.20.707118v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alternative splicing (AS) reshapes transcript and protein repertoires across biological, e.g. cellular, contexts. However, learning sequence [-&gt;] content-specific splicing mappings is challenging due to limited labels across tissues and cell types and variability introduced by experimental protocols. We propose a contrastive representation learning pre-training approach grounded in evolutionary conservation. Orthologous exon-intron junction sequences are treated as semantically consistent views of the same regulatory program: evolutionary orthologs are positive pairs, non-homologous junctions are negatives. This discriminative objective aligns embeddings of regulatory equivalents while separating functionally unrelated sequences, inducing invariances to unconstrained sequence and emphasizing conserved motif/RBP and positional signals. We show that this pre-training strategy provides representations that help predict{Delta}{psi} , the change in exon inclusion between conditions, which encodes both direction and magnitude of splicing shifts. Specifically, we finetune a lightweight supervised head on available labels to predict{Delta}{psi} . To make these predictions biologically meaningful, we further introduce an interpretable, splice-motif-aware classification framework grounded in known regulatory signals. On benchmarks spanning tissue- and cell-type differential splicing, the learned representations yield strong{Delta}{psi} classification performance (AUPRC/AUROC for increased/decreased inclusion) and competitive results for regression (RMSE, Spearman). These findings indicate that evolution-as-augmentation, instantiated via contrastive learning, is an effective and biologically principled route to context-resolved splicing prediction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Talukder, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keung, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe'er, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.20.707118</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CLADES - Contrastive Learning Augmented DifferEntial Splicing with Orthologous Positive Pairs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.22.707308v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reverse electron transfer at mitochondrial complex I restrains dopaminergic neuron activity to promote early-life sleep in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.22.707308v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sleep architecture and depth undergo profound changes across early life. In many species, including Drosophila melanogaster, juvenile animals exhibit elevated sleep drive and deeper sleep states relative to adults, a process linked to reduced activity of wake-promoting dopaminergic neurons (DANs). To identify cell-intrinsic mechanisms regulating developmental sleep, we profiled gene expression in juvenile and mature DANs and performed a targeted RNAi screen of genes with higher juvenile expression. From this screen, we found that the magnitude of mitochondrial complex I (MCI) disruption produced distinct behavioral outcomes. Severe MCI loss-of-function caused locomotor deficits due to mitochondrial dysfunction and reduced neuronal activity. Surprisingly, partial MCI inhibition preserved mitochondrial integrity but resulted in sleep loss, with a most pronounced impact on juvenile adult sleep fragmentation and depth. We demonstrate that dopaminergic neuron activity in juvenile flies is sensitive to the Coenzyme Q redox state with a low CoQ/CoQH2 promoting sleep depth by restraining DAN activity. Our results are consistent with a model in which the reverse transfer of electrons from CoQH2 to NAD+ at MCI limits DAN activity. By dissociating changes in CoQ redox state from catastrophic mitochondrial failure, this work indicates that sleep phenotypes may serve as sensitive indicators of emerging mitochondrial dysfunction, with implications for understanding the developmental origins of neurodegenerative vulnerability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosa, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kayser, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.22.707308</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reverse electron transfer at mitochondrial complex I restrains dopaminergic neuron activity to promote early-life sleep in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.23.707472v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein-stabilizing and neurotransmission-potentiating activities of a synaptic chaperone modify spinal muscular atrophy in model mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.23.707472v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an oft-fatal infantile-onset neuromuscular disease caused by low SMN protein. Administration of SMN-inducing agents to SMA newborns prevents early mortality, but therapeutic outcomes vary considerably, and disease mechanisms remain poorly understood. Genetic modifiers can provide clues to disease mechanisms and serve as targets for novel treatments. Here, we describe how one such modifier suppresses SMA in model mice. We show that the modifier, an Hspa8G470R synaptic chaperone variant we previously identified, functions beyond an already defined role as an SMN2 splice-switcher. Even in mice lacking the SMN2 gene, the modifier, whether expressed genetically or exogenously, potently suppressed disease, preventing motor neuron degeneration, ameliorating neuromuscular dysfunction and extending lifespan more than ten-fold. Unexpectedly, this was once again associated with incremental SMN increase - an outcome we discovered is linked to Hspa8G470R-mediated autophagy, effects of the modifier on autophagy-associated intermediate complexes and, ultimately, reduced SMN turnover. Interestingly, however, Hspa8G470R also stimulated neuromuscular transmission significantly, raising the effective, functional readily releasable pool of motor neuronal synaptic vesicles. This effect was not limited to mutants alone but apparent in healthy controls too and did not correlate with mere increase in SMN. Combined, these outcomes suggest that Hspa8 governs neuromuscular function in several ways including direct effects on synapses. Mechanisms revealed here shed additional light on pathways gone awry in SMA - ones that might be modulated to develop or refine therapies for neuromuscular disorders at large.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Her, Y.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuentes-Moliz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kothary, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabares, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monani, U. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.23.707472</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein-stabilizing and neurotransmission-potentiating activities of a synaptic chaperone modify spinal muscular atrophy in model mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.24.707527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling patient variants of Cnot1 and Cdc42bpb results in distinct forms of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.24.707527v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a severe congenital anomaly characterized by impairment of both diaphragm and lung development in utero. CDH presents as a spectrum of forms and severities, with diaphragm defects arising in the dorsal/posterior region typically correlating with more severe pulmonary disease and higher risk of mortality than those appearing in ventral/anterior regions. The genetic etiology underlying CDH is complex, with many genes implicated showing variable expressivity and incomplete penetrance in both human patients and mouse models. Here we present in vivo validation of two genes previously unassociated with CDH: the CDC42-interacting kinase CDC42BPB; and CNOT1, a scaffolding protein of the CCR4-NOT protein complex, critical for mRNA regulation through modifications such as deadenylation. Each gene was found to have a damaging, de novo missense variant in a recent large-scale CDH patient sequencing screen. Loss of Cdc42bpb leads to ventral diaphragmatic hernias, heart septal defects and minor lung epithelial differentiation defects in mouse embryos. Installation of the orthologous patient-specific missense variant through CRISPR/Cas9 editing leads to less severe ventral diaphragm defects. Mouse embryos with either one or two copies of the orthologous Cnot1 variant, c.1867C>T (p.R623W), develop dorsal diaphragmatic hernias with low (<50%) penetrance, and mutants showed alterations in mRNA isoform expression consistent with the molecular role of Cnot1 in RNA splicing. These results underscore the power of in vivo functional modeling to validate genes and patient-specific variants uncovered by patient sequencing, reveal two previously unrecognized genetic causes of CDH, and highlight the heterogeneity of different patient anatomic presentations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bogenschutz, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carpenter, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ledermann, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heffner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snow, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bult, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donahoe, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowbotham, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>High, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.24.707527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling patient variants of Cnot1 and Cdc42bpb results in distinct forms of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.24.707791v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
cGAS inhibition delays TDP-43-driven ALS Pathogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.24.707791v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder marked by motor neuron loss and cytoplasmic mislocalization of TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43), a key regulator of RNA splicing. However, the upstream modulators of this process remain poorly defined. Here we identify cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) as a central mediator of TDP-43 pathology and associated mis-splicing. cGAS expression was elevated in ALS patient brains and enriched across activated microglia. In human iPSC-derived microglia-motor neuron co-cultures, neuronal TDP-43 pathology triggered microglial cGAS activation, whereas pharmacological inhibition with a potent human cGAS inhibitor reduced phosphorylated TDP-43, restored lysosomal and phagocytic programs, normalized microglial reactivity, and reversed TDP-43-associated RNA splicing defects. In vivo, cGAS inhibition in TDP-43 Q331K mice reversed widespread RNA splicing abnormalities across neurons and oligodendrocyte lineage cells, attenuated neurodegenerative pathology, and preserved motor function. Together, these findings identify cGAS as a druggable upstream regulator linking innate immune signaling to TDP-43-dependent RNA mis-splicing and neurodegeneration, and establish cGAS inhibition as a promising therapeutic strategy for ALS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aikedan, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhagwat, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagiri, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coronas-Samano, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olah, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tilgner, H. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.24.707791</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[cGAS inhibition delays TDP-43-driven ALS Pathogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.26.708179v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex-specific Genetic Regulatory Effects in Chickens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.26.708179v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sexual dimorphism is a defining vertebrate feature, yet its sex-specific molecular architecture remains poorly understood. Here we established a sex-balanced, uniformly reared chicken cohort to map this landscape, integrating individual whole-genome sequencing with 7,969 bulk and 779,380 single nucleus transcriptomes across 32 tissues from 280 birds. We identified 495,098 independent expression quantitative trait loci for 20,194 genes, including 10,937 loci modulated by cell-type composition. Notably, 340 genes were regulated by 449 loci in a sex-dependent manner, significantly enrichment in endocrine tissues like adipose and the adrenal gland. Furthermore, we fine-mapped 1,219 structural variants, demonstrating their unique roles to tissue- and sex-specific expression beyond SNPs. Ultimately, we showed the utility of these regulatory effects in elucidating the molecular basis of metabolism and complex traits in both chickens and humans. This comprehensive atlas of regulatory effects provides profound insights into the genomic and molecular basis of sexual dimorphism in vertebrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GUAN, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouyang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madsen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ionita-Laza, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darrington, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Wijst, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.26.708179</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex-specific Genetic Regulatory Effects in Chickens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.26.708286v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local GPCR density tips the balance of μ-opioid receptor trafficking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.26.708286v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The extent to which local GPCR surface density governs engagement of downstream signaling and trafficking pathways remains unclear. Using single-particle tracking of the -opioid receptor (MOR), we show that receptor density differentially regulates G protein signaling and GRK2/3-{beta}-arrestin-dependent receptor trafficking. At low surface density, MORs activate G proteins but fail to enter clathrin-coated structures despite the presence of endogenous GRK2/3 and {beta}-arrestin. Increasing MOR density, co-expressing other class A GPCRs, or elevating GRK2 or {beta}-arrestin abundance rescues agonist-induced MOR trafficking. In contrast, the class B GPCR V2R blocks MOR trafficking at both low and high MOR densities. These results support a model in which increasing class A GPCR density, despite worsening effector-to-receptor stoichiometry, promotes trafficking by forming an affinity matrix that enables reversible GRK2/3 and {beta}-arrestin interactions to be productively used by neighboring receptors in a density-dependent manner, whereas class B GPCRs sequester {beta}-arrestin and block trafficking.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holsey, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bondar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geggier, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dukas, G. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webb, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Govindaraju, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathiasen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canals, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambert, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asher, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javitch, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.26.708286</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local GPCR density tips the balance of μ-opioid receptor trafficking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.27.706744v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct tensile force activates Adgrl3 in a tethered agonist-dependent manner 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.27.706744v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors are proposed to function as mechanosensors, yet whether controlled mechanical force can directly activate receptor signaling in living cells remains unclear. Using optical tweezers, we demonstrate that direct tensile force applied to the N-terminus of the adhesion GPCR Adgrl3 is sufficient to induce G protein recruitment in living cells. Activation is direction-specific, requires a functional tethered agonist, and aligns with coexisting force-driven GAIN-domain conformational changes and dissociation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mathiasen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmkvist, J. F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barooji, Y. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, Y. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regmi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vejre, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosell-Teixido, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenkilde, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bendix, P. M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javitch, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.27.706744</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct tensile force activates Adgrl3 in a tethered agonist-dependent manner]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.26.708370v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
STCS: A Platform-Agnostic Framework for Cell-Level Reconstruction in Sequencing-Based Spatial Transcriptomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.26.708370v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sequencing-based spatial transcriptomics technologies, including Visium HD and Stereo-seq, now enable transcriptome-wide profiling at subcellular resolution. However, these platforms generate measurements over spatially barcoded units rather than biologically segmented cells, creating a fundamental bottleneck for cell-centric analysis and interpretation. Robust recon-struction of coherent single-cell transcriptomes from high-density spatial bins remains an unresolved computational challenge.

Here we present STCS (Spatial Transcriptomics Cell Segmentation), a platform-agnostic framework that reconstructs cell-level gene expression profiles by integrating nuclei segmentation with a joint transcriptomic-spatial distance model. STCS is governed by two interpretable parameters and incorporates a reference-free parameter selection strategy based on internal stability and spatial coherence metrics, enabling adaptable deployment across tissue types and technologies without requiring matched ground-truth annotations.

We benchmark STCS on a Visium HD human lung cancer dataset with matched Xenium-derived cell segmentation, enabling direct cell-level validation, and on high-resolution Stereo-seq mouse brain data to assess cross-platform generalizability. Across multiple evaluation dimensions--including cell-type agreement, spatial organization, gene-expression fidelity, and compositional accuracy--STCS achieves consistent improvements over existing methods while preserving biologically coherent spatial structure.

As sequencing-based spatial transcriptomics is rapidly adopted across biomedical research, STCS provides a broadly applicable and open-source solution for reconstructing cell-resolved transcriptomes, facilitating more reliable downstream analyses and cross-platform integration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzales, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ofer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verzi, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.26.708370</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[STCS: A Platform-Agnostic Framework for Cell-Level Reconstruction in Sequencing-Based Spatial Transcriptomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.01.708715v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Therapeutic targeting inflammation linking periodontitis and atherosclerotic comorbidities using cell-free DNA-capturing nanomaterials 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.01.708715v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Periodontitis-associated systemic inflammation makes it a great challenge to explore therapeutic options applicable to periodontitis and atherosclerotic comorbidities. Here, we identify the crucial role of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) that underlies these comorbidities. Hypothesizing cfDNA as a therapeutic target, we engineer polyamidoamine dendrimer-functionalized nanomaterials to modulate such local-systemic inflammatory crosstalk. Periodontium-originated DNA can be systemically captured by cationic nanomaterials, and capturing cfDNA, whether locally or systemically, alleviates both periodontitis and atherosclerosis prior to severe atherosclerotic development in vivo. The transcriptomic and single-cell RNA sequencing analyses together reveal that cfDNA-capturing nanomaterials regulate inflammatory foam cell transformation in macrophages by modulating the expression of lipid-related foamy markers Spp1 and Fabp4. This study provides a proof of concept for cfDNA-driven periodontitis-atherosclerosis crosstalk, and offers a cfDNA-capturing nanoplatform for therapeutic intervention targeting periodontitis and atherosclerotic comorbidities in a holistic fashion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leong, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.01.708715</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Therapeutic targeting inflammation linking periodontitis and atherosclerotic comorbidities using cell-free DNA-capturing nanomaterials]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.02.708854v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disrupted O-GalNAc glycosylation as a mechanism and biomarker of SLC35A2-associated epilepsy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.02.708854v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rare germline and somatic variants in SLC35A2 cause a spectrum of severe glycosylation disorders that commonly present with epilepsy. SLC35A2 encodes the Golgi transporter for UDP-galactose, but how its deficiency leads to severe neurodevelopmental disorders is unknown. Using a mouse model deficient for Slc35a2 in the forebrain, we identified a specific defect in O-GalNAc glycan synthesis, while other galactose-containing glycoconjugates remained intact. O-GalNAc glycans were absent from their normal location within neuronal tracts of the corpus callosum, and truncated precursors accumulated in the cortex on critical extracellular matrix molecules. Cultured primary neurons lacking Slc35a2 showed impaired development, hyperexcitability, and impaired O-GalNAc glycosylation. Finally, human brain tissue from cases of SLC35A2-associated intractable epilepsy displayed a strong correlation between variant burden and truncated O-GalNAc glycans. These findings provide a mechanistic link between genetic causes of SLC35A2-associated epilepsy and protein O-glycosylation that can be targeted for biomarker and therapeutic development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mealer, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masters, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barth, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huizar, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ringland, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muron, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowyer, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DGama, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poduri, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lidov, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furnari, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canoll, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostendorf, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koboldt, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierson, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philpot, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cummings, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinzen, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedrosian, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.02.708854</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disrupted O-GalNAc glycosylation as a mechanism and biomarker of SLC35A2-associated epilepsy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.02.709046v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptive integration of model-based and model-free strategies in human reinforcement learning of reachable space 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.02.709046v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most skilled behaviour occurs within reachable space; however, how humans learn to reach around obstacles in this space remains almost entirely unexplored. Here, using a novel robotic maze task that captures the richness of naturalistic hand-object interaction, we show that humans adaptively integrate model-based and model-free reinforcement learning strategies to act in reachable space. Fitting hybrid models to reach trajectories revealed that participants shifted from model-based toward model-free strategies across learning. Specifically, model-free reliance increased with state familiarity and distance from the goal, and with exclusive haptic feedback. Across participants, greater model-free reliance was associated with faster movements, consistent with reduced planning demands. Critically, direct comparison with an analogous virtual navigation task revealed stronger model-free reliance in reachable space than in navigable space, demonstrating that the computational architecture governing spatial learning is shared across scales but calibrated to the costs and constraints of the specific effector system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Syan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vejandla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallivan, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolpert, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flanagan, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.02.709046</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptive integration of model-based and model-free strategies in human reinforcement learning of reachable space]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.02.709112v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CNS-resident B cells develop locally into a pro-inflammatory age-associated phenotype during aging and after stroke 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.02.709112v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging and age-related diseases like ischemic stroke induce chronic lymphocyte recruitment into the CNS. Conflicting effects on post-stroke functional recovery, however, are secondary to the differences in responding lymphocyte populations that shift immunophenotype with injury and age. To better define CNS-localized B cell subsets, we used flow cytometry, single-cell RNA sequencing, and B cell receptor sequencing on B cells isolated from uninjured and post-stroke brains of aged male and female mice. We identified a novel B1b cell progenitor pool distinct from canonical pleural/peritoneal niches. Trajectory analysis showed progenitor transition into age-associated B cell (ABC) subsets, and clonal expansion of IgM+ ABCs (ABC/B1b) and plasma cells following ischemic stroke. We also confirmed analogous ABCs and developing B cell populations in post-mortem human parenchymal tissue isolated from aged brain donors. These studies reveal unique B cell populations that can proliferate within the aging CNS and exhibit a conserved inflammatory signature across species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McAtee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenwood, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ujas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colson, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watkins, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winford, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cotter, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Britsch, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turchan-Cholewo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutshumba, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuart, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Runice, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebbert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherra, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturgill, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stowe, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.02.709112</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CNS-resident B cells develop locally into a pro-inflammatory age-associated phenotype during aging and after stroke]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.03.709398v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defining the Antigenic Topology and Prospective Binding Breadth of Vaccination-induced SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.03.709398v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibodies that neutralize SARS-CoV-2 primarily target the viral spike glycoprotein, yet the breadth of these responses is continually challenged by viral evolution. While extensive structural studies have defined epitopes across the spike protein, how antibodies elicited by the initial mRNA vaccination campaigns perform against subsequently emerging variants remains an important question. Here, we structurally and functionally characterize a panel of early plasmablast-derived human monoclonal antibodies isolated following primary mRNA vaccination, targeting both the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and the N-terminal domain (NTD) of spike. Using cryo-electron microscopy, variant-binding analyses, and viral-fusion inhibition assays, we observe that antibodies directed against immunodominant regions of the RBD and NTD are highly potent but more frequently impacted by variant-associated mutations. In contrast, antibodies engaging a conserved hydrophobic pocket within the NTD exhibit broader reactivity and neutralize through distinct molecular mechanisms. Together, these findings extend prior structural studies of spike-directed antibodies by prospectively assessing the breadth of vaccine-elicited antibodies against later variants and identifying structural features associated with differential escape sensitivity. These results contribute to a growing understanding of how early vaccine-induced antibody repertoires relate to subsequent viral evolution.

One sentence summaryAntibody epitopes on SARS-CoV-2 spike determine prospective breadth and vulnerability to viral evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jaiswal, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altomare, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adelsberg, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sapse, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krammer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellebedy, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bajic, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.03.709398</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defining the Antigenic Topology and Prospective Binding Breadth of Vaccination-induced SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.03.709303v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Toward Computationally Complete Spatial Omics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.03.709303v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multimodal spatial omics has transformed biology by mapping molecular complexity within intact tissues, yet current technologies remain limited in the number of modalities measured simultaneously and often produce lower-quality data than single-modality assays. We present COSIE, a computational framework that generates high-resolution, multilayered molecular landscapes across tissue sections, individuals, and platforms. COSIE integrates histology, epigenome, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome into a unified representation. Applied to 12 datasets spanning 10 spatial technologies, eight modalities, and nine tissue types, ranging from thousands of spots to millions of cells, COSIE outperforms existing methods. It resolves tissue structures, enhances noisy measurements, predicts unmeasured modalities, and captures dynamic processes. In human tumors, COSIE identifies invasive subregions linked to clinical outcomes and predicts spatial gene expression in TCGA samples using only histology images. By transforming fragmented data into comprehensive spatial maps, COSIE advances computationally complete spatial omics and the creation of digital tissue twins for biomedicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachs, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yiu, S. P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blank, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samarah, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, Y. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shalek, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solis Soto, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabinowitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thaiss, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maegdefessel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadara, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.03.709303</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Toward Computationally Complete Spatial Omics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.05.709911v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-molecule spatial genomics reveals the multi-scale organization and plasticity of extrachromosomal DNA in glioblastoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.05.709911v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) is a major driver of intratumoral heterogeneity and is associated with poor clinical outcomes across cancers, yet how individual ecDNA molecules are organized and regulated within intact tumors remains unknown. Here, we leveraged single-molecule, multi-modal spatial genomics to resolve the three-dimensional chromatin organization and transcriptional activity of individual EGFR-containing ecDNA molecules in glioblastoma (GBM) cells in vitro, in orthotopic xenografts, and in patient-derived GBM tissue. At the larger scale, we find that distinct GBM molecular and functional states emerge depending on the local cellular environment. EGFR expression was markedly different between GBM subpopulations, and perturbations of EGFR dosage shifted GBM cellular states. ecDNA expression was modulated by multiple mechanisms, including variation in copy number, chromatin organization, DNA sequence, and chromosomal reintegration, which were simultaneously measured within the same cells. At the single-molecule scale, ecDNA adopts a physically expanded chromatin configuration with larger ecDNA molecules having higher transcriptional activity and interaction with active transcriptional machinery. ecDNA regulation was coordinated within cells and across GBM states, and ecDNA copy number, structure, and transcription were spatially organized across the tumor architecture. Co-culturing GBM cells with neurons recapitulated key features of infiltrative regions, including lower EGFR expression, reduced ecDNA copy number, and increased chromosomal reintegration, suggesting a causal role for the microenvironment in shaping ecDNA regulation. Collectively, these findings support a model in which GBM states and ecDNA are linked, plastic, and influenced by microenvironmental contexts, revealing a previously inaccessible layer of genome organization underlying tumor heterogeneity and malignant cell behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taylor, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keal, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saravanan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyake, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawauchi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vadla, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elkassih, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashyap, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malukhina, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nafisi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loe, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bendik, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAllister, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furnari, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bintu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.05.709911</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-molecule spatial genomics reveals the multi-scale organization and plasticity of extrachromosomal DNA in glioblastoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.05.709929v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Community assembly explains invasion differences between two contrasting forest types 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.05.709929v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plant communities within a metacommunity can vary widely in their degree of invasion by introduced species. Disturbance, propagule pressure, and biotic resistance are common explanations for this variation, but empirical evidence for these hypotheses is mixed. Alternatively, the community assembly framework predicts that local assembly filters determine both native and exotic composition, but lower trait variation in the introduced species pool may exclude them from certain sites. We examined evidence for this framework using observational data from forests and woodlands of Long Island, NY, USA. These forests vary in vegetation composition and invasion along a soil gradient. They are also highly disturbed and fragmented, yet some stands have almost no introduced plants. Using data collected in 1998 and 2021-22, we quantified relationships between community composition, soil characteristics, and functional traits for native and exotic assemblages, as indicators of environmental filtering. We found similar trait-environment relationships in native and introduced species, suggesting that both groups follow the same local assembly rules. Introduced species were predominantly found in sites with more nutrient-rich soils and were absent from sites with nutrient-poor soils. At the regional scale, the exotic species pool was biased toward trait values favored in more nutrient-rich environments, particularly high growth rates and low leaf C:N ratios, which explains their absence from nutrient-poor environments. These patterns were consistent over time, and stands that were uninvaded in 1998 remained so in 2021-22, supporting the robustness and reliability of short-term studies. This study shows that invasion patterns in plant communities can be explained by the assembly rules that govern native species. By linking local environmental filtering with regional species pool characteristics, this work advances our understanding of how some communities remain uninvaded despite high disturbance and propagule pressure. Overall, these results highlight the utility of the community assembly framework, and emphasize the importance of regional processes in constraining the local distribution of introduced species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Poddar, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurevitch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Andrea, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.05.709929</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Community assembly explains invasion differences between two contrasting forest types]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.07.710284v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A population-scale red blood cell proteome reveals genetically encoded aging clocks predictive of hemolysis and blood donor activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.07.710284v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As the most abundant human cell and the foundation of transfusion medicine, red blood cells (RBCs) offer a unique readout of systemic health, yet they have never been characterized at population scale. We generated a proteome atlas of 13,091 blood donors with multi-omics longitudinal phenotyping, characterizing the influence of demographics and genetic variation on the reproducibility of RBC proteomes across donations. Elastic-net aging clocks captured biological aging with high accuracy and uncovered genetic regulators of {Delta}Age at FN1, C4/IKZF1, CRAT, PFAS, TRIM58. Across independent cohorts, {Delta}Age was accelerated in G6PD deficiency, sickle cell trait/disease, and iron deficiency, reversed by iron repletion, and slowed in high-frequency donors, linking molecular aging to brain iron/myelin and cognitive performance. Molecular aging signatures predicted storage, osmotic, and oxidative hemolysis, hemoglobin increments after transfusion, and long-term donor activity over 12-years. These results establish RBC proteomics as a scalable biomarker of aging, donor healthspan, and transfusion outcomes.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/710284v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (96K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@15bd46eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d7c107org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c1d870org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@168dc6f_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG Dzieciatkowska et al. generate the first population-scale atlas of the RBC proteome across 13,000 donors and develop proteomic and metabolomic aging clocks that quantify biological age. Molecular {Delta}Age is reproducible across donations, genetically encoded and accelerated in G6PD deficiency, sickle cell trait/disease, and iron deficiency - yet reset by iron repletion, tracking with cognitive function and brain iron/myelin. RBC aging clocks predict hemolytic fragility, transfusion efficacy, and donor activity 12 years later.

C_FIG HighlightsO_LIRBC proteome atlas of 13,091 donors reveals demographic and genetic programs
C_LIO_LIGenetically encoded RBC aging clocks identify regulators of molecular {Delta}age
C_LIO_LIMolecular aging features predict hemolysis and transfusion response across cohorts
C_LIO_LIRBC molecular age forecasts long-term donor activity over a 12-year follow-up
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dzieciatkowska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Issaian, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keele, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saviola, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephenson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bevers, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reisz, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haiman, Z. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemkov, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norris, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thein, S.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hod, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busch, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roubinian, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Alessandro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.07.710284</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A population-scale red blood cell proteome reveals genetically encoded aging clocks predictive of hemolysis and blood donor activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.06.709427v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RhoGEF12 regulates endosomal SORL1-retromer and its inhibition is therapeutic in human neuronal models of Alzheimer's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.06.709427v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The interaction of the endosomal sorting protein SORL1 with the retromer complex at endosomal membranes controls a recycling pathway whose dysfunction is pathogenic in Alzheimers disease (AD) and is linked to other neurodegenerative disorders. To search for novel therapeutic targets, we hypothesize that endosomal SORL1-retromer might be regulated by SORL1s cytoplasmic tail. We begin by completing an in vitro analysis of the tail and show that its phosphorylation by ROCK2 (Rho-associated kinase 2) reduces SORL1s affinity to retromer. Since RhoGEF12 (Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 12) is an upstream activator of ROCK2 that is upregulated in AD, we used a RhoGEF12 pharmacological inhibitor to mechanistically and therapeutically validate the findings in neuronal cultures. First, in mouse neurons we confirm that the inhibitor increases endosomal SORL1-retromer. Next, we turned to human iPSC-derived neurons to show that the inhibitor reduces A{beta}40 and A{beta}42, an indicator of pathway upregulation, in a SORL1-dependent manner. Finally, we validate its therapeutic potential by applying the RhoGEF12 inhibitor to human iPSC-derived neurons expressing AD-associated mutations in either APP or SORL1. Collectively, our results identify a novel and therapeutically amenable mechanism that regulates endosomal SORL1-retromer and preclinically validate RhoGEF12 as a therapeutic target for AD and potentially other neurodegenerative disorders.

One sentence summaryPharmacological inhibition of RhoGEF12 increases endosomal SORL1-retromer recycling and reduces pathogenic amyloid secretion in human neuronal models, identifying a novel, targetable pathway for treating Alzheimers disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qureshi, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hajdu, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kannan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Govindarajan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vegh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petsko, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zavodszky, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Small, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.06.709427</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RhoGEF12 regulates endosomal SORL1-retromer and its inhibition is therapeutic in human neuronal models of Alzheimer's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.06.708552v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electrophysiologically Targeted Biopsies Reveal the Transcriptional Landscape of Focal Epilepsy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.06.708552v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Up to 30% of patients with epilepsy have intractable seizures, yet the mechanisms of focal ictogenesis remain unclear. Tissue involvement in ictal regions is heterogeneous, with different regions playing distinct roles in ictogenesis, seizure propagation, and resistance to spread. These roles are reflected in electrophysiologic differences between the seizure focus and the ictal penumbra, where evidence of synaptic spread is present but excitatory firing is constrained by largely intact inhibition. Investigation of the disruption of the normal interplay between excitatory and inhibitory activity, thought to underlie ictogenesis across a range of epilepsy etiologies, is limited by network complexity and cellular heterogeneity in human tissue samples. In this study, we relate cellular and molecular alterations to excitatory-inhibitory disruption in network dynamics defined by electrophysiologic features. This work may aid in the identification of clinically relevant tissue biomarkers and support novel preclinical therapeutic approaches for treatment-resistant focal epilepsy disorders.

We developed a novel intracranial EEG guided, MRI-localized approach to sample paired biopsies from 11 patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy with diverse etiologies, which were then studied using single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNAseq) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). EEG recorded from stereotactically implanted depth arrays (sEEG) was used to identify regions of epileptic involvement, based on findings from prior simultaneous clinical and microelectrode recordings. This approach addresses the intrinsic heterogeneity due to etiology and cortical architecture through paired, within-patient comparisons.

We identified distinct cell-type specific transcriptional signatures that differentiate cellular populations in the seizure focus and ictal penumbra in intractable focal epilepsies. Our findings provide a link between tissue composition and gene expression that correlate with electrographic features in a heterogeneous seizure landscape. Our findings support common pathways of seizure generation and spread that are conserved across disease etiologies. Relative depletion of interneuron populations in the seizure focus supports the hypothesis of disrupted inhibition as a driver of epileptiform activity in the seizure focus. The enrichment of plasticity-associated gene signatures in the penumbra suggests a complex interaction of these regions with the seizure focus, as well as the role of the penumbra in enabling or limiting seizure expansion. This study provides a novel methodology for tissue sampling in epilepsy and uncovers biologically relevant tissue signatures that provide grounds for future work in targeting cellular and molecular alterations present in focal epilepsies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Viswanathan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brand, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furnari, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolfe, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stucke, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sands, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Dalahmah, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruce, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gill, B. J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldstein, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youngerman, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKhann, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canoll, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winawer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schevon, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.06.708552</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electrophysiologically Targeted Biopsies Reveal the Transcriptional Landscape of Focal Epilepsy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.06.710170v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hierarchical Gating of Cortical Population Dynamics Drives Pain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.06.710170v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex are key cortical hubs for pain regulation, yet the functional hierarchy between them remains unclear. We examined how the prelimbic cortex (PL) to ACC pathway regulates nociceptive processing and pain behavior in freely moving rats across synaptic, cellular, and network levels. Activation of the PL to ACC pathway reduced aversion to both evoked and spontaneous pain, whereas inhibition increased pain aversion, indicating that this circuit exerts tonic modulatory control. Meanwhile, ex vivo electrophysiology revealed that PL inputs recruit local ACC interneurons to produce feedforward inhibition of ACC pyramidal neurons. At the cellular level, in vivo microendoscopic calcium imaging showed that optogenetic activation of PL axon terminals suppresses nociceptive-evoked activity of ACC pyramidal neurons. At the network level, PL activation reduced pain-induced excitability while centralizing nociceptive information flow within the ACC, resulting in a gated, low output population state. Overall, these findings identify a hierarchically organized cortical circuit that tonically controls pain related sensory and affective experience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masurkar, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>wang, j.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.06.710170</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hierarchical Gating of Cortical Population Dynamics Drives Pain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.09.710595v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Introduction to Single-cell Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic (scPBPK) Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.09.710595v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The current investigation introduces single-cell physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (scPBPK) models to gain insight into drug disposition at the cellular scale. The transition from standard PBPK (sPBPK) models to scPBPK models required depiction of expression-dependent (ED) processes, such as drug metabolism or membrane transport. ED processes utilize weighting functions - a defined or data-driven distribution -that yield heterogeneity in individual cell kinetics. Two scPBPK model examples are provided, one involving a drug (AZD1775) subject to 3 ED blood-brain barrier transport processes, and another drug (midazolam) with a single ED process of metabolism by hepatocytes. For both examples, the weighting function for each ED process was defined by a negative binomial distribution that is often used in scRNAseq analytics. The AZD1775 model simulations indicated a large degree of single cell drug concentration heterogeneity, whereas those for midazolam did not, due to high membrane transport relative to metabolism. scPBPK models offer a means to probe cellular pharmacokinetics compatible with modern omic technologies and may be extended to pharmacodynamic models.

TeaserThe modeling framework to predict drug concentrations in single cells is presented.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.09.710595</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Introduction to Single-cell Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic (scPBPK) Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.10.706230v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrated Gait and Pose Analysis Utilizing Computer Vision for Parkinsonian Behavioral Phenotyping in Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.10.706230v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synucleinopathies can be biologically advanced before overt parkinsonism is clinically apparent, highlighting the need for objective, sensitive motor endpoints. We examined the mThy1--synuclein line 61 (L61-Tg) mouse, which shows progressive synucleinopathy with early circuit dysfunction, using an integrated pipeline combining CatWalk XT gait analysis and markerless pose estimation from the same CatWalk videos. Two cohorts of male L61-Tg and nontransgenic littermates were assessed at 12 and 18 months. DeepLabCut tracking of four landmarks showed highest accuracy at the tail base. We thus quantified mediolateral instability as within-run variance of tail-base lateral position. L61-Tg mice exhibited increased tail-base lateral variance at both ages. CatWalk mixed-effects modeling identified six genotype-dependent parameters at 12 months, and a progressive increase in hind base of support at 18 months. Comparison across measures showed that discrimination between L61-Tg and non-transgenic was similarly high for hind base of support and tail-base lateral instability the two were nonetheless synergistic, and the approaches are therefore complementary to one-another in the determination of synucleinopathy motor phenotypes. This combined gait-pose strategy provides scalable, interpretable endpoints for preclinical Parkinson-like phenotyping and therapeutic testing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jennings, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anigbo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przedborski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.10.706230</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrated Gait and Pose Analysis Utilizing Computer Vision for Parkinsonian Behavioral Phenotyping in Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.09.710653v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drosophila germ band extension: a two-state reshaping mechanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.09.710653v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During embryogenesis tissues are reshaped by diverse forces that elicit fluid-like or solid-like response, but the underlying principles that determine tissue state are unclear. Here we study Drosophila germ-band extension (GBE), a classic example of convergent-extension that extends the ventral germ band (GB) to the dorsal embryo surface. Using experimentally constrained biophysical modeling we find fluctuating internal cell-cell junctional myosin stresses excite cell intercalations that weakly perturb the anterior GB tissue into a fluidized state. Planar-polarized intercalation bias drives weak convergent-extension of the fluid. In the posterior GB, by contrast, external stress from adjacent tissue induces crystal-like ordering of the cells. External stress-induced cell intercalations mediate crystal defect annealing and plastic flow of the solid that wraps the GB around the narrow embryo posterior. Thus, the inhomogeneous reshaping challenge of GBE is dealt with by a two-state remodeling strategy in which a slowly remodeled anterior fluid coexists with a posterior solid undergoing fast plastic flow. Similar strategies find use in other contexts such as wound healing, where actomyosin boundary stresses drive crystal-like order that imposes shape regularity on the inner wound boundary for successful wound closure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Shaughnessy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.09.710653</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drosophila germ band extension: a two-state reshaping mechanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.11.710275v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Context-dependent genetic regulation of gene expression in pigs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.11.710275v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Production livestock provide a natural system for studying gene regulation under physiologically demanding conditions shaped by rapid growth, environmental exposure, and immune challenges. Using farm pigs from the PigGTEx resource as a model, we applied quantile regression to uncover latent, context-dependent genetic effects on gene expression across tissues. This approach identifies quantile-specific expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) that are not detected by standard linear regression and are enriched in distal regulatory elements and three-dimensional genome architectural features rather than promoter-proximal regions. Genes with quantile-dependent eQTLs are more intolerant to loss-of-function variants and exhibit stronger enrichment in GO functional categories, indicating their likely functional significance. Cross-species comparisons reveal substantial overlap between pig and human eGenes across tissues, indicating conservation of regulatory architecture. Notably, many quantile-specific eQTLs influence tail expression states and involve genes relevant to human disease. For example, we identify a cis-eQTL affecting the conserved transcriptional regulator BCL6B in pig blood that modulates enhancer activity and reduces expression at lower quantiles. In contrast, BCL6B is minimally expressed in resting human blood and lacks detectable cis-regulatory variation under baseline conditions, consistent with its reported induction during immune activation. These findings demonstrate that pig eQTL maps can reveal context-dependent regulatory variation at loci that remain silent or weakly variable in human cohorts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ionita-Laza, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.11.710275</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Context-dependent genetic regulation of gene expression in pigs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.11.710917v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resolving thyroid lineage cell trajectories merging into a dual endocrine gland in mammals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.11.710917v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The thyroid has a remarkable evolution, first appearing in invertebrate chordates as an integral exocrine constituent of the pharyngeal endostyle that is transformed into an endocrine gland during metamorphosis in basal vertebrates. In mammals, the thyroid acquires a second endocrine cell type, calcitonin-producing C-cells, which for long were inferred a neural crest origin, shuttled to the embryonic thyroid by the ultimobranchial bodies. However, recent lineage tracing experiments firmly establish these neuroendocrine cells also derive from foregut endoderm. Key questions remaining unanswered are how thyroid primordia independently develop and, unlike in all non-mammalian vertebrates, merge into a dual endocrine organ. Here, by leveraging a single-cell transcriptome atlas derived from mouse pharyngeal endoderm and its subsequent cell fates, we characterize the global gene expression profile of thyroid- and ultimobranchial-derived progenitor cells and identify comprehensive gene regulatory networks of lineage-specific transcription factors and novel target genes predicted to differentially regulate cell proliferation, plasticity and differentiation during development. Spatiotemporal analyses reveal C-cell precursors are triggered to undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cell-autonomously down-regulate collagen IV and degrade laminin that delineates the ultimobranchial body epithelium. However, the EMT program is not fully deployed until both cell lineages are mixed and propagate conjointly thus forming the typical thyroid histoarchitecture of follicles and parafollicular C-cells, every follicle/C-cell unit being enveloped by a renewed basement membrane. Mixed-type thyroid carcinoma recapitulates a synchronous lineage growth pattern but only the neuroendocrine tumor cells are able to escape the compound follicle boundaries and become invasive adopting a C-cell precursor-like migratory phenotype.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lobo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johansson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoultz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahlinder, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlsson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johansson, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marotta, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Felice, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahlberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guibentif, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fagman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maehr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilsson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.11.710917</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resolving thyroid lineage cell trajectories merging into a dual endocrine gland in mammals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.11.711069v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
T6SS mutants exploit itaconate to support infection of phagocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.11.711069v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major cause of persistent pneumonias that are not readily cleared by seemingly appropriate antimicrobial therapy. We identified a reservoir of P. aeruginosa variants lacking expression of the H3-T6SS in patients with chronic but not acute pneumonia. A PAO1 {Delta}H3-T6 mutant caused increased infection in the murine lung as compared to the wild-type strain. The {Delta}H3 mutants exhibited increased transcription of genes involved in phagocytic uptake and respiration under conditions found in the phagolysosome, namely low O2, low pH and abundant itaconate. We confirmed increased intraphagocytic residence of the {Delta}H3 mutants and colocalization with LAMP1 within the phagolysosome of both bone marrow derived macrophages in vitro and in alveolar macrophages harvested directly from infected lungs. Persistence within macrophages required itaconate which preserved the viability of infected macrophages and boosted bacterial bioenergetics to optimize consumption of available carbon sources. Our findings demonstrate that selection for loss of H3-T6SS loss of function mutations promotes the metabolic versatility that enables P. aeruginosa to cause intractable pulmonary infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prince, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beg, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fields, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong Fok Lung, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gowdy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, A. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riquelme, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.11.711069</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[T6SS mutants exploit itaconate to support infection of phagocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.11.711147v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PHGDH is a targetable driver of PDAC progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.11.711147v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) arises in a nutrient-deprived microenvironment through progressive stages from pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) to invasive carcinoma. While serine metabolism supports tumor growth across multiple cancer types, the stage-specific role of de novo serine synthesis in PDAC evolution remains undefined. Here, we show that expression of phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH), the rate-limiting enzyme of serine biosynthesis, increases progressively from PanIN to invasive PDAC in human and mouse specimens. Using genetically engineered mouse models with inducible PHGDH knockdown, we found that PHGDH loss delayed PDAC development. Unexpectedly, PHGDH-deficient tumors did not increase reliance on exogenous serine, and dietary serine/glycine manipulation had no effect on tumor development. Instead, stable isotope tracing and metabolomic profiling revealed that PHGDH loss suppressed mTOR signaling, reduced expression of the glutamine transporter ASCT2, and impaired glutamine uptake and utilization. Leveraging this metabolic liability, we demonstrated that PHGDH-deficient tumors exhibited selective sensitivity to the glutamine antagonist DRP-104, whereas PHGDH-intact tumors were resistant. These findings reveal an unanticipated connection between serine biosynthesis and glutamine metabolism in PDAC and identify a therapeutic vulnerability that may be exploited through combined metabolic targeting.

Statement of significancePHGDH supports PDAC progression not primarily through serine provision, but by maintaining glutamine metabolism and mTOR signaling. This unanticipated metabolic crosstalk creates a synthetic lethal vulnerability to glutamine antagonism in PHGDH-deficient tumors, providing a rationale for combining serine synthesis pathway inhibitors with glutamine-targeting therapies in pancreatic cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldwell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maurer, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olive, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karreth, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeNicola, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.11.711147</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PHGDH is a targetable driver of PDAC progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.12.710679v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A strong start for sustained success: inclusivity through a national group mentorship program for first-year graduate students 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.12.710679v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the United States, STEM graduate programs and workforce do not represent the demographics of the population. Obstacles, including a lack of transparency, community, and accessible information in navigating academia, disproportionately affect students from underserved backgrounds. Peer mentoring networks can address these disparities. Here, we describe Cientifico Latino, Inc.s Graduate Student Engagement and Community (CL-GSEC) program, a nationwide, group-based peer mentorship program that has served first-year graduate students across the U.S., especially those from underserved backgrounds. Surveys indicate CL-GSEC positively impacts the first-year graduate experience. We highlight key program features, challenges, and insights, such as financial strains faced by first-year graduate students. We offer suggestions for how faculty and departments can better support students during this critical early stage of graduate training. We hope that reporting on CL-GSECs program structure, evaluations, and findings will guide educational leaders in expanding programming for junior graduate students.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Labra, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tornini, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez Salazar, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cossio, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelpi, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubio Perez, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leana-Sandoval, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, O. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.12.710679</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A strong start for sustained success: inclusivity through a national group mentorship program for first-year graduate students]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.12.711152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CXCR4 coordinates adhesion, migration, and development of human NK cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.12.711152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural killer (NK) cells undergo stepwise differentiation from multipotent progenitors within secondary lymphoid tissues. Despite the central importance of the tissue microenvironment in their development, little is known about cell-cell interactions that regulate human NK cell trafficking and maturation. Here, we identify the chemokine receptor CXCR4 and its lig- and CXCL12 as regulators of stromal-NK cell interactions required for NK cell maturation. We demonstrate that CXCR4 is expressed throughout human NK cell development in peripheral blood and tonsil, and CXCL12 is enriched in stromal niches containing developing NK cells. Pharmacologic blockade or genetic disruption of CXCR4 resulted in diminished adhesion to integrin ligands and high-resolution imaging demonstrated crosstalk between CXCR4 and integrins, providing a mechanistic basis for chemokine-dependent modulation of adhesion. Further, CXCR4 blockade resulted in altered contact-dependent motility on stromal cells and integrin ligands, with decreased stable stromal engagement and increased cell speed. Consistent with a requirement for these interactions, treatment with the CXCR4 antagonist plerixafor (AMD3100) impaired NK cell generation from CD34+ precursors. Analysis of NK cells from WHIM syndrome patients with CXCR4 gain-of-function mutations treated with plerixafor revealed similar defects in migration and adhesion, supporting the in-vivo relevance CXCR4-dependent regulation of NK cell adhesion and motility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eisman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossberg, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koenigsberg, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDermott, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Haak, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedroza, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mace, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.12.711152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CXCR4 coordinates adhesion, migration, and development of human NK cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.12.711379v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
pertTF: context-aware AI modeling for genome-scale and cross-system perturbation prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.12.711379v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predicting genetic perturbation responses at a single-cell level is central to building models for cell state and disease. However, existing approaches are limited on predicting phenotypic outcomes beyond expression changes and generalizing predictions across genome-scale perturbations in biologically relevant contexts. Here we introduce pertTF, a transformer-based single-cell genetic perturbation model. pertTF was trained from a unique dataset capturing single cell expressions profiles of 30 full gene knockouts across 14 relevant cell types during human pancreatic development and beta-cell differentiation. pertTF outperforms current methods in predicting expression changes of perturbing unseen genes in unseen cellular contexts. In addition, pertTF infers perturbation-induced shifts in cell identity and population composition, an important phenotypic outcome of perturbation in many physiology and disease settings. Through transfer learning, pertTF operates in physiologically relevant systems, including primary human islets, where large-scale perturbation experiments are challenging. The generalizability of pertTF is further demonstrated by in silico pooled and single-cell CRISPR screens, capturing critical regulators of stem cells and early pancreatic cell development. These results establish pertTF as a framework for integrating large-scale single-cell perturbation data with AI models to predict genetic perturbation effects across cellular systems and disease contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Su, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boccara, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nzima, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swargam, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ament, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huangfu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.12.711379</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[pertTF: context-aware AI modeling for genome-scale and cross-system perturbation prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.13.711718v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IgG Propels Atherosclerosis by Noncanonically Activating Macrophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.13.711718v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite being a central component of adaptive immunity and a highly abundant serum protein, the contribution of IgG to the milieu of atherosclerosis remains unappreciated. Here, we identify a pro-atherogenic role for IgG as it activates an innate immune cascade, independent of its classical antigen-neutralizing function. Analyses of human coronary artery plaques reveal a positive correlation between IgG and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease severity. Integrated single-cell plaque analyses localize IgG, coinciding with its recycling receptor FcRn, to pro-inflammatory and foamy macrophages. Genetic ablation of FcRn in myeloid cells prevents IgG from accumulating in mouse atherosclerotic lesions, diminishing plaque size and inflammation. Mechanistically, IgG acts as an endogenous ligand for TLR4, triggering NF-{kappa}B-NLRP3 inflammasome signaling without requiring its antigen-binding domain. Additionally, IgG accelerates macrophage foam cell formation through upregulation of downstream effector LCN2. Our work uncovers a role for previously overlooked adaptive immune molecules in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis through a noncanonical mechanism linked with innate immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zahr, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadrina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kontorovich, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.13.711718</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IgG Propels Atherosclerosis by Noncanonically Activating Macrophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.16.712099v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Age determines NK cell fate and tissue compartmentalization to CMV infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.16.712099v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytomegalovirus (CMV), a ubiquitous herpesvirus, establishes persistent infection that is controlled by both NK and CD8 T cells. While immunity to CMV is primarily studied in adult mice and humans, most individuals acquire CMV during the early years of life and virus-specific NK and T cell responses during this vulnerable life stage are understudied. Here, we show distinct responses by infant and adult NK cells to CMV infection in both mice and humans resulting from cell-intrinsic features and host T cell responses. Infant mice sustained higher viral loads compared to adults following MCMV infection and exhibited non-redundant requirements for NK cells. Infant MCMV-reactive (Ly49H+) NK cells preferentially expanded adaptive-like subsets which were maintained in tissues and exhibited a distinct transcriptional profile relative to adult NK cells. This biased differentiation of adaptive-like NK cells was altered over age and controlled in part, by competition with memory T cells. We demonstrate similar dynamics with human NK cells; distinct adaptive-profiles for HCMV-reactive NK cells in early life and childhood that change over age and are inversely associated with anti-viral T cell responses. Together, our results reveal that NK cells develop adaptive-like responses and seed tissues in early life to provide protective memory when T cell immunity is limited.

ONE-SENTENCE SUMMARYMemory NK cell generation to cytomegalovirus infection is regulated by age and T cell immunity
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jensen, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redenti, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caron, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farber, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.16.712099</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Age determines NK cell fate and tissue compartmentalization to CMV infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.16.712170v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Age-related sleep changes in the human brain: insights from a large-scale thalamocortical model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.16.712170v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sleep-dependent memory consolidation relies on slow oscillations (SOs) that coordinate large-scale brain dynamics during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Aging disrupts SO properties -- reducing amplitude, density, and slope while altering the spatiotemporal patterns of slow-wave propagation -- yet the circuit-level mechanisms linking structural brain changes to these disruptions remain poorly understood. Here we present a multi-scale, whole-brain thalamocortical network model incorporating biologically grounded human connectivity derived from diffusion MRI tractography, comprising over 10,000 cortical columns per hemisphere with spiking pyramidal and inhibitory neurons and an anatomically differentiated thalamic module. Simulating progressive synaptic loss, we find that selective degradation of recurrent excitatory connectivity, but not excitatory-inhibitory projections, reproduces empirically observed age-related SO changes. These results suggest that aging selectively disrupts the temporal structure of slow-wave sleep critical for interference-free memory consolidation, providing mechanistic insight into cognitive decline in the aging brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Navas Zuloaga, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purcell, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazhenov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.16.712170</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Age-related sleep changes in the human brain: insights from a large-scale thalamocortical model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.17.712511v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-omics characterization of vascular, neurodegenerative, and mixed neuropathology in the aging human brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.17.712511v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Late-life cognitive impairment most commonly occurs in the setting of mixed neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular pathology, yet the molecular programs distinguishing vascular, neurodegenerative, and mixed pathology in the aging human brain remain incompletely defined. We performed neuropathology-stratified proteomic and transcriptomic profiling of postmortem brain tissue from participants in the Religious Orders Study and Rush Memory and Aging Project. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex proteomics (n = 733) were analyzed alongside bulk RNA sequencing from dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (n = 938), posterior cingulate cortex (n = 569), and anterior caudate (n = 632). Participants were classified into vascular, neurodegenerative, and mixed pathology groups based on comprehensive autopsy assessment. Neurodegenerative and mixed pathology, relative to vascular pathology, showed coordinated upregulation of immune and inflammatory pathways and downregulation of mitochondrial and oxidative phosphorylation programs across molecular layers. Although few individual proteins differed between mixed and neurodegenerative groups, pathway-level analyses identified additional remodeling programs in mixed pathology, including extracellular matrix organization and vesicle-mediated transport. Proteomic co-expression network analysis identified immune-stress modules associated with amyloid burden, tau pathology, and cognitive decline, whereas a mitochondrial bioenergetic module showed relative preservation in vascular pathology. Cross-omics concordance was robust at the pathway level but limited at the level of individual genes and proteins. These findings define conserved molecular programs distinguishing vascular, neurodegenerative, and mixed pathology and demonstrate that pathway-level organization provides a stable framework for interpreting molecular heterogeneity in late-life dementia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yilmaz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kizil, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oveisgharan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayeux, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardarajan, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.17.712511</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-omics characterization of vascular, neurodegenerative, and mixed neuropathology in the aging human brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.18.710397v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
How attention saves energy in vision 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.18.710397v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Attention has long been thought to enable efficient vision,1-8 yet it requires additional neural machinery and energy. Whether attention yields net energetic benefits--after accounting for the cost of control--has never been demonstrated. Here we show that attentional control can substantially improve whole-system energy efficiency in a model of primate visual processing. Our model, EAN ("Energy-efficient Attention Network"), implements attention as recurrent top-down multiplicative gain over features, space, and time. EAN is optimized using a joint objective combining task performance and neurobiologically grounded energy costs accounting for action potentials and synaptic transmission across all components,9-11 including the attentional control circuitry itself. On a visual-category-search task requiring joint identification and localization of a target, EAN learns to focus its energy dynamically on task-relevant locations and features, reducing total energy use by up to 50% at matched accuracy and enabling flexible trial-by-trial trading of accuracy against energy. The model variant combining feature-based and spatial attention is most efficient and best captures human errors and difficulty judgments. EAN generalizes to classical attention tasks, replicating canonical effects of attention on firing rates, variability, and noise correlations,12 and patterns of V4-to-V1 feedback suppression.13 Our work connects a cognitive function (attention), a neural mechanism (gain modulation), and a neurobiological constraint (metabolic cost) in a single mechanistic model that explains how selection and recurrence enable flexible, energy-efficient vision.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Butkus, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ying, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriegeskorte, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.18.710397</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[How attention saves energy in vision]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.17.712527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNAGAN: Train One and Get Four, Multipurpose Human RNA-Seq Analysis Tool with Enhanced Interpretability and Small Data Size Capability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.17.712527v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The advent of artificial intelligence (AI) has brought revolutionary tools for biomedical transcriptomic (RNA-level) research. However, there are persistent constraints including limited interpretations with biomedical concepts such as functional pathways, small sample sizes and substantial time and computing power requirements for AI training.

To overcome these limitations, we developed RNAGAN (https://github.com/ZhaozhengHou-HKU/RNAGAN-1.0.git), an AI tool with a generative adversarial network (GAN) structure with the objective of enhancing transcriptomic analysis. The network was established based on public human datasets comprising 4.6 million single cells from multiple organs and 5,900 sequenced samples of various cancer types with normal references. A specialized pathway neural layer was embedded to extract activities of predefined pathways from the Human Molecular Signatures Database (MSigDB), or newly learned pathways from single-cell data.

The structure of RNAGAN (generator and discriminator) enables four applications after one shared training procedure: 1. single-cell and bulk-level patient stratification or differential diagnosis; 2. analysis of the gene and pathway markers in a selected disease; 3. pseudo data generation when sample size is limited for downstream analysis; 4. vectorization with gene and pathway-level features learned from multiple data sets. RNGAN contributes to the efficient utilization of limited data for transcriptomic studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>HOU, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, V. H.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, D. L.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.17.712527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNAGAN: Train One and Get Four, Multipurpose Human RNA-Seq Analysis Tool with Enhanced Interpretability and Small Data Size Capability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.18.712393v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PARG inhibition sequesters nuclear PAR-binding proteins, including XRCC1 and its partners, into nuclear condensates to elicit cytotoxicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.18.712393v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA breaks activate PARP1/2 to synthesize poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR), which relaxes chromatin and recruits DNA repair factors. Normally, PAR is short-lived, rapidly degraded by poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG). While PARP1/2 inhibitors are established therapies for homologous recombination (HR)-deficient cancers, predictive biomarkers for PARG inhibition (PARGi) remain undefined. Using parallel genome-wide CRISPR screens with PARP and PARG inhibitors, we show that PARGi is synthetically lethal with loss of several PAR-binding factors, including XRCC1-LIG3, POLB, ALC1/CHD1L, ARH3, and PARG itself, but notably not with HR deficiency. Conversely, loss of PARP1, NMNAT1 (required for nuclear NAD synthesis), or UNG (upstream of APE1 cleavage and PARP1 activation), confers PARGi resistance. Mechanistically, PARGi induces time- and dose-dependent formation of PARP1-and PAR-dependent nuclear condensates containing XRCC1 and associated repair factors in otherwise undamaged cells. These condensates do not harbor active DNA breaks but instead sequester PAR-binding repair proteins, depleting their available nuclear pool and impairing their recruitment to genuine DNA breaks. While our analysis focused on XRCC1, PARG inhibition likely sequesters additional PAR- and PARP1-binding proteins. Thus, we propose that PARGi sequesters PAR-binding proteins to elicit toxicity, explaining the essentiality of PARG (but not PARP1) and identifying the loss of PAR-binding factors as candidate predictive biomarkers for PARG-targeted therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dumoulin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>zha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.18.712393</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PARG inhibition sequesters nuclear PAR-binding proteins, including XRCC1 and its partners, into nuclear condensates to elicit cytotoxicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.18.712441v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The enhanced multi-tissue atlas of regulatory effects in cattle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.18.712441v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cattle are integral to global food security, yet the molecular architecture of their complex traits remains poorly understood. Here, we present the Cattle Genotype-Tissue Expression (CattleGTEx) Phase 1 resource (https://cattlegtex.farmgtex.org/), a substantial expansion of the pilot study. By leveraging 12,422 RNA-seq profiles across 43 tissues and 82 breeds, we characterized 433,972 primary and 161,428 non-primary regulatory effects spanning seven molecular phenotypes. This high-resolution atlas resolves 75% of GWAS signals for 44 complex traits, significantly addressing the "missing regulation" in livestock. We propose a genetic regulatory model demonstrating how variants across multiple biological layers interact with specific biological contexts to shape phenotypic variation. Furthermore, CattleGTEx elucidates mechanisms underlying adaptive evolution between Bos taurus and Bos indicus, as well as artificial selection in dairy and beef breeds. Finally, by mapping evolutionary constraints on these regulatory effects, we demonstrate the translational value of this resource for prioritizing causal variants in human complex diseases. Together, Phase 1 of CattleGTEx provides a transformative framework for functional genomics, precision breeding, and comparative genetics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GUAN, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibeagha-Awemu, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crooijmans, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derks, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madsen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pausch, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonard, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frantz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacHugh, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grady, J. F. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ionita-Laza, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marmol-Sanchez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Wijst, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xian</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.18.712441</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The enhanced multi-tissue atlas of regulatory effects in cattle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.18.712601v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive classification of HCN1 variants linked to neurodevelopmental disorders with and without epilepsy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.18.712601v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated 1 channels (HCN1) mediate the Ih cationic current and play a central role in regulating neuronal excitability and synaptic integration. HCN1 is predominantly expressed in the neocortex and hippocampus. Pathogenic variants in HCN1 have been increasingly identified in individuals presenting with a broad spectrum of epileptic disorders, ranging from severe developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE) to milder epilepsies. Here, we used patch-clamp electrophysiology in combination with confocal imaging in HEK293 cells to functionally characterize 43 HCN1 variants found in patients presenting with neurodevelopmental disorders, with or without epilepsy. Based on their biophysical properties, we defined four functional classes: (I) low or no current, (II) hyperpolarizing (i.e. left) shift in voltage dependence, (III) depolarizing (i.e. right) shift in voltage dependence, and (IV) generation of an instantaneous current. Integration of this functional classification with detailed clinical data from a cohort of 49 patients revealed a striking genotype-phenotype correlation. Loss-of-function variants were strongly enriched among individuals without epilepsy or with milder generalized phenotypes, whereas gain-of-function and mixed variants were predominantly associated with epilepsy, including all cases of DEE. Notably, non-epileptic cases clustered within a subgroup of loss-of-function variants affecting the selectivity filter. We further show that allosteric modulators, including the peptides NB6 and TRIP8bnano and the small molecule J&J12e, normalize the functional properties of mutant HCN1 channels in three classes. These findings establish a clinically relevant framework for interpreting HCN1 gain- and loss-of-function variants suggesting that the direction of channel dysfunction is a major determinant of epilepsy risk and severity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Castelli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marini, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castellini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontana, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saponaro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavalleri, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizzi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fusco, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parida, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caswell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherlaw, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pruna, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Read, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bleakley, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howell, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheffer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuddapah, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeidler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavlidis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pal, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szczaluba, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirzaa, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couque, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capri, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faivre, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran Mau Them, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sirchia, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korff, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiFrancesco, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Depienne, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santoro, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moroni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.18.712601</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive classification of HCN1 variants linked to neurodevelopmental disorders with and without epilepsy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.18.712708v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
During natural vision, semantic novelty modulates fixation-related processing in primate cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.18.712708v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We sample visual scenes with short gaze fixations separated by saccades. While low-level transsaccadic integration is known, semantic integration across multiple fixations remains unclear. We hypothesized that the brain predicts semantic information from one fixation to the next, and therefore postulated a neural signal associated with semantic novelty for each saccade. Novelty was measured using a deep network on foveal vision. Novelty modulated frontal and occipital fixation-related potentials in human EEG during natural viewing of full-length movies (3.4x106 saccades). Intracranial recordings in humans (9.0x104 saccades) and non-human primates (3.3x104 saccades) revealed broadband high-frequency activity modulations in ventromedial/dorsal visual streams and frontal brain areas. This modulation was stronger for movies than static images, and frontal modulation preceded occipital modulation, suggesting top-down effects. This ubiquitous modulation of fixation-related activity with novelty suggests that foveal representations are integrated across saccades in primates.

Significance statementPrimate vision relies on eye movements to sample the world, yet how the brain integrates high-level meaning across these "snapshots" remains a mystery. By combining deep-learning models with massive electrophysiological datasets from humans and macaques, we show that the brain predicts the semantic content of upcoming fixations. We identified a "semantic novelty" signal that modulates neural activity across the primate cortex, appearing in frontal areas even before a saccade is completed. These findings reveal that visual processing is not a series of independent glimpses, but a continuous, predictive process that integrates foveal information across space and time. This work bridges biological vision and artificial intelligence, providing a new framework for how the brain maintains a coherent understanding of a dynamic world.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raghavan, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madsen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nentwich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leszczynski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falchier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bickel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russ, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parra, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.18.712708</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[During natural vision, semantic novelty modulates fixation-related processing in primate cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.19.712212v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Focal adhesion kinase promotes metastasis in BRAF-mutant melanoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.19.712212v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the availability of several FDA-approved therapies, metastatic melanoma remains a significant clinical challenge, particularly for patients with brain metastases, which frequently represent the site of treatment failure and a major cause of melanoma-related mortality. Melanoma exhibits a strong propensity to metastasize to the brain, yet the molecular mechanisms driving this lethal progression remain incompletely understood, limiting the development of effective treatment options. Building on our prior discovery that focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a key mediator of AKT1-driven brain metastasis, we sought to validate the role of FAK in melanoma progression and metastatic dissemination. Using complementary autochthonous and syngeneic mouse models of BRAF-mutant melanoma, we evaluated the impact of FAK expression on overall survival, primary tumor growth, and metastasis. Through the generation of targeted FAK mutants, we distinguished kinase-dependent from kinase-independent functions and demonstrate that FAK promotes melanoma metastasis in a kinase-dependent manner. Furthermore, we establish that FAK functions downstream of PTEN to drive metastatic progression. Collectively, these findings support the therapeutic potential of FAK inhibition, either alone or in combination with existing treatments, to more effectively combat metastatic melanoma and inform the development of emerging FAK-targeted therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stanley, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Field, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavek, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pettey, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medellin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parkman, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randhahn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turapov, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kircher, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VanBrocklin, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmen, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.19.712212</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Focal adhesion kinase promotes metastasis in BRAF-mutant melanoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.19.712709v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial polarization of endothelial ICAM-1 governs T-cell exclusion in melanoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.19.712709v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment limits therapeutic efficacy and worsens prognosis in melanoma. Beyond T-cell abundance and function, effective tumor control also depends on whether T cells can access malignant cells within the tumor. Although emerging evidence supports that tumor vasculature facilitates immune evasion, the vascular mechanisms that govern intratumoral T-cell positioning remain poorly defined. Using RNA sequencing of endothelial cells isolated from tumor cores versus peripheries in a mouse melanoma model, we identified intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) as a candidate regulator of T-cell localization. During tumor growth, T cells shifted from a balanced core-margin distribution to marked exclusion from the core, most prominently in T cell-inflamed tumors. This spatial redistribution --less evident in other immune subsets--coincided with high expression of lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) on T cells. In parallel, endothelial ICAM-1 became enriched at the tumor periphery, where vascular integrity was compromised, as evidenced by increased vascular leakage and reduced pericyte coverage. Functionally, ICAM-1 blockade restored intratumoral T-cell infiltration, enhanced effector activity, and significantly delayed the growth of immunogenic tumors. Moreover, ICAM-1 inhibition sensitized an immune-refractory tumor to anti-PD-1 checkpoint blockade. Together, these findings identify endothelial ICAM-1 as a vascular determinant of intratumoral T-cell positioning and highlight the ICAM-1/LFA-1 axis as a modifiable checkpoint to reverse T-cell retention at the tumor periphery, thereby enhancing antitumor immunity and immunotherapy efficacy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, H.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozlov, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tagore, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.19.712709</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial polarization of endothelial ICAM-1 governs T-cell exclusion in melanoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.19.712761v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of Lamp2a-dependent chaperone-mediated autophagy drives dry AMD-like retinal pathology in mice and is rescued by BK channel activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.19.712761v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of irreversible visual loss in elderly individuals for which no effective treatments are currently available. The photoreceptor loss in dry AMD is secondary to the demise of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. The accumulation of extracellular deposits, known as drusen, resulting in part from deficient lysosomal and autophagosomal degradation, is a key feature of dry AMD pathogenesis. Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) is a selective lysosomal degradation pathway that maintains proteostasis by targeting specific cytosolic proteins for lysosomal translocation and degradation. LAMP2A (lysosome-associated membrane protein 2A) functions as the key lysosomal receptor required for CMA. Using Lamp2a knockout mouse, we show that selective CMA dysfunction recapitulates AMD-like pathologies, including sub-RPE lipid and protein deposits, RPE atrophy, Bruchs membrane thickening, and impaired autophagic activity. Furthermore, we identify large-conductance Ca{superscript 2}-activated K (BK) channels as a therapeutic target for restoring autophagic activity. Mechanistically, pharmacological activation of BK channels with the small-molecule agonist GLA-1-1 enhances macroautophagy and stimulates autophagic flux by promoting autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Importantly, oral administration of GLA-1-1 in markedly attenuates structural, functional, and molecular retinal abnormalities in Lamp2a-deficient mice, suggesting that pharmacological activation of macroautophagy through facilitating autophagosome-lysosome fusion can partially compensate for CMA deficiency. Together, these findings demonstrate that pharmacological activation of macroautophagy can ameliorate the retinal phenotype resulting from CMA dysfunction and support BK channel activation by GLA-1-1 as a promising therapeutic strategy for dry AMD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mir, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahesh, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palanimuthu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cioffi, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrukhin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.19.712761</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of Lamp2a-dependent chaperone-mediated autophagy drives dry AMD-like retinal pathology in mice and is rescued by BK channel activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.21.710527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HOW FIVE DECADES OF LAND-COVER CHANGE RESHAPED SUITABLE HABITAT FOR PUERTO RICAN TREE SPECIES 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.21.710527v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AimHuman land-use has dramatically altered the amount, quality, and connectivity of habitat for species worldwide. Understanding how these changes affect individual species is essential for predicting the overall consequences of land-use change for biodiversity.

LocationThe Caribbean island of Puerto Rico. Forest cover on the island increased from about 18 to 45% from the late 1940s to the early 2000s.

MethodsUsing data on geographic distributions and functional traits for 454 tree species, we evaluated how gain of potential habitat was related to species-specific climatic associations and life-history strategies. We estimated species-specific potential habitat (climatically suitable and forested) with species distribution models and data on forest cover. We characterized each species niche breadth (the range of environmental conditions it occupies) and niche position (the environmental conditions it prefers) to compare with the conditions in reforested areas.

ResultsSpecies with relatively more potential habitat in 1951 (climatically suitable and forested) also had relatively larger gains in potential habitat from 1951 to 2000. Species that tend to occupy conditions different from those common in reforested areas (i.e., more  marginal habitats) gained relatively less potential habitat and species with broad environmental niches gained more potential habitat. Additionally, species with relatively acquisitive functional traits gained more suitable habitat than those with relatively conservative traits.

Main conclusionsOur results show that Puerto Ricos reforestation preferentially increased habitat for species that (1) already had suitable habitat in the landscape, (2) tolerate a wide range of climatic conditions, and (3) exhibit fast, acquisitive functional strategies. These findings illustrate how land-use change in heterogeneous tropical landscapes can generate non-uniform habitat gains across species, potentially favoring generalist over specialist species and reshaping community composition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milesi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helmer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uriarte, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muscarella, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.21.710527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HOW FIVE DECADES OF LAND-COVER CHANGE RESHAPED SUITABLE HABITAT FOR PUERTO RICAN TREE SPECIES]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.21.713382v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A comparative dataset on population genetics, traits, and distributions for nineteen Caribbean tree species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.21.713382v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although genetic diversity is a fundamental component of biodiversity, we lack data for a majority of species, particularly in biodiversity hotspots such as tropical forests. We present a comparative genetic dataset of 19 tropical tree species (including one palm) from the Caribbean island of Puerto Rico and neighboring islands (Hispanola and the US Virgin Islands). Using a reduced-representation sequencing technique (SLAF-seq), we identified species-specific single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) datasets with 24,413 to 433,637 high-quality SNPs per species. The focal species represent a range of life-history and climate associations, which may be relevant to their genetic structure. Therefore, we also include complementary information on species functional traits (wood density, leaf thickness, specific leaf area, maximum height, and seed dry mass), as well as geographic distributions and climatic associations from species distribution models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milesi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabrera Garcia, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clase, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borras Sayas, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibney, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pina, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uriarte, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muscarella, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.21.713382</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A comparative dataset on population genetics, traits, and distributions for nineteen Caribbean tree species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.21.713408v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
dreampy: Pseudobulk mixed-model differential expression for single-cell RNA-seq in Python 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.21.713408v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
dreampy is a Python implementation of the R dreamlet framework for pseudobulk differential expression analysis of single-cell RNA-seq data. dreamlet combines voom precision-weighted linear mixed models with empirical Bayes moderation to handle batch effects, repeated measures, and other hierarchical structure in multi-donor studies, but exists entirely within the R/Bioconductor ecosystem. dreampy reproduces this pipeline natively in Python, integrating with AnnData and the scverse ecosystem.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wells, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahnawaz, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.21.713408</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[dreampy: Pseudobulk mixed-model differential expression for single-cell RNA-seq in Python]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.21.713410v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coacervate droplet sequestration of heterogenous nanoplastics with elastin-like polypeptides 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.21.713410v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nanoplastics generated from plastic waste in our ecosystems are becoming increasingly prevalent as bulk plastics exposed to natural factors like water and sunlight fragment to the nanoscale over time. These incidental nanoplastics span a wide range of physicochemical properties, which makes studying nanoplastic interactions in biological systems difficult. Here, we characterized the behavior of incidental nanoplastics generated through mechanical abrasion within coacervate droplets to probe the surface properties of the nanoplastics. We used elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) to create hydrophobic or charged coacervate microenvironments. Using optical microscopy and fluorescence quantification, we observed that nanoplastics made from polyethylene terephthalate (nPET), nylon 6 (nPA), and polystyrene (nPS) exhibited distinct partitioning behavior with more favorable interactions with hydrophobic droplets. This indicated that the hydrophobic polymer backbone was the predominate surface feature despite exposed functional groups of the incidental nanoplastics, in contrast to findings with model carboxylated latex nanospheres (nPS-COOH). Furthermore, the selective partitioning of incidental nanoplastics into the hydrophobic droplets was able to capture over 80% of nPET in solution, and after recovery of the protein droplet, was able to cumulatively capture over 75% of the nPET feedstock across multiple cycles. This work explores the nuanced surface characteristics of incidental nanoplastics, expands the application of coacervates as chemical probes, and demonstrates a biopolymer approach for effective nanoplastic removal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ling, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotecha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obermeyer, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.21.713410</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coacervate droplet sequestration of heterogenous nanoplastics with elastin-like polypeptides]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.22.713538v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic architectures of brain-related traits are shaped by strong selective constraints 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.22.713538v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified hundreds of significant loci for psychiatric disorders, yet the strength of these associations remains modest compared to other human complex traits with similar numbers of hits. Whether this pattern reflects statistical artifacts or real biological differences -- and, if the latter, what underlies it -- remains unclear. In addition to psychiatric disorders, we find that other traits with functional enrichment in the central nervous system (CNS), whether binary or quantitative, also share similar genetic architectures, characterized by GWAS hits of limited statistical significance and generally higher allele frequencies. To robustly compare traits that differ in GWAS statistical power, we demonstrate how binarizing a quantitative trait reduces power. This loss of power can be replicated by a matched "effective sample size" on the liability scale. After matching "effective sample sizes", we show that CNS-enriched traits have large mutational target sizes, with contributing variants and genes experiencing stronger selection than those for other traits. Our findings reveal heterogeneity among diseases and provide insights into traits that more effectively capture fitness-relevant processes. More broadly, our results suggest that the genetic architectures of complex traits are shaped by the tissues through which these traits are mediated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simons, Y. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spence, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sella, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pritchard, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.22.713538</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic architectures of brain-related traits are shaped by strong selective constraints]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.23.713759v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell Transcriptomic Variance Analysis Reveals Intercellular Circadian Desynchrony in the Alzheimer's Affected Human Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.23.713759v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bulk tissue rhythms arise from the coordination of thousands of individual cellular oscillations. Bulk rhythm amplitude differences may reflect changes in the amplitude of the underlying cellular oscillators or changes in their temporal coherence. To resolve this fundamental ambiguity, we developed ORPHEUS (Oscillatory Rhythm Phase Heterogeneity Estimated Using Statistical-moments), an analytical method that quantifies cellular desynchrony by leveraging the unique 12hr rhythmic signature it imparts on intercellular expression variance. After validating ORPHEUS in silico and on data from the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), we applied it to data from the mouse liver and human brain to uncover disease- and pathway-related differences in intercellular synchrony. In both tissues, we found that circadian synchrony is higher in cells and samples with higher MTORC activity. Most critically, we observed a dramatic loss of cellular synchrony in excitatory neurons from subjects with Alzheimers Disease (AD) dementia. By decoupling the influence of cellular amplitude and synchrony, ORPHEUS introduces a new, interpretable tool for analyzing circadian coordination in time-course single-cell data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hollis, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veltri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korac, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronnekleiv-Kelly, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anafi, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.23.713759</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell Transcriptomic Variance Analysis Reveals Intercellular Circadian Desynchrony in the Alzheimer's Affected Human Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.23.713770v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tabula Sapiens reveals the non-coding RNA landscape across 22 human organs and tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.23.713770v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The biological significance of non-coding RNAs has been increasingly appreciated as their roles in various cellular processes are uncovered. However, single-cell transcriptomic profiling of human samples has focused primarily on protein-coding genes by targeting polyadenylated RNA transcripts, leaving the expression patterns of non-coding RNA underexplored. Here, we expand Tabula Sapiens to the non-coding transcriptome with single-cell and single-nucleus total RNA sequencing across 22 human organs and tissues. By simultaneously profiling both polyadenylated and non-polyadenylated transcripts, the resulting dataset enables joint analysis of the protein-coding and non-coding transcriptomes at single-cell and subcellular resolution. Using these data, we assessed the cell type specificity of non-coding genes and found that a greater proportion of non-coding genes are differentially expressed by single cell types compared to protein-coding genes. We then compared single-cell and single-nucleus data from the same samples to infer subcellular localization patterns, revealing cell type-dependent nuclear and cytoplasmic enrichment of specific non-coding RNAs. Next, we showed that tRNA repertoires are cell type-specific and that this specificity is not simply explained by differences in codon usage across cell types. Finally, we characterized dynamic expression patterns of non-coding RNAs across the cell cycle and senescence-associated cell states, identifying non-coding genes with putative roles in cell division and growth arrest. Our work establishes a resource for investigating the landscape of non-coding RNAs across a diverse set of human tissues and cell types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mantri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murthy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seeker, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowley, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabula Sapiens Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.23.713770</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tabula Sapiens reveals the non-coding RNA landscape across 22 human organs and tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.23.713796v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cross-Species Multi-Omics Profiling Identifies Conserved Activated Valvular Interstitial Cell Population Driving Myxomatous Mitral Valve Degeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.23.713796v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPrimary mitral regurgitation resulting from mitral valve prolapse can lead to life-threatening complications, including arrhythmias, heart failure, and sudden cardiac death. Mitral valve prolapse is classically associated with myxomatous mitral valve degeneration, characterized by leaflet thickening, extracellular matrix disorganization, and progressive structural remodeling. Valvular interstitial cells, the predominant stromal population within the valve, maintain extracellular matrix homeostasis; however, their molecular heterogeneity, and state-specific contributions to disease pathogenesis remain incompletely defined.

MethodsUsing a fibrillin-1 deficient mouse model and human tissue specimens we integrated single-cell RNA sequencing with spatial transcriptomic profiling to construct a comprehensive atlas of cellular composition and extracellular matrix organization across normal mitral valves, sporadic mitral valve prolapse, and Marfan syndrome-associated mitral valve prolapse.

ResultsAnalyses revealed spatially organized cellular niches and substantial heterogeneity within the valvular interstitial cell population. Across murine and human datasets, we identified a conserved activated valvular interstitial cell population enriched for profibrotic extracellular matrix remodeling programs and preferentially localized to mechanically vulnerable leaflet tip regions. This population exhibited coordinated upregulation of collagen- and matrix-associated genes, metabolic signatures consistent with enhanced mitochondrial activity, and transcriptional features suggesting fibro-inflammatory signaling.

ConclusionsWe identified a transcriptionally and spatially distinct activated valvular interstitial cell state conserved across species and disease etiologies that is strongly implicated in fibrotic remodeling during myxomatous mitral valve degeneration and provides a candidate therapeutic target.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hameed, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krane, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrari, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tellides, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geirsson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.23.713796</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cross-Species Multi-Omics Profiling Identifies Conserved Activated Valvular Interstitial Cell Population Driving Myxomatous Mitral Valve Degeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.25.714180v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic control of S100A8/A9-driven monocytic inflammation licenses anti-leukemic functionality of immature NK cells during hematopoietic stem cell differentiation. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.25.714180v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inflammation is a key driver of hematopoietic dysfunction in myeloid malignancies, but its role in the context of hypomethylating therapy remains incompletely understood. Although 5-Azacytidine is used posttransplant in high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), only 50% of patients show a clinical response. We provide evidence that inherent inflammatory properties of healthy donor CD34+ stem cells exist that are likely to contribute to the "response" seen in MDS patients. These are linked to epigenetic priming of the myeloid niche, resulting in S100A8/A9-driven inflammatory program that promotes functionality of immature NK cells. Using in vitro differentiation systems, multi-omic profiling, and a S100A9-/- mouse model, we find that 5-AzaC modulates inflammatory transcriptional programs through epigenetic rewiring of upstream regulatory elements. Loss of S100A9 disrupts myeloid differentiation, impairs NK cell maturation, and alters key developmental regulators including CEBPB, JUN, and NFIL3. In vivo, 5-AzaC restores these defects and primes NK cells in a time- and context-dependent manner. Re-analysis of the published Australian MDS/CMML cohort shows that "responders" display increased S100A8/A9 expression together with enhanced IFN-{gamma}, IL6-JAK-STAT3, and TNF signaling. These findings suggest that inflammatory myeloid programs may serve as predictive biomarkers and therapeutic targets to enhance NK cell-mediated graft-versus-leukemia activity posttransplant.

SummaryO_LIWe provide compelling evidence that inherent properties of healthy donor CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells (SCs) exist that are likely to contribute to the "response" seen upon pre-emptive posttransplant 5-AzaC therapy of patients with high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS).
C_LIO_LIThese properties are linked to a distinct form of epigenetic plasticity at upstream-located transcription factor (TF) binding sites. This may indirectly contribute to acute S100A8/A9-driven inflammation, which is demonstrable in distinct monocyte subsets and, importantly, also in NK cells thereby determining the characteristics of inflammatory monocyte-NK cell crosstalk.
C_LIO_LIMice with a targeted deletion of S100A9 fail to upregulate CEBPB / JUN and NFIL3 which results in impaired myeloid priming and dysfunctional NK cell maturation, respectively.
C_LIO_LIRe-analysis of the Australian MDS/CMML cohort confirms that MDS patients that "respond" to 5-AzaC exhibit activated IFN-{gamma}, IL6-JAK-STAT3, and TNF-signaling pathways in the context of upregulated S100A8/A9 after six months of treatment.
C_LIO_LIOur study indicates that screening of healthy donors SCs for specific inflammatory markers in early developing monocytes could be used as a marker to predict which donor will have the potential of generating a S100A8/A9-driven inflammatory response. This may help identify patients with MDS as well as AML who are likely to benefit from low-dose, short-term 5-AzaC therapy as early as day 7 after transplantation, potentially resulting in increased graft-versus-leukemia (GvL) activity.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schirrmann, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stowitschek, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neyazi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broesamle, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginsberg, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krammer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuebler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogl, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wittkowski, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmad, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraemer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klimiankou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skokowa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mace, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barroso Oquendo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadei, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guengoermues, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handgretinger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holzer, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andre, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.25.714180</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic control of S100A8/A9-driven monocytic inflammation licenses anti-leukemic functionality of immature NK cells during hematopoietic stem cell differentiation.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.24.714055v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contrasting Probabilistic and Intentional Accounts of Confidence in Perceptual Decisions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.24.714055v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to evaluate ones own knowledge states is often studied using paradigms in which participants make a decision and subsequently report their confidence. This structure has motivated hierarchical models in which confidence arises from a metacognitive process, distinct from the decision process itself, that estimates the probability that the choice is correct (Meyniel et al., 2015; Pouget et al., 2016; Fleming and Daw, 2017). Here, we contrast this framework with an alternative based on an intentional architecture (Shadlen et al., 2008). In this account, choice and confidence are determined simultaneously through a multidimensional drift-diffusion process, where each dimension represents one choice-confidence combination (Ratcliff and Starns, 2009, 2013). Choice, response time, and confidence jointly emerge when one of these accumulators reaches a decision bound. To adjudicate between these accounts, we fit both models to behavioral data from two perceptual tasks: a random-dots motion discrimination task with incentivized confidence reports, and a luminance discrimination task without feedback or incentives. The integrated model provided a superior fit for the incentivized motion task, whereas the hierarchical model more accurately captured behavior in the un-incentivized luminance task. These results suggest that confidence does not rely on a single computational mechanism, but rather its implementation may adapt to the specific demands and structure of the task.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zylberberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.24.714055</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contrasting Probabilistic and Intentional Accounts of Confidence in Perceptual Decisions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.26.714544v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glutamine addiction is a therapeutic target to block emergency myelopoiesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.26.714544v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inflammation-driven emergency myelopoiesis (EM) contributes to the progression of many solid cancers and inflammatory diseases, yet therapeutic strategies to selectively suppress EM without compromising hematopoiesis remain lacking. Here, we use functional and single-cell transcriptomic analyses to determine metabolic programs organizing the hematopoietic hierarchy, myeloid lineage commitment, and myeloid differentiation. We identify de novo glutamine biosynthesis as a stem cell-specific survival mechanism allowing independence from exogenous glutamine. We show that myeloid differentiation is characterized by Myc-driven upregulation of mitochondrial respiration, which is hyperactivated during EM and renders myeloid progenitors dependent on glutaminolysis to fuel the TCA cycle. Both genetic and pharmacologic targeting of glutaminase suppresses EM and impairs breast tumor progression by reducing intratumoral neutrophil infiltration. Our study defines a central role for Myc-glutaminolysis in driving EM, identifies glutaminolysis as a therapeutic target to normalize maladaptive EM, and highlights myeloid overproduction as a systemic problem requiring HSPC targeting.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIHSC survival depends on de novo glutamine biosynthesis via glutamine synthetase
C_LIO_LIMyc hyperactivation drives mitochondrial biogenesis during emergency myelopoiesis
C_LIO_LIMyeloid progenitors become glutamine-addicted to fuel Myc-driven TCA cycle activity
C_LIO_LIGlutaminase deficiency in HSPCs blunts tumor-promoting neutrophil production
C_LI

ETOC BLURBOlson et al. show that emergency myelopoiesis, the inflammatory overproduction of myeloid cells that drives regeneration, depends on Myc-driven mitochondrial respiration and glutamine addiction in hematopoietic progenitors. Targeting glutaminase in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells suppresses pathological myelopoiesis, reduces tumor-promoting neutrophil production, and slows breast tumor growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olson, O. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proven, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swann, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowry, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Passegue, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.26.714544</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glutamine addiction is a therapeutic target to block emergency myelopoiesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.27.714886v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Condition-matched in silico prediction of drug transcriptional responses enables mechanism-guided screening and combination discovery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.27.714886v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Perturbational transcriptomics links therapeutic compounds to cellular mechanisms and provides a powerful framework for drug discovery, but experimentally profiling transcriptional responses across diverse cell states, doses and durations is costly and often infeasible. Here we present DEPICT (Drug rEsponse Prediction in transCriptomics with Transformers), a deep learning framework that predicts condition-matched drug-induced transcriptional responses from baseline gene expression, perturbation settings and complementary drug representations. Using the LINCS L1000 dataset, DEPICT generalized to unseen drugs and cell types and outperformed five baseline strategies and two recent deep learning models. In the most challenging unseen-cell evaluation, DEPICT was the only model to surpass all baselines, improving differential-expression prediction accuracy and reducing perturbed-expression prediction error by 30.3% and 36.8%, respectively, relative to the next-best deep model. In a non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) case study, DEPICT-enabled virtual screening prioritized compounds predicted to reverse disease-associated transcriptional signatures. Notably, 13 of the top 20 prioritized compounds had either previously entered NSCLC-related clinical trials or been validated in NSCLC studies, supporting the translational relevance of the predicted perturbational profiles. DEPICT further enabled condition-matched drug synergy prediction and mechanistic exploration when experimentally matched profiles were unavailable. Together, these results show that accurate, condition-matched in silico perturbation profiling can scale transcriptomics-driven hypothesis generation for drug repurposing and combination discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.27.714886</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Condition-matched in silico prediction of drug transcriptional responses enables mechanism-guided screening and combination discovery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.29.715068v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Branch-specific axon pruning induced by Dpr4/DIP-{Theta} transneuronal interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.29.715068v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal remodeling is a conserved, late developmental mechanism to refine neural circuits. Although remodeling typically occurs with remarkable spatiotemporal precision, its underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. In the Drosophila mushroom body (MB) circuit, {gamma}-Kenyon cells ({gamma}-KCs) undergo stereotyped remodeling during metamorphosis, in which they prune their larval vertical and medial axonal branches and subsequently regrow a medial, adult-specific branch. Our previous transcriptional profiling of developing {gamma}-KCs revealed dynamic expression of Defective proboscis extension response (Dpr) proteins and their binding partners, Dpr-interacting proteins (DIPs), members of the Immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily. Despite their established roles in neurodevelopment, how Dpr/DIPs function - given their lack of intracellular domains - remains unclear. Here, we show that overexpression of Dpr4 in developing {gamma}-KCs cell-autonomously inhibits axon pruning. Strikingly, this effect is branch-specific: the vertical axonal branch fails to prune, while the medial branch prunes normally. To our knowledge, this represents the first demonstration of branch-specific control of pruning in this system. Moreover, the adult medial branch regrows normally, indicating that pruning and regrowth are independently regulated at the level of individual branches. We demonstrate that this unique branch-specificity arises from trans-neuronal interactions between Dpr4 in {gamma}-KCs and DIP-{theta} in dopaminergic neurons that selectively innervate the vertical larval MB lobe. Furthermore, our findings suggest that this phenotype relies on an Ig2 domain of a Dpr family member, implying the involvement of a third binding partner. Leveraging this robust overexpression phenotype to probe downstream mechanisms, we find that loss of the transmembrane adhesion protein N-Cadherin suppresses the Dpr4-induced pruning defect. Together, our findings highlight the local impact of Dpr/DIP-mediated trans-neuronal interactions on the spatial regulation of remodeling, and provide genetic evidence implicating N-Cadherin as a potential downstream mediator of Dpr/DIP function within a developing neural circuit.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meltzer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shachar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sergeeva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bornstein, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapira, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katsamba, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mannepalli, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahna, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alyagor, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berkun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Currier, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honig, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuldiner, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.29.715068</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Branch-specific axon pruning induced by Dpr4/DIP-{Theta} transneuronal interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.31.715419v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
VYD2311 is a promising candidate for passive immunization against COVID-19 in immunocompromised individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.31.715419v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For millions of immunocompromised individuals, vaccines may not elicit adequate protection from infections, so alternative strategies for pre-exposure prophylaxis are essential. There is only one non-vaccine product authorized in the U.S. as pre-exposure prophylaxis against COVID-19: the monoclonal antibody pemivibart. We previously showed that pemivibart had lower neutralizing activity in vitro against many recent dominant SARS-CoV-2 variants, such as KP.3.1.1, NB.1.8.1, and LP.8.1.1, than it had against JN.1, which was dominant when the antibody was first authorized. The manufacturer of pemivibart (Invivyd) recently initated clinical testing of a new monoclonal antibody derived from pemivibart, VYD2311, but there are no available studies of the activity of VYD2311 against dominant and emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. Here, using pseudovirus neutralization assays, we measured the neutralizing activity of laboratory-synthesized VYD2311 and pemivibart against dominant and emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants, including XFG, NB.1.8.1, and the genetically distant BA.3.2.2. We found that VYD2311 potently neutralized all tested variants in vitro, dramatically more so than pemivibart. Combined with interpretation of earlier clinical trials of a parental antibody product, we conclude that VYD2311 is a promising candidate for passive immunoprophylaxis against COVID-19, particularly for those who do not respond well to vaccination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mellis, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.31.715419</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[VYD2311 is a promising candidate for passive immunization against COVID-19 in immunocompromised individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.31.715684v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficient Generation of Functional TCRαβ+ Cytotoxic T Cells from hiPSCs via Small-Molecule Modulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.31.715684v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetically engineered human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) represent a promising platform for regenerative medicine and next-generation immunotherapies. While recent advances enable stroma-free differentiation of hiPSCs into mature CD3TCR{beta} cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), overall efficiency remains limited. Here, we identify small-molecule modulators that enhance T cell output, particularly at the ProT cell stage. Targeted and stage-specific inhibition of AHR, DOT1L, or GSK3 drives robust maturation from ProT to CD4 immature single-positive (ISP) cells, markedly increasing CD4CD8 populations and augmenting CTL production of up to 2000 fold. hiPSC-derived T (iT) cells matured under these conditions display superior activity in cytotoxicity assays using AMG-701 (BCMAxCD3) or Blinatumomab (CD19xCD3). These effects were reproducible across independent hiPSC lines, diverse hematopoietic progenitor generation methods, and multiple stroma-free differentiation platforms, and were further validated in cord blood CD34 cells. Notably, AHR inhibition enhanced T cell development and promoted B lymphopoiesis, revealing shared regulatory pathways in lymphoid lineage specification. We also demonstrate that the Oct4-activating compound OAC1 functions as a weak AHR inhibitor, partially recapitulating the effects of canonical AHR blockers in both cellular and zebrafish AHR reporter systems. Collectively, our findings define key molecular circuits governing human lymphoid differentiation and establish practical strategies to optimize the yield and function of hiPSC-derived cytotoxic T cells. This work advances the development of both universal and autologous hiPSC-derived T cell therapies, offering a path forward even for patient-specific hiPSC lines with suboptimal T cell differentiation potential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kubaczka, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kambli, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Windisch, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frenis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walcheck, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falchetti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Najia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeBlanc, Z. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>North, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowe, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daley, G. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>SCHLAEGER, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.31.715684</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficient Generation of Functional TCRαβ+ Cytotoxic T Cells from hiPSCs via Small-Molecule Modulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.31.715392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanoparticle encapsulation enhances spatial distribution of Panobinostat to treat metastatic medulloblastoma via the intrathecal route 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.31.715392v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Medulloblastoma (MB) is an aggressive central nervous system (CNS) malignancy that primarily affects children and frequently exhibits metastasis to the leptomeninges of the brain and spinal cord. We developed a {beta}-Cyclodextrin-poly({beta}-Amino Ester) nanoparticle system to deliver the histone deactylase inhibitor (HDACi) Panobinostat to MB by the intrathecal route. Various imaging methods were utilized to study nanoparticle and payload fate following infusion into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of mice via cisterna magna or lumbar access points. Nanoparticles dramatically improved penetration of hydrophobic small molecules into distal regions of the spinal cord. Panobinostat-loaded nanoparticles were effective at treating patient-derived MB, activating pharmacodynamic targets, slowing growth of the primary tumor, decreasing incidence of metastasis at the time of death, and ultimately prolonging survival. These studies provide insight into the mechanisms mediating transport of colloids and therapeutic molecules in the subarachnoid space and highlight new approaches for treating metastatic disease in the CNS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Babayemi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larson, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhuri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valesquez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, C.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sablatura, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baquer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reagan, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stopka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandberg, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agar, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sevick-Muraca, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wechsler-Reya, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sirianni, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.31.715392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanoparticle encapsulation enhances spatial distribution of Panobinostat to treat metastatic medulloblastoma via the intrathecal route]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.31.715618v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A neural mechanism for online discovery of latent contexts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.31.715618v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Experience unfolds as a stream shaped by hidden causes that change over time. Adaptive behavior requires inferring the underlying states and adjusting when they change. Yet, how neural circuits discover and track latent states remains unclear. Here we introduce NeuraGEM, a neural architecture that combines fast transient activity with slow synaptic plasticity to implement an online analogue of Expectation-Maximization. By separating timescales, NeuraGEM clusters sequential experiences, detects context changes, and stabilizes task-specific computations. The model generalizes beyond conventional recurrent networks and reproduces key features of human contextual learning, including curriculum-dependent effects. It also gives rise to population dynamics resembling those observed in brain circuits, including line-attractor structure and transient error responses at change points. Together, these findings provide a mechanistic account of how neural circuits organize experience into latent states that support rapid inference and adaptive behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hummos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jazayeri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.31.715618</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A neural mechanism for online discovery of latent contexts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.31.715624v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
sRQA: AN INTEGRATIVE PIPELINE FOR SYMBOLIC RECURRENCE QUANTIFICATION ANALYSIS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.31.715624v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recurrence Quantification Analysis (RQA) is a powerful phenomenological method for characterizing dynamical systems from sequential empirical data, but it is fundamentally limited to continuous signals. Symbolic RQA (sRQA) extends this framework to discrete state sequences, enabling the analysis of both inherently discrete systems and continuous systems where state-based dynamics and motifs are of interest. Despite its promise, accessible and unified software support for sRQA has remained limited. Here we introduce the sRQA package, an open-source R library that consolidates discretization and symbolization, data visualization, and computation of recurrence and cross-recurrence metrics into a single accessible toolset. We validated the method using simulated data with known dynamical properties, confirming that sRQA metrics behaved as theoretically expected. We then demonstrated the utility of sRQA across three real-world applications. First, we applied sRQA to ECG recordings, showing that symbolic recurrence metrics reliably distinguished atrial fibrillation from normal sinus rhythm, with an XGBoost classifier achieving 92% accuracy and an AUC of 0.97. Second, we applied sRQA to fMRI BOLD time series from the dorsal attention network, finding that symbolic and cross-recurrence metrics differentiated movie-viewing from resting-state conditions, revealing greater regularity and inter-subnetwork coordination during task engagement. Third, we applied sRQA to intrinsically symbolized sequences of pauses in speech, identifying valence-specific differences in pause dynamics between truthful and deceptive statements, as well as sex differences in pause structure during negatively-valenced speech. Together, these results demonstrate that sRQA provides a flexible and sensitive framework for characterizing discrete and discretized dynamical systems across biological and behavioral domains.

AUTHOR SUMMARYMany biological and behavioral systems are best understood as sequences of discrete states rather than smooth, continuous processes. For example, a heartbeat that shifts between rhythms, a brain that transitions between activity patterns, or a speaker who pauses and resumes in ways that carry meaning. Standard methods for analyzing the dynamics of such systems were not designed with this kind of data in mind. Here, we introduce the sRQA package, an open-source software library that makes it straightforward to apply symbolic recurrence analysis to both discrete and continuous data. We demonstrate the library across four examples: simulated data with known properties, cardiac recordings distinguishing atrial fibrillation from normal heart rhythm, brain imaging data capturing differences between rest and task engagement, and speech recordings where pause patterns differ between truthful and deceptive statements. In each case, sRQA revealed meaningful structure in the data that would be difficult to detect with conventional tools. We hope this library will make symbolic recurrence analysis more accessible to researchers across the biological and behavioral sciences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Curtin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merriman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curtin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.31.715624</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[sRQA: AN INTEGRATIVE PIPELINE FOR SYMBOLIC RECURRENCE QUANTIFICATION ANALYSIS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.31.715692v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protocol for genotyping cephalopod sex using a skin swab and quantitative PCR 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.31.715692v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The coleoid cephalopods (octopus, cuttlefish, and squid) are emerging model organisms for neuroscience, development, and evolutionary biology. Determining their sex early in life is critical for population management and controlled experiments. Here, we present a protocol to non-invasively determine the sex of multiple cephalopod species as young as 3 hours post-hatching using a skin swab and quantitative PCR (qPCR). We describe steps for designing qPCR primers, swabbing live animals, extracting DNA, running the qPCR, and analyzing the results. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Rubino et al.1

HighlightsO_LISwab live cephalopods as early as 3 hours post-hatching
C_LIO_LIExtract DNA from cephalopod skin swabs
C_LIO_LIPerform qPCR-based sex determination
C_LIO_LIDesign and validate qPCR primers for new species
C_LI

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=190 SRC="FIGDIR/small/715692v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (43K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@10797f5org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@18961a2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@690df0org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1122899_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Montague, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubino, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbons, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mungioli, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Small, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffing, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kern, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.31.715692</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protocol for genotyping cephalopod sex using a skin swab and quantitative PCR]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.02.716214v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Double Mutations in Plasmodium falciparum Kelch13 drive resistance to next-generation artemisinin derivatives in malaria parasites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.02.716214v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
New antimalarial compounds are urgently required to overcome artemisinin partial resistance that has emerged in Asia and now Africa. Ozonides are promising next-generation artemisinins that offer the improved pharmacokinetic property of a prolonged in vivo half-life. To assess the potential for parasite resistance to ozonides in an artemisinin-resistant background, we subjected Cambodian Kelch13 (K13) mutant parasites to increasing artefenomel (OZ439) pressure up to in vivo physiological concentrations. Whole-genome sequencing identified a novel non-propeller K13 A212T mutation in OZ439-resistant parasites. Gene editing and drug susceptibility assays revealed that the K13 double mutation R539T+A212T is a determinant of OZ439 resistance. In extended parasite recovery assays, this resistance mechanism was associated with accelerated parasite recrudescence following OZ439 or OZ277 exposure. This phenotype was also observed in K13 C580Y+A212T double mutant parasites. Global metabolomic profiling revealed no changes in the levels of hemoglobin-derived peptides in OZ439-resistant parasites, suggesting that resistance is not associated with drug activation. Instead, double mutant parasites exhibited increased levels of metabolites linked to glutathione, nucleotide, and aspartate-glutamate metabolism, suggesting a higher capacity for redox regulation to tolerate drug-induced oxidative damage. Our findings demonstrate that ozonide resistance can emerge through a novel K13 mutation on the background of existing artemisinin-resistance k13 alleles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bower-Lepts, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wittlin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stokes, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qahash, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Small-Saunders, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uhlemann, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llinas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fidock, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mok, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.02.716214</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Double Mutations in Plasmodium falciparum Kelch13 drive resistance to next-generation artemisinin derivatives in malaria parasites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.02.710456v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Harnessing within-cultivar variation to identify hidden genetic resistance using single plant-omics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.02.710456v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fusarium graminearum is a fungal pathogen that causes scab or head blight in small grain cereals and threatens global cereal production. Disease progression varies widely among individual plants of the same cultivar, reflecting both genetic and environmental heterogeneity. This complicates the identification of early host responses, because each individual plant in a population is at a slightly different phase of disease progression. Here we apply single plant-transcriptomics to a population of 121 malt-barley exposed to F. graminearum, enabling us to reconstruct a temporal sequence of regulatory processes during early infection. We identified several disease-resistance associated genetic variants that are already endemic in this high-yielding cultivar, suggesting potential as breeding targets. These variants were within proteins involved in ROS-burst production, a lectin-kinase PRR, and enzymes with DON-detoxification activity. Single plant-transcriptomics offers a novel strategy for characterising early plant-pathogen interactions, turning intra-population heterogeneity from an experimental barrier into an asset.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Redmond, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holden, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awan, M. J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gill, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Virhia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hargreaves, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danks, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sleath, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramaniam, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Overy, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brar, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ezer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.02.710456</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Harnessing within-cultivar variation to identify hidden genetic resistance using single plant-omics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.02.716083v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PRISM: A High-Throughput Simulation Infrastructure for CADD Agents 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.02.716083v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite rapid progress in AI agents for computer-aided drug design (CADD), protein-ligand simulation workflows remain fragmented across disparate tools, creating a major bottleneck for scalable candidate evaluation. Here, we present PRISM (Protein-Receptor Interaction Simulation Modeler), a Python platform built on GROMACS that unifies ligand parameterization across multiple force fields, automated system construction, enhanced sampling, multi-tier binding free energy estimation, and trajectory analysis within a single workflow. Through the Model Context Protocol (MCP), PRISM further serves as the computational infrastructure for CADD-Agent, an expert-workflow-driven AI agent designed to orchestrate hierarchical drug screening pipelines. As a pilot application, we applied PRISM to riboflavin synthase and demonstrated end-to-end automation from candidate library assembly to binding pocket characterization, identifying a potential allosteric inhibition site at the oligomerization interface. Together, these results establish PRISM as a high-throughput simulation infrastructure for agent-enabled CADD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.02.716083</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PRISM: A High-Throughput Simulation Infrastructure for CADD Agents]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.02.716187v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative single cell analysis of wound and cancer identifies the metabolic dialogues between tumor initiating stem cells and macrophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.02.716187v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macrophages are pivotal mediators of wound healing, yet the cellular programs they employ can be hijacked by cancers to drive tumorigenesis. Although similar macrophage programs support both physiological tissue regeneration and pathological cell growth, the molecular and functional difference between wound-associated macrophages (WAMs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) remain poorly defined. Here, we perform comparative single-cell RNA sequencing to delineate the dynamic cell states of macrophages during skin wound healing and the progression of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Our analyses reveal that aberrantly regulated lipid metabolism is a distinct feature of TAMs. Critically, our genetic manipulations allow us to identify SOX2High tumor-initiating stem cells as key orchestrators that modulate the lipid metabolism of TAMs and shape their cell states. These findings suggest that disrupting the metabolic crosstalk between tumor-initiating stem cells and TAMs represents a promising strategy to normalize myeloid cell function and enhance cancer immunotherapy efficacy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Que, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, Y. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.02.716187</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative single cell analysis of wound and cancer identifies the metabolic dialogues between tumor initiating stem cells and macrophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.05.716233v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation of Nucleus Pulposus Cell Phenotype Through RhoA Signaling and Microenvironment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.05.716233v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intervertebral disc degeneration is associated with loss of nucleus pulposus (NP) cell phenotype and extracellular matrix, both processes linked to changes in cytoskeletal contractility and cell shape. Here, we tested whether microenvironment-specific modulation of RhoA signaling can restore NP-like morphology and gene expression in NP cells cultured in 2D and in 3D alginate. In 2D monolayer culture, where cells are spread and mechanically activated, pharmacologic inhibition of RhoA with CT04 reduced RhoA activity, decreased actomyosin contractility gene expression, and shifted morphology toward a smaller, more circular phenotype. Bulk RNA sequencing showed that CT04 treatment increased expression of NP phenotypic and matrix-related genes including ACAN, GDF5, CHST3, and MUSTN1 while decreasing expression of catabolic and fibroblast-associated genes including ADAMTS1/9 and COL1, consistent with enrichment of extracellular matrix pathways. In contrast, RhoA activation with CN03 in 2D culture increased actin and phosphorylated myosin light chain intensity but produced limited phenotypic improvement. In 3D alginate, which minimizes integrin-mediated adhesion, baseline actomyosin markers were reduced relative to 2D culture. In alginate, RhoA activation with CN03 increased the amount of actin, phosphorylated myosin light chain, and actomyosin gene expression, yet also promoted a more compact, circular morphology and increased NP markers, including ACAN and KRT19 with repeated dosing. Across culture conditions, increased cell roundness was consistently associated with increased ACAN expression, indicating strong coupling between cytoskeletal state, morphology, and NP matrix programs. Together, these findings demonstrate that RhoA pathway perturbation can promote NP phenotypic gene expression in both 2D and 3D culture, but the direction of optimal modulation depends on the microenvironment, supporting RhoA signaling as a context-dependent therapeutic target for disc regeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bond, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M. K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisiewski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobsen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chahine, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.05.716233</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation of Nucleus Pulposus Cell Phenotype Through RhoA Signaling and Microenvironment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.06.716496v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hierarchical decoding of targeting tripeptide motif by the cytosolic iron-sulfur cluster assembly targeting complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.06.716496v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are essential cofactors required for diverse cellular processes, yet how the Fe-S cluster biogenesis machinery selectively recognizes apo-client proteins remain poorly understood. In eukaryotes, many cytosolic and nuclear Fe-S proteins are recruited to the cytosolic iron-sulfur cluster assembly (CIA) system through a short C-terminal targeting complex recognition (TCR) motif having a [ILM]-[DES]-FW] consensus. Currently, the physicochemical properties underlying this molecular recognition event are undefined. By combining quantitative binding measurements, bioinformatic analysis, and structural modeling, we define the molecular basis for TCR peptide recognition by the CIA targeting complex (CTC). This systematic energetic dissection reveals a hierarchy of binding determinants, in which the side chain and C-terminal carboxylate of the aromatic residue provide the dominant energetic contributor, whereas the upstream residues modulate affinity in a sequence context-dependent manner. Computational docking and molecular dynamics simulations identify an interfacial binding site at the Cia1-Cia2 interface that can accommodate these TCR moieties complementary interaction surfaces. Mutational analysis the identified interaction site is consistent with an aromatic pocket and an adjacent hydrophobic groove on Cia2 accommodating the TCRs terminal aromatic and antepenultimate aliphatic residues. Together, these results reveal the physicochemical decoding grammar by which the CTC recognizes targeting peptides with divergent sequences, illustrating how short targeting motifs can achieve both the specificity and adaptability required for Fe-S protein maturation.

Significance StatementIron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are essential metallocofactors requiring dedicated pathways for their assembly and insertion into proteins. How Fe-S cluster biogenesis systems selectively recognize their Fe-S binding client proteins in the crowded cellular environment remains poorly understood, in part because these machineries must engage dozens of clients rather than relying on the one-to-one metallochaperone-client pairings commonly used to assemble other types of metalloproteins. In eukaryotes, many cytosolic and nuclear Fe-S proteins are recruited to the cytosolic iron-sulfur assembly (CIA) machinery through a C-terminal targeting tripeptide motif. Here we combine biochemical measurements and structural modeling to define the molecular rules governing recognition of CIA targeting peptides. We show that a hierarchy of physicochemical peptide features, rather than a strict sequence consensus, guides recruitment of clients to the targeting complex, explaining how a single binding site can decode multiple targeting peptide signals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Buzuk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yim, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vajda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlstein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.06.716496</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hierarchical decoding of targeting tripeptide motif by the cytosolic iron-sulfur cluster assembly targeting complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.06.716770v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-Low training is safe and effective in improving outcomes in a rodent model of chronic cervical spinal cord injury. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.06.716770v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Repeated exposure to hypoxia (oxygen levels below sea-level atmospheric conditions, [~]21%) alternated with regular voluntary exercise, known colloquially as  Living High, Training Low, or simply  High-Low, is used by elite athletes to boost exercise benefits and athletic performance. While paradigms of High-Low training have been utilized by Olympic athletes for decades, the therapeutic potential of a High-Low regimen in the context of neurotrauma has yet to be investigated. This long-term experiment evaluated the independent and combined effects of repeated hypoxic exposure and voluntary exercise on functional outcomes within the context of preclinical spinal cord injury (SCI). We hypothesized that combinatorial High-Low training enhances functional recovery, beyond either exercise or repeated exposures to hypoxia alone, to improve outcomes after SCI. Adult female rats (n=62) underwent a high-cervical hemisection (LC2H) to model spinal cord injury. At 6 weeks post-SCI, treatment (access to exercise wheel, repeated exposure to normobaric hypoxia at rest, or alternation of both) began in the surviving subjects (n=49). Despite initiation of treatment beyond the acute post-injury phase, High-Low therapy significantly improved respiratory function and prevented the development of SCI-associated anxiety-like behaviors. Notably, repeated in vivo exposure to normobaric hypoxia induced a shift in peripheral T cell profiles, characterized by increased CD4+ and reduced CD8+ expression. These findings indicate that combining repeated exposure to hypoxia with voluntary exercise as a therapy could promote recovery in the existing spinal cord-injured population. Collectively, this work provides a foundational first step for further investigation of High-Low training as a rehabilitation therapy for individuals living with SCI.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Britsch, D. R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cotter, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuart, C. M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turchan-Cholewo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colson, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winford, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ujas, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutshumba, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calulot, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gensel, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alilain, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stowe, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.06.716770</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-Low training is safe and effective in improving outcomes in a rodent model of chronic cervical spinal cord injury.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.18.719321v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Highly replicable multisite patterns of adolescent white matter maturation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.18.719321v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study is the largest U.S.-based neuroimaging initiative of adolescent brain maturation. Diffusion MRI (dMRI) provides unique insights into white matter organization, yet applying advanced processing pipelines and managing technical variability across scanning environments remains challenging at scale. To address these issues, we present ABCD-BIDS Community Collection (ABCC) release 3.1.0, including a curated resource of more than 24,000 fully processed ABCD dMRI datasets. ABCC provides fully processed images, nuanced image quality metrics, advanced microstructural measures, and person-specific bundle tractography. Evaluating these rich data revealed that measures of diffusion restriction and non-Gaussianity--in particular the intracellular volume fraction from NODDI and return-to-origin probability from MAP-MRI--were highly sensitive to neurodevelopment and robust to variation in image quality. Additionally, harmonization of microstructural features markedly improved the cross-vendor generalizability of developmental effects. Together, ABCC accelerates reproducible, rigorous research on adolescent white matter development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meisler, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cieslak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagautdinova, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendrickson, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandhi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radhakrishnan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feczko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weldon, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCollum, r.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fayzullobekova, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sisk, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davatzikos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avelar-Pereira, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caffarra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flook, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grotheer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagen, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huque, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karipidis, I. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruper, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macedo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pines, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pritschet, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rauland, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sevchik, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shafiei, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singleton, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sydnor,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.18.719321</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Highly replicable multisite patterns of adolescent white matter maturation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.15.718647v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A standardized framework resolves ambiguity in motor neuron loss across neurodegenerative diseases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.15.718647v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Motor neuron (MN) loss is a hallmark of neurodegenerative disorders, yet its assessment remains variable, confounding mechanistic and therapeutic interpretation. To address this, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) mouse studies, revealing 60% variability in reported MN loss, largely attributable to nonspecific spinal cord sampling. Using a whole-segment approach with tissue clearing, MN tracing, and multimodal imaging, we confirmed segment-dependent differences in MN counts. Common MN markers (SMI-32, Nissl) lacked specificity, whereas choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) provided robust labeling in murine and human spinal cords. Deep learning-based whole-mount segmentation enabled unbiased MN quantification and validated manual counts. Integrating analysis with computational modeling established segment sampling as a key driver of variability and revealed degeneration patterns: widespread MN loss in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), selective MN loss in severe SMA, and preservation in mild SMA models. These findings establish a framework for reproducible MN quantification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sowoidnich, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstner, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siemund, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buettner, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagiazitis, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dreilich, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumner, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paradis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mentis, G. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.15.718647</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A standardized framework resolves ambiguity in motor neuron loss across neurodegenerative diseases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.15.718716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The resource-rational dynamics of evidence accumulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.15.718716v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evidence accumulation is a fundamental aspect of human decision-making. However, how the precise temporal structure of evidence shapes the accumulation process has not been systematically studied. As a result, current understanding of evidence accumulation remains largely limited to its time-averaged behavior. We tested human subjects in a visual estimation task in which they inferred the angular position of an unknown source from a noisy stimulus sequence. Introducing systematic temporal perturbations, i.e., breaks of different durations and at different positions in the otherwise regular evidence sequence, revealed that subjects actively compensated for the memory loss endured during the break by dynamically enhancing evidence integration and memory maintenance immediately after the break. We derived a new time-continuous Bayesian updating model that is dynamically constrained by optimal performance-effort trade-offs. With two free parameters determining the overall resource-efficiencies of encoding and memory maintenance, the model accurately predicts the rich dependencies of subjects' accumulation behavior on the evidence schedule, including subjects' individual tendencies to emphasize either early (primacy) or late (recency) samples in the evidence sequence. Our results suggest that evidence accumulation is a non-stationary, dynamically controlled process that optimally balances the information gained from incoming evidence against the cognitive effort required to acquire and maintain it. The proposed model is general and should apply broadly across many task domains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donner, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stocker, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.15.718716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The resource-rational dynamics of evidence accumulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.20.719736v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
APOE is a presynaptic protein that accumulates with age and modulates neurotransmitter release 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.20.719736v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The synaptic vesicle (SV) cycle is the fastest membrane trafficking and protein sorting process in biology. It underlies neuronal communication and cognition, yet synaptic function declines during normal aging, increasing vulnerability to neurologic disease. How the SV cycle is maintained across the lifespan of a complex organism remains unclear. Here, we used wild-type mice (C57BL/6J) to define the age- and sex-stratified molecular landscape of SVs and identified apolipoprotein E (APOE) as an abundant presynaptic protein further enriched in aged female samples. Super-resolution imaging, cell-type selective expression, and protease protection assays demonstrate that APOE originates from astroglia and associates with the cytosolic face of SVs. Using iGluSnFR and pHluorin optophysiology, we find that both decreased and increased APOE levels impair neurotransmission during stimulus trains. Together, these findings place APOE at the synapse and establish it as a cell-nonautonomous regulator of the SV cycle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Phasuk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tooley, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagala, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palacios, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deats, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garland, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belingon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lkhagva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Z.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradberry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>High, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korstanje, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vevea, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.20.719736</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[APOE is a presynaptic protein that accumulates with age and modulates neurotransmitter release]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
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